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Chemical substance(Redirected from Chemical)
A chemical substance also known as a pure substance is a form of matter that has constant chemical composition and characteristic properties. It cannot be separated into components by physical separation methods, i.e., without breaking chemical bonds. Chemical substances can be chemical elements, chemical compounds, ions or alloys.
Chemical substances are often called 'pure' to set them apart from mixtures. A common example of a chemical substance is pure water; it has the same properties and the same ratio of hydrogen to oxygen whether it is isolated from a river or made in a laboratory. Other chemical substances commonly encountered in pure form are diamond (carbon), gold, table salt (sodium chloride) and refined sugar (sucrose). However, in practice, no substance is entirely pure, and chemical purity is specified according to the intended use of the chemical.
Chemical substances exist as solids, liquids, gases, or plasma, and may change between these phases of matter with changes in temperature or pressure. Chemical substances may be combined or converted to others by means of chemical reactions.
A chemical substance (also called a pure substance) may well be defined as "any material with a definite chemical composition" in an introductory general chemistry textbook. According to this definition a chemical substance can either be a pure chemical element or a pure chemical compound. But, there are exceptions to this definition; a pure substance can also be defined as a form of matter that has both definite composition and distinct properties. The chemical substance index published by CAS also includes several alloys of uncertain composition. Non-stoichiometric compounds are a special case (in inorganic chemistry) that violates the law of constant composition, and for them, it is sometimes difficult to draw the line between a mixture and a compound, as in the case of palladium hydride. Broader definitions of chemicals or chemical substances can be found, for example: "the term 'chemical substance' means any organic or inorganic substance of a particular molecular identity, including – (i) any combination of such substances occurring in whole or in part as a result of a chemical reaction or occurring in nature".
In geology, substances of uniform composition are called minerals, while physical mixtures (aggregates) of several minerals (different substances) are defined as rocks. Many minerals, however, mutually dissolve into solid solutions, such that a single rock is a uniform substance despite being a mixture in stoichiometric terms. Feldspars are a common example: anorthoclase is an alkali aluminium silicate, where the alkali metal is interchangeably either sodium or potassium.
In law, "chemical substances" may include both pure substances and mixtures with a defined composition or manufacturing process. For example, the EU regulation REACH defines "monoconstituent substances", "multiconstituent substances" and "substances of unknown or variable composition". The latter two consist of multiple chemical substances; however, their identity can be established either by direct chemical analysis or reference to a single manufacturing process. For example, charcoal is an extremely complex, partially polymeric mixture that can be defined by its manufacturing process. Therefore, although the exact chemical identity is unknown, identification can be made to a sufficient accuracy. The CAS index also includes mixtures.
Polymers almost always appear as mixtures of molecules of multiple molar masses, each of which could be considered a separate chemical substance. However, the polymer may be defined by a known precursor or reaction(s) and the molar mass distribution. For example, polyethylene is a mixture of very long chains of -CH2- repeating units, and is generally sold in several molar mass distributions, LDPE, MDPE, HDPE and UHMWPE.
The concept of a "chemical substance" became firmly established in the late eighteenth century after work by the chemist Joseph Proust on the composition of some pure chemical compounds such as basic copper carbonate. He deduced that, "All samples of a compound have the same composition; that is, all samples have the same proportions, by mass, of the elements present in the compound." This is now known as the law of constant composition. Later with the advancement of methods for chemical synthesis particularly in the realm of organic chemistry; the discovery of many more chemical elements and new techniques in the realm of analytical chemistry used for isolation and purification of elements and compounds from chemicals that led to the establishment of modern chemistry, the concept was defined as is found in most chemistry textbooks. However, there are some controversies regarding this definition mainly because the large number of chemical substances reported in chemistry literature need to be indexed.
Isomerism caused much consternation to early researchers, since isomers have exactly the same composition, but differ in configuration (arrangement) of the atoms. For example, there was much speculation for the chemical identity of benzene, until the correct structure was described by Friedrich August Kekulé. Likewise, the idea of stereoisomerism - that atoms have rigid three-dimensional structure and can thus form isomers that differ only in their three-dimensional arrangement - was another crucial step in understanding the concept of distinct chemical substances. For example, tartaric acid has three distinct isomers, a pair of diastereomers with one diastereomer forming two enantiomers.
An element is a chemical substance that is made up of a particular kind of atom and hence cannot be broken down or transformed by a chemical reaction into a different element, though it can be transmutated into another element through a nuclear reaction. This is so, because all of the atoms in a sample of an element have the same number of protons, though they may be different isotopes, with differing numbers of neutrons.
As of 2012, there are 118 known elements, about 80 of which are stable – that is, they do not change by radioactive decay into other elements. Some elements can occur as more than a single chemical substance (allotropes). For instance, oxygen exists as both diatomic oxygen (O2) and ozone (O3). The majority of elements are classified as metals. These are elements with a characteristic lustre such as iron, copper, and gold. Metals typically conduct electricity and heat well, and they are malleable and ductile. Around a dozen elements, such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, are classified as non-metals. Non-metals lack the metallic properties described above, they also have a high electronegativity and a tendency to form negative ions. Certain elements such as silicon sometimes resemble metals and sometimes resemble non-metals, and are known as metalloids.
A pure chemical compound is a chemical substance that is composed of a particular set of molecules or ions. Two or more elements combined into one substance through a chemical reaction form a chemical compound. All compounds are substances, but not all substances are compounds.
A chemical compound can be either atoms bonded together in molecules or crystals in which atoms, molecules or ions form a crystalline lattice. Compounds based primarily on carbon and hydrogen atoms are called organic compounds, and all others are called inorganic compounds. Compounds containing bonds between carbon and a metal are called organometallic compounds.
In organic chemistry, there can be more than one chemical compound with the same composition and molecular weight. Generally, these are called isomers. Isomers usually have substantially different chemical properties, may be isolated and do not spontaneously convert to each other. A common example is glucose vs. fructose. The former is an aldehyde, the latter is a ketone. Their interconversion requires either enzymatic or acid-base catalysis. However, there are also tautomers, where isomerization occurs spontaneously, such that a pure substance cannot be isolated into its tautomers. A common example is glucose, which has open-chain and ring forms. One cannot manufacture pure open-chain glucose because glucose spontaneously cyclizes to the hemiacetal form. Materials may also comprise other entities such as polymers. These may be inorganic or organic and sometimes a combination of inorganic and organic.
Substances versus mixturesEdit
All matter consists of various elements and chemical compounds, but these are often intimately mixed together. Mixtures contain more than one chemical substance, and they do not have a fixed composition. In principle, they can be separated into the component substances by purely mechanical processes. Butter, soil and wood are common examples of mixtures.
Grey iron metal and yellow sulfur are both chemical elements, and they can be mixed together in any ratio to form a yellow-grey mixture. No chemical process occurs, and the material can be identified as a mixture by the fact that the sulfur and the iron can be separated by a mechanical process, such as using a magnet to attract the iron away from the sulfur.
In contrast, if iron and sulfur are heated together in a certain ratio (1 atom of iron for each atom of sulfur, or by weight, 56 grams (1 mol) of iron to 32 grams (1 mol) of sulfur), a chemical reaction takes place and a new substance is formed, the compound iron(II) sulfide, with chemical formula FeS. The resulting compound has all the properties of a chemical substance and is not a mixture. Iron(II) sulfide has its own distinct properties such as melting point and solubility, and the two elements cannot be separated using normal mechanical processes; a magnet will be unable to recover the iron, since there is no metallic iron present in the compound.
Chemicals versus chemical substancesEdit
While the term chemical substance is a precise technical term that is synonymous with "chemical" for professional chemists, the meaning of the word chemical varies for non-chemists within the English speaking world or those using English. For industries, government and society in general in some countries, the word chemical includes a wider class of substances that contain many mixtures of such chemical substances, often finding application in many vocations. In countries that require a list of ingredients in products, the "chemicals" listed would be equated with "chemical substances".
Within the chemical industry, manufactured "chemicals" are chemical substances, which can be classified by production volume into bulk chemicals, fine chemicals and chemicals found in research only:
- Bulk chemicals are produced in very large quantities, usually with highly optimized continuous processes and to a relatively low price.
- Fine chemicals are produced at a high cost in small quantities for special low-volume applications such as biocides, pharmaceuticals and speciality chemicals for technical applications.
- Research chemicals are produced individually for research, such as when searching for synthetic routes or screening substances for pharmaceutical activity. In effect, their price per gram is very high, although they are not sold.
The cause of the difference in production volume is the complexity of the molecular structure of the chemical. Bulk chemicals are usually much less complex. While fine chemicals may be more complex, many of them are simple enough to be sold as "building blocks" in the synthesis of more complex molecules targeted for single use, as named above. The production of a chemical includes not only its synthesis but also its purification to eliminate by-products and impurities involved in the synthesis. The last step in production should be the analysis of batch lots of chemicals in order to identify and quantify the percentages of impurities for the buyer of the chemicals. The required purity and analysis depends on the application, but higher tolerance of impurities is usually expected in the production of bulk chemicals. Thus, the user of the chemical in the US might choose between the bulk or "technical grade" with higher amounts of impurities or a much purer "pharmaceutical grade" (labeled "USP", United States Pharmacopeia). "Chemicals" in the commercial and legal sense may also include mixtures of highly variable composition, as they are products made to a technical specification instead of particular chemical substances. For example, gasoline is not a single chemical compound or even a particular mixture: different gasolines can have very different chemical compositionsl, as "gasoline" is primarily defined through source, properties and octane rating.
Naming and indexingEdit
Many compounds are also known by their more common, simpler names, many of which predate the systematic name. For example, the long-known sugar glucose is now systematically named 6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol. Natural products and pharmaceuticals are also given simpler names, for example the mild pain-killer Naproxen is the more common name for the chemical compound (S)-6-methoxy-α-methyl-2-naphthaleneacetic acid.
Chemists frequently refer to chemical compounds using chemical formulae or molecular structure of the compound. There has been a phenomenal growth in the number of chemical compounds being synthesized (or isolated), and then reported in the scientific literature by professional chemists around the world. An enormous number of chemical compounds are possible through the chemical combination of the known chemical elements. As of May 2011, about sixty million chemical compounds are known. The names of many of these compounds are often nontrivial and hence not very easy to remember or cite accurately. Also it is difficult to keep the track of them in the literature. Several international organizations like IUPAC and CAS have initiated steps to make such tasks easier. CAS provides the abstracting services of the chemical literature, and provides a numerical identifier, known as CAS registry number to each chemical substance that has been reported in the chemical literature (such as chemistry journals and patents). This information is compiled as a database and is popularly known as the Chemical substances index. Other computer-friendly systems that have been developed for substance information, are: SMILES and the International Chemical Identifier or InChI.
|Common name||Systematic name||Chemical formula||Chemical structure||CAS registry number||InChI|
Isolation, purification, characterization, and identificationEdit
Often a pure substance needs to be isolated from a mixture, for example from a natural source (where a sample often contains numerous chemical substances) or after a chemical reaction (which often give mixtures of chemical substances).
Notes and referencesEdit
- IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "Chemical Substance".
- Hale, Bob (2013-09-19). Necessary Beings: An Essay on Ontology, Modality, and the Relations Between Them. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780191648342.
- Hunter, Lawrence E. (2012-01-13). The Processes of Life: An Introduction to Molecular Biology. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262299947.
- Hill, J. W.; Petrucci, R. H.; McCreary, T. W.; Perry, S. S. General Chemistry, 4th ed., p5, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2005
- "Pure Substance – DiracDelta Science & Engineering Encyclopedia". Diracdelta.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
- Appendix IV: Chemical Substance Index Names
- "What is the TSCA Chemical Substance Inventory?". US Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 2009-10-19.
- Hill, J. W.; Petrucci, R. H.; McCreary, T. W.; Perry, S. S. General Chemistry, 4th ed., p37, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2005.
- Law of Definite Proportions Archived November 18, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
- Hill, J. W.; Petrucci, R. H.; McCreary, T. W.; Perry, S. S. General Chemistry, 4th ed., pp 45–46, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2005.
- The boundary between metalloids and non-metals is imprecise, as explained in the previous reference.
- "What is a chemical". Nicnas.gov.au. 2005-06-01. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
- "BfR – Chemicals". Bfr.bund.de. 1980-09-18. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
- There is only one definition for "chemical", that of a substance, in the US Unabridged Edition of the Random House Dictionary of the English Language, New York, 1966.
- Joachim Schummer. "Coping with the Growth of Chemical Knowledge: Challenges for Chemistry Documentation, Education, and Working Chemists". Rz.uni-karlsruhe.de. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
- "Chemical Abstracts substance count". Cas.org. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
- Media related to Chemical substances at Wikimedia Commons | <urn:uuid:25ffacae-d72a-4924-ab6d-87e349aac658> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549425407.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170725222357-20170726002357-00345.warc.gz | en | 0.931901 | 3,511 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Wash Day Economics in Time and Labor (1933)
One clever farm woman has a laundry bag in each bedroom. This makes it easy for each member of the family to put his or her soiled clothes directly into the bags and it is a simple matter, at the end of the week, to collect the laundry. She says it makes for orderly bedrooms and saves her a lot of picking up.
A special bupboard for laundry supplies is a convenience. It can be made easily from an apple box or orange crate.
You will find good laundry soaps on the market in bar, flake and powder forms. Whichever form you use, it is more economical to buy in quantity. Bar soap should be stored in a dry place, and should be shaved and melted into a soap jelly the day before wash day.
It is never economy to buy a very cheap, poor quality of soap. It has less cleansing properties and in the end is more expensive than a good quality, even though the latter does cost a bit more in the first place.
If sheets, pillow slips, towels, and other flat household linens are folded carefully before they are put through the wringer and are hung straight, they can be folded as taken from the line, thus saving hours of ironing. And nothing can compare with the fresh, sweet fragrance of these sun and air dried clothes!
Lining the clothes basket is another time and labor saver. The pattern is cut from newspapers fitted into the basket and the lining made from white oilcloth or from unbleached muslin. The oilcloth lining can be wiped off with a damp cloth; the muslin lining can be removed and put through the laundry. Whichever material you use, the lining should be tied to the top of the basket with tapes about eight inches apart.
This lining prevents the wet clothes from getting against the sides of the basket and from catching on any loose ends of the reed or splints of which the basket is made. It also makes the basket last longer as it carries part of the weight of the wet clothes.
On cold winter days, handkerchiefs can be fastened together with a safety pin. They can then be hung up and taken down quickly and do not freeze to the line.
If you boil a new clothesline in soupy water for a few minutes, it will be softer and easier to handle and will last longer.
A wooden rack made of boards one inch by two inches, held together by cleats of the same size boards, keeps the worker from standing in water spilled while washing and is easier on the feet than a cement floor.
Clothespins should be kept in a cleamn place and occasionally washed. Otherwise they may cause soiled spots where the clothes are fastened to the line.
There are several good types of clothespin bags:
1. A case made by ticking or other heavy material fitted over a coat hanger. Hang over the line by the book at the top of the hanger and move along just ahead of you as you hang up the clothes.
2. An apron of ticking or muslin with outside pockets to hold the clothespins.
3. A holder of heavy material fastened to the edge of the clothes basket, so you can reach for the pins at the same time as you pick up the clothes.
If you live in the hard water belt and have just enough soft water for one operation, it is better to use it for the the first rinse water, instead of for the washing or boiling. If you do not have any soft water, it is just as important to soften the first rinse water as it is to soften the water for washing and boiling-otherwise the hard particles of insoluble lime soap may form on the clothes in the rinse water and leave grayish spots.
Water can be softened with any of the common softeners, but it is important to remember than an excess of washing soda tends to yellow the clothes. Borax on the other hand, tends to whiten them.
Linens and loosely woven fabrics take up color readily, so should be put through the bluing water first, using very little bluing. When ready for the sheets and other heavier, more closely woven materials, more bluing may be added.
Mending the clothes before washing instead of after is one of the best laundry labor savers I know. It prevents frayed edges and avois wrinkling the clothes after they are ironed.
In winter your hands will not get so cold if you heat the clothesins hot before hanging up the clothes.
Wiping the line with a cloth wring out of vinegar will lessen clothes’ sticking to the line in cold weather.
If you are in the market for a new power washer, you will find that there are now two types of wringer attachments. The roller wringer has been standard equipment for years, but today it is more efficient than ever and on all reputable machines, is provided with a safety device to release the roller in case of need. Make sure when you examine the wringer that this release can be reached easily and quickly.
The second type of drying attachment is what is known as the spinner dryer. It is new as far as household washing machines are concerned, but it is based on the old, old priniciple of centrifugal force; that is, it spins or whirls out the water in the washed clothes instead of squeezing them out. This spinner device may be found on several good makes of machines. Dealers in your community will no doubt be glad to let you try out each type of wringer or dryer at home.
Reasons to Air Dry Clothes
Here are the top reasons they shared, excluding saving money on electricity.
Dryers create static. If you air-dry your clothes, you don’t need to use fabric softeners. If you find air-dried clothes too stiff, you can either add vinegar to the rinse cycle or toss them into the dryer for just a few minutes. Most clothing softens if there’s a good breeze, if you give them a good snap when they come off the line or after an hour of wear. And there’s no need to use bleach. The sun is a natural whitener.
Use the slowest spin on your washer to help prevent wrinkles setting in your clothes from high-speed spins. The clothes come out of the washer less wrinkled and also much wetter, which is a good thing when hanging clothes to dry. Take clothes out of the washer and hand-smooth them. That helps relax wrinkles. I occasionally will spritz a few things with a fine mist spray of water and smooth out wrinkles with my hands. You can also use wrinkle release to get wrinkles out before you hang them. Stiffness is generally caused by detergent buildup. I use Charlie’s Soap (www.charliesoap.com) to eliminate detergent buildup. You can make your own wrinkle release by combining a tablespoon of liquid fabric softener and a cup of distilled water in a spray bottle. And let’s not forget that your laundry will have that fresh outdoor scent.
CLOTHES LAST LONGER:
There’s far less wear and tear on your clothing when you air-dry them. Think about all the lint in your dryer’s lint trap. You won’t accidentally shrink any clothing from the wrong dryer setting or from over-drying.
There are sunny, breezy days your clothes can dry faster on the line. You can use plastic hangers outdoors on the line, too. From line to closet, it doesn’t get much easier than that. Plus, with the clothes hanging outside, you can leave your home to do other tasks and not be concerned with a possible fire.
Your dryer heats up your home (and the planet) while it dries your clothes.
There’s something peaceful, soothing and almost therapeutic about hanging clothes and watching them blow in the breeze and removing clothespins when they’re dry. Air-drying is quiet. You won’t hear any of the clanging or buzzer noise from a dryer. You’ll benefit from the time spent outdoors enjoying the sun, fresh air, nature, quiet time with your own thoughts and a little added exercise, too. Plus, it’s better for the environment.
Put Clothespins to Use for More than Just Laundry, too.
Clothespins have multiple uses. They’re long-lasting and cheap to buy. Most people use them to hang their laundry to dry or as a chip clip. Do you have a creative way to use them? If you have a few stashed away, bring them out and put them to good use. Here are a few ideas.
PAIR ‘EM UP:
Use to pair mittens, rubber gloves, slippers, children’s shoes and socks. Or clip pillowcases to sheets, cloth napkins to place mats or tablecloths, or clip a trash bag to the trash bin to have a spare handy or to secure the bag that’s being used and prevent it from falling into the bin. A clothespin can be used to match a shirt to a pair of pants, too. It makes it easier for young kids to get dressed by themselves. Halloween costumes with accessories or craft instructions and projects can be clipped together, too.
Glue a magnet to one side. Hang from your refrigerator to clip reminders, photos, comics, lists, recipe cards, coupons or artwork. Hang one on the side of your washer to clip a lone sock (or two) until you find the match.
IN THE CAR:
Clip one to your visor to hold a parking pass, notes, driving directions, a photo, reminders, spare bank deposit envelopes, business cards, etc. Glue ribbon streamers to a clothespin and use to attach to your car antenna so you can find your car easily in a packed parking lot.
They can be clipped to a purse, place mat, lunch bag, backpack, etc., to serve as a reminder to do something. When kids have multiple activities that require gear, colored clothespins can be clipped as reminders (until they learn their schedule) for them to pack that particular day’s gear or have it ready after school. For example, on Tuesdays, a green clothespin means don’t forget your musical instrument today, or a red clothespin can mean they have a doctor’s appointment. You can always write a word or two on the clothespin with permanent marker. You can mark stains on dirty clothing so you don’t forget to treat the stain, too.
If you have a lot of cords, you can use labeled clothespins to mark what each cord goes to. This is handy for under your desk or the mass of cords behind an entertainment/game center. You can clip to snacks, bath towels and lunches so family members can identify who they belong to. They can be used at casual parties as place card holders or write guest’s names on them for clip on name tags.
Afraid of hammering your fingers? Use a clothespin to grip a nail in place while you hammer it.
Use a clothespin as an easy way to mark your page when reading a book or magazine. It helps keep a book page open when reading, too. This can be especially helpful when using a cookbook.
MAKESHIFT PAPER CLIP:
A clothespin works well to keep takeout food menus organized together so they’re all easy to find in a drawer.
Also read: Uses for Borax and Uses for Fels Naptha which includes homemade laundry soap recipes and additional tips. | <urn:uuid:30755e21-2ce7-4457-894e-974aaa2dd899> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://frugalsos.com/home-and-family/wash-day-economics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662584398.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20220525085552-20220525115552-00619.warc.gz | en | 0.942446 | 2,545 | 3.015625 | 3 |
New plastic scaffolds attached to prosthetic devices could enable nerves to feel and control artificial limbs, using electrical signals to bring back real sensations. The research could eventually realize the dream of connecting artificial body extensions to the living nervous system.
Despite major advances in prosthetics, researchers have not been able to fully integrate nerves and prosthetic devices — though several teams, including DARPA, have been trying. New research at Sandia National Laboratories, the University of New Mexico and MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston could make it a reality.Connecting mechanical instruments to human nerves is complex on several levels because the interface would need to share several special properties between man and machine. It would have to be biocompatible to promote nerve and tissue growth, but mechanically compatible to allow electrodes to connect to external circuits. It would have to be structured to avoid harming surrounding tissue, but it would have to work in concert with that tissue to serve as a real replacement limb.
New biocompatible interface scaffolds designed by Sandia researchers are a step in that direction. Scientists electrospun liquid polymers to create polymer chains, forming a fiber structure. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes incorporated into the fibers provides electrical conductivity. Using this method, the team created scaffolds with two types of polymer, according to Sandia — PBF, which was developed for tissue engineering, and PDMS, a sort of biocompatible caulk. PBF is biodegradable, so the scaffold would disintegrate once installed, leaving the electrical contacts behind. PDMS is not biodegradable. | <urn:uuid:b6a6b46c-039b-4853-b65c-b746704f505b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.freedomsphoenix.com/News/106188-2012-02-27-new-neural-interfaces-can-bring-true-feeling-to-artificial-limbs.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571987.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813202507-20220813232507-00368.warc.gz | en | 0.955101 | 324 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Volvo has been working since 2011 to implement this technology in street-legal cars, and it has now been confirmed that the KERS system they will use in future alternative hybrid cars (these have come to have alternatives, too) will provide fuel savings of about 25 percent to owners, while decreasing emissions.
High performance motoring like Formula 1 has been an important source of inspiration since the invention of cars. Usually, it took years for technologies applied there to enter the mainstream automobile industry, and green inventions were usually not included. Kinetic Energy Recovery systems (KERS), however, succeeded.
Nowadays, every hybrid (an electric) car stores the braking energy in a battery and then propels an electric motor to help the internal combustion engine (ICE) get going. KERS, on the other hand, uses a slightly different approach: it halts the car by storing its potential energy into a flywheel that keeps spinning until you reengage the accelerator, when it transfers the momentum back to the rear wheels, thus saving fuel and the need for an expensive battery.
Volvo tested the system on an S60 sedan, which normally has a four-cylinder turbocharged engine. The extra 80 horsepower stored in the KERS were able to propel the car to 60 mph in just 5.5 seconds, which is nice for a heavy sedan with 250 to 325 horsepower (the 2013 version). | <urn:uuid:fc9bdcb1-f204-48c1-bd4a-c3234c44e4ed> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.greenoptimistic.com/volvo-kers-fuel-savings-20130429/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738662058.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173742-00046-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959499 | 283 | 2.96875 | 3 |
A safe learning environment is essential for all students in all grade levels. Without it they are unable to focus on learning the skills needed for a successful education and future. Keeping schools safe allows children to look forward to being in an environment that promotes social and academic growth.
The issue of school safety has always been a priority in the education community, but in light of recent events in our country and now most recently in our state, school safety is the major issue facing local school districts, their communities, their local government as well as our federal government.
ESC Region 6 is here to support in any way to help your school district become a safer place for everyone. Our web-site was created to help aide districts in all areas of safety. Browse the safety topics and information and please do not hesitate to contact us for any type of assistance.
ESC Contact: Brian Zemlicka, 936-697-5052, firstname.lastname@example.org
Before students can learn academically at school, they need to feel safe. Students not only need to feel safe but need to be in facilities that are safe and secure and be taught by teachers and administrators who have instructional knowledge in handling behavior problems at school to preserve dignity, respect, and individual rights of students and staff.
Region 6 provides different safety areas to help school districts in keeping students safe. They are:
Technical assistance as well as professional development opportunities are available.
For more information see the tabs to the left or contact the program contact below. | <urn:uuid:429cce47-2a6b-4553-b2e1-a4f2871e3b17> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.esc6.net/472451_3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655886802.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20200704232817-20200705022817-00493.warc.gz | en | 0.962515 | 312 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Would a Laptop for Every Student Help? In Maine It Certainly Did
Back in 2001 when former Maine governor Angus King launched an initiative that funded the purchase of a laptop for every seventh grader in the state, he didn't promise higher test scores. Instead, King recognized that tech literacy is a must-have 21st century skill, and all students need it, regardless of economic background. Now 10 years later, every seventh- and eighth-grade student in the state, every secondary teacher, and 60 percent of high school students have their own laptop. The technology costs $18 million per year, but its an investment that's leveling the playing field and bringing in academic results.
Used properly, laptops make information incredibly accessible and can offer countless opportunities for skill and concept remediation. They also close the gap between students from low income backgrounds and their wealthier counterparts by equitably providing access to information. If a low-income student is assigned a research paper, without a laptop and internet access she has to rely on her school or local public library—which might not be stocked with the most up-to-date or relevant sources. Laptops circumvent those access issues.
A 2009 study by the Maine Education Policy Research Institute at the University of Southern Maine concluded that laptops improve writing skills and have boosted state writing test scores. And, thanks to innovative laptop-based teaching techniques, 50 percent fewer ninth graders in Freeport, Maine now need remedial math.
Math teacher Alex Briasco-Brin told the Sun Journal that in 2009-10, 91 percent of eighth graders at Freeport Middle School passed the state's math exams, up from only 50 percent in 2001-2002. And, the state's success has attracted international attention. Delegations of educators from four continents have visited Maine to learn how the state is integrating laptops into teaching and learning.
Although the program has successfully created a generation of tech literate students, no matter how much money their families have, King believes "It's now time to take it to the next level," He says increasing teacher training and expanding the innovative ways laptops are used in the classroom is key. Countless individual schools or school districts across the nation have adopted one-to-one laptop programs, but there is no other statewide mandate for such a program. But, with the results Maine is getting, maybe there should be.
photo via Shoreline Schools
Think this is good?1 person thinks this is good0 people think this is good | <urn:uuid:47f524a4-bcac-4ab9-8044-57645b4ec5e1> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.good.is/posts/would-a-laptop-for-every-student-help-in-maine-it-certainly-did | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999669780/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060749-00071-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950748 | 506 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Manage wild parsnip on your property
Since 2012, the issue of wild parsnip (also known as poison parsnip) has turned into a growing concern - particularly for residents in Rideau-Goulbourn - as the weed continues to spread its way across rural Ottawa and enter into suburban areas with increasing speed.
As the City of Ottawa takes steps to deal with wild parsnip on roadsides, in parks and other city properties, we will post news and updates to keep residents informed of any significant measures being taken.
What NOT TO DO when you have wild parsnip
Wild parsnip disposal should be done very carefully - more details about what to do are listed below. However, there is a lot of misinformation on the Internet and the following is a list of disposal methods that should never be used:
1) Burn the plants
Some resources you find may advise that burning wild parsnip is a good control method. However, we recommend that you never burn this or any other poisonous plant. Inhaling the burning oils that will be in the smoke can be very dangerous to humans and animals that are in the vicinity or downwind of the burning.
2) Cut/dig up and throw away
To avoid further spread of the invasive plant, it's critical to thoroughly dry them out before moving them anywhere. Wild parsnip that has thoroughly dried out (left in black plastic bags in direct sunlight for a week or more) should not be dangerous to handle or move.
Composted wild parsnip plants can cause additional spread of the plant to new areas or new growth in areas where the plant was thought to be under control.
4) Allow livestock to eat the plants
Chemical compounds in the plant are known to reduce weight gain and fertility in livestock that eat it. Additionally, since animals can also experience burns from phytophotodermatitis, it's best to avoid any type of contact with wild parsnip.
5) Mow flowering plants
Once the yellow flowers are blooming, it is not advisable to mow as this promotes the spread of infestation. Mowing can be effective, but only during certain times in the plant's growth cycle. See more information below about the right times to mow.
What TO DO to remove and manage wild parsnip infestation
There are a number of methods that have proven effective to manage and prevent/stop spread of wild parsnip. The method that will be most effective depends on the time of year and the amount of plants involved with your infestation. (Please refer to this section regularly as it will be updated whenever we have new, credible information to add.) The following methods of management are all in accordance with the best management practices established by the Province of Ontario's Invasive Species Centre and Ontario Invasive Plant Council [PDF].
Regardless of which method you choose to manage a wild parsnip infestation, it is essential to follow-up with site monitoring to check for re-sprouts and missed plants.
Mowing small infestations can be a cost-effective and efficient way to manage and control wild parsnip.
It's important to mow at the correct time to prevent increasing the spread of infestation. Mowing should occur as soon as the flower stalks appear, but before the plant flowers. This generally occurs in May/June, though flowers do start to appear in June. Mowing in July or August will spread the seeds and increase infestation. Mowing too early is also problematic as it can cause the plant to double or triple, increasing the likelihood of spread once it starts to flower.
Mowing is a long-term elimination solution. It has to be repeated at the right time for several years to reduce and eventually eliminate infestation. The person(s) doing the mowing should use care to wear proper safety gear for handling wild parsnip (described above). Additionally, any equipment that comes into contact with the plant and its oils should be thoroughly cleaned to prevent the oil from getting on to people or animals and to prevent unintentional spread from seeds that may be in the equipment from early flowering plants. The mowed stems should be avoided to prevent phytophotodermatitis burns to people or animals that may be in contact with the cut plants. The cut plants should be thoroughly dried before disposing of them (do not burn or compost).
PULLING / DIGGING
This method is most effective right after a rain when the ground is soft or when the ground is completely dried out due to drought. This causes the taproot to shrink making it easier to release it from the ground. A variation of this method is severing the taproot before the plant goes to seed. The taproot can be severed about 2.5 to 5cm below the soil. Spring is the best time to sever the taproot - while it is still a manageable size.
Tarping is best used with other control methods - mowing or digging - and it's a season-long process that should be quite effective. After mowing or digging, cover the area with black plastic. This will smother any new plant growth. The plastic must be left in place for one full growing season as new plants can come up into July and August. When the plastic is removed, you can replant and restore the area.
The Pest Management Regulatory Agency site has an up-to-date listing of all herbicides that are designated for controlling wild parsnip. Additionally, Publication 75 (Guide to Weed Control) from the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs gives specific information about chemical control of wild parsnip:
Wild Parsnip - Publication 75, Guide to Weed Control 2014-2015
Pesticide use is regulated through the Ontario Pesticides Act and Ontario Regulation 63/09. If you use pesticides, you are responsible for complying with all federal and provincial legislation. You can contact the Ontario Ministry of the Environment for additional information.
The most effective time to apply herbicide is in the early spring once the flower stalks have grown. Avoid treating with herbicides once the plant is in full flower as this does not prevent the setting of the seeds.
Residents who have infestation on private property can arrange for commercial pesticide treatment. Do your research carefully to pick the right service provider - one that knows how to effectively treat wild parsnip.
What control method should you use?
The Province of Ontario's wild parsnip information pamphlet [PDF] states this about disposal:
Once you have removed Wild Parsnip plants from the ground, DO NOT burn or compost. If possible, leave the stems at the removal site allowing them to completely dry out [Note: this can be facilitated by tarping if the area is smaller]. Taking safety precautions while handling the plant, place in black plastic bags and leave in direct sun for at least a week. Contact your municipality to check if these bagged plants may then be sent to your local landfill site.
We have confirmed with City of Ottawa Waste Processing & Disposal staff that Ottawa residents can leave bagged wild parsnip out for collection. Here are the guidelines:
- Plants must be in black garbage bags.
- The plants must not be left for collection until they've been in the bags in direct sunlight for at least 7 days. (This will prevent workers from coming into contact with the oil and getting burns.)
- Wild parsnip is not allowed in the green bin. | <urn:uuid:69fc4d2b-c152-4826-aaad-9f14f1c8b3df> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.rideaugoulbourn.ca/management/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321306.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627083142-20170627103142-00424.warc.gz | en | 0.938838 | 1,540 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Cristian Miuta, Jan 30, 2018.
The metal case holds a long spiral comprising three thin sheets pressed together: a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and separator. Inside the metal case, these sheets are submerged in an organic solvent that acts as the electrolyte – Ethylene Carbonate, Diethyl Carbonate and Lithium Hexafluorophosphate (salt).
The separator is a very thin sheet of microperforated plastic. As the name implies, it separates the positive and negative electrodes while allowing ions to pass through.
A copper foil is used for anode current collectors due to its workability and electrical conductivity.
The positive electrode is made of Lithium Cobalt Nickel Aluminum Oxide or LiCoNiAlO2.
The negative electrode is made of carbon (graphite). When the battery charges, ions of lithium move through the electrolyte from the positive electrode to the negative electrode and attach to the carbon. During discharge, the lithium ions move back to the LiCoNiAlO2 from the carbon.
Also inside is a PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient) mechanical switch, a device that keeps the battery away from overheating. | <urn:uuid:acfda6bd-bfac-4429-90ce-e4ba0a1e5f6b> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://uavfpvbattery.com/2018/01/30/inside-pansonic-ncr18650-lithium-ion-battery-cell/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496671053.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20191121231600-20191122015600-00101.warc.gz | en | 0.8716 | 248 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Photoshop is such an extensive and massive editing tool it can take years to master it and learn how to harness it’s full image editing prowess. In this 30-minute tutorial, however, you can learn all about Smart Objects as the video highlights ten interesting aspects of the tool that are essential to using it:
Smart Object Essentials
One thing to know about Smart Objects is how useful they can be if you will be resizing objects. In the image below, you can see the difference between an object that has been converted to a Smart Object and one that has not. Once scaled down, back up again and you can see how the Smart Object maintained its resolution, whereas the other became highly pixelated and unusable.
Smart Objects should be made before you resize your layers so that maximum image quality will be maintained throughout the entire project. This is also true when you are working with Masks.
Smart Objects for Composite Photography
Another useful thing to know is how easy replacing an object can be when using Smart Objects. This is especially useful when working with composite images.
All you have to do is right-click the Smart Object in the Layer panel and select Replace Content. A file browser appears where you can navigate to the image file you wish to use to replace the original content and open it. Photoshop will automatically swap the old for the new, leaving you with just some easy resizing to do.
Learning Photoshop is an intensive experience. Be sure to watch the video for even more tips on how you can use Smart Objects to ease and expedite your Photoshop workflow.
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Join over 100,000 photographers of all experience levels who receive our free photography tips and articles to stay current: | <urn:uuid:c5980305-3062-47ec-8169-c02427836358> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.picturecorrect.com/tips/what-you-need-to-know-about-smart-objects-in-photoshop/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141198409.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20201129123729-20201129153729-00244.warc.gz | en | 0.932912 | 357 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Although genes play a major role in the etiology of schizophrenia, no major genes involved in this disease have been identified. However, several genes with small effect have been reported, though inconsistently, to increase the risk for schizophrenia. Recently, the 5HT2A 2 allele (T102C polymorphism) was reported to be over-represented in patients with schizophrenia. Other reports have found an excess of allele 2(C) only in schizophrenic patients who are resistant to clozapine, not in those who respond to clozapine. In this study, the 5HT2A receptor allele 2 frequencies were compared between 2 groups of patients with schizophrenia (39 responders and 63 nonresponders) based on long-term outcome and response to typical neuroleptics. A control group of 90 healthy volunteers screened for mental disorders was also included. Genotype 2/2 tended to be more frequent in patients with schizophrenia with poor long-term outcome and poor response to typical neuroleptics (Bonferroni corrected p = 0.09). This difference was significant in men (Bonferroni corrected p = 0.054) but not in women. In addition, the age at first contact with psychiatric care was significantly younger in the patients with schizophrenia with genotype 2/2 than in patients with genotype 1/1. These result suggest that the 5HT2A-receptor gene may play a role in a subset of schizophrenia characterized by poor long-term outcome and poor response to neuroleptics. | <urn:uuid:d7f3bb7a-c4da-41da-93d7-668ea0bf6055> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://www.mysciencework.com/publication/show/491a3037bdfccfdf1603fd00dc379e6f | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170569.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00116-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960356 | 310 | 2.75 | 3 |
Research on the Wyoming Range Mule Deer Project led to the discovery of an unexpected killer of young mule deer in western Wyoming. Dr. Kevin Monteith along with researchers of the Monteith Shop and the Wyoming State Vet Lab found that 23% of all fawn mortalities documented between June and November 2015 were caused by adenovirus hemorrhagic disease (AHD). AHD is a viral disease that was first discovered in California in the early 1990’s. Currently, little is known about AHD, but future research will be focused on understanding the impact this disease may have on mule deer populations in Wyoming. These findings resulted from a component of the Wyoming Range Mule Deer Project which is aimed at disentangling the effects of predation, nutrition, and habitat on survival of neonatal mule deer. Other components of the project are aimed at investigating the effects of human disturbance on the nutritional ecology of mule deer and evaluating phenology tracking by migratory mule deer.
The Casper Star Tribune recently published an article about the recent findings of the Wyoming Range Mule Deer Project. The article, written by Christine Peterson, can be read on the paper’s website.
Wyoming Public Media also posted an article about the Wyoming Range Mule Deer Project. The article, written by Melodie Edwards, can be read at wyomingpublicmedia.org.
Funding for understanding survival of mule deer fawns of the Wyoming Range was largely provided by Wyoming Wildlife and Natural Resource Trust, and the Animal Damage Management Board. Financial support also comes from the Bureau of Land Management, the Wyoming Game and Fish Department, the Muley Fanatic Foundation, the Wyoming Governor’s Big Game License Coalition, the Wyoming Game and Fish Commissioner License, and Bowhunters of Wyoming. | <urn:uuid:dd0271e3-aec7-480d-a3a5-605bc3320923> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://wyocoopunit.org/news/mule-deer-project-attracts-media-attention/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100523.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204020432-20231204050432-00701.warc.gz | en | 0.928787 | 369 | 3.125 | 3 |
Minnesota's pheasant population rises despite snow, rain
Dogs and their owners walk down the walkway during The Bird Dog Parade at the National Pheasant Fest & Quail Classic Friday, Feb. 16, at the Denny Sanford Premier Center. There were 44 different sporting dog breeds that participated in the parade. Briana Sanchez / Argus Leader
ST. PAUL, Minn. (AP) — Minnesota's pheasant population is up but wildlife managers warn that the decline of habitat remains a concern.
The Department of Natural Resources said Tuesday its annual roadside survey showed a 19 percent increase in the overall pheasant index from 2017. While that's similar to the 10-year average, it's still 52 percent below the long-term average.
DNR wildlife biologist Lindsey Messinger says the increase in many regions was surprising, given snowstorms in April and heavy rains across much of the state's pheasant range this year. She says it appears many hens delayed nesting, and chicks were able to tolerate the rain in most areas.
The highest pheasant counts were in west-central, southwestern and central Minnesota. But the index decreased 36 percent in south-central Minnesota.
Minnesota's pheasant season runs Oct. 13-Jan. 1. | <urn:uuid:a4e586b5-05ec-4159-8381-c144ee8af71d> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.sctimes.com/story/news/2018/09/05/minnesotas-pheasant-population-rises-despite-snow-rain/1205096002/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249414450.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223001001-20190223023001-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.966761 | 262 | 2.703125 | 3 |
SGIA Grade 8 students visit East Java
Batu, Malang, also known as the City of Apples, is popular as one of the enchanting tourist destinations in East Java. It has a cool atmosphere because Batu, Malang is dominated by a lot of mountains, Mount Anjasmoro, Mount Arjuno, Mount Weirang, Mount Kawi, Mount Banyak, Mount Panderman, Mount Semeru and Mount Wukir. We can find the green scenery as far as the eyes can see. Those conditions helped us choose Batu, Malang as the perfect destination for our field trip which was conducted on 9 through 13th of September 2018. This exposure allowed the students to experience an education outside the borders of any classroom. There are many interesting places that offer exciting experiences for students to learn, to have fun, and to create beautiful memories. Spending five days at Batu, Malang, students have visited some great places that enable them to experience both nature and technology. For the first day, after arriving at Batu, Malang, students had lunch at the local restaurant. The food in Batu, Malang was very unique and tasty. The first venue in this field trip would be Museum Angkut where students can explore and get a brief explanation about the various types of transportations, and the history of them, both in traditional and modern way. There was also a simulation of a Formula 1 cars, people could actually try out a simulation where they could “drive” a car and see various scenarios of a racer and give an almost real visual display of the driver. There was also many replicas of famous cities displayed there to let students experience many different big cities in the world with their culture and tradition.
On the second day, the students visited Museum Satwa and Batu Secret Zoo which was located in Jawa Timur Park 2 where they can see a zoo with the great concept with various collections of animals that were placed some in glass cages and others surrounded with their habitat. Students also saw many unique animals, many varieties of monkeys, snakes, birds, and so on, enjoyed seals attraction and feeding camels. By visiting the Museum Satwa, students figured out that the extinct animals were preserved after they died, and saw fossils of many prehistoric animals.
On the fourth day, we took the bus to Taman Safari 2. Most of our students were very excited to see all the unique animals especially the carnivores like the lions and tigers from a different point of view. The animals weren’t actually locked in a cage; they were in their natural habitats which was very unique. The kids were also very excited because there was a theme park where the kids could express their real selves. In Taman Safari 2 there were also a lot of different shows from animals that come from different parts of the world. We learned a lot about the history of the animals, from which part of the world did they come from and much more, we also watched a live show about Indiana Jones, the kids were very interested in the show, some animals were also featured . The students could also take photos with different animals. It became a very tiring day because we were walking around all day, but the most important thing was that the students’ interest in learning combined with having fun made for an exciting classroom.
Students visited Eco Green Park and The Bagong Adventure: Museum Tubuh on the third day. They experience a lot of different and educational activities. Also at Eco Green Park, students learned about recycling, saw some of the exotic animals especially birds, and also the students learned something’s about agriculture, how to make biofuel, and how to make natural fertilizers. Most of the decorations in the Eco Green Park are made from recycled materials. For example, the elephant statue was made from broken electronics such as old broken televisions, broken phones and much more, there was also a dragon statue that was made from recycled water bottles. To help the students capture understand more about what they are learning, they were given some worksheets that where required be completed after the end of the explanation by the knowledgeable guides. After lunch, the students visited The Bagong Adventure: Museum Tubuh to learn more about the human body and its functions. At about 4 pm, the students finished their adventure at The Bagong Adventure: Museum Tubuh then we proceeded to the apple farm near Mount Arjuno where some students picked apples. There were apples orchards everywhere, with different varieties of apples. As a city that produces apple at Java, Malang people market a lot of various foods from apples like cakes, strudels, crackers, drinks, and much more that can be sold to tourists and local people. The museum tubuh was a very fascinating museum, as they were showing very detailed things about the human body and included many simulations of the human anatomy. | <urn:uuid:fb0f0b58-4ea7-4169-acf6-e9f1b6354ddd> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.sgiaedu.org/g8studentsvisiteastjava | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669809.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20191118154801-20191118182801-00315.warc.gz | en | 0.984207 | 998 | 2.65625 | 3 |
A digest discussing some of the ways children develop functional phonics knowledge, as well as some of the ways teachers can foster such development.
A stage by stage guide of ways to help your child with their reading skills development from infants to school age children, by the National Association for the Education of Young Children.
A more in-depth look at the debate.
The Phyllis Schafly Report Another look at the debate.
Promoting Literacy through Whole Language And the other side...
Beginning to Read by Marilyn J. Adams is one of the seminal pieces on the topic.
Do you know how your child is learning to read? Do you understand the two approaches to teaching reading in the classroom? Read on to learn about both sides of the great debate...
The ongoing debate over the best way to teach children to read focuses on two methods: phonics-based and whole language reading programs. There have been countless arguments on each side, but never any strong enough to convince people that one is clearly better than the other.
What's the difference?
The traditional theory of learning established in the 19th century draws on the notion that children need to break down a complex skill, like reading, into its smallest components (letters) before moving on to tackle larger components (sounds, words, and sentences). Phonetic reading instruction applies this theory; children are taught to dissect unfamiliar words into parts and then join the parts together to form words. By learning these letter-sound relationships the student is provided with a decoding formula that can be applied whenever they encounter an unfamiliar word.
Whole language learning is less focused on rules and repetition than is phonics. It stresses the flow and meaning of the text, emphasizing reading for meaning and using language in ways that relate to the students' own lives and cultures. Whole language classrooms tend to teach the process of reading, while the final product becomes secondary. The "sounding out" of words so central to phonics is not used in whole language learning. Instead, children are encouraged to decode each word through its larger context.
There are pros and cons to both methods of teaching.
Phonics-based reading programs tend to build better pronunciation and word recognition. The phonics formulas can be applied again and again, and will help a child with spelling far more than the memorization and guesswork of whole language. If only taught phonetically, however, a child may have difficulty understanding the full meaning of a text, due to the constant breaking down of words into parts. Phonics critics also state that the rules and rote learning it entails are stifling and may cause children to develop the attitude that reading is a chore.
Whole language learning is thought to provide a better understanding of the text, and a more interesting and creative approach to reading. However, whole language learning may come at the expense of accuracy and correctness. A child might be awarded high marks for "overall language use," even if he or she has misspelled many words.
Which is best for your child?
Small children tend to fall into the categories of either visual or auditory learners. Visual learners, on the one hand, are more likely to benefit from the whole language approach since their strength is in recognizing words and word sequences that they have seen before. On the other hand, auditory students learn what they hear — so they rely more on phonetics.
Does that mean you should try to categorize your child, and push for one teaching method? Probably not. Despite the differences in how children learn, most learn through a combination of techniques. That fact, plus the different strengths that each method offers, suggests that a mixed approach for each child will probably be most beneficial.
* * * | <urn:uuid:a5967d72-86c3-4de6-826a-a4a49e11eca0> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://www.superkids.com/aweb/pages/features/reading/phonics.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578806528.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20190426133444-20190426155444-00456.warc.gz | en | 0.955709 | 757 | 4.15625 | 4 |
Six new Vive Digital Kiosks will enable indigenous peoples from Colombia to learn digital skills
Six new Vive Digital Kiosks were launched in El Caimo community of Armenia, Colombia. These digital skills hubs are intended to provide indigenous peoples with access to the benefits of information and communication technologies. Currently, around 600 people have access to the new kiosks to learn different types of valuable technology skills.
While the kiosks provide the population with computing infrastructure and broadband connectivity, the local government is also providing workshops that currently benefit around 200 children. The workshops are embedded in two programs called AfroTic and IndiTic, both of which are focused on teaching children how to become programmers from an early age.
Funding for the project was obtained with support of the Colombian national government, leveraging resources from the Ministry of Information and Communication Technologies.
Source: Cronica del Quindio | <urn:uuid:b9893d3b-12d1-4c82-b719-7bf58f69ec3d> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://digitalinclusionnewslog.itu.int/2018/07/23/six-new-vive-digital-kiosks-will-enable-indigenous-peoples-from-colombia-to-learn-digital-skills/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703517559.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20210119011203-20210119041203-00213.warc.gz | en | 0.946958 | 180 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Tips To Study For Your Geography Exam Like A Pro
Any exam is a headache and when it comes to Geography exams well, let’s just say that students find themselves scrambling to prepare before the time runs out.
The reasons why students often feel that Geography is a tough subject and preparing for a Geography exam is tougher are as follows –
- As a subject, Geography tests the overall memorization skills of a student to the limits.
- It also tests the overall visualization skills of a student as they also need to keep maps and overall outlook of cities, states, and country in visual forms, at the top of their minds.
Hence, if you feel that as a subject, Geography is testing your patience then you are not alone!
In this context, there are lots of ways that can help you score well for your ensuing Geography exam and some of them are as follows –
The use of flashcards can go a long way!
As per the opinion of a professor associated with a company that offers online Geography tuition, flashcards were the part and parcel of students back in the day but when the age of the smartphone and the internet dawned, this amazing learning tool fell out of favor.
Recently, the use of flashcards is returning as new-age students finally understand how this tool can help them keep photographic memories of important information about a complicated subject like Geography to be stored in memory forever.
You can do this too and make sure that you remember every keyword and key phrase that can help you formulate detailed answers to complicated questions when you finally sit for your Geography exam.
Do not ignore the maps
A Geography learning session cannot be complete until the student has delved into the world of maps pertaining to the areas, countries, cities, and places of geographical importance.
Studying maps along with your notes will allow you to retain information for a long time and also enable you to quickly recall the information when you finally sit for your Geography exam.
It is always a good idea to sit for online tests
Practice leads to perfection – people know this but often fail to follow it. As a student, you can break this chain and sit for mock online Geography tests, after you have completed your study quota for the day.
How will this help?
Well, it will allow you to master time management and also ascertain the areas that you need to prepare better.
Keep sitting for online tests until you feel like you have mastered the art of time management and have strengthened all the weak areas in your Geography exam preparation.
If you still feel that you need further assistance then you can always avail online Geography tuition sessions from reputed online tutorial service providers here in the UK. In this context, be sure to avail online coaching services from a company that has been in business for a while and hires retired professors and Ph.D. Scholars as their workforce. In this way, you will be getting the best coaching for every pound you spend | <urn:uuid:0a78ec9d-9891-4d0d-a7f7-b5f6c8b5e195> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://brainrack.co/tips-to-study-for-your-geography-exam-like-a-pro/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337531.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20221005011205-20221005041205-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.959694 | 617 | 2.640625 | 3 |
A Vision for West Virginia's Future: Tourism
By Patrick Fuller, Byrd Center Student Intern
From the end of World War II until the early 1970s, a period of great economic expansion swept across the United States. The American middle class experienced substantial growth and found themselves with extra spending money. With the advent of many time-saving home appliances, many Americans also found themselves with extra time for recreation. Naturally, the excess of time and money led to the desire for travel.
Established in 1933, as part of the New Deal designed to address the Great Depression, the Civilian Conservation Corps, also known as Roosevelt’s “Tree Army,” replanted forests and developed parks across the United States for the use and enjoyment of the American people. This public works program put young men to work in 1933 and although the program ended in 1942, its effects are still felt in towns nationwide. Looking to this precedent, Senator Byrd recognized the importance of federal spending to the economies of rural towns, and believed that if government funds could be poured into the Shenandoah Valley during the Great Depression to construct things like Shenandoah National Park’s Skyline Drive, the same could be done in southern West Virginia, less than twenty years later.
In 1961, Byrd wrote in his weekly column, Byrd’s-Eye View, “A tremendous untapped and under-developed natural wealth--the sheer grandeur of her hills and valleys--holds promise of providing West Virginia with a new big industry called ‘tourism.’" Byrd explained that it was West Virginia’s lack of infrastructure and developed tourist areas that kept the state from sharing in the success of the tourism industry, as in nearby Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina. At the time of this column’s publication, three proposals were made to draw tourists to West Virginia: enlarging the Harpers Ferry National Monument (later National Historical Park), enlarging the Monongahela National Forest, and the creation of a New River Gorge National Park.
The extension and development of Monongahela National Forest was so important to Senator Byrd that two and a half months after writing the column mentioned above, Byrd dedicated an entire column to the subject. Entitled, “Construction of Monongahela Scenic Highland Route Would Aid State,” Byrd turns to Shenandoah National Park’s Skyline Drive as an example of how federal funding of Monongahela National Scenic Route would benefit West Virginia. He writes:
According to a 2019 press release from the West Virginia governor’s office, 2018 continued a two-year increase in tourism in West Virginia, after years of steady decline. Additionally, this press release says that travelers in West Virginia spent $4.55 billion in 2018. With continued mine closures and loss of industry in West Virginia, it is critical for the state to continue to turn to tourism as the next big industry, a suggestion made by Byrd nearly 60 years ago.
"West Virginia Tourism Industry Outpaces National Growth by 58 Percent," Office of the Governor, October 16, 2019, accessed June 18, 2020, https://governor.wv.gov/News/press-releases/2019/Pages/West-Virginia-tourism-industry-outpaces-national-growth-by-58-percent.aspx
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The Byrd Center advances representative democracy by promoting a better understanding of the United States Congress and the Constitution through programs and research that engage citizens.
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Congressional History and Education | <urn:uuid:5102865c-9d28-4911-b52a-b8b7d258b309> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.byrdcenter.org/blog/a-vision-for-west-virginias-future-tourism | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224655143.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20230608204017-20230608234017-00314.warc.gz | en | 0.939262 | 819 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Write true if the statement is correct ,and if it is wrong,change the underlined words to make the statement true.
1.)Go to Home ribbon to access the different slide views.
2.)There are Three view buttons in the PowerPoint window.
3.) When you add notes on the Slide pane of the Normal view, they are also seen on the Notes Page View.
4.) Slide Show view enables you to see all your slides at once. | <urn:uuid:21f32e56-5358-44c6-8d36-36ad18e57231> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://brainly.ph/question/54082 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719547.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00320-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.84648 | 94 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Smokeless tobacco might be the answer to nicotine addiction that could save lives. That’s the conclusion of one researcher who says there’s scientific evidence to support that switching to smokeless products is 98 percent safer than discount Virginia cigs. Because nicotine addiction is so difficult to cure, Brad Rodu, D.D.S., professor of medicine at the University of Louisville (UofL) School of Medicine and the Endowed Chair in Tobacco Harm Reduction at UofL’s James Graham Brown Cancer Center, suggests lives would be saved by focusing on reducing tobacco harm. He says it’s possible to use tobacco products safely, and there’s scientific evidence to prove it.
“Nicotine is addictive, but it is not the cause of any smoking-related disease. Like caffeine, nicotine can be used safely by consumers,” Rodu said in a media statement.
Speaking at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Feb. 18, Rodu presented, “Harm Reduction: Policy Change to Reduce the Global Toll of Smoking-Related Disease”.
He says there is a consistent message to 45 million Americans to stop smoking or die.
“The truth, however, is that total nicotine and tobacco abstinence is unattainable and unnecessary for many smokers.”
Instead, he proposes smokers can mitigate the harm cause from tobacco by switching to e-cigarettes or spit-free smokeless tobacco. Though no tobacco is safe, Rodu backs up his claim by citing low rates of lung cancer in Sweden.
“Over the past 50 years, Swedish men have had Europe’s highest per capita consumption of smokeless tobacco as well as Europe’s lowest cigarette use. During the same time, they also have the lowest rate of lung cancer than men in any other European country.”
The National Cancer Institute reports” Approximately 20% of Swedish men and about 2% of Swedish women use snus
daily. The number of women using snus is increasing.”
He says tobacco harm reduction strategies delivered to the public may be a better approach for saving lives instead of “brutal” messages to stop smoking or perish.
According to a 2006 National Cancer Institute-funded study, 4 million people would switch to smokeless tobacco if public health messages were delivered “responsibly”.
Rodu also points out the American Council on Science and Health concluded in 2006 that tobacco harm reduction “shows great potential as a public health strategy to help millions of smokers.”
The researcher anticipates controversy from his suggestion. He says opponents are going to say smokeless tobacco products lead to oral cancer. Science, he says, doesn’t support that it’s so. | <urn:uuid:d6692119-3b3b-4e07-a319-71189a70d3ba> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.smokersworld.info/smokeless-tobacco-cut-tobacco-nicotine-addiction/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246658061.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045738-00180-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937061 | 574 | 2.734375 | 3 |
1845 named to William Chalmers with London marks and over struck maker’s mark I.N, the central poly chromed royal shield under VR within crowned motto garter with suspended silver greyhound, on blue grosgrain ribbon, together with original original appointment on laid paper issued by the Lord Chamberlain’s Office, signed and sealed February 8, 1845, metal height 5.75″ — 14.6 cm.Note:William Chalmers is named in The British or Imperial Almanac for the Year 1846 on page 106 under ‘Her Majesty’s Household – Office of Robes’ as one of the ‘Queen’s Own Messengers’.
Diplomatic relations between nations have always necessitated the relaying of sensitive messages. The King’s Messengers have been employed to carry Royal messages since the 15th century. Richard III reputedly employed a messenger to hand deliver his private papers in 1485.
Charles II employed four messengers. When asked how they were to be identified as His Majesty’s messengers, Charles II broke off four greyhounds from a silver breakfast platter and presented each with this token. This has remained the symbol of the Messenger to this day.
Originally each government department would have had their own messengers. These messengers were gentleman of high standing, and were unlikely to merely deliver packages. It is more likely they employed others to do their work for them.
In 1641 ‘Forty messengers of the Great Chamber of Ordinary’ were lodged in the Royal Palaces, under the orders of the Lord Chamberlain.
The formation of the Foreign Office in 1782 saw the King’s messengers take a more prominent role. The Messenger Service was now divided into two separate divisions, King’s Home Service Messengers and Corps of King’s Foreign Service.
Europe at War
The messenger role was particularly hazardous from 1795. With France at war with most of Europe including England, the Messenger’s role became not only important but also dangerous. A Messenger travelling through France was highly vulnerable.
It was now impossible to predict when a messenger would arrive back in London. These delays caused the Foreign Office to use Home Service Messengers for foreign duty. A restructure, in 1795, resulted in 30 messengers interchanged between Home and Foreign Service.
Unwanted servants, valets, sons of trusted servants and other ‘less desirables’ were now appointed, resulting in the Diplomatic Corps regarding them as ‘a very subordinate class’.
Some were killed whilst on duty. However, despite the dangers, the messengers still succeeded in their duties. One reported/notable story involved a messenger, thought to be Andrew Basilico:
Andrew Basilico was sent to Europe to deliver a package. This involved travelling through France. With the threat of the messenger being caught, the dispatch was written in a small corner of a sheet of paper. Basilico was caught and the French, on opening the packages, only found bundles of plain paper. Basilico, knowing indeed he was about to be caught, had eaten the corner of the dispatch. He was later exchanged for a French General.
Another interesting tale concerns a messenger who was to escort a prisoner back to London. He ended up taking the prisoner home. His wife dutifully cooked a meal for the three of them. With no guards, the husband and wife were obviously taking a considerable risk, and slept with a loaded pistol – not the sort of work you would volunteer to take home today! The prisoner is likely to have been a Gentleman or Officer rather than your usual rogue.
As well as heroics there were also disciplinary matters.
In 1834 a complaint was made against William Cookes returning from Vienna. The complaint from an Austrian Post Master at Dobra reported Cookes use of two carriages; the second being for a Mr Knight, gentleman. He commented: ‘what business has a messenger with two carriages?’ followed by ‘the idea of a man being his own avant courier has at least the merit of originality’.
The amount a Messenger could claim for each journey was predetermined with tables showing the amounts for every journey. Messengers often tried to make extra money by selling the empty seat in their carriage. This legitimately helped cover costs and provided a companion for the journey. But they charged heavily for the seat and in 1837 Lord Palmerston tried to prohibit this custom. This ban was however suspended after a series of memorandums from Lewis Hertslet to remove this ‘hardship’.
Lewis Hertslet was the Superintendent of Messengers, and Foreign Office Librarian until he retired in 1854. Appointed in 1824 he was under the direct authority of the Foreign Office.
Although there are no dedicated files on the service records of these messengers, you can trace their journeys and careers through various sources at The National Archives:
• The Foreign Office List includes the messengers by name
• Lewis Hertslet’s papers in FO 366, and the miscellaneous series in FO 95, contain financial papers relating to the messengers. These include the Oaths sworn by messengers, allowances for journeys and applications for pensions and sick leave.
One can also find lists of the dates of appointment, deaths and pensions received, the number of year’s service, and names of those who died in service. For example, Andrew Basilica was appointed on 5 October 1782 and retired after 31 years service on the 7 December 1813 with a pension of £266 13s 4d. He died on the 28 August 1824 leaving his wife a pension of £75.
There are plenty of records relating to the accounts, expenses and appointments of the messengers. These bills list the expenses claimed for each journey, and using these records you can trace an individual messenger’s career.
In 1824 Lewis Hertslet was promoted to Superintendent of Messengers. His changes to the Messenger service would last until the 20th century.
The Corps of Queen’s Messengers still exists today, as not everything can be sent by electronic or registered mail. In 2005 there were reportedly 15 messengers in Her Majesty’s Service. They are still issued with a red passport. They still carry the official sealed diplomatic bag which cannot be inspected by customs officers.
The History of the King’s Messengers, V Wheeler-Holohan (Grayson and Grayson, 1935)
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Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a devastating genetic disease that impairs cardiac and skeletal muscle development. People with DMD gradually lose ambulation in childhood, acquire respiratory and heart failure in young adulthood and succumb to the disease by their mid-thirties. Until recently, there has been no effective treatment for the characteristic muscle-wasting progression of this disease. Provisional FDA approval of the first DMD therapy (eteplirsen) and improved disease management strategies have extended the life span of DMD patients and expanded the field of DMD research into later-stage outcomes such as cardiomyopathy (heart failure).
Overall, little is known about the mechanisms of DMD cardiomyopathy, particularly how individual signaling pathways contribute to its development. Breakthrough research published August 24, 2018 in Nature Communications by a large, interdisciplinary team of Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) and Ohio State University investigators has uncovered an unexpected mechanism that underlies cardiomyopathy in DMD. The team was led by Denis Guttridge, Ph.D., professor in MUSC’s Department of Pediatrics, director of the Darby Children’s Research Institute, and associate director of Translational Sciences for the Hollings Cancer Center.
“Understanding cardiomyopathy is a significant achievement,” explains Guttridge. “About 95 percent of patients with dystrophin gene mutations (like the one that causes DMD) develop heart failure and up to 25 percent of these patients die from it. As we’ve gotten better at managing patients on ventilators and with other types of care, they’re living longer but extending life is also thought to put more stress on their hearts. So, heart failure needs to be considered in the overall management of this disease.”
The team had previously focused on the NF-κB transcription factor in skeletal muscle and, with others, showed that it regulates both physiological (differentiation, growth, and metabolism) and pathophysiological (cachexia, atrophy, and dystrophy) aspects of skeletal muscle biology. Their finding that inhibiting NF-κB improved functioning in dystrophic limb and diaphragm muscles and reduced inflammatory damage laid the foundation for investigations into NF-κB as a potential therapeutic target in DMD.
“We’d been using skeletal muscle as a platform to understand NF-κB,” explains Guttridge. “We know it drives inflammation and DMD has an inflammatory component, so then we started looking at what it does in DMD. There’s also some evidence that NF-κB plays a role in heart failure, but results differ widely based on the type of heart disease-which suggests that it may act differently in various cardiac conditions. So, we began wondering how it might contribute to cardiomyopathy in DMD.”
Using a mouse model of DMD (mdx), the team first established that NF-κB does, indeed, contribute to cardiac dysfunction in this disease. Specifically, their first set of experiments showed that cardiomyocyte NF-κB impairs cardiac response to beta-adrenergic stress. This is the first evidence to establish that cardiomyocyte-derived NF-κB signaling is instrumental in promoting dystrophic cardiac dysfunction.
Their next experiments found that cardiomyocyte NF-κB, though not required for the development of cardiac fibrosis or myocyte injury in mdx mice, still contributes to cardiac dysfunction. The question then became “How?” Published evidence indicated that genes related to calcium were enriched in the absence of NF-κB. The team followed this proposed link between NF-κB and calcium using microarray analyses to compare the hearts of NF-κB knock-out mice (mdxHRTΔIKKβ) with littermates that had intact NF-κB (mdxIKKβf/f).
They found that cardiomyocyte NF-κB ablation normalized calcium handling and significantly increased calcium gene expression.
Taking a broader look at overall gene expression patterns in dystrophic hearts lacking NF-κB, they found that it played a previously unreported functional role as a global repressor in mdx hearts.
“This mechanism was unexpected,” says Guttridge. “We thought that when the pathway was ablated, the global gene expression pattern would be down-regulated because NF-κB is supposed to be an activator. Surprisingly, we saw the opposite-about 75 percent of genes were upregulated. That told us that NF-κB was acting as a transcriptional repressor.”
The team’s next series of experiments uncovered that, although NF-κB was activated in dystrophic hearts, it was not playing its canonical role as a direct transcriptional activator but rather was modulating chromatin conformation to deplete H3K27ac. A reduction of this chromatin mark indicates that there is a repression on gene expression. This depletion, in turn, repressed the Slc8a1 gene, which codes for the NCX1 protein. And, here’s the rub— NCX1 plays a crucial role in maintaining calcium homeostasis in multiple cell types, including muscle.
“When we dug deeper to find out how and exactly what genes it was repressing, we saw that the ones that were going up were mostly calcium-handling genes like Slc8a1. Without proper mobilization of calcium, the heart doesn’t contract normally,” says Guttridge, “The reason NF-κB was acting as a repressor of calcium genes now made a lot of sense.”
While it is understood that the pathology of dystrophic hearts is caused by disruption of calcium homeostasis, the exact mechanisms driving this disruption have not previously been explored. Furthermore, these findings have important implications for the treatment of heart failure in multiple conditions including diabetes and after ischemia-reperfusion injuries. Perhaps most important, these findings highlight that targeting NF-κB could benefit both skeletal and cardiac muscle.
“I’m very excited about these findings!” says Guttridge. “As a scientist, you follow your hunches and try to vigorously test your hypotheses-it’s so satisfying to have found a pathway that we believe contributes to the pathology of DMD, not just in skeletal muscle but also in the heart. This gives us hope that a drug can be developed that has the possibility of improving patients’ lives.”
Mitochondrial protein in cardiac muscle cells linked to heart failure, study finds
Jennifer M. Peterson et al, NF-κB inhibition rescues cardiac function by remodeling calcium genes in a Duchenne muscular dystrophy model, Nature Communications (2018). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05910-1 | <urn:uuid:699140cc-9272-4e32-a2ab-18f761485cf1> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.medicalnewser.com/2018/09/22/inhibiting-nf-kb-improves-heart-function-in-a-mouse-model-of-duchenne-muscular-dystrophy.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583516480.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20181023153446-20181023174946-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.935788 | 1,446 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Every year as a child at my Jewish day school, as we made our way through the identity-building stories of Genesis, we would conclude Chapter 37 of Parshat Vayeshev with Joseph’s being sold into slavery, and our teachers would tell us that we would be skipping to Chapter 39 where the story picks up again with Joseph’s working in Potiphar’s house. When asked why, our teachers always looked uncomfortable and said things such as “Chapter 38 is not for children.”
So of course we always made it a point to read Chapter 38, and while it mildly engaged our burgeoning prurient interest, it seemed rather unexciting. But exciting or not, now years later I feel the chapter can serve as a dramatic teaching instrument for Jewish youth, teens through college. “Haker na?,” or “do you recognize?” is a key phrase in Chapter 38. As this story is discussed, we can ask our youth, do you recognize emotional aspects of your own life within the narrative. Can you derive any core Jewish values from the story? And do these values tie to Jewish lessons that might help you grow throughout your life?
At the beginning of Chapter 38. Judah leaves his family and travels to Canaanite country. There are commentators who believe Judah departed right after the confrontations between Joseph and his brothers. Judah had lacked the moral compass and authority to save Joseph fully and instead suggested that the brothers profit from selling him into slavery.
What must Judah have felt upon leaving home? He separates himself from an unhappy mother, a father devastated by the apparent loss of his favorite child in which Judah is complicit, and from two other brothers who went on a murderous rampage destroying Shechem as “honor killings.” Might he have been agitated, angry, and guilt-ridden? But Judah also carries examples of righteousness exemplified by his forbearers, Abraham, Sarah, Isaac, and Rebecca. He must have learned right from wrong from Jacob who chastised Shimon and Levi for their murderous actions, and even Joseph for his vain behavior. “Haker na?,” we might ask our youth, when we leave, perhaps for college, are there emotional items we tote that weigh us down? Are there other items that sustain us? We might suggest that how well we balance our load is key to how well we travel.
Judah marries a Canaanite woman and has three sons. The oldest, Er, marries a woman named Tamar. But Er is “wicked in the eyes of God,” and God slays him. There is no explanation as to Er’s wickedness. How, we should ask our youth who are probably engaging nascent questions of good and evil, do you react to this part of the story which offers a minimalist yet powerful statement that there is undefined evil in the world? How do you feel about the story’s suggested response to such evil?
We then need to understand an ancient Israelite commandment called “Yibum,” or Levirate Marriage. When a married man dies without an offspring, the man’s brother must marry the widow, and any son of this union is considered the spiritual son of the deceased. If the brother wishes not to marry the widow, he can be excused if he agrees to a public shaming.
After Er dies, Judah orders Onan, his second son, to marry Tamar, but Onan “spills his seed” because he does not want his child to have his brother’s name. God is enraged and slays Onan for this dereliction. Judah is hesitant to command his youngest son, Shailah, to perform Yibum because he fears that Tamar is a widow maker. So he instructs Tamar to return to her father’s house and wait until Shailah is old enough to marry her. But Judah has no intention to do so.
As arcane and archaic as this custom may seem to us today, we can discuss with our youth how one engages an obligation (mitzvah) if one does not understand or is uncomfortable with what is expected. Onan could have been excused from marrying Tamar if he were willing to accept public shaming. Aren’t there times we wish to flee in anger or repudiation as opposed to questioning, debating, or seeking explanations and even alternatives? What similar situations might our youth be experiencing?
At its core, the Judah and Tamar story is about how one acts responsibly, or as we might ask our youth, what constitutes mensch behavior? Some time goes by, Judah’s wife dies, and grieving, he sets out to do some business. Tamar finds out that Judah will be passing through a certain town gate, puts on a veil, and sits awaiting Judah’s arrival. In her determination for Judah to “do the right thing,” Tamar is seeking justice. Judah sees Tamar, doesn’t recognize her, takes her for a harlot, and asks the equivalent of “are you available?” Tamar asks what will he give her, he says a kid from the goats of his flock, she demands security, he agrees to give her his signet, his cord, and his staff (central marks of his identity), the deal is struck, the action consummated, and she is impregnated.
If Judah’s previous relationship with Tamar was shallow and avoidant, now, in his grief and impulsive drive for sexual satisfaction, Judah doesn’t recognize Tamar, rashly gives away his identity, and leaves himself vulnerable. Here, our youth can be asked, when it comes to Tamar’s actions, how far might one go in pursuing justice? And as for Judah’s behavior, how do negative emotions keep us blind to the world around us, hinder judgment, and interfere with distinctions of right and wrong?
Tamar returns to her father’s house. Judah asks his friend to deliver the kid and redeem his pledge, but as his friend is seeking a harlot, he is unable to find Tamar and returns to Judah who basically says, “let’s not press this search since we have a reputation to maintain.” What a delightful lesson in irony and awareness for our youth. Does reputation depend on deceptive or tenuous appearances? Does it rely on power, position, or financial standing? Or should it be linked to a conscience-based meeting of one’s obligations and redressing injustices and personal failings head on?
The townsfolk discover that Tamar is pregnant and tell Judah who orders her to be burnt. Tamar sends the pledge objects to Judah and tells him she is pregnant by the man who owns these items. When Tamar asks Judah, “haker na,” if he recognizes the pledge objects, she is saying, do you recognize who you are, do you recognize your duty? Judah faces protecting his reputation and condemning Tamar to death or publically admitting his indiscretions. Judah chooses to acknowledge his pledge and says, “she is more righteous than I because I did not give my son Shailah to her.” The story ends with Tamar giving birth to twins.
We might ask our youth about Judah’s journey in which he stumbles, learns, rights himself, and comes through at the end. Is he heroic in any way? And if so, “haker na,” what differences do you recognize between this possible “Jewish hero” and the heroes with whom you are familiar? Finally, why would Judah and Tamar merit the honor to be progenitors of David, the future great king of Israel? | <urn:uuid:057bd5e7-fb62-4557-a46c-0b1f8f230d17> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/parshat-vayeshevs-hidden-chapter/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690095.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126165718-20200126195718-00430.warc.gz | en | 0.970652 | 1,613 | 3.109375 | 3 |
THE YOUNG DANIEL
The Bible book Daniel begins with a look at his teen ears. This study of Daniel Chapter 1 provides vital life principles concerning how to stand for God in a corrupt society. It should be of special value to young people, but its lessons are for us all. For more about Daniel, see either of these two fine books:
Robust in Faith,
All the Men of the Bible.
