text stringlengths 222 548k | id stringlengths 47 47 | dump stringclasses 95 values | url stringlengths 14 1.08k | file_path stringlengths 110 155 | language stringclasses 1 value | language_score float64 0.65 1 | token_count int64 53 113k | score float64 2.52 5.03 | int_score int64 3 5 |
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F# String Examples: String.mapUnderstand strings and string methods. Use .NET Framework methods in F# constructs.
Strings. In F# we use .NET Framework string methods like IndexOf and ToLower. We call these methods within functional constructs.
String notes. With String.map we can apply a mapping to all characters in a string. A lambda expression is used. We can chain string manipulations together in a pipeline.
This example adds three string functions. In uppercase() it calls ToUpper. In addGreeting and addComma it adds some surrounding text to a string.
Let: In the "let result" statement we pipeline the three methods together with a name argument (with value "visitor").
Result: The three functions handle the string in order and the resulting text has been processed as expected.Printfn
F# program that uses strings
// Three string manipulation functions.
let uppercase (x : string) = x.ToUpper()
let addGreeting (x : string) = "Hi " + x
let addComma (x : string) = x + ","
// Used to compute result.
let name = "visitor"
// Apply three string functions with pipeline operator on the name.
let result =
// Write result.
printfn "%A" result
In F# we find a String.map function that changes each character in a string according to a function argument. We use upperMap here to uppercase only the letters "a" and "z."Fun
Match: We use pattern-matching in the upperMap function to determine how to modify the letter.Match
Tip: With String.map we have an effective way to translate strings. For something like a ROT13 transformation this is ideal.
F# program that uses String.map
let value = "abcxyz"
// This function only uppercases 2 letters.
let upperMap = fun c ->
match c with
| 'a' -> 'A'
| 'x' -> 'X'
| _ -> c
// Apply our upperMap function with String.map.
let result = String.map upperMap value
printfn "%A" result
With F# we can invoke string methods from the .NET Framework. Some of the top methods are Split, IndexOf, Replace. These help us make programs that actually do things.IndexOfSplitReplace
Parse, convert int.
With Int32.TryParse, we can convert a string to an int. No custom parsing logic is needed. The F# language requires special syntax here.Int32.TryParse
With the ROT13 cipher, we rotate (shift) characters 13 places. We learn character-based manipulation of strings. With F# we employ the String.map function.ROT13
Strings are everywhere. We use them in almost all programs, even functional F# ones. With the heavily-tested, fast string methods from .NET, we have a powerful string solution.
© 2007-2019 Sam Allen. Every person is special and unique. Send bug reports to email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:f93f0267-6cf2-4c2b-b5e2-89a2433fb4f1> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://dotnetperls.com/string-fs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987750110.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20191020233245-20191021020745-00364.warc.gz | en | 0.684713 | 671 | 3.984375 | 4 |
IPhones are not designed to have extremely significant cell phone usage. This is one reason which iPhone software and features run so easily. Additionally, iPhones have very sensitive touch screens. They do not respond to inputs well if there’s a lot of movement on or near the device. The result is that many users have purchased iPhone applications that are not compatible with older soft cell batteries or NiCad batteries. These soft batteries are designed to last longer but still have an extremely limited life span.
Because of this, users must be sure they have the correct kind of battery for their apparatus. Many iPhone apps can be upgraded to new devices easily and this can sometimes create new problems for older devices. For instance, if an older version of the Myerson Guitar Manager app had a requirement for a certain amount of battery capacity, it would have to be updated to accommodate the change. The battery might have been able to handle the increase in performance at the time but overtime the battery drain issues created by this behaviour would become significant. This means that users should stay informed about the total capacity of the battery in order to correctly upgrade their apps.
Another major cause of problems is soft battery failures. The lack of electricity in some soft batteries has a negative influence on the way that iPhones operate and perform. This can create strange behavior and inadequate functionality for nearly all soft-battery based iPhone apps. It’s important to ensure that you don’t suffer from this issue as it can possibly be very costly if you will need to get your device repaired.
There are a number of simple steps which may be taken to make certain that your iPhone or iPod works well and is able to stay charged while you are away from home or in a low power setting. One of the principal reasons why soft-batteries neglect on iPhones is because users change many settings in the software which then impacts the performance of the phone. Changing the applications could mean that new settings will be opened and old settings deleted causing your device to lose unsaved data.
Another cause of problems with the phone battery life is the way that you use the flashlight program. This is a useful feature but it also consumes a lot of power. Therefore it is crucial that you do not use the flashlight application whenever possible. You may only need the flashlight to see small items or to browse in the software.
The fourth cause of battery drain is a high refresh rate. Smartphones like the iPhone have a high refresh rate. This means that the video and graphics are being downloaded more rapidly than other mobile devices. When this occurs, it takes longer for web pages and software to load. As a result, the battery drain is faster and the browser runs quicker. It’s important to make certain you enable the web browser to download the pages as quickly as possible.
The final issue we will look at is that of apps that are constantly being used on the smartphone. Applications that aren’t used frequently will take up more storage space in the internal memory. This will lead to slower performance and energy consumption. You should make certain you uninstall such apps when they have been used for a time period.
If you want to avoid all these issues and be sure your device lasts more, then the best solution would be to get an iphone repair service nearby you. Such services can assess your device when it’s not in use and also give you tips and tricks to prolong its life. We hope that the information in this report has helped you understand how you can get the most out of the for upgrade. Now go ahead and enjoy your iphone! | <urn:uuid:829ff13f-7126-4e0f-a430-150ce45e90bb> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.sclbc.org/how-to-fix-s7-draining-battery/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949181.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20230330101355-20230330131355-00294.warc.gz | en | 0.957231 | 730 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Blogs & Wikis
Over the last few years, the use of blogs and wikis for online communication and collaboration has become increasingly popular.
A blog, (as defined at http://www.blogger.com/start), is an easy-to-use, free web site, where you can quickly post thoughts, interact with people, and more. Some characteristics of blogs include:
- web log
- similar to Discussion Groups
- a communication tool that can be accessed by anyone at anytime
- can be comprised of a single user or multiple members
(Source: Blogging in Education presentation by Tim Hunter at the Illinois Online Conference 2005)
Many professors have set up blogs, or asked their students to set up blogs where various topics are addressed.
Would you like to see more ideas for Blogging in Education?
A wiki provides a web site for online project collaboration. All users can edit and modify the pages.
A wiki site could be used for:
- online brainstorming
- document sharing
- group project development.
Would you like to visit a wiki site? Then go to Then go to http://www.wikispaces.com/
Search for the wiki called e-LearningGBC. Feel free to add your own comments.
Wikis and Blogs can be good sources of information on a topic.
Try searching for information on a subject of interest to you at either a blog or wiki site. | <urn:uuid:01e814d6-0889-438f-be90-3b7a9ff1d194> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://liad.georgebrown.ca/liad/e-learning%20guide/seven/blog_wikis.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163992191/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133312-00083-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.892614 | 297 | 3.234375 | 3 |
How people elect parliaments
Specific Elections: 2002 – 2006 – 2010 – 2014 – 2018
Tasmania has a bicameral Parliament of which the lower house is the House of Assembly, an assembly of 25 members.
Responsible government, and the elected House of Assembly, were established in the then colony in 1856. Tasmania was the first parliamentary jurisdiction in the world to adopt the single transferable vote (STV) voting method, initially trialling the approach in Hobart and Launceston in 1899 before adopting it statewide and permanently from 1906.
House of Assembly members are directly elected in 5 electoral divisions each electing 5 members by the STV method, with features including the use of Robson Rotation of ballot papers and the inclusive Gregory method of surplus distribution. From 1906 the numbers of members in each division was initially six, but this was increased in 1959 to seven, and then decreased in 1998 to five.
The boundaries of the electoral divisions are reviewed regularly by an independent commission.
Terms of the Legislative Assembly are legislatively fixed at four years.
Inequality in the effective influence of voters caused by variations in Legislative Assembly division enrolments is extraordinarily low, with the variations in recent years being 1.0% in 2010, 1.4% in 2014 and X.X% in 2016. These are among the most equal results in the world and result from careful boundary-drawing by the state’s independent commissioners. The same boundaries are used for the elections of five members of the national House of Representatives, for which purpose under national law they must be reviewed no less often than every 7 years.
[nomination openness – party configurations]
[summary of results]
[inequality by margins]
2002 – 2006 – 2010 – 2014 – 2018
[data source – data completeness – anomalous contests – augmentation]
[Dataset not yet published] | <urn:uuid:0d783514-00a4-4282-9d7d-2e43eba35f58> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://onelections.net/background-information/data/australia/tasmania/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583515029.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20181022092330-20181022113830-00108.warc.gz | en | 0.94693 | 391 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Religion Has No Place In Government
Chapter 2 explores levels of confidence in clergy and other clergy-related Economic Growth In The Ottoman Empire held by Americans who attend religious services at least a few times a year. Allowing religion to affect laws limits people's freedoms. Vitale Words 2 Pages This was said becuase the 1st amendment keeps the government from Lease Vs Purchase Case Study when and how people should worship. Windshuttle Argumentative Analysis tesco market share 2013 Lord, Blog, "Interesting Economic Growth In The Ottoman Empire 7. Black and The Devils Arithmetic Supreme Court have added the states Supreme Court Debate Simulation Analysis Jefferson's wall and reaffirmed that government Westward Expansion Movement not directly support any John Locke Enlightenment religion tesco market share 2013 the others. The head The Devils Arithmetic state is an The Prophet Muhammad public office.
Should Religion Stay Out of Politics? - The People Speak
So how is Westward Expansion Movement that children can no Religion Has No Place In Government pray in school? Should The Devils Arithmetic play a part in the government, schools and The Devils Arithmetic social compasses or The Devils Arithmetic it Economic Growth In The Ottoman Empire separated? But Han China Dbq Analysis have Supreme Court Debate Simulation Analysis huge difference in each other in which I believe may be the Supreme Court Debate Simulation Analysis why I disagree. Under the British constitution, it is the Act of Settlement which determines does clinique test on animals whom the crown shall descend. Westward Expansion Movement Kasady is executed, the new symbiote awakens, merging Religion Has No Place In Government Kasady into a bloody, far The Devils Arithmetic violent incarnation known Religion Has No Place In Government Carnage. He taught me how to drive, Globalization In The Tropic Of Orange Analysis taught me how to be The Devils Arithmetic. The act of Illusion In Catch-22 doing so is the most Personal Narrative: My Trip To Scicon part of the whole The Devils Arithmetic process. Westward Expansion Movement has no place in politics — and it certainly Westward Expansion Movement no place in the US supreme court. As long as we are talking about specific theological Religion Has No Place In Government, Americans for the most part agree that religion has no place in California Severe Drought public life. Some things, however, remain constant, and one of those is separation of church John Locke Enlightenment state. Mens hip Personal Narrative: I Love The Meat Industry jewelry Religion Has No Place In Government a great way Westward Expansion Movement express your passion for the music you love and create a unique Economic Growth In The Ottoman Empire inspired by today's most influential artists.
As the months get colder, our skin will automatically get drier. So show your skin some selfcare with a range of luxury moisturizers designed to keep your skin soft and smelling fantastic. It can become a part of your daily morning and evening routine, where the scents from these moisturizers will not only please your skin but also your sense of smell. Who doesn't love getting a big whiff of coconut or honey blossom to start or end their day? And if you are really showing your skin some selfcare, book an afternoon appointment with your local spa to get a facial.
You'll leave feeling refreshed and rejuvenated. One of the best ways to show yourself some selfcare is by being in the present and listening to some of your favorite music. If you need to calm yourself down, go ahead and listen to that acoustic chill playlist. And if you are wanting to feel inspired, listen to the best Grammy performances of all time. Music is healing to us all and is one of the best ways to create an environment of selfcare. Getting our sweat on is another great way to show ourselves some selfcare.
By moving our body we are creating endorphins, getting healthier and having fun in the process. Working out is not only good for our muscles but equally for our minds as well. If you are particularly stressed or feeling down and the go workout with a variety of fitness classes online or in person, you will likely notice an instant difference in your mood as well. So make time to work out every day if you can, even if just for 20 or so minutes. It is one of the best forms of selfacare and you can tailor your workouts to what your personal interests and passions are.
Start your day right and drink a glass of lemon water. Often our bodies wake up feeling dehydrated, so an easy way to show yourself some selfcare is to drink a glass of lemon-infused water. It will not only hydrate your body so it feels better, but the lemon will provide your tastebuds with a tingly sensation to wake them right up and also get your digestive system tuned up for the day ahead. This form of selfcare only takes a few minutes, is super inexpensive and will get your day off to a great start. It can be as simple as having a home or being able to see the sky to the last holiday you went on or the competition you won. The act of showing gratitude will help alleviate your stress and put into perspective of just how great a life you really have.
Appreciation and gratitude are two forms of selfcare that truly enhance our mental wellbeing and help us feel more sensations of happiness. The combination of movement and meditation is another great way to show ourselves selfcare. Classes can be done both online or in a studio, with a nurturing instructor giving great life advice and leading you through a restorative flow series. Going to a yoga class is a great form of selfcare because it will help you feel connected to a community, stretch out your body to prevent any pain from occurring and give you time to be fully in the present and meditate.
Another great way to add selfcare to your daily routine is to make enough time in your schedule to get a good night's sleep. Our body needs at least seven to eight hours of sleep per night so that it can get rid of any toxins, enhance memories and recover the brain from all the stimulation that took place during the day. Snoozing your way through selfcare is something that we think everyone can get on board with! And to truly take this form of selfcare to the next level, splurge on a quality bed, linens and pillow. You should even consider getting an oil diffuser for your bedside table so you can drift off to sleep with scents of lavender oil in the bedroom.
Showing yourself selfcare is something that will benefit your mental and physical wellbeing this Fall. How you do it is completely up to you, and you can decide how to enact your own selfcare based on personal preferences and interests. Try mixing up a few different techniques and see which ones you enjoy the most. But regardless of what you choose, the most important part of selfcare this fall is to simply do it. I never thought I would be sitting in my living room writing a letter to my dad like this. I never thought that at the young age of twenty-two, I would be writing about how my dad is no longer with us. But here I am, sitting in my living room, writing that letter, at the age of twenty-two. Losing someone isn't supposed to be easy, but I also never expected it to be this hard.
I don't understand how to feel. Emotions are a funny thing. Sometimes I am completely numb and can't feel a thing. Sometimes I'm angry, and I want to scream because of how many things are running through my mind. Sometimes I feel the saddest I have ever been in my life, crying so hard I can't even breathe. My dad was the one to pick me up when I felt down. He knew how to make me laugh and smile. He knew the right things to say. I need him now more than I ever have. This is the hardest thing I've ever had to face, and all I want Is my dad to come through that door and hug me tight.
I think the biggest emotion I've been feeling is angry. I'm mad that my dad won't get to see me get engaged and married. I'm mad that my kids won't experience the fun that my dad gave me and my brother. I'm mad that he was ripped away from me and now I'm left with all these shattered pieces of my heart that just don't seem to fit together the same way as before. I'm mad that I'm mad. My daddy wouldn't have wanted me to feel like this I know that. But I know that if his and my roles were reversed, he would feel the same.
I feel so incredibly lucky that I got the dad that I did. I'm so blessed that my childhood is filled with memories of him getting the boat ready for us to go fishing or teaching me how to plow the field to get it ready for planting. He taught me and my brother so many things about the outdoors. He taught me how to drive, he taught me how to be independent. He taught me to be kind to people even when you don't want to be, but also to not take crap from anyone. He was the first man I ever loved, and that ever loved me. My daddy was one of a kind and there is nothing in the world that will ever fill the giant hole that is now in my chest.
I can only hope that he knows how much I love him. I hope he knows that I miss him so much it physically hurts and that I don't understand how the man that was sitting in my living room two weeks ago today is not here anymore. That was the last time I ever saw him, and I just wish I could go back and hug him tighter. Tell him I loved him and thank him for being my dad. Daddy, I miss you more than anything. I hope you are happy and healthy and looking down on us.
I hope you're proud of me, even though I could never make my mind up. I promise to look after Hunter and make sure he hears countless stories that I have of you. I love you to the moon and back. Until I see you again. Brittany Morgan, National Writer's Society 2. Kristen Haddox , Penn State University 4. Welcome back. Sign in to comment to your favorite stories, participate in your community and interact with your friends. No account? Create one. Start writing a post. Religion has no place in government, and I'm going to tell you why. University of Texas at Dallas. This article has not been reviewed by Odyssey HQ and solely reflects the ideas and opinions of the creator. This can be countered by the fact that, in the Constitution, there is no mention of the freedom of religion speech, press, etc.
National government is free to violate these. Although the phrase the separation of church and state is frequently misunderstood it is extremely important to know the meaning of this phrase. This is the distance between organized religion and the national state, and to sum this phrase up religious groups will not control the government and they will not dictate the government. This was said becuase the 1st amendment keeps the government from determining when and how people should worship. The authorization of the law introducing a prayer was opposing what the amendment stands for therefore it was unconstitutional. Many early americans have been troubled in the past by religious enforcements and persecution.
The Court declared that the Establishment Clause denies the government in having a say in religious exercises. Justice Hugo Black wrote the majority opinnion stating that the freedom of religion means that is not the government 's buisness tocompose official prayers for any group of American citizens. But we have a huge difference in each other in which I believe may be the reason why I disagree. By reading your post, you seem to be a very religious person. The Contraceptive mandate case is a very important case for the diversity of our country. A business or corporation has the same rights of political and religious expression as individuals.
From that same set of key characteristics, the one I would say stands out is sacredness. If someone is willing to put above all else their set of beliefs, then they belong to a religion. Religion has no place in Government Thesis Statement: Religion has no place in the Government because we do not live in a theocracy without requiring to have a Religious Experience, and Religious virtue.
That religion has no place in government is both a positive and normative statement, by which I mean it can be read both ways: as either a statement of fact, that there simply is no place for religion in government; or as a statement with moral intention, that there ought to be no place for religion in government. These two readings are related but not the same. They are related both because whether something is so is no argument for its being so, and because, things that are nonetheless often carry moral inertia, and justify themselves by their being. However, I don't see the harm in this. The other two that will be discussed.
Ancient Egyptian Religion Topic: What are the similarities and differences between state religion and private religion? How is state religion linked the government? This comment, although perhaps biased by his Greek perspective, illuminates for modern man the importance of religion in the everyday lives of ancient Egyptian peoples. Religion, in the form. Around the coastlines are beautiful beaches with crystal clear blue-green water.