In the first, by J. Oswald Sanders, notes that Daniel was "Prime Minister Under Five Kings." In the second, Herbert Lockyer calls Daniel "The Man Who Kept His Window Open," referring to an incident in Chapter 6.
Daniel is one of the most outstanding saints of Bible times. A man of godly wisdom, and a man of prayer, he lived in Babylon through the entire seventy years of the Jews' captivity there. Thought to be of royal descent (likely related in some way to King Hezekiah, II Kgs. 20-17-18; Dan 1:3), Daniel was captured during Nebuchadnezzar's attack on Jerusalem in 605 BC. He was approximately 15 years old at the time, and he lived to the age of about 90 (in 530 BC).
The book he wrote provides important keys to Bible prophecy, especially as it concerns a period Jesus called "the Times of the Gentiles" (Lk. 21:24), extending from the beginning of Babylon's domination of Israel (in 605 BC) until Armageddon and the defeat of the Antichrist, up ahead (Dan. 2:34-35, 44). The great overarching theme of Daniel is the sovereignty of God over all the affairs of men.
The book of Daniel can be divided into two equal parts. Chapters 1-6 are mainly narrative, with some important prophecies included. Chapters 7-12 are mainly prophetic visions, with a bit of narrative along the way. In the first half of the book, Daniel's story is told in the third person (he, him). In the last half of the book, Daniel presents his prophecies in the first person ("I saw..." "I watched..." etc.). This study will concentrate on Chapter 1.
1) What significant event launches the book of Daniel (vs. 1)?
INSIGHT: Of the thousands of slaves taken to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar, he asked his chief eunuch to separate out certain ones.
(Please read Daniel 1:3-5)
2) Which slaves were singled out? And what job were they to be prepared for?
3) What kind of preparation was planned for this select group?
INSIGHT: In vs. 6-7 we learn that among these favoured young men were Daniel and three of his friends. To begin the preparation process, each was given a new name. In ancient times, the power to name something (or someone) showed your authority over it (cf. Gen. 1:28; 2:20). Also, the Babylonians did not want to have their slaves named in honour of "gods" whose people they had conquered. They gave them names honouring their own gods. "Daniel" means God is my Judge. "Belteshazzar [Bel-ta-SHAZ-ar]" means Bel protect the king. (Bel was one of the idols of the Babylonians.) The aim was to completely divorce the slaves from their former life. They were taught "the language and literature of the Chaldeans [Babylonians]" (vs. 4) and given Babylonian food (vs. 5).
(Please read Daniel 1:8-13)
4) What matter of conscience did this raise for Daniel (vs. 8)?
INSIGHT: It is likely some things in the diet were off limits for the Jews on the basis of their Law (such as pork, Lev. 11:1, 7). Also, the food would have been prayed over in the name of an idol, and dedicated to an idol. In accepting it, one could be seen as honouring the benevolence of an idol god.
5) If Daniel had been less committed, how might he have tried to talk himself into making a compromise in this situation? (That is, what excuses might he have thought of?)
6) Sometimes compromise with the unbelieving world seems the easiest way. Why? And why is it not the best way?
INSIGHT: We are told Daniel "purposed in his heart" (vs. 8)? (The NIV's "made up his mind" seems weaker. It suggests Daniel simply decided something. But the original means he established a purpose deep in his innermost being?)
7) What prior influences or experiences do you think led up to such a commitment?
8) The Babylonians had changed many things in Daniel's life. What were they not able to take away from him?
9) Is there a lesson here for young people attending secular schools today? (And for their parents?)
INSIGHT: Though Daniel had personal convictions, he recognized he was under the authority of the Babylonians. He did not react in arrogant pride.
10) What approach did Daniel try (vs. 8)?
INSIGHT: God has been at work in the heart of Daniel's superior (vs. 9). But, in part, the Lord worked through Daniel to bring this about.
11) What kind of things might Daniel have been doing by which the Lord was able to encourage the good will of the one over him?
12) Of what was the eunuch afraid (vs. 10)?
12b) What suggestion does Daniel make (vs. 12-13)?
INSIGHT: There are some important lessons here with regard to making an appeal to those in authority over us. 1) Daniel seems to have built a good relationship by a gracious attitude, hard work, and reliability. 2) He went through the proper line of authority. 3) He showed courtesy and a desire to cooperate rather than prideful resistence. 4) He discerned that the desired goal was not wrong. (The Babylonians simply wanted the young men to be in the best physical condition.) 5) He suggested a way to reach the desired goal which did not violate his own conscience. (This is sometimes called a creative alternative.)
13) How is this plan an expression of Daniel's faith in God?
14) What if Dad says to his young daughter, "If Mr. Smith phones, tell him I'm not at home"--when it would be a lie? Suggest some steps the girl could take to apply Daniel's method described above and avoid doing wrong.
15) Daniel says, "as you see fit, so deal with your servants" (vs. 13). But suppose the test doesn't work in his favour. Do you think he means he will then accept the king's food?
(Please read Daniel 1:14-21)
16) How did the test actually turn out (vs. 15)?
INSIGHT: This may have involved the miraculous intervention of God. But it could also be that the king's food was rich, and not particularly healthy! When he saw how well Daniel and his friends thrived on a diet of vegetables and water, the eunuch was willing to go along (vs. 16).
17) Vs. 17 describes some special gifts the Lord gave to Daniel. What are they?
18) Is there a connection between what happens in vs. 8 and in vs. 17?
19) What important principle does this illustrate (cf. Matt. 24:45-47; Rev. 2:10)?
INSIGHT: Then, at the end of their three years of training (vs. 5), the young men were interviewed by Nebuchadnezzar, a brilliant and able man in his own right.
20) What did the king discover (vs. 18-19)?
INSIGHT: In His high priestly prayer (in John 17), the Lord Jesus speaks of His followers being "in the world" but not "of the world" (vs. 11, 14). We are in the world in the sense that we live out our mortal lives on planet earth. But those who put their faith in Christ become citizens of heaven (Phil. 3:20), and we are therefore to live our lives on the basis of spiritual and eternal values (Col. 3:1-2).
21) What are the problems with earthly values, according to the following passages (Matt. 6:19-21; 31-33; and I Jn. 2:15-17)?
INSIGHT: There is an old gospel song that begins, "Dare to be a Daniel, / Dare to stand alone; / Dare to have a purpose firm, / And dare to make it known..." Situations will arise in all our lives when there is a need to do that very thing. What will our response be?
22) If a Christian today makes the kind of commitment Daniel did, what results can he expect in the short-term? And in the long-term (Matt. 5:11-12; I Pet. 4:12-13, 19)?
22b) What kind of help from the Lord can the believer expect in such circumstances (I Cor. 10:13; Phil. 4:12-13)? | <urn:uuid:8a403642-7edf-45c4-a2ae-8089e306b1bf> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.wordwise-bible-studies.com/the-young-daniel.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115862636.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161102-00215-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970915 | 1,934 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Australia has been hit by two years of heat: 2013 was the hottest ever recorded and 2014 wasn’t far behind, taking third place. The country has also sweltered through several significant heatwaves, and, though you might not have noticed them so much, episodes of unusual winter warmth too.
We regularly hear about the strong likelihood of a warmer future climate and the resulting plausible impacts. But occasionally we, as a community living on an already dry and warm continent, would do well to review what is happening right now. The past two years have given us the chance to do that.
Who (and what) has been hit by this heat, and how? The short answer is “everyone”, but in the interest of thoroughness let’s break it down a bit further.
People who grow food
Farmers and graziers have suffered, particularly in drought-ridden Queensland, because extra heat means less effective rainfall. In semi-arid regions, a rise of 2C can lead to the loss of an extra 0.2 to 2 mm of water per day (depending on wind strength and other local factors) from soil, rivers, dams and plant transpiration.
Before the Queensland drought began two years ago, water was plentiful from the 2010-12 wet phase. Not only did rainfall decline, but most of central Queensland has been about 1.5C warmer than normal for most of the past two years. This has accelerated the drought’s impact, as surface water evaporated more quickly.
For a conservative estimate, the heat drove an extra loss of some 105-150mm from lakes, water holes and reservoirs over the two years, putting extra water stress on regional communities and farm water supplies. The Queensland pastoral and farming region has definitely been hit by the heat, as shown by the increase in brown tones and decline in yellow and green tones in the map on the left below.
It’s the same story in other parts of the country, where pasture and vegetation have been badly stressed by the combination of heat and drought. As a result, the national cattle herd is estimated to have declined by more than 8%.
The 2013 national wheat crop was down by about 11% from the previous three-year average, due to drought and increased moisture stress from the spring 2013 heatwave. The 2014 crop is forecast to drop by 14% for wheat, 22% for barley, and 12% for canola.
People who eat food
An Australian National University study identified about 10,000 gastroenteritis episodes, on average, per day in Australia and about 80 associated hospitalizations. Given the link between hot weather and food poisoning, just a few extra heatwave days across our major cities could potentially put hundreds of extra people at risk.
People who fight bushfires
Fighting bushfires is a hazardous and exhausting task. Victoria was the state hardest hit by bushfires in 2013, followed by South Australia and Western Australia. As a result of 2014’s hot spring and the past dry six months, large areas of southern Australia are at increased risk of bushfire this summer. The recent fires in the Adelaide Hills, which claimed 27 homes, have underlined the danger.
People who work
Productivity losses occur during heat waves, particularly for those working outdoors, doing physically active jobs, or working without air-conditioning.
Of course, people living in naturally hot environments, such as parts of Australia, do develop a certain level of resilience to heat, but there are limits. Heat stress occurs as air temperatures approach the body’s core temperature of 37C (humidity, air movement and sun exposure are also factors). Australian National University researchers have shown that the capacity for strenuous physical activity drops off rapidly as heat loading increases above a coping threshold.
The exact effect is difficult to quantify – one US-based study estimated that heat stress has reduced labour capacity by about 10% in peak months, in tropical and mid-latitudes, with northern Australia likely to be one of the hardest-hit places. Certainly, workers in Western Australia’s mining heartland would have felt the effects of this month’s heatwave, which featured temperatures in the high 40s.
Over the past two years, 13 of the 16 warm season months (see maps below) have experienced heatwaves, here defined as a monthly average maximum temperature at least 3C above the long-term average across a substantial portion of Australia.
Thirteen months of extra heat stress in two years! And in some of those months, the anomaly exceeded 5C over areas larger than Tasmania.
The biggest working-in-heat problems are preventing dehydration and stopping the body’s core temperature from rising. Research (see review here) suggests that for fit, healthy adults, dehydration is responsible for most of the problems of working in the heat, including reduced productivity, higher accident rates and compensation claims. Chronic heat fatigue, known in the tropical north as “mango madness”, is also a recognised contributor to work-related incidents in the hot summer months.
People who are very old or very young
Heatwaves kill more Australians than any other natural disaster. Most at risk are the very elderly, the very young and those with chronic health problems.
For example, reports of the January 2014 heatwave in Victoria estimate that there were about 200 heat-related deaths and many extra calls for ambulances or nursing services. A full national assessment for the years 2013 and 2014 (data are generally only available for individual heatwaves) would surely tell us that many people’s health has been hit by the heat.
This list doesn’t include other factors directly or indirectly exacerbated by persistent heat, including air-conditioning and refrigeration costs for industry and food storage, dams and water infrastructure, and the effects on livestock.
While many of us are familiar with the impacts of short, sharp heatwaves, it can be harder to appreciate the damage done by long periods of excess heat. But as the past two years have taught us, the impacts spread far and wide, and they affect us all. | <urn:uuid:c9c55595-d576-4fb9-aa4c-c030701a3e98> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://theconversation.com/whos-been-affected-by-australias-extreme-heat-everyone-36116 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155634.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20180918170042-20180918190042-00049.warc.gz | en | 0.959568 | 1,248 | 3.25 | 3 |
Air pollution linked to increased mental illness in children
The new research found that relatively small increases in air pollution were associated with a significant increase in treated psychiatric problems. It is the first study to establish the link but is consistent with a growing body of evidence that air pollution can affect mental and cognitive health and that children are particularly vulnerable to poor air quality.
The research, published in the peer-reviewed journal BMJ Open, examined the pollution exposure of more than 500,000 under-18s in Sweden and compared this with records of medicines prescribed for mental illnesses, ranging from sedatives to anti-psychotics.
“The results can mean that a lower concentration of air pollution, first and foremost from traffic, may reduce psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents,” said Anna Oudin, at Umeå University, who led the study. “I would be worried myself if I lived in an area with high air pollution.”
Prof Frank Kelly, at King’s College London, said the research was important. “This builds on existing evidence that children are particularly sensitive to poor air quality probably because their lifestyles increase the dose of air pollution they are exposed too - ie they are more active - and that developing organs may be more vulnerable until they fully mature.”
Air pollution in the UK is above legal limits in many cities and estimated to cause 40,000 early deaths a year, though this only includes illnesses such as lung disease, heart attacks and strokes.
The EU and WHO limit for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is 40mcg/m3 (micrograms per cubic metre), but levels can reach many times that in polluted cities like London. The researchers found that a 10mcg/m3 increase in NO2 corresponded to a 9% increase in mental illness in the children. For the same increase in tiny particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), the increase was 4%.
One striking aspect of the new research is that Sweden has low levels of air pollution, but the researchers still saw the link even below levels of 15mcg/m3. “Sweden is not a country that suffers from very bad air quality, said Kelly. “This suggests that other countries and cities have an even bigger challenge, as they will have to make significant improvements to their air quality so that it is even cleaner than Sweden’s.”
It is not possible to say from this study what would happen to rates of mental illness at higher levels of air pollution, but Oudin said they could rise: “In all the air pollution studies I have been involved in, the effects seem to be linear.”
This type of research cannot prove a causal link between the air pollution and increases in mental illness, but there is a plausible mechanism. “We know air pollution can get into bodies and brains and cause inflammation,” said Oudin. Animal studies indicate that inflammation is associated with a range of psychiatric disorders.
There have also been several earlier studies that found associations between air pollution and autism spectrum disorders and learning and development in children. “This study adds to evidence that air pollution may have detrimental effects on the brains of children and adolescents,” the Swedish researchers said.
In May, the Guardian revealed an unpublished air pollution report that demonstrated that 433 schools in London are located in areas that exceed EU limits for NO2 pollution and that four-fifths of those are in deprived areas. In May, a WHO report concluded that air pollution was rising at an “alarming rate” in the world’s cities, while a report in September found 3 million people a year suffer early deaths around the world from air pollution.
The new Swedish paper concludes: “The severe impact of child and adolescent mental health problems on society, together with the plausible and preventable association of exposure to air pollution, deserves special attention.” | <urn:uuid:cee5e2e4-0ac5-4a89-b3c6-3062a8224dcb> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://kleanindustries.com/resources/environmental-industry-market-analysis-research/air-pollution-linked-to-increased-mental-illness-in-children/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663011588.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20220528000300-20220528030300-00205.warc.gz | en | 0.964617 | 803 | 2.6875 | 3 |
It’s incredible to think that the future we are preparing our children for is a future we can’t even imagine yet. The Montessori method allows the child the time and space to do the hard work of constructing himself. With the teacher as a loving guide, the student is immersed in an organized, peaceful environment with the freedom to discover their world through hands-on experiences. The scientifically developed Montessori Method allows each child to learn at his own pace, where each lesson builds on the last. Scientific discovery is an integral part of daily activities in the classroom.
Learning Through Exploring
We deliver lessons to spark the child’s imagination and innate desire to learn. Learning happens naturally; the child absorbs knowledge through hands-on, purposeful play. During the precious period of the “absorbent mind,” children 0-6 years old are sensorimotor learners meaning they learn best by using their senses and movement. Cognition and movement are one. Young children are already scientists, technologists, engineers, mathematicians and artists. Orderly presentation of concepts in the Montessori environment promotes keen observation skills through the 5 senses. As an example, a toddler may experiment with permanence of objects by putting a ball in box, while a preschooler organizes cylinders by diameter and height.
Children ages 6-12 have moved into a stage of conscious learning, which is slower paced and much more likely to happen in collaboration with their classmates. They work together on projects, learning side by side and navigating how to get along. Now capable of abstract thinking, students develop naming, writing, researching and classifying skills. The integrated nature of the curriculum encourages students to see the critical relationship among all subjects. Students at this stage may conduct scientific experiments to test Newton’s Laws as part of daily work | <urn:uuid:0752ba9a-09ab-43dc-8c1e-162b6d447e21> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.kingwoodmontessori.com/steam | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103034170.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20220625034751-20220625064751-00712.warc.gz | en | 0.94517 | 373 | 4.0625 | 4 |
SAN FRANCISCO, CA--Future increases in wind strength along the California coast may have far-reaching effects, including more intense upwelling of cold water along the coast early in the season and increased fire danger in Southern California, according to researchers at the Climate Change and Impacts Laboratory at the University of California, Santa Cruz.
Earth scientist Mark Snyder will present the findings in a poster titled "Future Changes in Surface Winds in the Western U.S. due to Climate Change" at the Fall Meeting of the American Geophysical Union (AGU) in San Francisco on Friday, December 19.
Snyder's group used a regional climate model to study how the climate along the U.S. West Coast might change in the future as a result of global warming driven by increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. The results suggest that a general increase in wind speeds along the coast is likely to accompany regional changes in climate.
"What we think is going on is that land temperatures are increasing at a faster rate than the ocean temperatures, and this thermal gradient between the land and the ocean is driving increased winds," Snyder said.
The researchers conducted multiple runs of their regional model to compare simulations of the coastal climate for two time periods: 1968 to 2000 ("modern climate") and 2038 to 2070 ("future climate"). The regional model was driven by input from the global climate models used in the most recent report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC AR4). The future climate projections were based on a "high-growth" emissions scenario (A2) thought to provide an upper range of possible future climates, although Snyder noted that recent global carbon dioxide emissions have exceeded even the highest projections of earlier IPCC reports.
The results showed increases in wind speeds of up to 2 meters per second, which is a large change in relation to current average wind speeds of about 5 meters per second, Snyder said. One effect of these increased winds may be earlier and more intense upwelling of cold water along the coast.
Upwelling is generally a good thing, bringing up nutrient-rich deep water to support thriving coastal ecosystems. But researchers think too much upwelling may be causing the massive "dead zone" that has begun to appear with alarming regularity off the Oregon coast. According to an earlier study by Oregon researchers, intense upwelling driven by stronger, more persistent winds stimulates excessive growth of phytoplankton (microscopic algae), which ultimately sink to the bottom and decompose, sucking oxygen out of the bottom waters.
Snyder said these conditions may become more prevalent in the future, and stronger winds all along the coast may cause the Oregon dead zone to expand into California waters.
Strong winds can also create extremely hazardous fire conditions, as was seen this fall in Southern California. On the positive side, strong winds would be good for the growing wind energy industry. Snyder also noted that an enhanced sea breeze during the warm months of the year has a cooling effect along the coast. Such a cooling trend could have many ramifications, particularly for coastal species adapted to seasonal changes in temperatures and fog, he said.
|Contact: Tim Stephens|
University of California - Santa Cruz | <urn:uuid:54039961-014a-410c-b8e0-60eefc190b90> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.bio-medicine.org/biology-news-1/Stronger-coastal-winds-due-to-climate-change-may-have-far-reaching-effects-6411-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461861831994.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428164351-00068-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943638 | 649 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Researchers at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) in Washington State have pioneered a new technology that makes diesel fuel from algae—and their cutting-edge machine produces the fuel in just minutes.
The recipe seems surprisingly straightforward: Simply heat pea-green algal soup to 662°F (350°C) at 3,000 psi for almost 60 minutes. For comparison, temperatures at the base of Earth’s crust reach 1,500°F (815°C). The group published their results in the journal Algal Research.1
Throughout the process, the bench-top apparatus continuously siphons and processes algae at one end and yields burnable hydrocarbons at the other. This automatic device even recycles water and nutrients, placing them back into the tank of growing algae.
Gizmag wrote of the new technology, “The process mimics some of the conditions that originally turned prehistoric plant material into fossil fuel deep within the earth—high pressures and temperatures.”2
Lead researcher Douglas Elliott said in a PNNL news release, “In a sense, we are duplicating the process in the Earth that converted algae into oil over the course of millions of years. We're just doing it much, much faster.”3
How much faster? Let’s do the math: A process that takes one hour in a laboratory is over 26 billion times faster than one that supposedly takes three million years, for example. These lab experiments clearly show oil can form fast. But, what they can’t demonstrate is whether this process can in fact extend over a million years, as uniformitarian scientists contend. Maybe it simply can’t.
Apparently, the idea that Earth manufactured oil “over the course of millions of years” stems from the secular habit of assuming long ages, despite experiments demonstrating that it can form quickly. In addition, many other processes and products once thought to require vast time spans turned out to generate quite rapidly:
- Normally slow-decaying radioisotopes sometimes decay in very short time frames.4
- Wood petrifies in decades or even weeks.5
- Coal forms within weeks.6
- Bacteria produce opals in weeks.7
- Floods gouge huge canyons within hours or days.8
- Brown coal releases natural gas in two to five days.9
- Magma moves over 2,000 feet per day through Earth’s crust.10
- Sedimentary layers are laid down in minutes.11
- Diamonds harden in a matter of minutes.12
- Gold forms from deep earthquakes almost instantly.13
And now studies reveal oil can form in less than an hour using innovative technology to simulate natural conditions found deep below Earth’s surface. Does any Earth process or material actually require millions of years?
For decades, biblical geologists have described a Flood scenario that explains fast-forming oil. Earth movements rapidly forced ocean water, mud, and algae to great depths and pressures. Soon after, the buried algae and other organic material compressed and heated to become oil and other fossil fuels. Fast-forming oil comes as no surprise to Bible believers.
- Elliot, D. C. et al. 2013. Process development for hydrothermal liquefaction of algae feedstocks in a continuous-flow reactor. Algal Research. 2 (4): 445-454.
- Gover, F. Algae to crude oil: Million-year natural process takes minutes in the lab. Gizmag. Posted on gizmag.com December 24, 2013, accessed January 2, 2014.
- Rickey, T. Algae to crude oil: Million-year natural process takes minutes in the lab. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory news release, December 17, 2013.
- Humphreys, D. R. 2005. Young Helium Diffusion Age of Zircons Supports Accelerated Nuclear Decay. In Vardiman, L. et al. (eds.), RATE II: Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth: Results of a Young-Earth Creationist Research Initiative, Volume II. San Diego, CA: Institute for Creation Research and the Creation Research Society.
- Snelling, A. 1995. 'Instant' petrified wood. Creation. 17 (4): 38-40.
- Hayatsu, R. et al. 1984. Artificial coalification study: Preparation and characterization of synthetic macerals. Organic Geochemistry. 6: 463-471.
- Thomas, B. Opals Can Form in Weeks. Creation Science Update. Posted on icr.org July 25, 2011, accessed January 2, 2014.
- Thomas, B. Texas Canyons Highlight Geologic Evidence for Catastrophe. Creation Science Update. Posted on icr.org July 8, 2010, accessed January 2, 2014.
- Thomas, B. Did Natural Gas Take Millions of Years to Form? Creation Science Update. Posted on icr.org August 8, 2011, accessed January 2, 2014.
- Petford, N., R. C. Kerr, and J. R. Lister. 1993. Dike transport of granitoid magmas. Geology. 21 (9): 845–848.
- Julien, P. Y., Y. Lan, and G. Berthault. 1993. Experiments on stratification of heterogeneous sand mixtures. Bulletin of the Geological Society of France. 164 (5): 649-660.
- Irifune, T. et al. 2003. Materials: Ultrahard polycrystalline diamond from graphite. Nature. 421 (6923): 599-600.
- Weatherley, D. K. and R. W. Henley. 2013. Flash vaporization during earthquakes evidenced by gold deposits. Nature Geoscience. 6 (1759): 294-298.
Image credit: Algae feedstock, adapted from an image by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory under the Creative Commons license. Usage by ICR does not imply endorsement of copyright holders.
* Mr. Thomas is Science Writer at the Institute for Creation Research.
Article posted on January 13, 2014. | <urn:uuid:bba948e7-4482-4123-b09b-95577bd54bb3> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.icr.org/article/7874/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945183.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323194025-20230323224025-00752.warc.gz | en | 0.876176 | 1,282 | 3.546875 | 4 |
How and Why is Aymara Different in Different Regions?
Is Aymara Alone?
The language that is normally called ‘Aymara’ is well-known to be spoken in much of the Altiplano, the ‘high plain’ at an altitude of around 4000 m that covers much of western Bolivia and the far south of Peru. Aymara is spoken all around the region of the Bolivian capital La Paz, and further north to Lake Titicaca, the famous archaeological site of Tiwanaku, and into the southernmost regions of Peru, around Huancané, Puno and Moquegua. South of La Paz, Aymara is spoken in the Oruro and Poopó regions and beyond, across the wild and beautiful border areas into northern Chile.
What is much less well-known, however, is that this Altiplano Aymara is not alone! A language of the very same family is spoken almost a thousand kilometres further north, in central Peru, in the semi-desert mountains of the province of Yauyos, not far south and inland from Lima. The mountainous slopes of the canyon of the river Cañete are home to only about one thousand speakers of Jaqaru and Kawki, two more members of the Aymara family, both of them closely related to the language spoken in the Altiplano.
For photos of all of these areas, see our Aymara regions section.
Aymara and Quechua
To understand exactly how the Aymara in the Altiplano is related to Jaqaru and Kawki, one has first to understand what it means exactly to talk in terms of ‘related’ languages, and ‘families’ of languages. These questions are in fact already explained in detail in our page on the Quechua language family, because it turns out that Quechua too is not just a single language, but a whole family of different, though closely related languages. We recommend, then, that you first read our explanations in our page on the Origins and Diversity of Quechua, and then come back to this page on Aymara. You will then be in a much better position to understand exactly what we mean when we refer to Aymara as a ‘family of related languages’ spoken both in the Altiplano and in Yauyos.
In any case, Aymara and Quechua have been so intricately bound up with each other throughout their histories that one cannot really understand either family without knowing something about the other one too. This is why in Sounds of the Andean Languages we cover both of them together. So whether it’s Aymara or Quechua that you’re most interested in, it will certainly be worth your while to look at our pages on the other family as well.
The reason for this is because speakers of Aymara and Quechua have had a great deal of contact with each other over many centuries, even millennia, all over the Andes from central Peru southwards to Bolivia. This has meant that their languages too have influenced each other very strongly. You can see how close and complex the relationships are between the two families by looking at our word comparison tables, particularly for the numbers one to ten.
Beware, though! Despite the striking similarities between the families on many levels, and the many shared words, ultimately the Aymara languages and the Quechua languages probably do not come from the same one original language. Aymara and Quechua are two quite separate language families, then, and it seems that they are in fact quite unrelated to each other.
The Aymara Language Family
Altiplano Aymara and Jaqaru/Kawki, on the other hand, certainly do come from the same one original language. That is, just like there was once an Original Quechua, so too there was once an Original Aymara (what linguists call ‘Proto-Aymara’). It is important to realise, then, that Jaqaru/Kawki is just as much a direct descendent of this Original Aymara as the Aymara spoken in the Altiplano. Neither is ‘more original’ than the other.
When it comes for names for this language family, and for the original language from which all the modern Aymara languages are derived, things can seem a little more complicated than they really are, just because there has been some confusion over names. This is because in the past, when various linguists were first realising that the languages of the Altiplano and of Yauyos were related, some of them coined their own new terms to refer to this newly-discovered family. So you may have come across mentions of the Aru family (together with Proto-Aru as the name for the original language), or the Jaqi family (and thus Proto-Jaqi). Both these words are taken from the languages themselves: aru means speech, while jaqi means person or people. Note too that Jaqaru is just the combination of these. Kawki, meanwhile, simply means where?
In fact, it is all quite simple: Aru and Jaqi are both just different names for exactly the same family, the one that we prefer to call simply the Aymara family, to stick to the name that has already been well-established for centuries. All that people need to realise is that there is not only a Southern Aymara spoken in the Altiplano, but also a Central Aymara spoken in the Yauyos mountains inland from Lima.
In fact, if we try to find where the Original Aymara probably first started out from, it turns out that it was probably not in the Altiplano at all, but much closer to the more central part of the Andes where Jaqaru/Kawki is still spoken. From there it then spread southwards, and eventually reached the southern regions like the Altiplano only many centuries later. We’ll come back to talk a bit more on this below.
As for names, then, all we need do is keep using the term ‘Aymara’, but when we are talking about only one particular region, to be careful to specify which one in each case, i.e.:
• Central Aymara, i.e. Jaqaru/Kawki in central Peru; or
• Southern Aymara, i.e. the Aymara spoken in the Altiplano.
Calling the whole family ‘Aymara’ is hardly a problem, then. This is just how everyone has always used the word ‘Quechua’ too, as the name of a language family, not just of one variety of it from a single region, without this causing any big problems. Using the same name for the whole family contributes to a sense of both unity, and rich diversity, among speakers of all the different regional varieties. So in the case of the Aymara family it helps remind us just how closely Jaqaru and Kawki are related to the language spoken in the Altiplano, and how they all stem from the same origin.
It is also helpful to think in terms of the Southern and Central branches of the Aymara family, not least with regard also to Southern and Central Quechua. These ‘geographical’ names help reflect the fact that languages from both of these families have been widely spoken alongside each other in the same regions for many centuries. In fact, one direct result of this is that there are now many significant parallels between Southern Aymara and Southern Quechua, and many others between Central Aymara and Central Quechua.
‘Southern’ or ‘Altiplano’ Aymara
Speakers of Southern Aymara tend to be able to understand each other with few difficulties, whichever region they come from throughout the vast area of the Altiplano from southern Peru, past Titicaca and La Paz and into south-western Bolivia and even north-eastern Chile. Nonetheless, there are plenty of minor differences from one region to the next: in pronunciation, in the particular words people use, and in some aspects of grammar too. In Sounds of the Andean Languages, we look only at differences in pronunciation, which you can hear in our word comparison tables.
Central Aymara: Jaqaru and Kawki
Jaqaru and Kawki, meanwhile, are the two surviving forms of Central Aymara. Most linguists have normally used these names to distinguish how people speak in two different but neighbouring areas within the province of Yauyos:
• Jaqaru to refer to what is spoken in the village of Tupe, and the nearby villages of Aiza and Colca;
• Kawki to refer to how people speak in the village of Cachuy, and now also in Canchán, Caipán and Chavín.
This is how we too use these two names Jaqaru and Kawki, but there are two very important points to note here.
First is that many speakers of these languages themselves actually use the names all but interchangeably: people in Tupe regularly call what they speak ‘Kawki’ too!
Secondly, it has been claimed in the past that Jaqaru and Kawki are so different that we should consider them quite separate languages from each other. This seems clearly exaggerated, however: as you can see from our word comparison tables here, Jaqaru and Kawki are generally very similar indeed in pronunciation, and the same goes for vocabulary and grammar too. While we were collecting our data, we worked together with native-speakers of Jaqaru and Kawki, and found that even with each speaking in their own way, they could communicate with and understand each other almost perfectly. After all, Tupe and Cachuy are only 20 km away from each other – though it is a tough mountain walk!
So it is much more accurate to consider the Jaqaru of Tupe and the Kawki of Cachuy to be just slightly different regional forms of what is really a single Jaqaru/Kawki language. To refer to them both together, then, we can call this language Central Aymara; this distinguishes it from the language spoken in the Altiplano, i.e. Southern Aymara.
Differences Between Central and Southern Aymara
Many centuries, probably two thousand years or more, have passed since the time when Original Aymara was spoken as a single, united language. What happened to this Original Aymara was very similar to what happened to other languages like Latin in Europe, or Original Quechua. The one original language Latin, for instance, eventually broke up into lots of different ‘daughter languages’: this explains how modern Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, French, all came to be, and why they have so many similarities to each other. It’s important to understand this process of how languages diverge out of a single common ancestor, because exactly the same happened to Original Aymara. Again, see our pages on the Origins and Diversity of Quechua for a more detailed explanation of how this happens.
Over the centuries, then, Original Aymara expanded from its first homeland to other parts of the Andes, and in all of these different regions it has changed. But it has changed in different ways from one region to the next, so the inevitable result has been that it has ended up being spoken in many different varieties from region to region.
Just like Latin and Original Quechua, then, Original Aymara too has become so different in the most distant regions that nowadays people in the Altiplano who speak Southern Aymara can no longer understand how people speak Central Aymara in Tupe and Cachuy – and vice versa. Certainly, they can all understand plenty of words and short phrases in each other’s language – as you can imagine from our word comparison tables – but not enough for them to converse easily. It’s a bit like Spanish-speakers trying to communicate with Italian or French speakers…
It can be useful to compare this to a human family, and indeed we can draw something of a ‘family tree’ for Aymara that is like this:
We can say that the various regional forms of Southern Aymara – as spoken in Huancané, Tiwanaku, La Paz, Oruro, and so on – are all very closely related ‘sisters’ to each other. Their relationship to Central Aymara, however, is much less close: Jaqaru and Kawki are not their ‘sisters’, but only more distant ‘cousins’. Within their own ‘Central’ branch of the family, meanwhile, Jaqaru and Kawki themselves are very close sisters of each other.
You can see and hear in our word comparison tables plenty of examples of how these two ‘branches’ of Aymara are sometimes similar to each other, and sometimes different:
• Only a few of our sample fifty words – such as , the number one – are pronounced identically in all Aymara regions.
• A more common pattern is that a word is pronounced in one way in all three of the Southern Aymara regions, but in a different way in the two Central Aymara areas. Take the word for the number four: with [s] in Southern Aymara, but with [š] in Central Aymara.
• Sometimes Central and Southern Aymara simply use completely different words, such as the word for who?: in Southern Aymara, but in Central Aymara.
• In some cases one branch of Aymara uses the same word as in Quechua, as with the word for mouth: Southern Aymara uses while Central Aymara uses , just as in Quechua.
• Sometimes there are slight differences in pronunciation even between Jaqaru and Kawki, and also between the various regions of Southern Aymara. The word for hair is in Kawki, but in Jaqaru. In Southern Aymara, it is in Huancané and in Tiwanaku, but in Oruro.
Is There a ‘Correct’ Aymara?
With all this variation, there is one thing that it is very important to recognise: as with any language family, none of the regional varieties of Aymara is any ‘better’ or ‘more authentic’ than any other. It just makes no sense at all to imagine this. They are all just different.
Now of course you personally, or any other individual, may prefer how Aymara is spoken in one particular region or another, but we all have to accept that that is nothing but a personal preference. Indeed usually it’s just because each speaker is more used to his or her own home region and its particular way of speaking, but that doesn’t necessarily make it ‘better’, of course.
It’s important to get one thing clear: it is also absolutely certain that no modern region speaks Original Aymara. No language can avoid changing over time: Original Aymara has changed, in all regions, and in different ways from one region to the next. In fact, in many respects it is Southern Aymara that has changed the sounds of Original Aymara more than Central Aymara, which tends to be a bit more ‘conservative’ in its pronunciation. One example is with the word for lake: only in Central Aymara is this pronounced with the original [ĉ] sound as [ĉ], spelt <qutra> [ ]; in all Southern Aymara regions it has changed to [ ] with [t]. Within Central Aymara, too, often it is the Kawki of Cachuy that is closest to Original Aymara, not the Jaqaru of Tupe.
Remember also that when you hear a word in another region that is not the same as the word that you use, this does not necessarily mean that it is your word that is the Original one.
• Both words might be Original Aymara words, which various regions may now use in different ways and with different meanings.
• Alternatively, one region might have borrowed the word from some other language (often Quechua), and it may well be your region that has done this, while the word that you do not recognise in the other region is actually the Original Aymara word, which your region has replaced with a borrowing.
• Or sometimes, both regions have borrowed new words, but from different sources.
Quechua- and Aymara-speakers should also realise that their languages have borrowed words from each other, and in both directions. So if a word is very similar in Quechua and in Aymara, it could be an Original Quechua word that was borrowed by Aymara; or it could be the other way round, that the word was originally an Aymara word that Quechua borrowed. (Linguists can often work out which direction a particular word was borrowed in, but not in all cases.)
As you can tell from all of this, there is no such thing as a ‘pure’ language, or only one ‘correct’ form of Quechua or Aymara. All languages, and all different regions that speak Aymara and Quechua, are just different. None is better or worse than any others. Tupe’s Jaqaru is not ‘better’ than the Kawki of Cachuy; nor is any region’s variety of Southern Aymara better or worse than any other’s. It is much better to enjoy these differences as just part of the rich diversity of your language, than to try to flatter and kid yourself that only yours is the ‘proper’ Aymara!
The Origins of Aymara: Where and When?
Our page on the Origins and Diversity of Quechua explained how linguists can work out roughly how long ago and where Original Quechua was spoken, and how and when it spread to the areas it is spoken in today. What do we find if we use the same techniques to look into the origins of Aymara?
Again, many things remain unclear in the details and exact dates, but we can say that it is most likely that the history and spread of the Aymara family happened something like this:
• Original Aymara did not actually start out from where Southern Aymara is spoken today, but from a lot further north in the Andes. Indeed it may even have started out not far from where Central Aymara is still spoken, somewhere in the mountains in Central Peru. (This was also probably not far from where Original Quechua too was first spoken.)
• Wherever it started out from exactly, long ago Aymara started expanding, particularly throughout most of the highlands in the southern half of Peru. It is likely that this expansion first began either around the same time as Original Quechua too began to spread, or indeed a few centuries before Quechua. This means that Original Aymara began to expand probably at least 1500 years ago, and quite possibly a lot earlier still.
• By about 1000 years ago at the latest, Aymara had already spread to cover much of the mountainous southern half of Peru (everywhere south of Huancayo) and was probably already reaching into the Titicaca area and what is now Bolivia, an expansion that continued southwards in the following centuries. Certainly, there is very clear evidence that Aymara was spoken in many regions of south-central Peru, even as late as the 1500s and 1600s, as indeed is recorded in many documents left by the Spaniards. This is confirmed by the detailed linguistic study of place-names too: take for example the province in south-central Peru that is still called Aymaraes, even though it is now a Quechua-speaking area. (There are indications that Aymara also expanded further north in the Andes into the Ancash region; some suggestions have even been made that it spread further north still, but the supposed ‘evidence’ for this is very flimsy and not convincing.)
• While Aymara was spreading southwards over the centuries, it seems that Quechua was hot on its heels. There seem to have been two waves of languages expanding southwards from their origins in Central Peru: first Aymara, but then later came Quechua, gradually replacing Aymara in many regions, leaving them Quechua-speaking today. In fact, this is what seems to have happened in the Cuzco region itself: it seems clear that the region was once Aymara-speaking before it later became Quechua-speaking. Indeed the famous original and ‘secret language of the Incas’ may actually have been some form of Aymara, before the Incas themselves switched to the Quechua that was by then becoming ever more-dominant in this region.
Which Civilisations Spoke Aymara?
Since the region of Tiwanaku is nowadays a very heavily Aymara-speaking area, many people often assume that the language of the great Tiwanaku civilisation was also Aymara. As we have just seen in our overview of Aymara history, however, the language spoken nowadays in a particular region is not at all necessarily the language that was spoken there long ago in the past. There are plenty of examples: Spanish may be spoken all over Latin America today, but that is hardly proof that people spoke it there one thousand years ago! On the contrary, we know they did not. Similarly, even four hundred years ago, nobody in North America or Australia spoke English. So just because the Tiwanaku region is Aymara-speaking today does not mean that it necessarily was at the time of the great Tiwanaku civilisation, between two thousand and one thousand years ago. In fact, most linguists think it was more likely that the people of the ancient Tiwanaku culture spoke a quite different language – perhaps Puquina, which is now effectively extinct.
All this does not mean that Aymara and today’s Aymara-speakers had no connection with Tiwanaku, however. Firstly, we also saw in Origins and Diversity of Quechua that a people can simply stay in the same place, but gradually switch to speaking another language. So most of the people who speak Aymara in the Altiplano today may well be the direct descendants of the people of the Tiwanaku civilisation – even though at some point their ancestors gradually stopped speaking Puquina and chose Aymara instead.
Secondly, the Tiwanaku civilisation was also closely associated with another of the major cultures of the Andes, the one based around what is now the enormous archaeological site of Wari, near the modern-day Peruvian city of Ayacucho. The Wari culture held sway over much of south-central Peru, including other sites such as Pikillaqta (near Cuzco), during exactly the same centuries when Aymara seems to have been very widely spoken throughout southern Peru. Some specialists have proposed that Aymara was none other than the language of the Wari civilisation.
Finally, remember that the original ‘secret language’ of the Inca nobility, before they adopted Quechua, may actually have been Aymara too…
Back to Contents – Last section on this page.
How to Find Out More
Books and Websites About the Aymara Family
If your computer is connected to the internet, you can click here to see a good general website about Aymara at www.aymara.org. This includes an introduction to and a good bibliography of the Aymara language family, and plenty of texts in Aymara itself. For Jaqaru and Kawki, meanwhile, try this website.
As for books, there are certainly a number of good ones about Aymara, but unfortunately most are intended for people who are trained in linguistics. There is relatively little information for non-specialists, which is what we have tried to provide here. Still, if you are happy to delve into serious specialist books on Aymara, then the most reliable ones which we would most recommend are these:
• The best general book about Aymara, particularly its history and origins, is probably Lingüística aimara by Rodolfo Cerrón‑Palomino, published in 2000.
• The same author has produced a very useful direct comparison between Aymara and Quechua called Quechumara: estructuras paralelas de las lenguas quechua y aimara, published in 1994.
• The most detailed source of information on regional variation within Altiplano Aymara is El Idioma aymara - Variantes regionales y sociales, by Lucy Therina Briggs, published in 1993.
• There is also Aymara – compendio de estructura fonológica y gramatical by Martha J. Hardman and others, which gives a complete description of the sound and grammatical systems of Altiplano Aymara. This was published in 1988 and has recently been made available for download free on the internet in .pdf format, at: www.ilcanet.com/aymara.htm
Do be aware, though, that unfortunately the last two books use an old spelling system for Aymara, rather than the modern, standardised and official one.
For more details on all of these books and many others, including books on Jaqaru, and tips on how to obtain them all, see this website. | <urn:uuid:d839c8df-b671-46fb-99d2-13ef9ab443ae> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/quechua/Eng/Sounds/Aymara/AymaraOriginsAndDiversity.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122108378.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175508-00182-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966873 | 5,433 | 3.234375 | 3 |
What is peripheral dental caries?
Peripheral dental caries is a severe form of tooth decay that affects the outside layer of the cheek teeth (the cementum of the molars). In severe cases, it can extend into the enamel and dentine.
The image on the right shows a moderate case of peripheral dental caries. The first two teeth are normal – you can see the creamy white layer of cementum bulging on the sides. The third tooth is affected – the back half of the tooth is missing cementum. The last three teeth are totally missing the outside cementum layer. You can see a small amount at the gum line that hasn’t been eaten away yet.
This is a fairly common condition, especially in Western Australia where it is estimated around 60% of horses have peripheral dental caries.
Why is this a problem?
The decay can cause a number of issues. Firstly, the unprotected enamel can get really sharp and lacerate the delicate structures in the mouth. Secondly, the underlying enamel is very brittle and, without the cementum to support it, is prone to tooth fractures.
The most serious effect is secondary periodontal disease. The decay forms gaps in the teeth which food gets stuck in and rots, leading to tooth infections, tooth root abscesses and early loss of teeth. This is incredibly painful and some horses suffer for years.
A study by Dr Kirsten Jackson, an equine dental veterinarian in Western Australia, has recently looked into the risk factors for this condition and is trying to find out how we can stop our horses getting this painful condition.
One of the most significant risk factors was the type of hay fed to the horse. Horses on oaten hay were almost twice as likely to have the caries compared to horses not on oaten hay. Horses on meadow hay were less than half as likely to have the caries compared to those not on meadow hay (meadow hay was protective).
It is thought that this is because of the high water soluble carbohydrate (sugar) content in cereal hays. Oaten hay can have 20-40% sugar content compared to 6% sugar content of lucerne hay.
The study also found water source was important. Horses on rain water were more likely to have tooth decay than horses on bore or drinking water. This is thought to be because the rain water is more acidic.
The length of access the horse had to pasture was also significant. Horses out at pasture for 8-12 months of the year were less likely to be affected than horses with minimal grazing.
There is much more research to be done in this area, however this exciting new study will help us to treat those horses with the dental decay and prevent others getting affected in the future.
If you are concerned your horse may have peripheral dental caries, book an appointment with your equine vet for a dental examination. Remember, all horses need at least yearly dental exams to make sure their teeth and mouths remain healthy. | <urn:uuid:8da55bae-6c9c-4d4e-be41-35f0331e061b> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://www.drgeorge.vet/new-research-on-tooth-decay-in-horses/?replytocom=7 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145438.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200221014826-20200221044826-00112.warc.gz | en | 0.967266 | 618 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl Stanhope
|The Right Honourable
The Earl Stanhope
|Portrait of Earl Stanhope by John Opie|
|Member of Parliament for Wycombe
with Robert Waller
18 October 1780 – 1786
|Preceded by||Thomas FitzMaurice|
|Succeeded by||Earl Wycombe|
|Born||3 August 1753|
|Died||15 December 1816|
Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl Stanhope aka Charles Mahon, 3rd Earl Stanhope FRS (3 August 1753 – 15 December 1816) was a British statesman and scientist. He was the father of the great traveller and Arabist Lady Hester Stanhope and brother-in-law of William Pitt the Younger. He is sometimes confused with an exact contemporary of his, Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl of Harrington. His lean and awkward figure was extensively caricatured by James Sayers and James Gillray, reflecting his political opinions and his relationship with his children.
The son of the 2nd Earl Stanhope, he was educated at Eton and the University of Geneva. While in Geneva, he devoted himself to the study of mathematics under Georges-Louis Le Sage, and acquired from Switzerland an intense love of liberty.
In politics he was a democrat. As Lord Mahon he contested the Westminster without success in 1774, when only just of age; but from the general election of 1780 until his accession to the peerage on 7 March 1786 he represented through the influence of Lord Shelburne the Buckinghamshire borough of High Wycombe. During the sessions of 1783 and 1784 he supported William Pitt the Younger, whose sister, Lady Hester Pitt, he married on 19 December 1774. He was close enough to be singled out for ridicule in the Rolliad:
- ——This Quixote of the Nation
- Beats his own Windmills in gesticulation;
- To strike, not please, his utmost force he bends,
- And all his sense is at his fingers' ends, &c. &c.
When Pitt strayed from the Liberal principles of his early days, his brother-in-law severed their political connection and opposed the arbitrary measures which the ministry favoured. Lord Stanhope's character was generous, and his conduct consistent; but his speeches were not influential.
He was the chairman of the "Revolution Society," founded in honour of the Glorious Revolution of 1688; the members of the society in 1790 expressed their sympathy with the aims of the French Revolution. In 1794 Stanhope supported Thomas Muir, one of the Edinburgh politicians who were transported to Botany Bay; and in 1795 he introduced into the Lords a motion deprecating any interference with the internal affairs of France. In all these points he was hopelessly beaten, and in the last of them he was in a "minority of one"—a sobriquet which stuck to him throughout life—whereupon he seceded from parliamentary life for five years.
Business, science and writing
Stanhope was an accomplished scientist. This started at the University of Geneva where he studied mathematics under Georges-Louis Le Sage. Electricity was another of the subjects which he studied, and the volume of Principles of Electricity which he issued in 1779 contained the rudiments of his theory on the "return stroke" resulting from the contact with the earth of the electric current of lightning, which were afterwards amplified in a contribution to the Philosophical Transactions for 1787. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society so early as November 1772, and devoted a large part of his income to experiments in science and philosophy. He invented a method of securing buildings from fire (which, however, proved impracticable), the first iron printing press and the lens which bear his name, and a monochord for tuning musical instruments, suggested improvements in canal locks, made experiments in steam navigation in 1795–1797 and contrived two calculating machines.
His principal labours in literature consisted of a reply to Edmund Burke's Reflections on the French Revolution (1790) and an Essay on the rights of juries (1792), and he long meditated the compilation of a digest of the statutes.
Marriages & progeny
He married twice:
- Firstly on 19 December 1774 to Lady Hester Pitt (19 October 1755 – 20 July 1780), daughter of William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham ("Pitt the Elder"), Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, by whom he had progeny three daughters:
- Lady Hester Lucy Stanhope (1776–1839) a traveller and Arabist who died unmarried at the age of 63 in Syria.
- Lady Griselda Stanhope (1778–1851), wife of John Tickell.
- Lady Lucy Rachel Stanhope (1780–1814) who eloped with Thomas Taylor of Sevenoaks, the family apothecary, following which her father refused to be reconciled to her; but Pitt made her husband Controller-General of Customs and his son was one of the Earl of Chatham's executors.
- Secondly in 1781 he married Louisa Grenville (1758–1829), daughter and sole heiress of the Hon. Henry Grenville, Governor of Barbados in 1746 and ambassador to the Ottoman Porte in 1762), a younger brother of Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Chandos and of George Grenville. She survived him and died in March 1829. By his second wife he had progeny three sons:
Death & succession
- The Britannica Encyclopaedia, 1911
- Thomson, T. (1818), "Biographical account of Lord Stanhope", Annals of Philosophy (Robert Baldwin): 81–85
|Parliament of Great Britain|
Hon. Thomas FitzMaurice
|Member of Parliament for Wycombe
with Robert Waller
|Peerage of Great Britain|
Philip Henry Stanhope | <urn:uuid:de6633ee-72df-4195-bc73-0e8dfe1f1f57> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stanhope,_3rd_Earl_Stanhope | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929023.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00191-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961304 | 1,292 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Senate Report On The Right To Keep And Bear Arms
The Right to Keep and Bear Arms
REPORT OF THE
SUBCOMMITTEE ON THE CONSTITUTION
COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY
UNITED STATES SENATE
Preface, by Senator Orrin G. Hatch, chairman, U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee, Subcommittee on the Constitution, from the State of Utah
Preface, by Senator Dennis DeConcini, ranking minority member, U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee, Subcommittee on the Constitution, from the State of Arizona
History: Second amendment right to “keep and bear arms”
“To preserve liberty, it is essential that the whole body of the people always possess arms, and be taught alike, especially when young, how to use them.” (Richard Henry Lee, Virginia delegate to the Continental Congress, initiator of the Declaration of Independence, and member of the first Senate, which passed the Bill of Rights.)
“The great object is that every man be armed . . . Everyone who is able may have a gun.” (Patrick Henry, in the Virginia Convention on the ratification of the Constitution.)
“The advantage of being armed . . . the Americans possess over the people of all other nations . . . Notwithstanding the militaryestablishments in the several Kingdoms of Europe, which are carried as far as the public resources will bear, the governments are afraid to trust the people with arms.” (James Madison, author of the Bill of Rights, in his Federalist Paper No. 26.)
“A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.” (Second Amendment to the Constitution.)
In my studies as an attorney and as a United States Senator, I have constantly been amazed by the indifference or even hostility shown the Second Amendment by courts, legislatures, and commentators. James Madison would be startled to hear that his recognition of a right to keep and bear arms, which passed the House by a voice vote without objection and hardly a debate, has since been construed in but a single, and most ambiguous Supreme Court decision, whereas his proposals for freedom of religion, which he made reluctantly out of fear that they would be rejected or narrowed beyond use, and those for freedom of assembly, which passed only after a lengthy and bitter debate, are the subject of scores of detailed and favorable decisions. Thomas Jefferson, who kept a veritable armory of pistols, rifles and shotguns at Monticello, and advised his nephew to forsake other sports in favor of hunting, would be astounded to hear supposed civil libertarians claim firearm ownership should be restricted. Samuel Adams, a handgun owner who pressed for an amendment stating that the “Constitution shall never be construed . . . to prevent the people of the United States who are peaceable citizens from keeping their own arms,” would be shocked to hear that his native state today imposes a year’s sentence, without probation or parole, for carrying a firearm without a police permit.
This is not to imply that courts have totally ignored the impact of the Second Amendment in the Bill of Rights. No fewer than twenty-one decisions by the courts of our states have recognized an individual right to keep and bear arms, and a majority of these have not only recognized the right but invalidated laws or regulations which abridged it. Yet in all too many instances, courts or commentators have sought, for reasons only tangentially related to constitutional history, to construe this right out of existence. They argue that the Second Amendment’s words “right of the people” mean “a right of the state”–apparently overlooking the impact of those same words when used in the First and Fourth Amendments. The “right of the people” to assemble or to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures is not contested as an individual guarantee. Still they ignore consistency and claim that the right to “bear arms” relates only to military uses. This not only violates a consistent constitutional reading of “right of the people” but also ignores that the second amendment protects a right to “keep” arms. These commentators contend instead that the amendment’s preamble regarding the necessity of a “well regulated militia . . . to a free state” means that the right to keep and bear arms applies only to a National Guard. Such a reading fails to note that the Framers used the term “militia” to relate to every citizen capable of bearing arms, and that the Congress has established the present National Guard under its own power to raise armies, expressly stating that it was not doing so under its power to organize and arm the militia.
When the first Congress convened for the purpose of drafting a Bill of Rights, it delegated the task to James Madison. Madison did not write upon a blank tablet. Instead, he obtained a pamphlet listing the State proposals for a bill of rights and sought to produce a briefer version incorporating all the vital proposals of these. His purpose was to incorporate, not distinguish by technical changes, proposals such as that of the Pennsylvania minority, Sam Adams, or the New Hampshire delegates. Madison proposed among other rights that “That right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed; a well armed and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country; but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person.” In the House, this was initially modified so that the militia clause came before the proposal recognizing the right. The proposals for the Bill of Rights were then trimmed in the interests of brevity. The conscientious objector clause was removed following objections by Elbridge Gerry, who complained that future Congresses might abuse the exemption to excuse everyone from military service.
The proposal finally passed the House in its present form: “A well regulated militia, being necessary for the preservation of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.:” In this form it was submitted into the Senate, which passed it the following day. The Senate in the process indicated its intent that the right be an individual one, for private purposes, by rejecting an amendment which would have limited the keeping and bearing of arms to bearing “For the common defense”.
The earliest American constitutional commentators concurred in giving this broad reading to the amendment.
When St. George Tucker, later Chief Justice of the Virginia Supreme Court, in 1803 published an edition of Blackstone annotated to American law, he followed Blackstone’s citation of the right of the subject “of having arms suitable to their condition and degree, and such as are allowed by law” with a citation to the Second Amendment, “And this without any qualification as to their condition or degree, as is the case in the British government.” William Rawle’s “View of the Constitution” published in Philadelphia in 1825 noted that under the Second Amendment: “The prohibition is general. No clause in the Constitution could by a rule of construction be conceived to give to Congress a power to disarm the people. Such a flagitious attempt could only be made under some general pretense by a state legislature. But if in blind pursuit of inordinate power, either should attempt it, this amendment may be appealed to as a restraint on both.” The Jefferson papers in the Library of Congress show that both Tucker and Rawle were friends of, and corresponded with, Thomas Jefferson. Their views are those of contemporaries of Jefferson, Madison and others, and are entitled to special weight. A few years later, Joseph Story in his “Commentaries on the Constitution” considered the right to keep and bear arms as “the palladium of the liberties of the republic”, which deterred tyranny and enabled the citizenry at large to overthrow it should it come to pass.
Subsequent legislation in the second Congress likewise supports the interpretation of the Second Amendment that creates an individual right. In the Militia Act of 1792, the second Congress defined “militia of the United States” to include almost every free adult male in the United States. These persons were obligated by law to possess a firearm and a minimum supply of ammunition and military equipment. This statute, incidentally, remained in effect into the early years of the present century as a legal requirement of gun ownership for most of the population of the United States. There can by little doubt from this that when the Congress and the people spoke of a “militia”, they had reference to the traditional concept of the entire populace capable of bearing arms, and not to any formal group such as what is today called the National Guard. The purpose was to create an armed citizenry, which the political theorists at the time considered essential to ward off tyranny. From this militia, appropriate measures might create a “well regulated militia” of individuals trained in their duties and responsibilities as citizens and owners of firearms.
If gun laws in fact worked, the sponsors of this type of legislation should have no difficulty drawing upon long lists of examples of crime rates reduced by such legislation. That they cannot do so after a century and a half of trying–that they must sweep under the rug the southern attempts at gun control in the 1870-1910 period, the northeastern attempts in the 1920-1939 period, the attempts at both Federal and State levels in 1965-1976–establishes the repeated, complete and inevitable failure of gun laws to control serious crime.
Immediately upon assuming chairmanship of the Subcommittee on the Constitution, I sponsored the report which follows as an effort to study, rather than ignore, the history of the controversy over the right to keep and bear arms. Utilizing the research capabilities of the Subcommittee on the Constitution, the resources of the Library of Congress, and the assistance of constitutional scholars such as Mary Kaaren Jolly, Steven Halbrook, and David T. Hardy, the subcommittee has managed to uncover information on the right to keep and bear arms which documents quite clearly its status as a major individual right of American citizens. We did not guess at the purpose of the British 1689 Declaration of Rights; we located the Journals of the House of Commons and private notes of the Declaration’s sponsors, now dead for two centuries. We did not make suppositions as to colonial interpretations of that Declaration’s right to keep arms; we examined colonial newspapers which discussed it. We did not speculate as to the intent of the framers of the second amendment; we examined James Madison’s drafts for it, his handwritten outlines of speeches upon the Bill of Rights, and discussions of the second amendment by early scholars who were personal friends of Madison, Jefferson, and Washington while these still lived. What the Subcommittee on the Constitution uncovered was clear–and long-lost–proof that the second amendment to our Constitution was intended as an individual right of the American citizen to keep and carry arms in a peaceful manner, for protection of himself, his family, and his freedoms. The summary of our research and findings form the first portion of this report.
In the interest of fairness and the presentation of a complete picture, we also invited groups which were likely to oppose this recognition of freedoms to submit their views. The statements of two associations who replied are reproduced here following the report of the Subcommittee. The Subcommittee also invited statements by Messrs. Halbrook and Hardy, and by the National Rifle Association, whose statements likewise follow our report.
When I became chairman of the Subcommittee on the Constitution, I hoped that I would be able to assist in the protection of the constitutional rights of American citizens, rights which have too often been eroded in the belief that government could be relied upon for quick solutions to difficult problems.
Both as an American citizen and as a United States Senator I repudiate this view. I likewise repudiate the approach of those who believe to solve American problems you simply become something other than American. To my mind, the uniqueness of our free institutions, the fact that an American citizen can boast freedoms unknown in any other land, is all the more reason to resist any erosion of our individual rights. When our ancestors forged a land “conceived in liberty”, they did so with musket and rifle. When they reacted to attempts to dissolve their free institutions, and established their identity as a free nation, they did so as a nation of armed freemen.
When they sought to record forever a guarantee of their rights, they devoted one full amendment out of ten to nothing but the protection of their right to keep and bear arms against governmental interference. Under my chairmanship the Subcommittee on the Constitution will concern itself with a proper recognition of, and respect for, this right most valued by free men.
ORRIN G. HATCH,
Subcommittee on the Constitution
The right to bear arms is a tradition with deep roots in American society. Thomas Jefferson proposed that “no free man shall ever be debarred the use of arms,” and Samuel Adams called for an amendment banning any law “to prevent the people of the United States who are peaceable citizens from keeping their own arms.” The Constitution of the State of Arizona, for example, recognizes the “right of an individual citizen to bear arms in defense of himself or the State.”
Even though the tradition has deep roots, its application to modern America is the subject of intense controversy. Indeed, it is a controversy into which the Congress is beginning, once again, to immerse itself. I have personally been disappointed that so important an issue should have generally been so thinly researched and so minimally debated both in Congress and the courts. Our Supreme Court has but once touched on its meaning at the Federal level and that decision, now nearly a half-century old, is so ambiguous that any school of thought can find some support in it. All Supreme Court decisions on the second amendment’s application to the States came in the last century, when constitutional law was far different than it is today. As ranking minority member of the Subcommittee on the Constitution, I, therefore, welcome the effort which led to this report–a report based not only upon the independent research of the subcommittee staff, but also upon full and fair presentation of the cases by all interested groups and individual scholars.
I personally believe that it is necessary for the Congress to amend the Gun Control Act of 1968. I welcome the opportunity to introduce this discussion of how best these amendments might be made.
The Constitution subcommittee staff has prepared this monograph bringing together proponents of both sides of the debate over the 1968 Act. I believe that the statements contained herein present the arguments fairly and thoroughly. I commend Senator Hatch, chairman of the subcommittee, for having this excellent reference work prepared. I am sure that it will be of great assistance to the Congress as it debates the second amendment and considers legislation to amend the Gun Control Act.
Ranking Minority Member,
Subcommittee on the Constitution.
JANUARY 20, 1982
HISTORY: SECOND AMENDMENT RIGHT TO “KEEP AND BEAR ARMS”
The right to keep and bear arms as a part of English and American law antedates not only the Constitution, but also the discovery of firearms. Under the laws of Alfred the Great, whose reign began in 872 A.D., all English citizens from the nobility to the peasants were obliged to privately purchase weapons and be available for military duty. This was in sharp contrast to the feudal system as it evolved in Europe, under which armament and military duties were concentrated in the nobility. The body of armed citizens were known as the “fyrd”.
While a great many of the Saxon rights were abridged following the Norman conquest, the right and duty of arms possession was retained. Under the Assize of Arms of 1181, “the whole community of freemen” between the ages of 15 and 40 were required by law to possess certain arms, which were arranged in proportion to their possessions. They were required twice a year to demonstrate to Royal officials that they were appropriately armed. In 1253, another Assize of Arms expanded the duty of armament to include not only freemen, but also villeins, who were the English equivalent of serfs. Now all “citizens, burgesses, free tenants, villeins and others from 15 to 60 years of age” were obligated–to be armed. While on the Continent the villeins were regarded as little more than animals hungering for rebellion, the English legal system not only permitted, but affirmatively required them, to be armed.
The thirteenth century saw further definitions of this right as the long bow, a formidable armor-piercing weapon, became increasingly the mainstay of British national policy. In 1285, Edward I commanded that all persons comply with the earlier Assizes and added that “anyone else who can afford them shall keep bows and arrows.” The right of armament was subject only to narrow limitations. In 1279, it was ordered that those appearing in Parliament or other public assemblies “shall come without all force and armor, well and peaceably”. In 1328, the statute of Northampton ordered that no one use their arms in “affray of the peace, nor to go nor ride armed by day or by night in fairs, markets, nor in the presence of the justices or other ministers.” English courts construed this ban consistently with the general right of private armament as applying only to wearing of arms “accompanied with such circumstances as are apt to terrify the people.” In 1369, the King ordered that the sheriffs of London require all citizens “at leisure time on holidays” to “use in their recreation bowes and arrows” and to stop all other games which might distract them from this practice.
The Tudor kings experimented with limits upon specialized weapons–mainly crossbows and the then-new firearms. These measures were not intended to disarm the citizenry, but on the contrary, to prevent their being diverted from longbow practice by sport with other weapons which were considered less effective. Even these narrow measures were shortlived. In 1503, Henry VII limited shooting (but not possession) of crossbows to those with land worth 200 marks annual rental, but provided an exception for those who “shote owt of a howse for the lawefull defens of the same”. In 1511, Henry VIII increased the property requirement to 300 marks. He also expanded the requirement of longbow ownership, requiring all citizens to “use and exercyse shootyng in longbowes, and also have a bowe and arrowes contynually” in the house. Fathers were required by law to purchase bows and arrows for their sons between the age of 7 and 14 and to train them in longbow use.
In 1514 the ban on crossbows was extended to include firearms. But in 1533, Henry reduced the property qualification to 100 pounds per year; in 1541 he limited it to possession of small firearms (“of the length of one hole yard” for some firearms and “thre quarters of a yarde” for others) and eventually he repealed the entire statute by proclamation. The later Tudor monarchs continued the system and Elizabeth added to it by creating what came to be known as “train bands”, selected portions of the citizenry chosen for special training. These trained bands were distinguished from the “militia”, which term was first used during the Spanish Armada crisis to designate the entire of the armed citizenry.
The militia continued to be a pivotal force in the English political system. The British historian Charles Oman considers the existence of the armed citizenry to be a major reason for the moderation of monarchical rule in Great Britain; “More than once he [Henry VIII] had to restrain himself, when he discovered that the general feeling of his subjects was against him…. His ‘gentlemen pensioners’ and yeomen of the guard were but a handful, and bills or bows were in every farm and cottage”.
When civil war broke out in 1642, the critical issue was whether the King or Parliament had the right to control the militia. The aftermath of the civil war saw England in temporary control of a military government, which repeated dissolved Parliament and authorized its officers to “search for, and seize all arms” owned by Catholics, opponents of the government, “or any other person whom the commissioners had judged dangerous to the peace of this Commonwealth”.
The military government ended with the restoration of Charles II. Charles in turn opened his reign with a variety of repressive legislation, expanding the definition of treason, establishing press censorship and ordering his supporters to form their own troops, “the officers to be numerous, disaffected persons watched and not allowed to assemble, and their arms seized”. In 1662, a Militia Act was enacted empowering officials ” to search fro and seize all arms in the custody or possession of any person or persons whom the said lieutenants or any two or more of their deputies shall judge dangerous to the peace of the kingdom”. Gunsmiths were ordered to deliver to the government lists of all purchasers. These confiscations were continued under James II, who directed them particularly against the Irish population: “Although the country was infested by predatory bands, a Protestant gentleman could scarcely obtain permission to keep a brace of pistols.”
In 1668, the government of James was overturned in a peaceful uprising which came to be know as “The Glorious Revolution”. Parliament resolved that James had abdicated and promulgated a Declaration of Rights, later enacted as the Bill of Rights. Before coronation, his successor William of Orange, was required to swear to respect these rights. The debates in the House of Commons over this Declaration of Rights focused largely upon the disarmament under the 1662 Militia Act. One member complained that “an act of Parliament was made to disarm all Englishmen, who the lieutenant should suspect, by day or night, by force or otherwise–this was done in Ireland for the sake of putting arms into Irish hands.” The speech of another is summarized as “militia bill–power to disarm all England–now done in Ireland.” A third complained “Arbitrary power exercised by the ministry. . . . Militia–imprisoning without reason; disarming–himself disarmed.” Yet another summarized his complaints “Militia Act–an abominable thing to disarm the nation. . .”
The Bill of Rights, as drafted in the House of Commons, simply provided that “the acts concerning the militia are grievous to the subject” and that “it is necessary for the public Safety that the Subjects, which are Protestants, should provide and keep arms for the common defense; And that the Arms which have been seized, and taken from them, be restored.” The House of Lords changed this to make it a more positive declaration of an individual right under English law: “That the subjects which are Protestant may have arms for their defense suitable to their conditions and as allowed by law.” The only limitation was on ownership by Catholics, who at that time composed only a few percent of the British population and were subject to a wide variety of punitive legislation. The Parliament subsequently made clear what it meant by “suitable to their conditions and as allowed by law”. The poorer citizens had been restricted from owning firearms, as well as traps and other commodities useful for hunting, by the 1671 Game Act. Following the Bill of Rights, Parliament reenacted that statute, leaving its operative parts unchanged with one exception–which removed the word “guns” from the list of items forbidden to the poorer citizens. The right to keep and bear arms would henceforth belong to all English subjects, rich and poor alike.
In the colonies, availability of hunting and need for defense led to armament statutes comparable to those of the early Saxon times. In 1623, Virginia forbade its colonists to travel unless the were “well armed”; in 1631 it required colonists to engage in target practice on Sunday and “to bring their peeces to church.” In 1658 it required every householder to have a functioning firearm within his house and in 1673 its laws provided that a citizen who claimed he was too poor to purchase a firearm would have one purchased for him by the government, which would then require him to pay a reasonable price when able to do so. In Massachusetts, the first session of the legislature ordered that not only freemen, but also indentured servants own firearms and in 1644 it imposed a stern 6 shilling fine upon any citizen who was not armed.
When the British government began to increase its military presence in the colonies in the mid-eighteenth century, Massachusetts responded by calling upon its citizens to arm themselves in defense. One colonial newspaper argued that it was impossible to complain that this act was illegal since they were “British subjects, to whom the privilege of possessing arms is expressly recognized by the Bill of Rights” while another argued that this “is a natural right which the people have reserved to themselves, confirmed by the Bill of Rights, to keep arms for their own defense”. The newspaper cited Blackstone’s commentaries on the laws of England, which had listed the “having and using arms for self preservation and defense” among the “absolute rights of individuals.” The colonists felt they had an absolute right at common law to own firearms.
Together with freedom of the press, the right to keep and bear arms became one of the individual rights most prized by the colonists. When British troops seized a militia arsenal in September, 1774, and incorrect rumors that colonists had been killed spread through Massachusetts, 60,000 citizens took up arms. A few months later, when Patrick Henry delivered his famed “Give me liberty or give me death” speech, he spoke in support of a proposition “that a well regulated militia, composed of gentlemen and freemen, is the natural strength and only security of a free government. . . .” Throughout the following revolution, formal and informal units of armed citizens obstructed British communication, cut off foraging parties, and harassed the thinly stretched regular forces. When seven states adopted state “bills of rights” following the Declaration of Independence, each of those bills of rights provided either for protection of the concept of a militia or for an express right to keep and bear arms.
Following the revolution but previous to the adoption of the Constitution, debates over militia proposals occupied a large part of the political scene. A variety of plans were put forth by figures ranging from George Washington to Baron von Steuben. All the proposals called for a general duty of all citizens to be armed, although some proposals (most notably von Steuben’s) also emphasized a “select militia” which would be paid for its services and given special training. In this respect, this “select militia” was the successor of the “trained bands” and the predecessor of what is today the “national guard”. In the debates over the Constitution, von Steuben’s proposals were criticized as undemocratic. In Connecticut on writer complained of a proposal that “this looks too much like Baron von Steuben’s militia, by which a standing army was meant and intended.” In Pennsylvania, a delegate argued “Congress may give us a select militia which will, in fact, be a standing army–or Congress, afraid of a general militia, may say there will be no militia at all. When a select militia is formed, the people in general may be disarmed.” Richard Henry Lee, in his widely read pamphlet “Letters from the Federal Farmer to the Republican” worried that the people might be disarmed “by modeling the militia. Should one fifth–or one eighth part of the people capable of bearing arms be made into a select militia, as has been proposed, and those the young and ardent parts of the community, possessed of little or no property, the former will answer all the purposes of an army, while the latter will be defenseless.” He proposed that “the Constitution ought to secure a genuine, and guard against a select militia,” adding that “to preserve liberty, it is essential that the whole body of the people always possess arms and be taught alike, especially when young, how to use them.”
The suspicion of select militia units expressed in these passages is a clear indication that the framers of the Constitution did not seek to guarantee a State right to maintain formed groups similar to the National Guard, but rather to protect the right of individual citizens to keep and bear arms. Lee, in particular, sat in the Senate which approved the Bill of Rights. He would hardly have meant the second amendment to apply only to the select militias he so feared and disliked.
Other figures of the period were of like mind. In the Virginia convention, George Mason, drafter of the Virginia Bill of Rights, accused the British of having plotted “to disarm the people–that was the best and most effective way to enslave them”, while Patrick Henry observed that, “The great object is that every man be armed” and “everyone who is able may have a gun”.
Nor were the antifederalists, to whom we owe credit for a Bill of Rights, alone on this account. Federalist arguments also provide a source of support for an individual rights view. Their arguments in favor of the proposed Constitution also relied heavily upon universal armament. The proposed Constitution had been heavily criticized for its failure to ban or even limit standing armies. Unable to deny this omission, the Constitution’s supporters frequently argued to the people that the universal armament of Americans made such limitations unnecessary. A pamphlet written by Noah Webster, aimed at swaying Pennsylvania toward ratification, observed
Before a standing army can rule, the people must be disarmed; as they are in almost every kingdom in Europe. The supreme power in America cannot enforce unjust laws by the sword, because the whole body of the people are armed, and constitute a force superior to any band of regular troops that can be, on any pretense, raised in the United States.
In the Massachusetts convention, Sedgewick echoed the same thought, rhetorically asking an oppressive army could be formed or “if raised, whether they could subdue a Nation of freemen, who know how to prize liberty, and who have arms in their hands?” In Federalist Paper 46, Madison, later author of the Second Amendment, mentioned “The advantage of being armed, which the Americans possess over the people of all other countries” and that “notwithstanding the military establishments in the several kingdoms of Europe, which are carried as far as the public resources will bear, the governments are afraid to trust the people with arms.”
A third and even more compelling case for an individual rights perspective on the Second Amendment comes from the State demands for a bill of rights. Numerous state ratifications called for adoption of a Bill of Rights as a part of the Constitution. The first such call came from a group of Pennsylvania delegates. Their proposals, which were not adopted but had a critical effect on future debates, proposed among other rights that “the people have a right to bear arms for the defense of themselves and their own state, or the United States, or for the purpose of killing game; and no law shall be passed for disarming the people or any of them, unless for crimes committed, or a real danger of public injury from individuals.” In Massachusetts, Sam Adams unsuccessfully pushed for a ratification conditioned on adoption of a Bill of Rights, beginning with a guarantee “That the said Constitution shall never be construed to authorize Congress to infringe the just liberty of the press or the rights of conscience; or to prevent the people of the United States who are peaceable citizens from keeping their own arms. . . .” When New Hampshire gave the Constitution the ninth vote needed for its passing into effect, it called for adoption of a Bill of Rights which included the provision that “Congress shall never disarm any citizen unless such as are or have been in actual rebellion”. Virginia and North Carolina thereafter called for a provision “that the people have the right to keep and bear arms; that a well regulated militia composed of the body of the people trained to arms is the proper, natural and safe defense of a free state.”