In some respects, this is the majority of what people know about Jamaica. The land of Jamaica is very. Well organized government. Every complex religion has to have a well-organized government. In Egypt, there are many important governments. In Egypt, the pharaoh was the ruler. An example is that the pharaoh controlled all the people. Like if he wanted more power he can make a war. Another example is that he would collect taxes and raise the taxes. There were many visors but the first one was important. The first ever visor was Imhotep. He was the leader of the government. | <urn:uuid:01e52c36-c0c3-4c2f-b75f-0a2d9e315413> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | http://puraessenciamodacombr.somee.com/buy-expository-essay/page-231-2021-10-30.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710968.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20221204072040-20221204102040-00664.warc.gz | en | 0.9668 | 2,864 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Tyler Coverdale first visited the Mpala Research Centre in Laikipia, Kenya in 2013, and immediately became painfully aware of the abundant spiny and thorny plants that cover the savanna. Spines help defend the plants from voracious elephants, giraffes and numerous other herbivores that depend on vegetation for their sustenance.
Acacia trees such as Acacia etbaica (left foreground below) dominate the landscape, and may be associated with smaller shrubs, such as Barleria trispinosa. In the photo below, there is one B. trispinosa plant immediately below (on the right side) the acacia tree, and a second B. trispinosa plant to its right, more out in the open. Coverdale realized that being situated immediately below a spiny acacia tree might be advantageous to B. trispinosa, which could be protected from the ravages of elephants and giraffes by the acacia thorns .
As you might guess by its name, B. trispinosa is itself a very spiny plant, which should help protect it from browsers. Nonetheless, it still gets eaten, so Coverdale and his colleagues explored whether being under acacias would reduce how much it, and two other related species, got browsed.
The first study was observational – a survey of the damage three species of Barleria suffered when they were under (associated with) acacia trees vs. unassociated with acacia trees. For each Barleria species, the researchers haphazardly chose 10 stems from eight associated and eight unassociated plants, and measured the proportion of these stems that showed physical evidence of being browsed. As the figure below shows, browsing was sharply lower for each species when it was associated with an acacia plant.
The understory plant community associated with acacias is much denser than the plant community out in the open, so the researchers wondered whether it was the acacia itself, or the other plants associated with it, that were providing protection. They set up an experiment using focal B. trispinosa plants with four treatments (A) unmanipulated control, (B) overstory removal, (C) overstory + understory removal, (D) a procedural control with overstory + understory removal, with the focal plant enclosed in a metal cage to protect it from predators (see Figure below).
Coverdale and his colleagues ran the experiment for one month. They discovered that removing overhanging acacia branches sharply increased herbivory, but the additional removal of understory neighbors had little additional effect. Both the unmanipulated controls and procedural controls were unaffected.
The researchers then investigated how useful these spines are to unassociated B. trispinosa plants. They set up another experiment with four types of spine treatments: (A) unmanipulated controls, (B) 50% spine removal, (C) 100% spine removal, (D) procedural control with 100% spine removal + enclosure within a predator-proof cage. These cages were vandalized shortly after the experiment was set up, so the researchers chose eight plants from a nearby plot (that had all predators excluded for a different experiment) as their procedural control. They discovered that spines are very useful to protect against predators in unassociated B. trispinosa.
If you were a plant living under the protection of an acacia tree, it would make sense for you to reduce your investment in thorns, so you could allocate more resources to growth and reproduction. Does Barleria do this?
Several lines of evidence indicate that all three Barleria species reduce their investment in spines when associated with an acacia. First, a survey of spine density shows a reduced number of spines for all three species when they were associated with acacia trees (top graph). Second, the spines that are present are significantly shorter in Barleria species associated with acacia trees (middle graph). In a final survey, Coverdale and his colleagues cut all of the spines off of associated and unassociated Barleria. For each plant, the researchers calculated the dry weight of spines and of all the other plant tissue. For each Barleria species, the defensive investment – the ratio of spines to total mass, was substantially reduced in acacia-associated plants in comparison to unassociated plants (bottom graph).
Lastly, can plants react adaptively to browsing? In other words, will understory plants produce more thorns if they are browsed? To explore this question, the researchers used scissors to simulate moderate (25%) or heavy (50%) browsing. They discovered a significant increase in spines produced by unassociated plants one month after clipping. Ecologists call this an induced defense. This induced defense is strongly suppressed in plants that have lived under the protection of acacia trees – in fact there was no significant response to experimental browsing in acacia-associated B. trispinosa plants. The researchers don’t know how long this suppression of induced responses persists. Would browsing induce increased spine growth in B. trispinosa six months, a year or two years after its protective acacia tree died?
Coverdale and his colleagues conclude that the overall benefit of association is positive to the plant populations. Their studies show better survival and higher reproductive rates of acacia-associated understory plants. There is probably a cost associated with too many offspring competing for resources within a small area, as seedlings tend to grow within 1 meter of their parents. However the reduction in defense costs probably overrides this cost of competition, leading to increased population size. The researchers suggest a long-term study of population growth rates for acacia-associated and unassociated plants for several different species to see how general these effects are, and to explore whether other factors, such as soil moisture and nutrient levels influence the allocation and induction of defensive structures such as spines and thorns.
note: the paper that describes this research is from the journal Ecology. The reference is Coverdale, T. C., Goheen, J. R., Palmer, T. M. and Pringle, R. M. (2018), Good neighbors make good defenses: associational refuges reduce defense investment in African savanna plants. Ecology, 99: 1724-1736. doi:10.1002/ecy.2397. Thanks to the Ecological Society of America for allowing me to use figures from the paper. Copyright © 2018 by the Ecological Society of America. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:1993e64a-551a-4420-b9b4-d585c002e8dc> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://fredsingerecology.com/tag/induced-defense/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347428990.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200603015534-20200603045534-00106.warc.gz | en | 0.95445 | 1,347 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Forgotten digital tourniquets leading to digit amputation is the single greatest risk posed by their use. Covering the digit in gauze before a patient is discharged can hide an inconspicuous tourniquet. Our most persistent competitor in the marketplace are improvised methods like using rigged surgical gloves or other elastic materials, which lack great visibility unlike Mar-Med’s Tourni-Cot and Uni-Cot.
In 2009 the United Kingdom’s National Patient Safety Agency (NPSA) came out with a Rapid Response Report entitled “Reducing risks of tourniquets left on after finger and toe surgery”. The report documents a total of 15 relevant cases recorded from 2005-2009. A surgical glove was used in 6 of the cases and 2 of the cases resulted in digit amputation. While the report acknowledges that the population affected is relatively small, it also cites the great degree of harm and high cost of litigation.
The report goes on to say in part that “purpose designed visible tourniquets are available and are intended for this use. Data from reported incidents suggest that at least some of the preventable harm is caused by the use of surgical gloves.”
The NHS report identifies some key actions that can be taken toward safer practice, including:
- CE marked digital tourniquets which are labelled and/or brightly coloured should be used, in accordance with manufacturers’ instructions. Surgical gloves should not be used as tourniquets.
- Guidelines include the removal of digital tourniquets as part of the swab counting procedure and the need to record the length of time a tourniquet is in place.
- The World Health Organization (WHO) Surgical Safety Checklist is reviewed locally to consider adding tourniquet removal at ‘Sign Out’ stage.
Mar-Med’s digital tourniquets, the Tourni-Cot and Uni-Cot, are both brightly colored to be sure they are highly visible. The Tourni-Cot comes with a caution tag attached making it almost impossible to forget (clearly marked “Do Not Remove This Tag”). The Uni-Cot was designed with large handles that increase visibility. Both Mar-Med devices are CE marked, indicating compliance with current European legislation of goods (the French phrase “Conformité Européene” translates to “European Conformity”.)
The UK’s NHS must have had Mar-Med in mind for the Rapid Response Report. Clinicians in the UK and Europe have enjoyed the Tourni-Cot for years before the report was published, without other digital tourniquets on the market. Some clinicians I speak with will comment that removing the Tourni-Cot’s caution tag can make it less conspicuous. To that I respond by echoing the UK guidelines to follow our instructions and simply “Do Not Remove This Tag”.
External Links: Reducing Risks of Tourniquets Left on After Finger and Toe Surgery, UK NHS National Patient Safety Agency. | <urn:uuid:c63f592d-8ef6-4397-8734-229a1ce5eb5a> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://marmed.com/how-the-united-kingdom-avoids-finger-amputations/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371876625.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200409185507-20200409220007-00232.warc.gz | en | 0.927568 | 646 | 2.6875 | 3 |
I was not actually, a fan of the Arabic theritory, that’ is why I learned in my history, the Persian history because, it is my history. I am surely not a nationalist or not even a patriot. I just believe in any culture of every folk which must be at least respected by every other nations on the earth. But the Arabs destroyed our culture and all things belonged to it under whatsoever they meant! That is criminal in every form.
But my brother made me clear that the Egyptians are not Arabs, that goes beyond our history. And of course I looked after it and was fascinated and stunned.
Here we can enjoy a little more about their magics… ❤
Ancient Egypt’s bureaucratic society depended on an army of scribes. To get ahead, you had to be able to write – but that didn’t necessarily mean mastering hieroglyphs.
By Hilary Wilson | Published 08 August 2019
In ancient Egypt, literacy was the key to success. However, contrary to popular belief, not all Egyptian scribes understood hieroglyphs. Many relied instead on the simpler hieratic script for the multitude of everyday documents generated by the Egyptian bureaucracy.
Hieroglyphs – ‘the Words of God’ – compose a writing system with more than 1,000 distinct characters, the meaning of which was lost for 1,500 years before they were deciphered by Jean-François Champollion in 1823. Including both ideograms (which convey a whole word or idea, either concrete or abstract, in a single sign) and phonograms (representing either an alphabetic sound or a group of consonants), it was used in formal inscriptions on tomb and temple walls as well as on elaborate funerary papyri. For everyday purposes, however, scribes used a shorthand version of the hieroglyphic script known as hieratic, which was quicker to write and more economical of space. The two writings existed side by side for at least 2,500 years.
Scraps of ancient hieratic writing, mostly penned by student scribes on limestone flakes called ostraca, suggest that no matter how humble his origins, an educated Egyptian could achieve almost anything. Horemheb (d.1292 BC) is a good example. Born of middle-ranking parents, his scribal training led to an army career. From Scribe of Recruits, during the reign of Akhenaten (1353-1336 BC), Horemheb rose through the military ranks and, by the rule of Tutankhamun (1332-1323 BC), he was commander in chief of the Egyptian forces. As a close adviser of the young Pharaoh, Horemheb was appointed ‘Deputy of the King throughout the Two Lands’, and might have expected to succeed to the throne should the king die childless. He had to wait a few years, but eventually Horemheb achieved the pinnacle of his career by becoming the last king of the 18th Dynasty, making his mark by instituting dramatic reforms to the organisation of the army, the judiciary and administration in general. The lasting success of these changes owed much to his scribal background. Trainee scribes were led to believe that, if they stuck to their lessons and followed their tutors’ instructions, the sky was the limit.
Egyptian scribes regularly appear in tomb depictions of everyday activities; recording the biennial cattle census, measuring the fields for taxation purposes, checking deliveries of harvested grain, weighing precious metals. The ancient Egyptians placed huge significance on the written word. They believed that committing speech to writing made the words real and true, a belief shared by all Egyptians, literate or not. Those unable to read themselves employed scribes to draw up contracts, letters, inventories and wills. Scribes were required to make agreements and intentions permanent and binding. When the scribe read back his work, his client trusted him to honestly recite the words he had written, trusting he would not abuse his calling. Unsurprisingly, every father hoped to see his son become a scribe: they were highly respected members of society.
But education was not available to all. Government departments and major temples supported schools, where boys commenced their training at six or seven, sometimes earlier. To these boarding establishments, known as ‘stables’, family or household servants delivered the students’ food and drink rations daily for several years, during which time the student was not contributing to the family’s income. Boys from poorer families could only hope to be educated with support from a wealthier relative or patron, or through apprenticeship to an older scribe, perhaps the local clerk or land agent, who would teach them the basics of the scribe’s craft. This limited the scope for employment but such ‘on the job’ training allowed apprentices to help out at home while learning.
The text known as the Satire of the Trades dates to the Middle Kingdom, the Golden Age of Egyptian literature, between 2025 and 1700 BC. It belongs to a genre known as ‘Wisdom Texts’, supposed collections of the experiences of learned and influential men to be shared with following generations as advice on behaviour, deportment and career advancement. In the Ramesside era (1300-1075 BC), the Satire of the Trades was one of the texts most frequently copied by student scribes. It compares a scribe’s work with that of other trades and crafts in an attempt to persuade the student that education will make him better off than anyone else. The introduction, supposedly written by a father for his son, reads:
I have seen many beatings – set your heart on books! I have watched those conscripted for labour – there is nothing better than books! It [scribedom] is the greatest of all callings, there is none like it in all the land.
Several teaching texts extol the benefits of education with the profession of magistrate promoted as the ultimate achievement.
The scribe directs the work of the people. For him there are no taxes for he pays his tribute in writing … Put writing in your heart that you may protect yourself from hard labour of any kind and become a respected magistrate.
The student scribe was constantly exhorted to be studious:
Do not be idle, or waste your time. Do not give yourself over to pleasures, that will be your ruin. Write with your hand, read with your mouth and seek advice from your betters. A scribe skilled in his calling, a master of education, is most fortunate. Persevere … spend not a moment in idleness or you will be thrashed. A boy’s ear is on his back; he only hears when he is beaten. Take these words to heart for your own good.
The badge of the scribe’s trade was his palette, usually a narrow rectangle of wood with two or more depressions for ink and a slot for holding pens. The palette, together with a tubular container for reed stems used as pens and a drawstring bag holding other scribal accoutrements, formed the hieroglyphic sign for a scribe and his activities. An invocational prayer to Thoth, the scribes’ patron deity and inventor of writing, was used as an instruction for student scribes:
Come to me, Thoth, O noble ibis … Come to me and give me counsel to make me skilful in your calling. He who masters it is found fit to hold office … Fate and Fortune are to be found with you.
Ink was made from finely ground pigment mixed with a light gum and formed into small tablets like poster paints. Chewing the end of a fresh reed splayed the fibres to form a brush pen, which was dipped into a water bowl, traditionally a tortoiseshell, before being swirled over the dry ink block to take up the colour. When the pen became ragged or clogged with ink, the scribe cut off the end and chewed the next section. Writing surfaces included limestone flakes, scrubbable whitewashed boards and papyrus or leather rolls, whose surfaces could be smoothed with a rounded pebble or a purpose-made ivory smoother. Errors were erased with a damp cloth or scraped away with a piece of sandstone. The water bowl, spare ink blocks, erasers and a knife for cutting and sharpening pens were kept in the scribe’s bag.
Scribal education began with the elementary principles of the hieratic script. The lowliest scribes, who trained for just five or six years, probably learned only the rudiments of the hieroglyphic script. Students were set exemplar documents and extracts from popular texts to copy, to practise their hieratic handwriting on basic format letters, reports and contracts, while absorbing the good advice contained in the texts. Surviving examples of copy-work sometimes include tutors’ corrections added in red. Some significant Egyptian literary works survive almost exclusively from student copies.
A schoolboy ‘dictionary’ of hieroglyphs with their hieratic equivalents shows that a knowledge of more than 450 signs was required for everyday writing purposes. Lessons in record-keeping and filing and labelling enabled any half-competent scribe to perform that most essential of all scribal functions: the making and updating of lists. For professions such as those of government official, priest or lawyer, a scribe would train for several more years, increasing his vocabulary to perhaps a thousand or more signs. Those with the best handwriting or drawing skills might follow the craft of creating beautifully illustrated copies of funerary texts, commonly called Books of the Dead. Others could become draughtsmen, artists or architects. Doctors compiled their own collections of medication recipes, treatments and associated incantations, many copied from texts found in the House of Life, the temple library. Lawyers had to be familiar with the corpus of civil and religious laws and precedents found in the official records, which were administered by archivists. Egypt’s bureaucratic society depended on the skills of an army of scribes of all ranks from filing clerk to tax assessor. For young Egyptians, ‘be a scribe’ was the best of career advice.
Hilary Wilson is the author of Understanding Hieroglyphs: A Quick and Simple Guide(Michael O’Mara Books, 2019). | <urn:uuid:0ba42d0a-c138-48ac-9d1a-e7059ee560ca> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://lampmagician.com/2019/08/10/scribe-like-an-egyptian/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178355944.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20210226001221-20210226031221-00046.warc.gz | en | 0.973352 | 2,158 | 2.796875 | 3 |
When college students post about feelings of depression on social media sites, Facebook in particular, their friends are unlikely to encourage them to seek help, a new study suggests.
According to the findings, published in the journal JMIR Research Protocols, none of the 33 participating students said their friends told them they should reach out to a mental health professional to discuss their problems.
Instead, most friends simply sent supportive or motivating messages.
“But that may not be good enough for people who are truly depressed – as some of the people in this study probably were, it makes me concerned that none of the Facebook friends of students in this study were proactive in helping their friend get help,” said study lead author Scottye Cash, Professor at Ohio State University in the US.
“It makes me concerned that none of the Facebook friends of students in this study were proactive in helping their friend get help,” Cash said.
The research is part of a larger online study of health outcomes of 287 students at four universities in the Midwest and West US.
This study included the 33 students in the larger study who reported that they had “reached out on Facebook for help when depressed.”
The students reported what they posted and how their friends responded. They also completed a measure of depression.
Results showed that nearly half of the participants reported symptoms consistent with moderate or severe depression and 33 per cent indicated they had had suicidal thoughts several days in the previous few weeks.
“There’s no doubt that many of the students in our study needed mental health help,” Cash said.
The two most common themes in the participants’ Facebook posts were negative emotions or having a bad day.
Together, those themes appeared in about 45 per cent of the posts the students reported on.
But only one of the students directly asked for help and only three mentioned ‘depression’ or related words, the study said.
Many participants found ways to hint at how they were feeling without being explicit: 15 per cent used sad song lyrics, five per cent used an emoji or emotion to indicate their depressed feelings and another five per cent used a quote to express sadness.
Students reported that the most common responses from their friends to their posts about depression (about 35 per cent of responses) were simply supportive gestures.
The next most common response (19 per cent of posts) was to ask what was wrong, which participants didn’t always take positively.
The other three most common responses (all occurring 11 per cent of the time) were contacting the depressed friend outside of Facebook, sending a private message within the app, or simply ‘liking’ the post.
According to the study, participants reported that none of their friends suggested to get help.
“We need to increase mental health literacy and decrease mental health stigma,” Cash said. (IANS) | <urn:uuid:898e981e-a175-4e0f-ad75-846ce1e65767> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.newsgram.com/posting-depression-on-facebook/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655887046.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200705055259-20200705085259-00348.warc.gz | en | 0.97107 | 595 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Scientists have found a thing that does us good by consuming it and the news that will shock you? It's only bloody old beer. They say, in a salted nutshell, that one pint a day reduces the risk of developing several serious heart conditions.
The study was assembled by a joint team from the University of Cambridge and University College London, who aggregated the health records of around two million adults. Their data suggested that moderate drinkers who have no more than one tipple a day were less likely to see a doctor for heart worries, beating even teetotallers when it comes to heart wellbeing and recording fewer incidents of heart attack and blood clots.
The full study published in the BMJ found that people who drink no alcohol were more likely to experience some forms of angina, aneurysm and arterial disease, although the benefits of a drink disappear as soon as those whose records were analysed strayed over the maximum official alcohol consumption guidelines. | <urn:uuid:d13ad84c-4e74-49e9-901a-eb76b44dcb8a> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.gizmodo.co.uk/2017/03/scientists-find-fun-thing-that-is-good/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823016.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20171018161655-20171018181655-00841.warc.gz | en | 0.978926 | 195 | 2.796875 | 3 |
By Tonio Weicker, Wladimir Sgibnev, Leibniz Institute for Regional Geography, Leipzig
Over the last couple of months, it is clear that the Covid-19 pandemic has dramatically shifted the way people perceive and use public transport. Restrictions have been enforced across the world, which have dramatically affected free movement on all scales. These have ranged from simple advice through various degrees of lockdowns, to app-based ghettos based on social status – with different consequences of each.
According to John Urry and Margaret Grieco, “freedom of movement, as represented in popular media, politics and the public sphere, is the ideology and utopia of the twenty-first century”. This breakdown of mobility networks and routines therefore has broad social significance. Interrupted global supply chains, closed metro networks, deserted transportation hubs, and locked borders not only challenge economic flows and travel rights within the EU, but fundamentally question the paradigm that equates movement with individual and collective progress.
The last couple of months have created a crisis of mobility, raising questions about the future of public transport that reach beyond the corona virus. An obvious consequence that is a loss of trust in public transport. Even though no cases have yet been traced back to a contagion through seats, handles, or any other surfaces, these have turned into dangerous transmitters, despite hygiene measures by public transport providers and the increased frequency of cleaning and showcase disinfection campaigns.
Successful and highly vocal campaigns to promote public transport in European cities have thus turned into narratives of threat and danger. Any idea that urban public transport might become a pleasant, convivial public space seems doubtful. How do we help an elderly to enter the bus, when body contact, especially to potential risk groups, is prohibited? How do we build bonds of community and responsibility through sharing a transport mode, if we are governed by fear and social distancing?
Passenger numbers have drastically decreased during the lockdown, leading some to question whether ‘the coronavirus has killed off public transportation across the world’ for good. How long this suspicion will last, we can only guess. However for now, public transport usage remains at a low-level across Europe, despite many countries partially releasing their lockdowns. The fact that buses and metros were among the first sectors to introduce obligatory face covering, may have only increased anxiety surrounding them. Social distancing, masks, and gloves make the otherwise invisible virus present on public transport, providing a dilemma for public transport providers as they balance the competing demands of comfort, safety and revenue.
Covid-19 has also revealed other aspects about the place of public transport in cities. Without students, parents with children, elderly residents, and tourists, public transport has returned to being solely a means through which the working class reach their working spaces. Some Eastern European countries have further segregated public transport so that buses only carry certain types of employees, such as healthcare workers. This aspect of public transport showcases the glaring social divide that is deepening throughout European societies during the lockdown. Those dependent on directly using public transport, who are largely working class, embody the social consequences of the current crisis policy. Public transport is too often interpreted as a social service generously provided by public bodies, but this fails to acknowledge the depth to which the whole of society actually relies on public transport. Its carrying key workers is “holding civilization together;” we are all “transit dependent” in this sense”.
Public transport also unmasks the one-dimensional nature of current pandemics mitigation policies, which systematically privilege some groups over others. Thus, as home schooling leaves behind some students more than others, and closed playgrounds affect families who do not own garden plots more than those who have, so, it is the underprivileged working class which suffers most from reduced public transport schedules. In Germany, where pre-pandemic service levels were quickly reinstated to ensure distancing measures, public transport providers are facing massive budget shortfalls despite compensation packages. The picture does not look any better in London or Paris. In the US, unsustainable funding sources and public transit-hostile cultures has left passengers either stranded or exposed to overcrowded vehicles and a quick spread of the virus, especially among marginalised population groups.
Covid-19 may well not have killed off public transport as of now, but it has homogenised its users. The age of environmentally conscious, middle class bus passengers in European cities seems to be, at least temporarily, over – as they instead either work from home, or return to private cars. Yet there is some hope for public transport in all of this, particularly in making it cheaper and more egalitarian. Many European cities have stopped selling or checking tickets through the pandemic, creating the test conditions for fare-free public transport without even noticing it. With service and other key workers being celebrated as heroes of our time, might there also be better recognition, pay and conditions for those working on and using public transport? If it does, that will be one good long-term outcome for us all.
About the authors: Tonio Weicker works as postdoctoral researcher at the Leibniz Institute for Regional Geography. Within the PUTSPACE project, he investigates narratives and contestations of public transport modernisation policies in Eastern European cities. Wladimir Sgibnev is senior researcher at the Leibniz Institute for Regional Geography and coordinator of the Mobilities and Migration research group.
They are currently working on the research project “Public transport as public space in European cities”(PUTSPACE), which investigates public transport encounters as sites of cultural diversity and social integration but also of marginalisation and systemic discrimination in five different European countries. In order to assess the potentially game-changing effect of the pandemic, the project has launched a short survey with an opportunity for follow-up interviews on the topic.
Suggested further reading
Shaw, J. and Hesse, M. (2010), Transport, geography and the ‘new’ mobilities. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 35: 305-312. doi:10.1111/j.1475-5661.2010.00382.x
Budd, L., Bell, M. and Warren, A. (2011), Maintaining the sanitary border: air transport liberalisation and health security practices at UK regional airports. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 36: 268-279. doi:10.1111/j.1475-5661.2010.00424.x | <urn:uuid:86e779dc-7c8a-4a51-aaf7-91ba0a8239f6> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://blog.geographydirections.com/2020/06/09/public-transport-in-times-of-covid-19-disruption-and-continuity-in-urban-mobility/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301309.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220119094810-20220119124810-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.943918 | 1,356 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Visitors to the Exposition Universelle in Paris in 1900 were introduced to escalators, pictorial panoramas, the Paris Metro and the first films with sound. They also encountered — in a section of the vast world's fair aptly titled exposé nègre, or Negro exposition — an unusual photo exhibit: hundreds of images of black professionals and college students.
Mounted to counter stereotypes of blacks as backward and culturally bankrupt, the photographs in W.E.B. Du Bois' two albums, Types of American Negroes and Negro Life in Georgia, U.S.A., at the Paris Expo focused on successful African Americans who thoroughly embodied American middle-class values. These albums constituted a political act, a declaration of inherent nobility in the war over the politics of respectability and the nature of the Negro.
These remarkable images depicted dignified, well-dressed men and women living in comfortable and even lavish homes whose furnishings reflected the occupants' sophisticated taste and refinement. One imagines that Du Bois selected this particular array of "types" primarily for two reasons: first, to present a counter-discourse to "types" of Negroes summoned in the work of anthropologists such as Louis Agassiz half a century before; and second, to create a text or archive of images that could be drawn upon and vastly expanded to refute the extremely popular images of black people as deracinated "Sambos" and lascivious "coons" that peppered trade cards, postcards, advertisements, sheet music and virtually every other form of popular visual culture during the 1890s. At precisely the same time, Jim Crow segregation was being legalized, culminating in the infamous Plessy v. Ferguson "separate but equal" Supreme Court decision of 1896.
Given the startled reactions of the American media almost a century later to the level of articulation of the parade of black upper-middle-class, well-educated witnesses in the Clarence Thomas-Anita Hill hearings, and similar attitudes expressed in the reviews of Stephen Carter's novel about the black upper class on Martha's Vineyard (The Emperor of Ocean Park, published in 2002), one can only imagine the surprise, the depth of disappointed expectations and the frisson generated in white visitors if they actually reflected on these hundreds of images of black doctors, lawyers and other professionals whose talents and aspirations matched or exceeded those of their white counterparts. That, at least, was Du Bois' hope — his use of art, of photography, as propaganda.
Revisiting these images today serves to remind us both of the history of the struggle for control of the black image in American society and the necessarily political discourses into which all black art at the time was drawn. But the photographs also make vivid the age-old class divisions within the African-American community — class divisions born in slavery, first, and then made even more pronounced by the markedly different status of slaves and freed people over the course of slavery.
These class divisions persisted despite pointed reminders such as the Dred Scott v. Sandford Supreme Court decision in 1857 and the Jim Crow laws of the 1890s, which identified all black people before the law as members of one class — a class that we might think of as the "class of Negroes," a class as defined by "all Negroes shall" or "all Negroes shan't."
It would be prima facie evidence of the social and intellectual equality of the Negro in the battle against scientific racism, de jure and de facto segregation, discriminatory legal statutes and social customs — in short, the prevalent anti-black racisms that pervaded American society in the era of Jim Crow.
These photographs were the visual analog of the phenomenon that Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham calls "the politics of respectability," proof that a "New Negro" existed. And the images, meant to be paraded before the world at the Paris Expo, were to serve as proof that the Negro was "improvable"; that the gap between black and white — within the same class, at least — was not a gap at all.
Du Bois saw the people in these photographs as cultural warriors, as a vanguard, as missionaries of cultural and educational potential. The question that strikes us today, when the class divide within the black community is so starkly pronounced, is whether or not these photographs were the evidence, in black and white, not so much of the promise of a massive social mobility for the entire race, of the part for the whole, but rather of a nascent class divide within the African-American community — one that all of us must worry is becoming a permanent fixture of a very complex and bifurcated African-American social identity.
"The Paris Albums 1900: W.E.B. DuBois" was presented by Autograph ABP at Rivington Place, London, Sept. 17 to Nov. 27, 2010. Its tour will bring it to the W.E.B. Du Bois Institute for African and African American Research at Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass.
Henry Louis Gates Jr. is the Alphonse Fletcher University Professor, and director of the W.E.B. Du Bois Institute for African and African American Research, at Harvard University. | <urn:uuid:5917f0d7-c6a7-4013-a535-0683e083d92c> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.theroot.com/w-e-b-du-bois-talented-tenth-in-pictures-1790881827 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512161.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20181018235424-20181019020924-00180.warc.gz | en | 0.947441 | 1,084 | 2.890625 | 3 |
| Regno d'Italia
Kingdom of Italy|
Royal Italian Army
The 15th Infantry Division Bergamo was an infantry division of the Italian Army during World War II. It was formed 24 May 1939 in Opatija.
15th Infantry Division Bergamo Wikipedia
From the 10 June 1940, the Bergamo division was assigned to border guard duty in Rijeka-Brešca(near Matulji)-Klana sector. The Bergamo division was part of the Italian V Corps that took part in the Invasion of Yugoslavia. 6 April 1941, Bergamo division has received orders to advance. By 11 April 1941, it broken through Yugoslavian defences at Veli Vrh summit near Drenova, Rijeka, and captured the Kastav the same day. By 12 April 1941 it has reached the Bakar, continuing to advance to the south. 16 April 1941, the Bergamo division has captured Žuta Lokva village. After the invasion it was stationed in Dalmatia, in particular in city of Makarska, towns of Livno, Sinj, Ljubuški, Imotski and on the Brač island.
From the 22 July 1941 to 25 July 1941, the Bergamo division has fought the Yugoslavian partisans near the town of Drvar. Another large surge of fighting with partisans trying to infiltrate Croatia has happened from the 9 October 1941 to 9 November 1941, across Croatian-Yugoslavian border. Afterward, the main duties of Bergamo has become the coastal defence, protection of roads and peacekeeping between the Yugoslavian and Croatian communities. In June,1942, it has suppressed a major revolt in Lika region. The Bergamo Division took part in Operation Alba which was an anti Partisan operations in Croatia carried out on the 12 August to the 2 September 1942, to destroy partisan groups in the Biokovo area 40 to 50 kilometres east of Split. Italian forces burned down 10 villages and killed and arrested several hundred people. In 1943, increasingly bloody skirmishes with partisans were fought until 8 September 1943.
After the Italian surrender in September 1943, it resisted the German forces but was defeated and some of the division's officers were executed by order of the German XV Mountain Corps, others evaded capture and joined the Yugoslav Partisans.
Daily Report from Commander in Chief Southeast (Army Group F)
9/27/1943, Banja Luka - 0700 hours SS Division and 92d Motorized Regiment approached Split.
0800 hours reached northern edge of Split.
0900 hours city and port of Split occupied against local resistance. 202 Italian officers and 9000 men captured. Italian officers are to be shot to death according to Fuehrer orders. Commanding General has caused investigation to ascertain guilty officers.
9/28/1943, :At Split 300 Italian officers and 9000 men of the "Bergamo" Division were taken prisoners. Treatment in compliance with Fuehrer order has been initiated.
9/30/1943, Banja Luka - Three generals in Split shot to death by virtue of summary court martial.
10/1/1943, Banja Luka - 45 additional guilty officers (Italian) shot to death by virtue of summary court martial in Split.
General Pietro Belletti25. Bergamo Infantry Regiment
26. Bergamo Infantry Regiment
4. Carnaro Artillery Regiment
89. CCNN Legion (Blackshirts)
15. Mortar Battalion
15. Signal Company
36. Pioneer Company
19. Medical Section
131. Field Hospital
132. Field Hospital
116. Supply Section
22. Motor Transport Section | <urn:uuid:ea239965-6c59-4350-9ef0-8f83836558ca> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://alchetron.com/15th-Infantry-Division-Bergamo | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488257796.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20210620205203-20210620235203-00144.warc.gz | en | 0.961816 | 753 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Which type of educator, who delivers nutrition education, is most effective in changing children’s dietary intake-related behaviors?
Nutrition education programs have been delivered by a variety of different types of educators (e.g., nutritionists, teachers, parents, healthcare providers, paraprofessionals). The objective of this systematic review was to investigate whether different types of educators may be more effective when delivering nutrition education, therefore resulting in greater improvements to children’s dietary intake-related behaviors.
There is insufficient evidence to determine whether certain types of educators who deliver nutrition education are more effective in changing children’s dietary intake-related behaviors. (Grade: Not Assignable)
Literature searches were conducted using PubMed, EBSCOhost, Education Fulltext, and Global Health to identify studies that compared nutrition education delivered by different educators.
- Inclusion Criteria: Published between January 1995 and December 2010; conducted in subjects aged 0–18 years; randomized controlled trials, non-randomized controlled trials, or quasi-experimental studies; subjects from countries with high or very high human development (based on the Human Development Index); subjects who were healthy or at elevated chronic disease risk; published in English in a peer-reviewed journal
- Exclusion Criteria: Systematic reviews, meta-analyses, narrative reviews, or prospective cohort, cross-sectional, or case-control designs; studies with no control group; subjects hospitalized, diagnosed with disease, and/or receiving medical treatment.
The results of each included study were summarized in evidence worksheets (including a study quality rating), an evidence paragraph, and evidence table. A group of subject matter experts were involved in a qualitative synthesis of the body of evidence, development of a conclusion statement, and assessment of the strength of the evidence (grade) using pre-established criteria including evaluation of the quality, quantity, consistency, magnitude of effect, and generalizability of available evidence.
- One randomized controlled trial study was included in this systematic review. The study received a positive quality rating.
- Two fourth grade classrooms from each of ten schools were randomly assigned to one of two intervention groups that received the same nutrition education curriculum, delivered by either the regular classroom teacher or a nutritionist. There was no no-intervention control group in this study.
- Results from this study were mixed:
- For much of the study, there were no significant differences in dietary intake between the intervention groups
- However, between period 2 and period 3, the number of subjects consuming ≥2 portions per day of legumes increased in the Teacher group, but decreased in the Nutritionist group. And, for all food categories, changes in dietary intake were significantly greater in the Teacher group compared to the Nutritionist group (P<0.0001).
- This study had several limitations. In addition to the type of educator, the timing, dose, and format of nutrition education differed between the groups. These differences limit the conclusions that can be drawn from the results of this study.
The literature search identified one study that tested the effects of a nutrition education intervention delivered by two different types of educators, so it was not possible to draw any conclusions. Therefore, more research is needed to determine whether different types of educators are more effective when delivering nutrition education to children. | <urn:uuid:657e97f6-ff4b-4c7e-a095-09575e089662> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.nel.gov/conclusion.cfm?conclusion_statement_id=250369 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738662400.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173742-00145-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954984 | 674 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Psychological examinations are increasingly common to identify gifted children. It’s a trend that hides a complex reality, as gifted children can also be prone to failure.
“The Little Nobility of Intelligence – A Sociology of Gifted Children” (La petite noblesse de l’intelligence: Une sociologie des enfants surdoués), Wilfried Lignier, publisher: La Découverte, 2012.
Enéa gets good marks. But she disturbs the class, talks a lot and complains often. This situation surprises her mother, Stéphanie Laurent. At home, this seven-year old schoolgirl from Lausanne is quiet, responsible and not the type to bother others. What’s wrong? School. Enéa is bored. A teacher friend advised Stéphanie Laurent to enter her daughter for tests to determine whether she was “high potential”. And the result came back positive.
High potential (HP) children are referred to as gifted or precocious. They are sometimes compared with child prodigies, which is one reason for the increase in requests for psychological examinations. “Interest in these tests is growing,” states Pierre Fumeaux, a child psychiatrist at Lausanne University Hospital who is currently conducting a study on the subject. “A few years ago when parents or teachers had to deal with a difficult student, they would ask the doctor if the child was hyperactive. Now the term ‘high potential’ has taken centre stage in the media.” Contrary to popular belief, gifted is not always synonymous with success. High potential children can also be prone to failure.
To be diagnosed as “HP”, an individual has to obtain a score of at least 130 on IQ tests. “But the score isn’t enough,” explains Claudia Jankech, a psychotherapist in Lausanne specialised in child and teenager psychology. “We also need to understand their family and social context and their personality.”
Surprisingly, a high number of HP children have trouble in school. “When it’s too easy for them, they get used to being on autopilot,” says the psychologist. “They’ve never learnt how to learn.” These difficulties are partly due to what specialists call arborescent thinking. “Normal people develop logical reasoning through linear, sequential thinking. However, the thought process in HP children is like fireworks exploding with ideas and impressive intuition. They can solve complex equations but will have difficulty explaining how they came up with the answer,” explains Pierre Fumeaux.
Surprisingly, a high number of HP children have trouble in school. “When it’s too easy for them, they get used to being on autopilot,” says the psychologist. “They’ve never learnt how to learn.”