When the first Congress convened for the purpose of drafting a Bill of Rights, it delegated the task to James Madison. Madison did not write upon a blank tablet. Instead, he obtained a pamphlet listing the State proposals for a Bill of Rights and sought to produce a briefer version incorporating all the vital proposals of these. His purpose was to incorporate, not distinguish by technical changes, proposals such as that of the Pennsylvania minority, Sam Adams, and the New Hampshire delegates. Madison proposed among other rights that:
The right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed; a well armed and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country; but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service.”
In the House, this was initially modified so that the militia clause came before the proposal recognizing the right. The proposals for the Bill of Rights were then trimmed in the interests of brevity. The conscientious objector clause was removed following objections by Eldridge Gerry, who complained that future Congresses might abuse the exemption for the scrupulous to excuse everyone from military service.
The proposal finally passed the House in its present form: “A well regulated militia, being necessary for the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.” In this form it was submitted to the Senate, which passed it the following day. The Senate in the process indicated its intent that the right be an individual one, for private purposes, by rejecting an amendment which would have limited the keeping and bearing of arms to bearing “for the common defense”.
The earliest American constitutional commentators concurred in giving this broad reading to the amendment. When St. George Tucker, later Chief Justice of the Virginia Supreme Court, in 1803 published an edition of Blackstone annotated to American law, he followed Blackstone’s citation of the right of the subject “of having arms suitable to their condition and degree, and such as are allowed by law” with a citation to the Second Amendment, “And this without any qualification as to their condition or degree, as is the case in the British government.” William Rawle’s “View of the Constitution” published in Philadelphia in 1825 noted that under the Second Amendment
“The prohibition is general. No clause in the Constitution could by a rule of construction be conceived to give to Congress a power to disarm the people. Such a flagitious attempt could only be made under some general pretense by a state legislature. But if in blind pursuit of inordinate power, either should at tempt it, this amendment may be appealed to as a restraint on both.”
The Jefferson papers in the Library of Congress show that both Tucker and Rawle were friends of, and corresponded with, Thomas Jefferson. This suggests that their assessment, as contemporaries of the Constitution’s drafters, should be afforded special consideration.
Later commentators agreed with Tucker and Rawle. For instance, Joseph Story in his “Commentaries on the Constitution” considered the right to keep and bear arms as “the palladium of the liberties of the republic”, which deterred tyranny and enabled the citizenry at large to overthrow it should it come to pass.
Subsequent legislation in the second Congress likewise supports the interpretation of the Second Amendment that creates an individual right. In the Militia Act of 1792, the second Congress defined “militia of the United States” to include almost every free adult male in the United States. These persons were obligated by law to possess a firearm and a minimum supply of ammunition and military equipment. This statute, incidentally, remained in effect into the early years of the present century as a legal requirement of gun ownership for most of the population of the United States. There can by little doubt from this that when the Congress and the people spoke of a “militia”, they had reference to the traditional concept of the entire populace capable of bearing arms, and not to any formal group such as what is today called the National Guard. The purpose was to create an armed citizenry, such as the political theorists at the time considered essential to ward off tyranny. From this militia, appropriate measures might create a “well regulated militia” of individuals trained in their duties and responsibilities as citizens and owners of firearms.
The Second Amendment as such was rarely litigated prior to the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment. Prior to that time, most courts accepted that the commands of the federal Bill of Rights did not apply to the states. Since there was no federal firearms legislation at this time, there was no legislation which was directly subject to the Second Amendment, if the accepted interpretations were followed. However, a broad variety of state legislation was struck down under state guarantees of the right to keep and bear arms and even in a few cases, under the Second Amendment, when it came before courts which considered the federal protections applicable to the states. Kentucky in 1813 enacted the first carrying concealed weapon statute in the United States; in 1822, the Kentucky Court of Appeals struck down the law as a violation of the state constitutional protection of the right to keep and bear arms; “And can there be entertained a reasonable doubt but the provisions of that act import a restraint on the right of the citizen to bear arms? The court apprehends it not. The right existed at the adoption of the Constitution; it then had no limit short of the moral power of the citizens to exercise it, and in fact consisted of nothing else but the liberty of the citizen to bear arms.” On the other hand, a similar measure was sustained in Indiana, not upon the grounds that a right to keep and bear arms did not apply, but rather upon the notion that a statute banning only concealed carrying still permitted the carrying of arms and merely regulated on possible way of carrying them. A few years later, the Supreme Court of Alabama upheld a similar statute but added, “We do not desire to be understood as maintaining, that in regulating the manner of wearing arms, the legislature has no other limit than its own discretion. A statute which, under the pretense of regulation, amounts to a destruction of that right, or which requires arms to be so borne as to render them wholly useless for the purpose of defense, would be clearly unconstitutional.” When the Arkansas Supreme Court in 1842 upheld a carrying concealed weapons statute, the chief justice explained that the statute would not “detract anything from the power of the people to defend their free state and the established institutions of the country. It prohibits only the wearing of certain arms concealed. This is simply a regulation as to the manner of bearing such arms as are specified”, while the dissenting justice proclaimed “I deny that any just or free government upon earth has the power to disarm its citizens”.
Sometimes courts went farther. When in 1837, Georgia totally banned the sale of pistols (excepting the larger pistols “known and used as horsemen’s pistols” ) and other weapons, the Georgia Supreme Court in Nunn v. State held the statute unconstitutional under the Second Amendment to the federal Constitution. The court held that the Bill of Rights protected natural rights which were fully as capable of infringement by states as by the federal government and that the Second Amendment provided “the right of the whole people, old and young, men, women and boys, and not militia only, to keep and bear arms of every description, and not merely such as are used by the militia, shall not be infringed, curtailed, or broken in on, in the slightest degree; and all this for the important end to be attained: the rearing up and qualifying of a well regulated militia, so vitally necessary to the security of a free state.” Prior to the Civil War, the Supreme Court of the United States likewise indicated that the privileges of citizenship included the individual right to own and carry firearms. In the notorious Dred Scott case, the court held that black Americans were not citizens and could not be made such by any state. This decision, which by striking down the Missouri Compromise did so much to bring on the Civil War, listed what the Supreme Court considered the rights of American citizens by way of illustrating what rights would have to be given to black Americans if the Court were to recognize them as full fledged citizens:
It would give to persons of the negro race, who are recognized as citizens in any one state of the Union, the right to enter every other state, whenever they pleased. . . .and it would give them full liberty of speech in public and in private upon all subjects upon which its own citizens might meet; to hold public meetings upon political affairs, and to keep and carry arms wherever they went.
Following the Civil War, the legislative efforts which gave us three amendments to the Constitution and our earliest civil rights acts likewise recognized the right to keep and bear arms as an existing constitutional right of the individual citizen and as a right specifically singled out as one protected by the civil rights acts and by the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, against infringement by state authorities. Much of the reconstruction effort in the South had been hinged upon the creation of “black militias” composed of the armed and newly freed blacks, officered largely by black veterans of the Union Army. In the months after the Civil War, the existing southern governments struck at these units with the enactment of “black codes” which either outlawed gun ownership by blacks entirely, or imposed permit systems for them, and permitted the confiscation of firearms owned by blacks. When the Civil Rights Act of 1866 was debated members both of the Senate and the House referred to the disarmament of blacks as a major consideration. Senator Trumbull cited provisions outlawing ownership of arms by blacks as among those which the Civil Rights Act would prevent. Senator Sulsbury complained on the other hand that if the act were to be passed it would prevent his own stat from enforcing a law banning gun ownership by individual free blacks. Similar arguments were advanced during the debates over the “anti-KKK act”; its sponsor at one point explained that a section making it a federal crime to deprive a person of “arms or weapons he may have in his house or possession for the defense of his person, family, or property” was “intended to enforce the well-known constitutional provisions guaranteeing the right in the citizen ‘keep and bear arms’.” Likewise, in the debates over the Fourteenth Amendment Congress frequently referred to the Second Amendment as one of the rights which it intended to guarantee against state action.
Following adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment, however, the Supreme Court held that that Amendment’s prohibition against states depriving any persons of their federal “privileges and immunities” was to be given a narrow construction. In particular, the “privileges and immunities” under the Constitution would refer only to those rights which were not felt to exist as a process of natural right, but which were created solely by the Constitution. These might refer to rights such as voting in federal elections and of interstate travel, which would clearly not exist except by virtue of the existence of a federal government and which could not be said to be “natural rights”. This paradoxically meant that the rights which most persons would accept as the most important–those flowing from concepts of natural justice–were devalued at the expense of more technical rights. Thus when individuals were charged with having deprived black citizens of their right to freedom of assembly and to keep and bear arms, by violently breaking up a peaceable assembly of black citizens, the Supreme Court in United States v. Cruikshank held that no indictment could be properly brought since the right “of bearing arms for a lawful purpose” is “not a right granted by the Constitution. Neither is it in any manner dependent upon that instrument for its existence.” Nor, in the view of the Court, was the right to peacefully assemble a right protected by the Fourteenth Amendment: “The right of the people peaceably to assemble for lawful purposes existed long before the adoption of the Constitution of the United States. In fact, it is and has always been one of the attributes of citizenship under a free government. . . .It was not, therefore, a right granted to the people by the Constitution.” Thus the very importance of the rights protected by the First and Second Amendment was used as the basis for the argument that they did not apply to the states under the Fourteenth Amendment. In later opinions, chiefly Presser v. Illinois and Miller v. Texas the Supreme Court adhered to the view. Cruikshank has clearly been superseded by twentieth century opinions which hold that portions of the Bill of Rights–and in particular the right to assembly with which Cruikshank dealt in addition to the Second Amendment–are binding upon the state governments. Given the legislative history of the Civil Rights Acts and the Fourteenth Amendment, and the more expanded views of incorporation which have become accepted in our own century, it is clear that the right to keep and bear arms was meant to be and should be protected under the civil rights statutes and the Fourteenth Amendment against infringement by officials acting under color of state law.
Within our own century, the only occasion upon which the Second Amendment has reached the Supreme Court came in United States v. Miller . There, a prosecution for carrying a sawed off shotgun was dismissed before trial on Second Amendment grounds. In doing so, the court took no evidence as to the nature of the firearm or indeed any other factual matter. The Supreme Court reversed on procedural grounds, holding that the trial court could not take judicial notice of the relationship between a firearm and the Second Amendment, but must receive some manner of evidence. It did not formulate a test nor state precisely what relationship might be required. The court’s statement that the amendment was adopted “to assure the continuation and render possible the effectiveness of such [militia] forces” and “must be interpreted and applied with that end in view”, when combined with the court’s statement that all constitutional sources “show plainly enough that the militia comprised all males physically capable of acting in concert for the common defense. . . . these men were expected to appear bearing arms supplied by themselves and of the kind in common use at the time,” suggests that at the very least private ownership by a person capable of self defense and using an ordinary privately owned firearm must be protected by the Second Amendment. What the Court did not do in Miller is even more striking: It did not suggest that the lower court take evidence on whether Miller belonged to the National Guard or a similar group. The hearing was to be on the nature of the firearm, not on the nature of its use; nor is there a single suggestion that National Guard status is relevant to the case.
The Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms therefore, is a right of the individual citizen to privately possess and carry in a peaceful manner firearms and similar arms. Such an “individual rights” interpretation is in full accord with the history of the right to keep and bear arms, as previously discussed. It is moreover in accord with contemporaneous statements and formulations of the right by such founders of this nation as Thomas Jefferson and Samuel Adams, and accurately reflects the majority of the proposals which led up to the Bill of Rights itself. A number of state constitutions, adopted prior to or contemporaneously with the federal Constitution and Bill of Rights, similarly provided for a right of the people to keep and bear arms. If in fact this language creates a right protecting the states only, there might be a reason for it to be inserted in the federal Constitution but no reason for it to be inserted in state constitutions. State bills of rights necessarily protect only against action by the state, and by definition a state cannot infringe its own rights; to attempt to protect a right belonging to the state by inserting it in a limitation of the state’s own powers would create an absurdity. The fact that the contemporaries of the framers did insert these words into several state constitutions would indicate clearly that they viewed the right as belonging to the individual citizen, thereby making it a right which could be infringed either by state or federal government and which must be protected against infringement by both. (emphasis added)
Finally, the individual rights interpretation gives full meaning to the words chosen by the first Congress to reflect the right to keep and bear arms. The framers of the Bill of Rights consistently used the words “right of the people” to reflect individual rights–as when these words were used to recognize the “right of the people” to peaceably assemble, and the “right of the people” against unreasonable searches and seizures. They distinguished between the rights of the people and of the state in the Tenth Amendment. As discussed earlier, the “militia” itself referred to a concept of a universally armed people, not to any specifically organized unit. When the framers referred to the equivalent of our National Guard, they uniformly used the term “select militia” and distinguished this from “militia”. Indeed, the debates over the Constitution constantly referred to the organized militia units as a threat to freedom comparable to that of a standing army, and stressed that such organized units did not constituted, and indeed were philosophically opposed to, the concept of a militia.
That the National Guard is not the “Militia” referred to in the second amendment is even clearer today. Congress has organized the National Guard under its power to “raise and support armies” and not its power to “Provide for the organizing, arming and disciplining the Militia”. This Congress chose to do in the interests of organizing reserve military units which were not limited in deployment by the strictures of our power over the constitutional militia, which can be called forth only “to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions.” The modern National Guard was specifically intended to avoid status as the constitutional militia, a distinction recognized by 10 U.S.C. §311(a).
The conclusion is thus inescapable that the history, concept, and wording of the second amendment to the Constitution of the United States, as well as its interpretation by every major commentator and court in the first halfcentury after its ratification, indicates that what is protected is an individual right of a private citizen to own and carry firearms in a peaceful manner.
REFERENCES1. Charles Hollister, Anglo-Saxon Military Institutions 11-42 (Oxford University Press 1962); Francis Grose, Military Antiquities Respecting a History of the British Army, Vol. I at 1-2 (London, 1812).
2. Grose, supra, at 9-11; Bruce Lyon, A Constitutional and Legal History of Medieval England 273 (2nd. ed. New York 1980).
3. J.J. Bagley and P.B. Rowley, A Documentary History of England 1066-1540, Vol. I at 155-56 (New York 1965).
4. Statute of Winchester (13 Edw. I c. 6). See also Bagley and Rowley, supra at 158.
5. 7 Ed. I c.2 (1279).
6. Statute of Northampton (2nd Edw. III c. 3).
7. Rex v. Knight, 90 Eng. Rep. 330; 87 Eng. Rep. 75 (King’s Bench, 1686).
8. E. G. Heath, The Grey Goose Wing 109 (London, 1971).
9. 19 Hen. VII c. 4 (1503).
10. 3 Hen. VIII c. 13 (1511).
11. 64 Hen. VIII c. 13 (1514).
12. 33 Hen. VIII c. 6 (1514).
13. Noel Perrin, Giving Up the Gun 59-60 (Boston, 1979)
14. Jim Hill, The Minuteman in War and Peace 26-27 (Harrisburg, 1968)
15. Charles Oman, A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century 288 (New York, 1937).
16. William Blackstone, Commentaries, Vol. 2 at 412 (St. George Tucker, ed., Philadelphia 1803).
17. “An Act for Settling the Militia,” Ordinances and Acts of the Interregnum, Vol. 2 1320 (London, HMSO 1911).
18. 8 Calender of State Papers (Domestic), Charles II, No. 188, p. 150. 19. 14 Car. II c. 3 (1662).
20. Joyce Malcolm, Disarmed: The Loss of the Right to Bear Arms in Restoration England, at 11 (Mary Ingraham Bunting Institute, Radcliffe College 1980).
21. Thomas Macaulay, The History of England from the Accession of Charles II, Vol. II at 137 (London, 1856).
22. Phillip, Earl of Hardwicke, Miscellaneous State Papers from 1501-1726, vol. 2 at 407-17 (London, 1778).
23. J. R. Western, Monarchy and Revolution: The English State in the 1680’s, at 339 (Totowa, N.J., 1972).
24. Journal of the House of Commons from December 26, 1688 to October
26, 1693, at 29. (London, 1742). The Bill of Rights was ultimately enacted in this form. 1 Gul. and Mar. Sess., 2, c. 2 (1689).
25. Joyce Malcolm, supra, at 16.
26. William Hening, The Statutes at Large: Being a Collection of All the Laws of Virginia from the First Session of the Legislature in 1619, at pp.127, 173-74 (New York, 1823).
28. William Brigham, The Compact with the Charter and Laws of the Colony of New Plymouth, 31, 76 (Boston, 1836).
29. Oliver Dickerson, ed., Boston Under Military Rule, 61, 79 (Boston, 1936).
30. Steven Patterson, Political Parties in Revolutionary Massachusetts, at 103 (University of Wisconsin Press, 1973).
31. See Sprecher, The Lost Amendment, 51 A.B.A.J. 554, 665 (1965).
32. The most extensive studies of these miitia proposals are John Macauly Palmer, Washington, Lincoln, Wilson: Three War Statesmen (New York, 1930); Frederick Stern, Citizen ARmy (New York, 1957); John Mahon, the American Militia: Decade of Decision 1789-1800 (Univ. of Florida, 1960).
33. Merrill Jensen, ed., The Documentary of History of the Ratification of the Constitution, vol. 3 at 378 (Madison, Wisc.)
34. Id., vol. 2 at 508.
35. Walter Bennet, ed., Letters from the Federal Farmer to the Republican, at 21, 22, 124 (Univ. of Alabama Press, 1975).
36. Debates and other Proceedings of the Convention of Virginia, . . . taken in shorthand by David Robertson of Petersburg, at 271, 275 (2nd ed. Richmond, 1805).
37. Noah Webster, “An Examination into the Leading Principles of the Federal States, at 56 (New York, 1888).
38. Johnathan Elliott, ed., Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution, vol. 2 at 97 (2nd ed., 1888).
39. Merril Jensen, supra, vol. 2 at 597-98.
40. Debates and Proceeding at the Convention of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, at 86-87 (Pierce & Hale, eds., Boston, 1850); 2 B. Schwartz, the Bill of Rights 675 (1971).
41. Documents Illustrative of the Formation of the Union of the American States, at 1026 (Washington, D.C.,GPO, 1927).
42. Id. at 1030.
43. Annals of Congress 434 (1789).
44. St. George Tucker, ed., Blackstone’s Commentaries, Volume 1 at 143 n.
40, 41 (Philadelphia, 1803).
45. William Rawle, A View of the Constitution 125-6 (2nd ed., Philadelphia, 1803).
46. Joseph Story, Commentaries on the Constitution, vol. 2 at 746 (1833).
47. Act of May 8, 1792; Second Cong., First Session, ch. 33.
48. Bliss vs. Commonwealth, 12 Ken. (2 Litt.) 90,92 (1822)/
49. State v. Mitchell, (3 Black.) 229.
50. State v. Reid, 1 Ala. 612, 35 Am. Dec. 44 (1840).
51. State v. Buzzard, 4 Ark. 18, 27, 36 (1842). The Arkansas Constitutional provision at issue was narrower than the second amendment, as it protected keeping and bearing arms “for the common defense.” Id. at 34.
52. Nunn v. State, 1 Ga. 243, 251 (1846).
53. Dred Scott v. Sanford, 60 U.S. 691, 705.
54. The most comprehensive work in this field of constitutional law is Steven Halbrook, the Jurisprudence of the Second and Fourteenth Amendments (Institute for Humane Studies, Menlo Park, California, 1979), reprinted in 4 George Mason L. Rev. 1 (1981).
55. Cong. Globe, 39th Congress, 1st Sess., pt.1, p. 474 (Jan. 29, 1866).
56. Id. at 478.
57. H.R. Rep. No. 37, 41st Cong., 3d sess., p. 3 (1871).
58. See generally Halbrook, supra, at 42-62.
59. Slaughterhouse Cases, 83 U.S. 36 (L873).
60. United States v. Cruikshank, 92 U.S. 542 (1876).
61. Presser v. Illinois, 116 U.S. 252 (1886).
62. Miller v. Texas, 153 U.S. 535 (1894).
63. United States v. Miller, 307 U.S. 175 (1939).
64. Id. at 178, 179.
65. H.R. Report No. 141, 73d Cong., 1st sess. at 2-5 (1933). | <urn:uuid:70cc37c0-28ee-4828-aa9b-d1f4001763b8> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.gunowners.org/fs0303/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038468066.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20210418043500-20210418073500-00604.warc.gz | en | 0.961755 | 12,378 | 2.921875 | 3 |
A Primer of Stream Entomology — 1
Imitating the Drifting Insect
The research of Aquatic Entomologists can be either interesting or worthless to the fly fisherman, but it is never useful unless the man can take the facts that affect the fish a step further and apply them to the catching of fish.
An article by H.B.N. Hynes, “The Entomology of Stream Insects,” contains a summary of the research done on the drift rates of aquatic larvae. “When night falls,” Hynes writes, “the insects wander out of the shelter and are more readily dislodged by the current. As a result, the drifting of mayflies, and also stoneflies, campodeiform trichoptera (the species of caddisflies that do not build cases) and many other insects, is greatest at night, and the same applies in large rivers as in small streams.
“The rhythm, however, is more complex than a simple nocturnal maximum. Usually, the maximum follow soon after sunset, and there is often a later one, or even two, before dawn on long nights. A full moon reduces drift.”
Since brown trout especially are known to feed at night, the information in the article seemed to be a gift, and I set a pattern of fishing early and late to see if I could catch fish on a nymph during those dark hours.
I began fishing without selecting an exact matching pattern of fly, figuring that with the hodge-podge of insects floating past, the trout would be less selective. Although I caught trout, including an 18-inch brown on a grey Wooly Worm, I was not catching the fish as fast as I should. I killed one trout on each night that I was not blanked, performing a stomach check on it as soon as I stopped fishing. In the stomach contents the insects were homogeneous in size, with usually one species dominant. With the stoneflies and the mayflies, when these were one of the preferred insects, the wing pads were dark in color, indicating that the insect was nearing emergence.
Since I was fishing on Montana’s Clark’s Fork River, a stream which like most Rocky Mountain streams contains major populations of stoneflies, I started choosing my nymphs to match the stonefly species that was prime to hatch. I collected samples in the day, telling by the development stage of the wing pads which insect was ready to emerge. In mid-June I matched the salmon fly (pteronarcys) with a pattern from Ray Ovington’s Tactics on Trout, using his variation of a Giant Stone Fly Nymph to catch a three pound cutthroat-rainbow hybrid in the evening. The small olive-grey fenus, alloperia, began to hatch in July, and I used the Schwiebert’s suggested imitation, the Yellow Stone Fly Nymph, to catch and release four browns over 17 inches while a family of tourists watched and listened to the splashes in the dark. Acroneuria californica became the predominant species hatching in late August. I finished my night fishing in September by matching a late nemoura species and catching the largest fish of the summer, a 4 lb., 11 oz. brown trout.
A similar pattern of matching the nymph could be followed on an Eastern trout stream with mayflies, starting with the Quill Gordon (iron fraudator) nymph that emerges soon after the opening day of the season.
I diverged from the stonefly pattern once, whe the green caddis larvae (hydropshyce) became predominant in June, starting with the large Grannom hatches on the river. The caddis fly enters a pupal stage before emerging, spinning a cocoon like a butterfly, so instead of a nymph, I fished a Grannom wet fly with a slight retrieve to simulate a pupa imitation.
Late in the season I made three adjustments in my fishing technique. I altered the exact imitation of the natural, tying a darker fly than the natural by using a darker shade of fur dubbing for the abdomen and thorax of the fly. I matched the fishing time into fifteen minute halves (night fishing in Montana is legal for only a half hour after sunset). I alternated the fifteen minute periods between a normal Yellow Stonefly Nymph and a rusty Yellow Stonefly nymph., The darker version fo hte fly drew three more strikes that the normal pattern, but with the dark fly I only hooked two out of six fish.
Maybe a black pattern would work even better, with the non-pastel coloring showing up better in silhouette in the dark. The relative failure of dark patterns in my early experimentation, when I was not matching specific insects, could haven due to shape of the fly.
I slowly found the better areas to fish. Since the drift occurrence is highest in the ruffles, I started fishing the choppy stretches, but in the dark it was hard to pick out the feeding stations and casting was a random arc. My records showed a better strike ratio and a better hooking ratio at the heads of the pools. I cast up into the riffle, trying to keep a nearly tight line as the fly spilled into the slower water. A trout’s pick up on the dead drift is slow and soft, and striking is a matter of feeling the line slake and a timed guess, but an experienced nymph fisher will not miss many more strikes in the deep dusk of that day.
I read Jim Quick’s Fishing the Nymph and I followed his suggestion to use a longer leader, changing to a 12 foot from a 9 foot, allowing the fly to settle deeper. The leader tippet of course must be light enough to let the fly move freely.
Note: (night fishing in Montana is legal for only a half hour after sunset) This is not true any longer, current regulations state fishing is open “all hours” for the season. | <urn:uuid:77539f0d-38fa-4468-a87a-2d7c91ad7009> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://thebookmailer.com/tbm/2018/02/28/fly-fisherman-march-april-1972/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912204885.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20190326075019-20190326101019-00113.warc.gz | en | 0.953043 | 1,251 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Canadian researchers have shown for the first time that making left-hand turns at busy intersections — where the worst real-world crashes occur — requires far more brain power than right turns or other manoeuvres.
Throw in talking on a hands-free cellphone, and the brain becomes so distracted, it shuts down key areas needed for visual attention and alertness.
For their study, Toronto researchers slid volunteers into functional MRI machines, or fMRIs — scanners that capture the brain at work in real time by measuring changes in blood flow. The machines show how certain areas of the brain are activated, or “light up” under different levels of mental demand.
The team, in a feat of engineering that took more than a year and a half, fitted an fMRI with a virtual-reality driving simulator complete with a fully functional steering wheel, brake and accelerator pedals.
The study was inspired by neurological patients — people who have suffered brain injury from strokes, brain tumours, trauma and other conditions that make them vulnerable to being declared “medically unfit” to drive.
“If you take their license away, it’s probably one of the most devastating things to happen to them, next to the medical condition itself, and, in some cases, even more so,” said principle researcher Dr. Tom Schweizer, a neuroscientist and director of the neuroscience research program at St. Michael’s Hospital in Toronto.
“You see some of these tumour patients: Even before they ask if the tumour is going to come back after surgery, they ask, ‘when can I get my drivers’ licence back?’ ”
Yet little is known about the fundamental, underlying brain networks behind human driving behaviour, namely, what areas of the brain are responsible for driving?
Insurance and crash statistics show that left hand turns at busy intersections are where the most serious crashes occur. “They must be appreciably different in some way than just driving straight in the country,” Schweizer said.
Intuitively, it makes sense. “But, we still don’t understand, would it be completely different brain areas? Would it be a different collection of brain areas that are recruited when doing this? We had no idea.”
The study, which included collaborators from Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and Baycrest in Toronto, involved 16 healthy volunteers; men and women aged 20 to 30, with seven years of driving experience, on average. The team looked at the brain areas activated when driving straight, versus making simple right turns, or left turns with or without oncoming traffic.
They found that making a left-hand turn in traffic lights up a “huge” network in the brain “that was well over and above anything we saw with straight driving or even turning right,” Schweizer said. Specifically, they saw dramatically increased activity in brain regions involved in visual processing, spatial navigation and motor coordination.
“Think about it,” Schweizer says. “You’re in a busy intersection. You have to look at your own traffic light, to make sure you don’t turn on a red, and you have to look at the oncoming traffic to time your manoeuvre so you don’t get T-boned.” Drivers also have to watch for pedestrians crossing in front of them on the walkway, from the left and the right.
A right-hand turn is not nearly so demanding. “You have that oncoming traffic on the left, but you don’t have to co-ordinate as much,” Schweizer said.
The study was restricted to right-handers. “We wanted to keep it as homogeneous as possible.” Still, Schweizer doesn’t expect the results would be dramatically different in left-handed drivers. While there might be some subtle changes, “I think the general activation maps we saw would be the same.”
Next the researchers tested the effects of distraction. Volunteers simulated making a left-hand turn at a busy intersection while answering a series of true or false questions, such as, does a triangle have four sides? The idea was to mimic what happens when someone is talking on a hands-free device, Schweizer said. Answering true-false questions “forces you to listen, to process and then come up with a response, like you would in a conversation.”
The finding, Schweizer said, “was quite striking. Clearly, there’s a finite amount of brain resources that can go around, and something had to give.”
What gave was the visual posterior cortex, the area of the brain that serves visual processing. It shut down by about 50 per cent. Blood moved from the part of the brain that controls sight, to the part of the brain, the prefrontal cortex, that controls decision-making. Essentially the brain sacrificed one area to recruit enough resources for the other. “It’s potentially quite dangerous,” Schweizer said.
“Hands-free does not mean brains-free,” he added. In some new vehicles, “it’s almost like a mobile office, where things are reading emails; there’s a GPS. Everything in the car is potentially another source of distracting information.
“If you’re actively listening, you’re going to have to take some (brain) resources away from the primary task of driving.”
The work is published in the journal Frontiers in Human Neuroscience.
Schweizer’s team is planning to run the study in patients with stroke and other conditions. The hope is develop more objective criteria for determining fitness to drive.
There’s clearly a group that shouldn’t, because of vision loss or paralysis, he said. “But there’s a huge grey zone group.” Some patients might be able to drive in a rural country setting to the corner store, he said, but not in a major urban city. | <urn:uuid:5177f6ab-bed9-44cb-93ca-2e885c17b455> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://o.canada.com/news/left-hand-turns-require-huge-brain-power-study-shows-add-hands-free-cell-phone-and-the-brain-cant-cope | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806030.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120111550-20171120131550-00252.warc.gz | en | 0.942088 | 1,263 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Grand Duchy of Letzembourg
Grot Herzogdom von Lietzeland (ltz)
|Constituent state of the Karno-Ruthenian Empire
By valor and arms
Dur takerfriet und armen (ltz)
Comrades of the Legion
Location of the Grand Duchy of Letzembourg in North America.
|Letzembourgish or Letzembourger
Constituent State of Karnia-Ruthenia
|- Grand Duke
|- Prime Minister
|20 December 2015
|24 (2016 estimate)
|Ruthenian Mark (RM) (RMK)
Letzembourg, officially the Grand Duchy of Letzembourg, or in Letzembourgish, Grot Herzogdom von Lietzeland, is a constitutional monarchy located on the coast of North Carolina, in the United States of America. Letzembourg has been a member of the Karno-Ruthenian Empire since 19 May 2016. Its capital is Victoria.
Letzembourg comprises six principal regions: the Duchies of Victoria, Christmas, Hatteras and Leige, and the Territories of Beatrice and Rossland. As a representative democracy with a Constitutional Monarch, it is headed by the Grand Duke, Christian I, but the government is under the rule of the Karno-Ruthenian Empire, participating in the parliaments of the Empire, the Imperial and Royal Common Government, and even following the same laws.
The name “Letzembourg” was developed from the name of the European microstate, "Luxembourg" (where most of the Letzembourger culture is based upon). This in turn, according to modern historians, believe that the etymology of the word Luxembourg is a derivation of the word Letze, meaning fortification.
See also: Ocracoke History
Letzembourg first appeared on a European map in 1585, after John White made explorations along the North Carolina shoreline. Settlements of small colonists were reported as early as the 17th century, but it wasn't until the State Government stepped in during the early 18th century that the town began to "boom" as a community of fishermen, farmers, mariners, and pilots who manned the treacherous waters both offshore and along Ocracoke Island.
The Grand Duchy of Letzembourg was officially established on 20 December, 2015, by the Grand Duke Christian I, after some lesser-known micronational projects, and a career within the Grand Republic of Delvera. Letzembourg was created as a personal project by the Grand Duke, and was originally intended to serve as a pacific micronation, open to diplomacy with all serious micronations. Upon the foundation of Letzembourg, Christian I became less active within Delvera, focusing more on his own personal project. He single-handedly founded the Grand Duchy of Letzembourg, later gaining help from a few close friends and external citizens, earning a good reputation within the micronational community.
On 12 January 2016, Christian I signed a bill which allowed three new borders to be drawn and added to Letzembourg. Two days later, the government of Letzembourg passed a bill which allowed the nation to annex its largest piece of territory, which was located in Antarctica, bordering St. Charlie. The new territory was named the "Territory of Cruz." After the union with Karina-Ruthenia, this territorial claim was abandoned.
A Greater Letzembourg
After his official renunciation, Christian I removed all of his privately-owned property from the jurisdiction of the Grand Republic of Delvera, and officially incorporated it into the Grand Duchy of Letzembourg. The private property (which is located in south-central North Carolina) was then renamed from "Norden," to "Gretzenmacher," which is a modified spelling of the Luxembourgish administrative division, Grevenmacher. Gretzenmacher is home to the previous Prime Minister of Letzembourg, Charles, Duke of Victoria.
The Rebellion of Two
On 20 January 2016, the national government received a notification from two Letzembourgish citizens of a "rebellion," claiming secession from the Grand Duchy. The reasons behind the rebellion were unknown, and the Letzembourgish government decided that it would be best to ignore the threats from the two citizens.
The Grand Duke was then contacted personally by one of said citizens, who declared war against the national government. Seeing that Letzembourg is a neutral nation, the declaration of war was immediately denied, and business carried on as usual throughout the Grand Duchy. The two citizens were then charged and temporarily suspended from the nation.
Union with Karnia-Ruthenia
On 18 May 2016, after weeks of diplomatic talks and negotiation with the Emperor-King of Karnia-Ruthenia, the Grand Duke of Letzembourg, a member of the Karno-Ruthenian Government, presented a manifest demanding its unification with Empire. Relying on certain prestige and no opposition from the Imperial and Royal Government, the Emperor-King announced the government accepted the terms of the manifest. The union was made official with the proclamation of the Empire, transforming the Grand Duchy in an associate state of the Empire.
Annexation of Prussian Britannia
In January 2017, the Letzembourgish government contacted Mr. Robert Bailey, former leader of the Duchy of Prussian Britannia, in hopes to form a union between the two states. After several days of negotiation, and with approval from His Imperial Majesty, Prussian Britannia was officially incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Letzembourg.
After the unification the name Prussian Britannia was changed to Preußenland. The Duchy of Preußenland has since been used as an epicenter for the development of Letzembourgish culture in the United Kingdom.
English and Letzembourgish are the co-official languages of the Grand Duchy. Most of the population of Letzembourg speaks either English, or a regional dialect called, "Hoi Tide," as Letzembourgish does not have many speakers. However, all government documents of Letzembourg are written in both English, and Letzembourgish.
Although Letzembourgish can be considered a modern Germanic language, it uses a modified version of the Anglo-Saxon Runes. The Anglo-Saxon Runes are used in Old English, Old Frisian, and sometimes even Latin. The Anglo-Saxon Runes were chosen to be used in Letzembourgish to give the language a unique look when written.
Administrative divisions of Letzembourg
The Grand Duchy of Letzembourg is a self-inducted member of the Micronational Union of Twin Towns (MUTT). As of November 25, 2016, the Grand Duchy has twinned its capital, the Duchy of Victora, with the city of Pasqualia (Most Serene Empire of Azzurria).
Duke of Victoria
Twinned with the city of Pasqualia
Grand Duke of Letzembourg
Grand Duke of Letzembourg
Grand Duke of Letzembourg
Grand Duke of Letzembourg
Grand Duke of Letzembourg
The Grand Duke is the symbolic head state of Letzembourg, holding certain powers, under the terms of the Imperial Constitution of Karnia-Ruthenia. Such powers include: to present and sign bills to become laws, to confer awards and decorations, and and appoint members of the Grand Ducal government. The head of government of the Grand Duchy is the Prime Minister, which is appointed by the Grand Duke.
The General Assembly serves as the Legislative body of Letzembourg. The General Assembly consists of all immediate members of the Letzembourgish government. All bills proposed are agreed upon by the General Assembly and are then sent to the Grand Duke for approval. Any member of the General Assembly can host a meeting. The Prime Minister oversees all meetings of the General Assembly.
The Letzembourgish Court makes up the Judicial branch. It is headed by the Supreme Judge of Letzembourg. The Letzembourgish Supreme Court has full jurisdiction to rule on all legal matters within Letzembourg.
All subjects of Letzembourg automatically obtain Karno-Ruthenian citizenship upon the completion of the subjectship application. Letzembourgish citizenship is open to all of those who have reached the age of fourteen years old. Minors who have not yet reached the age of 14 are required to have a parent or legal guardian complete the application for them. Those who are born in Letzembourgish territories are considered Letzembourgers by birth. They may at any time complete the application and claim their Letzembourgish citizenship.
The foreign affairs in Letzembourg are administrated by the Imperial and Royal Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Empire of Karnia-Ruthenia considers itself as a friendly micronation towards others, with mutual recognition treaties, formal relations, and alliances. The main goal of the Imperial foreign policy is to contribute to peace and stability in the intermicronational community.
However, before the union, Letzembourg established diplomatic relations with Imvrassia, Lorenzburg, Lundenwic, Sandus, the Popular Union of Occitania, the United Slaviac Republic, Orfalia, Greater Atlantis, Überstadt, Delvera and Karnia-Ruthenia from 21 December 2015 to 14 April 2016.
Letzembourg has a strong military background. On 15 January 2016, Letzembourg officially became a member of the Union Against Micronational War and remained an active member until union with the Empire of Karnia-Ruthenia. For ceremonial purposes, the current leader of the Letzembourguish division of the Imperial and Royal Armed Forces is Grand Duke Christian I.
In June 2016, the rules and regulations for the VI Army Inspectorate were officially ratified, and put into effect. The VI Army Inspectorate is currently administered by Major Christian Newton, who currently serves as the acting Commandant. The Inspectorate is based in the Duchy of Victoria, and regularly holds training exercises to ensure readiness in the event of a national conflict.
In mid-February 2016, the Letzembourgish Ministry of Finances introduced the Bank of Letzembourg, an e-banking system that used online currency. All citizens were encouraged to open an account, and all who did were given an initial payment of 1,000.00Ł Letzembourgish francs. The use of the Letzembourgish franc lasted until the introduction of Ruthenian Mark on 19 May 2016.
|New Year's Day
|The first day of the Gregorian year.
|International Women's Day
|Celebration of respect, appreciation, and love towards women.
|International Workers' Day
|Honors the the contributions that workers have made to the strength, prosperity, and well-being of the country.
|Commemoration of the armistice signed between the Allies of World War I and Germany and also in commemoration of both living and dead soldiers who served in any conflict.
|Traditional commemoration of the birth of Jesus Christ.
|New Year's Eve
|The final day of the Gregorian year; Saint Sylvester's Day.
- Official Website
- Letzembourgish Subjectship Application
- Ruthenian Observer website
- Libertian Archives website | <urn:uuid:7abe3b24-87ac-44f0-81c9-068539a85da3> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://en.micronations.wiki/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Letzembourg | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474526.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224080616-20240224110616-00014.warc.gz | en | 0.936027 | 2,477 | 2.890625 | 3 |
An article that discusses why supplements containing large doses of antioxidants, or beta-carotene, or even vitamin megadoses doesn't work, and can even cause harm, while eating actual foods such as fruits and vegetables has many health benefits. This is what a number of the studies I've been posting also found (especially with health benefits from eating fish and not from fish oil). go ahead and throw out the megadose supplements, and instead eat lots of fruits and vegetables. Remember fruits and vegetables contain a complex mix of nutrients and feed our microbial communities, as well as having microbes on them. From Medical Xpress:
Why just stick to eating fruits and veggies when you can get an extra boost from supplements that put good things like antioxidants into a handy pill? And that seems like it should be a good idea. If the antioxidants that occur naturally in our food, like broccoli and carrots, are good for us, a supplement with the same thing must also be good. But that's not quite true.
Antioxidants are touted as protectors of our health because they eliminate free-radicals that damage molecules in cells and tissues by grabbing electrons from them, making those molecules, in turn, unstable....On this basis, a group of scientists proposed in 1981 the creation of a nutritional supplement to fight free-radicals. They reasoned that since many observational epidemiological studies had shown that people who eat lots of vegetables are at lower risk of colon cancer, heart disease and many other bad conditions, then the "active" ingredient should be identified and put into a pill. They thought that it must be beta-carotene, which helps make carrots orange, because it's an antioxidant.
But in the late 1980s, two intervention trials, one in Seattle and the other in Finland, started....For the Seattle trial, approximately 18,000 men and women were randomized in 1988 to receive either a tablet containing beta-carotene or a tablet containing no active ingredient, which is the famous placebo. The plan was to follow the men and women for 10 years; the researchers hypothesized they would observe a lower lung cancer risk in the beta-carotene tablet group, hopefully much lower. But the opposite happened and the trial had to be stopped early because the beta-carotene group suffered significantly more cases of lung cancer than the placebo group. The same thing was seen in the Finland trial. Importantly, the amount of beta-carotene in the tablet was much higher than occurs naturally in the body in both trials.
And the evidence that when it comes to antioxidants, more isn't necessarily better, keeps mounting. In 2007 a combined analysis of 68 randomized trials of any antioxidant supplements showed a statistically significant 5% increase in risk of death in the groups taking the supplements compared to the groups taking placebo pills....The findings were a shock and disconcerting to the research community; the first edict in medicine is to do no harm, yet these trials clearly did harm. The results showed that when individual antioxidant tablets were supplemented with beta-carotene, vitamin A and vitamin E, each significantly increased risk of death. In addition to their role as vitamins, A and E are also antioxidants. Vitamin C and selenium supplements had no effect one way or the other on risk of death.
For otherwise healthy persons, taking antioxidant supplements doesn't seem to do good, but rather can do harm. However, there might be an exception to this rule. What happens if you take a low dose?
A recent multivitamin study that was part of a large trial of physicians called the Physician's Health Study II based at Harvard offers a clue. The study began in 1997 with almost 15,000 male doctors who were randomly assigned to take one of four kinds of pills. One was a placebo and the others were either vitamin E, vitamin C or a multivitamin that contained some antioxidants such as a low dose of vitamin E....By 2011, about 2,700 of the 15,000 participants had been diagnosed with cancer. The vitamin E and C pills had no impact on risk of cancer in this trial, but the multivitamin group showed an 8% lower risk. The multivitamin contained no iron, which is a good thing. It also contained far less of the nutrients that you tend to find in supplements.
This highlights a serious problem with all the attempts to put good food in pill form: the dose has been far in excess of what is in the actual foods. For example, wheat germ has the highest concentration of vitamin E tested, yet the tablets used in the trials of vitamin E had more than 10 times this amount. The Western medicine paradigm of "if a little is good, more must be better" is almost never true;.... The vegetables that are linked to lower risk of disease contain many nutrients in addition to antioxidants such as beta-carotene. The combination of all these nutrients in a natural source may be the key to their effectiveness and thereby not amenable to a reductionist splitting into one "active ingredient" that can be put into a pill. | <urn:uuid:fe962573-96c1-4c62-b1d0-bb4f6d16b538> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://lactobacto.com/2015/10/05/forget-the-pills-eat-the-vegetables-instead/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195527396.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20190721225759-20190722011759-00041.warc.gz | en | 0.967177 | 1,032 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Gross interest rate This is the total interest payable before any deductions such as tax and charges. For example the gross interest rate on a savings account may be 4.25%
Net Interest Rate. This is the total interest payable after any deductions. For example in the UK, the net interest rate will be the gross interest rate – basic rate of income tax. Therefore, if the gross rate is 4.25%, the net rate will be 3.40%.
Gross AER. This is the Gross Annual Equivalent rate. This applies to all accounts where interest rates are paid more frequently than once a year. The significance of this is that if you are paid interest every month, you have a chance to earn interest on the interest payments you gain in the first month. If interest is calculated daily the cumulative benefit will be greatest. Therefore, the Gross AER, will be higher than the gross interest rate. Typically interest is credited monthly, quarterly or in rare cases daily.
APR – Annual Percentage Rate. This is the effective interest rate for the whole year. The APR can be
- The nominal APR – the simple interest rate for the whole year (e.g. 5%)
- The effective APR – the fee plus the compound interest rate. This is what the customer effectively pays per year. | <urn:uuid:1d5e8147-0a7d-4b0d-b16f-2a9d630a335a> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/140/interest-rates/gross-net-and-gross-aer-interest-rates/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125944982.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20180421032230-20180421052230-00375.warc.gz | en | 0.930791 | 266 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Traditionally, in a job order cost system and process cost system, overhead is allocated to a job or function based on direct labor hours, machine hours, or direct labor dollars. However, in some companies, new technologies have changed the manufacturing environment such that the number of hours worked or dollars earned by employees are no longer good indicators of how much overhead will be needed to complete a job or process products through a particular function. In such companies, activity‐based costing (ABC) is used to allocate overhead costs to jobs or functions.
Activity-Based Costing Activities
Activity‐based costing assumes that the steps or activities that must be followed to manufacture a product are what determine the overhead costs incurred. Each overhead cost, whether variable or fixed, is assigned to a category of costs. These cost categories are called activity cost pools. Cost drivers are the actual activities that cause the total cost in an activity cost pool to increase. The number of times materials are ordered, the number of production lines in a factory, and the number of shipments made to customers are all examples of activities that impact the costs a company incurs. When using ABC, the total cost of each activity pool is divided by the total number of units of the activity to determine the cost per unit.
The number of activities a company has may be small, say five or six, or number in the hundreds. Computers make using ABC easier. Assume Lady Trekkers, Inc., has identified its activity cost pools and cost drivers (see the following table).
A per unit cost is calculated by dividing the total dollars in each activity cost pool by the number of units of the activity cost drivers. As an example to calculate the per unit cost for the purchasing department, the total costs of the purchasing department are divided by the number of purchase orders. Lady Trekkers, Inc., has determined that both the purchasing and receiving departments' costs are based on the number of purchase orders; therefore, the two departments' costs may be added together so that one per unit cost is calculated for these departments. Once the per unit costs are all calculated, they are added together, and the total cost per unit is multiplied by the number of units to assign the overhead costs to the units.
While using cost drivers to assign overhead costs to individual units works well for some activities, for some activities such as setup costs, the costs are not incurred to produce an individual unit but rather to produce a batch of the same units. For other costs, the costs incurred might be based on the number of product lines or simply because there is a manufacturing facility. To assign overhead costs more accurately, activity‐based costing assigns activities to one of four categories:
- Unit‐level activities occur every time a service is performed or a product is made. The costs of direct materials, direct labor, and machine maintenance are examples of unit‐level activities.
- Batch‐level activities are costs incurred every time a group (batch) of units is produced or a series of steps is performed. Purchase orders, machine setup, and quality tests are examples of batch‐level activities.
- Product‐line activities are those activities that support an entire product line but not necessarily each individual unit. Examples of product‐line activities are engineering changes made in the assembly line, product design changes, and warehousing and storage costs for each product line.
- Facility support activities are necessary for development and production to take place. These costs are administrative in nature and include building depreciation, property taxes, plant security, insurance, accounting, outside landscape and maintenance, and plant management's and support staff's salaries.
The costs of unit‐level, batch‐level, and product‐line activities are easily allocated to a specific product, either directly as a unit‐level activity or through allocation of a pooled cost for batch‐level and product‐line activities. In contrast, the facility‐level costs are kept separate from product costs and are not allocated to individual units because the allocation would have to be made on an arbitrary basis such as square feet, number of divisions or products, and so on. | <urn:uuid:b9810c61-e385-4b3c-8b13-f4aee2058da2> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/accounting/accounting-principles-ii/activity-based-costing/activity-based-costing-activities | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583509336.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20181015163653-20181015185153-00017.warc.gz | en | 0.955314 | 828 | 3.328125 | 3 |
|World War II|
|Timelines of World War II|
The events preceding World War II in Europe are closely tied to the rise of Fascism, especially in Nazi Germany.
Aftermath of World War I
World War II is generally viewed as having its roots in the aftermath of the First World War. In that war, the German Empire under Kaiser Wilhelm II, with its allies, were defeated, chiefly by the United Kingdom, Canada, United States, France, and Japan. The victors directly blamed Germany for the war; it was Germany that effectively started the war with an attack on France through Belgium. France had in 1871 suffered a defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, and demanded compensation for its financial devastation during the First World War, which ensured that the various peace treaties, specifically the Treaty of Versailles imposed tough financial war reparations and restrictions on Germany in the aftermath of World War I. The British naval blockade of Germany was not lifted until the treaty was signed at the end of June 1919.
Weimar Republic becomes the Third Reich
The Nazi Party, led by Adolf Hitler, blamed Germany's ruined economy on the harshness of the Versailles Treaty, on faults of democracy, and on the stab-in-the-back legend. In Germany, as in post-Austro-Hungarian Austria, citizens recalled the pre-war years under as prosperous but the post-war years under weak democratic rule as chaotic and economically disastrous. The situation was further aggravated by the worldwide economic depression that followed the Wall Street crash in 1929. Left-wing and right-wing anti-democratic parties in the Reichstag (the German parliament) obstructed parliamentary work, while different cabinets resorted to government by the special emergency powers of the Weimar constitution. This enabled the president and Cabinet to bypass the Parliament.
Mussolini comes into power
After several liberal governments failed to rein in these threats, and the fascists had increased their public profile by highly visible punishment expeditions to supposedly crush the socialist "threat", King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy invited Benito Mussolini to form a government on October 29, 1922. The fascists maintained an armed paramilitary wing, which they employed to fight anarchists, communists, and socialists. Within a few years, Mussolini had consolidated dictatorial power and Italy became a police state. On January 7, 1935, he and French Foreign Minister Pierre Laval signed the Franco–Italian Agreement giving him a free hand in the Abyssinia Crisis with Ethiopia, in return for an alliance against Hitler. There was little international protest. He then sent large forces into Eritrea and Italian Somaliland, the two colonies of Italy that bordered Ethiopia. Britain attempted to broker peace but failed; Mussolini was bent on conquest. Britain then declared an arms embargo on both Italy and Ethiopia. Britain also cleared its warships from the Mediterranean, further allowing Italy unhindered access. Shortly after the League of Nations exonerated both parties in the Walwal incident, Italy attacked Ethiopia, resulting in the Second Italo–Abyssinian War.
Shortly after Italy conquered Ethiopia, the Spanish Civil War began. During the Spanish Civil War, seen by many as a testing ground for the Second World War, Germany provided troops, weapons and other aid to Francisco Franco's nationalists. Italy also provided troops.
On April 7, 1939, Italy invaded Albania. After a short campaign Albania was occupied and joined Italy in a personal union.
Spanish Civil War
While many nations refused to become involved in the Spanish Civil War, notably Britain and France, troops were sent by both Hitler and Mussolini to aid the Spanish nationalists, which included those with fascist leanings. It would prove to be a precursor to many of the tactics and methods employed in the Second World War, such as the test bombing of Guernica, which aimed to see how effective bombing of civilian areas could be. Spain was non-belligerent during World War II, but the civil war division of fascism (Germany and Italy) versus capitalist democracy (volunteers from neutral countries joined the fight against the nationalists) and communism (the USSR) was repeated.
Meanwhile in Germany, once political consolidation (Gleichschaltung) was in place, the Nazis turned their attention to foreign policy with several increasingly daring acts.
On March 16, 1935, Hitler ignored the Versailles Treaty and ordered Germany to re-arm, reintroducing military conscription. The treaty had limited the German Reichswehr to 100,000 men with few arms. These steps produced nothing more than official protests from the United Kingdom and France; they were more serious about enforcing the economic provisions of the treaty than its miliitary restrictions. Many Britons felt the restrictions placed on Germany in Versailles had been too harsh, and they believed that Hitler's aim was simply to undo the extremes of the treaty, not to go beyond that. This sentiment was underscored by the signing of the Anglo-German Naval Agreement, which authorized Germany to build a fleet one third the size of the Royal Navy.
Hitler moved troops into the demilitarized Rhineland on March 7, 1936. But, as before, Hitler's defiance was met with inaction, despite Poland's proposal to put the Franco-Polish Military Alliance in action.
In 1936, Adolf Hitler demanded to have a private meeting with Arnold J. Toynbee who was visiting Berlin the same year to address the Nazi Law Society, and Toynbee accepted. In the meeting, Hitler emphasized his limited expansionist aim of building a greater German nation, and his desire for British understanding and cooperation. Toynbee was convinced of Hitler's sincerity, and endorsed Hitler's message in a confidential memorandum for the British prime minister and foreign secretary.
The first non-violent German conquest was Austria. After Italy had joined Germany in the Anti-Comintern Pact, quickly removing the main obstacle of an Anschluss of Austria, Germany announced the annexation on March 12, 1938, making it the province "Gau Ostmark" of what was now Greater Germany.
With Austria secured, Hitler turned his attention to the German-speaking population of the Sudetenland border regions of Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovakia had a large and modern army backed with a sizable armament industry, and had military alliances with France and the USSR. It also had informal links with the United Kingdom, largely due to the United Kingdom being militarily allied with France. Despite this, Hitler, encouraged by reluctance of major European powers to stop his violation of post World War I treaties, was prepared to risk war. He was convinced that France would shrink back again, not fulfilling her treaty obligations to Czechoslovakia. His first order was to seize Sudetenland, based on the right of self-determination for a unification with Germany. This region formed about 1/3 of Bohemia (western Czechoslovakia) in terms of territory, population and economy, and was claimed to be vital for Czechoslovakia's existence. With Austria in German hands, this part of Czechoslovakia, equipped with a defense system that was larger than the Maginot line (see Czechoslovak border fortifications), was nearly surrounded by Germany.
Following lengthy negotiations and blatant war threats from Hitler, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain with French leaders tried to appease Hitler. In the Munich Agreement of September 30, 1938, the major European powers allowed German troops to occupy the Sudetenland, for the sake of "peace in our time". Czechoslovakia had already mobilized over one million men and was prepared to fight for independence, but was not allowed to participate in the conference. When the French and British negotiators informed the Czechoslovak representatives about the agreement, and that if Czechoslovakia would not accept it, France and Britain would consider Czechoslovakia to be responsible for war, President Edvard Beneš capitulated. German forces entered the Sudetenland unopposed, celebrated by the local ethnic German population. Soon after, Polish and Hungarian forces also invaded parts of Czechoslovakia. Poland annexed the Zaolzie area.
Hitler continued to put pressure on the Czech government. On March 14 Slovakia declared her independence under Jozef Tiso, which was recognized by France, Britain and other important powers. The following day, Emil Hácha accepted a German occupation of the remaining parts of the Czech lands. From the Prague Castle, the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was proclaimed by Hitler.
Soon after, the Memel territory which had been separated from Germany in 1920 and annexed by Lithuania was returned to Germany, under a German-Lithuanian treaty concluded on March 23, 1939.
Economic expansion of the Third Reich
The preparations for the Second World War were also made in the economic sphere, as the German government exerted pressure on weaker governments to place their economies at the disposal of the German war machine. One such case was the German-Romanian economic agreement of March 23, 1939.
- A film clip All Nations Shaken By War (1938) is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).| | <urn:uuid:f07b6f33-e592-4790-b424-304aa6dff22b> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104512702.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20220705022909-20220705052909-00295.warc.gz | en | 0.970692 | 1,922 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Tim Lucas, 919-613-8084, firstname.lastname@example.org
DURHAM, N.C. – Uncertainty is not a reason for inaction on U.S. climate policy.
That’s the message William L. Chameides, dean of Duke University’s Nicholas School of the Environment, will share with federal policymakers when he testifies at a U.S. House of Representatives Subcommittee on Environment hearing Thursday, April 25 in Washington, D.C.
Chameides is one of three scientists invited to present expert testimony on policy-relevant climate issues before the House subcommittee at a 10 a.m. hearing in room 2318 of the Rayburn House Office Building.
In his testimony, he will brief the subcommittee on numerous scientifically documented changes that have occurred in Earth’s climate system over the past century, from substantial increases in surface temperatures and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations to rapid glacier melt and precipitation extremes.
These observed changes demonstrate that global warming is already occurring and is not merely conjecture based on future climate models or simulations.
Human-caused climate changes and impacts will continue for many decades and in some cases for many centuries, Chameides will explain. The precise nature of these impacts cannot be predicted with great certainty, in part because scientists are not yet able to predict exactly how the climate will respond to increasing levels of greenhouse gases and in part because we are unable to predict how our energy and economy will evolve in coming decades. However, we do know that the risks for human well-being from climate change are considerable.
In the face of uncertain but substantial risks from climate change, a prudent course of action is to develop and implement a risk-based and flexible response to the climate change challenge, Chameides will tell policymakers.
He will summarize the recommendations of a report entitled “America’s Climate Choices,” which was issued in 2011 by the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) at the request of Congress. More than 90 experts from the public and private sectors contributed to the report, which is considered one of the most comprehensive and objective analyses of climate change’s causes and consequences to date. Chameides, an NAS member and atmospheric scientist by training, served as vice chair of the report.
The report’s recommendations include many “win-win” opportunities, where policy actions to curb climate change also will yield economic and social benefits, such as increasing U.S. energy independence, reducing communities’ vulnerability to natural weather extremes, and mitigating air pollution and its health impacts.
The Subcommittee on Environment is part of the House Committee on Science, Space and Technology.
Chameides’ testimony before the subcommittee will be posted online following Thursday’s hearing and linked to this story.
The “America’s Climate Choices” final report is available free online at http://nas-sites.org/americasclimatechoices/sample-page/panel-reports/americas-climate-choices-final-report/. | <urn:uuid:4ddd68a9-a384-4282-a582-5a89a73fbcaf> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | https://nicholas.duke.edu/news/dean-chameides-testify-climate-change-us-house-subcommittee-0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645167576.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031247-00309-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918034 | 635 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Google "OBD II codes P0401" and you'll find this:
Insufficient EGR Flow
What does that mean?EGR stands for Exhaust Gas Recirculation. It is part of the vehicle emmissions system, and is used to reduce combustion temperature and pressure to control Oxides of Nitrogen. There are generally three parts to the EGR system: the EGR valve, an actuator solenoid, and a differential pressure sensor EGR (DPFE). These things work together to deliver the correct amount of recirculation based on engine temperature, load, etc. The P0401 code means that OBD detected an insufficient amount of EGR.
SymptomsYou may notice drivability problems such as pinging (a.k.a. pre-ignition knock) when the engine is under load or the vehicle is at higher speeds. There may also be other symptoms
CausesA code P0401 most likely means one or more of the following has happened:
- The DPFE (differential pressure feedback EGR) sensor is faulty and needs to be replaced
- There is a blockage in the EGR (tube), most likely carbon buildup
- The EGR valve is faulty
- The EGR valve may not be opening due to a lack of vaccuum
Possible SolutionsIn fixing this code, it is quite common for people to just replace the EGR valve only to have the OBD code return. The EGR valve is not always the culprit.
- Use a vacuum pump and pull the EGR valve open while monitoring engine RPM's & DPFE voltage. There should be a noticable difference in RPM's with the EGR open
- Clean out the EGR valve and/or tubing to remove deposits
- Check the voltage at the DPFE, compare to specified values (refer to a repair manual for your specific model)
- Replace the DPFE sensor (with a good quality / OEM one)
- Replace the EGR valve | <urn:uuid:ccae5e04-25ca-4d24-be80-6ad3facb8c55> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://answers.edmunds.com/question-2000-Mazda-MPV-check-engine-light-on-157742.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982952852.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200912-00045-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9062 | 413 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Add some fun to your literacy centers and reading time with these fun Easter activities! Kids practice sequence and writing skills while enjoying the book, There Was an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Chick. It’s the perfect compliment to our April Sentence Centers!
If you are new to Pages Of Grace, let me fill you in 🙂 I LOVE incorporating holiday and seasonal fun with math & ELA! It can be so hard to meet all of the standards each day, let alone have time for holiday and seasonal activities. That’s why I create learning activities that do both! If you would love to incorporate more holiday and seasonal fun without sacrificing valuable learning time, be sure to sign up for my VIP email list to receive ideas and exclusive FREE resources with each new season.
As we started planning our units for April, we found this book and knew we had to check it out! My kids always get a kick out the There Was an Old Lady Who Swallowed a…books, so it was a perfect fit for one of our monthly read aloud activities 🙂
PREPPING THE ACTIVITIES
To prep this activity, I printed the picture page on cardstock and cut out the cards with a paper cutter. You can laminate for extra durability. Print the writing page for each student and you’re set. Super easy!
For the sequence activity, the kids spread the cards out on the table or the floor. We talked about each of the things that the old lady swallowed. Then the kids put the cards in the proper sequence. As they placed each card in the correct spot, we talked about why she swallowed that thing.
After doing the sequence activity and talking about the reason that the old lady swallowed each thing, we did this fun writing activity. I started by asking the kids to think about some different reasons that the old lady might swallow each thing. For example, she might swallow the candy because she likes the taste of candy. It was so funny to hear all of the silly things that the kiddos came up with!
We reviewed proper sentence structure, and then the kids wrote their sentences on their paper and colored the pictures. When they were done, the kiddos read their sentences to everyone. They loved hearing each other’s ideas 🙂
GRAB YOUR FREE ACTIVITIES
Join our VIP email list to grab these free activities! As a subscriber, you’ll receive access to our Subscriber Library, which is a growing library of all of our free resources! You’ll also receive tips and ideas for incorporating holiday and seasonal fun with math and ELA. Sign up below, and then hop over and grab our April Sentence Centers, too!
GRAB YOUR FREE RESOURCES HERE!
Join our VIP email list to gain access to our free Subscriber Library, where you can download all of past and future free resources! | <urn:uuid:cf94e92d-8a5f-423f-9d22-c277abf63c62> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.pagesofgrace.com/2017/04/april-read-aloud-old-lady-swallowed-chick.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321938.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627221726-20170628001726-00144.warc.gz | en | 0.945485 | 594 | 2.796875 | 3 |
California gets most of the glory for renewable energy and perhaps rightfully so. As of 2010 it had 27% of installed solar power in the country with 12% of the population. Yet Arizona had 6% of the installed solar with just 2% of the population. (Nevada and Colorado did even better. Both had a 6% share with 0.86% and 1.61% of the population, respectively.)
Arizona clearly has huge solar and wind power potential. The sun shines 300 days a year, and there’s plenty of wind too. As is true elsewhere, much of energy in Arizona is from coal. It is also an exporter of energy, as coal plants on Native American land help power Los Angeles and other areas. But new mandates for coal plants mean that large sums of money will need to be spent to upgrade them to cleaner standards. At some point it becomes more cost-effective to invest in clean energy rather than try to retrofit aging dirty energy plants.
The Curbing Carbon Forum, sponsored by The Southwest Renewable Energy Institute, was held in Phoenix in January and discussed many of these issues. Most importantly, they emphasized, the transition to clean energy is happening, inexorable, and supported by a majority of Arizonans. Chief among the changes needed is a smarter grid, decentralized and varied sources of power, and increased efficiency of power usage. Indeed, too much energy is wasted, either by transmitting it hundreds of miles from Apache land in Arizona to Los Angeles or from “vampire” home appliances and electronics that suck power even when turned off. Smarter electronics and ways of generating power could probably cut consumption substantially with little or any effect on most people.
The Bureau of Land Management has identified 237,000 acres of Arizona land as suitable for renewable energy and is setting aside some of the land so permitting can be further explored. Much of the land is already disturbed and was previously used for mines, landfills, and agriculture. This could lessen environmental concerns since the land is no longer pristine.
GE has bought a stake in the 137 MW Arlington Valley Solar Energy II plant in Arizona. Among other things, they were attracted by the power plants not needing natural gas or coal as fuel.
Renewable energy is coming to Arizona in a big way. It’s heartening to see this isn’t a partisan political issue and that people and politicians from all sides support it.
Join the discussion Please be relevant and respectful.
Too bad the U.S. Government puts spiteful tariffs on cheaper Solar Cell arrays from China. Corporate American inability to produce good efficient solar cells cheaply, competitively, is not a reason to penalize all American citizens, preventing them from acquiring money, energy, savings through Solar installations. This is Ass-hole backwards! Anything at any cost that reduces America's one way debt and negative cash flow to foreign Oil interests, even ones who hate America, war against her, is just fucktard stupid.
300 days of sun and 237,000 potential acres? Arizona is going to leave us behind...get your renewable energy shizz together California | <urn:uuid:ea11bf7d-baa5-464c-9c94-d5c430ce918d> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://ivn.us/2012/03/05/arizona-becoming-a-leader-in-renewable-energy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997890181.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025810-00192-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95941 | 635 | 2.75 | 3 |
By Nick Ottens
452 years ago, the Dutch Revolt against the Catholic king of Spain started. For eighty years, the largely Protestant provinces of the Netherlands fought for their independence. They got it in 1648, when the Peace of Münster (part of the Peace of Westphalia) recognized the Northern Netherlands as an independent republic. But the largely Catholic South remained Spanish until 1714, when it became Austrian. It was briefly joined with the Netherlands after the defeat of Napoleon, but by then the two had grown apart culturally, economically and linguistically. Belgium seceded from the Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1830.
This separation was not preordained. In 1581, Brabant (which is now split between Belgium and the Netherlands), Flanders as well as Mechelen had joined the Northern provinces in their declaration of independence, the Act of Abjuration. But they were quickly reconquered by Spanish forces. Antwerp and Brussels had been the centers of economic and political life in the Low Countries. They too fell under Spanish rule. The North continued as a republic, centered on Amsterdam.
What if the rebels had succeeded in holding the South? What could a United Netherlands have looked like?
What could have been
Peter Vandermeersch, the Belgian-born editor of the Netherlands’ NRC newspaper, suggests it would have been a country of 25 to 30 million today.
Millions of them would speak French. Standard Dutch would sound more like the dialect of Brabant than Holland’s. Perhaps we would be a republic or perhaps a monarchy that celebrated not a member of the House of Orange but a Saxe-Coburger or a descent of the Habsburgs on King’s Day. The center of the country would be the former Duchy of Brabant. The most prosperous city would undoubtedly be Antwerp, a true metropolis that wouldn’t have been stunted in its growth by the blockade of the Scheldt. Amsterdam — unfortunately for the North — would be a nice provincial town.
Let’s take Vandermeersch’s points one by one.
When Dutch was first standardized in the sixteenth century, the Brabantian dialect of Antwerp was the most influential. Hollandic, which was spoken in Amsterdam and the other cities of the northwest, lost out when between 100,000 and 200,000 refugees from Brabant and Flanders, escaping Spanish rule, resettled in the North.
This mix of Brabantic and Hollandic developed into Standard Dutch. In the twentieth century, a combination of national education, urbanization and the rise of mass media weakened regional dialects. Brabantic today sounds a little different from Standard Dutch, which is associated with Holland, but there is no language barrier. In what became Belgium, by contrast, French, the language spoken by the elite, influenced the way Flemish is pronounced, but not the way it is written.
When the Dutch provinces seceded from Spain in 1581, they initially shopped around Europe for a king.
Francis, the Duke of Anjou and a possible heir to the French throne, was considered, but Holland and Zeeland — the two wealthiest regions — rejected him. Francis himself was also dissatisfied with the provinces’ offer of limited sovereignty.
William of Orange, the leader of the Revolt, was asked to become Count of Holland, but he was assassinated before he could accept the offer.
Robert Dudley, the Earl of Leicester, was appointed governor-general of the Netherlands in exchange for English support in 1585, however, his attempt to ban continued Dutch trade with Spain made him the enemy of the big-city merchants who ran the country. Only then did the States General of the Northern Netherlands declare themselves sovereign and a republic was born. The Netherlands finally became a monarchy in 1815 under a descendent of William of Orange.
The Southern Netherlands remained under Habsburg rule. The War of the Spanish Succession switched control from the Spanish to the Austrian branch of the family, which lost it to the French First Republic in 1794.
When the Belgians — irritated by King William I’s Holland-centric development — seceded in 1830, they invited Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, two German principalities, to lead them.
Leopold had been married to the eldest daughter of King George IV of the United Kingdom and still enjoyed support in Britain, which was crucial to securing international recognition of the new Belgian state.
Brabant used to be the cultural, economic and political heartland of the Low Countries. During the Revolt, it became a war zone.
‘s-Hertogenbosch, one of the three largest cities of Brabant, was finally conquered by Frederik Hendrik, the youngest son of William of Orange, in 1629, after six decades of fighting. Antwerp continued to elude him. The wealthy merchants of Amsterdam, who financed the war, were wary of liberating their rival port for fear of losing business. The Republic never made a move on Brussels.
If Holland had been willing to provide the necessary funds, there is a fair chance it could have taken all three cities and with it the entire Duchy of Brabant. When the French briefly allied with the Dutch in the 1630s, they nearly overran the whole of Flanders.
Instead, Brabant was partitioned at the end of the war. The southern half, including Brussels, remained Spanish. The north was admitted into the Republic not as a sovereign province, but as a federally governed entity called Staats-Brabant. The Catholic population were for a long time treated as second-class citizens.
A Dutch blockade of the Scheldt, coupled with Spanish persecution of non-Catholics in the Southern Netherlands, caused tens of thousands of merchants and tradesmen to flee Antwerp and seek refuge in Amsterdam, where they contributed to the Republic’s sudden explosion in prosperity and what was later called its Golden Age.
Frederik Hendrik’s hopes of reconquering Antwerp were never realized. A final battle, in 1638, led to the worst Dutch defeat in the Eighty Years’ War. By then it was probably too late for Antwerp to reclaim its former glory anyway. Amsterdam had already established itself as the entrepôt of Europe. The city’s capitalist ruling class was not going to give up its newfound power and wealth.
What if they had been persuaded by the other provinces? Each, after all, had one vote. Holland was first among equals. Some of the more fanatically Calvinist provinces, led by Zeeland, argued for the liberation of the entire Netherlands.
Vandermeersch suggests Amsterdam would have reverted back to a provincial town, but that seems unlikely. Not only had it become the center of Northern European trade; it was now the financial capital of Europe.
But no doubt it would have had to share the crown with Antwerp, which was favorably situated at the mouth of the Belgian river system. Its proximity to France could have created more opportunities for trade, whereas the Amsterdam-dominated Netherlands became highly dependent on Germany in later centuries. Belgium took full advantage of the Second Industrial Revolution in the nineteenth century, when the Netherlands fell behind. During the Belle Époque, Antwerp could easily have become the richest and most cosmopolitan city of the Low Countries — and perhaps Western Europe.
Nick Ottens is the editor of Never Was, an online, non-commercial alternate-history magazine, formally known as the Gatehouse, with a special interest in the Steam, Diesel and Atomic Eras. | <urn:uuid:d4666a09-8efc-4a26-9ae8-6237d9bdb19c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.sealionpress.co.uk/post/what-if-belgium-and-the-netherlands-had-remained-one-country | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100518.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203225036-20231204015036-00412.warc.gz | en | 0.977332 | 1,603 | 3.609375 | 4 |
MEANING-FORMING DUTIES AND FEATURES OF THE PHONEMES IN WORDS
MEANING-FORMING DUTIES AND FEATURES
OF THE PHONEMES IN WORDS
Vowel phonemes mainly serve for directing or aiming the motion of a thing or the other kinds of events indicated by consonant phonemes within the word. Their meaning-forming duties and features are as followings:
А /a/ ¾ 1) indicates features implying volume, capacity, empty space or space full of matter, substance (in fact there is not absolute emptiness in any place of the universe);
2) indicates the feature of capaciousness;
3) indicates the feature of a definite surface;
4) indicates the feature of one point-object-subject;
5) indicates the feature of unilinear direction;
6) indicates the feature of science, knowledge, Divinity, writing, voice;
7) can indicate the feature of place being used in the end of word;
8) can introduce the word as noun or other part of speech being used in the end of word.
O /o/ ¾ can feature any (only) single point-object, one thing, an outside person not participating in conversation (III person in singular), or one event.
U /u/ ¾ 1) can feature separate position of two points-objects, distance between them, remoteness;
- can feature existence of period, time between events, greatness, being long-time;
- can feature periodicity (cyclicity), i.e. continuation of event starting from one point, from one place, its advancement and then completion, ending having returned to the same point again.
E /e/ ¾ can feature in words direction, aiming of the event, of the process from the previous consonant phoneme towards the next consonant phoneme after this /e/ phoneme. Lets pay attention to two special situations here:
- if the /e/ phoneme is at the beginning of the word, then direction of processes or events starts from this phoneme and turnes to the events featured by the next phoneme after the /e/;
- if the /e/ phoneme is at the end of the word, then direction of processes or events is going to collaps or is turned towards the words following this current word.
Ə /ə/ ¾ 1) specifies the feature of turn of direction of process or event from the consonant phoneme after /ə/ phoneme towards the consonant phoneme staying before it; here we should pay attention to such a peculiarity that, if the /ə/ phoneme is at the beginning of the word, direction of the events is turned either towards the thing (event) itself, or towards the word staying before the current word or towards speaker’s idea;
2) historically in many words the /ə/ phoneme used to replace the /а/ phoneme and, correspondingly, its duties and features.