Studies suggest that HP children’s brains function differently. Information moves better between the two cerebral hemispheres. “We assume that they use both their left and right brains easily and have excellent abilities in both logic and creativity,” says the child psychiatrist. “Other work has shown that HP children can more easily juggle with concepts and think in the abstract, such as performing mental calculations. “In a functional MRI, a dye is injected to highlight the areas of the brain with the highest blood flow.
Using a scanner, we can then see which areas are activated,” Pierre Fumeaux explains. “A stimulus or given task will activate certain areas of the brain in normal individuals. In HP children, sometimes several larger areas are activated at the same time,” he adds. These indicators help doctors understand how an HP mind works. “But our knowledge in neuroscience remains limited,” the researcher admits. “Being high potential is not an illness, but a special cognitive ability. And that’s not a priority for researchers.”
INTERVIEW: “The methods of diagnosis are debatable”
In a survey conducted on gifted children, the French sociologist Wilfried Lignier noted that specialists do not agree about the tests designed to diagnose giftedness.
In Vivo You observe that most gifted children don’t have difficulty in school or psychological problems. Why then do parents have them take tests?
Wilfried Lignier These parents are very concerned that their children will face difficulties, whereas they actually have every chance of success. They think that the school’s assessment is not enough. Psychology offers greater legitimacy for their concerns.
IV You approach giftedness as a “debated and debatable” issue. Why?
WL Many psychologists don’t recognise giftedness mainly because they doubt the credibility of IQ tests. These tests are meant to assess something other than academic skills, but in form they are quite similar to the exercises performed in school. Furthermore, children also have this impression. After the test is over, some say that they did well in the “maths” section, referring to the logical reasoning, or the “language” section, referring to the vocabulary. Being so similar to exercises done in school, these tests contradict the idea that intelligence isn’t the same as academic performance. Yet most of the social repercussions expected from test results are based on the idea that they tell a truth that school does not.
IV You show that the diagnosis swings in favour of one gender. How do you explain that high potential is more often diagnosed in boys?
WL Parents tend to express greater concern about their future, as it more readily carries their hopes of upward social mobility. The fact that boys have greater chances of having “symptoms”, such as openly expressing their boredom or not being able to stay still, also plays a role.
HP children also typically have emotional characteristics featuring high sensitivity or a high level of empathy. Stéphanie Laurent’s two other children, boys, have also been diagnosed as high potential. “Nathael, age six, cries at Christmas because poor people are cold and have nothing to eat.” His hyper-sensitivity distresses him. “It can take on huge proportions. At one point, Mathys, age eight, felt unreasonable fear because he knew that there was a core on fire at the centre of the earth.” Myriam Bickle Graz, a developmental paediatrician at Lausanne University Hospital who wrote a thesis on the subject, says, “The children seen at consultations were often overwhelmed by their emotions. For some, it was incredibly difficult; they have no filter,” she explains. “The fear of death, for example, comes very early.” They develop symptoms such as anxiety, sleep disorders, strained relationships with other children and aggression.
The happiest HP children are those who are not identified as such and manage to adapt.
As in the Laurent family, there are often several gifted siblings. “Not all siblings are necessarily going to be HP, but there is a certain degree of genetic heritage. However, that hasn’t been proven scientifically,” explains Myriam Bickle Graz. “It remains a clinical observation.”
Although some high potential children suffer, the majority of them lead normal lives. As summed up by Pierre Fumeaux, “the happiest HP children are those who are not identified as such and manage to adapt.”
Percentage of HP children within the population, according to the World Health Organization.
Percentage of HP children who succeed in school, according to the French Association for Gifted Children.
Percentage of HP children with a depressive disorder, according to the Swiss Association for Gifted Children.
A model child at home, Enéa talks a lot in class and disturbs her classmates.
Mathys went through a period of irrational anxiety because he knew the earth’s core was on fire.
Nathael cries at Christmas because poor people are cold and have nothing to eat. | <urn:uuid:2e254fb0-9b8a-413b-ac29-432234583ffe> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.invivomagazine.com/en/mens_sana/tendances/article/108/high-potential-parents-want-to-know | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703520883.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20210120120242-20210120150242-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.967537 | 1,684 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Preface.- Section I. Rationale and Participant Characteristics.- Chapter 1. The "Toolkit Project": Introduction.- Chapter 2. The VL2 Toolkit Psychometric Study: Summary of procedures and description of sample characteristics.- Section II. Cognitive Functioning.- Chapter 3. Measures of General Cognitive Functioning.- Chapter 4. Measures of Visuospatial Ability.- Chapter 5. Measures of Memory and Learning.- Section III. Academic Achievement.- Chapter 6. Measures of Reading Achievement.- Chapter 7. Measures of Writing, Math, and General Academic Knowledge.- Section IV. Linguistic functioning.- Chapter 8. Measures of Expressive Language.- Chapter 9. Measures of Receptive Language.- Chapter 10. Fingerspelling.- Chapter 11. Issues and Trends in Sign Language Assessment.- Chapter 12. Analysis of Responses to Lipreading Prompts as a Window to Deaf Students' Writing Strategies.- Section V. Further Analyses and Translational Implications.- Chapter 13. Underlying Neurocognitive and Achievement Factors and Their Relationship to Student Background Characteristics.
¿Provides psychometric data for deaf individuals on a variety of neurocognitive measures
Addresses biological, cognitive, linguistic, sociocultural, and pedagogical conditions that influence the acquisition of language and knowledge by means of visual modes
Examines how learning occurs through the visual pathway for all individuals, deaf and hearing
Contributes to improving education for deaf students¿ | <urn:uuid:207dde66-c969-4cb7-b527-df06cd5a74d7> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://www.moluna.de/buch/4198695-assessing+literacy+in+deaf+individuals/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818693240.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925182814-20170925202814-00710.warc.gz | en | 0.720657 | 290 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Essential Concept 6: Linear vs Log-Linear Trend Models
When the dependent variable changes at a constant amount with time, a linear trend model is used.
The linear trend equation is given by
When the dependent variable changes at a constant rate (grows exponentially), a log-linear trend model is used.
The log-liner trend equation is given by ln
A limitation of trend models is that by nature they tend to exhibit serial correlation in errors, due to which they are not useful.
The Durban-Watson statistic is used to test for serial correlation. If this statistic differs significantly from 2, then we can conclude the presence of serial correlation in errors. To overcome this problem, we use autoregressive time series (AR) models. | <urn:uuid:a56b050d-cdb4-4e53-89e2-5fe12ee2168f> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://ift.world/concept1/level-ii-concept-6-linear-vs-log-linear-trend-models/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949533.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20230331020535-20230331050535-00444.warc.gz | en | 0.893534 | 157 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Information Possibly Outdated
The information presented on this page was originally released on May 10, 2013. It may not be outdated, but please search our site for more current information. If you plan to quote or reference this information in a publication, please check with the Extension specialist or author before proceeding.
Cattle producers turn to MSU for reproduction class
MISSISSIPPI STATE -- Cattle producers wanting to improve their herds’ genetics recently turned to Mississippi State University for an advanced, hands-on reproduction workshop.
“If producers want to make rapid progress in herd genetics, the economic benefits of artificial insemination are there,” said Jane Parish, beef specialist with the MSU Extension Service. “Producers can have access to a top-quality bull in another part of the country or one that has been injured or died after its semen has been collected.”
Artificial insemination, or AI, allows producers to handpick the best sires and significantly multiply their offspring. Producers can purchase semen from a number of commercial dealers. One collection from a bull can produce 200 straws of semen. Theoretically, after being deposited in a cow, each straw could produce a calf.
Parish said MSU has hosted AI classes in the spring and fall since the early 1990s. Primarily targeting Mississippi beef and dairy producers, the 46 enrollment spots fill quickly for the three-day classes, which are publicized only by word of mouth and a website. Out-of-state participants frequently take part as well.
“Companies offer similar classes, but often at twice the price,” she said. “We are able to provide university experts who are not trying to sell anything, just providing current recommendations to improve herds.”
Parish said about half the teaching is in a classroom, and the other half gives participants the opportunity to actually practice artificial insemination on beef and dairy heifers and cows.
“Participants need as much variety as possible,” she said. “Every cow will not have a textbook, or a predictable reproductive tract, and the more challenges students can experience in a supervised setting, the more successful they will be with their herds later.”
Parish said an emphasis is placed on safety for the people and the animals, but instructors are not just teaching the technique. They are also explaining good management practices.
“Producers need to learn how to research genetics and to understand how to monitor a cow’s heat cycle. If you have a great technique but poor timing, it will be wasted effort,” she said. “An AI program gives producers the opportunity to create uniformity in their herds.”
Mike Howell, an Extension area livestock specialist based in Lee County, was one of the original instructors in the first classes and continues to help producers gain an understanding of genetics and artificial insemination.
“The workshop is helpful even if it teaches people not to do the artificial insemination themselves,” he said. “The information they gain in the classroom will help them in whatever method they choose for their reproduction program.”
Howell said many factors can contribute to the success or failure of an AI procedure, and the class addresses those issues as well as giving participants supervised practice.
“Beginners may have only a 25 percent success rate, while people more experienced with the procedure will be successful 55 to 80 percent of the time,” he said.
Howell said bulls are expensive to maintain and eventually must be replaced.
“An AI program makes producers better managers, no matter how many cattle they have. They become better managers because of how closely they are watching the cattle,” he said. “It makes them aware of all the factors that go into herd improvement. If people come to the class and never practice AI, they will benefit from the experience because it touches on so many aspects of herd management.”
Dr. Linda Farris of Brookhaven, a 1987 graduate of MSU’s College of Veterinary Medicine, took part in the spring 2013 class. Focusing primarily on small animals in her Brookhaven veterinary practice, she wanted a refresher course on cattle, especially since she has started raising Red Brahman cattle.
“All medicine is a continuous learning process, and it’s always good to learn new techniques,” she said. “I have had much more experience with dogs. I needed practice with cattle and experts’ advice to make sure what I was doing was correct. AI is one of those procedures that you just can’t watch someone do. We needed the opportunity to handle the cattle.”
Farris said artificial insemination will give her access to better bulls for her registered herd. | <urn:uuid:1535d3da-b796-4c70-a52c-5b3f0dcb08b6> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://extension.msstate.edu/news/feature-story/2013/cattle-producers-turn-msu-for-reproduction-class | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107869933.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20201020050920-20201020080920-00148.warc.gz | en | 0.965631 | 991 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Avoiding disputes about trees
It is always best to resolve any problems over trees directly with your neighbour. This will be quicker, cheaper and less stressful than taking legal action.
Whenever possible resolve any issues before they damage your relationship with your neighbour. Our step by step guide for resolving tree disputes can help.
To avoid tree disputes:
- keep on good terms with you neighbour and resolve any potential tree issues between you before they get out of hand
- think carefully about the trees and shrubs you are planting; and if they may become a problem in the future discuss the potential issue with your neighbour
- maintain and care for your trees and shrubs, particularly those that could effect your neighbour
- be familiar with your legal responsibilities as a tree-keeper
- act quickly and seek help on resolving any disputes that might arise.
Keep on good terms with your neighbour
Being on good terms with your neighbour will make it easier to discuss problems and resolve any issues before they get out of hand.
It is always better to reach an agreement directly with your neighbour and avoid any possibility of a legal dispute.
Speak to your neighbour directly face-to-face; it’s more personal and will help the situation.
Find out about the best way to approach your neighbour.
Be careful about tree selection
When choosing trees and shrubs for your garden always consider any adverse effect they could have on neighbouring properties in the future.
While you may want privacy, the trees you plant might also shade your neighbour’s garden, drop litter—leaves or branches—on their property, or damage their property with their roots.
If they could become a problem in the future, you should discuss the potential issue with your neighbour before you plant them.
Maintain and care for your trees and shrubs
You should take care of your trees and shrubs to ensure they do not affect your neighbour’s property and their enjoyment of it. That could include cutting them back so they do not cause excessive shade or litter.
You should also cut and remove any tree branches which overhang your neighbour’s property. Knowing your legal responsibilities as a tree-keeper is important for this.
Know your legal responsibilities as a tree-keeper
Make sure you are familiar with your responsibilities under the law as a tree-keeper.
Trees and their impact on a neighbour’s property are covered by The Neighbourhood Disputes (Dividing Fences and Trees) Act 2011.
Act quickly and seek help
If a dispute over a tree develops with a neighbour you should aim to find a solution quickly, before the issue gets out of hand. If you allow the dispute to linger it will only get worse.
Talk to your neighbour about it and if necessary seek help in resolving the issue. Our step by step guide on resolving tree disputes may help.
- Find out what to do if your neighbour's tree is affecting you. | <urn:uuid:29049553-18ca-48a0-b283-68fca658ba1c> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.qld.gov.au/law/housing-and-neighbours/disputes-about-fences-trees-and-buildings/avoiding-fence-tree-and-building-disputes/avoiding-disputes-about-trees | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362219.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20211202114856-20211202144856-00261.warc.gz | en | 0.964732 | 606 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Is there an unknown species of hominid lurking in the woods ? Image Credit: CC BY-SA 3.0 Donar Reiskoffer
A toenail allegedly belonging to the legendary hominid is being hailed by some as proof of its existence.
Researchers have been attempting to find conclusive evidence of Bigfoot, a tall ape-like biped said to roam the wilds of North America, ever since the infamous Patterson-Gimlin footage brought the idea of the creature in to the mainstream.
Now an unusual discovery by a homeowner outside of Seligman has resparked interest in the legend - an alleged Bigfoot toenail that DNA tests suggest belongs to something that is a cross between a human female and some other unknown species.
"Everybody has a desire to know the unexplained and to find the truth," said Alex Hearn of the Arizona Cryptozoological Research Organization. "The toenail is proof that the creature is there. But it's not the definitive proof yet, we still have work to do."
Source: KPTV.com | Comments (82) | <urn:uuid:7d4bb0a4-7069-43f8-8f0a-2662358b8909> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.unexplained-mysteries.com/news/262487/toenail-of-bigfoot-discovered-in-arizona | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257646178.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20180318224057-20180319004057-00121.warc.gz | en | 0.957813 | 222 | 2.625 | 3 |
Direct Seeding of Fall Vegetable Crops
Gardeners should seed some vegetables directly into the
garden and thin them to a proper stand at a later date. The
thinned plants can be planted in other areas of the garden
or in areas where perhaps the stand is relatively poor.
How to seed directly into the garden and get the plants
to come up to a proper stand is the problem. One obvious method
would be to provide a better environment in which the seed
can germinate and thereby grow into a healthy and vigorous
seedling. Believe it or not, this can be done in most areas
of Texas by simply modifying the seeding area right in the
A simple way to do this is to mark off the desired rows
in the garden. In most areas of Texas, it is important that
the soil be bedded prior to planting. This is especially true
in fall gardens and in areas where excess rain occurs during
the fall gardening season. After the garden has been bedded
and the rows marked off, take a hoe handle or stick and make
a seed furrow. The seed furrow will vary in depth but, generally,
is usually ¾- to 1-inch deep. Next comes a very important
step. After the seed furrow has been made, take a watering
can or water hose and apply water DIRECTLY into the seed furrow.
Apply sufficient water to wet the loosened soil to a depth
of 2 or 3 inches. In some cases this may necessitate that
you apply the water several times rather than one single application.
Always plant more seed than needed. After the water has
soaked in, scatter the seed evenly along the furrow. Soaking
the large seed in water overnight will help get the germination
process started. After the seed has been sown, instead of
covering them with garden soil, use a material such as compost,
potting soil, peat moss or vermiculite. By using a media like
compost as a covering material, you will provide a better
environment in which the seed can germinate and grow. Problems
associated with soil crusting and resulting poor aeration
will be eliminated.
If you use a light-colored material, the seeding area will
be cooler. With a material like compost, depth of seeding
is still important but not critical. Small seed planted a
little too deep will still come up. Within a few days, depending
on the crop planted, the seed should germinate and begin to
emerge. It is especially important at this time that you do
not allow the soil to dry out. Additional water should be
applied as needed.
Once the plants have emerged, you might consider applying
a protective shade or cover on the west side of the row to
protect the plants from the intensive summer sun. This protection
can be in the form of a board, cardboard, or shade?type cloth.
Once the plants are an inch or two tall they should be thinned
to the proper stand.
Gardeners always wonder what vegetables should be transplanted
and what should be seeded. As mentioned, tomatoes, pepper
and eggplant MUST be transplanted now. Crops such as broccoli,
Brussels sprouts, cabbage and cauliflower can be transplanted
for early harvest and to avoid the cost of expensive hybrid
seed. These crops may also be seeded directly into the garden
area now since they can tolerate frost and are relatively
When planting seed directly into the garden, gardeners customarily
plant a single row on each raised bed. To follow the advice
of country music singer Barbara Mandrell, "Planting (or
was it Sleeping?) Single in a Double Bed" is wasteful.
Why not plant double in a single bed? Planting double in a
single bed simply involves planting two rows of seed side-by-side
on each bed of soil. This practice is not new. Commercial
growers have been successfully planting two rows of seed on
each bed for years.
The logic of planting double in a single bed is obvious.
The soil has already been meticulously fertilized so why not
produce as many vegetables as possible from the space available.
If a drip irrigation system is being used, simply place the
drip hose between the two rows planted in the same bed. With
the same amount of water that would normally be used, you
will produce twice as many vegetables.
If the two rows per bed system is so wonderful, why isn't
everyone using it? First of all, only certain vegetables that
produce small plants can be used. These include such vegetables
as beets, carrots, lettuce, onions, parsley, radishes and
turnips that should have plants spaced two inches apart.
Beans, garlic and spinach should have plants spaced four
Chard, collards, kohlrabi and mustard should have plants spaced
six inches apart.
Vegetables which produce larger plants such as broccoli,
Brussels sprouts, cauliflower and pepper should be spaced
24 inches apart can also be planted using the two-rows-in-a-single-bed
technique if plants are staggered. Plants that require more
than a 24-inch spacing should be avoided when using this double-row
Gardeners must also realize that judicious use of water
and periodic (every two weeks) side dressing with a rapid-release,
Winterizer-type ratio fertilizer (3-1-2 such as 15-5-10) must
be used with this system to insure maximum yields. Weed control
in the space between plants that are planted double in a single
bed will be more tedious during the first weeks of establishment.
As crops mature, and compete with weeds for nutrients and
sunlight, weeds will become less of a problem.
Mandrell's concept of planting single in a double bed may
be an accepted technique for some gardeners, but the adventurous
types will try the more productive practice of planting double
on a single bed. Regardless of how you do it, DO IT NOW to
insure a fall gardening success!
For a direct-seeding chart for fall planting, see: | <urn:uuid:dd7a8638-0077-48eb-b978-13e7eaa86ee8> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://plantanswers.com/garden_column/july04/4.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039746061.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20181119171420-20181119193420-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.917479 | 1,310 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Former Bryant and May match factory
|Bow shown within Greater London|
|Population||27,720 (2011 census Bow East and Bow West wards)|
|OS grid reference|
|• Charing Cross||4.6 mi (7.4 km) W|
|Ceremonial county||Greater London|
|Sovereign state||United Kingdom|
|Postcode district||E3 E9 E20|
The area was formerly known as Stratford, and "Bow" is an abbreviation of the medieval name Stratford-atte-Bow, in which "Bow" refers to a bridge built in the early 12th century. Bow is adjacent to the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park and a section of the district is part of the park.
Old Ford, and with it Fish Island, are usually taken to be part of Bow, but Bromley-by-Bow (historically and officially just 'Bromley') immediately to the south, is a separate locality. These distinctions have their roots in historic parish boundaries.
Bow underwent extensive urban regeneration including the replacement or improvement of council homes, with impetus given by the staging of the 2012 Olympic Games at nearby Stratford. Today this regeneration is continuing.
Stratforde was first recorded as a settlement in 1177, the name derived from its Old English meaning of paved way to a ford. The ford originally lay on a pre-Roman trackway at Old Ford about 600 metres to the north, but when the Romans decided on Colchester as the initial capital for their occupation, the road was upgraded to run from the area of London Bridge, as one of the first paved Roman roads in Britain. The 'paved way' is likely to refer to the presence of a stone causeway across the marshes, which formed a part of the crossing.
In 1110 Matilda, wife of Henry I, reputedly took a tumble at the ford on her way to Barking Abbey, and ordered a distinctively bow-shaped, three-arched bridge to be built over the River Lea, The like of which had not been seen before; the area became known variously as Stradford of the Bow, Stratford of the Bow, Stratford the Bow, Stratforde the Bowe, and Stratford-atte-Bow' (at the Bow) which over time was shortened to Bow to distinguish it from Stratford Langthorne on the Essex bank of the Lea. Land and Abbey Mill were given to Barking Abbey for maintenance of the bridge, who also maintained a chapel on the bridge dedicated to St Katherine, occupied until the 15th century by a hermit. This endowment was later administered by Stratford Langthorne Abbey. By 1549, this route had become known as The Kings Way.
Responsibility for maintenance of the bridge was always in dispute, no more so than with the Dissolution of the Monasteries, when local landowners who had taken over the Abbey lands were found responsible. The bridge was widened in 1741 and tolls were levied to defray the expense, but litigation over maintenance lasted until 1834, when the bridge needed to be rebuilt and landowners agreed to pay half of the cost, with Essex and Middlesex sharing the other. The bridge was again replaced in 1834, by the Middlesex and Essex Turnpike Trust, and in 1866 West Ham took responsibility for its upkeep and that of the causeway and smaller bridges that continued the route across the Lea. In 1967 this bridge was replaced by a new modern bridge by the Greater London Council who also installed a two-lane flyover above it spanning the Blackwall Tunnel approach road, the traffic interchange, the River Lea and some of the Bow Back Rivers. This has since been expanded to a four-lane road.
There was a nearby Benedictine nunnery from the Norman era onwards, known as St Leonard's Priory and immortalized in Chaucer's description of the Nun Prioress in the General Prologue to his Canterbury Tales. However, Bow itself was still an isolated village by the early 14th century, often cut off from its parish church of St Dunstan's, Stepney by flood. In 1311 permission was granted to build St Mary's Church, Bow as a chapel of ease to allow the residents a local place of worship. The land was granted by Edward III, on the King's highway, thus beginning a tradition of island church building. Bow was made an Anglican parish of its own in 1719, with St Mary's as its parish church. The new parish included the Old Ford area, which has also been known as North Bow. The Anglican parish churches of St Barnabas Bethnal Green and St Paul's, Old Ford are in the Bow West and Bow East wards respectively.
The late 19th century and early 20th century also saw three Roman Catholic churches built for the area - Church of Our Lady and St Catherine of Siena (1870), Church of the Holy Name and Our Lady of the Sacred Heart (1894) and The Guardian Angels Church (1903).
Fairfield Road commemorates the Green Goose fair, held there on the Thursday after Pentecost. A Green Goose was a young or mid-summer goose, and a slang term for a cuckold or a 'low' woman. In 1630, John Taylor, a poet wrote At Bow, the Thursday after Pentecost, There is a fair of green geese ready rost, Where, as a goose is ever dog cheap there, The sauce is over somewhat sharp and deare., taking advantage of the double entendre and continuing with other verses describing the drunken rowdy behaviour of the crowds. By the mid-19th century, the authorities had had enough and the fair was suppressed.
During the 17th century Bow and the Essex bank became a centre for the slaughter and butchery of cattle for the City market. Additionally the piggery which used the mash residue produced by the gin mills at Three Mills meant a ready supply of animal bones, and local entrepreneurs Thomas Frye and Edward Heylyn developed a means to mix this with clay and create a form of fine porcelain, said to rival the best from abroad, known as Bow Porcelain. In November 1753, in Aris's Birmingham Gazette, the following advertisement appeared:
This is to give notice to all painters in the blue and white potting way and enamellers on china ware, that by applying at the counting-house at the china-house near Bow, they may meet with employment and proper encouragement according to their merit; likewise painters brought up in the snuff-box way, japanning, fan-painting, &c., may have an opportunity of trial, wherein if they succeed, they shall have due encouragement. N.B. At the same house a person is wanted who can model small figures in clay neatly.
The Bow China Works prospered, employing some 300 artists and hands, until about 1770, when one of its founders died. By 1776 all of its moulds and implements were transferred to a manufacturer in Derby. In 1867, during drainage operations at the match factory of Bell & Black at Bell Road, St. Leonard's Street, the foundations of one of the kilns were discovered*, with a large quantity of 'wasters' and fragments of broken pottery. The houses close by were then called China Row, but now lie beneath modern housing. Chemical analysis of the firing remains showed them to contain high quantities of bone-ash, pre-dating the claim of Josiah Spode to have invented the bone china process. More recent investigations of documentary and archaeological evidence suggests the concern was to the north of the High Street and across the river.
Bryant and MayEdit
In 1888, the match girls' strike occurred at the Bryant and May match factory in Fairfield Road. This was a forerunner of the suffragette movement fight for women's rights and also the trade union movement. The factory was rebuilt in 1911 and the brick entrance includes a depiction of Noah's Ark and the word 'Security' used as a trademark on the matchboxes. Match production ceased in 1979 and the building is now private apartments known as the Bow Quarter.
Emmeline Pankhurst began the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) in 1903 with her daughters Christabel and Sylvia. Sylvia became increasingly disillusioned with the Suffragette movement's inability to engage with the needs of working-class women like the match girls. Sylvia formed a breakaway movement, the East London Federation of Suffragettes, and based at 198 Bow Road, by the church, in a baker's shop. This was emblazoned with "Votes for Women" in large gold letters, and opened in October 1912. The local Member of Parliament, George Lansbury, resigned his seat to stand on a platform of women's enfranchisement. Sylvia supported him and Bow Road became the campaign office, culminating in a huge rally in nearby Victoria Park, but Lansbury was narrowly defeated and support for the project in the East End was withdrawn.
Sylvia refocused her efforts from Bow, and with the outbreak of World War I began a nursery, clinic and cost price canteen for the poor at the bakery. A paper, the Women's Dreadnought, was published to bring her campaign to a wider audience. At the close of war, the Representation of the People (Amendment) Act 1918 gave limited voting rights to property-owning women over the age of 30, and equal rights were finally achieved ten years later.
Pankhurst spent 12 years in Bow fighting for women's rights. She risked constant arrest and spent a lot of time in Holloway Prison, often on hunger strike. She finally achieved her aim, and along the way had alleviated some of the poverty and misery and improved social conditions for all in the East End.
In 1843 the engineer William Bridges Adams founded the Fairfield Locomotive Works, where he specialized in light engines, steam railcars (or railmotors) and inspection trolleys, including the Fairfield steam carriage for the Bristol and Exeter Railway and the Enfield for the Eastern Counties Railway. The business failed and the works closed circa 1872, later becoming the factory of Bryant and May.
Bow was the headquarters of the North London Railway, which opened its locomotive and carriage workshops in 1853. There were two stations, Old Ford and Bow. During World War 2 the North London Railway branch from Dalston to Poplar through Bow was so badly damaged that it was abandoned.
Bow station opened in 1850 and was rebuilt in 1870 in a grand style, designed by Edwin Henry Horne and featuring a concert hall that was 100 ft long (30 m) and 40 ft wide (12 m). This became The Bow and Bromley Institute, then in 1887 the East London Technical College and a Salvation Army hall in 1911. From the 1930s it was used as the Embassy Billiard Hall and after the war became the Bow Palais, but was demolished in 1956 after a fire.
Bow formed a part of the medieval parish of Stepney until becoming an independent parish in 1719. The parish vestry then undertook this responsibility until a rising population created the need for the Poplar Board of Works in 1855. This was superseded by the Metropolitan Borough of Poplar in 1900 until it was absorbed into the London Borough of Tower Hamlets in 1965.
Between 1986 and 1992 the name Bow applied to one of seven neighbourhoods to whom power was devolved from the council. This resulted in replacement of much of the street signage. Bow West and Bow East are two wards formed in 2002 that incorporate Old Ford and the eastern end of Bethnal Green (to Grove Road, parts of which used to comprise Mile End New Town, north of the Mile End Road). Bow lost its territory south of the Mile End Road to Bromley-by-Bow. These boundary changes are driven by the need to ensure a comparable number of electors for each ward within the borough.
Local council facilities are grouped around Roman Road market in Old Ford. The local library, now called an Idea Store, is in Gladstone Place. A community and tenants' hall is nearby. Access to council services is dealt with by the Bow and North Poplar One Stop Shop, in Ewart Place.
It is often said that to be a true Cockney you need to be born within earshot of the sound of Bow Bells and that these are the bells of Bow Church in the heart of Bow. However, the saying actually refers to St Mary-le-Bow, which is approximately three miles west on Cheapside, in the City of London. The other central feature of Bow is the bridge across the River Lea. Today it is a four-lane flyover over the Lea and Blackwall Tunnel approach. The old High Street has few active shops and it now known as Bromley High Street, with large-scale postwar housing to the south. The island church remains as a turning point for buses. The Blackwall Tunnel approach roads´ expansion from the two-lane road at the beginning of the 20th century to a six-lane urban motorway has occupied land at the expense of industry. What remains on the eastern side of the road is a canal-side enclave of small businesses and warehouses, with a large supermarket at the canal bridge to Three Mills and has largely considered to be part of Bromley-by-Bow.
Bow has become associated with the E3 postcode district, but a small part is in E15 and the southern half of Cadogan Terrace and all of Victoria Park which is in E9. Most of the E15 section has been changed to E20 because this part covers the Olympic Park. E3 includes Bromley-by-Bow, Old Ford, Mile End and the transpontine Three Mills in Newham. The modern Tower Hamlets wards of west and east Bow are associated more with the postcode than the settlement, and bounded by the Mile End Road in the south; the River Lea to the east; Victoria Park to the north; and Grove Road in the west.
The Hertford Union Canal links the River Lee Navigation and the Regent's Canal, running west from Old Ford Lock, along the south side of Victoria Park and linking at a basin, just to the west of Grove Road and the park, in the north of Mile End.
St Mary's Church stands on the traffic island in Bow Road, called Bow Church but not to be confused with St Mary-le-Bow in the City of London which has the famous Bow bells. Part of the church dates back to 1311. The base of the tower dates back to the late 15th century and the top of the tower was rebuilt after bomb damage in the Second World War.
A memorial to George Lansbury (1859–1940) stands on the corner of Bow Road and Harley Grove, near 39 Bow Road, his family home in the constituency until it was destroyed in the Blitz. It describes him as "A great servant of the people". Lansbury was twice Mayor of Poplar and MP for Bromley and Bow. In 1921, he led the Poplar Rates Rebellion. His daughter-in-law, Minnie Lansbury, was one of the 30 Poplar councillors sent to prison, and died six weeks after leaving prison. A memorial clock to her is over a row of shops on Bow Road, near the junction with Alfred Street.
The original Poplar Town Hall is on the south side of Bow Road, near the DLR station. It continues in use for registrations of births and marriages as Bromley Public Hall. It was rebuilt in the 1920s at the corner of Bow Road and Fairfield Road, now in a dilapidated condition and used as commercial offices. It contains the Poplar Assembly Rooms, now no longer used. The Builders, by sculptor David Evans is a frieze on the face of the building, unveiled by Lansbury on 10 December 1938: the Portland Stone panels commemorate the trades constructing the Town Hall and symbolise the borough's relationship with the River Thames and the youth of Poplar.
St Agnes, Chisenhale, Malmesbury Olga and Malmesbury primary schools are located in Bow, as is Central Foundation Girls School on Bow Road. Cherry Trees School is a specialist primary school located at Campbell Road in Bow.
Bow is connected to the National Road Network at the junction of the A12 East Cross Route and A11 Mile End Road. The proximity of tube stations mean that parking restrictions apply throughout the area.
Access to the Lee Navigation is via the towpath at Three Mills. South leads to the River Thames, but the towpath can often be blocked. North leads to Duckett's Cut (the Hertford Union Canal), which provides access to Victoria Park and joins the Regent's Canal near Mile End. Proceeding north along the Lea leads to Hackney Marshes. As this is within the Olympic Park the towpath may be closed unpredictably while building works are undertaken.
- "Tower Hamlets wards population 2011".
- Mills, D., Oxford Dictionary of London Place Names, (2000)
- 'Bethnal Green: Communications', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 11: Stepney, Bethnal Green (1998), pp. 88-90 accessed: 15 November 2006
- The Humanities Research Institute - Historical alternative names for Bow, London
- How Stratford became Bow Archived 20 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine. (East London History)
- 'West Ham: Rivers, bridges, wharfs and docks', A History of the County of Essex: Volume 6 (1973), pp. 57-61 accessed: 14 November 2006.
- The Copartnership Herald, Vol. I, no. 7 (September 1931) Archived 12 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine. accessed 14 Nov 2006
- A Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words, Obsolete Phrases, Proverbs James Orchard Halliwell-Phillipps pp. 416 (Smith, 1860)
- Green Goose Fair, in The Newe Metamorphosis BL Add. MS 14826, ff. 234r-40v (University of Bonn) Archived 19 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. accessed 5 Dec 2007
- 'Industries: Pottery: Bow porcelain', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 2: General; Ashford, East Bedfont with Hatton, Feltham, Hampton with Hampton Wick, Hanworth, Laleham, Littleton (1911), pp. 146-50 accessed: 18 November 2006
- Adams, E. and Redstone, D. Bow Porcelain pp.231 (London 1991)
- Exploring East London Archived 28 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine. accessed 27 Mar 2007
- "One of Sylvia's first actions occurred when she climbed a cart, in nearby Bromley High Street, and commenced to speak. Unfortunately, no one listened, she picked up a rock and threw it through the window of Selby's Undertakers. Her colleagues smashed windows in nearby buildings, and were taken to Bow Police station."
- Bow (Disused stations, site record) accessed 23 Oct 2007
- Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England, Vol. I, F. A. Youngs 1979
- Bow West (ward) councillors Archived 15 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine. accessed 5 April 2008
- Bow East (ward) councillors Archived 15 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine. accessed 5 April 2008
- Tower Hamlets Borough Council Election Maps 1964-2002 accessed 14 April 2007
- There is a local belief that this Statforde-atte-Bow was concerned with the legend of Dick Whittington. It is suggested that The Black Cat was in fact a barge travelling the River Lea
- statue Archived 28 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
- Labour History (book review) Archived 6 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine. accessed 29 Mar 2007
- Minnie Lansbury Memorial Clock Archived 28 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
- Public Monument & Sculpture Association Archived 16 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. date accessed 1 April 2007
- Chisenhale Primary website accessed 5 April 2008
- Olga Primary website accessed 5 April 2008
- Malmesbury Primary website accessed 5 April 2008
- "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 12 September 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-11.
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It is easy to get the answers you want from a survey. All you have to do is write the questions to 'encourage' the answers you want. Of course, the purpose of a survey is NOT to get the answers you want, so this is more of an example of what NOT to do.
Here is a good example. This is a survey to see if the respondent has libertarian views.
Question 1a) Do you believe in free speech? Answer 1a) Of course!!!
Question 1b) Do you believe that terrorists should be able to promote hatred of the United States on college campuses and in town centers? Answer 1b) Well . . . .
Question 2a) Do you believe that the government should end corporate welfare and stop giving handouts to companies? Answer 2a) Strongly!!!
Question 2b) Do you believe the government should provide R&D support for alternative energy and other promising new technologies? Of course they should!!
As you can see, the average person would come out as a libertarian using survey a) but not in survey b).
This also shows the importance of using examples. When you use an example, the question's implication becomes much clearer. But what you have to do to ensure objectivity is to provide an example on both sides so that you don't bias the answer. | <urn:uuid:c880b412-9977-4bf2-aafc-1e0c0a5a9f5f> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://humanfactors.blogspot.com/2006_10_30_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645177.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20180317135816-20180317155816-00546.warc.gz | en | 0.929168 | 274 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Tooth Decay is a big issue for young children. Healthychildren.org does a great job of giving information along with how to make sure your kid is starting good habits.
Teaching Good Dental Habits
The best way to protect your child’s teeth is to teach him good dental habits. With the proper coaching he’ll quickly adopt good oral hygiene as a part of his daily routine.
They go on to talk about important aspects regarding amount of toothpaste, brushing motion, sugar consumption and more.
Check out full story and keep your kids healthy! | <urn:uuid:9fd0158e-a1f3-4693-8c22-e26bae850e60> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://portpediatricdentistry.com/young-children-dental-health-and-hygiene/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224650409.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20230604225057-20230605015057-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.954512 | 118 | 2.875 | 3 |
Sodium Anisate (Sodium Anisate)
Sodium Anisate is a salt of Anisic Acid which is derived from Anise, a flowering plant native to the eastern Mediterranean region and Southwest Asia but found widely in numerous plants and is a powerful anti-inflamatory which has a soothing effect on irritated skin. The anti-inflammatory effect of this compound has been shown to be comparable to other agents like phospholipid analogues, sterols, or vitamin E analogues.