İ /i/ ¾ 1) another thing exists or another event occurs within (inside) one thing, place or event; (here we should pay attention to such a peculiarity that, these two occurring inner events may be organically related or not related to each other, i.e. they may occur depending on different origins or reasons);
- it can feature belonging, peculiarity (belonging to itself) (in many cases this feature is expressed when the phoneme is at the end of word);
3) in some words it features multiplicity as well.
I /ı/ ¾ (in contrary to directions in the features expressed by the / i / phoneme) features direction of thing or event coming off one thing, place or event, or its effort to move away; in some cases it can feature occurrence of opposite powers and frictions or obstacles during such effort.
Ü /ü/ ¾ features occurence or manifestation of unilinear events face to face, in straight direction or organically.
Ö /ə:/ ¾ can feature a thing or event located in front of a thing; here we should pay attention to the following peculiarities:
- thing or event staying in front does not moves away or nearer being motionless;
- thing or event staying in front moves away or comes nearer;
- the thing is in speaker, narrator or orator himself or the event occurs in himself.
So that to explain to the reader the main duties and features of consonants in simple way, and taking into account a number of other characteristics, they have been classified in nine groups having own titles. They are presented in the Table 1.
|Group №||Groupe Title (main relative words)||Number of the Phonemes in Group||Phonemes
|II||NATURE||4||b, v, p, f|
|III||FIRE||5||d, t, y, g /ɡj/, c /dʒ/|
|IV||LIGHT-SOUND||3||s, z, j /ʒ/|
|V||INSIDE||3||ç /tʃ/, k (backer articulation), ş /ʃ/|
|IX||AH||5||q, k (fronter articulation), ğ /ɡh/, x /x/, h|
Besides, the consonant phonemes included in these groups, the subgroups and their meaning-forming duties and features are given in the Table 2.
Analysis of above stated duties and features of the phonemes on basis of typical words and concepts indicates that they express in words physical, geometrical. psycological notions and events and those concerning the wildlife.
Range of physical concepts and events includes such factors as space, time-period, distance, direction, different influences, work, power, different states of energy and being relatively valuable and etc.
Space concept covers such features as being in one point, in one place (a, ə /ə/, o, v phonemes), instant–space (n phoneme), place (r phoneme), inside-inner (ç /tʃ/ phoneme), surface of a place (a, q /ɡ/, k phonemes) and its edge (q, k phonemes), volume, space, comprehensiveness (a phoneme).
Meaning-Forming Duties and Features
of the Consonant Phonemes in Words
|Concept – the words characterizing the group||Fo
|Concept or feature No||Relative words characterizing the phonemes: appropriate relative concept ¾ appropriate features|
|I||Get (Be)||l /l/||1.1||To “Be”(“Get”) – the factual feature;|
|1.2||To “Do” – the factual and verbal feature;|
|1.3||“Supreme” (multiple, upper, high, big, supreme, great and etc. features);|
|1.4||“Red” the state (colourful world), feature;|
|1.5||“Science” ¾ features meaning knowledge, sense, language, Divinity.|
|II||NATURE||b /b/||2.1.1||“firm” ¾ expression of hardness, integrity, unity, resolution; features of object names considered significant in common use; in explanation of events quickly or clearly catching the eye in life|
|2.1.2||“ever” (also) ¾ the features of sameness, equality, twofold condition, multiplicity; the features of hardness, wholeness, consolidation|
|2.1.3||“nature” ¾ the objects of wildlife|
|v /v/||2.2.1||“vector” ¾ some event or thing moves away from one point, from one place or moves nearer to them, or occurs at the same place;|
|2.2.2||“time, duration” ¾ events occur during time, a while or period; the events are with changes.|
|p /p/||2.3.1||“every” ¾ the features of identity; multiplicity and forming unity by consolidation;|
|2.3.2||“bad” ¾ the features of badness, disorder of things and events;|
|2.3.3||“flat” ¾ the feature of flatness of things.|
|f /f/||2.4.1||the concept meaning “performance”, “expression”;|
|2.4.2||the concept meaning “frail” ¾ relation between thing or events is disturbed, unstable; there appear separations, vacuousness; the events are speedy and cursory; today’s realities lead for futility, vacuousness tomorrow.|
|III||FIRE||d /d/||3.1.1||“bearing” ¾ the state of being subject to big influences, pressures, persistations; firmness, endurance becomes apparent;|
|3.1.2||the events meaning “did”, “does”, “will do” corresponding with the verb “to do”;|
|3.1.3||“age” ¾ the feature appropriate to time;|
|3.1.4||“fiery-live” ¾ the concepts asocciated with wildlife.|
|t /t/||3.2.1||“contact-touch” ¾ light or remote influence;|
|3.2.2||the fact or verb of “do”ing;|
|3.2.3||“heat-time” ¾ the feature appropriate to time or heat;|
|3.2.4||in words connected with wildlife accociated with “grassy or meat food”|
|y /j/||3.3.1||to “bend” ¾ hint to vitality in thing or in its motion;|
|3.3.2||“life” ¾ the feature of vitality necessary in life;|
|3.3.3||“separate” ¾ а) remoteness of objects or their movement away or their separate condition; features of expense of energy for their approaching as well;
b) accept of /y/ sound when affix is connected to root of word ending with vowel;
c) when the words ending with /k/ accept the affix starting with vowel, the /k/ sound is replaced by /y/ sound.
|g /ɡj/||3.4.1||“power” ¾ when there is powerfulness, brightness, abundant inner force and powers in things or events;|
|3.4.2||“boast” ¾ the features of strong overstating, boasting.|
|c /dʒ/||3.5.1||“excited” ¾ the features of fervency, bellicosity, demostration of powers, physical dynamics, potential energy and its expense;|
|3.5.2||“slight” ¾ the features of little, minor energetic events;|
|3.5.3||“being” ¾ the features of energy, life, power, state in creatures;|
|IV||LIGHT-SOUND||s /s/||4.1.1||“slight influence” ¾ the feature of internal or external powers with relatively slight influence;|
|4.1.2||“Light-sound-heat” ¾ the features of Light (Radiance), sense, heat, time, sound;|
|4.1.3||“family-connection” ¾ the feature of creating unity, connection;|
|4.1.4||“ç /tʃ/-s alternation” ¾ historically in some words the ç /tʃ/ sound was replaces by the /s/ sound;|
|4.1.5||“su” ¾ the feature associated with water. (light within water, the number of the Great Creator’s White Light Particles is big).|
|z /z/||4.2.1||“earthquake” ¾ the feature of vibrating power, having medium values comparatively with the feature of /s/ phoneme; the sounds are buzzy; it features manifestation, display.|
|4.2.2||“ plural affix “iz”” ¾ more powerfull, special state of “family-connection” notion as in the /s/ phoneme.|
|j /ʒ/||4.3.1||“rustle” ¾ the feature of influence of internal, inner dynamical powers (in this case as if the energy has reached the highest parameters);|
|4.3.2||“thirst” ¾ the features of human characters, peculiarities such as craving to live, ardour, avidity, rudeness, horror and etc.|
|V||INSIDE||ç /tʃ/||5.1||“Inside” (inner) ¾ inside features of place, thing and event itself.|
|k /k/||5.2||the features meaning “Inner justice”, “Inner power”.|
|ş /ʃ/||5.3.1||“waterfall” ¾ the feature of severity of internal events, powers, energy, feeling;|
|5.3.2||“double” ¾ the feature of creating inside doubleness, multiplicity entering inside.|
|VI||INSTANT||n /n/||6.1.1||“instant” ¾ the features of space and time;|
|6.1.2||“comprehension” ¾ the feature meaning “to understand”;|
|6.1.3||the feature meaning “human”;|
|6.1.4||“address” ¾ the feature of directing to anything, to anywhere, entering or going out of there;|
|6.1.5||the feature meaning “negation”;|
|6.1.6||the feature meaning “object” (thing, mateial, bodily or spiritual creature).|
|VII||ALSO||m /m/||7.1.1||“also” or “corresponding” ¾ the feature of existing at the same point, at the same place or life; relation, correspondence, analogy between things and events;|
|7.1.2||“means” ¾ the job is done by means of something.|
|VIII||АR||r /r/||8.1.1||“place” ¾ the features of any place, geographic place, place of thing or space where events occur;|
|8.1.2||“ray” ¾ the concepts and features corresponding to other kinds of mechanical power, light, heat and energy;|
|8.1.3||“erа” ¾ the features of time-period;|
|8.1.4||“spirit” ¾ the feature of spirit, sense and intellect;|
|8.1.5||“being” ¾ the features meaning human, animal, “everybody”, “everything”.|
|IX||АH||q /ɡ/||9.1.1||the features meaning “Just-God”, “justice-right” or ”power”;|
|9.1.2||“edge” ¾ the features of edge of a thing, of surface or brink line of a place;|
|9.1.3||“creatures” ¾ the features of creatures and their reproductions.|
|k` /k`/||9.2||(the same as the features of q /ɡ/ phoneme).|
|ğ /gh/||9.3||“roaring” ¾ the feature of events to undergo change when moving from one environment to another (“babbling”, “wrapping” of events, roaring of voices, “irritation” of forces and etc.).|
|x /x/||9.4.1||“flow” ¾ flow of events of great force, state of not staying in one place, the features of participation, dynamic in events;|
|9.4.2||“fine” ¾ the feature of having good psychological state;|
|9.4.3||“spoiling” ¾ the feature of spoiling of things, events or psychological state.|
|h /h/||9.5.1||the feature meaning “environment”;|
|9.5.2||the feature meaning “state”.|
Some part of Azeri words interpreted in the book
In the word “ad” [ad] (name) the а phoneme: features one point-object or point-subject, also having the features of knowledge and science, capaciousness or comprehensiveness can introduce the word as noun; the d phoneme (for a thing, object, subject that has name) has the feature of firmness and endurance. Therefore, generally it is possible to give name to any matter, thing, event or creature.
“Аç-mаq” [atʃ `maɡ] (to open) ¾ is a verb; here the а phoneme means unilinear direction of opening of something, for instance, of a door, and the ç /tʃ/ phoneme means inside (inner). So, it becomes possible to interfere inside, interior of something (itself) by pulling, pushing something in opposite direction (for instance, the door of room, the lid of chest) or conducting other appropriate operation, thus, the phoneme features of the word “аç” [atʃ] conform to these.
In the word “ip” [ip] (rope, cord, string) (a noun) the p phoneme indicates the feature of identity or multiplicity under the ever concept (tying of two ends of cord to two points or winding round something by length). [We should note that, the word “ip” also expresses the feature of length of the thing basing on the feature of the i phoneme to creat multiplicity; opposite variant of this word is pi (p in mathematics) which expresses the feature of compactness, assembling in one place].
In the word “ada” [a`da] (island) (a noun) the first a phoneme expresses one point, one place, surface of one area, and the d phoneme expresses the features of firmness, steadiness under the bearing concept (towering of the island above water and impossibility to go beyond the bounds ¾ to water), endurance (insolubility of the rocks making the island in water during the long time), stop of events (occurence only within the island, overland), and the last a phoneme expresses the place concept alongside with the noun generation feature.
In the verb “gör–mək” [ɡo:r`mək] (to see) the g phoneme expresses the feature of power (seeing ability of eye), the ö [o:] phoneme – the feature of being in front of eye, the r phoneme – both feature of place (of seeming object) and the feature of seeing (human or animal) under the being concept and the feature of light going from seeming object to the eye under the ray concept. We should note that, when we say “some person’s (scientist’s) opinion (point of view)”, the r phoneme in the word “gör” here imparts the feature of mind, intelligence under the spirit concept.
In the verb “gül–mək” [ɡül`mək] (to laugh) the g phoneme (fronter articulation of /ɡ/) indicates interpretation of the feature of brightness, abundant inner energy in loughing person under the power concept, the ü /ü/ phoneme – the feature of straight direction directed to laughter object, the l phoneme – both the feature of be-ing of the previous event, the feature of do-ing (implementing laughter incident), and the feature of demonstration of mind-intelligence, knowledge of laughing person (extent of these features is significant in laughter process) under the science concept.
In the word “boru” [bo`ru] (pipe) the b phoneme indicates both the feature of entry in sameness (invariability) and multiplicity (along circle and length of inner and outer surfaces) under the ever concept, and the feature of hardness, unity and integrity under the firm concept, the o phoneme indicates the features of unity of the pipe and its gap (its integrity along its sides), the r phoneme – the features of lengthwise position of place – gap under the place concept, and the u phoneme – the features of length of the pipe; besides, ru part of the word shows ability of any substance (liquid, gas) to swash (r) through the pipe with energy, pressure (r) to the long distance (u) under the ray concept.
In the word “saat” [sa`at] (watch, clock) the s phoneme indicates the feature of influence of relatively little external (the power needed for operation of the watch) and internal (for turning, movement of parts in mechanism) power and its result under the slight influence concept, the a phoneme indicates the feature of unilinear development, movement direction (movement of the hand and indication of the figures by it), the second a phoneme indicates repetition of the features of the previous a phoneme, and the t phoneme indicates the feature of time under the heat-time concept.
In the word “arхayın” [arxa`jin] (confident, convinced, assured) the previous and the next a phonemes explain the feature of unilinear direction, the r phoneme – the feature regarding spirit, sense and intellect under the spirit concept, the х /x/ phoneme – the feature of accumulation of events in one place and participation in them (at least by intelligence) under the flow concept; “rх” /rx/ part of the word can indicate nonexited, patient state of spirit, mind in higher concepts; the y /j/ phoneme is in connector role between the a phoneme and the ı /ı/ phoneme; the ı /ı/ phoneme replaces the i sound according to the low of vowel harmony, and it expresses the feature of direction in inside or to inside; n phoneme depending on the place of use of the word mainly can indicate the human, the comprehension, in some situations the address or the thing concepts. [As we see here, it is not correct to define the meaning of the word “arхayın“ by the word “arхa“ [arxa] (back) with the place meaning].
In the word “behişt” [be`hiʃt] (paradise) the b phoneme expresses the feature of living creation (human) under the nature concept, the h phoneme – the feature of environment and states in the paradise, the e phoneme – the feature of direciton of getting to this environment, to these states from natural world, the i phoneme – existing inside (within paradise), the ş /ʃ/ phoneme – the feature of severeness of paradice events and of state of feeling them under the waterfall concept, the t phoneme – the feature of occurrance of events towards inside, in interior of the paradise under the “t-inside alternation” concept and the feature of influence felt also from distance in the paradise under the contact-touch concept.
In the word “vahid” [va`hid] (only, sole; just one) the v phoneme indicates the feature of being in one point or approaching to it in state and movement under the vector concept, the a phoneme – the feature of point, the h phoneme – the feature of state; “vah” part of the words expresses the meaning of “being in one point or approaching to it”; the i phoneme shows the feature of inner (internal) variant of this state; the d phoneme indicates persistation, firmness, endurance under the bearing concept. Thus, the word approximately expresses the literal meaning that “there is such state of point that is persistant inside of itself, by itself”.
In the word “iddia” [iddi`a] (pretension, claim) the i phoneme indicates the feature of direction towards interior (to another) or inside (itself), the d phoneme – making subject to big influence, persistation, endurance under the bearing concept, another i phoneme – the feature of belonging to pretender or peculiarity of the event, the a phoneme indicates both the feature of direction towards responsible persons or to event involved in pretension by the line and playing role of noun forming, can express the meanings of knowledge, knowing, notion, explanation and etc. in pretension sphere.
In the word “nümunə” [nümu`nə] (sample, model, pattern, specimen) the previous n phoneme expressing the meaning of thing, human or notion, comprehension, indicates the feature of direction of these to another thing or human (for example, to laboratorian, to pupil, to assaying person, and sometimes for bringing the people to new comprehension, notion) under the address concept; the ü /ü/ phoneme indicates the feature of face to face, straight direction of a man (for example, of laboratorian) with this example (taking a sample), the m phoneme – the feature of entering in analogy (with similiar kinds of this sample or keeping it in hand) under the also concept, the u phoneme – the feature of formation of distance between this sample and its similiar kinds, and “nə” part in the end of the word indicates the meaning of thing (the sample itself).
Some part of German words interpreted in the book
In the word “ich” [ix] ¾ dictionary definition: I (personal pronoun); ¾ the ch indicating dynamics of events under the flow concept, at the same time expresses the feature of good psycological condition under fine concept [a person saying “ich” demonstrates “his ability, his opportunity to achieving a lot” and affirms that “the events concern just himself”].
In the word “kur” [kur] ¾ dictionary definition: cure; being cured, treated ¾ the k phoneme indicates the feature of justice (of effect of curing medicine, of doctor’s knowledge and experience, his effort and etc.), the u phoneme – the feature of length between two points (attitude of attending medical doctor towards the patient; length of time of course of treatment – it duration), the r phoneme – the feature of the person being cured under the being concept, as well as the feature of power (force, heat, light, food, medicine and etc.) of influence (energy) that cured person receives under the ray concept, and the feature of the spirit concept (belief in patient’s recovery, his mood and etc.).
In the adjective “neu” [noj] ¾ dictionary definition: new, fresh ¾ the n phoneme indicates both the thing concept and the feature of time under the instant concept, the e phoneme – the feature of direction towards the edge (side), the u phoneme indicates the feature of long-time period, thus, this word expresses the meaning that “a thing can continue, go (be used) for a long-time”.
In the word “tat” [tat] ¾ dictionary definition: action, act, deed ¾ the t phoneme indicates the feature of direct or distant influence under the contact-touch concept, the a phoneme – the feature of unilinear direction, the t phoneme in the end indicates the do-ing concept.
In the word “woche” [`voxe] (week) the w /v/ phoneme indicates the feature of accumulation of events (the days of the week) in a unity, the o phoneme – the feature of one point, one place (a group of seven), the ch /x/ phoneme – the features of accumulation of fluent events in a unity and dynamics (alternation of the days of week) under the flow concept; the e phoneme both acts as noun former, and indicates continuability of the weeks.
In the word “ndhe” [`neje] (nearness, closeness) the n phoneme indicates the feature of direction towards something under the address concept, the d phoneme – the feature of being ahead, the h phoneme – the feature of environment and state, the e phoneme – the feature of direction of person looking near to see or feel closeness to somebody.
In the word “zaun” [saun] (fence) the z phoneme indicates the feature of manifestation inside, and the a phoneme – the features of unilinear direction of the fence (lengthwise and vertical), the u phoneme – the feature of length of the fence, the n phoneme indicates that the fence is a thing and its address concept.
In the word “boot” [bu:t] (boat) the b phoneme indicates the features of integrity, unity, consolidation under the firm concept (hull of the boat), the o phonemes express the meaning of two shores or water and boat, the t phoneme – the feature of slight contact under the contact-touch concept (to the shore and to water, contact of water with boat).
In the word “fern” [fern] (distant, remote; far, faraway) the f phoneme indicates the feature of presence of confusion, (relative) void (in thoughts) in events and things (for example, this and that place) and in relation between them under the frail concept, and explains the feature appropriate to performance concept; “er” part of the word expresses the meaning of place, the n phoneme indicates the feature of directing there in thought under the address concept and the fact that there is a place.
In the word “hirn” [hirn] (brain) the h phoneme indicates the feature of environment, and the i phoneme – the features of direction of occurence inside (in brain) or entering inside on thinking process, the r phoneme indicates both the features of sense, intellect, comprehension under the spirit concept, and the feature of place of occurence of the event under the place concept; the n phoneme expresses the thing concept (brain, thought, sense) and the features of direction towards the thing (brain), entering in it or getting out of it under the address concept.
In the word “wind” [vind] (wind) the w /v/ phoneme indicates the features of approaching of the wind to one point, to one place, being in it, there or moving away from there under the vector concept, the i phoneme – the feature of direction influencing inside, the n phoneme – the features of address and thing (wind), the d phoneme – the feature of exposing to big influence under the bearing concept.
In the word “abend” [`abend] (evening) the a phoneme indicates the feature of unilinear direction towards evening time and the duty of point or surrounding (the evening itself), the b phoneme indicates the features of entering in analogy and multiplicity under the ever concept, the n phoneme – the feature of directing to instant-time under the instant-time and address concepts, the e phoneme – the feature of direction towards this instant-time, the d phoneme – both the features persisting, staying mentally on evening thought under the bearing concept, and the featrue of this time under the age concept.
In the word “donner” [`donner] (thunder; lightning) the d phoneme indicates the feature of exposing or being exposed to pressure, to big influence, the o phoneme – the feature of one point where event occurs (for example, source of thunder), the n phoneme – the feature of place, the next n phoneme – the feature of directing somewhere (for example, to another charged cloud pile) under the address concept; “er” part of the word expresses sound, light and other such energy, power features under the ray concept.
In the word “freund” [frojnd] (friend) the f phoneme indicates the feature of performance, the r phoneme – the feature concerning spirit, mind and intellect under the spirit concept and the feature of human under the being concept; the e phoneme provides direction of these features towards “und” (and) particle expressing the meanings of relation and unity.
In the word “obyekt” [objekt] (object) the o phoneme indicates the feature of one point, the b phoneme – the feature of interpretation of the things, events that catch the eye, clearly visualized on the general background, in the general view, is considered to be very significant in life under the firm concept, the y phoneme indicates the feature of interpretation of vitality obsered in matters, things and in their states and motions under the bend–ing concept, the k phoneme indicates the feature of peculiar state, quality right of the object under the truth concept (the object itself is a truth), the t phoneme – the features of the influence felt by touching or from distance and its result under the contact-touch concept; the e phoneme explains direction of observation towards the events expressed by “kt” particle.
Some part of Russian words interpreted in the book
Oб [ob] (preposition) ¾ dictionary definition of the word: about, of, in; oб этом ¾ about it; рука об руку ¾ arm in arm, joint. ¾ The Б /b/ phoneme indicates both the features of hardness, integrity, unity, resolution under the firm concept, and the feature of entering in analogy: twain, twoness or multiplicity under the ever concept depending on place of use in the sentence.
Tы [ti] (pronoun, II person in singular) ¾ you; ¾ here the T /t/ phoneme indicates both the feature of the influence felt from distance and its result under the contact-touch concept, and the feature of interpretation of live creatures and events related to them under the fire-food concept.
Лоб [lob] ¾ dictionary definition: forehead ¾ here the л /l/ phoneme indicates the feature of the fact of be–ing, the verb do–ing and science, knowledge concept, the o phoneme indicates the features of one point, one place (the place of the forehead on head), and the б /b/ phoneme – the features of the firm concept and the features of entering in analogy, consolidation under the ever (also) concept. Thereby, literally the word expreses the meaning that “it is a place on head, which is firm and science and knowledge are assembled there and received from there”.
Жить [ʒit] ¾ dictionary definition: to live ¾ in this verb the ж /j/ phoneme indicates the feature of great vitability of human, animal under the thirst concept, “жи” /ji/ part indicates his/its condition in direction yearning to inside, to inwards of this life, and that he/it will live “for himself/itself”, and the ть /t’/ phoneme indicates the feature of do–ing (of life) verb.
Нож [noʒ] ¾ dictionary definition: knife ¾ here the н /n/ phoneme can express the features of thing (knife) and its direction to something (cut, minced thing) under the address concept, the o phoneme – the feature of one point (cut, minced thing), and the ж /ʒ/ phoneme indicates the feature of abundance of influence of the physical power applied to the knife.
Рай [raj] ¾ dictionary definition: paradise ¾ here the р phoneme expresses the spirit and place concepts, the a phoneme – the features of volume, capacity and unilinear direction (mainly from down to up), and the й /j/ phoneme – expresses mainly the life concept and a bit separate concept. Therefore, this word literary means “spiritual place for upper life of the spirit”.
In the word “паук” [pa`uk] (spider) the п /p/ phoneme explains the feature of entering in unity under the every concept, the a phoneme – the feature of linear direction, the у phoneme – the concept of imaginary length between two points (between hunt and spider itself and the net lines), the к phoneme – expresses both the feature of being under the created beings concept, and the features of connection, joining of the spider net under the power concept, and the fact that the spider eats hunted insects and emits out the net material from its body under the just concept.
In the word “даже” [`daʒe] (even) the д /d/ phoneme indicates persistation, staying on important idea under the bearing concept; the a phoneme explains the features of surrounding and linear direction, the ж /ʒ/ phoneme – the feature of raise of influence of idea in conversation up to very high value under the rustle concept; the e phoneme implements the duty of direction for paying attention to speaker’s, orator’s opinion.
In the word “дуэль” [du`el] (duel) the д /d/ phoneme indicates persistation, two persons’ face to face position, exposing and being exposed to big influence under the bearing concept; the у /u/ phoneme indicates the feature of formation of interval, as well as distance between two persons, “эль” /el’/ part of the word expresses the meaning of be-ing and do–ing in contrary to each other (for example, shooting).
In the word “игра” [iɡ`ra] (game) the и /i/ phoneme expresses the inside feature, the г /ɡ/ phoneme – both just and power concepts; the р phoneme indicates the feature of mind and intellect in the game under the spirit concept, potential energy and its spending under the ray concept, the a phoneme indicates linear direction and implements the duty of noun formation. Thereby, literaryly the word approximately means “spending internal power, right and will (for some purposes)”.
In the word “рельс” [`rels] (rail) the р /r/ phoneme indicates the feature of place where event occurs, and the e phoneme – the feature of direction towards the edge (lengthwise), “ль” /l’/ phoneme explains be-ing feature, с /s/ phoneme explains the features of unity under the family–connection concept. Thereby, the word means that the rails are very long and expresses the meaning of successive order of the rails lengthwise, connected by ends during construction of the rails.
In the word город [`ɡorod] (city) the г /ɡ/ phoneme indicates the feature of surface of a place and of its edge, borderlines under the edge concept, the o phonemes – the feature of one point, the р /r/ phoneme – the feature that this point is a place (place of the city); the д /d/ phoneme besides features of having walls (there used to be also walls around city) and stability under the bearing concept, expresses the features of occurrence of events here (enemies cannot freely enter the city which has walls; inside of city, city life, events occurring here differ from those on the outside) and the features of people living in city, creatures (people) under the fiery concept.
In the word холод [`xolod] (cold) the х phoneme indicates feature of spoiling, disturbance of events (this is human psycology) under spoiling concept; “oл” particle of the word explains the fact of being (ol–ma), and “од” particle – feature of events related with creatures under fieri (odlu) concept. The word expresses such literal meaning that, if there is interference to normal heat, temperature in human body from surrounding (or from inside), and if he is cold, it means “occurrence of disturbance in heat”.
In the word чепуха [tʃepu`xa] (nonsense, rot, rubbish) the ч /tʃ/ phoneme indicates inside concept, the п /p/ phoneme indicates feature of entry in multiplicity and identity under bad and ever concepts; “чеп” [tʃep] particle of the word indicates the notion of direction of “inside to bad and identic multiplicity” (by feature of the e phoneme), the х phoneme – rotten concept, the у phoneme – existence of imaginary distance between two points (p and x phonemes) and the feature of direction of advancement of idea or talks on this line; the а phoneme indicates features of talk, comprehending, knowing the world like this, and indicating features of comprehensiveness, voluminousness expresses excessiveness, plentiness of spiel and chatter.
Translated by Amiraslanova Kamala Ahad gizi | <urn:uuid:8566c99e-7540-418d-bf69-526fd0e75400> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://www.aqra.az/en/meaning-forming-duties-and-features-of-the-phonemes-in-words/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371803248.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200407152449-20200407182949-00537.warc.gz | en | 0.88967 | 9,288 | 3.671875 | 4 |
The federal government agency which has the mandate to govern and protect the milieu and human wellbeing in the United State is the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA also known as USEPA).This agency is responsible for the scripting and implementing regulations that are generally supported by the rules which are usually passed and amended by the congress (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 133). The main headquarters of this organization is in Washington D.C and is here where all the environmental rules are foreseen and program implementation authenticated for other federal agencies that are regulated by this agency.
This agency commenced operation in the year 1970 20th of December; this was after it was by president Richard Nixon proposed. President Nixon signed the regulation within the agency into law after the agency establishment was authenticated through by the members of the congress. This has seen the agency from since having the mandate of the chief liabilities in the whole of the states in America for administering and regulating the policies that are concerned with the environmental safety.
The president of the Unites State is the only one, who has the full capability of appointing the administrator of this organization. However, there is no connection of the agency with the cabinet in any way, after been appointed the administrator is also offered a position in the cabinet ranking, the administration that is now led by president Barrack Obama appointed Lisa P. Jackson as the current administrator for this agency (Government Institutes).
The number of the employees that are registered in the payroll of EPA accumulate up to 18,000, this are mainly the full time laborers of the agency, they are divided into several department of engineering, scientists and ecological defense analysts, this are considered the key players in the agency the other department include public affairs, computer whiz and legal and financial departments. This agency all over the United State has ten regional offices and also houses about twenty seven laboratories all over this region, this are the main centers that the agency performs most of the analytical research, assessment and environmental edification.
This agency main function is usually to lay down and impose regulation that govern under several ecological rules national standards, this they perpetuate with incorporating and consulting with different government and non governmental bodies such as the state, the local government and the community of the whole country. It has the power to permit, monitor and impose the standard conscientiousness to all the natives which are in America and the locals of the states. These enforcement has some penalties for those who are founding flouting the regulation that are emplaced this includes sanctions, jail terms and fines among the few remedies that are enforced by this agency. This agency also incorporates other governmental organization into forming drives and programs that are beneficial to the environment and which enhance conservation matters which are ecologically related (William, 44).
Role of Regulation in United State
The rules that would govern the environmental issues like degradation, pollution and green house gases (carbon) emission became a concern in the 1970s, this made the then president Richard Nixon to impact on ecological and preservation of the environment campaign that resulted to the proposing and establishment of EPA (Ferrey, 74). This the president conveyed with executive orders to the congress of the U.S the planned which was initiated as the Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1970.
This formed the agenda of the establishment of EPA; this was considered to be a single self-governing bureau which had other smaller arms formulated under it, which hosted other various arms of national bureaus (US National Research Council, 90). The government before the establishment of EPA had not structured any mechanism that was in charge of regulating and enforcing comprehensively on the pollution, this was a mina concern due to the effect that pollution has in causing harm to the health of humans and the degradation effect that it impacted on the ecosystem.
After the establishment the roles of regulation and enforcing the appropriate rules that governs the well being of human and the task for mending the harm committed to the natural ecosystem was assigned to EPA. This gave the agency the mandate of establishing criteria that are favorable to making the environment cleaner and enhancing the good health to the residence of this country. The programs were branded making America to be clean and safer country for the next generation. This made this agency to enter into the many independence bureaus that have an executive branch in the government of the United State. The main regulating power for the roles that it performs is generally derived from pollution control programs, this are basically allocated to them by the congress amended statures (Government Institutes).
Over years that have passed the success story of the agency in regulating pollution in all the states in the United State, there were couple of unyielding years this are in the 1980s and the early 1990s when congress were in tug of war over incorporating the bureau with the cabinet echelon department, however, this did not succeed as the agency still retained the independent title, although a confirmation by the senate after the appointing by the president is injected.
The administrator as the executive of the Bureau is answerable to the president although they are not a member of the cabinet of the United State. There are assistant administrators that are employed to oversee that the primary programs that the agency are responsible with are running effectively. They are responsible for all the responsibilities that this bureau is in charge of, these includes regulation on pollutants, pesticides, prescription drugs and drugs trafficking, development and research, solid waste and water (Marc Et al. 72).
To sum up, EPA’s activity can be divided into two large sections: the first one is administering the laws passed by congress; the second one is the rules which EPA creates. as a rule, laws are rather general, and to keep order in the area controlled by these laws and to provide their functioning, it is necessary to elaborate additional regulative documents.
There are six general topics in rulemaking by EPA: Air, Water, Pesticides, Toxic Substances, Waste, and General. Each of these topics relates to a series of laws: for example, the “Air” topic includes rulemaking connected with the Clean Air Act: this act has granted EPA with authority to develop amending initiatives (Rulemaking Gateway).
- Rulemaking by EPA has the following stages:
- Stage of Pre-Proposal.
- Proposal (at this stage, the initiation is available for public feedback).
- Final Rule is Published.
- End of Development (Rulemaking Gateway).
According to Turner (93) all the funding of the drives and the running of the bureau are regulated by the congress, this also financed by several other nongovernmental investors that are aligned with the agency. Under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) this agency did discharge the final guideline that mandate the legal responsibility of tenable lenders, this was regulated and enforced by the agency under the provision of this act in April. However, the agency expectation were aimed high as the outcome was not as it had been targeted, this was not the case because under the new regulations there are exemption under the provision of CERCLA, which does not favor secured creditor, although this change is aimed at reducing the burden from real estate investors not the associated corporations that feel that the regulation does not favor them (Sparrow, 86).
However, after clear elucidation it showed that the regulation never the less does not entirely cover the assumed financial burden of the investors, this is because there is bound to be more confusion as the regulation are tricky to understand, this is because it states it for but in the end it is against which it has alleges that it regulates. This has brought speculation of litigation by environmentalist and the producers in due month, this is in the view that the new regulation far surpasses the legal immunity that is mandated to the secured creditors (Lee, 100). However, because this has not fully been impacted upon and the stakeholders have not raised concerned the government is yet to regulate the lending option that have been amended in the CERCLA Act rules and regulation, the federal government addressing this have promised that the government would look into the plight of the grief party and try to amend the areas that have brought about confusion. This leaves the investors in the dark awaiting the federal government word of the amendment on the lending exemption correction to be injected in the CERCLA rules to be revised for probable transformation.
The laws in this field are aimed at protecting human health and environment. EPA administers a range of laws; here some of them are listed:
- Atomic Energy Act (AEA);
- Chemical Safety Information, Site Security and Fuels Regulatory Relief Act;
- Clean Air Act (CAA);
- Clean Water Act (CWA) ;
- Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA, or Superfund);
- Energy Policy Act, and others.
As well, EPA fulfills rulemaking in this field. It is focused mainly at providing exact quantitative indicators which are the guides for industrial enterprises, local power, etc. This process is carried rather actively: each month, EPA initiates a series of regulatory actions. For example, during April 2010, 6 initiations took place. One of them is Water Quality Standards for the State of Florida’s Estuaries and Coastal Waters: it is aimed at quantitative limitation of pollution in estuaries and coastal waters of Florida. It is obvious that a law cannot consider such minor details; that is why EPA makes specifications. This initiation is certainly a rather important measure: estuaries and coastal waters have huge influence on human health, which is in turn the basic of the nation’s human capital (Water Quality Standards for the State of Florida’s Estuaries and Coastal Waters).
- This is an example of amendments to the law; sometimes, EPA offers independent initiatives. For example, one of their projects is Gas Mandatory Reporting Rule Requirements, and supplementing Corporate Parent and NAICS Code in the Greenhouse Gas Mandatory Reporting Rule Requirements (proposal phase). This initiative outlines a circle of agents which will report EPA annually: they are suppliers of petroleum, gas and industrial gases, as well as facilities with defined GHG emissions and a range of vehicle and engine manufacturers; EPA also states that Corporate Parent and NAICS Code should be included to the report (Corporate Parent and NAICS Code in the Greenhouse Gas Mandatory Reporting Rule Requirements).
- These are rather useful initiations: they will help public and corporations to assess GHG emission of different facilities. These reports will provide timely and structured flows of information which will help EPA in its regulation concerning greenhouse gas, which means that this regulation will become more effective. The final result of regulation of greenhouse gas emission is holding back the serious climate change which becomes more and more intensive. As well, reporting to EPA will make the agents more responsible.
- Such projects need institutionalization: they require creating the body responsible for collection and procession of this information. Federal government and other institutions are likely to be involved in this process.
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
The primary responsibilities of United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is basically to regulate and make obligatory ecological rules, this include the CERCLA Act, Clean Air Act, Recovery Act and many more beneficial provisions that are passed by the congress in favor of EPA rules. These rules are instilled that they maybe conformed in the national, local government and state level of governance. The rules give EPA the authority to inject and deploy sanctions and charge fines to those that flout the regulations (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 222).
Among the major success of this agency is mostly relied on the ban emplacement on toxic material that is harmful to the ecosystem and the advocating for a clean and safe nation. One of the accomplishments that have been well deserved and came at the best time due to the implication that it would have later caused is the ban on the utilization of the DDT pesticide, another which was highly ranked by the United Nation is the cleaning up of the country worst nuclear power plant in the Three Mile Island and funding of Superfund which is responsible for cleaning of the toxicities areas in the nation and the reduction of ozone aerosols chemicals and the regulation that eradicated chlorofluorocarbons sites in the whole country.
In assistance to the states governments EPA, offers all the state government ecological concerns, this is done through provision of research grant and they also offer fellowship for graduates (Ferrey, 65). The agency mandates in the provision of scholarship to local public edification in enlightening the community to indulge in the ecological protection programs, this is offered in the level of public and personal. This agency also offers funds to the states governance and non governmental organization that are in the facilitating and practicing the regulation that are set by the Agency. They also are the major beneficiary funders of most of the major large scale development projects such as the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund, this drive major objectives is to provide safe and clean drinking water for the habitant of United States.
EPA is the only registered government funded independent agency in the United States, however, there are other organization which are also federally funded by the government to perform the same tasks and responsibilities of taking care of the ecological systems. However they do not have the mandate to enforce the rules like EPA but they only act on behalf of the agency, these federal agencies are centralized in the responsibilities of other programs which are also funded chiefly by EPA, this includes managing of public utility lands and all natural habitat and these mostly apply to the safeguarding of the endangered species and species that are near extinction (Government Institutes).
The governance of the United States only mandates that EPA have the authoritative power to enforce and regulate under all federal government control of pollution (Turner, 112). This is derived from the stated mission of this agency which acclaims that the main aim of this agency is to guard the health of human beings and offer protection to the natural ecosystem which life is dependant.
The creation of this agency is highly associated with creation of a protocol that would govern the other federal agencies that are aligned to the provision of safeguarding the health and well being of the human being and also to halt pollution and degradation of the environment. EPA establishment consolidated all the other agencies like Federal Water Quality Administration which was responsible for regulation of water pollution programs, regulation of pollution of the ecosystem and waste management under the Department of Health, Education and Welfare and the regulation of pesticides under the jurisdiction of Department of Agriculture. EPA harmonized these departments and provided the right regulation for each individual requirement on every division of jurisdiction, and provided them with clear regulatory responsibility aimed at protecting the ecosystem and enhancing the health of human beings. These are commemorated as the agency first opened door to the commencement of business on December2, 1970 (William, 42).
Advantages of US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Among the world one of the most recognized environmental agency with a record of stream of success in matters that are concerned with the ecosystem. This organization have provided remedies or rallied for them by providing funding to the agency that is regulating the projects, it also offers all the state government ecological concerns, this is done through provision of research grant and they also offer fellowship for graduates (Marc Et al, 11).
The agency mandates in the provision of scholarship to local public edification in enlightening the community to indulge in the ecological protection programs, this is offered in the level of public and personal. This agency also offers funds to the states governance and non governmental organization that are in the facilitating and practicing the regulation that are set by the Agency.
According to Sparrow (100) EPA has supported and funded and been accredited to be the major beneficiary funders of most of the major large scale development projects such as the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund, this drive major objectives is to provide safe and clean drinking water for the habitant of United States. Under the agency Recovery act, in Colorado, Denver and California more than $ 500 is said to have been pumped into the project of waste water and drinking water projects that is aimed at provision in the future of clean water in the taps and streams even for the future generation. This projected which incorporated these states Department of Public Health and Environment and help in funding the drives, also in the process offered about 1,000 job opportunities. This only falls within the duration of five month after instilling the project, the safe drinking water initiative has been appraised by other countries government who are allies with the United State.
These projects are funded by the Revolving Loan funds which are reimbursed by EPA, the most flexible aspect on the loan credit facilities is that there is a provision of substantial loan forgiveness; this will actually benefit the community by easing of the economic burden of loan reimbursement forgiveness provision.
EPA involvement in recycling has helped reduce the amount of waste products that cannot decay like plastic, steel and polyethylene materials. The recycling project have also been providing economic benefits to the whole community by increasing a form of employment, and enhancing safe environment and creation of raw material which also enhance provision of other services in different areas (Lee, 231).
Disadvantages of US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
In every successful organization there are always errors that are committed by or within the organization or the management; however, some of this aspects are usually mere speculation and criticism. Over the last three decade that EPA has been in operation that is in regard to environmental regulations there has been criticism on the regulation and enforcing of the environmental rules, most of the critics acclaims that EPA uses an anachronistic approach by enforcing the control and command of the regulatory rules, this organization has been further criticized to be ossified in novelty obstruction, ecological improvement hindrance, undemocratic, confuses when trying to adapt which regulatory reinvention to enforce and this agency has been termed to be economically incompetence. This has brought speculation of litigation by environmentalist and the producers in due months, this is in the view that the new regulation far surpasses the legal immunity that is mandated to the secured creditors (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 193).
There has been struggle within the agency of implementing own reforms, this was basically noted while trying to inject Project XL, this project stand for Excellence in Leadership. This agency has been a regulatory body which enforces other federal agencies and mandates its authority over other organization in crisis unraveling, lithe approach of enforcing collaboratively and compliance to federal and state rules (Government Institutes).
This organization has failed doing so because they have wrangle within the managerial structure. This is best seen when EPA delays to present the report that could have revealed that car manufactures were using some loopholes in the regulation instilled by the agency into the production of less fuel competent motor vehicles caused the controversial energy bill to be passed. The delay allowed the bill to have a pass although it was highly debated against it, after this discovery as the agency had to release the report a day prior to the day that the bill as to be passed. The then administrator acted upon his own merit without consulting the other stakeholders, this are just one of the major flaws within the executive ranks.
The regulation also set by EPA although are there to regulate some of the critics speculate that after clear elucidation it showed that the regulation never the less does not entirely cover the assumed financial burden of the investors, this is because there is bound to be more confusion as the regulation are tricky to understand, this is because it states it for but in the end it is against which it has alleges that it regulates. This has been viewed that the agency unanimity ends when trying to regulate even the smallest chore and innovation. This is due to failing of implementing project XL within their managerial structures (Marc Et al, 74).
EPA has provided the best environment safety and enhanced healthy etiquettes for the well being of the residence and the natives that are within the boundaries of United States of America (Lee, 67). During the time that this organization has been in existence there has been tremendous achievement that has been associated with the agency, however, where there is success there is always bound to be criticism and speculations of how things should have been done.
Some of the critics although they represent some pints of truth in them, there are basically about the agency manner of operation are basically on the regulation and reform that the organization enforces, another is the manner which the organization is managed, this is because in the year 2005, this organization delays delivering a report that would they changed the course of certain bill that was passed. The administrators at that time acted pro government whom were for the bill, this taking of sides on an agency which is for the people brought about uproars and decrease the trust of the public on the agency ((Marc Et al, 173).
Environmentalists are the number one claimers that EPA is not acting upon it mandate of protecting the health for the public, and also that they are in the name of enhancing and supporting and advocating for environmental protection drives, they are in these pretence also degrading the same environment that they have sworn to serve. This has been discovered that the material that they use mostly in the clean water programs contained some residues of harmful metal substance (Sparrow, 32).
However, the success of the organization in controlling and regulating environmental and public health safety has surpassed the criticism that has been outlay by the faith and the accomplishment that the public have seen and benefited from (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 233).
Corporate Parent and NAICS Code in the Greenhouse Gas Mandatory Reporting Rule Requirements. United States Environmental Protection Agency. n.d. Web. 2010.
Ferrey, Steven. Environmental Law: Examples and Explanations. New York: Aspen, 2001. Print.
Government Institutes. How EPA Works: A Guide to EPA Organization and Functions. 2008. Web.
Lee, Kai. Compass and Gyroscope: Integrating Science and Politics for the Environment. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1993. Print.
Marc, Roberts, and Thomas, S. The Environmental Protection Agency: Asking the Wrong Questions. Oxford: Oxford University, 1990. Print.
Rulemaking Gateway. United States Environmental Protection Agency. n.d. Web. 2010.
Sparrow, Malcolm. Imposing Duties: Government’s Changing Approach to Compliance. Connecticut: Praeger Publishers, 1994. Print.
Turner, D.B. Workbook of atmospheric dispersion estimates: an introduction to dispersion modeling, New York: CRC, 1994. Print.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. “Information Resource Management: Access EPA.” Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office journals. 220-B-95-004, (1996) 113-243. Print.
US National Research Council. Environmental monitoring: a report to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Colorado: National Academies, 4 (2008) 89-123. Print.
Water Quality Standards for the State of Florida’s Estuaries and Coastal Waters. United States Environmental Protection Agency. n.d. Web. 2010.
William, S. F. “Hybrid Rulemaking under the Administrative Procedure Act: A Legal and Empirical Analysis.” Chicago: University of Chicago law review. 42(3) (2000) 40-111. Print. | <urn:uuid:a5d2c439-c61d-45dc-99bc-69557e905552> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://premium-papers.com/us-environmental-protection-agency-epa-18/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335034.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220927131111-20220927161111-00750.warc.gz | en | 0.962809 | 4,761 | 3.09375 | 3 |
A small village is located within the marsh. The village's headwoman is Beldeal.
Three thousand years prior to 249 HE, the land was not beautiful nor lush. According to Pounce, it was inhabited by the Ianto clan of the Ysandir race. Ianto was at war with the Searflame clan, of the dragon race. They built trenches in the land and moved large boulders to hurl at each other. After the battles, the land filled with water, creating War Gorge Marsh.
The locals of the marshland say that Merscart of the Green, a minor god, married the goddesses Halseander and Banas, creating the fertile marshes. | <urn:uuid:1c98f8e6-fa47-48f4-a020-5726f5e2ad76> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://tamorapierce.fandom.com/wiki/War_Gorge_Marsh | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145657.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20200222085018-20200222115018-00059.warc.gz | en | 0.977626 | 142 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Children's reasoning about language and race can take unexpected turns, according to University of Chicago researchers, who found that for younger white children in particular, language can loom larger than race in defining a person's identity.
Researchers showed children images and voices of a child and two adults, and asked, "Which adult will the child grow up to be?" Children were presented with a challenge: One adult matched the child's race, and one matched the child's language, but neither matched both. For example, children saw a white child speaking English, a black adult speaking English and a white adult speaking French. The exercise was intended to gauge whether the children perceived language or race as more central to an individual's identity over time. As would be expected, 9- and 10-year-old children chose the adult who matched the featured child's race. By that age, they understood that skin color is relatively stable, whereas language can be learned.
Five- and six-year-old English-speaking white children's responses were a bit more surprising: Most of those children chose the language match, even though this meant that the featured child would have needed to change race.
In explaining the puzzling choices of the 5- and 6-year-old white children, Katherine Kinzler, the Neubauer Family Assistant Professor in Psychology at UChicago, and lead author on the paper published in Developmental Science, said. "From a child's perspective, language offers many of the characteristics of a biologically determined or inherited category. Children usually speak the same language as their families, and they likely do not remember the time as infants that they spent learning a native language."
This finding builds on past research by Kinzler and colleagues, which found that children are highly attentive to others' accent and language: Indeed, language can be more important than race in guiding young children's social preferences for others.
Interestingly, when African American 5- and 6-year-old children were shown the same photos and voices, they performed like the older white children and made a match based on racial identity. "Children of different racial groups may have different experiences with race as a meaningful social category, which could contribute to their performance on this tasks," said Jocelyn Dautel, co-author of the study and a UChicago graduate student.
Other research helps explain why race may be a more salient category for young African American children than for young white children, Dautel said. Research has shown that children who are minorities are more aware of prejudice and stereotypes, and that children of different groups may have different socialization experiences and conversations about race.
In the Development Science paper, entitled "Children's Essentialist Reasoning about Language and Race," the two researchers showed the same stimuli to four groups of children. Three groups were tested in Chicago: 9- and 10-year-old white children, 5- and 6-year-old white children, and 5- and 6-year-old African American children. A final group of 5- and 6-year-old white children were tested in northern Wisconsin; these children lived in a more racially homogenous group than the Chicago children. The researchers found:
- When 9- and 10-year old-white children were asked whether an English-speaking white boy was likely to grow up to be an English-speaking black man or a French-speaking white man, they were more likely to choose the white, French-speaking adult.
- In contrast, when 5- and 6-year-old white children were shown photographs and asked who the white English-speaking white boy was likely to grow up to be, they were more likely to choose an English-speaking black man over a French-speaking white man. This was the case among the 5- and 6-year-old white children in both Chicago and Wisconsin.
- Finally, when African American 5- and 6-year-old children were presented with the same tasks, they were likely to choose the white, French-speaking adult (the race match). These children's responses mirrored those of the older white children, rather than the younger white children.
The paper clarifies how researchers can better understand how young children develop understandings of social categories, Kinzler said. Some theorists have maintained that categorization occurs independently of culture, while others contend that the categories are the result of cultural influence. Kinzler said the work she did with Dautel suggests that both explanations may be valid: Although some understandings about social distinctions are formed early in childhood, others, such as understanding about race, may be highly | <urn:uuid:cce9b6b7-62a7-47f7-baac-2e6b84933735> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-12/uoc-lmb113011.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660158.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00286-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97255 | 936 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Scholars have argued to what extent the speech we know is the work of Wirt or Tucker. He entered into no subtlety of reasoning but was roused by the now apparent spirit of the people as a pillar of fire, which notwithstanding the darkness of the prospect would conduct to the promised land. Here, he stayed though his two terms. The laws outraged many Virginia clergymen, including Henry's uncle. At the end of the session, in August, Henry left Philadelphia for Virginia and would never again hold office outside its borders. This made him closer kin to Washington, as Nathaniel Dandridge was 's uncle. A former delegate, , wanted to join Virginia's adjacent as part of the scheme in 1785.
These events caused Henry and some other Virginia leaders to feel betrayed, and to have little trust in the good faith of the North. Gunpowder incident Royal proclamation against Henry, 1775 On April 21, 1775, Governor Dunmore had the under his command in Williamsburg and take it to a naval ship. Will not absolute despotism ensue? In March 1777, Henry wrote to Washington seeking permission to recruit soldiers for terms of up to eight months. Initially, he failed an attempt to become a storekeeper. Other Protestant groups included the Quakers , the , and the.
Henry was in Richmond for the autumn legislative session as delegate for Prince Edward County. Let us then, unite in offering our most grateful acknowledgments for these blessings to the Divine Author of All Good. They went further, however, to assert that the colonial assemblies had the exclusive right to impose taxes on the colonies and could not assign that right. It was, generally, more placid than his first. Norine Dickson Campbell, in her biography of Henry, found Jefferson's comments unfounded; that Henry's rates were moderate for the time, and cited earlier historians as to Henry's competence.
To cut the knot, which calm prudence was puzzled to untie, was worthy of the magnificence of his genius. Written in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798, which gave the president authority to deport or imprison immigrants, and restricted speech against the government, these resolutions championed state intervention against unconstitutional acts of the federal government and hinted at secession. Without this there can be no virtue, and without virtue there can be no liberty, and liberty is the object and life of all republican governments. In September, Virginia's placed Henry in charge of all of Virginia's forces. The Virginia Constitution required that there be a recommendation from the county court. Henry was engaged as counsel by Maury's parish for this hearing. Contemporary historians observe that Henry was known to have used fear of Indian and slave revolts in promoting military action against the British and that, according to the only written first-hand account of the speech, Henry used some graphic name-calling that Wirt did not include in his heroic rendition.
Patrick Henry gave his speech in March of 1775 at St. This document contained complaints about British actions, but admitted the King could veto colonial legislation, and it urged reconciliation. Henry responded with a one-hour speech, ignoring the question of damages, but which focused on the unconstitutionality of the veto of the Two Penny Act by the king's government. This was Henry's first stay in the North, excepting a brief business trip to New York in 1770 but he found that his actions were well known. In August 1786, John Jay's negotiations for a commercial treaty with Spain aroused suspicions that the Federalist agenda might advance northern mercantile interests and surrender navigation of the Mississippi River at the expense of agricultural Virginia and the southern states.
Henry attended a local school until about the age of 10. I trust in the mercy of heaven that it is not too late. I for one am writing to any official in my state who may hopefully take notice. Invoking John Locke's principles and arguments developed in pamphlets by the burgesses and , Henry challenged the British claim to authority over Virginia's laws. Patrick Henry was sworn into a sleepy session of the legislature on May 20; many of the members had left town.
When Congress on October 26 approved a draft prepared by of Pennsylvania, who had consulted with Henry and also Richard Henry Lee, Henry had already departed for home, and Lee signed on his behalf. Indeed I tremble for my country when I reflect that God is just, that His justice cannot sleep forever. At the May 1783 House of Delegates session, Henry successfully sponsored a resolution to repeal the trade embargo against Britain. Why arent we doing so? Henry had Campbell removed as a militia officer and from his other county offices, as well as ousting Campbell's supporters, replacing them with residents of known loyalty. In 1778,Patrick Henryworked at the state Convention that was later asked to ratify theUnited StatesConstitution. All this we ask in the name and through the merits of Jesus Christ, Thy Son, Our Savior.
He also feels that they have to this day actively supported theforces aimed at further diminishing Russian power and influence inthe region. He educated himself for one year and then got admitted to the bar association for lawyers. A painting of Henry by American artist Alonzo Chappel 1828—1887 was used as the inspiration and as the model by the engraver for this issue. This was seen as a threat to Virginia's established religion, Anglicanism, and did not pass. It ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade, with shows, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires and illuminations, from one end of this continent to the other, from this time forward forever. | <urn:uuid:4633f7a8-d04a-482e-a903-c265a3939d13> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://qva.com.au/patrick-henry-beliefs.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514575076.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20190922032904-20190922054904-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.978334 | 1,153 | 2.96875 | 3 |
The Astrobiology Magazine Guide to TESS
The search for exoplanets is about to receive a huge boost, thanks to a new NASA mission called TESS – the– that is set to embark on a quest to discover thousands of new worlds orbiting the brightest and nearest stars to the Sun.
“The number of Earth-sized and super-earth planets that TESS should find over the course of its two-year primary mission will be in the range of 500 to 1,000 new planets, and overall the number of planets that will be established is likely to be in excess of 20,000 all together,” enthuses MIT’s, who is TESS’ Principal Investigator.
TESS is the successor to NASA’s Kepler mission and is scheduled to blast off this week (its launch window opens on 16 April) from the Kennedy Space Center atop a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket. The spacecraft will spend a minimum of two years patiently searching 200,000 stars all across the sky for the telltale dips in light that tell astronomers that there are planets transiting those stars.
Adding to the exoplanet catalog
Exoplanet hunting has been big business for the scientific community ever since the first worlds orbiting Sun-like stars were discovered in 1995. So far, over 3,750 exoplanets have been discovered. Many of these worlds are large and hot, or rocky and hot, although some are cool enough to potentially be habitable. Although the expectation is that TESS will identify up to 17,000 hot gas giants, up to 500 worlds among its treasure trove of discoveries are predicted to be rocky worlds, including about fifty that will be Earth-sized. Many of these will be in the habitable zones of their stars, where temperatures are just right for liquid water to exist on the surface of Earth-like planets.
The, which is and will end its mission later this year, has discovered 2,649 planets and identified a further 2,724 candidate planets since it launched in 2009. Kepler discovered these planets by detecting what astronomers call ‘transits’.
A transit occurs when a planet orbiting its star appears to move in front of that star from our perspective. As it does so, it temporarily blocks a small fraction of the star’s light, resulting in a tiny change in the star’s brightness. A giant Jupiter-sized planet might block one percent of a star’s light, while an Earth-sized planet may obscure just 0.01 percent. These are tiny variations in a star’s brightness, but not beyond the reach of modern day digital sensors.
The problem is, at no time do astronomers ever directly see a planet that is transiting. We cannot resolve a planet’s silhouette against its star, even with our biggest telescopes. Since other phenomena, such as a plague of star-spots, or a close binary system of two orbiting stars, can also cause a star’s light to appear to dip, how do astronomers know that they have really detected a transiting planet?
Confirming that an exoplanet is real typically relies on measuring the planet’s mass, using a technique known as ‘radial velocity’. This is essentially just a fancy way of saying the Doppler shift. Just as sound waves from a passing police car rise and fall in pitch, so too do light waves from objects moving towards or away from us.
Although planets are much smaller than the star they orbit, their gravity still tugs on their parent star. This results in the center of mass between the star and planet being slightly offset from the centre of the star. Technically the planet orbits this center of mass rather than the star per se, and so does the star. So from our perspective the star appears to move, or wobble, around this center of mass, a motion that creates a slight Doppler shift in the star’s light. The radial velocity technique measures the speed of this wobbling motion. The more massive the orbiting planet, the stronger its gravitational pull and the higher the radial velocity. The confirmation of the wobble and the measurement of the mass of the orbiting body is sufficient evidence to indicate that a planet is present.
Why do we need TESS?
The reason Kepler has found so many unconfirmed ‘candidate’ planets is because many of the stars that it has observed are just too far away and too faint for our telescopes to be able to measure the radial velocity accurately.
This is where TESS comes in. Following in Kepler’s footsteps by detecting exoplanets through transits, TESS will have the advantage of observing stars that will be, on average, ten times closer than the stars Kepler observed, at distances of a few hundred light years at most. Therefore they will be much brighter, which will make follow up observations far easier, resulting in more confirmed planets.
Furthermore, by knowing the mass of a planet from radial velocity measurements and the radius of a planet based on how much starlight it blocked, it is a simple calculation to determine a planet’s density, which can tell astronomers whether that planet is rocky or gaseous in nature, or whether it has a small core and a thick atmosphere, or whether it has a large core covered in deep oceans.
Furthermore, bright stars make something called ‘transit spectroscopy’ easier. As a planet transits its star, the starlight passes through the planet’s atmosphere, where atmospheric molecules, for example ozone or carbon dioxide, absorb some of the starlight. This absorption creates a ‘fingerprint’ in the star’s spectrum – black absorption lines at wavelengths characteristic of the specific molecules that are absorbing the light. By identifying these absorption lines, astronomers can determine what gases are in an exoplanet’s atmosphere. The brighter the star is, the stronger the absorption signal is and the easier it is to detect.
Transit spectroscopy is commonly done for large gas giant planets close to their stars, but currently only NASA’s, when it finally launches, has the resolving power to properly characterize the atmospheres of smaller, rocky worlds. It certainly helps if astronomers can find exoplanets that transit quite frequently, providing multiple opportunities to take measurements in a short space of time. This is why TESS is needed: it will find a multitude of interesting planets that other telescopes can follow up on and study in-depth.
Red dwarf regime
As it happens, there are star systems where rocky planets – and potentially habitable ones at that – are close enough to their star to transit quite frequently. These star systems are the M-dwarfs, which are small, cool stars such as red dwarfs that emit most of their light towards the red and infrared region of the spectrum.
“TESS has been optimized to look in near-infrared light,” says Ricker. “This means that, for the first time, we will open up the regime of M-dwarfs, which comprise about 75 percent of the stars in the Milky Way Galaxy.
M-dwarfs, previously ignored by astronomers, have grown more attractive to exoplanet hunters in recent years. This turnaround has been caused, in part, by ground-based telescopes discovering habitable zone planets orbiting nearby M-dwarf stars such as, and . TESS will transform our understanding of planets around M-dwarfs by searching thousands of them.
Because M-dwarfs are so small, with around a tenth of the mass of the Sun, their planetary systems are also on a much smaller scale than our Solar System. Indeed, the orbits of TRAPPIST-1’s seven planets could fit inside the orbit of Mercury six times over. Furthermore, because M-dwarfs are so cool,.
“The habitable zone for M-dwarfs corresponds to an orbital period for a planet of the order 10 to 14 days,” says Ricker. “So TESS should find a fair number of planets that are in the habitable zone for that class of star.”
Besides M-dwarfs, TESS will also look at other stars across a range of masses up to and beyond the mass of the Sun. Many of these stars will be the stars visible to the naked eye in the night sky, with only the brightest stars in the sky – such as Sirius, Rigel and Vega – being missed out because they are too bright for TESS’ optics.
TESS, armed with a quartet of wide-field 16.8-megapixel CCD cameras, will initially perform a two-year mission. During its first year it will scour the southern celestial sky, and in the second year, the northern sky. This is already an advantage over Kepler, which spent its primary mission staring at a single small patch of sky instead.
The cameras on TESS afford it a 24 by 96 degree field of view, which will stretch from the celestial pole down to about six degrees above the ecliptic plane. TESS will spend 27 days staring at each 24 by 96 degree segment, taking quick snapshots every two minutes and longer full-frame exposures every 30 minutes, watching for the telltale periodic dips in light of a transit.
The wider picture
Following it’s initial two-year mission, there are “options for its continuation,” Ricker tells Astrobiology Magazine, including a search of the stars in the ecliptic plane, which TESS will miss out in its initial survey. “The reason that TESS [h is two years is that it’s part of NASA’s, for which all the missions have a baseline operating period of two years. Then there’s an option for continuing the mission for an additional three years, and then there will be opportunities for extensions at three-year intervals going forward.”
Indeed, Ricker expects the mission to run throughout the 2020s, at least to when the European Space Agency’s(PLAnetary Transits and Oscillations of stars) spacecraft, which is another exoplanet hunting mission, launches. Nor is PLATO the only mission that will be joining TESS. Later this year the European Space Agency will launch a smaller satellite, called (CHaracterizing ExOPlanet Satellite), which will measure the densities of already-known exoplanets with a view to better characterizing those worlds. Further in the future there is also Europe’s (Atmospheric Remote-sensing Exoplanet Large-survey) mission, which will launch in about 2028 to probe the atmospheres of exoplanets. When it launches, NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope will also be able to scrutinize the atmospheres of some of the closest exoplanets, while the large surveys conducted by NASA’s forthcoming (Wide Field InfraRed Survey Telescope) and the ground-based (Large Synoptic Survey Telescope) currently under construction in Chile, will also find many more exoplanets, complementing the work done by TESS and Kepler before it.
Each of these telescopes and space missions will help piece together a bigger picture that describes the range of exoplanets out there in the Universe, how many planetary systems are like the Solar System, how many are different, and how common planets like Earth are, which leads to the next great question: do those planets have life? Indeed, if TESS is successful then it may well find the first truly Earth-like planet around another star. That star is quite possibly going to be one that we can see in the sky with the unaided eye during a dark night. So the next time you go outside to look at the stars, take some time to wonder about what worlds might be out there, because in a few years time, thanks to TESS, we will hopefully know. | <urn:uuid:d0f6e0ae-7d60-4d05-a04d-1720ab5c4c11> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.astrobio.net/news-exclusive/the-astrobiology-magazine-guide-to-tess/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584547882.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20190124121622-20190124143622-00126.warc.gz | en | 0.942356 | 2,459 | 4.21875 | 4 |
exam 3 239
Terms in this set (88)
lungs are a very low what?
pressure system (12mm/Hg)
how is the pressure in lungs measured?
in millimeters per mercury
what are atria?
example of collection chambers
main pumping chambers of the heart
valves prevent what?
backflow (one set is open while the other is closed)
left side failure of the valve is called what?
fibrous covering sack around the heart
muscle wall does the contracting
if you have an infection int he endocardium what is it called?
the heart muscle generates its own what?
stroke volume x heart rate
what is cardiac reserve?
maximum percentage of increased cardiac output that can be achieved above the normal resting level
increasing HR will increase what?
CO if the SV stays constant or increases
increased HR causes what?
decreased ventricular filling
very rapid tachycardias will cause what?
decreased CO also decreased SV
what are stroke volume and cardiac output determined by?
preload, after load, and contractility
what does chronotropic effect modify?
what is cardiac output
amount of blood the heart pumps each minute or the volume of blood ejected by ventricle into the circulation per minute
How does the PNS cause lowing of the HR?
by increasing vagus nerve activity
volume of blood that stretched ventricles. end of diastole. occurs just before systole
what is preload determined by?
venous blood return
end diastolic volume + the amount of venous blood returning to the heart during diastole
end diastolic volume =
venous return to the heart (determines preload)
pressure ventricles must exert to eject blood
main controllers of systemic vascular resistance (SVR) by vasoconstricting and vasodilating
small arteries and arterioles pass through
which types of vessels are more compliant? arteries or veins?
what is the important feature of microcirculation that occurs?
ability of the organs and tissues to regulate their blood flow based on metabolic needs (nutritional needs of the tissues)
why is local control particularly important for skeletal muscles?
skeletal muscle demands change frequently
what are the two mechanisms that control autoregulation?
metabolic and myogenic autoregulation
example of endothelial control of blood flow
nitroglycerin causes a release of nitric oxide - smooth muscle relaxation of vessels
long term blood pressure regulation is controlled by what?
2 physiological processes - renal monitoring and adjusting the extracellular fluid
what is the control of BP very dependent on?
on the kidneys and their regulation of extracellular fluid volume
what nerve are the parasympathetic impulses to the heart transmitted through?
sympathetic side - vagal nerve
increase in blood pressure and heart rate
parasympathetic side - vagal nerve
decrease in blood pressure and heart rate
what is the most common secondary HTN cause?
renal hypertension (reduced renal blood flow due to the activation of the RAA mechanism)
diagnostic criteria for HTN?
what is HTN a major risk factor for?
treatment goals for HTN (measurable goal) BP
decrease BP < 140/90 mm HG
what are treatments for HTN?
modifying risk factors (lifestyle modifications) going to gym, losing weight, decreasing salt in diet
what is the 1st adverse effect of ACE inhibitors?
dry persistent cough (10-20%)
what is the 2nd adverse effect of ACE inhibitors?
hyperkalmeia in patients with DM or renal disease, potassium supp, spironolactone 2.
what is one nursing implication of ACE inhibitors?
first line drug used to treat HTN in patients with DM and renal impairment
what is a second NI of ACE inhibitors?
often used in combination with diuretics (thiazide usually)
what is one NI of ARB (angiotensin II receptor blocker)
may not be effective in controlling HTN in some people. usually prescribed along with a low dose diuretic
What is an NI for beta blockers?
take apical pulse and BP before administering
___________ treatment with two classes of diuretic increases the diuretic effect?
what happens when preload is decreased?
decreasing vascular volume by increasing sodium and water excretion
what is an action of hydrochlorothiazide?
increase renal excretion of sodium and water
what is the onset of action for Furosemide (lasix) IV administration?
onset 5 minutes, peaks in 30 minutes, lasts 2 hours
what is the onset of action for furosemide (lasix) oral form?
30-60 minute onset
what are two NI you should be concerned with while taking furosemide (lasix)
daily weights and that high sodium diet decreases diuretic effect
what is one NI to be concerned with if taking spironolactone (aldactone)
it is usually combined with thiazide or loop to prevent potassium excess/loss (imbalance)
what is another NI to be concerned with if taking spironolactone (aldactone)
patients should avoid excess potassium in diet or taking potassium supplements (avoid bananas)
what is one teaching point for antihypertensives?
Know signs and symptoms of orthostatic hypotension (elderly pt are most at risk for falling due to orthostatic hypotension)
what is another teaching point for antihypertensives?
First-dose phenomenon- risk for falls related to antihypertensive medications
what is secondary hypocholesteremia caused by?
high caloric intake
what is dyslipidemia associated with?
blood test for triglycerides requires what?
12 hour fasting
what is the most important complication of atherosclerosis?
most effective drug in reducing the major types of dyslipidemia?
what are statins metabolized by?
cytochrome p450 enzyme. has many food/drug interactions (no grapefruit juice)
what is an adverse effect of statins?
myopathies (muscle pain or injury)
what is one teaching point for statins?
notify provider if muscle pain or weakness
what is the action of fibrates?
increase oxidation of fatty acids in the liver
what is the goal treatment for LDL cholesterol?
< 100 mg/dL
what is left-sided heart failure caused by?
acute myocardial infarction (muscle)
clinical manifestations of HF?
sudden weight gain and pitting edema in feet and akles
respiratory manifestations due to congestion from left-sided failure
crackles in lung bases and an audible s3
second line medication used for treatment of heart failure
cardiac glycosides (digitalis)
what is the positive inotropic effect of cardiac glycosides?
what is the negative chronotropic effect of cardiac glycosides?
slows heart rate
in a patient diagnosed with HF what does digoxin slow/increase?
digoxin slows the HR and increases contractility = increased efficiency of heart
digoxin causes increased BUN and creatinine which causes what?
renal problems - watch for hyperkalemia and reduce digoxin dose to avoid toxicity
digoxin + furosemide =
increased risk of digoxin toxicity
what is the onset of digoxin parenterally
10-30 minutes, peaks in 1-5 hours
what is the onset of digoxin orally?
30-120 minutes, peaks in 6 hours
what are early toxicity S/S of digoxin
anorexia, nausea, and vomiting
what are later toxicity S/S of digoxin
vision changes (halos, blurry, yellow-tint, fatigue, CV arrhythmias - can vary from bradycardia to ventricular fibrillation
what is a NI for digoxin
monitor potassium normal range = 3.5-5.0 mEg/L
what is hypovolemic shock:
loss of blood, loss of plasma, loss of extracellular fluid
example of distributive shock:
anaphylactic shock (type 1 hypersensitivity reaction)
clinical manifestations of shock:
oliguria (decreased urine output)
why is oliguria an important sign
one of the best indicators of blood to vital organs is urine output
in shock it is important to assess what?
vital signs and urinary output
antidote for digoxin toxicity?
Digoxin immune Fab (Digibind) | <urn:uuid:e903a8ea-4847-4135-b84d-90114f4f525a> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://quizlet.com/194200277/exam-3-239-flash-cards/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027316549.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20190821220456-20190822002456-00237.warc.gz | en | 0.871976 | 1,838 | 3.015625 | 3 |
ps. look out for all my other solutions for Advent of Code challenges here.
See details of the challenge here.
Let’s start by capturing the model and input data in a module. Since I’m armed with the hindsight of having seen both parts of today’s challenge I’ve refactored the common logic into a solve function:
- there’s a keypad
- after each move (U, D, L or R) we need to check if the new position is a button, and ignore it if not
- capture the button we finished at at the end of each line
The interesting thing here is the no doubt the solve function.
After we parse the input string we end up with a Direction, which we’ll scan over to get the positions on the keypad we end up at after each line of the input.
However, Array.scan includes the initial value we passed in, which we can solve with Seq.skip 1.
The rest, is just a case of stiching together the actual values from the keypad.
Now that we have the core flow of the solution in place, let’s fill in the bits we need to solve part 1:
You finally arrive at the bathroom (it’s a several minute walk from the lobby so visitors can behold the many fancy conference rooms and water coolers on this floor) and go to punch in the code. Much to your bladder’s dismay, the keypad is not at all like you imagined it. Instead, you are confronted with the result of hundreds of man-hours of bathroom-keypad-design meetings:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D
You still start at “5” and stop when you’re at an edge, but given the same instructions as above, the outcome is very different:
- You start at “5” and don’t move at all (up and left are both edges), ending at
- Continuing from “5”, you move right twice and down three times (through “6”, “7”, “B”, “D”, “D”), ending at
- Then, from “D”, you move five more times (through “D”, “B”, “C”, “C”, “B”), ending at
- Finally, after five more moves, you end at
So, given the actual keypad layout, the code would be
Using the same instructions in your puzzle input, what is the correct bathroom code?
We can present the keypad in part 2 as a Option<char>.
The only other difference to part 1 is that we need to deal with the empty spaces on the keypad, hereby represented as None.
With these two pieces, part 2 is pretty straight forward too. | <urn:uuid:7cad386f-cde6-444e-852b-3703f484b31b> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://theburningmonk.com/2016/12/advent-of-code-f-day-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948550199.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20171214183234-20171214203234-00488.warc.gz | en | 0.909975 | 626 | 2.546875 | 3 |
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NOW AVAILABLE! This webinar presents the history and evolution of the Zika Virus including understanding the geographic areas and populations at risk, the epidemiology of the disease, modes of transmission, case definitions, clinical presentation, health effects, surveillance and prevention in the workplace and in the community.
After viewing this webinar, you will be able to:
- Describe how the Zika Virus is transmitted
- Identify current geographic distribution and possible spread of the virus
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- Discuss key prevention and protection strategies for Zika
- Develop risk communication messages for the workplace
- Windows XP, Vista, 7, or 8
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This webinar is 1.0 hour in length and may be eligible for certification maintenance points. | <urn:uuid:0eca8dae-4ff2-4017-8a0a-53cf17c7ca52> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.acgih.org/forms/store/ProductFormPublic/webinar-cdrom-zika-virus | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376832330.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20181219130756-20181219152756-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.769022 | 245 | 2.53125 | 3 |
10 Ways That Edtech Is Reinventing the College Lecture
What happens when you combine education and technology? That’s right, Edtech. Educational technology is a new surging industry. It’s tossing out the old, traditional ways of lecturing and bringing in new, innovative teaching and learning methods. Let’s find out the ten ways that Edtech is reinventing the college lecture.
Innovative is the new black
Edtech exudes innovation. With an increasingly globalized world and vast new possibilities, why should higher education stay grounded in its 1,000-year-old methods? Youth today are learning in an ever-changing world. This can be reflected in the rise of social media use in the past decade alone. Edtech brings innovative learning to the traditional setting of big lecture halls.