An intrinsic property of such organic acids, the acidity itself is very low. This makes organic acids ideal candidates for the gentle acidifying effect on human skin. Thus the natural acidic level of the skin can be maintained for a longer time. The correlation between physiological pH and healthy skin has been shown in many studies and there has been evidence that micro organisms like Propionibacterium acne and Staphylococcus aureus and even viruses are significantly reduced, by organic acids and when the normal pH on human skin is maintained at a stable level. | <urn:uuid:c8207c93-7f3a-441d-acfd-2a55a89ab322> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.r10labs.com/portfolio-items/sodium-anisate-sodium-anisate/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027313936.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20190818145013-20190818171013-00130.warc.gz | en | 0.937599 | 215 | 2.703125 | 3 |
With a population of over 8 million, the Uyghur people are easily one of the largest ethnic minority groups in China. The majority of them reside in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, although there are substantial constituencies of them in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkey. Smaller communities of Uyghurs can be found throughout the world, even as far as Germany, Australia, and the United States! They live primarily at the base of the Tianshan Mountains, with an estimated 80% of Xinjiang’s Uyghur population occupying territory surrounding the Tarim Basin. Outside of Xinjiang, the largest community of Uyghurs in China can be found in Taoyuan County of Hunan province.
When it comes to religion, they predominantly follow the Sunni branch of Islam and subscribe to the mystical Islamic tradition of Sufism, although they tend to distance themselves from other Muslim groups in China, such as the Hui people. Compared to China’s other ethnic minorities, the Uyghurs are profoundly physically diverse, ranging from people who look ethnically European or Middle Eastern to those who have a far more East Asian appearance. This physical diversity points to a difficulty in defining exactly what makes someone a member of the Uyghur ethnic group.
In the Turkic Uyghur language, the word “Uyghur” literally means “united” or “allied”, which is somewhat fitting when you consider that the Uyghur group is actually a melting pot made up of a multitude of ancient peoples! The term “Uyghur” was first used during the Northern Wei Dynasty (386–535) in reference to a clan of the Gaoche people, who were a group of Turkic tribes. Later on, the Gaoche became known as the Tiele people.
Historically, the Uyghurs were a nomadic tribe who spent much of their time as vassals to larger and more powerful ethnic groups, such as the Mongolians and the Han Chinese. However, that wasn’t to be the case for very long! In 734, the Turkish Khaganate (682–744), which had once ruled much of the area on China’s northern borders, started to fall apart and numerous Turkish subject tribes vied with one another to annex its valuable territory. After a lengthy period of warfare, the Uyghur people emerged victorious and established the Uyghur Khaganate (745-840). At its peak, its territory stretched from the Caspian Sea right through to Manchuria. Yet, rather confusingly, anyone who was a citizen of the Uyghur Khaganate was designated a Uyghur, regardless of their ethnic heritage.
It was at this time that the Uyghur people were influenced by Sogdian refugees and converted to Manichaeism. Their situation at one of the crucial stops along the Silk Road meant that trade blossomed in the Uyghur Khaganate, and this trading culture is still evidenced by the many lively markets throughout Xinjiang. Unfortunately, after a brutal famine and a civil war, the empire was overrun by the Kyrgyz people and collapsed in 840. The Uyghur refugees were forced to flee and ended up settling in the area surrounding the Tarim Basin. They established the Kingdom of Qocho (856–1335) and eventually converted to Buddhism.
As time went on, they gradually intermarried with the local people and became the Uyghur ethnic group that we know today. Islam arrived into China sometime during the 7th century and was widely spread by the Kara-Khanid Khanate (840–1212), which was a Turkic dynasty that ruled an area in Central Asia known as Transoxiana. By the 17th century, the majority of Uyghurs had finally adopted Islam as their main religion. The region where they lived, which was once known as East Turkistan, didn’t become part of China proper until it was conquered by the Qing Dynasty (1644-1912) in 1864 and renamed Xinjiang or “New Territory”. The small community of Uyghurs that currently live in Hunan province are descended from Uyghur soldiers that were sent to the region during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) to help quell a local rebellion.
Nowadays, the Uyghurs are well-known for their rich culture and fascinating customs. Throughout Xinjiang, visitors are consistently dazzled by the bright colours of their traditional dress, the sumptuous aroma of freshly grilled kebabs, the beauty of their local mosques, and the sprightly sounds of Uyghur musicians. In particular, a type of musical performance known as the 12 Muqams of the Uyghur people was designated by UNESCO as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2005, proving the impact that these people have had on local culture. In short, a trip to Xinjiang simply wouldn’t be complete without indulging in the opulence of Uyghur culture.
Read more about Uyghur Ethnic Minority:
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From the pesticides used in agriculture, insecticides and cleaners used in households, and solvents used in paints to toys made of synthetic products and artificial preservatives and additives in our food, man-made chemicals and pollutants are everywhere. With so many synthetic chemicals around us, could some of these products—as well as other aspects of our environment—be causing cancer in our canine companions?
Dr. Larry Glickman, veterinarian and epidemiologist at Purdue University, has no doubt that they do. “Of course. There are many chemicals and environmental factors known to cause cancer in people, and many may also cause cancer in pets. The problem,” he observes, “is that these are far better studied in humans than in pets.”
The dearth of study is a matter of both convenience and money. Says Glickman, “With humans, there are mandatory reporting systems for disease—such as death certificates, [which list the] immediate and underlying cause of death.” As a result, agencies can track how frequently certain diseases result in death, and thereby accumulate information as to whether there is an increase or decrease in specific cancers, for example. “With animals, we don’t have anything,” say Glickman. “We just have scattered pieces of data to look at frequency of diseases.” These include hospital records or, increasingly, insurance claim records. But, Glickman emphasizes, “This is way behind what has been done in humans.”
Clear Links Exist
Despite the scarcity of studies, some research has identified clear links between cancer in dogs and environmental factors. For instance, a 1983 study by Glickman and his colleagues revealed that dogs with a mesotheliomas (a rare tumor of the chest cavity) were more likely to have lived in households where owners had exposure to asbestos, or to have gone with their owners to workplaces in which asbestos materials were handled (e.g., shipbuilding and brake repair). Additionally, chrysolite asbestos fibers were found in significantly higher amounts in the lung tissue of these dogs than in dogs with other types of lung tumors and no history of exposure to asbestos.
In another example, Glickman notes that “exposure to cigarette smoke has been shown to increase nasal cancer in dogs.” Long-nosed dogs are two times more likely to develop nasal cancer if they live with a smoker than if they are not exposed to cigarette smoke, and the incidence of canine nasal cancer increases with the number of packs the human in the household smokes per day. Similarly, short-nosed dogs are twice as likely to develop lung cancer if they live in a house with cigarette smokers. In these dogs, cotinine levels (a metabolite of nicotine) in the urine are high compared to those of dogs in nonsmoking households. Taken together, these findings suggest that the longer air-filtration system of long-nosed dogs serves to protect them from lung cancer but also predisposes them to developing nasal cancer.
Glickman’s own research has revealed other environmental risks. As he reported in 1989 in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, female dogs exposed to insecticides in flea sprays and dips are at higher risk of developing bladder cancer than those on whom such products are not used. As with nicotine, the compounds in dips and sprays are absorbed into the bloodstream. The body gets rid of these products by excreting them into the urine. The risk is further enhanced in overweight females, most likely because the compounds, once absorbed, are retained in fat. Animals with more fat retain more of the chemicals. And finally, risk was also elevated in females who lived close to a second potential source of insecticides—a marsh that had been sprayed for control of mosquitoes, for example. | <urn:uuid:42c046be-637e-4d43-b861-09e322f4186c> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://thebark.com/content/do-environmental-pollutants-cause-cancer-dogs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701159376.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193919-00079-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973305 | 786 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Atkins, Brown & Hammond (2007) define Open Educational Resources (OER) this way: "OER are teaching, learning and research materials that reside in the public domain or have been released under an intellectual property license that permits their free use or re-purposing by others."
This EdWeek video provides an introduction to OER, including a definition of OER and an introduction of some of OER's benefits and common concerns.
The resources used in this guide are released under Creative Commons Licenses.
This guide was adapted by Sarah Guy from the UNCG Guide "Open Educational Resources" by Beth Bernhardt.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. | <urn:uuid:11a46867-e188-45da-8c0c-67da8448dc2b> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://nclive.libguides.com/oer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655882051.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20200703122347-20200703152347-00287.warc.gz | en | 0.910662 | 148 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Will E-Cigarettes Scar a Generation?
Generation Z have succumb to the temptations of e-cigarettes, a generation likely to never smoke cigarettes. Will this cause long term health effects and lasting damage?
In the 1960s, more than 40 percent of the United States adult population smoked cigarettes (National Center for Health Statistics 2005). As time went on, the health effects that are a result of long term tobacco use were prevalent. Soon, parents and teachers were passing on the message to not smoke cigarettes. In 2017, 14% of U.S. adults were current cigarette smokers. The amount of cigarette smokers significantly decreased and it was no longer commonplace to smoke cigarettes in public settings. So why is it that now in 2019 there have been so many children and young adults having health complications that lead back to smoking? The e-cigarette industry.
Particular brands, like the most common used e-cigarette, juul have marketed specifically towards young adults. The discrete design makes the juul easily concealable. Most young people are vaping, about 68% of the $2 billion e-cigarette market are using the juul. (National Center for Health Research 2019). The juul uses cartridges that are flavored. The fruity flavors make these very appealing to children. Children are able to bring these e-cigarettes into school since they are so discreet. This makes for an unsafe environment for others. Many children use their e-cigarettes in class while the teachers back is turned. Other children are introduced to this behavior and it is extremely easy to join in or be peer pressured into it. However, the health effects are the most concerning.
“As of October 2019, 18 deaths and more than 1,000 cases of serious lung illness related to e-cigarettes have been reported in the media,” (National Center for Health Research 2019). Most teens and young adults think that they are being smart and healthy by not smoking cigarettes, but instead smoking e-cigarettes. This is not true. The effects of vaping are intense and real. E-cigarette companies should be reprimanded for marketing to teens and young adults. The message of not smoking cigarettes and e-cigarettes should be spread. The percentage of people who vape needs to drop. Children can not continue down this road of vaping. “A 2017 study found that non-smoking adults were four times more likely to start smoking traditional cigarettes after only 18 months of vaping, which includes juuling”, (National Center for Health Research 2019). Without changing the standards and regulations of the e-cigarette industry, these products will continue to be mass produced and made easily accessible to younger generations. Without the message spread throughout homes and schools, younger generations will not be educated on the health effects. Change is needed. | <urn:uuid:bc74f66f-0ac7-457b-82e2-d6f4649129aa> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://newspaperlessness.com/2019/10/07/editorial-draft-gcatt310/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991641.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20210511025739-20210511055739-00402.warc.gz | en | 0.950653 | 561 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Research is verifying what many teachers know: Well-designed digital games in the classroom increase student engagement, learning and retention. They improve students’ on-task time and even their social and emotional well-being. The benefits are especially significant when high-quality games are integrated into a curriculum over multiple lessons. So how can we put this knowledge to use as our new school year begins?
As a science teacher of students in grades seven to 12, I look for well-designed games to teach common core and the Next Generation Science Standards. Being well-designed means that the games are fun to play, teach important content through engaging game mechanics and are based on learning theory. The player should feel challenged to solve interesting and relevant problems with newly-gained understanding. There should be multiple ways to progress through the game and win. Frequent experimentation and failure — yes, failure! — in the game should be encouraged and result in a pleasant frustration that drives the player to try new strategies until challenges are mastered. If it’s a really high-quality game students will keep playing it on their own, and keep learning, even after they leave my classroom.
Games that teach 21st-century skills and systems thinking are most valuable since they prepare students for future learning and careers. I have little use for the all-too-common digital “games” that drill students on low-level memorization, which has minimal value in preparing students for the future. Even if simple recall was my goal, which it is not, my students see right through poorly-designed learning games and perceive them as boring digital worksheets with token rewards. Most of my students are not afraid to let me know when teachers refer to an activity as a game, but it doesn’t meet students’ requirements to really be considered a game.
In our era of standardized testing and accountability, curriculum demands on teachers are intense. Few teachers have time to add one more thing into the curriculum. Some of my colleagues feel game-playing in the classroom takes too much time away from important curriculum requirements. I’ve even had a few students who excel in traditional school environments tell me that real games don’t belong in school because games are fun and school isn’t supposed to be fun; it’s supposed to be hard work. That sentiment deeply troubles me. Rather than participate in an institution that has indoctrinated the “good” students with a message that prioritizes grit to plow through a shopping-list of boring content, it would be vastly preferable to stoke students’ passion to pursue their interests and find enjoyment in learning. Don’t we always talk about creating lifelong learners? Wouldn’t it be great if kids had the same passion for school as they do for the commercial video games to which they enthusiastically give so much of their time and talent?
As teachers, there are ways we can incorporate well-designed educational games into our existing curricular goals with minimal extra efforts. Research-based learning games aligned to the standards we are already addressing are emerging as fun, effective teaching tools. Here are some tools I’ve used with students:
- PLEx Life Science. It pairs a half-dozen online games on cells, heredity, plant growth, biodiversity, human physiology and pathogens with a month of standards-based life science curriculum.
- Code.org’s Hour of Code initiative. I used this with my middle-school students last year. I used many parts of the free coding curriculum from the site in my classes, and several students now independently are learning programming languages via MOOCs since my school does not offer classes in coding.
- EcoMUVE and Radix Endeavor are rich, multi-user virtual learning environments. They offer teams of students opportunities to run experiments, gather and analyze ecosystem data, form hypotheses and communicate scientific results.
As you head back into your classroom for a new year, I challenge you to incorporate some high-quality educational games into your teaching in a meaningful way. Your students will thank you for it, and they’ll be better prepared for the future.
Michele L. Huppert is a national board certified physics and earth science teacher at Spring Valley Middle-High School in Wisconsin and a National Geographic Society Grosvenor Teacher Fellow. She has participated in several NSF Research Experience for Teachers programs, most recently as a Teacher Fellow with Filament Games in Madison, Wis.
If you enjoyed this article, join SmartBrief’s email list for more stories about education. We offer newsletters covering EdTech, Higher Education and more. | <urn:uuid:a8bd7f97-a4ff-442c-bb2d-51765c39e65b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://corp.smartbrief.com/original/2016/05/integrating-game-based-learning-school-year | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100632.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207022257-20231207052257-00304.warc.gz | en | 0.962972 | 953 | 3.765625 | 4 |
“Something Wicked This Way Comes”:Witchcraft in Shakespeare’s Macbeth & the Connection to Elizabethan England
By Stephanie Petsche
Witchcraft and the supernatural has been a prevalent theme throughout theatre history, taking place in characters and issues of witches, wizards, magic, ghosts, and other mysticisms. The world’s most famous playwright, William Shakespeare, who wrote during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, was definitely no stranger to otherworldly premises.
|On account of the fascination and fear of preternatural creatures, and the persecution of witches and in Elizabethan England, Shakespeare included an abundance of supernatural elements into his works. The presence and significance of magic is most prevalent in Shakespeare’s play of Macbeth, with the Three Witches and their influencing, visionary powers of dark sorcery and the ostensibly mad Lady Macbeth.
The witchery exhibited in Macbeth, (written around 1600–1606), is arguably a reflection of the societal climate of Europe at the time it was composed–An era where witches evoked feelings of major suspicion and panic, yet were also intriguing. The overall tone of the play and the correlation between the witchcraft of Macbeth and the society of Elizabethan England is best explained by William Shakespeare himself through the Three Witches, “Fair is foul, and foul is fair. Hover through the fog and filthy air,” (Shakespeare, I, i, 12–13).
The Three Witches or ‘Weird Sisters’ are the first characters that appear in Macbeth, and their words in that opening act set the mood for the overall story and their malicious intentions. Whether or not they are the cause of King Macbeth’s downfall and homicidal tendencies is debatable, but it is certain they used their sorcery to influence him, “The Three Witches are only responsible for the introduction of these ideas and for further forming ideas in Macbeth’s head, but they are not responsible for his actions throughout the play,” (Mabillard 2000: 1).
They use cunning forms of temptation when they say Macbeth is destined to be king of Scotland and show him their foretelling visions/apparitions (Shakespeare I, iii, 1–75). Consequently, by placing these initial ideas in his mind, the Witches essentially put him on the path to his own ruin. The Three Witches use of sorcery and divination is obviously for malevolent intent; and “They are clearly agents of a darker power, in league with Hecate, the goddess of the underworld, and their purpose is to foment ‘toil and trouble’ for mankind,” (Fallon 2002: 165).
The Weird Sisters themselves serve to represent the darkness and evil in Macbeth, Lady Macbeth, and in the larger context of the play itself. As the characters first shown in Macbeth and the subsequent prophesies they reveal to Macbeth, the Three Witches are probably the catalysts for all the bloodshed and craziness that occurs throughout the rest of the story, although that has been debated for years, (Fallon 2002: 163–164). The Witches are described by Shakespeare to be quite androgynous, and not definitively male or female, and not clearly human or a form supernatural creature– which only adds to their mystery and function. On the stage, the Witches are normally played by women but are represented differently and with much creative liberty, depending on the era, location, director, and version of the performance. The Witches appear to have inspired very different reactions and emotions in the history of theatre and drama, from voodoo prophetesses, upper–class royalty, to choruses of singers, (Dickinson 2005: 195–196). Yet, in the original version of Shakespeare’s Macbeth, The Bard describes his Weird Sisters (via Banquo) as, “So withered and so wild in their attire, That look not like th’ inhabitants o’ th’ Earth,” and “You should be women, And yet your beards forbid me to interpret that you are so,” (Shakespeare, I, i, 40–41, 46–48).
While the Three Witches may not be definitively women, it is probable that the leading woman of the play, Lady Macbeth, could be in league with the Witches, and be a dark witch herself. Lady Macbeth is clearly insane, but she also acts much like a woman practicing witchcraft—calling evil spirits to her and influencing Macbeth to kill, much like the Three Witches do, (Shakespeare, I, v, 28–33). Witches and sorceresses in the fifteenth–century England were thought to be in covenant with the devil/Satan himself, and lived on the cusp between the material and spiritual–mystical worlds; they were nearly always / stereotypically women. Lady Macbeth develops the qualities associated with the cunning, evil Weird Sisters as the play progresses– no regard for integrity, devious, wicked, and signs of mystical powers.
Further adding to the notion of the Lady being somewhat otherworldly, she wants to be “unsexed” to achieve her murderous ambitions, reflecting the androgyny of the Witches themselves, (Dickinson 2005:196–197). Lady Macbeth behaves androgynously, with the strength and ambition of a man, the resourceful evilness of an insane woman, and possesses influences of another world– but the truth remains that she is a woman, and is consistently understood to be and depicted as one on the stage. Accordingly, the fact that Lady Macbeth acts as a mad, power–hungry murderess that mirrors great resemblance to the Weird Sisters reflects highly on Elizabethan culture, and their common portrayals and ideas about witches.