Not only is Edtech more innovative, but it’s more inclusive as well. Students show more active participation and greater inclusion in the lecture’s discussions and activities. Edtech encourages enhanced feedback and discussion.
Helps with teacher workload
Edtech also helps professor’s workload. Without the need to grade and edit essays by hand all evening, professors can dedicate more time to building lesson plans and creating engaging new ways of learning.
Combining theory with practice
One of the most beneficial aspects about Edtech is how it can combine both theory and practice. Students can learn new information and can apply it directly using the various available tools associated with Edtech.
Mobile apps for education
Edtech also utilizes mobile apps to further aid students in learning, organizing, and more. Apps are created to help students take notes, organize class lectures, cite documents, etc. Studies show that 60 percent of students prefer their smartphone to study with. This allows for a flexible learning structure, one in which students can freely access their learning tools at any time, from anywhere.
On-campus to off-campus
Edtech allows learning to move from traditional on-campus settings to off-campus. This makes learning more accessible to both students and professors. They can engage with one another via tools such as Skype or welcome guest lecturers from across the world to speak.
Students using their own tech to learn. More than 70 percent of students prefer studying with their laptops at home than in the library. This is because the use of tech is more readily available in their homes than in most libraries.
Adapting to the world’s challenges
Let’s face it. Edtech is a booming industry, and it’s no wonder why. The world is adapting to its demands, and technology is the future. Combining them both helps students tackle real-world challenges using the new tools of today.
Engaging peers and professors
Edtech does more than bring innovation and practicality. It also encourages engagement among and between peers and professors. With Edtech, students must participate in discussions to succeed whereas in traditional lectures they can get by with a passing exam grade.
More affordable and accessible
Finally, Edtech makes college more affordable and accessible for students who otherwise cannot attend normal college courses. Whether due to financial or personal reasons, Edtech provides accessibility and flexibility. Students are in control of their time and learning pace.
So do these ten ways show how Edtech is reinventing the college lecture? While Edtech is an increasingly growing industry, there is still quite a long way to go before higher education takes on a whole new meaning. | <urn:uuid:23f54b3d-297a-4871-a957-b80f74a6477f> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.thetechedvocate.org/10-ways-edtech-reinventing-college-lecture/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256381.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20190521122503-20190521144503-00378.warc.gz | en | 0.939377 | 711 | 2.90625 | 3 |
What do you do when a patron or a parent finds a book in your library offensive and wants to take it off your shelves? How do you remain sensitive to the needs of all patrons while avoiding banning a title? How can you bring attention to the issue of book banning in an effective way? In this 1-hour webinar presented by ALA’s Office for Intellectual Freedom and SAGE, three experienced voices will share personal experiences and tips for protecting and promoting the freedom to read.
Tuesday, September 29 |9am PDT| 10am MDT|11am CDT| 12pm EDT
Part I: How to use open communication to prevent book challenges
Kate Lechtenberg, teacher librarian at Iowa’s Ankeny Community School District, finds that conversations between librarians, teachers, students, and parents are a key way to creating a culture that understands and supports intellectual freedom. “The freedom to read is nothing without the freedom to discuss the ideas we find in books.”
Part II: How to handle a book challenge after it happens
Kristin Pekoll, assistant director of ALA’s Office for Intellectual Freedom, will share her unique experiences facing several book challenges (and a potential book burning!) when she served as a young adult librarian. How did she address the needs of upset parents and community members while maintaining unrestricted access to information and keeping important books on her shelves?
Part III: How to bring attention to the issue of banned books
Why would a supporter of free speech and open learning purposely ban a book? Scott DiMarco, director of the North Hall Library at Mansfield University, reveals how he once banned a book to shed light on library censorship and what else he is doing to support the freedom to read on his Pennsylvania campus. | <urn:uuid:6c4be720-2406-435c-8cca-164ccf307cfa> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.districtdispatch.org/2015/09/webinar-protect-the-freedom-to-read-in-your-library/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998607.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20190618043259-20190618065259-00210.warc.gz | en | 0.942148 | 368 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Related essays on animal rights still allowing their use for human benefits (ojeda 17) animals play a huge the arguments over animal cruelty, testing. Animal testing animal testing: 1 animal testing: 2 animal testing despite these overwhelming benefits of alleged cruelty this essay will. Animals themselves benefit from the results of animal testing treatments for animals developed using animal testing also include pacemakers for heart disease. Essay about animal testing is animal cruelty - animal testing is animal cruelty essay on animal testing: cruelty versus benefit - let me begin with the. Writing a persuasive essay for or against animal testing animal testing articles to support your persuasive essay 20 animal testing articles to support your.
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A common sense approach that animals should be treated well and that animal cruelty is on animal welfare versus animal animals will benefit. Animal testing: cruelty versus benefit essay shot with bullets this list violence and cruelty can go on and on, but isn’t it enough to convince us that animal. Animal testing essays / animal cruelty there has been an on going heated debate on whether experiments on animals for the benefit of medical and scientifis. Cruelty on animal testing essays: over 180,000 cruelty on animal testing essays, cruelty on animal testing term papers, cruelty on animal testing research paper, book. Cruelty-free labeling consumers who care about animals can make humane decisions that benefit laboratory animals reasons for the decline in animal testing.
Animal cruelty 2 animal cruelty: cruelty versus benefits animal testing has been around for many decades and is a very debatable topic scientists use animal testing. View an animal rights essay for 'to exploit' means to benefit from something in rights discuss two opinions protecting old buildings opinion animal testing. Need essay sample on animal testing: the benefits of animal testing include the availability of animal models in estimating animal testing is cruelty to. 100% free papers on animal testing essay sample topics, paragraph introduction help, research & more class 1-12, high school & college. A model essay for students to use as a resource to help organize essays save the animals: stop animal testing animals themselves benefit from animal.
Should animals be used for scientific or commercial testing animal testing has showed benefits to animal testing isn’t used to enforce animal cruelty. Animal research: ethical or unethical essaysanimals should be used in psychological research as long as the benefits of the experiments outweigh the cruelty imposed. Let me begin with the simple but true statement: we all are animals for some people this might sound ridiculous, but in reality it is the sooth, whether we want it. | <urn:uuid:0ced6a6b-2513-455a-832d-bcbfc240db91> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://lycourseworkrpcn.theseospot.info/animal-testing-cruelty-versus-benefit-essay.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887414.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20180118131245-20180118151245-00132.warc.gz | en | 0.90077 | 585 | 2.71875 | 3 |
A mala is a string of beads, used to mediate or to chant mantras or prayers, it is worn as a bracelet or around the neck. The term « Mala » is a Sanskrit means « garland of meditation”. Traditionally, malas are used for a special type of meditation called “. « Japa » meaning « recite »
In traditional Hinduism and Buddhism, the mala is made of 108 beads of either wood, seeds, pearls or precious stones. Some mala’s have a 109th bead called the Meru bead. The Meru bead typically sits at the centre of the mala. (Meru is a mountain that would be the summit of the universe).
The mala helps us to count each mantra represented by a bead. The meru indicates the start of the 108 repetitions of the mantra. If the mantra is recited 108 times, it can be a fraction of this number. For example: half, third, quarter, twelfth one. As a consequence certain mala have 54, 36, 27 or 9 beads.
In the Buddhist tradition, the mala is hold in the left hand, using the right thumb to count each smaller bead, pulling it toward us as we recite the mantra. In the Hinduist tradition, the mala is hold in the right hand, as the left hand is considered as impure.
For the meditation, it is important to travel around the mala with each breath, until once again we reach the maru bead.
Nowadays, malas are used in different ways, not only spiritually. It can be used as an accessory or jewellery. | <urn:uuid:844ac4fb-3920-4337-a30d-5fad2a43c114> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://myogashop.ch/myoga-malas/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376827727.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20181216121406-20181216143406-00212.warc.gz | en | 0.914869 | 343 | 2.8125 | 3 |
If you’re pregnant, you’re very likely concerned about the amount of weight you’re gaining, the effect it has on your body, even how difficult it will be to take off after your pregnancy. Your midwife is your best source of advice about healthy weight gain during pregnancy, but there are general guidelines.
Depending on your weight at the start of your pregnancy, your doctor may tell you that a healthy weight gain for you is anywhere between 15 and 40 pounds. If you’re underweight to start (a BMI of less than 18.5), 25 to 40 pounds is a reasonable weight gain during pregnancy. If you’re overweight, he or she may suggest you stick closer to 15 to 25 pounds. Of that weight, 6 to 8 pounds of it is the baby. The rest is amniotic fluid, extra tissue, and blood to nourish the baby (including the placenta), and the increased size of your breasts and placenta. You’ll lose as much as 15 pounds of it with them.
Any doctor will tell you that pregnancy is NOT the time to go on a diet. Your body and your baby need the nutrients of an adequate, balanced diet to keep you both healthy. This doesn’t mean that you should throw all your restraint to the winds and ‘eat for two’, though. Your body needs approximately an extra 300 calories a day to build a healthy baby. Those 300 calories should come from the same healthy variety of foods that your normal diet gives you.
You can expect to gain weight along with a fairly predictable pattern. In the first three months, you’ll gain 2-4 pounds altogether. During the second trimester, you can expect to gain between 3-4 pounds a month (about a pound per week). During the last three months, you’ll gain an additional 8-10 pounds. Your doctor or midwife will weigh you regularly and may express concern over a deviation from this pattern. A sudden sharp weight gain, for instance, can indicate pre-eclampsia or gestational diabetes.
If your doctor advises you to try to limit your weight gain during your pregnancy, be sure to choose a healthy diet that provides all the necessary daily requirements for vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients. Remember that a ‘diet’ during pregnancy isn’t meant to help you lose weight, but rather to limit the amount of weight gained.
Regular exercise is also good for both you and your baby. You can maintain most of your daily activities, and if regular workouts were a part of your daily routine, then, by all means, keep them up. You’ll feel better, and your body will be less likely to protest the extra weight with aches and pains. Do keep in mind that exercise during pregnancy shouldn’t be overly strenuous and that you should avoid activities with a risk of falling or injury. Also, remember that your center of balance is different – it may feel awkward to do the things you usually do while you’re carrying your little bundle of joy.
For specifics with regard to your own situation, speak with your doctor or midwife. If you’re concerned about gaining weight, or feel that you’re gaining too much, you can ask for a consultation with a nutritionist to help you design a healthy eating plan that will make sure the baby is well-nourished, and your concerns about your weight are met. | <urn:uuid:557e6d3c-7b90-488c-b5f4-9ad851afc431> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://ourbabyfriendly.com/how-much-weight-should-you-gain-during-pregnancy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303956.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220123015212-20220123045212-00519.warc.gz | en | 0.960781 | 718 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Entrepreneurs face countless problems with money, partners, employees, failure, and never-ending uncertainty. The physical, mental, and emotional consequences can take their toll.
According to researchers, people who own their own businesses tend to be passionate people in the best and worst ways and are more prone to:
- Sense of worthlessness
- Loss of motivation
- Suicidal thinking
Entrepreneurs’ burdens are doubled by the obligation they feel to keep their problems to themselves.
Overwork and poor self-care: a recipe for disabling exhaustion
Researchers also suggest that entrepreneurs struggle with hypomania — a milder version of mania seen in 5 to 10 percent of Americans. This makes them prone to overworking.
Business owners tend to dive into their projects and succumb to poor diet, lack of sleep, not enough social support, and minimal exercise.
These habits make them less resilient emotionally and physically and more prone to health consequences.
Self-care as the foundation for business success
Though running a business or launching a startup is full of stress, you can still support your resilience, health, and energy.
Find emotional support. Don’t be afraid to ask for help. See a mental health professional if you are experiencing symptoms of significant anxiety, PTSD, or depression.
Make time for friends and family. Research shows social connections improve physical health, psychological well-being, and longevity.
Get regular, adequate sleep. According to the CDC, adults who average fewer than seven hours sleep per night are more likely to report chronic health conditions such as heart attack, stroke, asthma, SOPD, arthritis, depression, diabetes, and dementia.
Exercise regularly. Moderate daily exercise helps reduce stress, improve mood, reduce inflammation, improve sleep, manage weight, and support good gut bacteria for better brain function.
Exercise should leave you feeling energized and refreshed. If you exercise and feel exhausted, you over-did it.
Take a digital sabbath. Unplug for an hour every day or a full day on the weekend. It does wonders for your mental and emotional health, and it makes room for real-time social connections that further support your health.
Travel less. When we are on the road — or in an airplane — we face irregular schedules, poor diet, and sleep deprivation. When possible, avoid travel during times of stress.
Schedule time off. Create regularly scheduled time where you have absolutely no commitments, not even wrangling the kids at the playground. Make a day solely for you and only do what brings you joy and rejuvenation.
Support your gut health for good mental health. Our gut microbiome — the community of bacteria present in the digestive tract — is innately tied to many aspects of our health, from energy level to mood and brain function.
An anti-inflammatory diet will help support gut health and your stress resilience.
Eating plentiful and varied produce (with a minimum of fruit to avoid spiking blood sugar) is one of the best ways to support healthy gut bacteria. Aim for five to seven servings per day.
Support your adrenal glands. The health of our adrenal glands can make the difference between being energetic and being burned out.
Adrenal adaptogens, phosphatidylserine, and plenty of sleep are ways to support your adrenals.
Avoid junk food and excess sugar. These items put the adrenal glands into overdrive, draining them of their reserves.
When you support your health your energy increases, your mental focus improves, you become more efficient, and you are better able to handle the chaos that running a business requires.
If you need support in any of these areas, contact my office for more information.
Contact our office for a consultation:
Dr. Todd Bunning
Roseville Chiropractor and Functional Medicine
1891 E. Roseville Pkwy, Suite 190
Roseville, Ca 95661
Tel: (916) 782-3141 | <urn:uuid:522f8968-3d2f-4277-be73-020bc8310d68> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://backontrack2wellness.com/entrepreneurs-face-added-health-challenges/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247479159.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20190215204316-20190215230316-00383.warc.gz | en | 0.926032 | 816 | 2.609375 | 3 |
group of Haitian migrants arrive in a bus after being
repatriated from the nearby Turks and Caicos Islands,
in Cap-Haitien, northern Haiti, Thursday, May 10, 2007.
They were part of the survivors of a sailing vessel crowded
with Haitian migrants that overturned Friday, May 4 in
moonlit waters a half-mile from shore in shark-infested
waters. Haitian migrants claim a Turks and Caicos naval
vessel rammed their crowded sailboat twice before it capsized.
(AP Photo/Ariana Cubillos)
we ask assistance, to expose the neocolonial and psychological warfare
that widely and consistently circulates the falsehood that Haiti is
more violent and bloody than all other nations in the Western Hemisphere.
in the North-Eastern part of Haiti and abounding with tourist
sites, Fort-Liberté is a city where the first declaration
of Haiti's independence took place on November 29, 1803. It has
one of the most captivating historical sites in the area called
Fort Dauphin known today as Fort-Liberté. This fort was
built around 1731 under the command of Louis XV, king of France,
and its ruins are the greatest evidences of its genius designers
who chose the most strategic point to built it in order to fight
off upcoming invaders.
In addition to its architectural charm, it overlooks a splendid
bay of turquoise seawater, which sparkles under the bright rays
of the tropical sun.
is evidence that the United States found oil in Haiti decades ago and
due to the geopolitical circumstances and big business interests of
that era made the decision to keep Haitian oil in reserve for when Middle
Eastern oil had dried up. This is detailed by Dr.
in an article dated March 27, 2004 outlining the history of oil explorations
and oil reserves in Haiti and in the research of Dr. Ginette and Daniel
Mathurin. (Recorded April 29,2009- CKUT Interview with Ezili DantÚ on Mining Haiti Riches.)
There is also good evidence that these very same big US oil companies
and their inter-related monopolies of engineering and defense contractors
made plans, decades ago, to use Haiti's deep water ports either for
oil refineries or to develop oil tank farm sites or depots where crude
oil could be stored and later transferred to small tankers to serve
U.S. and Caribbean ports. This is detailed in a paperabout
Plantation at Fort Liberte
Ezili's HLLN underlines these two papers on Haiti's oil resources and
the works of Dr.
Ginette and Daniel Mathurin in order to provide
a view one will not find in the mainstream media nor anywhere else as
to the economic and strategic reasons the US has constructed its fifth
largest embassy in the world - fifth only besides the US embassy in
China, Iraq, Afghanistan and Germany - in tiny Haiti, post the 2004
Haiti Bush regime change.
The facts outlined in the Dunn Plantation and Georges Michel papers,
considered together, reasonably unveil part of the hidden reasons UN
Special Envoy to Haiti, Bill
Clinton, is giving the UN occupation a facelift
so that its troops stay in Haiti for the duration.
Ezili's HLLN has consistently maintained, since the beginning of the
2004 Bush regime change in Haiti, that the 2004 US invasion of Haiti
used UN troops as its military proxy to avoid the charge of imperialism
and racism. We have also consistently maintained that the UN/US invasion
and occupation of Haiti is not about protecting Haitian rights, security,
stability or long-term domestic development but about returning the
Washington Chimeres/[gangsters] - the traditional Haitian
Oligarchs - to power, establishing free trade not fair trade,
the Chicago-boys' death plan, neoliberal policies, keeping the minimum
wage at slave
wage levels, plundering Haiti's natural
resources and riches, not to mention using the location benefit
that Haiti lies between Cuba and Venezuela. Two countries the US has
unsuccessfuly orchestrated regime changes in and continues to pursue.
In the Dunn Plantation and Georges Michel papers, we find and deploy
further details as to why the US is in Haiti with this attempted Bill
Clinton facelift to the UN's continued occupations.
no matter the disguise or media spins it's also about Haiti's oil reserves,
and about securing Haiti's deep-water
ports as transshipment
location for oil or for tank sites to store
crude oil without interference from a
democratic government beholden to its informed population's welfare.
deep water port in Miragoane/NIPDEVCO
property- scroll to photos in middle of the page.)
In Haiti, between 1994 to 2004 when the people had a voice in government,
there was an intense grassroots movement to figure out how to exploit
Haiti's resources. There was a plan, where in the book "Investing
In People: Lavalas White
Book under the direction of Jean-Betrand
Aristide (Investir Dans L'Humain), the
Haitian majority "were not only told where
the resources were, but that -- they did not have the skills and technology
to actually extract the gold, to extract the oil."
The Aristide/Lavalas plan, as I've articulated in the Haiti's
Riches Interview, was "to engage in some sort of
private/public partnership. Where both the Haitian people's interest
would be taken care of and of course the private interest would take
their profits. But I think it was around that time we had St. Genevieve
saying they did not like the Haitian government. Obviously, they didn't
like this plan. They don't like the Haitian people to know where their
resources are. But in this book, it was the first time in Haitian history,
it was written in Kreyòl and in French. And there was a national
discussion all over the radio in Haiti with respect to all these various
resources of Haiti, where they were located, and how the Haitian government
was intending on trying to build sustainable development through those
resources. So that's what you had before the 2004
Bush regime change/Coup
D'etat in Haiti. With the Coup D'etat
now, though the people know where these resources are because this book
exists, they don't know who these foreign companies are. What they're
profit margins are. What the environmental protection rules and regulations
to protect them are. Many folks, for instance, in the North talk about
losing their property, having people come in with guns and taking over
their property. So that's where we are." (Haiti's
Riches: Interview with Ezili Dantò on Mining in Haiti.)
In fact, the current Haitian authority-under-the-US/UN-occupation that
is in charge of regulating exploration licenses and mining in Haiti
does not explain, in any relevant or systematic manner, to the Haitian
majority about the companies buying up, post 2004, Haiti's deep water
ports, what their profit shares with the Haitian nation are, where are
the accounting of said shares owed to the people of Haiti, nor explain
the environmental effects of the massive excavations of Haiti's mountains
and waters going on right now. Instead, the Director of Mining in Haiti
blithely maintains that "further
research will be necessary to confirm the existence of oil in Haiti."
"On November 8, 1973, Martha C. Carbone, American Embassy,
Port-au-Prince, sent a letter to the Office of Fuels and Energy, Department
of State, in which she stated that the Government of Haiti "...had
before it proposals from eight different groups to establish a trans-shipment
port for petroleum in one or more of the Haitian deep water ports. Some
of the projects include construction of a refinery...." She further
commented that the Embassy was acquainted with three firms: Ingram Corporation
of New Orleans, Southern California Gas Company and Williams Chemical
Corporation of Florida.. (According to John Moseley, the New Orleans
company was probably "Ingraham", not Ingram.)
In the November 6, 1972 issue of Oil and Gas Journal, Leo B. Aalund
commented in his article "Vast Flight of Refining Capacity from
U.S. Looms",.: "Finally, 'Baby Doc' Duvalier's Haiti is participating
with a group that wants to build a transshipment terminal off Fort Liberte,
Haiti". One of the proposals referred to by Carbone was undoubtedly
submitted by Dunn interests.
Additionally, we learn from this article that "Lonnie Dunn who
Dauphin plantation "planned to straighten and widen the entrance
to the [Fort Liberte] bay so that super tankers could be brought in
and the cargo distributed to smaller tankers for transfer to U.S. and
Caribbean ports that could not accommodate large ships..."
of Fort Liberte, Haiti).
We've put on the Ezili's HLLN website
of this paper that talks about the corporate eye the US has had, for
decades, on Fort Liberte in Haiti as an ideal deep water port for the
multinationals to establish an oil refinery.
In the 50s and 60s there was little need for Haiti's ports or oil as
the Middle Eastern monopoly was gushing dollars galore. No need for
these oil monopolies to undercut themselves by putting more oil on the
market to cut their profits. Manipulated scarcity thy name is profit!
or, did I mean capitalism?
the oil embargo of the 70s, the advent of OPEC, the rise of the Venezuelan
factor, the Gulf Crisis followed by the Iraq war for oil, all has made
Haiti a better bet for the three-piece suits and their military mercernaries
called "Western governments", yep, a way easier place to pillage
and plunder behind the "bringing democracy" or "humanitarian
aid" public covers.
Serendipitously with Haiti's 2004 Bush-the-son Regime Change, a follow
up to the 1991 Bush-the-father's military coup, we find, flurries
of Congressional "discussions" about off-shore
drillings in preparation, perhaps, to the eventual "revelation"
as written in the Dunn
years ago, that "there is a need for supertankers that require
deep-water ports which are not readily available along the U.S. East
Coast - nor ...welcome...for environmental and other consideration will
(not) permit the construction of domestic refinery capacity on the scale
that will be required."
side of the Fort
Despite being renovated by ISPAN in the mid' 1990, it is now in
a very bad shape. All the balls and most of the canons have been
stolen along with most of the cut stones paving its alleys and
imported from Nantes, France. They were quite simply stolen by
people not fully aware of their illegal act. Moreover, many holes
within the fort enclosure are a potential threat to the preservation
of the Fort in case of rain.
We underline that Haiti is an ideal dumping ground for the US/Canada/France
and now Brazil,
because environmental, human rights and health issues and other considerations
in the US and in these other countries, would probably not permit the
construction of domestic refinery capacity on the scale that new explorations
of oil in this hemisphere will required. So, why not pick the most militarily
defenseless country in the Western Hemisphere and dot it with such unsafe
initiatives behind a UN multi-national "humanitarian" mask
and fatherly Bill Clinton's snowy white hair and smiling face?
Today, the US and Euros say they are happy with Haiti's "security
gains" and "stable" government. To wit: the last elections
the US/UN presided over in Haiti excluded Haiti's majority party from
participation. Haiti's jails are filled, indefinitely detained without
trial or hearings, since 2004, with thousands upon thousands of community
organizers, poor civilians and political dissenters that the UN/US label
"gangsters." Site Soley has been "pacified." There
are more NGOs and charitable organizations -about 10,000 - in Haiti
then in any where in the world since 2004 and the Haitian people are
a million times worst off than they were before this US/NGO civilization
(otherwise also known as the "International Community") and
their thugs, thieves and corporate death squads came and disenfranchised
nine million blacks. Food prices are so high, some resort to eating
dirt in the form of cookies to assuage Clorox hunger.
Pierre Antoine, the head of Haiti's largest human rights
organization was disappeared in 2007 in UN occupied Haiti with no investigation
done. Between 2004 and 2006 under the Western occupation, first by the
US Marines then the UN multinational troops headed by Brazil, from 14,000
to 20,000 Haitians, mostly who opposed the occupation and regime change,
were slaughtered with total impunity. More Haitian children are out
of school today in 2009 than before the US/NGO "civilization"
came post 2004. Under the US-imposed Boca Raton regime ,Haiti's Supreme
Court was fired and brand new and paid-for judges, without any Constitutional
authority inherited from the people of Haiti's mandate, took the place
of the legitimate judges and law officers and are still metering out
paid-for rulings in 2009 under the UN occupation and international community's
And, as a matter of power, privilege, inequity and the violence of neocolonialism,
and pedophiles are having a hay day and human trafficking
of Haiti children are at an all-time high. It is no revelation that
in the stakes of corruption in Haiti or in Africa that a great many
of the foreign NGOs along with their bourgeois/elite/pastors/priests
and others are destroying poor children's life with absolute impunity
while being painted as "saints" in their press back home the
better to raise more funds to masturbate on Black pain some more.
Yet, Special UN Envoy, Bill Clinton, tells us "I am serving the
next two years as a US Special Envoy to Haiti...This is the best chance
in my lifetime that Haitians have ever had to escape the chains of their
past..." The former President added, "If Haiti pulls out of
this it will be in no small measure because of the efforts of non-governmental
is organized violence on top which creates individual violence at the
Though they exist and form the exception to the rule, there are very
few Paul Farmers, Margaret Trosts or Bill Quigleys in the Haitian world.
And even amongst "the exceptions," the number whittles down
to almost zero in terms of foreign heroes who can be expected to go
the lifetime-distance without making "unusual alliances" or
joining the status quo that vies for the soul of Black folks. Few who
would HEAR, Lila Watson who said, "If you have come here to help
me then you are wasting your time, but if you have come because your
liberation is bound up with mine then let us work together." This
sort of thinking that inspires self-reliance not dependency and provide
the respectful conditions for those in great need to, in liberty, dignity
and identify, realize their own needs is not what compels the International
Community in Haiti right now.
November 1962, however, Duvalier had signed a contract with American
businessman Charles C. Valentine that gave his company a monopoly control
over pretty much everything to do with oil in Haiti.
Valentine had engaged to prospect for oil as well as build at least
one refinery and petrochemical plant, either for domestically produced
crude or fuel brought in from elsewhere. In return, the contract gave
Valentine Petroleum shelter from all taxes and duties, a series of land
concessions as well as the exclusive right to import, export and sell
all petroleum products, refined or crude. In the first arrangement of
its kind in Haiti the deal was guaranteed by the US Agency for
International Development and was to last a minimum of 10 years.
But less than two years later, Duvalier abruptly cancelled Valentine's
contract and signed it over to Fayed. The modifications were few but
they made an already sweet deal even sweeter. Valentine, under the old
contract, had had to put $50,000 in a deposit account as a gesture of
goodwill - Fayed did not have to make any deposit. Valentine's contract
ran for only 10 years, Fayed's ran for 50. The changes were announced
in a special issue of Haiti's official gazette, Le Moniteur, dated August
28, 1964, and were effective from that date. But that issue of Le Moniteur
was not made public for more than eight weeks. In the interval, Valentine
continued work on the project even though the contract was now secretly
The Conman, The Dictator and the CIA Files|Report
by Daniel Sanger and Julian Feldman, The Daily Telegraph Magazine, 20
June 1998 | Source – guardianlies.com.)
********************** Oil - The secret
behind the Rush to Haiti
For the transcript to this interview with notes, go to:
Riches: Interview with Ezili Dantò on Mining in Haiti. Recorded:
April 29, 2009
time immemorial, it has been no secret that deep in the earthy bowels
of the two states that share the island of Haiti and the surrounding
waters that there are significant, still untapped deposits of oil. One
knows not why they are still untapped.
Since the early twentieth century, the physical and political map of
the island of Haiti, erected in 1908 by Messrs. Alexander Poujol and
Henry Thomasset, reported a major oil reservoir
in Haiti near the source of the Rio Todo El Mondo, Tributary Right Artibonite
River, better known today as the River Thomonde. (Perhaps the word Thomonde
is derived from de Todo El Mondo?) The deposit of oil in question straddles
the boundary between the boroughs of Hinche and Mirebalais in a mountainous
area located at the foot of the chain of the Black Mountains, direction
due west of Thomond.
The same map indicates an oil reservoir in the Dominican plain of Azua,
a short distance north of the Dominican Republic in the town of Azua.
According to our information, the latter oil field located in the Dominican
Republic had actually been operating in the first half of this century,
produced up to 60,000 barrels of oil per day and had closed because
it was considered at the time "insufficiently profitable."
Also in the Dominican Republic, there was announced, in 1982, a discovery,
in front of the plain of the Azua, of a huge oil field offshore at the
coast of Barahona. But this deposit has been left untapped.
Those who have traveled from Port-au-Prince to Santo-Domingo can testify
that the plain of the Azua and its coastline very much resembles the
area of Vieux Bourg d'Aquin and its related coast. Therefore, reasonable
chances are that there is hydrocarbon deposits in the counterpart Haitian
region, especially as we are told that in the plains of Cayes there
is geological evidence of the presence of oil, as well as at the Bay
of Cayes, Les Cayes and between Ile a Vache.
In 1975 we bathed in the waters of Les Cayes and noticed that our feet
was covered by a sort of black oil seeping from the seabed. A fisherman
from the place explained that this was not uncommon in the area.
He reports similar phenomena in other regions of Haiti - it seems so
in the plains of Leogane and at the foothills of Morne-à-Cabrit.
It's also been reported that there is the presence of oil shale in the
province of Grand Anse.
There are still many places on our island
(Haiti and Dominican Republic) that meet all the geological criteria
for the presence of hydrocarbons. In Haiti, include the plains of Cayes,
the plain of Leogane, the plain of Cul-de-Sac, the Gonaives plain and
the deserted Savannah, the Plaine du Nord. Ile de la Gonave and corresponding
coastlines to the off-shore deposits. In this list, do not forget the
large sedimentary basin of the Central Plateau of Haiti.
In the course of the 1950s, the Knappen-Tippen-Abbet company (nicknamed
by the local people "the company for small bread and butter")
conducted drillings in La Gonave, in the Cul-de-Sac plains, in the Plateau-Central
and in the region of Gonaives. All of these drillings had proved extremely
promising and the results were beyond expectations. However, the big
multinational oil companies operating in Haiti pushed for the discovered
deposits not to be exploited. Haiti was neither Saudi Arabia nor Kuwait.
At a time when a barrel of crude oil sold for just over a dollar, and
the Persian Gulf provided oil galore, there was no reason for these
companies to put in production these oil fields deemed much less profitable.
Especially while ARAMCO [then
known as the Arabian American Oil Company] was, rain or shine
in Arabia, at a low price, even to the point of looting the precious
oil resources of this kingdom.
[The attitude of these big multinational oil companies
was] "We shall keep the Haitian deposits and other such layers
of deposits in reserve for the 21st century when the Middle Eastern
jackpot are depleted." This is what happened! The wells of Knappen-Tippen-Abbet
were numbered, carefully locked or sealed with cement and forgotten.
The reports of the huge drillings were not, it
seems, supposed to be made public to the Haitians. Do you think they
would ever hand over to a bunch of backward negroes, information that
would allow them to work towards their own economic liberation? This
would make them too strong and give too much power to little Haiti.
Haitians had to wait half a century or a century for that. However,
the successful countryside of the Knappen-Tibben-Abbet company, allowed
for a great deal of opportunity to many Haitian schools, preparing primary
school students for their certificate and studying in the geography
textbook of Haiti from the Brothers of Christian Instruction, to learn
that our land had oil reservoirs in the Central Plateau and La Gonave.
This, did not fall on deaf ears ...
It is generally known, in all circles, that there are petroleum hydrocarbon
deposits in the bowels of the island of Haiti. But the petroleum industry/circles
are not eager to put into production these so readily available Haiti
oil reserves. Other more important areas were already identified as
major oil producing regions of the world. [The thinking was] there will
always be time to think about the island of Haiti.
However, [these big oil entities and the powerful nations] did think
of us during the Gulf crisis when Kuwaiti deposits, the Saudis and other
oil reservoirs were threatened by Saddam Hussein. If the Cubans had
not made a great effort by themselves to put their own oil in exploitation,
nobody would have done it for them. If it were not for the efforts of
the Cubans, Cuban oil would still be housed in the bowels of the earth,
as it remains for Haitian oil. The ball is in our camp ...
If the big oil companies are not interested in our oil, we should ask
our Cuban neighbors to come help us exploit it. In their dramatic search
for oil, the Cubans have developed technology and know-how that we could,
in return for their services, yield to the Cubans part of our domestic
oil production and give them a share of profits. A mission of government
officials and businessmen in Haiti should leave for Cuba in this direction.
The sad case of the international embargo clearly shows that we must
fend for ourselves, and especially that we do not have to wait for the
OK from the United States when our vital interests are in peril. The
whole of our society is aware and sees well how our big northern neighbor
has treated us and shall treat us in the future. Haiti will be saved
by Haitians and Haitians only, that is the principle lesson of the embargo.
If our oil was available, we would not have been shamefully forced to
capitulate after the oil embargo decided in defiance of international
law with their infamous Resolution 841, by the great powers now bearing
the pompous and ridiculous name of "international community".
Our government, our big businessmen, our ultra-liberal economists, our
big smugglers, our Chicago-Servant-Boys, our anti-nationalists and others
ruffians, prefer to import [everything, even] air, rather than to put
to use the resources of Haiti. With a zeal that is hard to understand,
they blindly obey the bidding orders of the IMF and World Bank, and
are put together with these two organizations to destroy the Haitian
economy, especially our valuable agriculture.
Nevertheless, they find themselves caught out with us. And when imperialism,
to meet its gruesome intentions, decides to impose an embargo, the last
embargo (there will be perhaps more in the future, who knows?) has proven
the need to accelerate economic integration with the Dominican Republic.
Both Republics should undertake, by treaty, to provide each other with
some oil no matter the decisions of a third party. A trans-island pipeline,
Barahona to Port-au-Prince, could be part of this oil integration between
the two countries that share the island.
While waiting to be able to consume our own oil, whose surpluses shall
also provide the valuable currency we need, we should increase the country's
storage capacity for oil products and consider how to stockpile important
strategic reserves on the territory of the Republic. The oil embargo
of 1991 is also a strong argument for rebuilding our railways.
Dr Georges Michel
27 mars 2004
Translated by Ezili Dantò of HLLN,
Oct. 2009 [Please
refer to the French
"...On November 8, 1973, Martha
C. Carbone, American Embassy, Port-au-Prince, sent a letter to
the Office of Fuels and Energy, Department of State, in which she stated
that the Government of Haiti "...had before it proposals
from eight different groups to establish a trans-shipment port for petroleum
in one or more of the Haitian deep water ports. Some of the projects
include construction of a refinery...."
She further commented that the Embassy was acquainted with three firms:
Ingram Corporation of New Orleans, Southern California Gas Company and
Williams Chemical Corporation of Florida.. (According to John Moseley,
the New Orleans company was probably "Ingraham", not Ingram.)
In the November 6, 1972 issue of Oil and Gas Journal, Leo B. Aalund
commented in his article "Vast Flight of Refining Capacity from
U.S. Looms",.: "Finally, 'Baby Doc' Duvalier's Haiti is participating
with a group that wants to build a transshipment terminal off
Fort Liberte, Haiti". One of the proposals referred to
by Carbone was undoubtedly submitted by Dunn interests.
I suspect that in this project Dunn was tied in with Southern California
Gas Co. According to Mike Shanks, Dunn was involved with McCollum, a
Texaco V.P. and James Knapp, a V.P. of Pacific Lighting. At that time,
Southern California Gas Co. was a subsidiary of Pacific Lighting (which
became Pacific Enterprises in 1988). (According to John Moseley of the
Brown and Root engineering firm, the associate referred
to here by Shanks as a Texaco V.P. was H. M. McCollum of Conoco.) (According
to Mrs. Eleanor Searle McCollum, her late husband was Leonard F. "Mc"
McCollum, President and CEO of Conoco Oil for 20 years. She added in
a letter: "There is no H.M. McCollum."
****To the Carbone letter, George M.
Bennsky, Director, Office of Fuels and Energy, responded: "U.S.
Policy heavily favors deep-water ports in our own waters rather than
those in non-U.S. locations. "There is, however, some doubt whether
environmental and other considerations will permit the construction
of domestic refinery capacity on the scale that will be required".
Dunn planned to straighten
and widen the entrance to the bay so that super tankers could be brought
in and the cargo distributed to smaller tankers for transfer to U.S.
and Caribbean ports that could not accommodate large ships.
He further intended to develop a facility to break down old ships for
scrap and repair others. According to Albert Hill, who came to HASCO
as an engineer and ended up as President of that company, another player
in Dunn's harbor scheme was Daniel Ludwig whose name is also associated
with efforts to develop the Amazon Basin.
The sinuous entrance to the bay is about
2.5 kilometers long and 400 meters across at its narrowest; three points
jut out from the east bank, each the site of an ancient French fort.
The larger of these, still a rather spectacular site, is Fort Labouc
on the Atlantic Ocean at the east side of the entrance to the bay..
The 1:50,000 "Phaeton" topographic map of the area, prepared
in 1963, indicates the depth of the entrance to the bay is at least
10 fathoms throughout; some areas are much deeper. A substantial area
in the center of the bay has a depth of 12 to 14 fathoms.
An engineering study was conducted by
Charley Vaughn, Basil Maxwell and John Moseley of Brown and
Root Co., Marine Division, to provide a cost estimate for a
dredger to widen the entrance to Fort Liberte Bay. They were flown from
Miami to Port-au-Prince in Dunn's King Air turboprop and after clearing
customs were flown to Fort Liberte on a Plantation
aircraft. "With all that sisal it looked like Arizona or northern
Mexico", said Moseley. The plan was to widen the entrance by slicing
away the projections on the east side, which would have destroyed three
of the old French forts. Drill cores indicated the surface layer of
coral was underlain by gravel. To enable a large tanker to turn around,
a "finger pier" would be installed from the south shore to
the deeper center of the bay, about 1000 meters northwest of Fort Saint
Joseph.. This long narrow berth for two ships - the project was planned
for ships of 300,000 tons - also provided a trestle for a ship to shore
pipeline and was large enough to drive a truck to the end of the pier..
A logical point for the foot of the
pier might have been where Fort Saint Joseph projects into the bay and
this development could have destroyed that ancient structure. However,
according to John Moseley, there was to be an angle turn in the trestle
to land to the southeast of the Plantation headquarters to a suitable
tank farm site and avoid disturbing the fort.
According to Moseley, the plan was to
develop a tank farm where crude oil could be stored and later transferred
to small tankers to serve U.S. and Caribbean ports. There were no plans
for a refinery. According to Jean Claude Leger, Frederick Snare Co.,
Chappell Hill, Texas, would construct the oil transfer facility. (Moseley
indicates the Frederick Snare Co. was probably headquartered in Chapel
Hill, NC, not in Texas.)
Moseley does not recall the time of
his visit but it must have been during the early years of Dunn's ownership
of the Plantation because, by late 1973 the Government of Haiti apparently
had the Dunn group's proposal in hand and it seems likely there would
be a considerable time lapse between the B&R engineering
study and submission of the proposal. Moseley's visit was clearly prior
to the time sisal harvest and decortication was renewed because when
I asked,: "What was happening on the Plantation at the time?",
he responded: "There was not much activity, just grinding poverty
and there was only one white on the Plantation at the time, a young
man with a German accent". There were only about 100 cattle (high-dollar
type) with more to be airlifted in. Dunn's son, Lonnie, Jr., "Ran
the cattle end.".All this came to naught, probably because of the
October 1973 Arab oil embargo following the Yom Kippur War...."
Dauphin Plantation: Lonnie Dunn, third owner.)
(Ezili Danto's Note: But
times have changed .... There is a need for "supertankers that
required deep-water ports which are not readily available along the
U.S. east coast - nor were (..) welcome..for environmental and other
considerations will (not) permit the construction of domestic refinery
capacity on the scale that will be required"
revealed that in Haiti there are huge resources of gold and other minerals
SANTO DOMINGO, Dominican Republic, November 17, 2009 (Translated from
The former president of the Dominican
Petroleum Refinery (REFIDOMSA), Leopoldo Espaillat Nanita, considers
that one of the solutions to the Haitian State's problems in paying
its foreign debt and to solve its overwhelming socio-economic issues
is to be found in deposits of gold and other minerals that Haiti owns.
Espaillat Nanita revealed that according
to geological studies and research conducted on Haitian soil, indicating
that the nation shares with the Dominican Republic gold deposit, untapped
world's largest and a little known and rare mineral that is vital for
building of spacecraft and other appliances extraterrestrial iridium.
These two resources are sufficient to alleviate the "poor"
reality of those born in Haiti.
Espaillat Nanita also claims that
these resources are poorly understood because of a multinational conspiracy
that aims to extract Haiti's natural wealth, especially those derived
from minerals that abound in the neighboring state.
REFIDOMSA's former president said that
this group of firms and individuals in State are dedicated to fostering
poverty in Haiti, suggesting that the Dominican Republic serves as a
crutch to the centuries-old misery and marginality living of the vast
majority of our neighbors in Haiti.
In this regard, he supports the
pronouncements of the newly appointed Prime Minister of Haiti, Jean-Max
Bellerive, on the search for new alternatives that will facilitate job
creation and attracting foreign investors to the smallest of the two
countries that share the island of (Ayiti) Hispaniola instead of charges
only to the Dominican nation.
Espaillat admitted that in Haiti there is a national class, comprising
politicians and intellectuals-mainly belonging to Bellerive, concerned
that Haiti's problems are resolved in its territory and not elsewhere,
such as its neighbor island.
The former energy official made these statements in an interview conducted
on the radio program that airs Monday through Friday on the Dominican
FM station from 4 to 6 pm.
CONSIDERA QUE UNA CONSPIRACIÓN MULTINACIONAL
SE QUIERE ADJUDICAR ILEGALMENTE ESTOS RECURSOS MINEROS DEL PUEBLO HAITIANO
Espaillat Nanita revela en Haiti existen grandes recursos de oro y otros
SANTO DOMINGO, República Dominicana, 17 de noviembre de 2009.-
El ex presidente de la Refinería Dominicana de Petróleo
(REFIDOMSA), Leopoldo Espaillat Nanita, consideró que una de
las soluciones del Estado Haitiano para saldar su deuda externa y solucionar
la problemática socio económica que agobia a los haitianos,
se encuentra en los yacimientos de oro y otros minerales que posee el
territorio del vecino país.
Espaillat Nanita reveló que según estudios e investigaciones
geológicas realizadas en suelo haitiano, indican que dicha nación
comparte con la República Dominicana el yacimiento de oro, sin
explotar, más grande del mundo, así como un mineral poco
conocido y escaso que es vital para la construcción de naves
espaciales y otros aparatos de uso extraterrestre, el iridio. Estos
dos recursos son suficientes para aliviar la “pobre” realidad
de los nacidos en Haití.
El también arquitecto denuncio que estos recursos son poco conocidos
debido a una conspiración multinacional que pretende extraerle
a los haitianos sus riquezas naturales, sobre todo las que se derivan
de los minerales que abundan en el vecino Estado.
El ex presidente de REFIDOMSA dijo que este grupo de empresas y personas
de Estado se han dedicado a fomentar la pobreza en Haití, proponiendo
que la Republica Dominicana sirva de muleta a la centenaria situación
de miseria y marginalidad que viven la gran mayoría de nuestros
En ese sentido apoyó los pronunciamientos del recientemente designado
Primer Ministro haitiano, Jean-Max Bellerive, sobre la búsqueda
de nuevas alternativas que faciliten la creación de empleos y
la atracción de inversionistas extranjeros al país más
pequeño de los dos que comparten la isla de La Hispaniola, en
vez de cargárselos exclusivamente a la nación dominicana.
Espaillat reconoció que en Haití existe una clase nacionalista,
conformada por políticos e intelectuales principalmente –a
la que pertenece Bellerive-, interesada en que los problemas de Haití
sean resueltos en su territorio y no otras partes del mundo, como por
ejemplo en su vecino de isla.
El ex funcionario energético ofreció estas declaraciones
en una entrevista que realizó en el programa radial Dejando huellas,
que se transmite de lunes a viernes por la emisora Dominicana FM, en
horario de 4 a 6 de la tarde.
Scientists and Ginette Daniel Mathurin indicate that under Haitian soil
is rich in oil and fuel fossible have already been listed by foreign
specialists and Haiti. "We have identified 20 sites Oil, 'Daniel
Mathurin stating that 5 of them are considered of great importance by
specialists and politicians.
The Central Plateau, including the region of Thomonde, the plain of
the cul-de-sac and the bay of Port-au-Prince are full of hydrocarbons,
"he said adding that the oil reserves of Haiti are more important
than those of Venezuela . "An Olympic pool compared to a glass
of water that is the comparison to illustrate the importance of oil
Haitian compared with those of Venezuela," he explains.
Venezuela is one of the world's largest producers of oil.
Daniel Mathurin investigations revealed that several previous governments
have made it possible to verify the existence of these important oilfields.
He recalls that a document of the Fanmi Lavalas party to power in 2004,
had specified the numerous sites of oil in Haiti.
According to Daniel and Ginette Mathurin, the Lake District, with cities
like Thomazeau and Cornillon, contains important oilfields.
Asked about the non-operation of those sites, Ginette Mathurin said
that these deposits are declared strategic reserves of the United States
of America. While citing his imcompréhension of such a situation,
remember that the Caribbean is seen as the back yard of the United States.
But Daniel Mathurin And Ginette indicate that the American government
had in 2005 authorized the use of strategic reserves of the United States.
The door should be used by politicians to launch Haitian négiciations
with American companies in the context of the exploitation of these
deposits adds Daniel Mathurin.
The specialists contend that the government of Jean Claude Duvalier
had verified the existence of a major oil field in the Bay of Port-au-Prince
shortly before his downfall.
In addition, Daniel and Ginette Mathurin reveal that the Uranium 238
and 235 and the deposit zyconium exist in several regions including
in Jacmel. The uranium is used in nuclear reactors for the production
of electric energy.
Les scientifiques Daniel et Ginette Mathurin indiquent que le sous sol
haïtien est riche en hydrocarbures et en combustibles fossible
qui ont été répertoriés par des spécialistes
étrangers et haïtiens. " Nous avons relevé 20
sites pétrolifères", lance Daniel Mathurin précisant
que 5 d’entre eux sont jugés de grande importance par les
spécialistes et les politiques.
Le Plateau central, notamment la région de Thomonde, la plaine
du cul-de-sac et la baie de Port-au-Prince regorgent d’hydrocarbures,
dit-il ajoutant que les réserves pétrolifères d’Haïti
sont plus importantes que ceux du Vénézuela. " Une
piscine olympique comparée à un verre d’eau voilà
la comparaison pour montrer l’importance des gisements de pétrole
haïtien comparés à ceux du Vénézuela",
Le Vénézuéla est l’un des plus grands producteurs
mondiaux de pétrole.
Daniel Mathurin révèle que des enquêtes de plusieurs
gouvernements antérieurs ont permis de vérifier l’existence
de ces importants gisements de pétrole. Il rapelle qu’un
document du parti Fanmi Lavalas au pouvoir en 2004, avait précisé
les nombreux sites d’hydrocarbures en Haiti.
Selon Daniel et Ginette Mathurin, la région des lacs, avec des
villes comme Thomazeau et Cornillon, renferme d’importants gisements
Interrogée sur la non exploitation de ces sites, Ginette Mathurin
a précisé que ces gisements sont déclarés
réserves stratégiques des Etats Unis d’Amérique.
Tout en faisant état de son imcompréhension d’une
telle situation, elle rapelle que la caraïbe est considérée
comme l’arriere cour des Etats Unis.
Cependant Daniel Et Ginette Mathurin indiquent que le gouvernement américain
avait en 2005 autorisé l’exploitation des réserves
stratégiques des Etats Unis. Cette porte doit être utilisée
par les politiques haïtiens pour lancer des négiciations
avec des compagnies américaines dans la perspective de l’exploitation
de ces gisements ajoute Daniel Mathurin
Les spécialistes soutiennent que le gouvenement de Jean Claude
Duvalier avait vérifié l’existence d’un important
gisement de pétrole dans la baie de Port-au-Prince peu de temps
avant sa chute.
De plus, Daniel et Ginette Mathurin révèlent que l’Uranium
238 et 235 et le zyconium existent en gisement dans plusieurs régions
notamment à Jacmel. L’Uranium est utilisé dans les
réacteurs nucléaires pour la production d’energie
The director of the bureau of mines, Dieusel Anglade, believes that
further research should be conducted to confirm the presence of oil
sites in Haiti.
Speaking at the "Guest of the day" Radio Metropole, Mr. Anglade
revealed that the drilling carried out by 11 foreign companies have
made it possible to detect indications of the presence of hydrocarbon
deposits. Citing documents from the office of mines, Dieusel Anglade
said that the drilling has been made by three different companies in
the areas of the Plain of the Cul-de-Sac, Artibonite, Central Plateau
and the Gulf of Gonave.
The wells were carried out between 1968 and 1977 by European carriers.
Apart from these 11 wells there has been no other wells says Anglade
who regrets that the drilling did not exceed 2400 metres. He stressed
that we can really assess a deposit from 3000 metres deep, and hopes
that other companies boost research in this area.
According to the director of the bureau of mines other regions should
also be the subject of further research. He cited among other things
the peninsula North West, the southern peninsula and Jordan. "We
have a favorable geographical context," argues Mr. Anglade who
does not know if oil is exxiste quantity sufisante to be exploited.
But Mr. Anglade acknowledges that the price of oil has grown exponentially
in recent years and requires that the companies had suspended investment
in 1968 would not have been here today.
The Bureau of Mines has already received applications for permits to
study admits Mr. Anglade explaining that gives priorité to these
supplémentaires seraient necéssaires pour confirmer l’existence
de pétrole en Haïti
Le directeur du bureau des mines, Dieusel Anglade, estime que d’autres
recherches doivent être réalisées pour confirmer
la présence de sites pétrolifères en Haiti.
Intervenant à la rubrique " Invité du jour "
de radio Métropole, M. Anglade a révélé
que les 11 forages réalisés par des compagnies étrangères
ont permis de détecter des indices sur la présence de
gisements d’hydrocarbures. Citant des documents du bureau des
mines, Dieusel Anglade a précisé que les forages ont été
réalisés par trois compagnies différentes dans
les régions de Plaine du cul-de-Sac, l’artibonite, Plateau
central et le golfe de la gonave.
Les forages ont été réalisés entre 1968
et 1977 par des compagnies européennes.
A part ces 11 forages il n’y a pas eu d’autres puits insiste
M. Anglade qui regrette que les forages n’ont pas dépassé
2 400 mètres. Il souligne qu’on peut vraiement évaluer
un gisement à partir de 3 000 mètres de profondeur et
souhaite que d’autres compagnies relancent les recherches dans
Selon le directeur du bureau des mines d’autres régions
devraient egalement être l’objet de recherches approfondies.
Il cite entre autres la presqu’ile du Nord ouest, la presqu’ile
du sud et Jérémie. " Nous avons un contexte géographique
favorable", argue M. Anglade qui ne sait pas si le pétrole
est exxiste en quantité sufisante pour être exploité.
Cependant M. Anglade reconnaît que le prix de l’or noir
a connu une croissance exponentielle ces dernières années
et suppose que les compagnies qui avaient suspendu les investissements
en 1968 ne l’aurait pas fait aujourd’hui.
Le bureau des mines a deja recu des demandes de permis d’étude
avoue M. Anglade expliquant qu’il accorde la pruiorité
à ces dossiers.
MONTREAL, QUEBEC -- (Marketwire) -- 04/23/09 -- Majescor Resources Inc.
("Majescor" or the "Company") (TSX VENTURE: MJX)
is pleased to report that it has signed an agreement (the "Agreement")
with SIMACT Alliance Copper Gold Inc. ("SIMACT") and its principal
shareholders (the "Principals") whereby the Company will acquire
a 10% interest in SIMACT, as well an option to acquire the remaining
90% interest. SIMACT, through its 66.4%-owned Haitian affiliate mining
company, Societe Miniere du Nord-Est S.A. ("SOMINE"), controls
a property with both gold and copper potential, (the "SOMINE Property")
located in the North-East mineral district of Haiti. The SOMINE Property
lies within a highly prospective volcanic arc environment, host to numerous
epithermal gold and porphyry copper occurrences in Haiti, as well as
the World-Class Pueblo Viejo gold deposit in the adjacent Dominican
Republic. The property holds the historical Blondin and Douvray copper-gold
prospects; the historical Faille-B gold prospect; along with a number
of recently-discovered copper-gold showings.
Marc-Andre Bernier, President and CEO of the Company states: "Majescor
has an established, ten-year long tradition of exploring emerging mineral
districts. The deal with SIMACT and its Principals offers a new and
unique opportunity for the Company to participate in the evaluation
and development of a key property located in the prospective Massif-du-Nord
volcanic complex of north-east Haiti.
We believe that the time is right to
invest in Haiti and in projects with gold and copper potential. Gold
has remained a steady commodity in this economic downturn while copper
has just hit a 6-month high. Not only does the SOMINE Property contain
three historical copper and gold occurrences, the mineral rights of
which are secured under a mining convention with the State, but it is
surrounded by ground recently acquired by Eurasian Minerals Inc. and
partner Newmont Ventures Ltd. Majescor intends to fast-track the development
of the SOMINE Property through further quantification of the three known
prospects and the drill testing of new geological targets and ground
SIMACT and SOMINE
SIMACT is a Montreal-based private company headed by a group of Canadian
financiers and Haitian-American developers. The alliance aims to promote
sustainable mineral development initiatives in Haiti by creating synergies
between the Canadian financial and mining communities and the North
American Haitian Diaspora.
SIMACT holds title to 66.4 % of all the issued and outstanding shares
of SOMINE, a company incorporated under the laws of the Republic of
Haiti. SOMINE in turn, has 100% title to the SOMINE Property. SOMINE's
mineral rights and obligations have been assigned under a mining convention
executed with the State of Haiti on May, 5, 2005 (the "Mining Convention"),
which covers a 50 km2 Research Permit and is valid until March 9, 2010,
and under a Prospecting Permit awarded in 2006. The Prospecting Permit,
which encompasses four areas lying to the East, South and Southeast
of the permit subject to the Mining Convention, expired in December
2008. SOMINE has requested the conversion of the Prospecting Permit
into a Research Permit and has filed all technical and source documents
in support of its application with the Haitian Bureau of Mines and Energy.
The Research Permit is pending.
The Principals of SIMACT own approximately 80% of SIMACT's issued and
outstanding common shares.
Terms of the Agreement
The terms of the Agreement with SIMACT and the Principals can be summarized
(i) Majescor will acquire from the shareholders of SIMACT 10% of all
the issued and outstanding common shares of SIMACT, the whole in consideration
of the issuance to all SIMACT shareholders, on a proportionate basis,
of 2,000,000 treasury common shares of Majescor, This initial acquisition
by Majescor is subject to, among other things: (1) a satisfactory technical
and legal due diligence on SIMACT, SOMINE and the SOMINE Property, (2)
all SIMACT shareholders accepting to be bound by the terms of the Agreement
and (3), all legal and regulatory approvals.
(ii) Concurrently with the initial acquisition by Majescor, SIMACT and
the Principals have agreed to grant Majescor an option ("the Option"),
the whole in consideration of an option payment of $200,000 to SIMACT
(of which a non-refundable payment of $25,000 has been paid by Majescor
on the date of execution of the Agreement) and the carrying out by Majescor
of $600,000 in exploration work and other related expenses on the SOMINE
Property within 8 months following the execution of this Agreement,
to purchase all the remaining SIMACT shares and other securities of
SIMACT, if any, held by the current SIMACT shareholders, in consideration
for the issuance of 10,000,000 treasury common shares of Majescor to
be issued to all current SIMACT shareholders on a proportionate basis.
This Option, which is also subject to complete and satisfactory due
diligence, may be exercised by Majescor within 12 months from the date
hereof. The Company is not obliged to exercise the Option, nor will
it have any right to exercise the Option prior to incurring the required
work expenses referred to above.
SIMACT is the operator of the SOMINE Property. The 2009 exploration
program for the property, which has been approved by Majescor, calls
for core drilling of one or more of the historical prospects, as well
as of a number of the recently outlined geological targets and surface
gold and copper showings. Majescor may pay to SIMACT any balance of
the $600,000 in work expenditures not yet incurred in lieu of incurring
such work expenditures. As the Option may constitute a Reverse Take
Over within the meaning of the policies of the TSX Venture Exchange
(the "Exchange"), the Company will need to obtain all required
regulatory and shareholder approvals before exercising the Option.
(iii) Furthermore, in the event that within a period of two years following
the exercise of the Option, a NI 43-101 technical report (the "Report")
prepared by an independent and accredited reputable engineering or geological
consulting firm determines indicated mineral resources on the SOMINE
Property to be between 1,000,000 and 2,000,000 ounces of gold, or its
equivalent in copper, Majescor shall, within 30 days of the report,
issue an additional 3,000,000 common treasury shares to current SIMACT
shareholders. In the event that the indicated mineral resources on the
SOMINE Property are determined by the Report to be equal to or greater
than 2,000,000 ounces of gold or its equivalent in copper, Majescor
shall, within 30 days of the Report and in addition to the 3,000,000
common shares mentioned hereinabove, issue another 3,000,000 common
treasury shares to current SIMACT shareholders. These additional issuances
of common shares will also be subject to all required corporate and
The Agreement with SIMACT has been approved by all the directors of
Majescor, with the exception of Andre Audet, Chairman of Majescor, who
declared his interest as a shareholder and director of SIMACT and as
such did not participate in the vote.
Regional Geology and Historical Prospects
The SOMINE Property area corresponds to a volcanic arc of Meso-Cenozoic
Age that can be traced from Central Cuba through the Dominican Republic
and forms part of the NW-trending Mountains of the Massif-du-Nord group.
This group is composed mainly of volcanic tuffs and lavas from the volcanic
belt, ranging in composition from felsic, through intermediate, to mafic
and ultramafic rocks. The belt is composed of numerous lenticular bodies
of lava and pyroclastic material of felsic composition, varying from
dacite to rhyolite, embedded in a thick series of predominantly mafic
volcanoclastic rocks, mainly andesite with lesser amounts of basalts,
with numerous intercalations of diverse sedimentary rocks, like radiolarian
cherts, carbonate rocks, and tuffs.
Copper and gold are the two main ore types in the area. Copper is usually
found associated with the porphyritic facies, the microtonalitic apophyses,
and the silicified zones, filling fissures and fractures, as well as
disseminated. Within the quartz vein systems, the copper is contained
in the chalcopyrite, while the gold appears both as native gold and
as a very fine disseminated gold in the sulphide zone. It can also form
spectacular concentrations on the oxidised cap. The native gold is usually
found associated with chlorite, as well as in grains of pyrite and chalcopyrite.
A second generation of gold is usually found associated to the quartz
and the chlorite. The gold content is extremely variable.
The SOMINE Property holds the historical Blondin and Douvray copper-gold
prospects; the historical Faille-B gold prospect, as well as a number
of recently-outlined geochemical and geophysical targets and surface
gold-base metal showings that have not yet been drill tested. The Blondin,
Douvray and Faille-B prospects have been known since the 1970's and
1980's when they were investigated in some detail by foreign bilateral
and multilateral agencies, in particular the United Nations Development
Program ("UNDP"), the German Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften
und Rohstoffe ("BGR") and the French Bureau de Recherches
Geologiques et Miniere ("BRGM"). A series of geochemical and
geophysical surveys were carried out on the SOMINE Property. Drilling,
trenching, mapping and soil sampling were also performed, as well as
metallurgical studies. More recently (1995-2006), the three
prospects were investigated by a consortium of Canadian junior mining
The Douvray, Blondin and Faille-B prospects were reviewed by R. Valls
of Valls Geoconsultant in 2004 as part of a NI 43-101 qualifying report
written by on behalf of Ste-Genevieve Resources Ltd. (acquired by Ascendant
Copper Corp., now Copper Mesa Mining Corp.). This report, entitled "Technical
Report of the Geology and Mineral Resources of the Douvray - Blondin
- Faille B Copper and Gold Prospects in Haiti" is available at
At Douvray, the German BGR completed a total of 38 diamond drill holes
in 1980. An additional 22 holes were drilled at Douvray in the late
1990s. For Blondin, the bulk of the exploration work appears to have
been carried out in the 1970's by the UNDP (8 drill holes totalling
1,500 m). Results from a number of grab samples collected by R. Valls
returned values ranging from 1.19 to 8.14% Cu for Douvray and from 1.55
to 10.42% Cu for Blondin.
The Faille-B gold prospect was investigated under the UNDP's Revolving
Fund for Natural Resources Exploration (1982-1987) with 31 holes drilled
over a strike-length of 1.8 km. In the course of a trenching campaign
carried out in 2007 by SIMACT on the East and West extensions of the
Faille-B prospect, significant values were encountered locally, one
vein averaging 42.7 g/t Au over 6 m, including values of 107.5 g/t Au
over one meter, 61.4 g/t Au over one meter and 41.2 g/t Au over one
meter (see Diagnos Inc press release, October 30, 2007). The Faille-B
prospect coincides with a major NW-trending structural lineament which
extends through to the Blondin copper prospect.
Field work carried-out by SIMACT elsewhere on the SOMINE property in
2007 focussed on new geological base metals targets. Five grab samples
on one of the targets returned copper values of 7.46, 6.21, 9.51, 0.10
and 6.69% Cu respectively. The target represents an outcrop which is
highly mineralised over some 20 meters in length and one meter thickness
(see Diagnos Inc. press release dated February 29, 2008).
Majescor is a junior explorer focusing on emerging mineral districts.
Majescor's project portfolio includes two uranium exploration projects
in Quebec and one in the Baker Lake basin in Nunavut. The Quebec properties
include Mistassini (100%-owned; under option to Strateco Resources Inc.)
and Lac Laparre (100%-owned; under option to Santoy Resources Inc.).
In Nunavut, the Company holds 100% mineral rights to the Baker Lake
uranium property. In addition to uranium, Majescor owns 100% mineral
rights to four gold and base metal properties in Madagascar (under option
to Sunridge Gold Corp.), as well as 100% mineral rights to the Mirabelli
gold and base metal property in Quebec.
This press release was approved by Jacques Letendre, P.Geo, Director
of Majescor, acting as the "Qualified Person" for the Company
under National Instrument 43-101.
To find out more about Majescor Resources Inc. (TSX VENTURE: MJX), please
visit our website at www.majescor.com.
This News Release may contain or refer to "forward-looking statements"
which reflect Management's expectations regarding the Company's future
growth, results of operations, performance and business prospects and
opportunities. These statements reflect Management's current beliefs
at the time of this news release and are based on information currently
available to Management. All statements other than statements of historical
fact, included in this release, including, without limitation, statements
regarding potential mineralization and reserves, exploration results,
and future plans and objectives of Majescor Resources inc., are forward-looking
statements that involve various risks and uncertainties. There can be
no assurance that such statements will prove to be accurate and actual
results and future events could differ materially from those anticipated
in such statements. Important factors that could cause actual results
to differ materially from Management's expectations are exploration
risks detailed herein and from time to time in the filings made by the
Company with securities regulators.
Neither TSX Venture Exchange nor its Regulation Services Provider (as
that term is defined in the policies of the TSX Venture Exchange) accepts
responsibility for the adequacy or accuracy of this release.
Majescor Resources Inc.
President & CEO
613-241-8632 (FAX) firstname.lastname@example.org
PORT-AU-PRINCE, Haiti, April 29, 2009 - The northeastern mineral district
of Haiti will soon be the site for gold and copper exploration.
A Montreal-based mining company, Majescor Resources Incorporated, has
announced it will explore the area in a partnership with a New-York-based
consortium of Haitian American investors, hoping to make finds similar
to those decades ago.
The company said the area has significant prospects.
Majescor recently signed an agreement with the private company headed
by a group of Canadian financiers and Haitian-American developers, SIMACT
Alliance Copper Gold, to acquire a 10 per cent interest in that company,
as well an option to acquire the remaining 90 per cent interest.
"The deal with SIMACT and its Principals offers a new and unique
opportunity for the company to participate in the evaluation and development
of a key property located in the prospective Massif-du-Nord volcanic
complex of north-east Haiti," said Marc-Andre Bernier, President
and CEO of the Majescor in a release issued by the company.
"We believe that the time is right to invest in Haiti and in projects
with gold and copper potential."
Gold and copper were found in Haiti decades ago, but the country's instability
and lack of infrastructure have discouraged investment.
Sirona Fuels Launches Jatropha
Community Farming in Haiti |Crushing
and Export Program for Existing Projects, Aprill 27, 2009
Fuels, an emerging leader in alternative fuels, announced
today that it has begun Jatropha planting operations in Haiti over the
past month in a joint venture with 3C Missions, an organization that
has established a relief fund for over 1,100 orphaned children in Haiti.
Sirona intends to harvest and crush the Jatropha in Haiti, and refine
it into a high-quality B100 Biodiesel in the United States. Sirona's
nursery operations include planting multiple strains of seeds and seedlings
that will be intercropped with Moringa trees. Moringa leaves are high
in protein and nutrients and can be simply processed into a micronutrient
powder to fight malnutrition.
“Planting our first Jatropha in Haiti is an important milestone
for us and for our Haitian partners,” said Paul Lacourciere, Sirona's
CEO. "This represents a critical step in changing the lives of
the farmers in Haiti while creating the opportunity for us to deliver
high-quality biodiesel that aids in lowering American’s carbon
emissions. Additionally, Sirona has also partnered with Haitian farmers
that have dedicated land to planting Jatropha, but have not been able
to get their product to market.”
In an effort to spark economy in the region, Sirona will not take ownership
of the Haitian Jatropha farms, but rather form a partnership by providing
the equipment, seeds, seedlings and technical advice necessary to grow
commercially viable Jatropha. The Sirona
Cares foundation is also ramping up its activities in the
communities in which the Sirona Fuels community farms are located. Among
other activities it is distributing medical supplies and mosquito nets
to assist communities that are trying to rebuild after last year's devastating
By working with sustainable and affordable feedstocks like used cooking
oil and jatropha, Sirona’s business model is designed to stabilize
fuel prices for its customers, provide sustainable revenue to its suppliers
and make significant volumes of high-quality biodiesel available to
the market. Sirona has identified commercial sources for jatropha in
several countries and is developing businesses that will promote the
establishment of jatropha farms in Haiti, India and other developing
About Sirona Fuels
Sirona Fuels is headquartered in San Francisco, CA with refinery operations
in Oakland, CA. Sirona addresses the unmet needs of diverse constituencies
in the biodiesel ecosystem to help close the streams of waste and reduce
the impacts that energy needs create. The company currently produces
a low-carbon, ASTM-spec biodiesel from its used cooking oil collection
and refining business and is expanding its feedstock intake to include
jatropha. The company’s production model revolves around sustainable
feedstocks that in-turn provide an affordable, environmentally friendly
alternative to petroleum diesel. Sirona is a proud supporter of the
local and international communities and businesses that help provide
the company with its feedstock. For more information please visit www.sironafuels.com.
to Sell Fuels Marketing
Chevron to Sell Fuels Marketing Businesses
By: Business Wire | 02 Jun 2009 | 11:00 AM ET
SAN RAMON, Calif., Jun 02, 2009 (BUSINESS WIRE) -- Chevron Corporation
(NYSE:CVX) today announced that it has entered into a securities purchase
agreement to sell its fuels marketing businesses in Haiti to Medley
Capital Limited, a company owned by GB
Group, a Haiti-based industrial group with core holdings
in energy, steel and food products.
Under the terms of the agreement, which are subject to various closing
conditions, Medley Capital Limited would acquire 58 service stations,
a portfolio of approximately 120 commercial and industrial customers,
and other lines of business. Other terms of the agreement were not disclosed.
"The proposed sale of our fuels marketing businesses in Haiti is
consistent with our ongoing effort to concentrate resources and capital
on strategic, global assets," said Shariq Yosufzai, president,
Global Marketing, Chevron.
Chevron Corporation is one of the world's leading integrated energy
companies, with subsidiaries that conduct business worldwide. The company's
success is driven by the ingenuity and commitment of approximately 62,000
employees who operate across the energy spectrum. Chevron explores for,
produces and transports crude oil and natural gas; refines, markets
and distributes transportation fuels and other energy products;manufactures
and sells petrochemical products; generates power and produces geothermal
energy; provides energy efficiency solutions; and develops the energy
resources of the future, including biofuels and other renewables. Chevron
is based in San Ramon, Calif.
Cautionary Statement Relevant to Forward-Looking Information for the
Purpose of "Safe Harbor" Provisions of the Private Securities
Litigation Reform Act of 1995.Some of the items discussed in this press
release are forward-looking statements about Chevron's activities in
Haiti. Words such as "anticipates," "expects," "intends,"
"plans," "targets," "projects," "believes,"
"seeks," "estimates," "budgets" and similar
expressions are intended to identify such forward-looking statements.
The statements are based upon management's current expectations, estimates
and projections; are not guarantees of future performance; and are subject
to certain risks, uncertainties and other factors, some of which are
beyond the company's control and are difficult to predict.
You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements,
which speak only as of the date of this press release. Unless legally
required, Chevron undertakes no obligation to update publicly any forward-looking
statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or
SOURCE: Chevron Corporation CONTACT: Chevron Corporation Lloyd Avram,
925-842-3422 email@example.com Copyright Business Wire 2009 -0- KEYWORD:
*********************** Pétrole en Haiti,
Par Dr. Georges Michel, webzinemaker.com
Depuis des temps immémoriaux, ce n'est un secret pour personne
que dans le sous-sol des deux états qui se partagent l'Ile d'Haïti
et dans les eaux avoisinantes, il existe d'importants dépôts
d'hydrocarbures encore inexploités, on ne sait pourquoi. Déjà
au début du XXème siècle , la carte physique et
politique de l'Ile d'Haïti, dressée en 1908 par Messieurs
Alexandre Poujol et Henry Thomasset, signalait un important gisement
de pétrole en Haïti au voisinage de source du Rio Todo El
Mondo, Affluent de droite du fleuve Artibonite, plus connu aujourd'hui
sous le nom de Rivière de Thomonde. (le mot Thomonde viendrait-il
de Todo El Mondo?) le gisement du pétrole en question se trouve
à cheval sur la limite entre les arrondissements de Hinche et
de Mirebalais, dans une zone montagneuse, située au pied de la
chaîne des Montagnes Noires, en direction plein ouest de Thomonde.
La même carte signale un gisement de pétrole dans la plaine
dominicaine d'Azua, à une faible distance au nord de la République
Dominicaine de la ville d'Azua. D'après les informations dont
nous disposons, ce dernier gisement en République Dominicaine
avait été mis effectivement en exploitation dans la première
moitié de ce siècle il avait produit jusqu'á 60.000
barils de pétrole par jour, puis avait été fermé,
ayant été jugé à l'époque "insuffisamment
rentable". Toujours pour rester en République Dominicaine,
on annonçait qu'en 1982 il avait été découvert
en face de cette plaine d'Azua, un immense gisement de pétrole
off-shore au large de Barahona, mais que ce gisement avait été
Ceux qui ont fait le voyage Port-au-Prince/Santo-Domingo peuvent témoigner
que la plaine d'Azua et son littoral ressemble à s'y méprendre
à la zone de Vieux-Bourg d'Aquin et du littoral correspondant.
Il ya des chances raisonnables qu'il y ait donc des dépots d'hydrocarbures
dans la région haïtienne homologue, d'autant que nous sommes
laissé dire que dans la plaine des Cayes il y avait des indices
géologiques de présence de pétrole, de même
que dans la baie des Cayes, entre les Cayes et l'Ile-à-Vache.
Nous nous baignions en 1975 à Cayes-à-l'Eau, quant nous
eûmes les pieds souillés par une sorte d'huile noirâtre
qui suintait du fond marin. Un pêcheur du lieu nous avait expliqué
que c'était chose courante en cet endroit.
Il en fait rapport d'un phénomène similaire dans d'autres
régions du pays. Paraît-il en Plaine de Léogane
et au pied du Morne-à-Cabrit. On a signalé également
la présence de schistes bitumineux dans le Département
de la Grand-Anse.
Toujours est-il qu'il existe de nombreux endroits dans notre île
(Haïti et République Domincaine) qui présentent tous
les critères géoligiques de présence d'hydrocarbures.
En Haïti, citons la plaine des Cayes, la plaine de Léogane,
la plaine du Cul-de-Sac, la plaine des Gonaïves et la Savane désolée,
la Plaine du Nord. L'Ile de la Gonâve et les littéraux
correspondants pour les gisements off-shore. Dans cette liste, il ne
faut pas oublier le grand bassin sédimentaire haïtien du
Dans le courant des années 50, la Compagnie Knappen-Tippen-Abbet
(surnommée par les populations locales (Compagnie Ti-pain à
beurre) avait effectué des forages à la Gonâve,
en plaine de Cul-de-Sac, au Plateau-Central et dans la région
des Gonaïves. Tous ces forages s'étaient avérés
extrêmement prometteurs et les résultats avaient été
au-delà des espérances. Cependant, les grosses multinationales
pétrolières, dont certaines opéraient en Haïti,
avaient fait pression pour que les gisements découverts ne fussent
pas exploités. Haïti n'était ni l'Arabie Saoudite
ni le Koweit. A une époque où le baril de pétrole
brut se vendait un peu plus d'un dollar, et que le Golfe Persique en
fournissait à gogo, il n'y avait aucune raison pour ces Compagnies
de mettre en exploitation des gisements beaucoup moins rentables, alors
que l'ARAMCO faisait la pluie et le beau temps en Arabie, à vil
prix, pillant même les précieuses ressources pétrolières
de ce royaume.
On garderait les gisements haïtiens ainsi que d'autres gisements
en réserve pour le XXIème quand la pactole moyen-oriental
se serait tari. C'est ce qui arriva!. Les puits de la Knappen-Tippen-Abbet
furent numérotés, soigneusement cadenassés ou scellés
avec du ciment et on les oublia.
Les rapports de cette immense campagne de forage ne furent, semble t-il
jamais communiqués aux Haïtiens. Pensez-vous, on n'allait
jamais remettre à ce ramassis de nègres arriérés
des informations qui leurs permettraient de travailler à leur
libération économique. Ce serait les rendre trop puissants
et donner trop de pouvoir à la petite Haïti.
Les Haïtiens n'avaient qu'a attendre un demi-siècle ou un
siècle pour cela. Cependant, la campagne fructueuse de Knappen-Tibben-Abbet
donna l'occasion à de nombreuses promotions d'écoles haïtiens,
préparant leur certificat d'Etudes Primaires et étudiant
dans le manuel de géographie d'Haïti des Frères de
l'Instruction Chrétienne, d'apprendre que notre sol possédait
des gisements de pétrole, au Plateau Central, et à la
Gonâve. Ce n'était pas tombé dans l'oreille d'un
Il est généralement admis dans tous les milieux pétroliers
qu'il existe des gisements d'hydrocarbures dans le sous-sol de l'île
d'Haïti, mais ces milieux ne sont pas pressés de les mettre
en exploitation, tellement les réserves aisement disponibles
et déjà répertoriées sont importantes dans
les grandes régions productrices de pétrole du monde.
On aura toujours le temps de penser à l'île d'Haïti.
On a cependant failli penser à nous lors de la crise du Golfe
quant les gisements Kowetiens, Saoudiens et autres étaient menacés
par Saddam Hussein. Si les cubains n'avaient pas fait de grands efforts
par eux-mêmes pour mettre leur pétrole en exploitation,
personne ne l'aurait fait pour eux à leur place. Si ce n'étaient
pas les efforts des Cubains, le pétrole cubain serait logé
dans les entrailles de la terre, comme l'est toujours le pétrole
haïtien. La balle est dans notre camp…
Si les grandes compagnies ne sont pas intéressées à
s'occuper de nous et de notre pétrole, nous aurions pu demander
à nos voisins cubains de venir nous aider à exploiter
Dans leur quête dramatique pour le pétrole, les cubains
ont développé une technologie et un savoir-faire dont
nous pourrions, en échange de leurs services, céder aux
cubains une partie de la production pétrolière nationale
et leur donner une part de bénéfices. Une mission de responsables
gouvernementaux et d'hommes d'affaires haïtiens devrait partir
pour Cuba en ce sens.
La triste affaire de l'embargo international à bien montré
que nous devons nous débrouiller tous seuls, et surtout que nous
n'avons pas à attendre les O.K. du grand Voisin du Nord pour
ce qui touche à nos intérêts vitaux. L'ensemble
du corps social a pu voir et bien se rendre compte de la manière
dont le Grand Voisin du Nord nous a traités et nous traitera
encore à l'avenir. Haïti ne sera sauvée que par les
Haïtiens, et par les Haïtiens seuls, c'est la principale leçon
Si notre pétrole avait été disponible, on aurait
pas été forcé de capituler honteusement à
la suite du blocus pétrolier décidé au mépris
du droit international avec leur infâme résolution 841,
par les grandes puissances portant désormais le nom pompeux et
ridicule de " communauté internationale".
Nos responsables, nos grands brasseurs d'affaires, nos économistes
ultra-libéraux, nos grands contrebandiers, nos Chicagos-Boys
anti-nationaux et autres ruffians, auraient préféré
importé de l'air, plutôt que de mettre en exploitation
les ressources d'Haïti. Avec un zèle qu'il est difficile
à comprendre, ils obéissent au doigt et à l'oeil
aux injonctions du FMI et de la Banque Mondiale, et se mettent avec
ces deux organismes pour détruire l'économie haïtienne,
et en particulier notre précieuse agriculture.
Néanmoins, ils se retrouvent bien attrapés et nous avec,
quand pour l'impérialisme, pour satisfaire ses macabres desseins,
décide d'imposer un embargo, le dernier embargo (il y en aura
peut-être d'autres à l'avenir, qui sait?) a prouvé
qu'il faut accéler l'intégration économique avec
la République Dominicaine.
Les deux Républiques devraient s'engager par traité à
se fournir mutuellement du pétrole quelques que soient les décisions
d'une tierce partie. La construction d'un oléoduc transinsulaire,
Barahona-Port-au-Prince, pourrait être un élément
de cette intégration pétrolière entre les deux
pays qui se partagent l'île.
En attendant de pouvoir consommer notre pétrole dont les excédents
fournissaient aussi de précieuses devises dont nous avons besoin,
il faut augmenter les capacités de stockage de produits pétroliers
sur le territoire de la République, et de constituer d'importants
réserves stratégiques. L'embargo pétrolier de 1991
est par ailleurs un argument de poids pour la reconstruction de nos
chemins de fer.
Dr Georges Michel
27 mars 2004
Is Rising!! Ayisyen: You Are Not Alone!
‘...Hayti (is) the glory of the
blacks and terror of tyrants...I hope that she may be united, keeping
a strict look-out for tyrants, for if they get the least chance to injure
her, they will avail themselves of it...But one thing which gives me
joy is, that they (the Haitians) are men (and women) who would be cut
off to a man before they would yield to the combined forces of the whole
world-----in fact, if the whole world was combined against them it could
not do anything with them...’ ---David Walker
from: David Walker’s Appeal, 1829 | <urn:uuid:a2a67f8e-5acc-473c-97bc-f5e4a812599f> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.margueritelaurent.com/pressclips/oil_sites.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320595.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625235624-20170626015624-00365.warc.gz | en | 0.766082 | 19,220 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Forum Replies Created
December 2, 2018 at 3:36 pm #2868
The Theme of the Week: The Right to Marry, the Right to Exist.
This photograph was chosen as a result of it being able to convey the very right of marriage and to exist. The right to marriage has been a contested subject in the United States in which resulted in the exclusion of many LGBTQ+ individuals from ever attaining such a right. Moreover, the right to exist and be your true-self has also been a contested subject in which there has been legislation, such as Texas’ anti-sodomy law, that has prevented individuals from living their true identity. Fortunately, the Supreme Court has assumed the mantle of responsibility for upholding Constitutional rights. From Lawrence v. Texas to Obergefell v. Hodges, the Supreme Court has ruled in favor of upholding the right to exist to marriage for LGBTQ+ and have made what is demonstrated in the photograph a reality.
The name of the photographer is unknown; however, the source of the photograph has been linked in the post. Moreover, the date of the photograph was taken on June, 2018. (https://in.pinterest.com/pin/54395107984323796/).
November 25, 2018 at 12:28 pm #2702
Theme of the Week: Illegality and civil rights continued
This painting relates to a significant, Supreme Court case with regards to the civil rights of undocumented individuals. Plyler v. Doe was a case that involved the state of Texas withholding funds for the public education of undocumented immigrants. By doing this, the state of Texas was prohibiting undocumented children from being educated. The legislators of Texas believed they were able to do this because of their beliefs about citizens and individuals who were regarded as “illegal” or undocumented. These legislators did not believe that individuals who fell out of the scope of citizenship were entitled to equal protection of the law under the 14th Amendment. In short, Plyler v. Doe highlights a concerning attempt by state governments to diminish the civil rights of undocumented individuals. Fortunately, the justices of the Supreme Court case struck down this discriminatory legislation by the state of Texas.
The name of the artist who painted this painting is Christian Faltis. The year in which the painting was finished was 2010. The source of the painting has been attached as well (https://lawprofessors.typepad.com/files/faltis-article.pdf).
- This reply was modified 11 months, 3 weeks ago by ALEXANDER GARCIA.
November 18, 2018 at 5:59 pm #2566
Theme of the Week: Illegality and Civil Rights
The classification systems of the legal system in the United States has divided and dehumanized entire groups of individuals. Multitudes of individuals have had their voices be diminished simply because of a label. The attached photo highlights this reality. There are thousands of people who come to the United States with aspirations of a better future for themselves and their family. Unfortunately, the citizenship process in the United States is unbearably lengthy. This is problematic as there are individuals who don’t have the time to undergo the citizenship process due to particular circumstances. It is this far too common scenario that has resulted in the unwarranted tactics of dehumanization for individuals who are classified as “illegal.” Finally, these classification systems have significantly undermined the treatment of “illegal” immigrants by society in the United States. These individuals are more susceptible to being discriminated as a result of being considered less than human. They are being discriminated for having a dream and as the photo states, these dreams are not illegal.
The owner of the photo was unable to be identified; nonetheless, the source of the photo has been linked (https://www.istockphoto.com/za/photo/immigration-protest-at-white-house-gm458123083-15812314). Moreover, the month in which the photo was taken was May 1st; however, the year is unknown.
November 11, 2018 at 2:22 pm #2388
Week’s Theme: Legalized Islamophobia and the War on Terror
This photo was chosen because I believe it highlights the difference between the letter and the spirit of the law and how that distinction relates to legalized Islamophobia and the war on terror. The photo has a phrase in which states, “I Watch You.” This phrase is what the Patriot Act states it does, being the letter of the law. The Patriot Act states that it monitors all of its citizens equally. Nonetheless, this notion of equality is simply not true. The photo should really say, “I Watch South Asians, Arabs, and Muslims.” This phrase is what the Patriot Act actually does, being the spirit of the law. As taught in class, it was noted that South Asians, Arabs, and Muslims were discriminated due to their national, ethnic, and religious identity and it was acts such as the Patriot Act that were responsible for monitoring these groups of people. Acts such as the Patriot Act have led to the legalization of Islamophobia and have perpetuated prejudices and misperceptions for entire groups of people. The war on terror was much rather a war on South Asians, Arabs, and Muslims.
The artist of this respective picture is Dave Lindorff and it was released on the 2nd of June, 2015; moreover, the source to the picture has been provided (https://thiscantbehappening.net/help-the-usa-patriot-act-has-expired/).
November 4, 2018 at 11:36 am #2214
Theme: Japanese American internment (incarceration)
This photo that I have chosen is the cover of the book, Farewell To Manzanar. The cover of the book has multitudes of pictures on it, such as the Manzanar site, Jeanne Wakatsuki Housten as a young child, the family of Jeanne Wakatsuki Housten before her family was disbanded, and the American flag at the bottom. The cover of the book conveys a lot of meaning. The photo of Jeanne Wakatsuki Housten when she was young tells that the atrocities of Japanese American internment were witnessed through the eyes of a child. The photo of her family is used to show that her family was destroyed by internment as members of the family were taken at different times and located to different areas of the Manzanar site. Finally, the American flag is not arbitrarily located at the bottom. The location of the flag at the bottom represents that principals of democracy, humanitarianism, and liberty were disregarded and trampled upon.
The photographer of the photos used in the cover of Farewell To Manzanar is unknown; however, the cover was designed by Jeanne Wakatsuki Housten and her husband James D. Housten. The date on which the cover was published was in 1973. The respective source to the cover has been linked (http://smithsonianapa.org/bookdragon/farewell-to-manzanar-by-jeanne-wakatsuki-houston-and-james-d-houston/)
October 28, 2018 at 2:36 pm #2058
Theme of the Week: Malcolm X and James Baldwin
The date on which the photo was taken is August 1948. The photograph captures both African-American and white people coming together to protest the egregious policy of Jim Crow laws. The photograph takes place a few years before the Civil Rights Era, yet it conveys a realization that both Malcolm X and James Baldwin had in their lives. First, during the hajj that Malcolm X did, he had the opportunity to meet individuals who he had thought would have mistreated him to be genuine and kind. They didn’t reject him by superficial means but rather embraced him for who he was. Second, James Baldwin’s interactions with a white woman whose name was Orilla Miller changed his perspective on white people. Her kindness towards James Baldwin changed him and led him to the realization that not every white individual was a racist filled with hate. One would assume that no white individual would have ever stood with solidarity with African-Americans during the period of the photograph. Nonetheless, as Malcolm X and James Baldwin realized during their lives, there were good-hearted, white people who were aware of the heinous crimes being committed against people of color in the United States and wanted to change a society that rejected its own people.
This individual who took this photograph was unable to be identified; nonetheless, the date in which it was taken, as mentioned prior, was August 1948 and the respective link has been provided to the source of the photograph (http://sfbayview.com/2017/08/we-charge-genocide)
October 21, 2018 at 6:54 pm #1905
Theme: Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X
This photo serves as a symbolic representation of the two dominating means of protest during the Civil Rights Era of the 1960s. On the left, is Martin Luther King Jr. who possesses a calm demeanor in which symbolizes the manner of protesting that he advocated for. On the right, is Malcolm X whose demeanor is marked by a sense a tenacity that symbolizes a manner of protesting that empowered individuals to defend themselves if deemed necessary.
This photo relates to this week’s class material due to the fact that it conveys what MLK Jr. discussed in his letter from the Birmingham jail. In his letter, he speaks about how allowing injustice to continue happening threatens the very fundamental of justice everywhere. As said previously, MLK Jr. and Malcolm X symbolize the means to end that injustice. The means that both of these prominent figures advocated were different from each other but the outcome was the same for both, the end of injustice.
The photo was taken in 1964; nonetheless, the individual who took the photo was unable to be identified. Because of this, the subsequent link has been posted to the source of the photo. (http://www.cnn.com/2010/LIVING/05/19/Malcolmx.king/index.html)
October 18, 2018 at 3:08 pm #1759
Theme: Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcom X
This photo captures a significant moment in the Civil Rights Era of the 1960s. The significance of this photo is that this was the one and only moment that the two, prominent leaders of civil change in the United States met. There was no other time in which MLK Jr. and Malcom X had met before and, in a way, their meeting symbolized the means to attain freedom within a country that had denied its promise. On the left, was the embodiment of non-violent protest that attempted to work within a system that oppressed its own people. On the right, was the embodiment of a type of protest that confronted its oppressors, refusing to comply with a system that shackled its own people.
This photo is relevant to this week’s course material as a result of its connection to an aspect of the <span style=”font-weight: 400;”>Letter from Birmingham Jail. In MLK Jr.’s letter, he speaks about how the continuation of injustice anywhere threatens the very existence of justice everywhere. In the photo, MLK Jr. and Malcom X embody the campaigns to end such injustice. They stand in unison for one moment in history, shouting to the world that their means of change are trying to reach the same thing, freedom. </span>
The photographer’s name is unknown; nonetheless, the source has been linked (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/01/14/martin-luther-king-jr-met-malcolm-x-just-once-the-photo-still-haunts-us-with-what-was-lost/?utm_term=.6e1e4a416568). Moreover, the date of the photo is dated March 26th, 1964.
<span style=”font-weight: 400;”> </span>
- This reply was modified 1 year ago by ALEXANDER GARCIA.
October 12, 2018 at 11:00 am #1545
This photo captures the image of activist DeRay Mckesson being arrested as a result of the manner of his protesting. DeRay Mckesson and other activists were raising awareness to the public of the death of Philando Castile who was shot and killed by a police officer. The scene in which the photo captures conveys a sense of seriousness and intensity as multiple officers and their respective vehicles are visible. This aspect of the photo is noted because it delivers the message that participation in protests can lead to altercations and detainment with the police. Even in the face of peaceful protests, individuals may face prosecution by police officers. The relevancy of the photo to this theme of the week is rooted in the fact that this photo demonstrates an individual fighting for policy change. It was taught in class today that the courts only recognize rights or policy once they have been fought for. What Deray Mckesson is doing is exactly that, he is fighting for change. With respect to the ownership of the photo, the individual who took this photo couldn’t be identified; nonetheless, the subsequent link has been provided to the source of the photo (https://newsela.com/read/freeways-civil-rights/id/19705/) and the respective date of the photograph is July 9th, 2016. | <urn:uuid:45d4198c-4efa-4f8b-b53d-cc0437927c31> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://knit.ucsd.edu/members/acg026/forums/replies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668585.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20191115042541-20191115070541-00098.warc.gz | en | 0.97742 | 2,820 | 2.578125 | 3 |
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In recent years the evolution of modern refractive surgery has focused attention on the architecture and biological properties of the cornea. In this issue of theBJO (p 437) Müller et al address the differential behaviour of the anterior and posterior stroma during corneal swelling and draw interesting conclusions about the factors maintaining corneal shape.
Transparency of the corneal stroma depends particularly on the degree of spatial order of its collagen fibrils which are narrow in diameter and closely packed in a regular array.1-8 The collagen fibrils themselves are weak scatterers, since their fibril diameter is less than the wavelength of light, and fibril refractive index is close to that of the ground substance. There is little variation in fibril diameter and separation between the anterior and posterior cornea.
The stromal fibrils are further organised into bundles, or lamellae, of which there are approximately 300 in the central cornea and 500 close to the limbus.9 The posterior lamellae course directly across the full width of the cornea without a break, having their origins in fibres which wind around the limbus at the corneoscleral junction10-12 or, according to Radner,9 have a pseudocircular organisation at the limbus, forming the ligamentum circulare corneae. On the basis ofx ray diffraction studies, about 49% of the stromal lamellae are preferentially aligned orthogonally, along the vertical and horizontal meridians, while about 66% lie within a 45° sector.1112 Fibrils within a lamella are in parallel array, except where branching of lamellae occurs. Branching in the horizontal plane occurs throughout the stroma, whereas anteroposterior branching is found only in the anterior third.13
The anterior and posterior stroma differ in specific ways. In general the posterior stroma is more ordered,14 more hydrated,15 more easily swollen, and has a lower refractive index16 than the anterior stroma. The posterior lamellae are also wider and thicker (100–200 μm wide and 1.0–2.5 μm thick) than the anterior (0.5–30 μm wide and 0.2–1.2 μm thick).13 There are also differences in keratocyte morphology.17 It has long been established that the posterior lamellae of the human corneal stroma are arranged parallel to the plane of the corneal curvature13 and this feature is recognised to facilitate dissection in lamellar corneal grafting.1819 Dissection of the cornea is, however, not resistance free, suggesting that there are elements which bind the collagen lamellae together.20 Part of this resistance is likely be due to attachments between the collagen fibrils on the one hand and other matrix proteins such as the proteoglycans2122 or keratoepithelin.23
In the anterior stroma, an additional contribution is made by the marked anteroposterior lamellar interweave which has been recognised to be a feature of the corneal architecture since the early part of the century.91324-33 Here, lamellae can be shown to pass obliquely from one layer to another, sometimes passing across several lamellae to reach their destination.13 It is likely that such obliquely disposed lamellae have their peripheral origins in the limbus, although this specific question has never been explored directly. A proportion of the anterior lamellae are known to be inserted directly into Bowman's layer and it has been suggested that the latter contribute to the formation of the anterior corneal mosaic, a normal architectural feature seen at the corneal surface.3035-38 The anterior corneal mosaic is visible in all normal corneas as a broad polygonal pattern which can be observed after instillation of fluorescein, simply by exerting pressure on the cornea through the closed lids, and observing the fluorescein distribution when the eyes open. This polygonal pattern can be regarded as the most superficial manifestation of a more complex, three dimensional “chicken wire” arrangement of the anterior stromal lamellae.30
In this issue, Müller et al elaborate at ultrastructural level, an older, light microscopic observation, that human anterior stroma swells considerably less than the posterior stroma, when corneas are immersed for a prolonged period in saline.39-46 In non-nutrient media, at room temperature, where there are no cellular barriers, and no viable cells capable of deswelling the stroma, stromal swelling is due almost entirely to the gel pressure exerted by the stromal proteoglycans, acting as a polyelectrolyte gel.47 It is the high, negative charge of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) components of the proteoglycans, that is responsible for this property. Müller et alclaim that the anterior stroma, 100–120 μm deep to Bowman's layer, does not swell perceptibly when the cornea is immersed in water or saline for prolonged periods and that swelling is confined to the posterior stroma. This is a remarkable observation that implies that the anterior stroma has special features which constrain swelling in these conditions, despite the presence of negatively charged proteoglycans here, as in the posterior stroma. These observations are important and need to be confirmed by morphometric measurements of fibril number density (fibril number per unit area) in the respective zones, with special attention to the presence or absence of stromal “lakes”.
There are a number of factors that could explain the findings of Müller et al. As noted above, the morphology of the anterior and posterior stroma differs considerably. Müller et al suggest that the anterior stromal interweave is the chief architectural factor determining the differential swelling behaviour of the stroma. They also suggest that it is responsible for the structural stability of this region of the cornea, a feature which is of importance to refractive surgery and possibly in such conditions as keratoconus. However, as these and other authors have observed, additional factors may contribute to the differential swelling. The GAGs of the corneal stroma are keratan sulphate (a component, for instance, of the proteoglycan lumican), dermatan sulphate (DS), and chondroitin sulphate (CS) (components of the small proteoglycan CS/DS proteoglycan, decorin). Keratan sulphate makes up about 50% of the corneal GAGs. In bovine corneal stroma, the keratan sulphate/chondroitin-4-sulphate ratio is higher posteriorly than anteriorly.4244 If this is the case for human cornea, then since keratan sulphate has a higher water affinity than chondroitin-4-sulphate, this could explain, in part, the greater degree of posterior stromal swelling on immersion. Another factor, which should be kept in mind, is the possibility of a differential leaching of GAGs from the stroma during prolonged immersion. Although only about 1% of keratan sulphate is lost from corneas held in closed culture48 a significant loss of proteoglycans from swollen corneas has been recorded by others4549 with a preferential loss of keratan sulphate from oedematous rabbit corneas.50 Differential loss has not been studied, but a greater loss of GAGs from the anterior stroma could reduce its “swellability”.
This behaviour of human anterior stroma is reminiscent of that of the stroma of the cartilaginous fishes (Chondricthyses, which includes the subclass of elasmobranchs). The stromal lamellae in such fish are well defined and run in the plane of the cornea, but are crossed at right angles by anteroposterior bundles of “sutural” fibres or complexes, which connect the basal lamina of the corneal epithelium to a posterior collagenous layer, resembling Descemet's layer in location but not structure.51 The sutural fibres were first described by Ranvier52 and subsequently by Payrauet al,53 Goldmann and Benedek,54 and Faure.55 The corneas of the cartilaginous fish swell little when immersed in water, and retain their transparency56 apparently in the absence of a functional endothelial layer.515758 It has been suggested that the sutural fibres provide a restraining action on corneal swelling, possibly assisted by an interaction between stromal collagen and stromal matrix materials,54 which are abundant, for instance, in the dogfish cornea. It appears that the anterior interweave of the stromal lamellae of the human cornea and, possibly, differences in proteoglycan composition and attachment may play a similar part to that of the sutural fibres in the cartilaginous fish, whose lamellae show little or no anteroposterior interweave.
The anterior stromal interweave has other structural implications for the cornea. It can be conceived that while the limbus to limbus arrangement of the posterior lamellae offers a singular advantage with respect to strength, the interweave of the anterior lamellae, and the insertion of lamellae into Bowman's layer, offers opportunities to confer a variable shape to the anterior corneal surface. Although the insertions of lamellae into Bowman's layer might seem to offer less structural strength than the limbus to limbus arrangement of the posterior stroma, loss of strength would be minimised if anterior insertions extended from the limbus to Bowman's layer, beyond the corneal centre. This might also afford better opportunities to determine shape. Since corneal shape is to some extent hereditable, the inference would be that the anterior obliquities are under genetic control and regulated by proteins whose spatiotemporal distribution during development determine corneal shape. It is relevant that the developmental origin of the anterior third of the corneal stroma is thought to differ from that of the posterior.25
Müller et al suggest that the structural stability of the anterior stroma under conditions of extreme hydration imply an important role for this zone in the maintenance of corneal curvature and that this stability is determined by the tight interweave of the stromal lamellae here. It seems a reasonable proposition that the interweave is important in maintaining shape and it seems likely too that is a determinant of shape, probably by distributing tension over the corneal surface in a manner which could not be achieved by an interlimbal arrangement alone.
One final implication of the human anterior stromal interweave should be considered. It is generally accepted that anterior stromal keratocytes die shortly after the induction of a corneal abrasion. It has reasonably been proposed, by Wilson,60 that this is due to a FAS-FAS ligand mechanism, in response to IL-1 release from damaged epithelium. However, an alternative explanation could be advanced, that corneal abrasion, by exposing the corneal stroma to the tears, tends to cause stromal swelling. If gel swelling of the anterior stroma is restricted by the stromal interweave, then a rise in anterior stromal hydrostatic pressure would result. We may at least ask ourselves the question, could keratocyte loss be caused by such a rise in pressure, do the keratocytes die because they are “strangled” by the stromal interweave? This could also explain the preferential loss of anterior stromal keratocytes which is said to occur in bullous keratopathy.
What influence does the anterior stromal architecture have on refractive procedures? Müller et al caution that removal of this critical, stable zone of the stroma during photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), could lead to later optical problems. This may not be the case for most PRK ablations, since the depth of ablation, say 70 μm deep to the surface of Bowman's layer, may leave untouched a 50–60 μm zone of the interwoven, anterior region of the stroma, capable of providing some structural rigidity to the newly sculpted zone. As noted by Müller et al, since the combined thickness of the epithelium and Bowman's layer together, is about 60 μm, a LASIK flap of 160–180 μm will just encompass the interwoven anterior stromal layer (100–120 μm thick). A deeper plane could cut into the interlimbal lamellae of the posterior stroma and, potentially, interfere with the stability of the procedure, much as Müller et al propose. It may be noted, in passing, that Munoz et al59 devised a method for dealing with wrinkling of the LASIK flap, which involves “rehydration” of the flap with distilled water. It must be supposed that the distilled water swells and stretches a hydratable posterior lamella of the flap to achieve this effect.
In summary, Müller et al have drawn our attention to important structural and functional features of the cornea which are not only important in maintaining corneal curvature, but may also play an important part in determining corneal shape. The realisation of this may have far reaching consequences for our understanding of the corneal response to injury and of the biological response to refractive corneal procedures. It is clearly an area that deserves further attention.
If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Center’s RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways. | <urn:uuid:063a9869-ac6a-4227-a3f3-422c69f719c8> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://bjo.bmj.com/content/85/4/379 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589270.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716115452-20180716135452-00210.warc.gz | en | 0.898255 | 2,951 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Category: Society & Social Sciences|
The author of the book: Edward L. Dejnozka
Format files: PDF, EPUB
The size of the: 531 KB
Edition: Greenwood Press
Date of issue: 30 September 1991
Description of the book "American Educators' Encyclopedia":Recognized as one of the outstanding academic books published in 1982, American Educators' Encyclopedia has now been revised to reflect a decade of change. More than 200 items have been added to serve the needs of today's educators. Additions range from Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, Attention Deficit Disorders, various computer languages and statistical packages, Schema Theory, and Teacher Warranty Program, to Zero Rejection. One-third of the original items have been significantly updated or deleted. The authors have diligently kept the same characteristic and quality of the first edition, which provided readers with a quick, accurate understanding of education terms and a ready PDF reference for further direction. The revised American Educators' Encyclopedia is an excellent reference for today's teacher and parent. Additions, updating, and deletions in this second edition reflect the vast changes in American education within the past decade. The original format, proving so successful, has not been changed. References follow each item, and a variety of appendices cover a range of areas. The length and language of each item gives the reader a concise understanding that allows for accessible, comprehensive referencing.
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Download EBOOK American Educators' Encyclopedia for free | <urn:uuid:cd11eea9-2606-4c95-b887-60da16e91282> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://clearwalksoft.com/society-social-sciences/8183-american-educators039-encyclopedia.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280086.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00524-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.890621 | 577 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Well, really, im a noob here in programing. And now i am trying to learn about switch case, but...i found new coding language.
Like cout and cin.
The day before, i usually use printf and scanf instead of cout and cin. So my question is:
1. Is it okay to use printf and scanf in switch-case ?
2. When i type cout and cin in Visual C++ 2010, the words are not colored, is it an old language?
3. If i use the printf and scanf language, is there any changes ? i mean, if we want to build a switch-case program using printf and scanf instead of cin and cout, we only replace cin and cout language with printf and scanf, or is there anything else ?
2) cout and cin are objects, just how int x; would not color "x". (AFAIK)
3) I think you are misunderstanding something. printf and scanf are mainly used in C (and are also included in C++). cout and cin are used in C++ (they do not exist in C).
They are not "languages"; they are part of the standard library for a language.
It depends on the specifics of what you're doing and what you're used to use. iostreams are generally safer (as in, if used properly they'll never make your program crash or make it exploitable by crackers), but printf() and its siblings (sprintf(), fprintf(), etc.) let you do certain things with streams with slightly less code. For example, printing a hex number padded to eight digits with zeroes with printf() is printf("%08x",number);
I honestly can't remember what the equivalent code with iostreams is, because it's ridiculous.
One thing I've found, which may be specific to my system, is that printf, puts etc. are very much faster than the equivalent cout statements. For many applications this doesn't matter, but for animations or games etc. then then it could be vital.
As for input, I personally have never liked scanf, even in pure C code there are usually alternatives. But that may just be my own bias. | <urn:uuid:67218b5e-fc0b-4210-8144-e3f323d755ef> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.cplusplus.com/forum/beginner/83340/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257825048.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071025-00117-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937657 | 472 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Western Europe and West Africa have a lot in common in their musics and musical traditions but are also clearly distinct. Both regions and traditions have enriched each other. So how might we characterize these two traditions? How about this?
European music brings together and African music pulls apart. European music brings notes together into chords and harmonies with rhythm supporting the whole while African music pulls music apart over the extent of a ‘song’ or ‘number’ and then pulls it back together. For Africans, it is the inventiveness of improvisation in pulled the music apart that delights. Reaching all the way down into a music of the African Diaspora deeply formed along European lines, jazz, this approach is seen in the way jazz musicians typically begin a standard song and then proceed to pull apart the chords only to bring them back together at the end.
Underlying all of Diasporan music is the rhythmic practices unique to West African and West Central African musics, called variously “hot rhythm” or “cross rhythms, cross meters”, the latter striking Western European musicians as incredibly complex.
Traditional African music lacks the harmonies of European music and one African popular musician wondered about that. When he invited a traditional Congolese musician to play around on his electric keyboard, the musician played traditional xylophone music on it and the other musician, not finding chords in that, realized that the lack of chordal structure permitted other players to enter into the piece in an improvisational manner, displaying the fact that African music is very social. The idea of a musician and his audience being separate parts of the music-making process is foreign to Africans.
More and more we see deep penetration of each other’s music into the other. Watching audiences in Europe responding to African performers by either playing instruments or simply handclapping and dancing demonstrates the penetration of African rhythmic sensibility into European people, while African choirs and orchestras master the extremely fine techniques of European art music.
Neither tradition seems to be losing anything, but, on the contrary, gaining much. | <urn:uuid:7faba307-c080-4543-9e96-2eb6f2b8d177> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | http://barrett.lang-learn.org/2019/04/06/together-apart-a-view-of-western-music/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154127.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731234924-20210801024924-00079.warc.gz | en | 0.950852 | 429 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Inshi Tenri Renmon Kyō – accusation of superstition or acceptance as religion. The forming phase of the new religions Tenrikyō and Renmonkyō as part of the Japanese “magical modernity”
The so called new religions of Japan (shinshūkyō) have been studied closely in response to their massive growth in the 19th and 20th century. Research of has, however, tended to highlight aspects of superstition and cult movement, separating these groups from ‘proper’ religions. The aim of this research project is to put aside the old theoretical framework of research on the new religions, such as firstly, the notion of a disenchanted, rational modernity, that precludes the question of the identity of magic in modern times and secondly, the idea of religion as modelled after Christianity, that has been applied to Meiji time religion in Japan, therefore obscuring how religion in Japan had been constructed.
The solution to this dilemma is sought by delineating the history of the newly fashioned term superstition (meishin) in respect to the new religions Renmonkyō und Tenrikyō, by understanding the term magic as a discursive element. In doing so, the discourse of outcasting or including groups in the categories of religion and superstition can be shown in more balanced fashion than has been done and light can be shed on the idea of a magical modernity in Japan. | <urn:uuid:7199242f-c2f1-43cb-895a-473008c038ae> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.dijtokyo.org/people/franziska-steffen/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056656.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20210919005057-20210919035057-00445.warc.gz | en | 0.943425 | 297 | 2.6875 | 3 |
A Look At
The High-Frequency Active Auroral Research Program
What Is The Truth About HAARP? Is It A Defensive Shield As Alleged, An Offensive Weapon,
NewsFocus.org, by Tim Watts - 031511
The U.S. government's infamous HAARP array in
Gakona, Alaska. (Click on picture for larger image)
A lot has been said about the giant HAARP
array in Gakona, Alaska. Begun in 1990 and "officially" completed in 2007, HAARP stands for High-Frequency Active Auroral Research Program.
Their stated purpose, from the website FAQ... "The
goal of this program is to further advance our knowledge of the
physical and electrical properties of the Earth's ionosphere
which can affect our military and civilian communication and
They also state, "The fundamental goal of
research conducted at HAARP is knowledge; to explore and to
understand natural phenomena occurring in the Earth's ionosphere
and near-space environment. Information derived from this
research will have major value in the design of future
communication and navigation systems for both military and
At one time, the site made the claim that the
facility was "a scientific
endeavor aimed at studying the properties and behavior of the
ionosphere, with particular emphasis on being able to understand
and use it to enhance communications and surveillance systems
for both civilian and defense purposes."
You can see a satellite view of the facility
by using Google maps or Google earth. The coordinates are
62°23'33.73"N 145° 9'2.61"W. The interesting thing is, much of
the field is mysteriously blurred out.
The HAARP station is a highly secure facility
and not open to the public. They have very limited open house
sessions to the public. They state on their website, "Entry
to the facility is normally restricted to those having a need to
conduct business at the facility."
One of the most interesting admissions on the
official HAARP site states that, "HAARP draws only
housekeeping power, used for lighting, heating, and computers,
from the local power grid. During research operations, the HAARP
facility is taken off the local power grid completely."
That last line is the most interesting. It
would seem that this facility does draw an inordinate amount of
power and they do not want that information to become public,
nor do they want a physical public utility trail for
investigators to follow in tracking its operating schedule.
Another interesting statement on the official
HAARP site is their response to a question regarding
environmental safety and the on-site field strength of the
"The only points on the site that approach
the EM safety standard are close to or directly under the
antenna array itself. Numerous computer simulations, confirmed
with measurements during tests show that the highest fields are
actually near the edge of the ground screen, about 60 - 80 feet
away from the nearest antenna element. A fence around the
antenna gravel pad, about 60 feet farther out than the ground
screen (about 150 feet away from the antennas all around),
encloses the limited area under the antennas where fields might
exceed the standard."
This response is certainly open for question.
Look at the top picture on this page and take note of how far
away the main building actually sits from the physical antenna
field. If indeed it was that safe, the building would certainly
be much closer to the actual system, if not simply for
and observation purposes.
One of the hottest topics of internet
conversation and speculation, HAARP has been linked to missile
defense, weather control, military ELF communications, mind
control, and lastly, as an earthquake instigator. HAARP has been
reported to operate between 1 Hz and 10 Hz. The earth's
Shumann Resonance just so happens to be 7.83 Hz. The
human brain is thought to operate in similar ranges. (see
0.5 Hz to 4 Hz (deep sleep)
4 Hz to 8 Hz (dreaming,
8 Hz to 13 Hz (relaxed but
13 Hz to 30 Hz (normal awake
30 Hz to 60 Hz (associated with
Assessing the true
capability and use for HAARP is clearly hard to ascertain. Given the history of
government secrecy and disinformation (lying), it is impossible
to believe the stated mission purpose, as provided on their
website. The United States government is clearly renown for
hiding its technological advancements for military advantage and
If indeed the project is for studying the
ionosphere, or for communications studies, you have to ask
yourself why there are so many similar installations
scattered around the world, when one facility could easily
handle this simple task.
Click on picture for a larger image.
Alleged to be based on Tesla
technology, the HAARP system was supposedly first developed by the
Russians. It is now rumored that the EU has such a system, with
China also pursuing the advanced scalar technology.
a 1997 DOD report,
Secretary of Defense William S. Cohen made
keynote address at the Conference on Terrorism: Weapons of
Mass Destruction and U.S. Strategy, held at the Georgia Center,
in Mahler Auditorium, at the University of Georgia, Athens, Ga.
Cohen stated at that time, "Others are engaging even in an
eco-type of terrorism whereby they can alter the climate, set
off earthquakes, volcanoes, remotely through the use of
electromagnetic waves. So there are plenty of ingenious minds
out there that are at work finding ways in which they can wreak
terror upon other nations."
Again, this was 14 years ago. God
only knows how far that type of technology has come since.
Eastlund is the man best known for the patents involving the
HAARP technology. The patents can be viewed at the following
It is interesting to note the last paragraph
patent 4,686,605, which reads:
Still further, plumes in
accordance with the present invention can be formed to simulate
and/or perform the same functions as performed by the
detonation of a “heave” type nuclear device without
actually having to detonate such a device. Thus it can be seen
that the ramifications are numerous, far-reaching, and
exceedingly varied in usefulness.
paragraph is indeed quite interesting. It understandably raises
many questions for those that allege the technology is much more
than publicly stated. It might very well be construed as
with weather altering abilities.
This reporter can not support the claims made
by many regarding the HAARP array, however, I would offer this
to the argument... who says, it is what it is... until you can
actually go and investigate it in person. The antennas could
operate in a way that we do not have technical knowledge of. We
know nothing about HAARP, until we get to go inside and examine
the equipment. Period. We only know, what we've been told. We
assume much just from looking at mere pictures.
Whatever the real story is, it may be years
before the civilian public ever truly finds out the actual truth about HAARP.
According to DARPA: It's not an ongoing
need. (Code for - We already have better.)
According to Dr. Walker of the Air Force:
The Air Force has gotten great value out
of HAARP in the past. We took it over from the NAVY and managed
it and actually did a number of experiment campaigns up there...
and uh... have finished our work that we are interested in doing
We're moving on to other ways of managing
the ionosphere, which the HAARP is really designed to do... to
inject energy into the ionosphere... to be able to actually
control it.. and uh... but that work has been completed.
The main building for HAARP. (Click on picture
for larger image.)
This building has been added onto, meaning that the satellite
photo above is clearly outdated and not showing the entire
project. Note the corner roof section sticking up behind the
ground level in the lower right, next to the larger building. It
does not exist in the satellite photo.
And Now... Just Some of the Allegations... Ripley's Believe It Or Not:
Note: NewsFocus does not
necessarily endorse the following allegations made concerning the HAARP
system, nor do we dismiss them out of hand. We offer these links as an example of the myriad
rumors that are currently circulating regarding this technology.
As Aristotle once said,
"It is the mark
of an educated mind to be able to entertain a thought without
story making the rounds, former Japanese Finance Minister Hazel Kakanaka
is alleged to have claimed that Japan was threatened with "an earthquake
machine" if they did not turn over their financial system to
American and European members of the IMF (International Monetary
Fund). Supposedly, once the story became public, the Japanese
city of Nigata was coincidentally hit with two powerful
Understanding Shumann Resonances
Schumann resonances occur because the space between
the surface of the Earth and the conductive ionosphere acts as a closed
waveguide. The limited
dimensions of the Earth cause this waveguide to act as a
resonant cavity for
electromagnetic waves in the
ELF band. The lowest-frequency (and highest-intensity) mode of the Schumann
resonance occurs at a frequency
of approximately 7.83 Hz, but this frequency can vary slightly from a variety of
factors. A new field of interest using Schumann resonances is related to
NewsFocus: It is interesting
to note that the Wikipedia page on
Shumann Resonances has just recently been updated since the Honshu quakes
(3/26/11), amidst the myriad allegations of HAARP activity. Coincidentally, the
earthquake page has also recently been updated as well (3/31/11).
Interesting timing. The immediate question is why the data was suddenly
updated at this time, and what data needed to be placed, or removed, from these
pages? It is most curious as to the impetus for why these pages had to be
changed following the recent quake activity.
Update! After a 7.4 Japan quake, and a 4.0
Greenbrier, AR quake on Thursday, April 7th, the HAARP data page has
mysteriously been blocked, or temporarily pulled. The timing of this "glitch" is
highly questionable. With all of the myriad allegations floating about HAARP and
earthquakes, this gives the impression that data is now being hidden, or
possibly doctored until it can be put back up. To see this happen in conjunction
with these already highly questionable quake areas is extremely disconcerting,
to say the least. (See the NewsFocus
Arkansas Quake page) | <urn:uuid:26b25674-36cd-4df2-9b8e-fd09c9330852> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://newsfocus.org/haarp.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606696.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122042145-20200122071145-00356.warc.gz | en | 0.93183 | 2,326 | 2.8125 | 3 |
By EAS Webmaster
Category: BlogsComments Off
“Eighty percent of humanity lives on less than ten dollars a day” (Shah). While this statistic is vast and immense in nature, it perfectly sums up the inability of the third world to join other countries in any international economics. The accounting profession in the third world is virtually non-existent, and what is stopping these third world countries from developing is the lack of an international accounting system, capable of traversing barriers of language, differentiated standards and resources, education, and government. Ultimately and most importantly, there needs to be more emphasis on the importance in why the accounting system is so essential to development.
“Accounting is the facilitating service for business. Members of the accounting profession have always been reactive in meeting business’ changing needs for information” (Garner and McKee). Accounting plays some important roles in economic development, particularly as a key player in information analysis. Accounting encompasses such a wide range of financial aspects. In a thriving economy accounting is responsible for reporting financial data, costing labor and materials, and ethically running a business or company. The primary participants are management, government, and stakeholders. Without these three things, in terms of accounting information, no economy would thrive let alone a third world country.
Realizing the issue is bringing accounting to the third world, there are some obstacles in the way preventing any sort of rapid growth via accounting. First and foremost, accounting, for the most part, is lost in translation of other languages other than English. It might seem somewhat simple, seeing as numbers are universal, however there is a lot more to accounting than just numbers. While international methods are becoming more mainstream (IFRS), there is still that barrier of coming to all of the third world languages that is preventing any sort of progress.
The second hurdle to get passed in the third world is the scarcity of information, especially that of statistical analysis. In the United States as well as the United Kingdom, information about accounting standards, whether they are GAAP, IFRS, etc… is everywhere. Whereas information about standards in a third world country changes from place to place (and are more than likely obsolete by the time it gets to the third world), and depending on how advanced the country is, accounting information might not even be able to be kept.
Third and somewhat controversial is the accounting education in the third world. Regardless of where in the world accountants come from in the third world, because there are little to no standards in some countries it is virtually impossible to develop some sort of educational/certification program. There is “no use producing more and better qualified accountants if the information they provide is not understood or required by the user” (Briston, Samuels, and Wallace). This, combined with the lack of funding that accounting education receives in the third world, creates an environment alone where accounting cannot and will not thrive.
Finally, the last hindrance to accounting in the third world is the fact that the needs of the third world are completely different and diverse from that of the western world, in that more developed countries use a more conservative approach to accounting than is needed for rapid development (Rahaman). This assumes that every country has the same form of government; letting western society’s methods of accounting go unchallenged. Western civilization was founded primarily on capitalism, and our financial accounting systems reflect that.
Ultimately, for change and development in the third world there are a variety of things that need to happen before an accounting profession exists. While the world is increasingly doing more research on the matter, an international accounting standard has yet to be adopted by the majority of accounting users of the world. “As the international economy develops, this variety of standards creates problems for multinational corporations and multinational holding companies” (Garner and McKee). This is the first step in providing developing countries with the tools necessary for growth. While development of international standards is slow and extremely far from being perfect, the third world is in need for some sort of standard that is not out dated. Globalization is calling for an accounting system that every country can get behind including the third world. | <urn:uuid:1d2cb448-3a9e-442c-ae5e-c9645999bbaf> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.easmea.com/blogs/untapped-potential-of-the-third-world-using-accounting-principles/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370491857.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200328104722-20200328134722-00006.warc.gz | en | 0.945961 | 852 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Currituck National Estuarine Research Reserve virtual field trip
Currituck virtual field trip
Remote and untouched by development, the Currituck Banks site is an excellent example of an undisturbed barrier island and
low-salinity estuarine system. Ten miles south of the Virginia border and three-quarters of a mile north of Corolla, this site is
bound on the east by the Atlantic Ocean and the Currituck Sound to the west.
The easiest access point is the visitor parking area off highway 12. Here
you will find a handicap accessible boardwalk that allows access through
the maritime forest to the sound side of the reserve.
Currituck Banks is comprised of 954 acres of beach, dunes,
upland shrub forest, marsh and sound. The Nature
Conservancy and the US Fish and Wildlife Service own tracts
to the north. These three sites combined make up 5,000+-acres
that are used for research and education.
If you are able to access the site from the beach
side of the reserve, you will notice that there
are no roads, but plenty signs of vehicles.
Access to homes north of the site are by way of the ocean side
beach. There is no through traffic to Virginia, although the
small town of Corova sits just south of the North
Carolina/Virginia border and can only be accessed by the beach
On the ocean side a dune system exists that is only disturbed by
natural residents, such as fox, deer and rabbits, and the ever-
active wind. There is a small herd of feral horses that roam the
area. Currituck Banks NERR is the southernmost boundary that
these horses can roam free.
(looking south at Currituck and the Currituck lighthouse)
Back off the beach past dunes and shrub thickets, an
elevated boardwalk allows access through the maritime
forest. The woods here are considered maritime forest
because of their close proximity to the ocean and the
presence of some flora that is somewhat salt tolerant,
such as the wax myrtle (Myrica cerifera) seen here.
The fence that you see in this area is to keep the local feral herd
of horses north – keeping them away from the danger of traffic.
You may or may not see them while you are here – don’t count
on it, as they are a small population and have a large area to
As you begin your walk, you will notice to the left of the
boardwalk an unusual trashcan. This was designed to prevent
wildlife from getting into the trash – nor can they move the
can. There are plenty of raccoons in the area, and hopefully
this will keep them out.
As you look around, you will notice lots of live oak (Quercus
virginiana) trees – short oaks that are very twisted and not
very tall. This is one of the most common trees in many of
the maritime forest areas in North Carolina. This tree is
evergreen and survives the salty sea wind by its thick leathery
leaves. Typically the live oak branches form a windswept
shape. If you look, you can often see that the trees are shorter
on the ocean facing side and taller, more extensive on the side
away from the sea wind. This is caused by the prevalent
strong winter winds blowing from the northeast.
As you walk along the boardwalk, one thing you may notice
is that there are plenty of insects here! Depending on the time
of year that you visit, you may find that bug spray is helpful.
Summer is a favorite time to see lots of dragonflies.
Continuing through the woods you will notice high areas and low areas; these are old dune ridges. These ridges were formed
long ago. Over time, as this part of the barrier island shifted, dunes formed in front of the older dunes and eventually they
were distanced from the constantly moving sand/wind area that once formed them. Slowly larger plants and bushes, and
eventually trees grew on these old dunes, changing this from a dune habitat to a maritime forest habitat.
Now that these areas of maritime forest are somewhat protected from salt spray by the live oak trees located seaward, there
are many more animals that use these areas, including several species of woodpeckers, white-tail deer, and rabbit.
As you make your trek through the forest,
notice the colorful interpretive signs along
the way, highlighting the plant communities,
wildlife and secrets of Currituck Banks.
About half way down the boardwalk, you
will notice a primitive trail leading into the
maritime forest. Follow the 1 ½ mile out and
back trail through pine forests and live oaks
as you make your way to a view of the
Currituck Sound. Take a rest on benches
along the trail as you listen to nature’s
As you move further away from the beach, you will notice there are taller pine trees, protected from strong winds, and then
you will walk through an area that is very wet. This marshy area contains a stand of red maples.
The red maple (Acer rubrum)-dominated lowland area within the Currituck Banks Reserve is an example of maritime swamp
forest, a community type considered "very rare" by the North Carolina Natural Heritage Program (Schafale and Weakley,
1990; page 243)*. They further note: "Extensive young Acer-Nyssa forests on the sound side of Currituck Banks may be
developing since the adjacent marshes turned from brackish to fresh with the closing of inlets in the banks."
The red maples found there are taxonomically the same as those elsewhere; this species varies widely in habitats throughout
the state. The swamp forest is non-tidal and includes other trees (e.g., swamp black gum, sweetgum), shrubs (e.g., wax
myrtle, red bay, cane), vines (e.g., poison ivy, Muscadine grape) and herbs (e.g., royal fern, netted chain fern, lizard's tail,
sedges). Soils are mucky, underlain by wet sands that are seasonally to intermittently-flooded or saturated.
Schafale, M.P. and A.S. Weakly. 1990. Classification of the natural communities of North Carolina: third approximation.
DENHR/Div. of Parks and Rec./N.C. Nat. Heritatge Program. Raleigh
Continuing on the walkway………..
There is a wealth of plant and
animal life here, much of
which goes easily unnoticed.
Some of the shrubs and vines
bear fruit that provide food for
many of the birds and
mammals that inhabit this
area. You may see catbrier
vines, as well as wild grape
vines as you walk along the
At the Currituck Banks site, brackish marshes fringe the edge of the sound -“brackish”, meaning a mix of fresh and salt
water. The nearest source of salt water is Oregon Inlet in Dare County, 45 miles to the south. Currituck Sound receives
freshwater from a number of creeks draining the mainland, plus irregular amounts of salt water from the inlet. The
resulting sound water is classified as brackish, rarely exceeding two parts of salt per thousand parts of water, compared
with 35 parts per thousand in ocean water.
These waters are not influenced by regular lunar tides but by wind. This creates considerably different influences than
those described under the tidal and supratidal marshes.
Dense colonies of giant cord grass (Spartina cynosuroides), spike rush (Eleocharis obtusa), black needle rush and cattail
(Typha spp.) dominate the Currituck marshes. Others marsh species include duck potato (Sagittaria falcate), sabatia,
(Sabitia dodecandra), bulrushes (Scirpus spp.), and marsh mallows (Hybiscus moscheutos and Kosteletskya virginica).
Transition to upland vegetation is characterized by a shrub marsh composed primarily of marsh elder and wax myrtle.
Hempweed (Mikania scadnes) is a vine in the aster family which occurs sporadically throughout the marsh.
These marshes serve as important nesting and foraging grounds for numerous species. Typical birds include the great blue
heron, great egret, eastern green heron (Butorides straitus), snowy egret (Egretta thula), red-winged blackbird and
numerous ocean seabirds such as gulls and sandpipers. Mammals regularly feeding in the area include the raccoon, marsh
rabbit (Sylvilagus palustris), and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). There is also a non-native mammal found
here, the nutria, that feeds on the roots of the marsh plants. It looks similar to a big rat.
There are many reptiles found here as well. Since the sound is relatively fresh, several species of snakes exist such as the
corn snake and water snake or other reptiles like anoles and diamondback terrapin turtles.
Depressions within the grassland, shrub thicket or maritime forest communities may contain permanent to seasonally
flooded ponds vegetated to varying degrees by marsh plants. The depressions within the Reserve are interdunal swales
originally created by wind and water working and reworking deposited sediments. Where low spots intersect with the
water table a pond is formed. Low spots just above the water table hold rainwater and runoff until they evaporate. The
best developed freshwater marshes of the Reserve are found at the Currituck Banks site, while the other three sites contain
isolated seasonally wet areas.
At Currituck Banks typical plants in the ponds include
cattail (Typha angustifolia and T. latifolia), bulrushes,
duck potato and pickerel weed (Pontederia cordata),
mixed with patches of water pennywort (hydrocotyle
umbella), bacopa (bacopa monnieri), marsh fleabane
(Pluchea purpurascens), lippia (Lippia lanceolata), and
diodia (Diodia virginiana).
(Pickerel weed (Pontederia cordata))
Back on the walkway, just before you reach the sound, you’ll reach a kiosk showcasing information about Currituck Banks.
The kiosk provides maps of the area and
information about the wildlife you can expect to
see. Then proceed to the end of the boardwalk
where a spectacular view of the Currituck Sound
The deck area not only gives visitors a great view of Currituck Sound, but also a great place to view birds. This area is a
great spot to view many migrating ducks and shorebirds in the fall and winter. Historically ducks have been widely hunted
here, and there are still some historic hunting clubs around the area. Enjoy viewing osprey’s passing by, maybe resting on the
osprey pole at the end of the overlook, or reading about the Currituck Sound on the interpretive sign.
Currituck Banks is also part of the North Carolina
To visit the site, take NC 12 north through Corolla, 1/3 of a mile past the Currituck Lighthouse, pull straight into
the visitor parking lot at the sharp turn in the road. Following NC 12 a little further you will end at the four wheel
drive ocean beach access ramp within the reserve site. Parking is allowed only on the ocean beach and the
parking lot at the boardwalk site. Access along the ocean beach from the north through Back Bay National
Wildlife Refuge and False Cape State Park is limited to permanent local residents. The site can also be reached
by boating across Currituck Sound.
The hiking trails provide the best access with the least amount of potential damage to the habitats. Visitors
should be careful to avoid wet depressions which are very vulnerable to damage from foot traffic. Freshwater
ponds within the site are food areas for the wildlife. The nearshore waters of Currituck Sound contain dense beds
of aquatic plants, such as widgeon grass, milfoil, tape grass and horned pondweed, which are typical of low-
salinity estuaries. Visitors should avoid disrupting these fragile ecosystems. | <urn:uuid:0b4f9bd9-7bff-4066-ade1-186ab438517b> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://www.slideshare.net/4x4RE/currituck-national-estuarine-research-reserve-virtual-field-trip | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886106465.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170820112115-20170820132115-00073.warc.gz | en | 0.915345 | 2,700 | 2.6875 | 3 |
When the new industrial working class began to organize, governments defused the threat of revolution from below that Karl Marx had prophesied by expanding political and social rights, regulating markets, erecting a welfare state that provided extensive transfers and social insurance, and smoothing the ups and downs of the macroeconomy. In effect, they reinvented capitalism to make it more inclusive and to give workers a stake in the system.
Today’s technological revolutions call for a similarly comprehensive reinvention. The potential benefits of discoveries and new applications in robotics, biotechnology, digital technologies and other areas are all around us and easy to see. Indeed, many believe that the world economy may be on the cusp of another explosion in new technologies.
The trouble is that the bulk of these new technologies are labor-saving. They entail the replacement of low- and medium-skilled workers with machines operated by a much smaller number of highly skilled workers.
To be sure, some low-skill tasks cannot be easily automated. Janitors, to cite a common example, cannot be replaced by robots – at least not yet. But few jobs are really protected from technological innovation. Consider, for example, that there will be less human-generated trash – and thus less demand for janitors – as the workplace is digitized.
A world in which robots and machines do the work of humans need not be a world of high unemployment. But it is certainly a world in which the lion’s share of productivity gains accrues to the owners of the new technologies and the machines that embody them. The bulk of the workforce is condemned either to joblessness or low wages.
Indeed, something like this has been happening in the developed countries for at least four decades. Skill and capital-intensive technologies are the leading culprit behind the rise in inequality since the late 1970s. By all indications, this trend is likely to continue, producing historically unprecedented levels of inequality and the threat of widespread social and political conflict.
It doesn’t have to be this way. With some creative thinking and institutional engineering, we can save capitalism from itself – once again.
The key is to recognize that disruptive new technologies produce large social gains and private losses simultaneously. These gains and losses can be reconfigured in a manner that benefits everyone. Just as with the earlier reinvention of capitalism, the state must play a large role.
Consider how new technologies develop. Each potential innovator faces a large upside, but also a high degree of risk. If the innovation is successful, its pioneer reaps a large gain, as does society at large. But if it fails, the innovator is out of luck. Among all the new ideas that are pursued, only a few eventually become commercially successful.
These risks are especially high at the dawn of a new innovation age. Achieving the socially desirable level of innovative effort then requires either foolhardy entrepreneurs – who are willing to take high risks – or a sufficient supply of risk capital.
Financial markets in the advanced economies provide risk capital through different sets of arrangements – venture funds, public trading of shares, private equity, etc. But there is no reason why the state should not be playing this role on an even larger scale, enabling not only greater amounts of technological innovation but also channeling the benefits directly to society at large.
As Mariana Mazzucato has pointed out, the state already plays a significant role in funding new technologies. The Internet and many of the key technologies used in the iPhone have been spillovers of government subsidized R&D programs and US Department of Defense projects. But typically the government acquires no stake in the commercialization of such successful technologies, leaving the profits entirely to private investors.
Imagine that a government established a number of professionally managed public venture funds, which would take equity stakes in a large cross-section of new technologies, raising the necessary funds by issuing bonds in financial markets. These funds would operate on market principles and have to provide periodic accounting to political authorities (especially when their overall rate of return falls below a specified threshold), but would be otherwise autonomous.
Designing the right institutions for public venture capital can be difficult. But central banks offer a model of how such funds might operate independently of day-to-day political pressure. Society, through its agent – the government – would then end up as co-owner of the new generation of technologies and machines.
The public venture funds’ share of profits from the commercialization of new technologies would be returned to ordinary citizens in the form of a “social innovation” dividend – an income stream that would supplement workers’ earnings from the labor market. It would also allow working hours to be reduced – finally approaching Marx’s dream of a society in which technological progress enables individuals to “hunt in the morning, fish in the afternoon, rear cattle in the evening, criticize after dinner.”
The welfare state was the innovation that democratized – and thereby stabilized – capitalism in the twentieth century. The twenty-first century requires an analogous shift to the “innovation state.” The welfare state’s Achilles’ heel was that it required a high level of taxation without stimulating a compensating investment in innovative capacity. An innovation state, established along the lines sketched above, would reconcile equity with the incentives that such investment requires.
Dani Rodrik is Professor of Social Science at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey. He is the author of One Economics, Many Recipes: Globalization, Institutions, and Economic Growth
Copyright: Project Syndicate, 2015. | <urn:uuid:9e89ea01-3626-4c9d-9a3a-80c9486d5aa6> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.thenewdawnliberia.com/~thenewd1/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6464:residents-risk-imminent-health-hazard-epa-asked-to-intervene&catid=25:politics&Itemid=59 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049276564.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002116-00184-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944812 | 1,137 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Composite structure of silken threads and a proteinaceous hydrogel which form the diving bell wall of the water spider Agyroneta aquatica
© Neumann and Kureck; licensee Springer. 2013
Received: 8 February 2013
Accepted: 2 May 2013
Published: 16 May 2013
The unique ability of Argyroneta aquatica to form a diving bell web was re-examined using a new approach in a structurally simplified environment. The spiders generated sheet-webs from stiff, anchored threads and bundles of fine threads crossing each other, to which a hydrogel was added in several places. Due to the hydrophilic property of the web, small air bubbles could not pass this composite and remained perfectly spherical at the contact point. As revealed using Coomassie Brilliant Blue, the hydrogel and the silken threads are proteinaceous. The spider uses the web as a diving bell by transporting air bubbles to a small area underneath such a sheet-web, and by additional spinning activities. As revealed by light microscopy, the composite of threads and hydrogel is free of any meshes. In contrast, scanning electron microscopy shows only remnants of the hydrogel.
KeywordsWater spider Sheet-webs Composite structure Proteinaceous hydrogel Diving bell construction
The palearctic diving bell spider, Argyroneta aquatica (Clerck 1757) (Araneae: Cybaeidae) is the only spider which lives and hunts submerged among water plants in ponds, ditches and lakes. Fine hydrophobic hairs on the abdomen (opisthosoma) hold a thin layer of air (a plastron) which enables the spider to breathe with its book lungs and tracheal system under water. In contrast to other spiders which hunt in an aquatic environment, this mainly nocturnal species is unique in spending its whole life under water. This is achieved by the use of a special web which is formed into a diving bell, the spider’s centre for rest and reproduction. By means of its plastron, the spider transports air from the water surface to a submersed horizontal sheet-web, thus forming and filling the bell (Braun 1931Wesenberg-Lund 1939Crome 1951Heinzberger 1974Masumoto et al. 1998;Nuridsany and Pérennou , Nuridsany and Pérennou Nuridsany and Pérennou 2004). Both sexes can make diving bells, but the sexes meet and copulate in the bell of the more sessile and smaller female; eggs are kept in a separate bell. This diving bell also functions as a physical gill (Schütz and Taborsky 2003;Schütz et al. , Schütz et al. Schütz et al. 2007Kehl and Dettner 2009Matthews and Seymour 2010Seymour and Hetz 2011). The fine structure of the diving bell wall was studied by De Bakker et al. (2006) and by Woermann (2010). On the basis of scanning electron microscopy studies, De Bakker et al. (2006) described different sizes of silken threads which form the diving bell wall and noticed “that a kind of film was present, draped over and woven between the strands. It is not certain whether this film is produced by the spider (serving probably as a water repellent layer) or deposited by other aquatic organisms” (p.139). The aim of the present study was to clarify the origin and role of this film.
Material and methods
Adult specimens of Argyroneta aquatica were collected from a garden pond near Cologne and from a densely populated location in Upper Franconia.
The spiders were fed every 2–3 days with Daphnia magna or Gammarus sp. One female successfully reproduced within its diving bell, resulting in about fifty offspring during the winter months.
Light-microscopic images of wet and air-dried sheet-webs and diving bells (Figure 1E-H) were scanned with a ZEISS Axiophot2, combined with the digital image processing system Axiovision. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) pictures were taken in two different ways: with a Hitachi S 520 after gold-coating of dried samples en vacuo (Inst. Physical Chemistry), and with a Fei Quanta FEG 250 (Zoological Institute) in which the wet sheet-webs could be directly exposed without previous fixation or coating.
Small gas bubbles released below the sheet-web from a fine Hamilton syringe were used to test the permeability of the new web.
The proteinaceous property of both the threads and the hydrogel of fresh, wet sheet-webs and diving bells was tested with a specific Coomassie stain. After fixation in a mixture of 10% AcOH and 50% MeOH equivalents for at least 6 hrs, the material was stained in this liquid with 0.2% ‘Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250′ in 0.12 mol AcOH in 50% MeOH equivalent for at least 30 min, followed by a decolouration over two steps in 10% AcOH in 20% MeOH equivalents for about 8 hrs. Finally, the sample was transferred into distilled water (Bradford 1976).
Construction of sheet-webs
During the first night all spiders produced a horizontal web of variable size. Figure 1A shows a two-night-old web with a small diving bell and tunnel-like pathways near the glass wall.
Spiders which had already started to spin in daylight began with single, tightly stretched anchor threads (thickness up to 1.8 μm). These were set between crossing sticks or between a stick and the glass wall. The anchor threads were fixed by a small blob of ‘cement’ visible on the glass wall. The spiders continued to add bundles of smaller, parallel threads (0.5–1.0 μm thick) between these strong threads, or between the anchor threads and the sticks (Figure 1E). In this way, a coarse scaffold for a horizontal sheet-web was formed within 2–4 hours. In most cases it was still permeable for small gas bubbles (1–2 mm in diameter) released below the web by a micropipette. However, during the first night, such web compartments were functionally completed far enough that no bubbles could pass (Figure 1C).
Fine structure of horizontal sheet-webs and diving bell walls
Components of sheet-webs and diving bells
There was no structural difference between a completed sheet-web and a new diving bell wall without further reinforcements. In both structures, a few anchor threads were sometimes split into fine threads (Figure 1H, arrow).
Wetting property of sheet-webs and diving bell wall
Figure 1C shows three small air bubbles below a sheet-web and in contact with its surface. The bubbles have a spherical form, indicating that the value of the effective contact angle θe at the point of the three phase contact water/air/sheet-web is close to zero. Similar characteristics are found in diving bells after the water spider has brought the first air bubbles underneath a small sheet-web during the very early stages of the construction.
Extension and layer thickness
A diving bell could be formed as soon as the horizontal sheet-web was filled with hydrogel. The air volume was enlarged step by step, whereby the anchored sheet-web lifted slightly due to the buoyancy of the air underneath. After two nights the bell was big enough for the spider to rest in (Figure 1B). Further spinning activities at its inner side reinforced the wall. Anchor threads and part of the remaining sheet-web (see Figure 1B) stabilized the growing bell.
The sheet-webs in our experiments were considerably larger than those found under more natural conditions, in some cases up to about 80 cm2 (Figure 1A). This demonstrates the capacity of the spiders’ silk glands. The thickness of these sheet-webs could not be assessed because various layers of threads were superimposed. The walls of a new diving bell (mounted by a polyethylene net with 0.8 mm mesh size on a microscope slide in water) were about 40 μm thick (n = 15). However, such a preparation did not represent a functionally intact diving bell wall, since the wall was not stretched by the internal pressure of the air volume. The real layer thickness of the diving bell’s wall should be far less, presumably about 10 μm, even if strengthened by further spinning secretions.
Fine structure of dry sheet-webs and diving bells
Sheet-webs and the walls of diving bells quickly lose their hydrogel-like appearance and become perforated when they dehydrate (Figure 2, left). The hydrogel shrinks, but membranous-like pieces remain between crossing threads. Thin threads can break. Attempts to rehydrate a dehydrated web failed.
An even stronger drying effect occurred during the gold coating process (for taking SEM-images with a Hitachi model). Figure 2 (right) shows the framework of various dried threads and the membranous remains of the dried hydrogel between the thin threads. Without gold coating, one could continuously follow this drying process in a Fei Quanta FEG Scanning microscope (Figure 2, middle). The linear threads became increasingly thin. When a thread tore, the ends were pulled back towards their points of attachment and swelled to several times their extended diameter, demonstrating their elasticity. The strong anchor threads generally shrank to about 0.5 μm in diameter, while the smaller ones shrank to 0.14–0.23 μm before they tore.
The spherical form of air bubbles caught under a sheet-web or inside a new bell indicated that the value of the effective contact angle θe at the point of the three phase contact water/air/sheet-web was close to zero, confirming a physical argument according to which the surface of the wall must be hydrophilic (Woermann 2010).
The proteinaceous hydrogel, which is described here for the first time, corresponds in its properties to an ensemble of hydrophilic macromolecules forming a network in water. We assume that the solid fragments which can be seen in the SEM-pictures published by De Bakker et al. (2006) are remains of this hydrophilic hydrogel component. Several questions about the hydrogel remain open for further investigations, foremost concerning its chemical constitution. Is it some liquid silk, as primarily produced in the spinning apparatus glands, but without further structural differentiation? Or is it a glycoprotein secreted by a distinct type of spinneret gland? The pronounced hydrophilicity of both the silk threads and the hydrogel should also be the subject of further investigation. The new method of keeping the spiders offers the possibility of gaining sufficient amounts of the secreted products.
Argyroneta aquatica has three pairs of spinnerets with a large number of spigots (Foelix 1996). One has to assume that all components of the composite are products of the silk glands. However, the relationships between the components of the composite and distinct spigots or silk glands have not yet been analysed, nor has the mechanism by which the fine threads become twisted to a strong anchor thread been investigated yet (or vice versa).
The diving bell has to withstand a hydrostatic pressure difference corresponding to the pressure exerted by a vertical water column of up to several decimetres, and its wall must remain expandable. At the same time, it has the function of a physical gill. The observed combination of threads in the hydrogel which connects them like a flexible binder clearly meets this requirement. During the stepwise enlargement of the diving bell, Argyroneta aquatica reinforces it by further spinning on its inner wall. Since all components of the composite are hydrophilic, the adhesive forces between threads and hydrogel contribute to the stability of the bell wall, and the hydrogel can patch up areas of the wall and improve its stability. The adhesive forces between the components are documented by SEM-pictures taken during the drying process (Figure 2, middle). It is possible that the hydrogel also lowers the hydrodynamic permeability of the wall, thus suppressing a convective volume flow across the wall, and may retard the gas exchange between the air volume of the diving bell and the external water. Hence, the air-water interface at the open bottom of the diving bell might be important for the overall balance of the gas transfer, as recorded by Seymour and Hetz (2011). A retarded gas transfer via the bell wall may be an advantage for the resting spider when low pO2−values occur on warm summer nights and could reduce the number of the spiders’ trips to the surface to collect fresh air.
Over the course of this study conducted at the University of Cologne, I benefited from the support I received from Prof. Dr. H. Arndt of the Zoological Institute and from members of the Institute of Physical Chemistry: Prof. Dr. K. Meerholz allowed the use of the scanning electron microscope, the research group of Prof. Dr. R. Strey offered technical assistance, Dr. H. Belkura carried out dynamic light-scattering experiments. Further SEM recordings were made with the SEM equipment of the Zoological Institute, with assistance from H.-P. Bollhagen. Optical microscopic scans were done in an Axioplane under guidance of B. Graefe. Prof. Dr. L. Jaenicke of the Institute of Biochemistry provided me with the staining equipment for the Coomassie Blue reaction. Nothing could have been achieved without the Argyroneta specimens collected by Dr. A. Kureck. After unsuccessful searches at various locations, several spiders were caught in the Schwarzenweiher/Upper Franconia with the friendly assistance of Prof. K. Dettner (Dept. of Entomology, University Bayreuth) who also arranged for the Governmental Allowance to collect some specimens of this protected species. The photographer S. Werth (Cologne Biocentre) assisted with the macro-photographs and the compilation of the plates, Dipl. Biol. Frederic Bartlett with linguistic comments. Last but not least, Prof. em. Dr. D. Woermann (Institute of Physical Chemistry, Univ. Cologne) accompanied the study with stimulating discussions. All their help and support is gratefully acknowledged.
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. | <urn:uuid:1ae77502-0551-423f-b762-58134a9414fb> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://springerplus.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/2193-1801-2-223 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549448146.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20170728083322-20170728103322-00705.warc.gz | en | 0.905025 | 3,908 | 2.875 | 3 |
OSTEOARTHRITIS VS. RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
There are many different types of arthritic conditions that involve the hands and wrist. The two most common forms of arthritis are osteoarthritis (OA) , sometimes called degenerative arthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Osteoarthritis develops when the cartilage breaks down causing pain and stiffness in the joints of the hands. Our joints provide flexibility, stability, support and protection for our bones. The cartilage assists with these functions by coating the ends of the bones.Osteoarthritis
(Degenerative Arthritis) Osteoarthritis does not spread to other areas of the body but is confined to the affected joints.
Rheumatoid Arthritis develops as your body’s immune system attacks a joint causing inflammation and significant pain in wrists and hands (as well as other areas). Rheumatoid arthritis may also have other symptoms such as loss of appetite, fever, no energy, anemia or tissue lumps under the skin.
SYMPTOMS OF ARTHRITIS
The most common symptom of arthritis is pain in the affected joints. Other symptoms of arthritis may include swelling and stiffness in the joints and these are usually worse after an extened period of non activity, such as waking up in the morning. If you are having continuous pain in the affected joint this indicates an advanced case of arthritis where there has been a significant or complete loss of cartilage in the joint.
YOUR TREATMENT OPTIONS
Treatment for arthritis may include surgery, hand therapy, or a combination of the two depending on the severity of your symptoms and how advanced your arthritis has become. Initial treatment may include hand therapy and steroid injections to treat the symptoms of arthritis.
If your symptoms advance further, there are many different surgical interventions that may include tendon or ligament transfers, joint replacements and joint fusions. | <urn:uuid:1e4e98bd-4c79-4ab6-961d-de4c3ba4d163> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.hayeshandcenter.com/hand/arthritis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232262311.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20190527085702-20190527111702-00236.warc.gz | en | 0.93211 | 402 | 3.0625 | 3 |
I just came across this amazing video of a parkour athlete which illustrates the visual skill needed for free running. There’s also timing, balance, flexibility, and more involved, but by using a camera linked to the person’s eye gaze, this particular video demonstrates how much vision matters in doing this sort of running and jumping. It’s an acquired skill, done in the context of this particular sport.
Greg has written a lot about this type of perceptual skill, and how understanding skills matters to neuroscience and to anthropology. Here are three excerpts from his 2009 paper (pdf), Cultural variation in elite athletes: does elite cognitive-perceptual skill always converge?
This paper explores how a ‘skills-based’ model of enculturation, inspired by the theoretical work of anthropologist Tim Ingold (2001), might lead us to better conceptualize the nature and origins of cultural differences in cognition. Ingold (ibid.: 416) advocates treating enculturation as ‘enskilment,’ noting that different individuals within the same culture will achieve unequal proficiency and develop idiosyncratic techniques to accomplish the same ends (see Downey, 2005; Grasseni, 2007). Focusing on the acquisition of skills and, by analogy, enculturation shifts our perspective from a concentration on the end-point, the mature expert or culture-bearing individual, to the developmental processes that produce distinctive perceptual abilities, cognitive patterns, physiological capacities and conceptual resources.