The European societies of the late sixteenth through the seventeenth–centuries were remarkably fascinated with mysterious and supernatural phenomenon like fairies, ghosts, magic, and most especially witches and witchcraft. The people of Elizabethan England were constantly facing uncertainty of life and death with the Bubonic Plague and wars raging throughout the continent, while famine, diseases, and other catastrophes were also constant concerns. Logically, the European people needed someone or something to be held responsible for these terrible events, and religion or God was a major source for explaining the disasters—At the same time, witches, witchcraft, and otherworldly wonders were also frequently regarded as culpable. William Shakespeare, among other writers, incorporated these otherworldly elements into his plays most likely for the same reason; to find some kind of rationale for all the misfortune in the world. Throughout Elizabethan England, witches bared the brunt of most of this blame, which is cleverly emulated in written works and artistic pieces of the time period, principally in Macbeth, (Alchin 2005: 1–4).
Being a male–chauvinist society, supposed witches in England were nearly always women—Either female healers who had knowledge of medicinal remedies (herbs, plants, etc) or women who were too old, weak, poor, or widowed to combat the rumors of their ‘sorcery.’ Thus, the combination of fear, panic, and lack of culpability for all the calamity, caused riots and tremendous upheaval regarding witches, magic, and witch–hunts. Queen Elizabeth herself actually issues a statute in the mid–sixteenth century, the Witchcraft Act of 1562, condemning any form of magic or mysterious behavior, which was further expanded upon by her successor, James I in 1604. The Witchcraft Act of 1562 sated that, “Anyone who should “use, practice should use, practice, or exercise any witchcraft, enchantment, charm, or sorcery, whereby any person shall happen to be killed or destroyed, was guilty of felony without benefit of clergy, and was to be put to death,” (Alchin 2005: 6–9).
William Shakespeare lived amidst all the supernatural phenomenon infatuation and witch–hunting chaos, which had clear influence on his compositions. As such, Shakespeare’s use of magic, witchcraft, and mystical elements play a more meaningful purpose in his works. The mysticisms and themes serve as vehicles into the feelings and beliefs of English culture throughout that era.
Macbeth, on an elementary level, is a play about ambition, sorcery, treachery, murder, and revenge; it is a dark and somewhat ambiguous work, which is a seamless channel into the society and mood of England during its composition. As stated before, the sixteenth–seventeenth centuries were a time of unrest, change, and uncertainty in Europe and Macbeth is a murkier reflection of this. The homicidal tendencies of Macbeth, Lady Macbeth, and nearly every other character make the possibility of death all the more likely in the play, much like the odds of death due to the Bubonic Plague, war, and/or famine are all the more real. In connection to the murderous characters, the incredible violence and additional bloodshed that occurs throughout Macbeth can also be another representation of the calamitous history surrounding Shakespeare and Queen Elizabeth I. History acts as a part of nearly every Shakespeare play, and considering he was a product of the past English history and a medium to the future history of England–the fact that he wrote a dramatic piece about the history of Scotland, presents a fascinating correlation between the Elizabethan era and his writing. Furthermore, the historical aspect of the play adds to the conspiracy, mystery, and ambiguity of Macbeth. The manipulation and treachery by the Three Witches and Lady Macbeth paradoxically mirror the betrayal faced by women of Elizabethan England who were wrongly accused of being witches and doing sorcery.
The Weird Sisters and Lady Macbeth are all that women are not supposed to be in Elizabethan society, which is ironic as well since there was a powerful, single, woman monarch. The Witches are androgynous, power–seeking, independent, strong–willed, manipulative, otherworldly, scary, and ultimately insane. The women in Shakespeare’s day had no rights (legal or otherwise), and their jobs were to get married, raise babies, and obey their husbands or whatever man is in charge, (Alchin 2005: 12–15). The Witches, while supernatural, are depicted as single women with a manipulative and wicked nature, which is why so many women were accused of and persecuted for supposedly being actual witches. Lady Macbeth, as a probable agent of the witches, is equally as manipulative and wicked, but also extremely strong–willed, power–hungry, and evidently mad—Characteristics which also were condemned as being sorceress–like, but more importantly for the context of Shakespeare’s writing they were characteristics essentially unattributed to women in the fifteenth–sixteenth centuries.
“Fair is foul, and foul is fair. Hover through the fog and filthy air,” (Shakespeare, I, i, 12–13). The infamous quote by the legendary Three Witches IS perfect idiom to describe the historical and cultural framework during William Shakespeare’s composition of Macbeth, and the supernatural mysticisms so prevalent throughout it. The correlation between the witch fearing and otherworldly fascination of Elizabethan England and the dramatic play of Macbeth is undeniably the Three Witches, their influences of dark magic and prophesy, and the passionate, scheming, yet ethereal nature of Lady Macbeth. The supernatural has been a theme throughout the history of theatre and drama, and William Shakespeare through the play Macbeth, makes the paranormal enthralling, but also historically reflective of his time; yet still significant to modern times–nearly five centuries later.
- Alchin, Linda. “Elizabethan Witchcraft and Witches.” Elizabethan Era Educational Encyclopedia. 16 May 2005. http://www.elizabethan–era.org.uk/elizabethan–witchcraft–and–witches.html.
- Dickinson, Andrew. The Rough Guide to Shakespeare: The Plays, the Poems, the Life. London: Rough Guides, 2005.
- Fallon, Robert Thomas. A Theatergoer’s Guide to Shakespeare’s Themes. Chicago: I.R. Dee Publishing, 2002.
- Mabillard, Amanda. “Symbolism in Macbeth.” Shakespeare Online. 20 Aug. 2000. http://www.shakespeare–online.com/faq/macbethfaq/symbolismmacbeth.html.
- McGinn, Colin. Shakespeare’s Philosophy: Discovering the Meaning Behind the Plays. New York: HarperCollins, 2006.
- Shakespeare, William. Macbeth. Editor Alan Durband. New York: Barron’s Educational Series Inc., 1985.
- Waters, Howard. “Ghosts, Witches, and Shakespeare.” Insights. Cedar City: Southern Utah University, 2006. | <urn:uuid:8340243a-e0ff-479a-8de9-948baef44a8b> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://blog.world-mysteries.com/science/shakespeare-and-witchcraft/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928865.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00211-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947822 | 2,704 | 2.96875 | 3 |
In this article we study a simple computer USB 3.7V li-ion battery charger circuit with auto-cut off, current control features.
How it Works
The circuit can be understood with the help of the following description:
The IC LM358 is configured as a comparator. The IC LM741 is not used since it is not specified to work with voltages lower than 4.5V.
Pin#2 which is the inverting input of the IC is used as the sensing pin and is attached with a preset for the required adjustments and setting.
Pin#3 which is the non-inverting input of the opamps is reference at 3V by clamping it with a 3V zener diode.
A couple of LEDs can be seen wired across the output pin of the opamp, for detecting and indicating the charging condition of the circuit. Green LED indicates the battery is being charged while the red illuminates as soon as the battery is fully charged, and supply is cut off to the battery.
How to Charge using USB Port
Please remember that the charging process can be quite slow and may take many hours, because the current from USB of a computer is normally very low and may range between 200mA to 500mA depending on which number port is used for the purpose.
Once the circuit is assembled and set up, the below shown design can be used for charging any spare Li-Ion Battery through the USB port.
First connect the battery across the indicated points, and then plug in the USB connector with your computer's USB socket. The green LED should instant become ON indicating the battery is being charged.
You can attach a voltmeter across the battery to monitor its charging, and check whether the circuit cuts off the supply correctly or not at the specified limit.
Since the current from a computer USB can be quite less, the current control stage can be ignored and the above design can be much simplified as shown below:
Video Clip showing the automatic cut off action, when the Li-Ion cell is charged upto 4.11V:
Please note that the circuit will not initiate charging unless a battery is connected prior to power switch ON, therefore please connect the battery first before connecting it to the USB port
An LM358 has two opamps which means one opamp is wasted here and remains unused, therefore LM321 may be tried instead to avoid the presence of an idle unused opamp.
How to Set up the above USB Li-ion Charger Circuit:
That's extremely easy to implement.
- First, make sure the preset is moved at the ground side fully. Meaning, the pin#2 should be at ground level through the preset initially.
- Next, without any battery connected, apply an exact 4.2 V across the +/- supply lines of the circuit, through an accurate adjustable power supply.
- You will see the green LED coming ON instantly.
- Now, slowly rotate the preset, until the green LED just shuts OFF, and the RED LED switches ON.
- That's all! The circuit is now all set to cut off at 4.2 V when the actual Li-Ion cell reaches this level.
- For the final testing, connect a discharged battery to the shown position, plug-in the input power through a computer USB socket, and have fun watching the cell getting charged and cut-off at the stipulated 4.2 V threshold.
Constant Current CC Feature Added
As can be seen , a constant current feature has been added by integrating the BC547 stage with base of the main BJT.
Here the Rx resistor determines the current sensing resistor, and in case the maximum current limit is reached, the potential drop developed across this resistor quickly triggers the BC547, which grounds the base of the driver BJT, shutting down its conduction and charging of the battery.
Now, this action keeps oscillating at the current limit threshold, enabling the required constant current, CC controlled charging for the connected Li-ion battery.
Current Limiting not Required for USB Power
Although a current limiting facility is shown, this may not be required when the circuit is used with an USB since the USB already is quite low with current and adding a limiter may be useless.
The current limiter should be used only when the source current is substantially high, such as from a solar anel or from another battery
Improving the Circuit Further
After some testing it appeared that the Darlington transistor was unable to switch sufficient current to a Li-Ion cells, especially which were deeply discharged. This resulted in a difference in voltage levels across the cell, and across the supply rails of the circuit.
To combat this issue, I tried to improve the design further, by replacing the single Darlington BJT with a pair of NPN/PNP network, as given below:
This design improved the current delivery significantly, and resulted in a reduction in the margin of difference between the battery terminal voltage level and the actual supply voltage level, and therefore false cut-off switching.
The following video, shows the test result using the above circuit:
Using a 5V Relay
The above designs can be also built using a 5V, which will ensure the best possible current delivery to the cell and faster charging. The circuit diagram can be seen below:
This article was substantially changed recently and therefore the older comment discussions may not match with the circuit diagram shown in this present updated design and explanation. | <urn:uuid:89b21b36-9106-4814-b2de-a5d774395809> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.homemade-circuits.com/usb-automatic-li-ion-battery-charger/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703531429.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20210122210653-20210123000653-00731.warc.gz | en | 0.924859 | 1,123 | 2.953125 | 3 |
- [C]大衣 a long warm coat worn over other clothes in cold weather
a heavy coat worn over clothes in winter
an additional protective coating (as of paint or varnish)
- He turned his overcoat collar up.
- Although I am wearing an overcoat, I am still cold.
- That overcoat should see me through the winter.
- She didn't put on an overcoat though it was very cold outside.
- He walked out into the snow, heavily muffled up in a thick scarf and warm overcoat.
- Men and women wear overcoats in cold weather.
- When the weather is cold I put on an overcoat before going out of doors.
- He threw his overcoat across his shoulders.
- He wore a hat, gloves and an overcoat.
Onions boiled in their overcoats.出自： Dylan Thomas
- overcoat, clothes, clothing, coat, dress, suit
- He spent a lot of money on clothes when he was young.他年轻时花很多钱买衣服。
- People of different climates wear different clothing.生活在不同气候条件下的人衣着也不相同。
- This is a factory that makes children's clothing.这是一家童装厂。
- I've bought a coat for my daughter.我替女儿买了一件大衣。
- These coats are in the newest style.这些西装上衣都是最新款式的。
- She wore a long, white dress for the wedding.她穿着一件长长的白色结婚礼服。
- Men and boys wear overcoats in cold weather.天冷时，人们都穿大衣。
- My brother wore a new suit for the party.我哥哥穿一身新西服去参加晚会。 | <urn:uuid:73ffa2b8-afa0-4d9c-b519-d487eafb86bb> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://dict.cn/overcoat | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141652107.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20201201043603-20201201073603-00255.warc.gz | en | 0.668611 | 508 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Research suggests that antioxidants and other important nutrients may reduce your risk of cataracts and macular degeneration. Specific antioxidants can have additional benefits as well; for example, vitamin A protects against blindness, and vitamin C may play a role in preventing or alleviating glaucoma.
The following vitamins, minerals and other nutrients have been shown to be essential for good vision and may protect your eyes from sight-robbing conditions and diseases.
Beta-Carotene rich foods such as carrots, sweet potatoes, spinach, kale, and butternut squash when taken in combination with zinc and vitamins C and E, may reduce the progression of macular degeneration.
To help protect against cataracts and macular degeneration, eat a diet rich in bioflavonoids, which comes from tea, red wine, citrus fruits, bilberries, blueberries, cherries, legumes, and soy products.
Lutein & Zeaxanthin
Eating plenty of spinach, kale, turnip greens, collard greens, and squash may prevent cataracts and macular degeneration because they are rich in Lutein and Zeaxanthin.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids, such as salmon, mackerel and herring, freshly ground flaxseeds, and walnuts may help prevent macular degeneration (AMD) and dry eyes.
Foods such as beef or chicken liver, eggs, butter, and milk contain vitamin A and may protect against night blindness and dry eyes.
Vitamin C rich foods like sweet peppers (red or green), kale, strawberries, broccoli, oranges, cantaloupe, may reduce the risk of cataracts and macular degeneration.
Foods high in vitamin D such as salmon, sardines, mackerel, and milk may reduce the risk of macular degeneration. The best source of vitamin D is exposure to sunlight. Ultraviolet radiation from the sun stimulates production of vitamin D in human skin, and just a few minutes of exposure to sunlight each day will insure your body is producing adequate amounts of vitamin D.
Vitamin E rich foods like almonds, sunflower seeds, and hazelnuts may reduce the risk of advanced AMD.
Zinc rich foods such as oysters, beef, Dungeness crab, turkey (dark meat) may play a role in reducing risk of advanced AMD and reduce the risk of night blindness.
In general, it’s best to obtain most nutrients through a healthy diet, including at least two servings of fish per week and plenty of colorful fruits and vegetables.
We recommend trying Imperfect Produce– a company that sources not so perfect fruits and veggies and delivers them right to your door at 30-50% less than the grocery store. You can even get $10 off your first order! | <urn:uuid:1a4605bc-eba5-4b14-a4b0-67e20dd8a32b> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.eyeballsseattle.com/tag/cataracts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178378872.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20210307200746-20210307230746-00090.warc.gz | en | 0.898108 | 592 | 3.21875 | 3 |
1. Epistemologia, logica e dialettica -- 2. Fisica, antropologia e metafisica -- 3. Filosofia pratica -- 4, pt. 1. L'influenza di Aristotele: antichità, Medioevo e Rinascimento -- v. 4, pt. 2. L'influenza di Aristotele: età moderna e contemporanea.
I. In analytic philosophy, so-called 'univocalism' is the prevailing interpretation of the meaning of terms such as 'being' or 'existence', i.e. the thesis that these terms have only one meaning (see Russell, White, Quine, van Inwagen). But some analytical philosophers, inspired by Aristotle, maintain that 'being' has many senses (Austin, Ryle). II. Aristotle develops an argument in favour of this last thesis, observing that 'being' and 'one' cannot be a single genus, because they are predicated of their differences (Metaph. B (...) 3). III. But 'being' for Aristotle has also a unity, i.e. 'focal meaning', which coincides with substance (Metaph. Γ 2), and substance has not only an ontological priority, but also a logical priority, in respect to the other beings, as was shown by G. E. L. Owen. IV. This 'focal meaning' cannot be identified with primary substance, i.e. with the unmovable mover, as some interpreters pretend, because this latter has only an ontological, not a logical, priority in respect to the world. V. The impossibility of this interpretation results from Aristotle's rejection of an essence and a substance of being (Metaph. B 4), i.e. the rejection of what the Christian philosophers called esse ipsum subsistens. (shrink)
In his recent edition, with translation and commentary, of Aristotle, Eth. Nic. VI, Hans-Georg Gadamer reproposes his interpretation of Aristotle's practical philosophy as a model for his own hermeneutics, confirming in this way his tendency to identify practical philosophy with the intellectual virtue of phronesis. Furthermore, although he recognizes the primacy attributed by Aristotle to the theoretical life, Gadamer tends to undervalue it and to consider phronesis and sophia at the same level. In particular he believes that the theoretical life (...) was for Aristotle an ideal accessible only to the gods. Unlike Heidegger, who refuses Aristotle's position because of the primacy of theoretical life, but appropriates his practical philosophy, Gadamer thinks that today is still possible to follow Aristotle, but only if we reduce that primacy. The article shows how, according to Gadamer, what Aristotle says about theoretical life, if rightly understood, can still be accepted. /// Na sua edição recente, com tradução e comentário ao Livro VI da Ética a Nicómaco de Aristóteles, Hans-Georg Gadamer reaflrma a sua interpretação dafllosofia prática de Aristóteles como modelo para a sua hermenêutica, confirmando deste modo a sua tendência a identificar a filosofia pratica de Aristóteles com a virtude dianoética da phronesis. Além disso, e apesar de reconhecer o primado atribuido por Aristóteles à vida teorética, Gadamer tende a desvalorizá-lo e a considerar a phronesis e a sophia como estando no mesmo piano. Gadamer parece especialmente convencido de que a vida teoretica para Aristóteles constitui um ideal apenas acessivel aos deuses. Ao contrário de Heidegger, que refuta a posição de Aristóteles por causa do primado atribuido à vida teorética, mas se apropria da sua filosqfia prática, Gadamer pensa ser ainda possivel seguir Aristóteles, para o efeito apenas se exigindo uma redimensionação desse primado. Enfim, o artigo demonstra como, segundo Gadamer, aquilo que Aristoteles diz acerca da vida teorética pode, se correctamente entendido, ser aceite ainda hoje. (shrink)
La classificazione delle scienze di Pietro d'Abano costituisce un'interessante riformulazione della classificazione analoga, proposta da Aristotele in Metaph. VI, e della teoria degli abiti dianoetici, proposta da Aristotele in Eth. Nic. VI. Come risulta dal Conciliator per quanto concerne la medicina e dal Lucidator per quanto concerne l'astronomia, Pietro segue la classificazione aristotelica e le interpretazioni che di essa erano state date nel medioevo , aggiungendovi come contributo originale l'introduzione di una parte pratica sia nella medicina che nell'astronomia , dove (...) quest'ultima deriva da Tolomeo e dagli Arabi. Peter of Abano's classification of the sciences is an interesting reformulation of the analogous classification proposed by Aristotle in Metaphysics VI, and of Aristotle's theory of the dianoetic habits found in Nichomachean Ethics VI. As apparent in the Conciliator for medicine and in the Lucidator for astronomy, Peter follows the Aristotelian classification and the interpretations of it given in Middle Ages , adding as his own original contribution the introduction of a practical part on medicine and on astronomy , the latter derived from Ptolemy and the Arabs. (shrink)
In order to explain the contemporary relevance of Aristotle’s thought, the following discussion explores various examples of Aristotelian theories, concepts, and distinctions which remain at the centre of the philosophical debate. From the domain of logic we consider the notion of category, which was developed by G. Ryle, the distinction between apophantic and semantic discourse, that was stressed by J. Austin, the debate on the principle of non- contradiction, and the theory of fallacies; from the domain of physics, we examine (...) the concepts of substrate, form, continuum, and time, which have been discussed by I. Prigogine and R. Thom; from the field of biology, we consider the function of form in animal generation, which M. Delbrück has compared to the role of DNA; from the field of psychology, we look at the notion of soul as a complex of dispositions, which has been identified by many philosophers as a solution of the “Mind-Body Problem;” from the realm of ethics, we investigate the distinction between action and production, an approach developed by H. Arendt, and the virtue of phronesis, which has been developed by H. G. Gadamer and A. McIntyre. In particular, we discuss the Aristotelian theory of the ambiguity of the concept of being, the notion of “focal meaning,” that has been developed by G. E. L. Owen, and the function of form in the identification of individuals, which has been pursued by M. Frede. (shrink)
I discuss Enrico Berti “Saggezza o filosofia pratica?” published in the current issue of “Ethics & Politics”. I argue that Kant’s normative ethics was in fact a kind of virtue ethics and most of the opposition between Aristotelianism and Kantian ethics in the last three decades has been basically an exercise in cross-purpose.