Elite athletes from different cultural groups can serve as test case because experts make evident in exaggerated form the divergent expertise produced by distinctive developmental environments. High performing outlier populations like musicians (Kelly & Garavan, 2005; Münte et al. 2002), taxicab drivers (Maguire et al. 2000), and jugglers (Draganski et al. 2004) all demonstrate distinctive patterns of neurological development. Skill acquisition typically entails neurological remodeling, but in sports, increased proficiency often leads to more widespread physiological change in skeletal muscle, the cardio-vascular system, and even bone composition (see Ericsson & Lehmann 1996).
Cultural difference in sports will likely be most profound in the most complex skills, those demanding an integrated onstellation of perceptual, motor, and cognitive refinement as well as physiological adaptation. In contrast, the athletic skills that have been studied most closely in neuropsychology are tightly constrained and limited—hitting a fast pitch, blocking a penalty kick, making a putt, returning a serve in tennis. The task constraints of basic skills may limit possible solutions strategies more than in open-ended skills like captaining a cricket side in the field while also catching and studying opposing batsmen… In these complex situations, a player can essentially redefine ‘the problem’ by subtly shifting the unfolding dynamics or focusing upon realizing different opportunities.
Hat-tip on the video to Kotaku, This Is Mirror’s Edge In Real Life. It Is Terrifying
Update: I just came across a new paper which seems relevant to the sort of skill demonstrated here by the parkour participants. It’s Learning without Training by Christian Beste and Hubert Dinse (2013).
Achieving high-level skills is generally considered to require intense training, which is thought to optimally engage neuronal plasticity mechanisms. Recent work, however, suggests that intensive training may not be necessary for skill learning. Skills can be effectively acquired by a complementary approach in which the learning occurs in response to mere exposure to repetitive sensory stimulation. Such training-independent sensory learning induces lasting changes in perception and goal-directed behaviour in humans, without any explicit task training.
We suggest that the effectiveness of this form of learning in different sensory domains stems from the fact that the stimulation protocols used are optimized to alter synaptic transmission and efficacy. While this approach directly links behavioural research in humans with studies on cellular plasticity, other approaches show that learning can occur even in the absence of an actual stimulus. These include learning through imagery or feedback-induced cortical activation, resulting in learning without task training. All these approaches challenge our understanding of the mechanisms that mediate learning. Apparently, humans can learn under conditions thought to be impossible a few years ago. Although the underlying mechanisms are far from being understood, training-independent sensory learning opens novel possibilities for applications aimed at augmenting human cognition. | <urn:uuid:f4046707-7510-4bdd-8a16-d930511da093> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://blogs.plos.org/neuroanthropology/2013/07/01/vision-in-free-running/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257836397.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071036-00092-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917724 | 883 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The whole time Bluff Road on the city’s south side are the residues of a once-bustling market founded by German immigrants in the mid-1800s.For over 100 years, greenhouses and nurseries dotted the landscape bounded by Raymond Street, Banta Road, Madison Avenue and Harding Street, and according to the Indiana Historical Society, many of the families settling in this location were from the Westphalia local area of Germany. A number of the names of the early farmers such as Brehob, Nordholt, Hohlt and Heidenreich are still familiar today. You can find best greenhouses ideas here.
The growers offered fresh fruits and vegetables for the estimated 16,000 Civil War soldiers in Indianapolis and carted their items to the Indianapolis City Market, which opened in 1886.
The farmers formed the “Deutscher Gartner Unterstutzungs Verein zu Indianapolis” or Farmers Benefit Society of Indianapolis in 1867. The name was altered to German Gardeners’ Benefit Society of Indianapolis and in the 1930s, “German” was dropped from the name. The farmers formed specific clubs under that umbrella organization. By the early 1900s, there were more than 50 clubs throughout Indianapolis.
The society had to do with more than simply gardening, it offered a cultural and social sphere and the advantage of insurance coverage to individuals too sick to have the tendency to their gardens. It likewise bestowed a death benefit of $100 to the surviving spouse.
In 1920, the Marion County Greenhouse Growers Association was formed to promote consistent development of fruit and vegetables. The group marketed its fruit and vegetables under the “Hoosier Boy” brand name.
The association was instrumental in beginning the open-air Farmers Market in the 1920s. The marketplace was located at South and East streets.
The majority of the picking, packing and loading was done in the early morning hours so the truck farmers could reach the marketplaces before sunup for a prime area to sell to wholesalers and area markets. Of note: It’s believed that the word “truck” is not in recommendation to the car, but rather the French word “troquer,” indicating “barter.”.
At its peak in the 1940s, the south side most significantly along Bluff Road had the greatest concentration of greenhouses in the nation with 80-85 growers owning almost 40 acres each. It was second only to Cleveland as the biggest producer of winter lettuce and tomatoes in the nation.
Elaine Jordan grew up in the greenhouse business. He married, started a greenhouse company and had nine children.
In order for the plants to produce big flowers you required to snap off the buds below,” stated Jordan. If the plants had too much sun, we covered the plants with the canvas to protect them.”.
” We had a bell in the house that rang when the temperature level dropped to a specific degree, and my uncles would fire up the coal-fired boilers to keep the plants warm,” Jordan recalled.
The advent of refrigerated rail vehicles and trucks, increasing fuel costs and frozen veggies suggested the demise of many of the greenhouse businesses. Greenhouse growers still exist, however lots of families on Bluff Road are now serving specific garden growers and offering trees and plants for landscaping. For those who have endured, the greenhouse lifestyle passed down from generation to generation is more than a business it’s a heritage. | <urn:uuid:2710e895-abc9-411e-982e-a327e6fd9e7b> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.michaelkorsoutletmkinc.com/author/damien/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320227.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624064634-20170624084634-00150.warc.gz | en | 0.963743 | 728 | 2.671875 | 3 |
An international collaboration including researchers from the BIST centre ICN2 have published a study in ACS Photonics about the use of phonons as information carriers, together with electrons and photons, in a novel nano-electro-opto-mechanical system (NEOMS) platform. The platform, which is compatible with CMOS technologies, facilitating integration with current silicon electronics, and could form the basis of a breakthrough in new information technology.
Current computer and telecommunication technologies use electrical charges (electrons) and light (photons) to transport information. However, a breakthrough in this field could be brought about by the introduction of mechanical vibrations –phonons– as a means of transferring data, in combination with the other two. In order to establish the basis for a new information technology, the researchers involved in the PHENOMEN project worked for almost four years on the development of a phonon-based signal processing system that could be incorporated in standard electronic chips.
The outcomes of this study have been recently published in a paper in ACS Photonics introducing a proof-of-concept technology platform for the integration of phononic, photonic and radio-frequency (RF) electronic signals, which can be operated at ambient conditions and is fully compatible with CMOS technology. These remarkable results open new avenues for information processing and transport, not only in current IT applications, but also in future quantum networks.
The researchers engineered a coherent phonon source using the opto-mechanical coupling mechanism, namely the interaction of radiation pressure forces with a resonator. The microscale resonator was designed to simultaneously sustain co-localised optical and mechanical modes. The phonon source results from an opto-mechanical interaction involving competing mechanisms: one arising from the photo-generated carriers in the resonator and the other from the temperature variation of the resonator impacting its optical properties. This interaction leads to the generation of coherent vibrations, i.e., acoustic waves in-phase with each other.
The core material used to maximise the opto-mechanical interaction is nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si), a technology developed at VTT –instead of standard crystalline silicon (c-Si)–, which provides various advantages, such as: flexibility in tuning optical, mechanical and thermal property of the system; and increased affordability, since the components can be fabricated on standard silicon wafers. The conversion of electrical signals into mechanical waves is achieved by combining silicon with aluminum nitride (AlN), which is a piezoelectric material –i.e. a material able to produce electricity upon application of mechanical stress. Both solutions represent a great innovation in the design and fabrication of NOEMS.
This novel silicon-compatible platform for nano-electro-opto-mechanical systems, which allows converting electric signals into optical ones via mechanical waves (and the other way around), was shown to operate at radio-frequencies (up to a few GHz) and at room temperature, thus it can be incorporated in CMOS fabrication processes. Therefore, it has the potential to become a ground-breaking solution for new, multifunctional and multi-signal technologies for information transmission and processing, both in the classic and the quantum domain.
The key components of this NEOMS platform were developed by a team of researchers from the Catalan Institute on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2, a BIST centre in Barcelona, Spain), CNR-Nano (Pisa, Italy), the Polytechnic University of Valencia (Spain) and the VTT Technical Research Centre (Espoo, Finland).
About the PHENOMEN project
PHENOMEN was a project funded by the European Union in the highly competitive H2020 FET-Open call 3 and coordinated by ICREA Prof. Dr Clivia Sotomayor Torres, head of the ICN2 Phononic and Photonic Nanostructures Group. Launched in 2016, it brought together three leading research institutes —the Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), the Italian National Research Council (CNR-NANO Pisa, Italy), the VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT, Espoo, FInland)—, three internationally recognised universities –the Polytechnic University of Valencia (UPVLC, Spain), The Polytechnic University of Marche (UNIVPM, Italy), the Science and Technology University of Lille (USTL, France)– and an industrial partner –MENAPiC S.A.S (Lille, France). Together, they combined complementary expertise in photonics, phononics, optomechanics, electrical engineering, integration, nanofabrication, theory and modeling, instrumentation and application of detectors.
The goal of the PHENOMEN project was to harness the potential of combined phononics, photonics and radio-frequency (RF) electronic signals to lay the foundations of a new information technology. Specifically, it aimed to propose an implementation of in-chip phononic circuits based on opto-mechanical cavities working at ambient conditions. The platform developed will complement current state-of-the-art electronic and photonic circuitry by extending the frequency range of the signals and will rely on fully CMOS compatible materials.
Learn more on the ICN2 website. | <urn:uuid:4f4f77cb-8937-4f90-9e1a-5b6632426380> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://bist.eu/new-vibes-in-information-technology-a-ground-breaking-platform-for-advanced-multi-signal-systems/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646937.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20230531150014-20230531180014-00513.warc.gz | en | 0.907113 | 1,101 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Selecting the Right Vegetation Alleviates Challenges at Solar Energy Facilities
Solar sites present numerous opportunities for successful establishment of native vegetation. The benefits include significant environmental, economic and social benefits compared to conventional vegetation. Native plants have diverse growth habits and wide tolerances across broad environmental conditions, making them ideal candidates to thrive under the range of conditions often found on solar facilities. Native vegetation also has been shown to have lower maintenance costs compared to conventional vegetation.
Native plant species, even shorter stature species, have very deep roots compared turf grass, corn, and soybeans. It is these deeply rooted native prairie and savanna species that restore soil health, store soil carbon, improve surface and ground water quality, and provide beneficial habitats for breeding birds, butterflies, and other pollinator insects. Research has proven that establishing native plants on the land can have remarkable positive effects on the entire ecosystem.
For a solar energy facility, AES staff of ecologists, restoration specialists, and horticulturalists assess field conditions to create the best vegetation plans to match site conditions, stakeholder’s, including regulatory, and landowner requirements.
Interested? Take a look at our seeding plans here, or simply give our customer service representative a call at (608) 897-8641 or firstname.lastname@example.org.
If desired, we can customize a solution for your specific situation.
Benefits: Native Vegetation is a Big Part of the Solution
It’s not all just problem solving. The use of native plant species on solar facilities offers unique benefits that to advance a solar project with the affected stakeholders.
- Watershed Health. Water quality is the winner when natives are used. Natives will increase infiltration of rain and snow on the site itself, recharging aquifers and reducing runoff and flooding. Natives improve surface and ground water quality by reducing the discharge of excess sediment, nutrients, and contaminants into local rivers and streams.
- Soil Health. Native plants stabilize soil, increase infiltration, and help sequester carbon and other greenhouse gases to mitigate climate change.
- Biodiversity. Everyone is talking about pollinators. Using native flowers (forbs) to vegetate a solar array as well as its margins provides habitat for breeding birds, bees and other beneficial insects. If the site is in close proximity to natural habitat, the solar site may also increase habitat connectivity and boost beneficial insect populations.
Native plant rooting depths and growth heights | <urn:uuid:39006964-4ff8-4b91-b398-5ace91a0dc80> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.taylorcreeknurseries.com/solar/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178351134.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20210225124124-20210225154124-00282.warc.gz | en | 0.91961 | 502 | 2.984375 | 3 |
History, tourist information, and nearby accommodation
HERITAGE HIGHLIGHTS: 9th century Farr Stone
The museum is housed in the 18th-century church that once served this small Sutherland community. The church was built in the late 18th century, but the site was in use far earlier than that, as evidenced by the 9th century Farr Stone, which stands outside the east end of the church.
The Farr Stone
The Farr Stone is a beautifully carved cross slab combining Christian and Pictish symbols. The main design is a ringed cross, decorated with small panels. The stone may have marked the grave of an important person. Certainly, the three very small stones nearby appear to be gravestones and are of roughly the same age.
It is fascinating that the Farr Stone and the small grave markers were not moved to the church, but the church was built in a place that was obviously of some significance as a burial site for many centuries.
The main focus of the museum is the tragic tale of the Clearances and how they affected the people of Strathnaver. Part of the exhibit traces the history of a single family from Strathnaver over generations, from eviction to emigration.
The museum interior is full to bursting with objects of local history, geology, agriculture, and prehistory. Jumbled together are ancient Pictish stones dating to the 8th century, crofting equipment, letters, and old photos. There is a recreation of a crofter's house interior, with a box bed, and a cruck frame roof made from the hull of "The Thorwaldsen", shipwrecked in Strathy in 1838. The Thorwaldsen's figurehead is also on display.
Just outside the museum is a Bronze Age burial cist discovered during roadworks at Chealamay. A beaker discovered in the cist is on show inside the museum.
The main museum room is dominated by the huge 18th-century pulpit, built in 1774. The pulpit bears the initials of Rev George Munro. It also has a tragic history, for it was from this pulpit in 1819 that Rev David Mackenzie read out the eviction notices that forced the crofters of Strathnaver from the homes they had lived in for generations.
Most photos are available for licensing, please contact Britain Express image library.
About Strathnaver Museum
Address: Clachan, Bettyhill, Thurso, Highlands, Caithness, Scotland, KW14 7SS
Attraction Type: Museum
Location: On the A836.
Website: Strathnaver Museum
Photo Credit: David Ross and Britain Express
NEARBY HISTORIC ATTRACTIONS
Heritage Rated from 1- 5 (low-exceptional) on historic interest
Achcoillenaborgie Broch - 1.8 miles (Prehistoric Site)
Coille na Borgie Chambered Cairns - 2.1 miles (Prehistoric Site)
Achanlochy Clearance Village - 2.3 miles (Museum)
93rd Sutherland Highlanders Memorial - 9 miles (Historic Building)
Red Priest's Stone - 9.3 miles (Prehistoric Site)
Skail Chambered Cairn - 9.5 miles (Prehistoric Site)
Syre Church - 11.4 miles (Historic Church)
Gloomy Memories Memorial - 12.5 miles (Historic Building)
Nearest Holiday Cottages to Strathnaver Museum:
Nearby accommodation is calculated 'as the crow flies' from Strathnaver Museum. 'Nearest' may involve a long drive up and down glens or, if you are near the coast, may include a ferry ride! Please check the property map to make sure the location is right for you. | <urn:uuid:51e009b8-828c-4e1d-9fea-ca0c11a96e89> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.britainexpress.com/attractions.htm?attraction=1349 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510994.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002100910-20231002130910-00861.warc.gz | en | 0.943548 | 837 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Do you own a home or are you thinking about buying a home built pre-1978? If either is the case then the new EPA regulation concerning lead-based surfaces may affect you. The new regulation by the EPA is called the Renovation, Repair, and Painting (RRP) rule. The purpose of the rule is to guard against the possibility of lead poisoning through the use of lead-safe practices.
Prior to 1978 there were many products used in the construction of housing that contained lead, such as paint, stains, varnishes, and other surface coatings. Lead was added to these products to improve durability and color. The use of lead in these building products was banned in 1978 by the Consumer Products Safety Commission as the health risks to humans posed by lead became apparent. Lead exposure causes permanent health damage and is especially hazardous to children and pregnant women.
The activities typically associated with renovation, such as sanding, cutting, and demolition can create large amounts of lead dust and chips when done in homes containing lead-based surfaces. The new RRP rule went into effect on April 22, 2010, and it requires that all contractors who work on projects in pre-1978 housing must be certified and follow specific work practices to prevent lead contamination. Contractors must take an eight-hour EPA approved training course from an EPA-approved training provider which teaches specifically how to test for lead, contain the work area, minimize dust, and clean up thoroughly.
Few exceptions to the new RRP rule exist. Homes that were built pre-1978 and even some built shortly thereafter need to be tested for lead using an EPA-approved lead test wherever renovation activities are to take place. If lead is detected on any surfaces then homeowners can opt to do the work themselves on their own residence, but if they use a contractor to complete the work the contractor must have RRP certification and follow the RRP lead-safe work practices. Rental homes are not exempt from this rule and cannot be worked on with any renovation activities disturbing lead-based surfaces unless the landlord or the contractor has their RRP certification.
The effects of the new RRP rule are far-reaching, and significantly change the cost of renovation to pre-1978 housing. Maximum civil penalties for non-compliance can be up to $32,500 for each violation, regardless of whether firms are certified or not, so ignoring the rule is not a good option. Following lead-safe work practices adds significant time and materials to any project, not to mention the up-front cost of testing to determine if lead is present. Before even developing a scope of work the contractor should test for lead in the areas to be renovated, simply because if lead is found it will significantly change how the scope of work will be performed and the estimated costs. Also, those considering the purchase of a home built pre-1978 may also want to have some spot-testing done on the home that they choose, as the presence of lead-based surfaces will impact their abilities to perform renovation projects in the future. Some projects will become cost-prohibitive if lead is present due to the overwhelming additional cost of meeting the RRP rule standards.
To find out more about the new RRP rule you can go to the EPA website, http://www.epa.gov/lead/pubs/renovation.htm. We are a RRP certified firm so you are also more than welcome to contact us for more information as well. | <urn:uuid:ec91ff77-c26b-4621-bea4-cad7955eeccd> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://cookbrosconstruction.com/2010/05/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010509865/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305090829-00074-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969618 | 700 | 2.625 | 3 |
Healthy eating can be tricky to figure out. There’s an overwhelming amount of information out there, from the actually-useful, to the not-very-helpful at all. And, of course, healthy eating is very much about the individual. What’s healthy for one person might be terrible for another. But if you want to take a few small steps that are suitable for everyone, where can you start?
Eat colourful food
Put. The blue raspberry. Down. That is categorically not what we mean when we say ‘eat colourful food’. We’re talking about eating a rainbow of fruits and vegetables which pack a vitamin-filled punch. It can be helpful to think in terms of colour as that helps to avoid eating too much beige food. By that, we mean things like chips, pastry, and white bread – things that aren’t very nutritious. It’s not about cutting calories so much as about making sure you’re body gets the hit of vitamins it needs to function properly.
Don’t give in to too many treats
We’re not saying ‘never have another biscuit in your life’, because we’re not horrible people. But healthy eating means focussing more on what will sustainably fuel your body than what will provide a quick hit of energy followed by a crash. We’re partial to an M&S treat tub at HowNow Towers, but we should be aiming to eat more seeds, nuts, fruits, and vegetables. ‘Should’ being the operative word. If you’re looking for help on the healthy eating front, services like Graze can be a great option.
Don’t start fad diets
Healthy eating isn’t a diet, it’s a lifestyle. There’s a difference between choosing to eat more veg and eating nothing but green juice and cabbage soup. For starters, it’s not very good for you in the long run because you’re missing out on getting a full range of nutrients. Secondly, they tend to end in disappointment when the results don’t last. And lastly, well, they’re just a bit boring. Healthy eating shouldn’t be a chore because if you turn it into one you’ll never want to do it.
Sometimes when you’re hungry, what you really are is dehydrated. If you’re sitting at a desk all day it can be difficult to summon the will to get up for a glass of water, especially if you don’t feel that thirsty. However,that’s exactly what you need to do. You might also find that you’re able to focus better, so you can tell your boss that regular water breaks are an essential part of your working process.
Breakfast really does help to keep hunger locked up ’til lunch. We actually might have borrowed that from Shreddies. But either way, it really works. If you get the day off to a good start it sets you up to keep eating healthily throughout. You’ll be less hungry and less inclined to absentmindedly snack. All good things, really. Just try to avoid cereals loaded with sugar and daily fry-ups. A nice porridge ought to do the trick. Or avocado on toast if you’re feeling like Instagramming something.
Like we mentioned at the start of this, healthy eating is very much dependent on the individual. You might want some tailored help, and that’s exactly what you can find on HowNow. We also have awesome cooking classes with healthy recipes from people like Jessie Lane Lee. Get stuck in today! | <urn:uuid:034efb2f-9c23-4661-9949-fedd517d9baf> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://blog.learnhownow.com/2016/09/21/5-steps-you-can-take-towards-healthy-eating/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195529664.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20190723193455-20190723215455-00128.warc.gz | en | 0.945521 | 777 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Choosing whether to allow a young child to have a cell phone can be a difficult decision for a parent. WalletHub asked several national experts on education and child development to weigh in on the conversation.
Tarajean Yazzie-Mintz, Co-Director of the American Indian College Fund’s Office of Research and Sponsored Programs and Senior Program Officer of Tribal College and University Early Childhood Education Initiatives, shared that cell phones are no longer merely communications devices, but are tools to access and exchange multiple sources of information. Parents must consider these factors while strategically monitoring and guiding children’s use of these tools. Read the full article. | <urn:uuid:a05c482f-3f46-40d9-8b6a-bc1ca728c535> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://collegefund.org/blog/college-fund-expert-lends-voice-cell-phone-debate-young-children/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867416.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20180526092847-20180526112847-00436.warc.gz | en | 0.923489 | 133 | 2.53125 | 3 |
We are used to thinking that a forest that is carved up by roads and settlements can still be called a forest. However, the results of a new study suggest quite the opposite, claiming that forest fragmentation has lasting detrimental effects on our planet’s ecosystems. In other words, a fragmented forest ceases to be a good natural habitat for wild animals and plants, which has a long-term negative impact on the ecosystem and the environment in general. Moreover, the study concludes that there are only two truly intact forests left on Earth – the rainforests of the Amazon and the Congo.
The study was funded by the National Science Foundation and involved 24 scientists from different countries led by Nick Haddad, a professor at North Carolina State University. Their task was to analyze the results of the experiments which have been conducted on five continents for decades and were aimed to simulate the effects of human activity on forests.
The researchers studied the impact of forest fragmentation on wildlife and came to astonishing and, at the same time, disappointing conclusions. It appears that the habitat fragmentation leads to 13 to 75 percent decrease in plant and animal diversity! It basically reduces the ability of animals and plants to survive and can even distort the food chain, as smaller patches of forest tend to have an increase in the predator population.
At the same time, forests with more edges have reduced core ecosystem functions, such as the ability to sequester carbon dioxide, which plays an important role in alleviating the climate change effects, and display a decline in productivity and pollination.
Thus, forest fragmentation affects the integrity of the natural habitat – that is why such forests exhibit a decline of wildlife. According to the results of the study, the most significant losses took place in the smallest patches of forest and closest to a habitat edge. What is even more disappointing is that more than 70% of the world’s forests lie within one kilometer of a habitat edge!
“Nearly 20 percent of the world’s remaining forests are the distance of a football field, or about 100 meters, away from forest edges. Seventy percent of forest lands are within a half-mile of forest edges. That means almost no forests can really be considered wilderness,” said professor Haddad.
The researchers also emphasize that the effects of forest fragmentation may remain unnoticed for years and only get worse over time. It was found that, on average, fragmented forests have more than a 50% decrease in plant and animal species abundance within just 20 years!
“The effects of current fragmentation will continue to emerge for decades. We still haven’t seen the full extent of what our slicing and dicing of the forests has wrought,” the researchers said.
Well, it is another study to show how terribly we, humans, treat our own planet… When will the humanity realize that, if we don’t change our attitude towards the nature and the environment, we will soon have no planet at all? The only way to save the environment and ourselves is to live in harmony with nature rather than to continue ruining and exhausting it with our activity. I hope the humanity will come to this understanding before it is too late.
Featured image: “Roads have carved up the wilderness” Source | <urn:uuid:c9cd2662-9e66-42a6-af2b-23e14eb506e6> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://themindunleashed.com/2015/04/study-reveals-the-sad-truth-there-are-only-two-intact-forests-left-on-earth.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912204969.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20190326095131-20190326121131-00498.warc.gz | en | 0.958116 | 660 | 4.0625 | 4 |
How do you deal with your fears? I have a fear of other people dying or of myself and others getting a disease. My imagination runs wild with these thoughts, and it's hard to control these worries. I'm always thinking "what if." My friends tell me not to worry unless it actually happens. I know this is true and good advice, but I find it hard to stop worrying. If you could give me some tips on how to control my imagination, it would be much appreciated.
Your question about fear is certainly a valid one, given the challenges presented by the increasingly complex world in which we live. Examining the root causes of your worry can help you find ways to prevent your apprehension from negatively affecting your life. Here are some questions to ask yourself, and discuss with a trusted friend, mentor, or counselor:
- When did these fears start?
- Do they seem to worsen or ease depending on other circumstances in my life?
- Are other people experiencing similar reactions?
- Are my fears getting in the way of my ability to go on with my normal activities?
Many people find that imagining worst-case scenarios and worrying a lot helps them to feel more in control. Playing out the many possible situations that could occur can help people feel as if they'd be prepared if they actually needed to cope or take action. Some have learned to do this in response to life events that felt scary and overwhelming, especially during childhood. Others have picked up these habits by spending time with parents or other family members or close friends who used these mental strategies to cope with their own anxieties. In some cases, focusing on catastrophic fears serves as a distraction from more mundane concerns about school or job performance, relationships, or many other responsibilities.
In reaction to real catastrophic events, vividly imagined scenes of destruction and intense fear can be a normal, and even realistic, response. Perhaps knowing that your reaction is not an uncommon one can help to ease the anxiety you feel about your anxiety... using some of the following strategies may help as well:
- Accept your various emotions and find healthy ways to express them — through writing, listening to music, talking with friends and colleagues, or being physically active.
- Stick to a regular schedule. Rest and sleep, eat nutritious meals and snacks, and try to continue doing the things you need to, such as going to work, shopping for food, and cleaning your home.
- Take time out to do things you enjoy and that provide you with a sense of internal peace. Meditating, gardening, dancing, sewing, cooking, making home repairs, playing with pets, or spending time outdoors work for a lot of people.
- Volunteer for causes that you care about. Being able to contribute in a meaningful way may help you focus on what can be accomplished rather than always being concerned about the “what if.”
- Continue practicing comforting spiritual or cultural rituals — or developing new ones with family and friends. These are helpful for many people, and can be as simple as a weekly potluck dinner, listening to a favorite song each night before bed, or reciting a meaningful poem or prayer.
- Practice some deep-breathing and relaxation exercises — see Meditation and Wedding butterflies — calming down on the big day for tips.
- Set new realistic goals for yourself that will help you feel focused and a sense of accomplishment. This may mean re-prioritizing or delegating certain tasks, or concentrating on repetitive duties, such as filing, re-organizing a closet, or paying bills.
- Stay connected with those you care about. Use e-mail, the telephone, texting, video chat, and even old-fashioned mail to express what you're feeling and get the support you need.
If you find that your worries are intrusive, don't ease with time, or affect your ability to fulfill your responsibilities and feel at ease, the help of a trained mental health professional may be a wise next step. Many people even find that even a few visits can help them put their anxieties into perspective and learn some new strategies for resilience and coping. Or, if your vivid imagination and worrying habits are more entrenched, some on-going work, and possibly even medication, can help you to smooth out your worrywart tendencies.
In a lot of ways, having a vivid imagination is a great gift. It can allow you to create a positive vision for your life, spur creativity, spice things up with fantasy, and provide an escape when life feels dull or frustrating. Maybe you can transform your active imagination from one that imagines the worst to one that focuses on the good in the world and what each of us can do to work for peace. | <urn:uuid:78c7faaa-2422-4477-9c09-3a85aaae28ec> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://goaskalice.columbia.edu/answered-questions/fear-about-everything-managing-overactive-imagination-0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806426.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121204652-20171121224652-00713.warc.gz | en | 0.955592 | 957 | 2.90625 | 3 |
A Brief Overview
At Corngreaves, we are a SOLO taxonomy school.
This means that the learning journey progresses from basic, to advanced, through to a deep level of thinking and reasoning. Each child may start their journey at a different depth, so we feel it is important to celebrate the success of the progress they make. In order to allow children to articulate their own progress, we make the journey visible to our pupils.
We tend to teach English and Maths in the morning and all the other subjects in the afternoon. In Key Stage 2, the afternoon curriculum is split into weekly blocks. Through this, children's thinking is deepened and skills developed to contribute towards the creation of a weekly outcome, to be displayed in their Topic books.
Our Curriculum aims to help our learners:
- To learn and achieve their potential in English and Maths and to achieve excellent SAT results.
- To have a broad range of curriculum skills which they use to help them gain a wider understanding of the world.
- To be inspired, challenged and prepared for the future.
- To realise with hard work they can achieve anything they want.
- To have enquiring minds and think better for themselves.
- To be creative, resourceful and able to solve problems.
- To understand better how they learn and to learn from their mistakes.
- Develop a sense of self worth and belief in themselves.
- Become increasingly independent, take initiative and organize themselves well.
- Work co-operatively with others and in teams.
- Respect others and act with integrity.
- Feel they can change things for the better.
Children under 5 years old go into our Pre-school and Reception classes. The Reception year group, follow a different curriculum to the rest of the school known as the Early Years Foundation Stage.
The rest of the school, that is, year groups 1 through to 6 follow the National Curriculum. The 3 ‘core’ subjects are English, Maths and Science and there are 8 ‘foundation’ subjects which we teach through a thematic approach developed from a high quality core text.
We aim to make learning difficult to resist. Our curriculum is about providing children with excitement for and inspiration to learn. We build learning experiences which excite, inspire and challenge pupils. This approach enables a sense of purpose which is deepened by participation, contribution and collaberation from all children. | <urn:uuid:8d2c4517-1c57-4962-9c10-20cda2c987de> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.corngreavesacademy.org.uk/information/curriculum | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400189928.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200919013135-20200919043135-00509.warc.gz | en | 0.945021 | 503 | 3.25 | 3 |
In the database, all the records are stored in the physical memory in the form of bits in the files. But the user will see all these in the form of rows and columns. This user view is called logical view of the data. User will not have any information about how it will be stored in the memory. He views the data in the form of tables. This is easy for anyone to understand.
For example, STUDENT records will be scattered in the memory in various data blocks in the form of bits. But when user fetches the data, he will view it in the form of table. Different subset of records can be created out of main table and named. This named subset of records in a database is known as views. This is also can be viewed as tables.
The tables in the database are related to one another by using the mapping / relation. This is achieved by using one of the parent table columns in the child table. The parent table column in the child table is known as foreign key column.
Click topics below for description | <urn:uuid:30c3993c-0f61-479f-972b-6a4d22d0b3ca> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.tutorialcup.com/dbms/relational-models.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057447.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20210923195546-20210923225546-00059.warc.gz | en | 0.943181 | 214 | 3.84375 | 4 |
The design and construction of the new Astronaut Training Experience at Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex is almost complete! Opening Fall 2017, ATX will tell the NASA story while promoting STEM learning through activities in this new location. Three design principles were used to guide the creation of the new ATX to host new educational programs that focus on NASA's plans for deep space exploration and the journey to Mars.
Design Principle #1: Our Activities Will Be Authentic STEM
There is no lack for science-related topics in popular media. We can all name movies that have to do with science and particularly with space. The problem is that the line between science and fantasy is so easily crossed. Our commitment as we design the new Astronaut Training Experience is that we will commit to real science and authentic STEM. We are making scientific accuracy a high priority. Visitor complex education crewmembers recently staffed a booth where we guided children and their parents in exploring activities related to surface tension of water, laws of motion, sunspots, and Bernoulli’s Principle. People were fascinated. Not only were they learning real science, but everyone seemed to have fun doing it. Messing around with scientific principles can be incredibly fun!
Design Principle #2: Our Activities Will Be Fun
As we are working on the plans for the new Astronaut Training Experience, the second principle we are considering is that what we will be doing in the center will be designed to be fun. We believe fun is an essential element in attracting people to the study of STEM topics. We expect this fun to manifest itself in multiple ways. First, we are designing such that people will work together in teams. We are creating situations where social interactions will occur. We are being very intentional in assigning tasks such that while every contribution is important, a supporting structure will protect each participant so that everyone will be successful. Second, we are developing some pretty amazing physical experiences. You can expect to launch from Earth, land on Mars, drive on Mars, walk on Mars, and conduct a spacewalk. As we describe the technology that is in development the universal response is, “When can I come in and test it?” As the opening comes closer we will share more information about these experiences. Third, we believe that it is fun to do things that are real. We are connecting the activities as closely as possible to real NASA missions and real scientific research. Fourth, we know that it is fun to be around people who are excited about what they do and want to share the experiences. The education staff has been closely involved with real NASA plant growth experiments in preparation for new activities. It is not an understatement to say that the staff is having a great time. We believe these four factors all contribute to our standard of fun and will contribute to interest by our participants in the study of STEM.
Design Principle #3: Our Activities Will Emphasize Communication and Collaboration Skills (Teamwork)
It has been our observation that many students who have interest in STEM topics can gain from the opportunity to refine their skills in communication and collaboration. It is probably safe to say that this is valuable for everyone. As a result, as we are designing the specifics of the activities we plan in ways to make communications among participants essential to the success of the activity. One of the ways we are doing this is through the use of what we call Training Control Centers (TCC). The Training Control Center is a set of stations where participants serve as a type of “mission control”. The TCC participant is in contact with the simulation participant, can see what that person is seeing, but also has information to pass along the simulation participant to help them accomplish their task. At the end of the simulation the two people trade places and conduct a second, similar simulation. Each person essentially gets the chance to do the simulation twice from different vantage points. We believe that the experience of helping to lead another person through an activity helps a person to understand the task more fully. | <urn:uuid:be8ec043-c16b-460a-830d-085dd7aaa41e> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.kennedyspacecenter.com/blog/21/new-atx-center-design | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221212910.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20180817202237-20180817222237-00532.warc.gz | en | 0.963323 | 811 | 2.875 | 3 |
Translated by Benjamin Jowett
The Ion is the shortest, or nearly the shortest, of all the writings which bear the name of Plato, and is not authenticated by any early external testimony. The grace and beauty of this little work supply the only, and perhaps a sufficient, proof of its genuineness. The plan is simple; the dramatic interest consists entirely in the contrast between the irony of Socrates and the transparent vanity and childlike enthusiasm of the rhapsode Ion. The theme of the Dialogue may possibly have been suggested by the passage of Xenophon’s Memorabilia in which the rhapsodists are described by Euthydemus as ‘very precise about the exact words of Homer, but very idiotic themselves.’ (Compare Aristotle, Met.)
Ion the rhapsode has just come to Athens; he has been exhibiting in Epidaurus at the festival of Asclepius, and is intending to exhibit at the festival of the Panathenaea. Socrates admires and envies the rhapsode’s art; for he is always well dressed and in good company—in the company of good poets and of Homer, who is the prince of them. In the course of conversation the admission is elicited from Ion that his skill is restricted to Homer, and that he knows nothing of inferior poets, such as Hesiod and Archilochus;—he brightens up and is wide awake when Homer is being recited, but is apt to go to sleep at the recitations of any other poet. ‘And yet, surely, he who knows the superior ought to know the inferior also;—he who can judge of the good speaker is able to judge of the bad. And poetry is a whole; and he who judges of poetry by rules of art ought to be able to judge of all poetry.’ This is confirmed by the analogy of sculpture, painting, flute-playing, and the other arts. The argument is at last brought home to the mind of Ion, who asks how this contradiction is to be solved. The solution given by Socrates is as follows:—
The rhapsode is not guided by rules of art, but is an inspired person who derives a mysterious power from the poet; and the poet, in like manner, is inspired by the God. The poets and their interpreters may be compared to a chain of magnetic rings suspended from one another, and from a magnet. The magnet is the Muse, and the ring which immediately follows is the poet himself; from him are suspended other poets; there is also a chain of rhapsodes and actors, who also hang from the Muses, but are let down at the side; and the last ring of all is the spectator. The poet is the inspired interpreter of the God, and this is the reason why some poets, like Homer, are restricted to a single theme, or, like Tynnichus, are famous for a single poem; and the rhapsode is the inspired interpreter of the poet, and for a similar reason some rhapsodes, like Ion, are the interpreters of single poets.
Ion is delighted at the notion of being inspired, and acknowledges that he is beside himself when he is performing;—his eyes rain tears and his hair stands on end. Socrates is of opinion that a man must be mad who behaves in this way at a festival when he is surrounded by his friends and there is nothing to trouble him. Ion is confident that Socrates would never think him mad if he could only hear his embellishments of Homer. Socrates asks whether he can speak well about everything in Homer. ‘Yes, indeed he can.’ ‘What about things of which he has no knowledge?’ Ion answers that he can interpret anything in Homer. But, rejoins Socrates, when Homer speaks of the arts, as for example, of chariot-driving, or of medicine, or of prophecy, or of navigation—will he, or will the charioteer or physician or prophet or pilot be the better judge? Ion is compelled to admit that every man will judge of his own particular art better than the rhapsode. He still maintains, however, that he understands the art of the general as well as any one. ‘Then why in this city of Athens, in which men of merit are always being sought after, is he not at once appointed a general?’ Ion replies that he is a foreigner, and the Athenians and Spartans will not appoint a foreigner to be their general. ‘No, that is not the real reason; there are many examples to the contrary. But Ion has long been playing tricks with the argument; like Proteus, he transforms himself into a variety of shapes, and is at last about to run away in the disguise of a general. Would he rather be regarded as inspired or dishonest?’ Ion, who has no suspicion of the irony of Socrates, eagerly embraces the alternative of inspiration.
The Ion, like the other earlier Platonic Dialogues, is a mixture of jest and earnest, in which no definite result is obtained, but some Socratic or Platonic truths are allowed dimly to appear.
The elements of a true theory of poetry are contained in the notion that the poet is inspired. Genius is often said to be unconscious, or spontaneous, or a gift of nature: that ‘genius is akin to madness’ is a popular aphorism of modern times. The greatest strength is observed to have an element of limitation. Sense or passion are too much for the ‘dry light’ of intelligence which mingles with them and becomes discoloured by them. Imagination is often at war with reason and fact. The concentration of the mind on a single object, or on a single aspect of human nature, overpowers the orderly perception of the whole. Yet the feelings too bring truths home to the minds of many who in the way of reason would be incapable of understanding them. Reflections of this kind may have been passing before Plato’s mind when he describes the poet as inspired, or when, as in the Apology, he speaks of poets as the worst critics of their own writings—anybody taken at random from the crowd is a better interpreter of them than they are of themselves. They are sacred persons, ‘winged and holy things’ who have a touch of madness in their composition (Phaedr.), and should be treated with every sort of respect (Republic), but not allowed to live in a well-ordered state. Like the Statesmen in the Meno, they have a divine instinct, but they are narrow and confused; they do not attain to the clearness of ideas, or to the knowledge of poetry or of any other art as a whole.
In the Protagoras the ancient poets are recognized by Protagoras himself as the original sophists; and this family resemblance may be traced in the Ion. The rhapsode belongs to the realm of imitation and of opinion: he professes to have all knowledge, which is derived by him from Homer, just as the sophist professes to have all wisdom, which is contained in his art of rhetoric. Even more than the sophist he is incapable of appreciating the commonest logical distinctions; he cannot explain the nature of his own art; his great memory contrasts with his inability to follow the steps of the argument. And in his highest moments of inspiration he has an eye to his own gains.
The old quarrel between philosophy and poetry, which in the Republic leads to their final separation, is already working in the mind of Plato, and is embodied by him in the contrast between Socrates and Ion. Yet here, as in the Republic, Socrates shows a sympathy with the poetic nature. Also, the manner in which Ion is affected by his own recitations affords a lively illustration of the power which, in the Republic, Socrates attributes to dramatic performances over the mind of the performer. His allusion to his embellishments of Homer, in which he declares himself to have surpassed Metrodorus of Lampsacus and Stesimbrotus of Thasos, seems to show that, like them, he belonged to the allegorical school of interpreters. The circumstance that nothing more is known of him may be adduced in confirmation of the argument that this truly Platonic little work is not a forgery of later times.
PERSONS OF THE DIALOGUE: Socrates, Ion.
SOCRATES: Welcome, Ion. Are you from your native city of Ephesus?
ION: No, Socrates; but from Epidaurus, where I attended the festival of Asclepius.
SOCRATES: And do the Epidaurians have contests of rhapsodes at the festival?
ION: O yes; and of all sorts of musical performers.
SOCRATES: And were you one of the competitors—and did you succeed?
ION: I obtained the first prize of all, Socrates.
SOCRATES: Well done; and I hope that you will do the same for us at the Panathenaea.
ION: And I will, please heaven.
SOCRATES: I often envy the profession of a rhapsode, Ion; for you have always to wear fine clothes, and to look as beautiful as you can is a part of your art. Then, again, you are obliged to be continually in the company of many good poets; and especially of Homer, who is the best and most divine of them; and to understand him, and not merely learn his words by rote, is a thing greatly to be envied. And no man can be a rhapsode who does not understand the meaning of the poet. For the rhapsode ought to interpret the mind of the poet to his hearers, but how can he interpret him well unless he knows what he means? All this is greatly to be envied.
ION: Very true, Socrates; interpretation has certainly been the most laborious part of my art; and I believe myself able to speak about Homer better than any man; and that neither Metrodorus of Lampsacus, nor Stesimbrotus of Thasos, nor Glaucon, nor any one else who ever was, had as good ideas about Homer as I have, or as many.
SOCRATES: I am glad to hear you say so, Ion; I see that you will not refuse to acquaint me with them.
ION: Certainly, Socrates; and you really ought to hear how exquisitely I render Homer. I think that the Homeridae should give me a golden crown.
SOCRATES: I shall take an opportunity of hearing your embellishments of him at some other time. But just now I should like to ask you a question: Does your art extend to Hesiod and Archilochus, or to Homer only?
ION: To Homer only; he is in himself quite enough.
SOCRATES: Are there any things about which Homer and Hesiod agree?
ION: Yes; in my opinion there are a good many.
SOCRATES: And can you interpret better what Homer says, or what Hesiod says, about these matters in which they agree?
ION: I can interpret them equally well, Socrates, where they agree.
SOCRATES: But what about matters in which they do not agree?—for example, about divination, of which both Homer and Hesiod have something to say,—
ION: Very true:
SOCRATES: Would you or a good prophet be a better interpreter of what these two poets say about divination, not only when they agree, but when they disagree?
ION: A prophet.
SOCRATES: And if you were a prophet, would you not be able to interpret them when they disagree as well as when they agree?
SOCRATES: But how did you come to have this skill about Homer only, and not about Hesiod or the other poets? Does not Homer speak of the same themes which all other poets handle? Is not war his great argument? and does he not speak of human society and of intercourse of men, good and bad, skilled and unskilled, and of the gods conversing with one another and with mankind, and about what happens in heaven and in the world below, and the generations of gods and heroes? Are not these the themes of which Homer sings?
ION: Very true, Socrates.
SOCRATES: And do not the other poets sing of the same?
ION: Yes, Socrates; but not in the same way as Homer.
SOCRATES: What, in a worse way?
ION: Yes, in a far worse.
SOCRATES: And Homer in a better way?
ION: He is incomparably better.
SOCRATES: And yet surely, my dear friend Ion, in a discussion about arithmetic, where many people are speaking, and one speaks better than the rest, there is somebody who can judge which of them is the good speaker?
SOCRATES: And he who judges of the good will be the same as he who judges of the bad speakers?
ION: The same.
SOCRATES: And he will be the arithmetician?
SOCRATES: Well, and in discussions about the wholesomeness of food, when many persons are speaking, and one speaks better than the rest, will he who recognizes the better speaker be a different person from him who recognizes the worse, or the same?
ION: Clearly the same.
SOCRATES: And who is he, and what is his name?
ION: The physician.
SOCRATES: And speaking generally, in all discussions in which the subject is the same and many men are speaking, will not he who knows the good know the bad speaker also? For if he does not know the bad, neither will he know the good when the same topic is being discussed.
SOCRATES: Is not the same person skilful in both?
SOCRATES: And you say that Homer and the other poets, such as Hesiod and Archilochus, speak of the same things, although not in the same way; but the one speaks well and the other not so well?
ION: Yes; and I am right in saying so.
SOCRATES: And if you knew the good speaker, you would also know the inferior speakers to be inferior?
ION: That is true.
SOCRATES: Then, my dear friend, can I be mistaken in saying that Ion is equally skilled in Homer and in other poets, since he himself acknowledges that the same person will be a good judge of all those who speak of the same things; and that almost all poets do speak of the same things?
ION: Why then, Socrates, do I lose attention and go to sleep and have absolutely no ideas of the least value, when any one speaks of any other poet; but when Homer is mentioned, I wake up at once and am all attention and have plenty to say?
SOCRATES: The reason, my friend, is obvious. No one can fail to see that you speak of Homer without any art or knowledge. If you were able to speak of him by rules of art, you would have been able to speak of all other poets; for poetry is a whole.
SOCRATES: And when any one acquires any other art as a whole, the same may be said of them. Would you like me to explain my meaning, Ion?
ION: Yes, indeed, Socrates; I very much wish that you would: for I love to hear you wise men talk.
SOCRATES: O that we were wise, Ion, and that you could truly call us so; but you rhapsodes and actors, and the poets whose verses you sing, are wise; whereas I am a common man, who only speak the truth. For consider what a very commonplace and trivial thing is this which I have said—a thing which any man might say: that when a man has acquired a knowledge of a whole art, the enquiry into good and bad is one and the same. Let us consider this matter; is not the art of painting a whole?
SOCRATES: And there are and have been many painters good and bad?
SOCRATES: And did you ever know any one who was skilful in pointing out the excellences and defects of Polygnotus the son of Aglaophon, but incapable of criticizing other painters; and when the work of any other painter was produced, went to sleep and was at a loss, and had no ideas; but when he had to give his opinion about Polygnotus, or whoever the painter might be, and about him only, woke up and was attentive and had plenty to say?
ION: No indeed, I have never known such a person.
SOCRATES: Or did you ever know of any one in sculpture, who was skilful in expounding the merits of Daedalus the son of Metion, or of Epeius the son of Panopeus, or of Theodorus the Samian, or of any individual sculptor; but when the works of sculptors in general were produced, was at a loss and went to sleep and had nothing to say?
ION: No indeed; no more than the other.
SOCRATES: And if I am not mistaken, you never met with any one among flute-players or harp-players or singers to the harp or rhapsodes who was able to discourse of Olympus or Thamyras or Orpheus, or Phemius the rhapsode of Ithaca, but was at a loss when he came to speak of Ion of Ephesus, and had no notion of his merits or defects?
ION: I cannot deny what you say, Socrates. Nevertheless I am conscious in my own self, and the world agrees with me in thinking that I do speak better and have more to say about Homer than any other man. But I do not speak equally well about others—tell me the reason of this.
SOCRATES: I perceive, Ion; and I will proceed to explain to you what I imagine to be the reason of this. The gift which you possess of speaking excellently about Homer is not an art, but, as I was just saying, an inspiration; there is a divinity moving you, like that contained in the stone which Euripides calls a magnet, but which is commonly known as the stone of Heraclea. This stone not only attracts iron rings, but also imparts to them a similar power of attracting other rings; and sometimes you may see a number of pieces of iron and rings suspended from one another so as to form quite a long chain: and all of them derive their power of suspension from the original stone. In like manner the Muse first of all inspires men herself; and from these inspired persons a chain of other persons is suspended, who take the inspiration. For all good poets, epic as well as lyric, compose their beautiful poems not by art, but because they are inspired and possessed. And as the Corybantian revellers when they dance are not in their right mind, so the lyric poets are not in their right mind when they are composing their beautiful strains: but when falling under the power of music and metre they are inspired and possessed; like Bacchic maidens who draw milk and honey from the rivers when they are under the influence of Dionysus but not when they are in their right mind. And the soul of the lyric poet does the same, as they themselves say; for they tell us that they bring songs from honeyed fountains, culling them out of the gardens and dells of the Muses; they, like the bees, winging their way from flower to flower. And this is true. For the poet is a light and winged and holy thing, and there is no invention in him until he has been inspired and is out of his senses, and the mind is no longer in him: when he has not attained to this state, he is powerless and is unable to utter his oracles. Many are the noble words in which poets speak concerning the actions of men; but like yourself when speaking about Homer, they do not speak of them by any rules of art: they are simply inspired to utter that to which the Muse impels them, and that only; and when inspired, one of them will make dithyrambs, another hymns of praise, another choral strains, another epic or iambic verses—and he who is good at one is not good at any other kind of verse: for not by art does the poet sing, but by power divine. Had he learned by rules of art, he would have known how to speak not of one theme only, but of all; and therefore God takes away the minds of poets, and uses them as his ministers, as he also uses diviners and holy prophets, in order that we who hear them may know them to be speaking not of themselves who utter these priceless words in a state of unconsciousness, but that God himself is the speaker, and that through them he is conversing with us. And Tynnichus the Chalcidian affords a striking instance of what I am saying: he wrote nothing that any one would care to remember but the famous paean which is in every one’s mouth, one of the finest poems ever written, simply an invention of the Muses, as he himself says. For in this way the God would seem to indicate to us and not allow us to doubt that these beautiful poems are not human, or the work of man, but divine and the work of God; and that the poets are only the interpreters of the Gods by whom they are severally possessed. Was not this the lesson which the God intended to teach when by the mouth of the worst of poets he sang the best of songs? Am I not right, Ion?
ION: Yes, indeed, Socrates, I feel that you are; for your words touch my soul, and I am persuaded that good poets by a divine inspiration interpret the things of the Gods to us.
SOCRATES: And you rhapsodists are the interpreters of the poets?
ION: There again you are right.
SOCRATES: Then you are the interpreters of interpreters?
SOCRATES: I wish you would frankly tell me, Ion, what I am going to ask of you: When you produce the greatest effect upon the audience in the recitation of some striking passage, such as the apparition of Odysseus leaping forth on the floor, recognized by the suitors and casting his arrows at his feet, or the description of Achilles rushing at Hector, or the sorrows of Andromache, Hecuba, or Priam,—are you in your right mind? Are you not carried out of yourself, and does not your soul in an ecstasy seem to be among the persons or places of which you are speaking, whether they are in Ithaca or in Troy or whatever may be the scene of the poem?
ION: That proof strikes home to me, Socrates. For I must frankly confess that at the tale of pity my eyes are filled with tears, and when I speak of horrors, my hair stands on end and my heart throbs.
SOCRATES: Well, Ion, and what are we to say of a man who at a sacrifice or festival, when he is dressed in holiday attire, and has golden crowns upon his head, of which nobody has robbed him, appears weeping or panic-stricken in the presence of more than twenty thousand friendly faces, when there is no one despoiling or wronging him;—is he in his right mind or is he not?
ION: No indeed, Socrates, I must say that, strictly speaking, he is not in his right mind.
SOCRATES: And are you aware that you produce similar effects on most of the spectators?
ION: Only too well; for I look down upon them from the stage, and behold the various emotions of pity, wonder, sternness, stamped upon their countenances when I am speaking: and I am obliged to give my very best attention to them; for if I make them cry I myself shall laugh, and if I make them laugh I myself shall cry when the time of payment arrives.
SOCRATES: Do you know that the spectator is the last of the rings which, as I am saying, receive the power of the original magnet from one another? The rhapsode like yourself and the actor are intermediate links, and the poet himself is the first of them. Through all these the God sways the souls of men in any direction which he pleases, and makes one man hang down from another. Thus there is a vast chain of dancers and masters and under-masters of choruses, who are suspended, as if from the stone, at the side of the rings which hang down from the Muse. And every poet has some Muse from whom he is suspended, and by whom he is said to be possessed, which is nearly the same thing; for he is taken hold of. And from these first rings, which are the poets, depend others, some deriving their inspiration from Orpheus, others from Musaeus; but the greater number are possessed and held by Homer. Of whom, Ion, you are one, and are possessed by Homer; and when any one repeats the words of another poet you go to sleep, and know not what to say; but when any one recites a strain of Homer you wake up in a moment, and your soul leaps within you, and you have plenty to say; for not by art or knowledge about Homer do you say what you say, but by divine inspiration and by possession; just as the Corybantian revellers too have a quick perception of that strain only which is appropriated to the God by whom they are possessed, and have plenty of dances and words for that, but take no heed of any other. And you, Ion, when the name of Homer is mentioned have plenty to say, and have nothing to say of others. You ask, ‘Why is this?’ The answer is that you praise Homer not by art but by divine inspiration.
ION: That is good, Socrates; and yet I doubt whether you will ever have eloquence enough to persuade me that I praise Homer only when I am mad and possessed; and if you could hear me speak of him I am sure you would never think this to be the case.
SOCRATES: I should like very much to hear you, but not until you have answered a question which I have to ask. On what part of Homer do you speak well?—not surely about every part.
ION: There is no part, Socrates, about which I do not speak well: of that I can assure you.
SOCRATES: Surely not about things in Homer of which you have no knowledge?
ION: And what is there in Homer of which I have no knowledge?
SOCRATES: Why, does not Homer speak in many passages about arts? For example, about driving; if I can only remember the lines I will repeat them.
ION: I remember, and will repeat them.
SOCRATES: Tell me then, what Nestor says to Antilochus, his son, where he bids him be careful of the turn at the horserace in honour of Patroclus.
ION: ‘Bend gently,’ he says, ‘in the polished chariot to the left of them, and urge the horse on the right hand with whip and voice; and slacken the rein. And when you are at the goal, let the left horse draw near, yet so that the nave of the well-wrought wheel may not even seem to touch the extremity; and avoid catching the stone (Il.).’
SOCRATES: Enough. Now, Ion, will the charioteer or the physician be the better judge of the propriety of these lines?
ION: The charioteer, clearly.
SOCRATES: And will the reason be that this is his art, or will there be any other reason?
ION: No, that will be the reason.
SOCRATES: And every art is appointed by God to have knowledge of a certain work; for that which we know by the art of the pilot we do not know by the art of medicine?
ION: Certainly not.
SOCRATES: Nor do we know by the art of the carpenter that which we know by the art of medicine?
ION: Certainly not.
SOCRATES: And this is true of all the arts;—that which we know with one art we do not know with the other? But let me ask a prior question: You admit that there are differences of arts?
SOCRATES: You would argue, as I should, that when one art is of one kind of knowledge and another of another, they are different?
SOCRATES: Yes, surely; for if the subject of knowledge were the same, there would be no meaning in saying that the arts were different,—if they both gave the same knowledge. For example, I know that here are five fingers, and you know the same. And if I were to ask whether I and you became acquainted with this fact by the help of the same art of arithmetic, you would acknowledge that we did?
SOCRATES: Tell me, then, what I was intending to ask you,—whether this holds universally? Must the same art have the same subject of knowledge, and different arts other subjects of knowledge?
ION: That is my opinion, Socrates.
SOCRATES: Then he who has no knowledge of a particular art will have no right judgment of the sayings and doings of that art?
ION: Very true.
SOCRATES: Then which will be a better judge of the lines which you were reciting from Homer, you or the charioteer?
ION: The charioteer.
SOCRATES: Why, yes, because you are a rhapsode and not a charioteer.
SOCRATES: And the art of the rhapsode is different from that of the charioteer?
SOCRATES: And if a different knowledge, then a knowledge of different matters?
SOCRATES: You know the passage in which Hecamede, the concubine of Nestor, is described as giving to the wounded Machaon a posset, as he says,
‘Made with Pramnian wine; and she grated cheese of goat’s milk with a grater of bronze, and at his side placed an onion which gives a relish to drink (Il.).’
Now would you say that the art of the rhapsode or the art of medicine was better able to judge of the propriety of these lines?
ION: The art of medicine.
SOCRATES: And when Homer says,
‘And she descended into the deep like a leaden plummet, which, set in the horn of ox that ranges in the fields, rushes along carrying death among the ravenous fishes (Il.),’—
will the art of the fisherman or of the rhapsode be better able to judge whether these lines are rightly expressed or not?
ION: Clearly, Socrates, the art of the fisherman.
SOCRATES: Come now, suppose that you were to say to me: ‘Since you, Socrates, are able to assign different passages in Homer to their corresponding arts, I wish that you would tell me what are the passages of which the excellence ought to be judged by the prophet and prophetic art’; and you will see how readily and truly I shall answer you. For there are many such passages, particularly in the Odyssee; as, for example, the passage in which Theoclymenus the prophet of the house of Melampus says to the suitors:—
‘Wretched men! what is happening to you? Your heads and your faces and your limbs underneath are shrouded in night; and the voice of lamentation bursts forth, and your cheeks are wet with tears. And the vestibule is full, and the court is full, of ghosts descending into the darkness of Erebus, and the sun has perished out of heaven, and an evil mist is spread abroad (Od.).’
And there are many such passages in the Iliad also; as for example in the description of the battle near the rampart, where he says:—
‘As they were eager to pass the ditch, there came to them an omen: a soaring eagle, holding back the people on the left, bore a huge bloody dragon in his talons, still living and panting; nor had he yet resigned the strife, for he bent back and smote the bird which carried him on the breast by the neck, and he in pain let him fall from him to the ground into the midst of the multitude. And the eagle, with a cry, was borne afar on the wings of the wind (Il.).’
These are the sort of things which I should say that the prophet ought to consider and determine.
ION: And you are quite right, Socrates, in saying so.
SOCRATES: Yes, Ion, and you are right also. And as I have selected from the Iliad and Odyssee for you passages which describe the office of the prophet and the physician and the fisherman, do you, who know Homer so much better than I do, Ion, select for me passages which relate to the rhapsode and the rhapsode’s art, and which the rhapsode ought to examine and judge of better than other men.
ION: All passages, I should say, Socrates.
SOCRATES: Not all, Ion, surely. Have you already forgotten what you were saying? A rhapsode ought to have a better memory.
ION: Why, what am I forgetting?
SOCRATES: Do you not remember that you declared the art of the rhapsode to be different from the art of the charioteer?
ION: Yes, I remember.
SOCRATES: And you admitted that being different they would have different subjects of knowledge?
SOCRATES: Then upon your own showing the rhapsode, and the art of the rhapsode, will not know everything?
ION: I should exclude certain things, Socrates.
SOCRATES: You mean to say that you would exclude pretty much the subjects of the other arts. As he does not know all of them, which of them will he know?
ION: He will know what a man and what a woman ought to say, and what a freeman and what a slave ought to say, and what a ruler and what a subject.
SOCRATES: Do you mean that a rhapsode will know better than the pilot what the ruler of a sea-tossed vessel ought to say?
ION: No; the pilot will know best.
SOCRATES: Or will the rhapsode know better than the physician what the ruler of a sick man ought to say?
ION: He will not.
SOCRATES: But he will know what a slave ought to say?
SOCRATES: Suppose the slave to be a cowherd; the rhapsode will know better than the cowherd what he ought to say in order to soothe the infuriated cows?
ION: No, he will not.
SOCRATES: But he will know what a spinning-woman ought to say about the working of wool?
SOCRATES: At any rate he will know what a general ought to say when exhorting his soldiers?
ION: Yes, that is the sort of thing which the rhapsode will be sure to know.
SOCRATES: Well, but is the art of the rhapsode the art of the general?
ION: I am sure that I should know what a general ought to say.
SOCRATES: Why, yes, Ion, because you may possibly have a knowledge of the art of the general as well as of the rhapsode; and you may also have a knowledge of horsemanship as well as of the lyre: and then you would know when horses were well or ill managed. But suppose I were to ask you: By the help of which art, Ion, do you know whether horses are well managed, by your skill as a horseman or as a performer on the lyre—what would you answer?
ION: I should reply, by my skill as a horseman.
SOCRATES: And if you judged of performers on the lyre, you would admit that you judged of them as a performer on the lyre, and not as a horseman?
SOCRATES: And in judging of the general’s art, do you judge of it as a general or a rhapsode?
ION: To me there appears to be no difference between them.
SOCRATES: What do you mean? Do you mean to say that the art of the rhapsode and of the general is the same?
ION: Yes, one and the same.
SOCRATES: Then he who is a good rhapsode is also a good general?
ION: Certainly, Socrates.
SOCRATES: And he who is a good general is also a good rhapsode?
ION: No; I do not say that.
SOCRATES: But you do say that he who is a good rhapsode is also a good general.
SOCRATES: And you are the best of Hellenic rhapsodes?
ION: Far the best, Socrates.
SOCRATES: And are you the best general, Ion?
ION: To be sure, Socrates; and Homer was my master.
SOCRATES: But then, Ion, what in the name of goodness can be the reason why you, who are the best of generals as well as the best of rhapsodes in all Hellas, go about as a rhapsode when you might be a general? Do you think that the Hellenes want a rhapsode with his golden crown, and do not want a general?
ION: Why, Socrates, the reason is, that my countrymen, the Ephesians, are the servants and soldiers of Athens, and do not need a general; and you and Sparta are not likely to have me, for you think that you have enough generals of your own.
SOCRATES: My good Ion, did you never hear of Apollodorus of Cyzicus?
ION: Who may he be?
SOCRATES: One who, though a foreigner, has often been chosen their general by the Athenians: and there is Phanosthenes of Andros, and Heraclides of Clazomenae, whom they have also appointed to the command of their armies and to other offices, although aliens, after they had shown their merit. And will they not choose Ion the Ephesian to be their general, and honour him, if he prove himself worthy? Were not the Ephesians originally Athenians, and Ephesus is no mean city? But, indeed, Ion, if you are correct in saying that by art and knowledge you are able to praise Homer, you do not deal fairly with me, and after all your professions of knowing many glorious things about Homer, and promises that you would exhibit them, you are only a deceiver, and so far from exhibiting the art of which you are a master, will not, even after my repeated entreaties, explain to me the nature of it. You have literally as many forms as Proteus; and now you go all manner of ways, twisting and turning, and, like Proteus, become all manner of people at once, and at last slip away from me in the disguise of a general, in order that you may escape exhibiting your Homeric lore. And if you have art, then, as I was saying, in falsifying your promise that you would exhibit Homer, you are not dealing fairly with me. But if, as I believe, you have no art, but speak all these beautiful words about Homer unconsciously under his inspiring influence, then I acquit you of dishonesty, and shall only say that you are inspired. Which do you prefer to be thought, dishonest or inspired?
ION: There is a great difference, Socrates, between the two alternatives; and inspiration is by far the nobler.
SOCRATES: Then, Ion, I shall assume the nobler alternative; and attribute to you in your praises of Homer inspiration, and not art. | <urn:uuid:3dc97d6c-7a05-4c71-9ad8-4cf36a9b71d2> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.armstrongeconomics.com/library/books/ion-plato/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738609.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200810042140-20200810072140-00031.warc.gz | en | 0.977831 | 8,601 | 2.796875 | 3 |
As a 2nd grade teacher, I really like this project. We have some fun activities planned for this Friday, March 2nd, Dr. Seuss's birthday. It is so important for adults, to encourage our children to read EVERY day! Some children don't have access to books. This program funds grants and other resources to motivate kids to read. I feel like it is a worthwhile cause. Read more about, Read Across America, down below.
About Read Across America:
NEA launched the Read Across America program in 1997. Its signature event, NEA's Read Across America Day, takes place each year on or near March 2, the birthday of beloved children's author Dr. Seuss, who epitomizes a love of learning.
NEA's Read Across America calls on every community to celebrate reading not only on Dr. Seuss's birthday, but all year long. Read Across America provides NEA members, parents, caregivers and students the resources they need to promote literacy, including grants, downloadable materials, activities, booklists, and a monthly e-newsletter.
Help NEA’s Read Across America build a nation of readers:
NEA’s Read Across America is dedicated to helping children and teens read--but we can’t do it alone!
Your donations—small and large—help us create programs and materials that keep kids excited about reading.
THANK YOU SO MUCH for your generosity!
1. Kids who read--and are read to--do better in school and in life.
2. The National Education Association asks every community to celebrate reading not only on March 2, Dr. Seuss's birthday but all year long.
3. The award-winning literacy program provides resources, activities, grants, and partnerships to encourage kids and teens to read, read, read. | <urn:uuid:de2a1a38-3451-40db-ad7e-2518b5d43e94> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://whynotbecauseisaidso.blogspot.com/2012_02_01_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399425.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00054-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929958 | 377 | 3.390625 | 3 |
While ethnomusicology used to be largely dismissed by academics as a way for members of Western societies to analyze cultures without being fully immersed in them, in recent years, the field of study has become far more respected. By definition, ethnomusicology is the study of music within the context of its culture. Since music is so largely influenced by history, various struggles, and environment, those studying it in cultures throughout the world become sociologists and anthropologists, almost unwittingly.
In all societies, people have used music as a means of celebrating in times of joy, speaking out against oppression, praying and celebrating religion, as well as productively channeling anger towards any injustices that they may face. Each country has unique ways of expressing these things, and that is precisely what makes studying the music of different cultures so fascinating.
Scholars once held the opinion that the only way to understand any country, or its history, was to go there and become submerged in their daily happenings. While doing so would undoubtedly allow one to gain a better understanding of a nation’s history and traditions, the advent of the internet has made it possible for anyone to study the influence of music on societies throughout the world. Additionally, many universities now offer degrees in ethnomusicology. This provides the opportunity for people to study the instruments, tonal and lyrical habits, and vast influences of the music of other countries. Because each country has such different ways of expressing the same ideas, studying the music of a given country or culture also requires one to study the history and sociological practices of that country as well.
In turn, as music fans, we can hear the influences of other’s cultures on contemporary artists within our own societies. The Chicago band, Zamin, draws heavily on their lead singer, Zeshan Bagewadi’s, Indian lineage. Though all of the band’s members are from North America, the songs are sung in various Indian dialects or based on Urdu poems. The perfect compliment to the lyrics is, of course, the music, which marries traditional Indian instruments to contemporary sounds, including trumpet, double bass, and cello. The incorporation of familiar instruments makes the music feel accessible enough to those who haven’t ventured beyond the Top 40, but doesn’t do so at the expense of Indian culture. The band’s growing success amongst varying demographics would seem to indicate that the band’s fan base is fond of their unique style.
Music critics and fans alike agree that Paul Simon’s 1986 album Graceland is his best. While everyone hears the classic pop sensibility and harmonies that Simon built his career around, the extraordinary thing about Graceland is its African influences. In addition to recording the album in South Africa, Simon worked with a variety of local musicians. While it would have been easier, and certainly less expensive, to stay in the United States and try to replicate South African music with session musicians, Mr. Simon chose to showcase the talents of musicians who could draw on genuine experiences and play their own, traditional music, in a manner that complimented his. It is worth mentioning that Graceland remains Paul Simon’s biggest selling album, having sold over 14 million copies worldwide. It also rates highly on many ‘greatest album ever made’ lists and has continued to do so more than twenty years after its release.
Graceland is also credited with introducing South African vocal group Ladysmith Black Mambazo to the mainstream. After working with Simon on Graceland, the group was able to enjoy mainstream success after what had already been a very well-established career. They’ve gone on to receive numerous awards and accolades, tour the world regularly, and sell millions of records. LBM has recorded songs with Stevie Wonder, Sarah McLachlan, Dolly Parton, Ben Harper, Josh Groban, Natalie Merchant, and Melissa Etheridge, to name a few. This shows us, quite simply, how omnipresent and far-reaching music from all cultures truly is. While members of Radiohead, The Beastie Boys, and U2 may not perform music that we, as listeners, hear as being multicultural, each band has members who are very fond of music from around the world. Having a public platform on which to speak about unknown folk music from Mali or Tibetan, chanting not only gives attention to styles of music many may not find on their own, it also shows us how willing artists are to embrace music from all areas of the world. There is little question that the music from other countries heavily influences western artists. While it may not always be as obvious as it was with Paul Simon’s Graceland, the experiences of the artists we listen to is sure to influence all facets of their work.
During a recent episode of the Music Biz Podcast with Michael Brandvold and Brian Thompson, Nettwerk Music President, Terry McBride, said the internet has made the world flat again. We all have constant access to music from parts of the world we may never physically visit. Taking advantage of this and exploring the importance and influence of ethnomusicology, either in a formal academic setting, or while lounging around your house seeking out new music to listen to, will be prove both enjoyable and insightful. | <urn:uuid:7ef87a96-d42c-40a1-94a1-07ef86d7199f> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://thinklikealabel.com/?p=2003 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917119080.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031159-00001-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966015 | 1,093 | 3.484375 | 3 |
THE PEARL HARBOR DECEPTION
The Bombing of Pearl Harbor
On 7 December 1941 the greatest disaster in United States history occurred. Truly this was and is, “’A date which will live in infamy.’”(Costello 1), but not for the bombing of Pearl Harbor, rather for the deception and the mis-guidance used by the Government and Franklin D. Roosevelt. In a purely artificial chess game Roosevelt sacrificed over 2400 American Seamen’s lives, thanks to his power as Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces. By over-looking the obvious facts of an attack by Japan on Pearl Harbor, Roosevelt was able to control both the political and economic systems of the United States. Most of American society before the Pearl Harbor bombing believed in the idea of isolationism.
Franklin D. Roosevelt knew this, and knew the only way in which United States countrymen would take arms and fight in Europe’s War was to be an overt action against the United States by a member of the Axis Power. Roosevelt also believed Hitler would not declare war on the United States unless he knew they were beatable. There are numerous accounts of actions by Roosevelt and his top armed forces advisors, which reveal they were not only aware of an attack by Japan, but also they were planning on it, and instigating that attack. On 7 October 1940, Lieutenant Commander Arthur H. McCollum, head of the Far East desk of the Office of Naval Intelligence, wrote the eight-action memo.
This memo outlined eight different steps the United States could do that he predicted would lead to an attack by Japan on the United States. The day after this memo was giving to Franklin D. Roosevelt, he began to implement these steps. By the time that Japan finally attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, all eight steps had occurred (Willy 1). The eight steps consisted of two main subject areas; the first being a sign of United States military preparedness and threat of attack, the second being a forceful control on Japans trade and economy. The main subject area of the eight-action memo was the sign of United States military preparedness and threat of attack. McCollum called for the United States to make arrangements with both Britain (Action A) and Holland (Action B), for the use of military facilities and acquisition of supplies in both Singapore and Indonesia.
He also suggested for the deployment of a division of long-range heavy cruisers (Action D) and two divisions of submarines (Action E) to the Orient. The last key factor McCollum called for was to keep the United States Fleet in the vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands (Action F). Roosevelt personally took charge of Action’s D and E; these actions were called “pop up” cruises. Roosevelt had this to say about the cruises, “’I just want them to keep popping up here and there and keep the Japs guessing (Stinnett 9).’” With the fleet located around Hawaii and particularly in Pearl Harbor a double-sided sword was created; it allowed for quicker deployment times into South Pacific Water, but more importantly it lacked many fundamental military needs, and was vulnerable due to its geographic location. To understand the true vulnerability of Pearl Harbor one must look at Oahu, the Hawaiian Island that the military base is located. The North part of the island is all mountains, these mountains hinder the vision of military look out points, making an attack from the North virtually a surprise until the sound of fighter planes are over head.
There were many key military needs that were missing from Pearl Harbor, and they were; a lack of training facilities, lack of large-scale ammunition and fuel supplies, lack of support craft such as tugs and repair ships, and a lack of overhaul facilities such as dry-docking and machine shops. Commander in Chief, United States Fleet – Admiral James O. Richardson, was outraged when he was told by President Roosevelt of his plans on keeping the fleet in Hawaiian Waters. Richardson knew of the problems and vulnerability of Pearl Harbor, the safety of his men and warships was paramount. In a luncheon with Roosevelt, Richardson confronted the President, and by doing so ended his military career. Four months later Richardson was removed as commander-in-chief, and replaced by Rear Admiral Husband Kimmel (Stinnett 11).
Kimmel by many top Naval personal was looked down upon on, for taking orders from Roosevelt and not considering the immediate dangers he was putting the fleet in. The second part of McCollum’s eight-action memo was a forceful control on Japans trade and economy. He insisted that the Dutch refuse to grant Japanese demands for oil (Action G), and a complete embargo of all trade with Japan (Action H), by the United States. This embargo closely represented a similar embargo that was being imposed by the British Empire. McCollum also knew that if Japan controlled the Pacific, it would put a strain on America’s resources for copper, rubber, tin, and other valuable goods. These imports from the Pacific were all essential to America’s Economy, and to protect these trading routes McCollum insisted for all possible aid to be given to the Chinese government of Chiang Kai-shek (Action C).
Japan had some control over China due to a military operation, which took over part of the country. Thanks to the control, Japan took and used many raw goods from China that were not in abundance in their own homeland. The government of Chiang Kai-shek was completely against Japan, and with economic support from the United States, they were able to deny certain possessions from Japan. The United States Government and United States Navy by withholding important information about the bombing of Pearl Harbor have done everything they can do to protect the integrity of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the government. True nationalist believe this information is withheld from the general public in order to protect national security, and not to hide a conspiracy that was created by the United States Government some fifty years ago.
This school of thought asks people and wants them to think, “How in the world could the President of the United States sacrifice over 2400 American seamen’s life’s, horrific amounts of damages to the Fleet, and tremendous amounts of destruction to Army fighter planes?” This group also asks, “In the past fifty years why has there not be one single piece of hard evidence which links Roosevelt to Pearl Harbor, or why has there not been one person who had top security clearance to come out and say something about Roosevelt and his involvement with the bombing?”
On 5 December 1941 at a Cabinet meeting, Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox said, “Well, you know Mr. President, we know where the Japanese fleet is?” “Yes, I know, …Well, you tell them what it is Frank,” said Roosevelt (Toland 294). Knox became extremely excited with the ok from Roosevelt, and he went to tell the group of where the Japanese were and where they were headed. Just as Knox was about to speak Roosevelt interrupted saying, “ We haven’t got anything like perfect information as to their apparent destination (Toland 294).” All Navy reports showed the Japanese were in Pacific Water, and were in a direction towards Hawaii and Pearl Harbor. Roosevelt knew this information, but one must wonder why in the world would he not want to tell his cabinet this information, unless he wanted to hide something? On 6 December 1941 at a White House dinner Roosevelt was given the first thirteen parts of a fifteen part decoded Japanese diplomatic declaration of war and said, “This means War (Toland 318).”
Later that night, Roosevelt along with top advisor Harry Hopkins, Henry Stimson, George Marshall, Secretary of the Navy Knox, with aides John McCrea and Frank Beatty deliberately sat through the night waiting for the Japanese to strike Pear Harbor (Toland 320). Not until the morning of 7 December 1941 at 7:55 Hawaii Time did Japan deliberately and forcefully attack the United States at Pearl Harbor, finally ending disillusioned isolationist ideas of an only European War. United States countrymen immediately ran to recruiting offices after the news of the attack, to join the armed forces and fight against the Japanese and Hitler.
Beyond a doubt Pearl Harbor was President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s back door into the European War. Roosevelt’s decisions and actions were very much so, deliberate and calculated, in order to lead a victorious Allied Powers in World War II. By provoking the Japanese and the foreknowledge of an attack on Pearl Harbor, Roosevelt along with his top advisors and the Federal Government are truly to blame for the lost of American life’s and American property. 7 December 1941 shall be a day in American history, which will be remembered as “a day of deceit.”
Costello, John. Days of Infamy. New York: Pocket Books, 1994. Stinnett, Robert B. Day of Deceit. New York: The Free Press, 2000. Toland, John. Infamy. New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc, 1982. Willey, Mark. “Pearl Harbor Mother of all Conspiracies.” 13 Mar. 2001. www.geocities.com/Pentagon/6315/pearl.html. Works Consulted Larrabee, Eric. Commander in Chief. New York: Harper & Row, 1987. Prange, Gordon W. December 7, 1941 The Day the Japanese Attacked Pearl Harbor. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1988. The Roosevelt Years to United States Enters World War II. Videocassette. By Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. Flimic Achieves, 1995. 75 mins. Thompson, Robert S. A Time For War. New York: Prentice Hall Press, 1991.
Why did Roosevelt want to enter into World War II? Was it to defeat the tyranny of Hitler? Stalin, who was our partner during the war, was even more vicious and tyrannical than Hitler. Was it to stop the aggression of the Japanese? Before the war, this country did everything it could to give Japan no choice and goad them into waging war.
Roosevelt was a 33rd degree mason. That is the highest level one can attain in the satanic Masonic order. One of objectives of the lucifer worshipping Masonic order is to establish a one world government. After World War I these people tried, and failed, to start a one world government organization, The League of Nations. Realizing they would need another world war to finally create such an organization, they manipulated world events, started and won World War II, and created the United Nations, the tool for the final phase of one world government.
More at: PEARL HARBOR ATTACK: THE GREAT DECEPTION
Did President Franklin Roosevelt Have complete
Knowledge of the Attack on Pearl Harbor?
Did FDR know in advance? Was there a cover up when the truth was revealed? truth was revealed?
Members of the family of Adm. Husband E. Kimmel at a hearing during the Congressional Pearl Harbor inquiry in 1995. Edward “Ned” Kimmel, second from right, said the review still fell short of exoneration of his father, Adm. Kimmel and Gen. Walter C. Short.
A question of honor: After 59 years, military commanders may be exonerated of wrongdoing
By William Brand
For 59 years, the names of Adm. Husband E. Kimmel and Gen. Walter C. Short have carried the stigma of two men who were either incompetent or simply in the wrong place at the wrong time and left way out of the loop.
Just before 8 a.m. on Dec. 7, 1941, Kimmel and Short watched as carrier-launched Japanese aircraft crisscrossed above the Hawaiian Islands, their bombs, torpedoes and bullets laying virtual waste to U.S. military installations, men and machines commanded by the two career officers.
It was the Sunday morning attack on Pearl Harbor, and it began the United States’ direct participation in World War II and ended the careers of the islands’ two top military commanders, both of whom had stellar service jackets.
Now, the U.S. Congress wants to reverse the actions taken against the Navy’s Kimmel and Army’s Short following the attack. It is asking, by a joint resolution, that President Clinton exonerate the two men.
U.S. Army Photo/ Mrs. Florence Short pins the three stars of a lieutenant general on her husband Gen. Walter C. Short on Feb. 1, 1941. A year later Short was forced to retire in disgrace. .
The key to the resolution is simple: Washington failed to warn Kimmel and Short that intercepted Japanese radio messages showed war was imminent.
The resolution asks Clinton to clear Kimmel and Short of any wrongdoing and to posthumously grant them promotions – promotions that were given to every other World War II flag officer upon retirement, but were denied Kimmel and Short.
Retired in disgrace, Short died in 1949; Kimmel in 1968. Both were refused courts martial – trials that would have given them a chance to clear their names.
What has brought this latest effort to restore the names and memories of Kimmel and Short to ones of respect is the relentless pleas of their families and investigations by the government and by historians.
Helping the cause is a book published last year by Oakland resident Robert Stinnett, a WW II Navy Veteran turned historian. His “Days of Deceit: The Truth About FDR and Pearl Harbor,” documenting for the first time the real lack of intelligence information given to Kimmel and Short, continues to draw both raves, from supporters, and objections, from those who flatly say there was no conspiracy to deprive the two commanders of needed information.
The Congressional resolution cites a number of government Pearl Harbor inquiries and notes, for example, that a 1995 Department of Defense study concluded “Army and Navy officials in Washington were privy to intercepted Japanese diplomatic communications … which provided crucial confirmation of the imminence of war.”
Rejected by Congress previously, this version of the resolution has garnered powerful, bipartisan backing. In the U.S. Senate, Delaware’s Republican William Roth and Democrat Joseph Biden Jr., carried the proposal, along with Republicans Jesse Helms of North Carolina and Strom Thurmond of South Carolina.
In the U.S. House of Representatives, John M. Spratt Jr., D-S.C., and Floyd Spence, R-S.C., were co-sponsors. After approval, the resolution was included in the defense appropriations bill, which cleared Congress Oct. 30.
Clinton has already signed the appropriations bill, but still must sign an order concerning the Pearl Harbor commanders to put the Congressional resolution into effect.
So what are the chances of approval of the resolution this time? Perhaps a tossup at best. The White House has no comment, and a Department of Defense spokeswoman at the Pentagon said it’s unsure if the Army and Navy will recommend that the President sign the resolution.
“There’s still a lot of opposition here,” the spokeswoman, Cathy Abbott, said. U.S. Army historian Col. Fred Borsht served on the 1995 Pearl Harbor inquiry panel and retains his belief that Kimmel and Short should not be exonerated.
“It’s a time-honored tradition in the armed services that the senior man on the spot when something happens bears ultimate responsibility,” Borsht said. “During the investigation, we went to Pearl Harbor; we looked at Battleship Row; we also looked at all the millions of pages of documents. I think there were nine investigations,” he said.
“Speaking only for myself, I came away convinced that both of these men – who were good men and had been very successful – simply failed to appreciate that technology had changed and it was, in fact, possible for our forces to be seriously hurt by an aerial attack,” Borsht said.
Opinions in the military notwithstanding, members of the Kimmel and Short families hope the resolution will be signed by Clinton. “A lot of us have been working for a long time and I’m tickled to death,” said Edward R. “Ned” Kimmel, Adm. Kimmel’s son.
Robert Stinnett’s book Days of Deceit: The Truth About FDR and Pearl Harbor
The Kimmel and Short families say openly that Stinnett’s “Days of Deceit” and its conspiracy implications helped turn sentiment in their favor in Congress.
Short really died of a broken heart, and the fact that he could never clear his name haunted Kimmel, Stinnett said. If he helped, he’s very pleased, he said.
Stinnett’s book, published by the Free Press, an imprint of the New York publisher Simon & Schuster, is based on thousands of long secret American intercepts of Japanese fleet radio messages that he obtained through the Freedom of Information Act. The documents indicate America did know an attack was coming.
This is historical revisionism. For decades, revisionist historians have argued that Kimmel and Short were kept in the dark, because President Franklin D. Roosevelt needed Japan to attack the United States to inflame Americans and force the country from its isolationist stance.
It worked, the argument goes. America entered the war.
The congressional resolution stops short of calling it a conspiracy. Congress cites the 1995 report which found that “the evidence of the handling of [the intercepted Japanese] messages in Washington reveals some ineptitude, some unwarranted assumptions and mis-estimations, limited coordination, ambiguous language and lack of clarification and follow-up at higher levels.”
Nuts, Stinnett says. There was a conspiracy to keep Kimmel and Short out of the intelligence circle and it extended as far as Roosevelt. Most historians, though, say Stinnett’s trail of uncovered memos doesn’t squarely nail Roosevelt.
With or without a Roosevelt smoking gun,“Days of Deceit” has created a furor. More than 100,000 copies have been printed. It will soon be published in Japanese, and a paperback version with a new epilogue, adding more documentation showing the attack was no surprise in Washington, is scheduled in the United States in a few months.
“We’re so grateful to Mr. Stinnett,” said Emily Short, the general’s daughter-in-law, who lives in Las Cruces, NM. “I credit “Day of Deceit” with being the needed impetus to shake the Congress loose from the forces opposing the truth,” she said.
In Wilmington, Del., Ned Kimmel, 79, a retired lawyer and the admiral’s only child, said the Stinnett book added another important chapter to the long struggle to vindicate his father and Short.
“When “Days of Deceit” came out last December, there was a seminar about Adm. Kimmel by the Naval Historical Foundation. The book had some helpful information, and it was read by an awful lot of people,” he said. Kimmel said a committee is working hard to convince Clinton to sign the proclamation.
“My opinion is this,” Kimmel said, “finally, after all these years, the people of the United States in the form of the House and Senate have addressed this question, and my father and Gen. Short are exonerated.”
Most mainstream historians say there never was a plot. But revisionists long have argued that the attack was anticipated in Washington.
Dissident revisionists argue that Pearl Harbor, while horrible, did what Roosevelt wanted: It galvanized Americans and drove the country into World War II against the Axis powers.
Congress was right to pass the resolution, Stinnett says. The conspiracy is no theory. It really happened, he believes.
Researching the book
It took Stinnett, a retired Oakland Tribune photographer who served in the Pacific in WW II, 17 years of research through volumes of previously classified U.S. intercepts of secret Japanese radio messages and government memos to produce the book. The radio intercept-code-breaking information went to Washington, but it didn’t come back to Pearl, he said. He learned about America’s secret code-breaking war 20 years ago during a visit to “Station Cast,” a former radio signal listening post in Hawaii, while on a Tribune assignment.
After retirement, Stinnett started his own investigation – interviewing former American military communications personnel and asking our government for long-classified messages, now controlled by the National Security Agency.
When he was rebuffed – he began firing off Freedom of Information requests – called FOIAs and based on a law first passed by Congress in 1966, requiring the government to make records public unless it is in the modern-day security interests of the country to keep them secret. They’re regularly submitted by investigative journalists, but little used by academics. Today, his office is stuffed with tens of thousands of declassified memos and messages.
Despite Stinnett’s exhaustive effort and support for his conclusions, his detractors are equally strong in their belief that he has not supported his case.
Stanford History Professor Barton Bernstein said Stinnett’s evidence linking Roosevelt to a plot to allow the Japanese to bomb Hawaii, is flimsy. “This is a book full of speculation; the evidence seems to be lacking,” Bernstein said. He admitted he knows nothing about the Navy’s message intercept and code-breaking prowess.
At the University of California, Berkeley, History Professor Anthony Adamthwaite takes a more neutral stand. “There really isn’t enough evidence to say if the Roosevelt Administration knew of an imminent attack on Pearl Harbor,” Adamthwaite said.
“No doubt there was monitoring of Japanese transmissions going on – but electronic intelligence was quite new at that time. Now we have the leisure to analyze this data,” he said. “But at that time – there was a tremendous amount of data coming in and the question was – who read the intercepted signals?”
“I don’t think the evidential chain is strong enough to reach the conclusion that the White House let the attack happen,” he said. “You have to realize – for Japan to attack an American base so far way – that would seem like a crazy thing to do from the American point of view.”
The code question
U.S. Navy Photo/ Adm. Husband E. Kimmel, the U.S. Naval commander in Hawaii at the time of the Japanese attack, retired in disgrace. He died in 1968 – still unable to clear his name.
David Kahn, author of a definitive book on U.S. code-breaking, leveled a scathing attack on Stinnett’s code research in the latest issue of the New York Review of Books.
The operating Pearl Harbor attack story long has been that the Japanese Navy task force, commanded by Adm. Isoroku Yamamoto, kept strict radio silence as the fleet crossed the Northern Pacific en route to Pearl. That’s what really happened, Kahn said. No wonder.
“Central to the surprise [attack] was the radio silence of the strike force,” Kahn says. “The Japanese commanders and radio operators alike, say unanimously they never transmitted any messages.”
He adds that the Japanese code at that time, labeled JN 25, by the United States, had not been cracked, and U.S. intelligence summaries produced in Hawaii stated there was no information on submarines or carriers.
Now it’s Stinnett who is scoffing.
Sitting in his basement office in his house near Lake Merritt, he pulls out a sheaf of photocopied message intercepts from the days and hours before the Pearl Harbor attack. All were obtained under the Freedom of Information Act in May of this year.
The intercepts show that American radio operators in Hawaii, Corregidor in the Phillippines and near Half Moon Bay here in the Bay Area tracked the Japanese fleet before the Pearl Harbor attack. The information went to Washington – but it never reached the two key commanders in Hawaii, Stinnett said.
He also produces a communiqué from the listening station on Corregidor: “We are redoing enough current traffic to keep two translators very busy,” the station commander wrote Washington on Nov. 16, 1941.
Stinnett adds that after his book was published, four retired Navy officers who worked at the Navy listening post in San Francisco in 1941 contacted him. One is Charles Black, husband of former U.S. Ambassador and film star Shirley Temple Black. “These guys knew we had broken the Japanese code,” Stinnett said.
“They didn’t say definitely they knew Pearl Harbor was being attacked. But they said the threat was very well-known in their department in San Francisco,” he said.
The admission that American cryptographers had broken the Japanese code was kept in secret U.S. Navy vaults until this May, Stinnett said.
Stinnett believes that one reason the National Security Agency remains reluctant to declassify the rest of the Pearl Harbor documents is because the United States still relies on communications intelligence.
“Who knows? Maybe there’s some way they can track Saddam Hussein. Maybe they’re monitoring his radio communications, and they don’t want publicity about what our government does,” he said.
Meanwhile, the mystery continues.
After “Day of Deceit” came out last December, the National Security Agency reviewed documents about U.S. intercepts of coded Japanese messages before Pearl Harbor that Stinnett had requested.
“They withdrew about two dozen documents,” Stinnett said. “I don’t know what in the world was in the text – all I have is the withdrawal slips.”
Not to worry. Stinnett has filed a new Freedom of Information Act request, naming the 24 withdrawn documents.
A Historian Investigates A Tough Question: Where Was The General?
Did Gen. George C. Marshall go horseback riding while Pearl Har bor burned? Or, was he too busy preventing the commander of that Hawaiian military installation from being warned of the coming attack?
It would be an interesting exercise to endeavor to reconstruct Gen. George C. Marshall’s movements after he left his office at mid-afternoon on December 6, 1941, following the translation of the Kita message and the information that the Japanese pilot message had arrived, indicating that the reply to Secretary of State Cordell Hull’s ultimatum of November 26 was about to arrive. It had been assumed from the 26th onward that this would indicate that war would probably come at any moment.
We have an impressive but neglected background for this analysis which not even revisionist historians have seriously considered. They have usually accepted the legend of Marshall’s morning horseback ride in Rock Creek Park, his late arrival at his Pentagon office at 11:25 Sunday morning, his reading there for the first time the 14-part message and the time of delivery message, and his subsequent decision to send a message to Gen. Walter Short in Hawaii, which he then composed and sent through the Signal Corps by slow commercial radio.
We now have a conclusion to reckon with. President Roosevelt, apparently being informed or convinced by the morning of December 4 that the Japanese would attack at Pearl Harbor on the morning of the 7th, directed Marshall to take steps to assure that no communications could be sent to Pearl Harbor unless cleared by him (Marshall). This made it certain that no warnings would be sent through Army channels. Marshall then conferred at once with Admiral Harold Stark and told him of Roosevelt’s directions, which Stark apparently accepted. In explaining or excusing any of his actions after this time, Stark always fell back on the statement that all he did was under the orders of a “higher authority,” which could only have been Roosevelt, for Marshall did not outrank Stark.
PEARL HARBOR MOTHER OF ALL CONSPIRACIES
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FDR Pearl Harbor Conspiracy – 44 Min
PEARL HARBOR CONSPIRACY?
FDR and the making of a war
by Srdja Trifkovic
Some of our readers may be shocked by the mere intimation that the government of the United States in general, and its chief executive in particular, could be capable of criminal conspiracy resulting in thousands of lost American lives. In deference to their sensibility we shall refrain from making any such suggestion. On this, 59th anniversary of Pearl Harbor we shall limit ourselves to a brief summary of what some less idealistic souls have dubbed the “mother of all conspiracies.”
Their claims can be summarized as follows: President Franklin D. Roosevelt wanted to enter the war in Europe, especially after the fall of France (June 1940). In this desire he was supported by the old elite of Anglophile Wasps and by the increasingly influential Jewish lobby. In June 1941 they were joined by the assorted leftists who cared about the Soviet Union more than about America. After meeting FDR at the Atlantic Conference (August 14, 1941) Churchill noted the “astonishing depth of Roosevelt’s intense desire for war.” But there was a problem: the President could not overcome the resistance to “Europe’s war” felt by most Americans and their elected representatives.
The mood of the country was a problem, and Roosevelt therefore resorted to subterfuge. He systematically and deliberately provoked the Japanese into attacking the United States. His real target was Hitler: Roosevelt expected the German dictator to abide by the Tripartite Pact and declare war on America, and hoped that Hitler’s decision would be facilitated by a display of America’s apparent vulnerability. Accordingly, even though Roosevelt was well aware of the impending attack on Pearl Harbor, he let it happen and was relieved, even pleased, when it did. The evidence is circumstantial, of course, and chronologically its more important elements proceed as follows:
1. In the summer of 1940 Roosevelt ordered the Pacific to relocate from the West Coast to Hawaii. When its commander, Admiral Richardson, protested that Pearl Harbor offered inadequate protection from air and torpedo attack he was replaced.
2. On October 7 1940 Navy IQ analyst McCollum wrote an eight-point memo for Roosevelt on how to force Japan into war with U.S., including an American oil embargo against Japan. All of them were eventually accomplished.
3. On 23 June 1941 – one day after Hitler’s attack on Russia – Secretary of the Interior and FDR’s Advisor Harold Ickes wrote a memo for the President in which he pointed out that “there might develop from the embargoing of oil to Japan such a situation as would make it not only possible but easy to get into this war in an effective way. And if we should thus indirectly be brought in, we would avoid the criticism that we had gone in as an ally of communistic Russia.”
4. On 18 October Ickes noted in his diary: “For a long time I have believed that our best entrance into the war would be by way of Japan.”
5. The U.S. had cracked key Japanese codes before the attack. FDR received “raw” translations of all key messages. On 24 September 1941 Washington deciphered a message from the Naval Intelligence HQ in Tokyo to Japan’s consul-general in Honolulu, requesting grid of exact locations of U.S. Navy ships in the harbor. Commanders in Hawaii were not warned.
6. Sixty years later the U.S. Government still refuses to identify or declassify many pre-attack decrypts on the grounds of “national security”!
7. On November 25 Secretary of War Stimson wrote in his diary that FDR said an attack was likely within days, and asked “how we should maneuver them into the position of firing the first shot without too much danger to ourselves. In spite of the risk involved, however, in letting the Japanese fire the first shot, we realized that in order to have the full support of the American people it was desirable to make sure that the Japanese be the ones to do this so that there should remain no doubt in anyone’s mind as to who were the aggressors.”
8. On November 25 FDR received a “positive war warning” from Churchill that the Japanese would strike against America at the end of the first week in December. This warning caused the President to do an abrupt about-face on plans for a time-buying modus vivendi with Japan and it resulted in Secretary of State Hull’s deliberately provocative ultimatum of 26 November 1941 that guaranteed war.
9. On November 26 Washington ordered both US aircraft carriers, the Enterprise and the Lexington, out of Pearl Harbor “as soon as possible”. This order included stripping Pearl of 50 planes or 40 percent of its already inadequate fighter protection. On the same day Cordell Hull issued his ultimatum demanding full Japanese withdrawal from Indochina and all China. U.S. Ambassador to Japan called this “The document that touched the button that started the war.”
10. On November 29 Hull told United Press reporter Joe Leib that Pearl Harbor would be attacked on December 7. The New York Times reported on December 8 (“Attack Was Expected,” p. 13) that the U.S. knew of the attack a week earlier.
11. On December 1 Office of Naval Intelligence, ONI, 12th Naval District in San Francisco found the missing Japanese fleet by correlating reports from the four wireless news services and several shipping companies that they were getting signals west of Hawaii.
12. On 5 December FDR wrote to the Australian Prime Minister, “There is always the Japanese to consider. Perhaps the next four or five days will decide the matters.”
Particularly indicative is Roosevelt’s behavior on the day of the attack itself. Harry Hopkins, who was alone with FDR when he received the news, wrote that the President was unsurprised and expressed “great relief.” Later in the afternoon Harry Hopkins wrote that the war cabinet conference “met in not too tense an atmosphere because I think that all of us believed that in the last analysis the enemy was Hitler… and that Japan had given us an opportunity.” That same evening FDR said to his cabinet, “We have reason to believe that the Germans have told the Japanese that if Japan declares war, they will too. In other words, a declaration of war by Japan automatically brings…” – at which point he was interrupted, but his expectations were perfectly clear. CBS newsman Edward R. Murrow met Roosevelt at midnight and was surprised at FDR’s calm reaction. The following morning Roosevelt stressed to his speechwriter Rosenman that “Hitler was still the first target, but he feared that a great many Americans would insist that we make the war in the Pacific at least equally important with the war against Hitler.”
Jonathan Daniels, administrative assistant and press secretary to FDR, later said “the blow was heavier than he had hoped it would necessarily be… But the risks paid off; even the loss was worth the price.” Roosevelt confirmed this to Stalin at Tehran on November 30, 1943, by saying that “if the Japanese had not attacked the US he doubted very much if it would have been possible to send any American forces to Europe.”
Hitherto eminently establishmentarian historian Jonathan Toland has made it possible for Pearl Harbor “conspiracy theorists” to become more respectable “revisionists” with his Infamy: Pearl Harbor and its Aftermath : “Was it possible to imagine a President who remarked, ‘This means war,’ after reading the [thirteen-part 6 December] message, not instantly summoning to the White House his Army and Navy commanders as well as his Secretaries of War and Navy? … Stimson, Marshall, Stark and Harry Hopkins had spent most of the night of December 6 at the White House with the President. All were waiting for what they knew was coming: an attack on Pearl Harbor. The comedy of errors on the sixth and seventh appears incredible. It only makes sense if it was a charade, and Roosevelt and the inner circle had known about the attack.”
Churchill later wrote that FDR and his top advisors “knew the full and immediate purpose of their enemy”: “A Japanese attack upon the U.S. was a vast simplification of their problems and their duty. How can we wonder that they regarded the actual form of the attack, or even its scale, as incomparably less important than the fact that the whole American nation would be united?”
The real target, Adolf Hitler, duly walked into the trap on December 10, 1941, thus committing the greatest blunder of his career and ensuring Germany’s defeat. The rest, as they say, is history. The ensuing fury gave birth first to a superpower, then to an empire. It swept away doubters and isolationists, it legitimized a total war for unconditional surrender. It created nuclear weapons, the Cold War, the military-industrial complex, the “intelligence community,” and today’s benevolent global hegemony. The people who run the American Empire today will as strenuously deny the existence of a Pearl Harbor conspiracy as their predecessors denied it half a century ago. But in their hearts they’ll admit that, even if there had not been one, it should have been invented.
AMERICAN PATRIOT FRIENDS NETWORK
Who Is Ken Vardon?
More Evidence FDR Knew
About Pearl In Advance
The Red Cross Connection
By Daryl S. Borgquist
Families of the Pearl Harbor commanders have been championing the theory that official Washingon knew when and where the 1941 Japanese attack would occur. Evidence of secret medical shipments prior to the attack is lending credence to it…
A previously unsubstantiated report that President Franklin D. Roosevelt requested the national office of the American Red Cross to send medical supplies secretly to Pearl Harbor in advance of the 7 December 1941 Japanese attack is beginning to look much more feasible.
Don C. Smith, who directed the War Service for the Red Cross before World War II and was deputy administrator of services to the armed forces from 1942 to 1946, when he became administrator, apparently knew about the timing of the Pearl Harbor attack in advance. Unfortunately, Smith died in 1990 at age 98. But when his daughter, Helen E. Hamman, saw news coverage of efforts by the families of Husband Kimmel and Walter Short to restore the two Pearl Harbor commanders posthumously to what the families contend to be their deserved ranks, she wrote a letter to President Bill Clinton on 5 September 1995. Recalling a conversation with her father, Hamman wrote:
. . . Shortly before the attack in 1941 President Roosevelt called him [Smith] to the White House for a meeting concerning a Top Secret matter. At this meeting the President advised my father that his intelligence staff had informed him of a pending attack on Pearl Harbor, by the Japanese. He anticipated many casualties and much loss, he instructed my father to send workers and supplies to a holding area at a P.O.E. [port of entry] on the West Coast where they would await further orders to ship out, no destination was to be revealed. He left no doubt in my father’s mind that none of the Naval and Military officials in Hawaii were to be informed and he was not to advise the Red Cross officers who were already stationed in the area. When he protested to the President, President Roosevelt told him that the American people would never agree to enter the war in Europe unless they were attack [sic] within their own borders.
. . . He [Smith] was privy to Top Secret operations and worked directly with all of our outstanding leaders. He followed the orders of his President and spent many later years contemplating this action which he considered ethically and morally wrong.
I do not know the Kimmel family, therefore would gain nothing by fabricating this situation, however, I do feel the time has come for this conspiracy to be exposed and Admiral Kimmel be vindicated of all charges. In this manner perhaps both he and my father may rest in peace.*1
Smith first told his story to his daughter and granddaughter in the 1970s, Hamman said, and it bothered him a great deal. Hamman had herself served in the Red Cross on the West Coast during World War II and never had heard anything about this before. She was surprised by the story, but she knew, she said, that “Papa would not lie.” Unfortunately, her father had left no papers and never told her of any specific actions he took to fulfill President Roosevelt’s request. She had not thought about her father’s story again until she read about efforts to restore the ranks of Kimmel and Short.
Because Hamman had nothing but her recollections to corroborate the story, without further evidence it was still only a story. Even if it were true, it would appear to have been a merely quiet shift of employees, equipment, and supplies within the overall massive buildup of the Red Cross in preparation for war, paralleling a similar effort in the military from the 1940 Soldier and Sailors Act. Supporting information turned up in Red Cross records at the National Archives, but no “smoking gun” indicated that such an effort had taken place. Ultimately, however, a copy of the Hawaii Chapter’s Annual Report for the fiscal year ending 30 June 1942 confirmed the secret receipt of medical supplies by the Red Cross at Pearl Harbor immediately before attack. In part, it reads:
In the latter half of 1941, and indeed prior thereto, the Hawaii Chapter took the definite position that there was serious trouble ahead in the Pacific. In spite of peaceful cooings from both American and “enemy” sources, and suggestions to slow down, we stepped up.
. . . We obtained from National Headquarters of the American Red Cross in Washington vital medical supplies and drugs to the value of some $50,000, which were here before December 7th, unbeknown save to a very few, and were stored in cooperation with the Army. We likewise obtained from Washington First Aid equipment and supplies to the value of about $25,000, which were also available.*2
This seems to correspond with Hamman’s recollection of what her father had told her. So why did the story not come out at the time? And what about the cooperative efforts with the Army to store the supplies? Who in the Army knew, and where were the supplies stored? Did General Short, the Army commanding officer for the Hawaiian Department, know about these supplies? If he did, then he also would have been better prepared for the attack. The best answer to these questions is that Hawaiian Red Cross officials must have thought the secret transfer of supplies was in response to previous requests for assistance from national headquarters. Additional evidence indicates, however, that a few Hawaiian officials may have received an advance warning.
The supplies might have been kept secret for several reasons. Hawaiian Red Cross officials might have wanted to protect them from potential Japanese saboteurs, about whom military officials had been duly warned. Those officials also were soliciting donations and volunteers from the community to help in preparing supplies. Publicizing receipt of the medical supplies might have dampened enthusiasm and support for Red Cross projects.
Regarding the question of Army cooperation, the Army had been supportive of the Red Cross and civilian defense preparations and was undoubtedly supporting these efforts at the time. General Short’s Army Day Speech to the Honolulu Chamber of Commerce on 6 April 1941 corroborates this. The subject of this major speech was civilian defense preparation–including preparations that should be made by the Red Cross–and was deemed important enough by the Army board and the joint congressional committee to have been included in the official record.*3
Red Cross personnel activities and assignments appear to support the Hamman story as well. A select number of experienced people were tapped to go to Hawaii in fall 1941–all of them directed from Washington. Some arrived as regular transfers; others appear to have been special transfers. Almost all arrived just in time to prepare for the Pearl Harbor attack in the rapid and massive buildup that resulted from the Selective Service Act of 1940.*4
From required Red Cross monthly field reports, nurses recruited for the military by the Red Cross and those who had received commissions as Army nurses filed reports, noting their times of arrival. One of the two new Red Cross nurses at Station Hospital Hickam Field in Honolulu, on duty the morning of 7 December 1941, wrote in a 16 February 1942 letter to Major Julia O. Flikke, Superintendent of the Army Nurse Corps in Washington:
. . . As you may recall, there were just six of us, who, on November 15th were transferred to Station Hospital, Hickam Field. We felt that we were the happiest group of nurses anywhere–a new 30 bed hospital, lovely quarters–just two blocks from the Officer’s Club, nice working hours, more social activity than we could possibly crowd in, the hospitality of our Medicos, and above all–the grandest chief nurse, Miss A[nnie Gayton] Fox, who enjoys everything as much as we do.*5
The writer, who is not identified in the correspondence but who was one of the two nurses on duty the morning of 7 December (along with a Miss Boyd, according to the text), had transferred from Walter Reed Army Hospital in July 1941 and had been transferred again from somewhere else, arriving for duty in Hawaii at the new hospital on 15 November 1941.
Red Cross Field Director Nell Ennis, at the U.S. Naval Hospital in Pearl Harbor, filed her first narrative report for November to December 1941. She wrote:
The greatest difficulty was the fact that the supplies ordered in October had not been received. This was a real handicap, for, as we were expecting this shipment daily we did not want to make local purchases thereby duplicating the order.
. . . the following month [December] brought an avalanche of work entirely foreign to any previous services I have ever been called upon to do.
. . . The Red Cross volunteers were my only workers and without them I could not have carried on. . . . There were six Gray Ladies who had received training at other naval stations and the medical staff frequently spoke of their efficiency and endurance.*6
On 22 November 1941, William Carl Hunt, acting manager of the Eastern Area, sent a memorandum on American Red Cross National Headquarters letterhead to the Eastern Area headquarters staff and New England field staff that read:
Mr. Robert Shepard has accepted an emergency assignmant [sic] as Executive Director of the Hawaii Chapter. He will be leaving for this post about the first of December. . . . in these times such changes of assignment are necessary in order to bring the full strength of the Red Cross to bear upon whatever emergencies arise.*7
According to the National American Red Cross Human Resources office, Shepard was one of the organization’s most experienced and capable people. He arrived in Hawaii a few days after the Pearl Harbor attack, but he never became executive director. The Honolulu Advertiser recorded his arrival and qualifications on Christmas Day 1941.
Shepard is not the only national office staff member sent to Hawaii during this critical period, as a 12 December 1941 national office press release states. These staff members are not named or identified, but another Red Cross document indicates their titles.
Mr. Castle’s [Alfred Castle, chairman, Hawaii Red Cross Chapter] cable also stated that cooperation between the Red Cross and the local Civilian Defense in the emergency was excellent. The Hawaiian Red Cross was equipped with large supplies of clothing, made by women volunteers in the islands, and also had stores of food and medical supplies. Five members of the national Red Cross staff from Washington, were sent to the islands some time ago.*8
Red Cross Activity in Hawaii
The secret cache of medical supplies appears to have had a bearing on a discrepancy concerning the number of first aid stations established between 8 December and 12 December. An 8 December 1941 press release of the American Red Cross News Service states that, “Prior to the beginning of hostilities the American Red Cross established 10 emergency medical stations on the islands and made other plans for emergency operations.”*9
According to a 12 December 1941 press release from American Red Cross News Service-based Hawaiian Red Cross Cables, “Twelve 50-bed Red Cross first aid stations had been set up in Hawaii, completely equipped with doctors, nurses and first aid personnel, the Red Cross stated.”*10
As difficult as it was to get equipment and supplies to Hawaii, two extra 50-bed first aid stations represented either a large expectation of casualties or a large error on someone’s part, particularly in light of Ennis’s complaint that by November she had not received all of her supplies ordered in October.
The site where the medical supplies were stored continues to be elusive. The most complete account for 7 December 1941 is by Betty MacDonald, the social page editor of The Honolulu Star-Bulletin, in an article published on Saturday, 13 December 1941. “To the Women of Hawaii–There Is Work To Be Done” states that the Red Cross Motor Corps was mobilized completely by 1400 on the 7th at their headquarters in the Castle Kindergarten Building in downtown Honolulu. The activities of the motor corps in evacuating civilians through that night and into the next morning is well documented.
MacDonald, now Betty McIntire, remembers nothing more than what she wrote in her article, except that the editor had cut out all graphic details of the condition of the wounded. The editor had revised significantly what she wrote and may have added material, because McIntire did not remember some of the points in the article.
The most probable location of the secret supplies was in downtown Honolulu, somewhere that was accessible from the motor corps headquarters. An outbuilding at the then-sprawling Fort DeRussy is the most likely site. The existence and location of the surgical dressings made by the Hawaii Chapter are well documented and known; these also were distributed by the motor corps. The motor corps probably began its 7 December trips downtown, picking up supplies and delivering them to hospital and medical sites and then picking up evacuees or wounded and delivering them to medical facilities or civilian relocation centers on the return trip to Honolulu.
In the book At His Side: The Story of the American Red Cross Overseas in World War II (New York: Coward-McCann, 1945), George Gershon Korson writes that the motor corps’ “first assignment on 7 December was the delivery of Red Cross surgical dressing and medical supplies to the Army and naval hospitals and civilian emergency hospitals set up in school and government buildings.” None of the first-hand accounts from military hospital personnel and commanding officers records the delivery of any Red Cross supplies or the work of Red Cross ambulances, nor can any reference be found for Korson’s statement.
War Volunteer Study and Staffing Levels
In his monthly report for November 1941, American Red Cross Director of Personnel J. Blaine Gwin made a significant statement about the escalation in staffing:
It is interesting to note that we have reached the point where the total number of temporary staff members exceeds the number of permanent or regular staff members, being 1,505 temporary employees as compared with 1,029 permanent or regular employees.*11
In order to determine how many volunteers would be needed, the National Headquarters conducted a study on the “proposed utilization of volunteers on the national organization staff.” It was completed on 29 October 1941, sent to the chairman, and subsequently forwarded to Red Cross national office area directors by Director of Domestic Operations DeWitt Smith on 2 December 1941.*12 Only a few positions could be identified as suitable for volunteers at the national headquarters, where full-time permanent employees were needed, but many volunteers would be needed by the Red Cross chapters.
While it is noteworthy that the study was completed a month in advance of the Pearl Harbor attack and forwarded to the area directors just five days before it, the most significant fact seems to be that the Red Cross national office had for all practical purposes already staffed up to wartime operational levels by November 1941, even though war had not yet begun.
Red Cross Home Service Director Sanderson opened his November 1941 monthly report, dated 3 December 1941, with the statement: “Every phase of our Home Service program has continued to develop new interests and a tremendous increase in activity has been in evidence during the month.” All of the Home Service field representative staffs had been called in on 10 November for “instructions regarding the study now being made of Chapters in areas adjacent to military centers.” Buried in this report is another statement worthy of note:
The report from the Pacific Area shows that the Home Service staff has been augmented for the special study by the Director of Disaster Relief, Director of Personnel, Administrative Assistant, and three General Field Representatives, all of whom met with the Home Service group on the 10th and 11th [November 1941].*13
These must be the Washington people mentioned in the previously cited 12 December press release, even though the release said five were from Washington and six are named here. This group met with the Home Service group early in the month as part of a special Pacific emphasis. When they were deployed to Hawaii is not stated, but it was in time to be on-site for the Pearl Harbor attack. The national Red Cross office was giving particular attention to the Pacific, which could be expected. But does any evidence support the notion that they were given advance planning information of the Pearl Harbor attack? A possible answer can be found in the diaries of William Castle, a former Under Secretary of State whose brother Alfred was the Chairman of the Red Cross in Hawaii. On 26 December 1941, William received his first correspondence from brother Alfred after the bombing on 7 December and recorded in his diary:
This morning I actually had letters from Alfred in Honolulu. . . . Alfred and his family always go to the country for the week-end; this was the first time this year they had not gone. Alfred said that he felt the moment to be exceedingly critical and that he did not want to be out of town. This remark made me think very hard, because it would suggest that they knew in Honolulu, far better than we did here, how critical the situation was.*14
Alfred Castle’s daughter Gwendolyn remembers an unusual conversation with her father about going to the Laie house on Friday, 5 December. She wrote:
Indeed, I do know why Father and Mother didn’t go to Laie the weekend of December 7th. Father felt that, from news he had received from letters from Uncle Billy [William Castle] in Washington war with Japan was imminent. Charlie (my then-husband) and I wanted to use the Laie house that weekend as we had been invited to the Spaldings’ (nearby) for tennis and lunch on Sunday. On Friday Father called me and said he would rather we wouldn’t go to Laie as he felt a Japanese attack was imminent. I told Charlie that when he came home that evening, and he said that as the navy had its patrol planes 2,000 miles out there was no way the Japanese could have a surprise attack. I told Father this the next day, and he reluctantly agreed to let us go. So of course that is where we were when the attack came that Sunday morning.
The timing of this conversation two days before the Pearl Harbor attack raises a question, especially since William Castle’s diary entries do not support the reason given by Alfred for knowing that an attack by the Japanese was imminent. It appears that Alfred was covering another confidential source by using his brother’s name. No one would question that the former Under Secretary of State would have confidential sources and that he might convey such information. The Castle family has indicated that the former Hawaii Red Cross chairman had many confidential sources, and much of his correspondence or notes of conversations no longer exist.
Taken alone, this might mean nothing and be merely coincidental, but the comments reflect a striking correlation with actions by some of President Roosevelt’s closest staff 6,000 miles away. The President’s Naval Aide, Captain John R. Beardall, had come unannounced to the White House in full uniform for Sunday duty, a first since his arrival in May 1941. Beardall testified in the congressional hearings on the Pearl Harbor attack in 1946 that he also put his staff on 24-hour duty for the first time beginning Friday, 5 December 1941. His response to questioning from Senator Homer Ferguson (R-MI) used almost the same language as Castle, even though they were recorded years apart and no evidence exists that the two had never conversed: “The situation was getting more tense in the diplomatic relations, and I wanted somebody to be there in case I was going out for dinner or somewhere else . . . .”*15 Beardall was someone with direct access to MAGIC–the deciphered intercepts of Japanese diplomatic messages. So how was it that Alfred Castle came up with this language and stayed home that weekend in Honolulu? This appears to be evidence of contact with someone who either had access, or was being advised by someone with access, to MAGIC intelligence.
As Hamman pointed out in her letter, her father had top-secret clearance and was privy to other secret operations during the war. Why not this one?
In fall 1941, the Red Cross conducted its most aggressive peacetime annual “Roll Call” fundraising campaigns, with national coverage and using well-known personalities and heavy business involvement. Most of the cabinet officers, particularly high military officials, gave significantly throughout the fall on behalf of the Roll Call. Behind the scenes, some unusual budgetary activity was taking place. Red Cross records show the change from peacetime to wartime before the Pearl Harbor attack.
At the meeting of the American Red Cross Central Committee on 24 June 1941, committee members adopted its first resolution moving it to a war footing:
That the Central Committee hereby approves the following general provisions with reference to a possible campaign for a national Defense Fund, or for a War Relief Fund in the event of the involvement of this country in war. It is recognized that the development of events and other unforeseen conditions may require some adaptation of these general provisions and the Chairman is authorized to take such steps in this connection as seem to him wise and necessary.*16
The provisions that follow the resolution recognize:
That the National Defense activities or the War Relief activities, if this country becomes involved, will require the participation of practically the entire organization and activities of the Red Cross, and that it is not practicable to segregate these activities in such a way as to finance some of them from the General Fund and others from the National Defense or the War Relief Fund or the Foreign War Relief Fund.
The Chairman is authorized, if in his judgment the timing of events makes such a step necessary, to combine the fund raising campaign with the regular annual Roll Call and the Junior enrollment, under such terms and conditions as he may approve.
At the 16 September 1941 meeting of the central committee, the chairman was authorized to make special arrangements for the national office to receive more than the usual 50 cents from some of the larger membership gifts in the intensified Roll Call drive.*17 A member was defined as anyone giving more than one dollar. The standard peacetime practice was for the national office to receive 50 cents per membership, and the remainder of the gift would remain with the chapters to fund their activities. The reason for the change appears in the statement approved by the central committee:
It was recognized that major emergencies might develop before the Roll Call which would require changes in the fund raising plans and the Chairman was authorized to take appropriate steps should such emergencies occur.
On Saturday, 29 November 1941, DeWitt Smith sent three memos to key Red Cross managers with an attachment for $1 million to finance expenditures not covered in the current budget. This had been approved by the chairman the day before, using the emergency authority. Smith also wrote in the cover memo that they should not wait until the end of December as planned to revamp the budget but should do so at the end of November. The date of the memo being 29 November, this was an order to make an immediate revision of the budget, because the next day was the end of the month.*18 Most of the materials were for running a massive support system for servicemen after the war had begun. But the war had not begun; this was eight days before the Pearl Harbor attack.
The role played by the Red Cross at Pearl Harbor has been neglected by historians, mostly because accounts inevitably focus on the military attack. In all of the confusion after the Japanese attack and with military censorship, the arrival and activities of Red Cross medical workers at all of the major military locations immediately before the Pearl Harbor attack were not questioned, most likely because of the high esteem in which the organization always had been held. Their arrival had been coordinated quietly from Washington and even most of the workers themselves–although some seem to have had more information–thought it a mere coincidence that they were there just before the attack. But thanks to Don Smith’s daughter, it is now known that it was no accident that specific pieces were in place in the nick of time. It appears to have been part of a planned operation within the rapid overall growth of the Red Cross.
In 1941, only a small group of people close to President Roosevelt were the real players and were actually part of the decision-making process. Many of these same people were also on the Red Cross Board. In effect, the Red Cross became an extension of their policy-execution process, which explains why the personnel and budget activities so closely paralleled White House insiders’ knowledge and decision-making. They could operate quietly, without the rest of Washington knowing. The location of the Red Cross two blocks from the White House and the State Department (now the Old Executive Office Building) made this even easier. And in the case of the Red Cross, some of President Roosevelt’s closest war advisers and some who received MAGIC intelligence were the same ones who served on the Red Cross board and sat on its central committee. This included the President’s physician, Rear Admiral Ross T. McIntire, the Navy Department representative and the Navy Surgeon General; Sumner Wells, the Under Secretary of State; and Harry Hopkins (who was closely involved with the Red Cross Roll Call in fall 1941 and was appointed to the central committee in 1942).*19
The relationship between the Red Cross, the military, and the White House always has been close, but at no time does it appear to have been closer than just before the outbreak of the Pacific War at Pearl Harbor.
Mr. Borgquist is media affairs officer for the Community Relations Service Headquarters, U.S. Department of Justice. He also is a U.S. Naval Reserve public affairs officer. The views reflected here are his own. This article was not prepared as part of any of his offical duties.
1. Department of Defense Investigation, “Memorandum for the Secretary of Defense: Advancement of Rear Admiral Kimmel and Major General Short” (also known as the “Dorn Report”) signed by Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness, Edwin Dorn, 15 December 1995.
2. Annual Report for the Year Ending June 30, 1940, Hawaii Chapter of the American Red Cross, p. 1. The Hawaii Chapter and the National Archives do not have copies in their collections. What is likely the last existing copy of the document is in the Hawaii War Records Depository, University of Hawaii, Manoa, document #59.02.
3. LGEN Walter C. Short, Army Day Speech, Exhibit 1-O, “Proceedings of the Army Pearl Harbor Board,” found at pp. 2607-2610, Part 30, in the Hearings before the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, U.S. Congress, 1946.
4. American Red Cross, 1935-1946, National Archives Record Group 200 (Hereafter cited as ARC 1935-1946, RG 200), “1940-1941 Annual Report of Military and Naval Welfare Service.” The general history of the ARC in World War II is in Box 1.
5. ARC 1935-1946, RG 200, Box 1705 Serial Code 900.11/6131 P.O.A., File: “Station Hospital, Hickam Field, TH.”
6. ARC 1935-1946, RG 200, Box 1705, Serial Code 900.11/6131, P.O.A., File: “Hawaii Area–218th General Hospital.”
7. ARC 1935-1946, RG 200, Boxes 456-457, Serial Code 187.211 (C 141.02).
8. ARC 1935-1946, RG 200, Box 14, Serial Code 020.1801, Press Release # 67107, 12 December 1941. The success of the civilian defense organization and credit for its planning belongs to LGEN Short, who devoted great effort to this throughout 1941. Correspondence from a major Hawaiian business owner after the war in Shortis papers at the U.S. Army Military History Institute and Army War College Library, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania, attest to this.
9. ARC 1935-1946, RG 200, Box 14, Serial Code 020.1801, Press Release #67047, 8 December 1941.
10. Same citation as in endnote 8.
11. ARC 1935-1946, RG 200, Box 164, Serial Code 140.18.
12. ARC 1935-1946, RG 200, Box 591, Serial # 300.02. Memorandum of 2 December 1941, with attachments; to Mr. Hunt, Mr. Baxter, Mr. Schafer; from DeWitt Smith, “Subject: Proposed utilization of volunteers on the national organization staff.”
13. ARC 1935-1946, RG 200, Box 185, Serial Code 140.14 Document at this location is coded 140.18 H.S.
14. Diaries of William Richardson Castle, unpublished, Houghton Library, Harvard University, ms Am 2021, vol. 42, page 320.
15. Hearings before the Joint Committee of the Pearl Harbor Attack, U.S. Congress, Part 10, 15, 16, 18, 19, and 20 February 1946, pp. 5280-5283.
16. “Minutes of the Central Committee Meeting,” 24 June 1941, memorandum dated 25 June 1941. ARC 1935-1946, RG 200, Box 112, Serial Code 114.22, File: “Central Committee.”
17. “Minutes of September 16, 1941, Meeting of the ARC Central Committee,” memorandum dated 18 October 1941. ARC 1935-1946, RG 200, Box 112.
18. ARC 1935-1946, RG 200, Box 579, Serial code 240.12 S.A. 7. Memorandum from DeWitt Smith, Director, Domestic Operations to Mr. Betts, dated 29 November 1941, “Additional Appropriations.”
19. Two American Red Cross lists provide a good overview of board composition during this critical time period: “Members of the Central Committee During the World War II Period” and “Members of the Central and Executive Committee for 1941.” ARC 1935-1946, RG 200, Box 110. McIntire’s whereabouts on 7 December 1941, are described generally in his autobiography, Ross T. McIntire, White House Physician (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1946), pp. 136-137.
First Published May/June 1999 | <urn:uuid:112a4c2a-a95f-41ac-89a4-c7afc2fa0bb6> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://pecangroup.org/declassified/false-flags/pearl-harbor/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221216051.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20180820082010-20180820102010-00131.warc.gz | en | 0.972433 | 14,217 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Vastupadavinysa is a square yantra (Grid) which represents the ritual form of vastupurusha
There are 32 types of Vaastu Purusha Mandala ranging from 1 x 1, 2 x 2, 3 x 3 ...to 32 x 32. They are classified under 2 categories, one of even numbers (yugma) and one of odd numbers (ayugma).
The normal position of the Vastu Purusha (head in the northeast, legs in the southwest) but in the Manduka Mandala (8x8) the Vastu Purusha ( head facing east and the feet facing west).
An important aspect of the mandala is that when divided into even number of squares, its center is constituted by a point formed by the intersection of the two perpendicular central lines and are is used for the design of temples whereas when its divided into odd number of squares, its center is constituted by one module or pada and are used for all other structures.
Mandala in siting
The mandala is used to plan architecture through a process called the Pada Vinyasa.in this method the site is dived grids/modules or pada. Depending upon the gods occupying the padas, zonal functions of the building is decided. Mandala have certain points known as marma which are vital energy spots on which nothing should be built. They are determined by certain proportional relationships of the squares and the diagonals.
A site of any shape can be divided using the Vastu Purusha Mandalas. Manasara talks about 32 types of Pada Vinyasa, depending upon their applications such as residential buildings, palaces, auditoriums, temples etc.
These various types of 32 mandalas with the corresponding names of sites is given below:
1. Sakala Mandala- Eka pada (1 square)
2. Pechaka Mandala - Dwi pada (2x2=4 squares)
3. Pitha Mandala - Tri pada (3x3=9 squares)
4. Mahaapitha Mandala - Chatush pada (4x4=16 squares)
5. Upapitha Mandala - Pancha pada (5x5=25 squares)
6. Ugrapitha Mandala - Shashtha pada (6x6=36 squares)
7. Sthandila Mandala - Sapta pada (7x7=49 squares)
8. Manduka/ Chandita Mandala - Ashta pada (8x8=64 square) and is said to be "Sukshma" (subtle)
9. Paramasaayika Mandala - Nava pada (9x9=81 squares) and is said to be "Sthula" (gross).
10. Aasana Mandala - Dasa pada (10x10=100 squares)
11. Sthaniya Mandala
12. DeSya Mandala
13. Ubhaya-chandita Mandala
14. Bhadra Mandala
15. MahAsana Mandala
16. Padma-Garbha Mandala
17. Tri-yuta Mandala
18. KarnAshtaka Mandala
19. Ganita Mandala
20. Surya-visAlaka Mandala
21. Susamhita Mandala
22. SupratikAnta Mandala
23. VisAlaka Mandala
24. Vipra-garbha Mandala
25. ViveSa Mandala
26. Vipulya-bhoga Mandala
27. Vipra-Kunta Mandala
28. VisalAksha Mandala
29. Vipra-bhakti Mandala
30. VisveSvara Mandala
31. Isvara-kAnta Mandala
32. ChanrakAnta Mandala
Click here to contact now | <urn:uuid:b30b6c00-13ab-4a48-920c-7ee5c4b332f2> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://jasbirmundi.com/?op=vedic1&id=33 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578532050.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20190421180010-20190421202010-00396.warc.gz | en | 0.748094 | 836 | 3.28125 | 3 |
The NYT ran a piece today on a growing tendency for producers of unauthorized copies of merchandise to copy less high end items. The piece uses the term "knockoff" and "counterfeit" interchangeably. In fact, there is a very important and fundamental difference.
A counterfeit item is intended to fool the buyer. Its sales price depends on the buyer believing that they are getting something they are not. By contrast, buyers of unauthorized copies that are not counterfeit understand that they are not purchasing the brand item.
This distinction is important because the buyer is not being ripped off when they buy a knockoff that is not a counterfeit. They are getting what they paid for. This means, among other things, that the buyer cannot be expected to cooperate in efforts to crack down on such sales. The buyer is benefiting like the seller. In the case of an actual counterfeit item, the buyer is being ripped off and can be expected to cooperate with efforts to clamp down on counterfeiters.
This distinction also would be useful in understanding the meaning of the unsourced assertion that: "the counterfeiting industry ... costs American businesses an estimated $200 billion a year." If this is the amount of lost business associated with actual counterfeits, then this would largely be a loss to the economy. People paid $200 billion for items that they did not actually receive.
However, if this represents someone's estimate (a source would be helpful) of the lost sales to business associated with unauthorized copies, then this figure could be consistent with a net gain to the economy. Consumers were able to buy products at lower prices -- often much lower prices -- than would have been possible without the copies. In this case the gains would likely dwarf the benefits from NAFTA or other trade agreements. | <urn:uuid:fecbf542-433d-4836-b226-c94d46d94a53> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.cepr.net/blogs/beat-the-press/unauthorized-copies-and-counterfeits-why-does-the-nyt-have-such-difficulty-making-the-distinction | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375094634.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031814-00066-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973976 | 355 | 2.609375 | 3 |
College of Science Lecture Series: Dr. Jane Bambauer
Machine Influencers and Decision Makers
Dr. Jane Bambauer
Professor of Law
University of Arizona James E. Rogers College of Law
Machine learning is shaping human lives in both obvious and subtle ways. Important economic and legal decisions about credit, employment, and criminal justice are already made with the aid of complex algorithms, raising difficult questions about whether machines can make decisions that are accurate and fair. Machine learners can become biased when the programmed objectives or the training data used to teach the algorithm are flawed. On the other hand, machines have some advantages over humans since they do not apply pre-existing assumptions and can more quickly recognize unexpected patterns. Machine learning also affects the human experience by creating advertising, suggestions, chat-bots, and even auto-generated news articles tailored to the individual. The government has some power to constrain artificial intelligence, but there are practical and constitutional limits to legal interventions. | <urn:uuid:82f38803-b337-4a0c-b7a2-6b8f473c6b2a> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.lpl.arizona.edu/node/4427 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794863684.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20180520190018-20180520210018-00062.warc.gz | en | 0.930341 | 195 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Children, Native Americans. The Story of HIAWATHA adapted from Longfellow by Allen Chaffee and Illustrated by Armstrong Sperry. This book was prepared under the supervision of Josette Frank, Children's Book Adviser of the Child Study Association of American. (63 Pgs.). Ex- Lib with usual marks. Cloth Pictorial Boards slight edge and corner wear. Slight soiling of leaf edges and forepages.AUTHOR: Allen Chaffee PUBLISHER: Random House, NY ISBN: YEAR: 1951 FORMAT: Hardcover EDITION: First Ed. | <urn:uuid:951af61a-f029-48e5-8536-a7d917895b52> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.2ndhandbooks.com/products/aa-hc-7681 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178366477.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20210303073439-20210303103439-00134.warc.gz | en | 0.867791 | 119 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Definitions for exhaleɛksˈheɪl, ɛkˈseɪl
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word exhale
exhale, expire, breathe out(verb)
"Exhale when you lift the weight"
exhale, give forth, emanate(verb)
give out (breath or an odor)
"The chimney exhales a thick smoke"
To expel air from the lungs through the nose or mouth by action of the diaphragm.
To pass off in the form of vapour; to emerge.
To expel (something) from the lungs by action of the diaphragm.
Origin: From exhaler, from exhalare, from + .
to breathe out. Hence: To emit, as vapor; to send out, as an odor; to evaporate; as, the earth exhales vapor; marshes exhale noxious effluvia
to draw out; to cause to be emitted in vapor; as, the sum exhales the moisture of the earth
to rise or be given off, as vapor; to pass off, or vanish
Origin: [L. exhalare; ex out + halare to breathe; cf.F. exhaler. Cf. Inhale.]
Chambers 20th Century Dictionary
egz-hāl′, v.t. to emit or send out as vapour: to evaporate.—v.i. to rise or be given off as vapour.—adjs. Exhal′able, that can be exhaled; Exhal′ant, having the quality of exhaling.—n. Exhalā′tion, act or process of exhaling: evaporation: that which is exhaled: vapour: steam. [Fr. exhaler—L. exhalāre—ex, out, halāre, -ātum, to breathe.]
egz-hāl′, v.t. to draw out: (Shak.) to cause to flow. [Pfx. ex-, and hale, to draw.]
The numerical value of exhale in Chaldean Numerology is: 6
The numerical value of exhale in Pythagorean Numerology is: 1
Sample Sentences & Example Usage
Those type of compounds when they are in the blood can actually get into the lungs and out in the gas that you exhale.
By the time we are women, fear is as familiar to us as air. It is our element. We live in it, we inhale it, we exhale it, and most of the time we do not even notice it. Instead of I am afraid, we say, I don't want to, or I don't know how, or I can't.
Images & Illustrations of exhale
Translations for exhale
From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary
Get even more translations for exhale »
Find a translation for the exhale definition in other languages:
Select another language: | <urn:uuid:7933c37a-f7e5-49d8-b29c-2094c392f199> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.definitions.net/definition/exhale | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00057-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.827768 | 642 | 2.90625 | 3 |
WILLIAM M. BLACK
The boat was one of the last great steam-powered side-wheelers used for dredging operations primarily on the Missouri River. Powered by two 32-ton side-wheelers, one of which now stands in front of the Riverboat Museum, the Black burned 7,000 gallons of oil daily in its huge boilers. The boat had the capability of dredging 80,000 cubic feet of silt daily, while crawling at a speed between 150 and 200 feet per hour.
Built at the Marietta Manufacturing Company of Point Pleasant, West Virginia, in 1935, the Black was last used in 1973. When the federal government announced the Black's retirement, Dubuque became one of several cities competing for it. Because of Dubuque's elaborate plans to make the boat into a museum, the Black was moved here in September 1979. The starboard paddlewheel and fifteen feet of starboard deck had to be removed so that the ship, originally 85-feet wide, could squeak through the 75-foot opening of the floodgates of the Ice Harbor.DUBUQUE GREYHOUND PARK AND CASINO), Newt Marine and other Dubuque businesses were used to display the 32-ton starboard paddlewheel on an A-frame, specially designed and built for the purpose. Dubuque Greyhound Park provided a grant to raise the wheel and support it by its original shaft. Bradley Iron Works supplied the steel, Newt Marine donated the labor and materials, and concrete was given by the Molo Company. (Photo Credit: www.ia-bednbreakfast-inns.com)
In addition to being a tourist site, the Black could be rented for overnight lodging as a bed and breakfast. | <urn:uuid:366d88f8-a60b-49e6-8897-af33d8a419ca> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.encyclopediadubuque.org/index.php?title=WILLIAM_M._BLACK | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931008289.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155648-00065-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957426 | 360 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Canadian Patent Law/Introduction
Patent law is a statutory regime that is designed to protect inventions. An inventor may apply to have their invention registered with a patent which provides them the right to exclude others from profitting from the invention. Much like copyright law, patent law is a purely statutory system that is in the exclusive domain of the federal government. The area of law is regulated by the Patent Act which outlines the scope of the patent regime, the rights and resonsibilities of a patent holder, the methods of applying for a patent, among other things. | <urn:uuid:4c8d8034-9492-4b54-9a80-3c3b804c4873> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/Canadian_Patent_Law/Introduction | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703548716.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20210124111006-20210124141006-00492.warc.gz | en | 0.963491 | 112 | 3.09375 | 3 |
One day German gynecologist Ernst Grafenberg discovered a special zone on the anterior wall of the vagina along the course of the urethra which produced an intense orgasm when stimulated. Unfortunately, there is no evidence saying under what circumstances the researcher made the discovery. Were those any sexual experiments or the doctor mistakenly palpated the anterior wall of the vagina instead of the back one? Is it probable that Grafenberg made the discovery in the 1940s when German doctors were involved in cruel experiments in concentration camps?
The G-spot (and this is the name given to the area found by Grafenberg) discoverer got neither Nobel Prize nor universal recognition for the discovery he did. Probably Grafenberg failed to win universal recognition because of his confused recommendations as concerning the G-spot search on the female body. Unfortunately, 90 percent of women state they cannot discover the G-spot. Soon after the magic spot was discovered it was absolutely forgotten as unpopular. It was just in the 1980s that the Pandora box was opened correctly.
Within the many years since the 1980s much has been written about the G-spot and the recommendations how to find it. Any popular book on sex and sexual relations mentions it. However, in addition to the amateur opinion it would be interesting to know what professionals think about it. But scientists are still debating about the essence and the role of the G-spot. It seems that they are still uncertain as concerning its location, size and form.
On the one hand, the G-spot study is not a priority research and there are no scientists studying the issue deeply. On the other hand, it is difficult to find a great number of women for required experiments. And it makes no sense to involve animals in these experiments as for many other studies and experiments. So, there are no results concerning the G-spot study that could be considered reliable from the statistical point of view.
It is interesting that gynecologists, the people whom we expect to know everything connected with the female genitals sometimes seem to be absolutely ignorant of the G-spot existence.
A woman endocrinous gynecologist says she has never heard of the G-spot. She adds that gynecologists usually examine the back vagina wall and not the anterior wall where the G-spot is said to be located.
Another woman gynecologist seems to be perfectly aware of the G-spot existence and even adds that she herself has it. But usually gynecologists do not examine the anterior wall of the vagina and consequently have no chance to notice it. And it cannot be seen in any case. The G-spot can be discovered with palpation only and it turns out to be like a small bumping not as smooth as other areas of the vagina wall.
So, gynecologists give no trustworthy information about the G-spot. Probably morbid anatomists know it better?
They say that vagina is a highly sensitive female organ surrounded with a net of nervous fibers, the so-called vaginal plexus. They form big and small ganglions in the depth of the anterior and rear vagina walls the lower sections of which proceed into the urinary bladder nerves. The G-spot is supposedly connected with one of these ganglions. And orgasms that women experience when the spot is stimulated are the result of double innervation.
Clitoris stimulation goes through the genital nerve thus resulting in clitoral orgasm; and vaginal stimulation goes through the pelvic nerves and ends in a vaginal orgasm. It is said that a woman may have a mixed and more intense orgasm after the G-spot stimulation. Theoretically, this is explained with the fact that the area combines both fibers connected with the genital nerve and the fibers of lower pelvic nerves.
The G-spot is a zone of about 1-3 cm located five centimeters from the vagina opening. It can be felt as a small swelling on the anterior vagina wall close to the urinary bladder. But it is not easy to discover as there is a thickening of folds on the anterior vagina wall as well. This anterior folded torus can make the search especially difficult.
It is easiest to find the G-spot if the woman is laying on her stomach, with probing fingers exerting pressure downward against the anterior vaginal wall (the side directly behind and closest to the navel) generally between two and three inches within the vaginal tract. For a woman seeking this organ on her own for masturbatory purposes, it might be most easily found if she assumes a squatting position.
Having been evolved from quadrupeds, our sexual organs are positioned for maximum stimulation from the a posteriori sexual position, in which the man enters the woman from behind. With Western sexual practices emphasizing the male-superior (missionary) position almost to the exclusion of all others, it is little wonder that the Grafenberg area has been overlooked for so long.
When unstimulatead the G-spot can hardly be discovered. It better swells in response to stimulation immediately before or after orgasm. To find your G-spot, insert a curved finger, or two, towards your belly. Move them in a “come hither” motion, and apply firm pressure. If your fingers are too short to reach, try a curved sex toy.
When a woman’s G-spot is stimulated she may first feel some vesical tenesmus or discomfort. Soon, the sensations are replaced with increasing arousal. Be careful not to damage the mucous membrane of the vagina when pressing the G-spot rather hard. Some women of those participating in the study meant to find the G-spot experienced somewhat like feminine ejaculation. Women may mistake the fluid for urinary incontinence but the fluid released is quite different from urine.
The G-spot search may give couples a new experience of playing the doctor-patient sexual game.
Do not give up if your searches for the G-spot turned out to be a failure. You may be a success next time. And second, it is true that not all women respond in an intense orgasm to G-spot stimulation. It is up to you whether to achieve orgasm with the G-spot stimulation or not. Just enjoy your sex!
Translated by Maria Gousseva
Russian small missile ships - the Grad Sviyazhsk and the Great Ustyug - set off for a mission to the Mediterranean Sea
President Vladimir Putin has not released an official statement yet about his position on the issue of the pension reform in Russia | <urn:uuid:885e9c1a-e7e0-44dd-940b-b6cd28f314c5> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://www.pravdareport.com/society/sex/23-10-2006/85163-g_spot-0/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863518.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20180620104904-20180620124904-00041.warc.gz | en | 0.950718 | 1,325 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Did you know that Crest Toothpaste, Folgers Coffee, Bounce Fabric Softener and Safeguard Soap were all created by an African-American Man? When knowledgable people speak about him most of the audiences have never heard of him and were amazed by his story.
Dr. Herbert Smitherman was a pioneering executive and professional chemist at Proctor & Gamble who led the way for other African-Americans at the prestigious company in the 1960s. He was the first black person with a doctorate hired at Proctor & Gamble.
With a Ph.D in physical organic chemistry, Dr. Smitherman developed a number of incredibly popular patents, including Crest toothpaste, Safeguard soap, Bounce fabric softeners, Biz, Folgers Coffee and Crush soda, to name a few. Not only are they still on the shelves, but many of them are on display at the Cincinnati Museum Center in the featured exhibit, “America I AM: The African-American Imprint.”
Nicknamed the “Jackie Robinson of Proctor & Gamble,” Dr. Smitherman spent 29 years there before turning in his lab coat to work as a professor at Wilberforce University. But after serving at the historically black college, Smitherman turned his attention to starting a high school called the Western Hills Design Technology School to help black students perform better in math and science.
A child of the south, Dr. Smitherman’s family lived in Birmingham, Alabama, where his father served as a reverend. A young Smitherman would see his father’s church burn down twice during their push for voting registration and voting rights.
He died on Oct. 9, 2010.
Read more here: http://blackhistorymonth.blackamericaweb.com/index.php… | <urn:uuid:c25b31e2-c7f2-4b1a-a087-7865bbcaccd5> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://jimwilsonblog.com/?tag=scientist | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948595342.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20171217093816-20171217115816-00091.warc.gz | en | 0.975771 | 377 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Latest Asteroid Stories
Potentially Hazardous Asteroid, Toutatis, will be making a close approach to Earth this week, just in time to give "world ending" theorists something to talk about.
NASA launched the Dawn Mission in 2007 to study the giant asteroid Vesta and dwarf planet Ceres. New images from Vesta reveal oddities that seem almost water-like.
A collage shows nine radar images of near-Earth asteroid 2007 PA8 that were obtained between Oct. 31 and Nov. 13, 2012, with data collected by NASA's 230-foot-wide (70-meter) Deep Space Network antenna at Goldstone, Calif.
Some meteorites found on Earth contain strikingly beautiful, translucent, olive-green crystals embedded in an iron-nickel matrix.
Using a radio telescope in the mountainous area of southern Spain back in 1995, astronomer Benjamin Zuckerman and two colleagues found an unusually high amount of carbon monoxide gas orbiting a star in the constellation Cetus, 49 CETI.
Scientists working with NASA's Deep Space Network antenna at Goldstone, Calif., have obtained several radar images depicting near-Earth asteroid 2007 PA8.
A new study published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society suggests the size and location of an asteroid belt may determine whether life can evolve on a planet.
NASA's Dawn spacecraft has revealed data that shows protoplanet Vesta is continually stirring its outermost layer.
An asteroid approximately the size of a city block will be completing its closest ever fly-by in our planet's history early next year, and one prominent American university is planning a "viewing party" to commemorate the occasion.
Bruce Willis didn't need a fancy atomic bomb to steer away the asteroid that was aiming for Earth in the movie Armageddon. He could've just been wielding a paintball gun.
Johann Daniel Titius was born on January 2, 1729 in Konitz, Royal Prussia. He was a professor at Wittenberg. He is most famous for the Titius-Bode law, which helped him find the existence of a minor planet at 2.8 AU from the sun in 1766. The planet was later named Ceres. Titius died in Wittenberg on December 11, 1796. To his honor, the Titius asteroid in 1998 and the Titius lunar crater are named after him.
Lagrangian Point -- In Lagrangian mechanics, a Lagrangian point (or L-point) is one of five positions in space where the gravitational fields of two bodies of substantial but differing mass combine to form a point at which a third body of negligible mass would be stationary relative to the two bodies. Bodies at the L-point will not move relative to the parent bodies if they are not perturbed by other gravitational forces. They are sometimes also referred to as libration points. The...
Planet -- A planet is a body of considerable mass that orbits a star and that doesn't produce energy through nuclear fusion. Until recently, only nine were known (all of them in our own Solar system). As of the end of 2002 over 100 are known, with all of the new discoveries being extrasolar planets. Astronomers often call asteroids minor planets, and call the larger planetary bodies (those which are commonly called planets) major planets. Planets within the solar system can be...
Asteroid -- An asteroid, also called a minor planet or planetoid, is a member of a group of small, planet-like bodies that are part of our solar system. They are believed to be remnants of the interstellar clouds, nebula, that were not incorporated into planets during the formation of the solar system. The largest asteroid in the inner solar system is Ceres with a diameter of 1003 km. It also was the first to be discovered, by Giuseppe Piazzi on January 1, 1801. Nowadays, over 9000...
The Solar System refers to the area in space that is dominated by our own Sun. It is comprised of the Sun and its associated astronomical objects that are held in its gravitational orbit. The Solar System was formed as a result of the collapse of a giant molecular cloud approximately 4.6 billion years ago. The mass of this system is located almost entirely in the Sun. Apart from the Sun, a high percentage of the remainder of the system’s mass is located in the eight solitary planets that...
- The act of sweetening by admixture of some saccharine substance. | <urn:uuid:8c96011b-8cd6-4f45-8219-70a94e760d8d> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.redorbit.com/topics/asteroid/?page=14 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1419447552819.108/warc/CC-MAIN-20141224185912-00086-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959033 | 918 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Has the spell check function in Microsoft Word or Outlook seemed to have disappeared? Chances are it hasn’t gone anywhere, but rather, your settings got changed somehow. We’ll run through the steps for checking your spell check settings, but first, let’s start with the basics.
Where is spell check in Microsoft Word?
Word 2010 & 2007 – In your document, find the “Review” tab at the top of your tool bar (it should be second to last). Spelling and grammar is in the very first section on the left, labeled “Proofing.”
Where is spell check in Microsoft Office?
Office 2010 – When you open a new email, find the “Review” tab at the top of your tool bar (it is the last one). Spelling and grammar is in the very first section on the left, labeled “Proofing.” Essentially, it looks nearly the same as Word, see image above.
Office 2007 – When typing a new email, you should be in the “Message” tab automatically. You can find the spelling and grammar check at the far right end of the tool bar.
If you are able to locate the spelling and grammar buttons and they still do not seem to work, something in your settings may be off. Here are some things to check for:
1. Make sure your language settings are set to English (or whatever language you are currently typing in).
Word and Office 2010: You can set language preferences and proofing settings by clicking on the “Language” button found under the “Review” tab, next to the “Proofing” section (see the first image above).
Word 2007: Open your document and go to the “Review” tab. In the same area as spelling and grammar, there is a small world icon with a red check mark (see image below with pink arrow). Click this to change your language settings.
Office 2007: In a new email, find the spelling and grammar option on the right-hand side of the main tool bar. Click the down arrow of this option, and choose “Set Language” in the menu.
2. Once you’ve ensured that your settings are in English, check your spelling and grammar settings.
Word 2010: Click on the file tab in the tool bar. Find “Options” at the bottom of the list on the left-hand side of the screen. In that window, click on “Proofing” (the third one down). Here you can ensure that the correct options are enabled. (You can also edit language settings from this window.)
Word 2007: Click on the circular “File” button in the top left corner, and go all the way to the bottom where it says Word Options. Open the options and find Proofing (third in the list) and adjust settings.
Office 2010: File-> Options-> section Mail-> option: Always check spelling before sending. You can adjust other settings here as well.
Office 2007: Tools -> Options…-> tab Spelling-> option: Always check spelling before sending. You can adjust other settings here as well.
These are just some general troubleshooting options. If you need help getting through these steps or still need help after you check all of this, feel free to give us call! 612-865-4475 | <urn:uuid:cdd843cf-5c75-4464-9e91-bc69677a7b89> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://callthatgirl.biz/where-did-spell-check-go/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701145751.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193905-00003-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.869884 | 709 | 2.625 | 3 |
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