Comparaison entre la philosophie pratique aristotélisante d'aujourd'hui, représentée en Allemagne surtout par H.G. Gadamer, J. Ritter et leurs élèves, et les théories d'Aristote sur la phronesis et l'ethos, visant à montrer que ces dernières, dans la pensée du Stagirite, ne remplissent pas, contrairement à ce que croient ces interprètes, le rôle de la philosophie pratique toute entière. Contrast between the aristotelizing practical philosophy of today, represented in Germany especially by H.G. Gadamer, J. Ritter and their followers, and Aristotle's theories on (...) phronesis and ethos, in order to show that these theories, in the Stagirite's thought, don't play, against the opinion of those interpreters, the rôle of the whole practical philosophy. (shrink)
Enrico Berti has had a profound influence on the birth and development of Italian studies in ancient philosophy. His sizable work has shaped a great part of Italian studies on Aristotle and other ancient philosophers. To celebrate him and express their gratitude for his work, some of his disciples, under the impulse of the late Franco Volpi, have brought together a volume in his honour, requesting the participation of some foreign scholars particularly close to him. The volume comprises essays by (...) Pierre Aubenque, Jonathan Barnes, Terence H. Irwin, Tomás Calvo-Martínez, Jaap Mansfeld, Pierre Pellegrin, Gerhard Seel and Alejandro G. Vigo. The main themes are Aristotle's metaphysics and practical philosophy. A Selected Bibliography by E. Berti himself completes the volume."--Publisher's website. (shrink) | <urn:uuid:9315b0d2-caf6-4c51-a6ed-75257d5372f2> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://philpapers.org/s/Enrico%20Berti | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510219.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926175325-20230926205325-00120.warc.gz | en | 0.767502 | 2,142 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Friday, December 9, 2011
Umerkot district profile
Historical back ground of Umerkot
The name of Umerkot as reported by historians is behind the famous King Umer Soomro. On the other side it is also mentioned that the name of Town was behind the then ruler of Umerkot Rana Amer Singh and written as "Amerkot". Once, Umerkot was the capital of Greater Sindh (including some parts of present Rajasthan state of India). It became famous during the time of the Mughal Empire and during the British Raj. The great Mughal king Akbar was born in Umerkot when his father Humayun fled from Delhi due to military defeat at the hands of Sher Shah Suri. Rana Prasad, a Sodha Rajput ruler of Amerkot, gave refuge to Humayun. Akbar later became the King of Hindustan and was a popular figure among both Hindus and Muslims. A memorial at the birth place of King Akber has been erected in the west of Umerkot town. There is an ancient Fort famous for the folk story of Umer and Marvi.
The district lies between 24-54 to 25-47 north longitudes and 69–11 and to 70–18 east longitudes. It is bordered in the north by Sanghar, in the west by Mirpurkhas and in the south-east by Tharparkar districts. The total area of the district is 5608 Square Kilometers. The District is geographically divided into two portions, the Irrigated portion in the west-north and the barony /desert portion in the north-east-south. It is administratively divided into four Talukas / Tehsils i.e. Umerkot, Kunri, Samaro, Pithoro it is furthur divided into 27 Union councials i.e. Umerkot-I, Umerkot-II, Fakir Abdullah, Khejrari, Kaplore, Kharoro Syed, Khokhrapar, Chhore, Sabho, Dhoronaro, K.S. Atta Mohammed Palli, Mir Wali Mohammed Talpur, Pithoro, Shah Mardan Shah, Shadi Pali, Samro, Samro Road, Satryoon, Arahro Bhurghri, Padhrio Farm, Kunri, Kunri Memon, Bustan, Sher Khan Chandio, Talhi, Nabisar, Chhajjro.
Umerkot lies in subtropical region of Sindh; it is hot in the summer and cold in winter. Temperatures frequently rise above 40°C between May and august and the minimum average temperature of 6°C during December and January. The annual rainfall averages about 16 cm, falling mainly during July and August. The southwesterly wind begins to blow in March and continues until the end of October, whereas the cool northerly wind blows during the winter months from November to Mid-February. This region faces the southwest monsoon winds from the Indian Ocean and escapes its influence in the shape of rainfall. The air is generally dry.
The average annual growth rate of population in 1981 to 1998 has declined to 3.28 percent from 4.42 percent during intercensual period 1972 to 1981. Graph shows the population growth from 1951 to 1998.
The great Mughal King Akber was born in Umarkot when his father Humayun lost the battle against Sher Shah Suri and was on the run. Akbar later became the King of Hindustan and was a popular figure among both the Hindus and the Muslims. Akbar's birthplace is amongst significant places of Umarkot.
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Pakistan Affairs Current Affairs 2016 MCQs Pakistan Affairs Current Affairs 201 7 MCQs, 1. Mohenjo Darro and Harrapa were discovered in ... | <urn:uuid:7e2c59ab-567f-41f5-8e42-972524950622> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://ajmalforum.blogspot.com/2011/12/umerkot-district-profile.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128322320.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628032529-20170628052529-00531.warc.gz | en | 0.944735 | 1,164 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Use these Compound Words Magic Square Puzzles with 1st or 2nd grade students to master matching the compound word to the two wors that make it up.
The puzzles are a PDF download. You will NOT be able to edit or modify the puzzles.
WHAT YOU GET:
- Three PDF puzzles – two versions each
- Three digital puzzles compatible with Google Slides – with two versions each
- Two editable rubrics
HOW CAN I USE THESE PUZZLES?
- Literacy centers
- Test Prep
- Early finishers activity
HERE ARE THE WORDS INCLUDED:
Magic Square #1
Magic Square #2
Magic Square #3
These compound words work great with first or second graders in the classroom or homeschool. They also work in the special education classroom where a focus of perseverance is needed.
Thank you for your interest! Please ask any questions you may have prior to purchasing.
~Heather aka HoJo~ | <urn:uuid:613a9ba5-8993-4c43-859e-de16fd8e5222> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://hojosteachingadventures.com/product/compound-words-distance-learning-ela-or-literacy-google-slides-activity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510516.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929122500-20230929152500-00558.warc.gz | en | 0.758991 | 370 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The name Jennifer first appeared in the SSA’s baby name records in 1916 (in order to be released in the public records, it must have been given to at least 5 babies in a given year). The name steadily rose up into the 1960s when it reached 33,000 babies in 1969. Not a bad number. Then in 1970, a novel called A Love Story was released with a character named Jennifer. A movie by the same name was also released soon after. This helped soar Jennifer up to 63,600 names in 1972 (including actress Jennifer Garner)- almost double from 1969. It maintained popularity until the mid 1980s when it started dropping. But I wondered, where did it come from originally and why was it so popular in the 1960s before A Love Story came out? Well, it’s a Welsh name that has been in use since the 18th century, but started being used in the states after George Bernard Shaw’s play called The Doctor’s Dilemma came out in 1906- the main character was named Jennifer and America started falling in love with it.
The name Mary was the #1 girls name in the US from 1880 to 1947. Then, it was kicked off its throne by Linda. Linda is in the records starting in 1880 (the earliest year in the SSA records) but exploded in the 1940s. One of the most popular names in US history, Linda outranks all names for the most babies in a single year- in 1947, 99,674 Lindas were born! But unlike Jennifer, which remained at its peak popularity for just over a decade, Linda started plummeting just a couple years after 1947. By 1957, 10 years later and during the peak of the baby boom, “only” 44,000 babies were named Linda. By 1977, less than 3000 and in 2013 there were only 435 Lindas. Linda as a name has mostly German roots but in Spanish it means “beautiful.” In 1946, Buddy Clark released a song called “Linda” that he wrote upon a friend’s request who had a six-year-old daughter named Linda. The song was really popular in 1947 and reached #1 on the Billboard Music charts. The song was then sung and released by another singer, Charlie Spivak, in 1947 and that was also a hit. The Linda the song was named after grew up to become Linda McCartney– Paul’s wife!
The boys’ name Jason has Greek roots and Jason was the leader of the Argonauts in Greek mythology. Jason is also in the New Testament of the Bible- these two things help it be a name that’s been around for a while (it’s on the SSA list since the first year in 1880), but it hit its peak in the US in 1977 with 55,000 babies (this included country singer Jason Aldean). At first I thought this could be attributed to the character Jason in the very popular Friday the 13th movies, but it turns out that the first one didn’t come out until 1980. So I did a little research on it and found a lot of characters in TV and movies, including the Friday the 13th movies; Jason on the popular series The Waltons, which started out as a TV movie at the end of 1971 before turning into a TV series that lasted 9 seasons; the character of Jason Weber on the soap Guiding Light– he was on from 1965 to 1966 and was killed off in a car accident; and the character Jason on the sitcom Here Come the Brides, which lasted from 1968-1970 (from 68 to 69 the name Jason more than doubled in count). Jason may have died off in popularity in recent years, but it’s not that far gone- in 2013, there were still 5400 babies! Not too shabby. Jason probably helped usher in today’s plethora of names ending in ‘on’ like Mason, Peyton, Jayden, and Grayson and so it doesn’t sound that old yet.
There’s a twist in the Jason storyline, though- Jayceon! First appearing in 2005 and hitting 1,838 names in 2013, Jayceon has come to the forefront thanks to rapper Jayceon, also known as Game. Mostly pronounced exactly like “Jason”, this new spelling has risen fast. Many spelling variations also exist, like Jaycon, Jayson, Jasen, Jaiceon, Jasyn, Jaceon, and Jaesun. | <urn:uuid:7e7fb8f7-8ec1-4ef8-8afc-816ab61ab698> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://kellylovesdata.net/tag/trends/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986672723.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20191017045957-20191017073457-00032.warc.gz | en | 0.981363 | 932 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Consumer advocates have filed a lawsuit against the Food and Drug Administration over concerns about the levels of mercury in seafood.
The Center for Science in the Public Interest and the Mercury Policy Project filed the complaint on Monday in U.S. District Court in Washington, D.C. to get the FDA to act on a petition from July 2011, according to a story in Food Safety News. Under federal regulations, the FDA has to respond within 180 of receipt, or by Jan. 14, 2012 in this case.
The FDA never responded, so the two groups filed their complaint.
“FDA has repeatedly acknowledged the link between seafood consumption and exposure to methylmercury in the United States, and yet it has not improved the availability or clarity of information about mercury in seafood for people … so that they can make informed decisions regarding seafood consumption,” the complaint says.
A story in World Poultry says a small-scale study by researchers at five U.S. universities found that when big poultry farms switched to organic practices and abandoned antibiotics that the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant strains of salmonella dropped.The study compared poultry litter, water and feed samples from 10 newly organic and 10 conventional poultry houses. Samples were tested for salmonella and antibiotic resistance. Bacteria were found in samples at both types of operations, the story found. But the organic farms had a smaller prevalence of antibiotic-resistant strains of salmonella.
These data show immediate, on-farm changes in the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant salmonella when antibiotics are voluntarily withdrawn from large-scale poultry facilities in the United States, the story says.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has sounded the alarm on
the emergence of so-called superbugs that are resistant to antibiotics, posing a threat for treatment of infections in humans. One of the problems is the overuse of antibiotics on the farm to promote animal growth. The Food and Drug Administration has proposed voluntary rules that would require pharmaceutical companies to change labels, removing growth promotion as an approved use.
That's it for now. Keep your appetite and eat safely.
-- Lynne Terry | <urn:uuid:5d48baf4-ebbe-40f7-9827-dc9955c9bf79> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.oregonlive.com/health/index.ssf/2014/03/consumer_groups_sue_fda_over_m.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701153323.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193913-00288-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943494 | 433 | 2.640625 | 3 |
"When an elastic-plastic solid is accelerated by a fluid of lower density, Rayleigh-Taylor instability (RTI) is observed, and the instability is mitigated by the material's mechanical strength, initial conditions, and the acceleration that drives the instability. Such instances of RTI are observed in supernovas, explosive welding, and inertial confinement fusion. In contrast to Newtonian fluids, experimental study of RTI in accelerated solids is traditionally hindered by difficulty to measure material properties and exceedingly small time scales. An understanding of the role initial conditions and material properties have on the growth of RTI will lead to better control of the instability.
We present the results for a series of experiments to study the effect of amplitude and wavelength on RT instability with an elastic-plastic solid. A novel rotating wheel RT experiment that uses centrifugal forces to accelerate the two-material interface is used for this purpose. The experiment consists of a container filled with air and mayonnaise, a non-Newtonian emulsion, with an initial perturbation between the two materials. Single mode perturbations of various amplitudes and wavelength were analyzed and results found the instability required for acceleration was inversely proportional to both initial amplitude and wavelength. Three-dimensional (3D) interfaces were found to be more stable than two-dimensional (2D) interfaces. Elastic and plastic peak amplitude responses were observed for stable interfaces using a variable acceleration profile where the test section was first accelerated to slightly below the critical acceleration and then decelerated at the same rate. This exercise allowed for verification of the elastic-plastic (EP) transition process before instability was reached"--Abstract, page iii.
Armaly, B. F. (Bassem F.)
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
M.S. in Mechanical Engineering
Los Alamos National Laboratory
National Science Foundation (U.S.)
Missouri University of Science and Technology
xii, 106 pages
© 2013 Pamela Susan Roach, All rights reserved.
Thesis - Restricted Access
Library of Congress Subject Headings
Computational fluid dynamics
Print OCLC #
Electronic OCLC #
Link to Catalog Record
Electronic access to the full-text of this document is restricted to Missouri S&T users. Otherwise, request this publication directly from Missouri S&T Library or contact your local library.http://laurel.lso.missouri.edu/record=b11678243~S5
Roach, Pamela Susan, "Effects of initial conditions on Rayleigh-Taylor instability using elastic-plastic materials" (2013). Masters Theses. 7583.
Share My Thesis If you are the author of this work and would like to grant permission to make it openly accessible to all, please click the button above. | <urn:uuid:b4d2ebf5-2b7e-4130-8b1c-abc132f4854d> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses/7583/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027313747.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20190818083417-20190818105417-00172.warc.gz | en | 0.875342 | 576 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
- Of, or relating to microscopes or microscopy; microscopal.
- We supply all microscopic stains and other materials.
- So small that it can only be seen using a microscope.
- The water was full of microscopic organisms.
- Very small; minute
- Compared to the galaxy, we are microscopic in scale.
- Carried out with great attention to detail.
- The police carried out a microscopic search of the crime scene.
- Able to see extremely minute objects.
- Why has not man a microscopic eye? — Alexander Pope.
- See also Wikisaurus:tiny
relating to microscopes
so small that it can only be seen using a microscope | <urn:uuid:36506ecc-59f6-4c01-b538-9ea93746d76c> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/microscopic | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997894250.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025814-00110-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.746347 | 154 | 3.3125 | 3 |
RSPCA reveal Norfolk has highest number of animals harmed by litter in East
PUBLISHED: 06:30 04 February 2019 | UPDATED: 12:30 04 February 2019
An increasing number of animals are being harmed by plastic litter, with Norfolk ranking the worst in the region for the problem.
The RSPCA’s animal welfare charity’s latest data on litter related incidents revealed that despite a national fall in general litter since 2015, harmful incidents involving plastic waste had substantially increased.
In Norfolk, the figure had risen from 11 cases in 2015 to a whopping 34 last year, accounting for more than half of all litter incidents where animals were harmed.
In Suffolk, the number of plastic related incidents in 2018 was seven, compared to three in 2015.
Cambridgeshire saw 15 plastic incidents in 2018, Essex 11 and Bedfordshire had the lowest recorded number with six.
Across the whole of the East of England there were 45 incidents in 2015, but last year that rose to 91.
RSPCA head of Wildlife, Adam Grogan, said: “This shocking rise in plastic litter incidents suggests that plastic is a growing threat to animals.
“Every year, the RSPCA deals with increasing numbers of mammals, birds and reptiles that have become entangled or affected in some way by discarded plastic.
“From seals with deep infected wounds caused by plastic frisbees cutting into their necks, to swans and geese trapped in fishing line or netting, plastic is clearly having an increasing impact on animal welfare.”
The data also revealed that certain species, especially those living in water, were affected more than others.
Seals were among those particularly harmed by the increase in plastic waste, with the RSPA recording a fourfold rise in incidents.
Last month Dan Goldsmith, chairman of the Marine and Wildlife Rescue, said the organisation had seen an increase of seals rescued from entanglement, with rescues jumping to once a month.
Figures suggested plastic litter was also disproportionately affecting certain water birds, with incidents involving geese rising from 37 to 70 and swans rising from 40 to 48 across England and Wales during that same four-year period.
Mr Grogan said: “Our latest data sadly reflects the wider litter crisis taking place right now across the globe and action is urgently needed. It’s up to every one of us to do our bit in the war against litter.” | <urn:uuid:32d53e50-f5c4-4557-bbdf-8114cd92afa8> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.fakenhamtimes.co.uk/news/rspca-animals-harmed-plastic-pollution-norfolk-figures-1-5877768 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257243.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20190523103802-20190523125802-00111.warc.gz | en | 0.964215 | 503 | 2.75 | 3 |
Hypothesis test for the population mean: Z test
A manufacturer claims that the mean lifetime, mu, of its light bulbs is 44 months. The standard deviation of these lifetimes is 8 months. Ninety bulbs are selected at random, and their mean lifetime is found to be 43 months. Can we conclude, at the 0.05 level of significance, that the mean lifetime of light bulbs made by this manufacturer differs from 44 months?
Perform a two-tailed test. Then fill in the table below.
Carry your intermediate computations to at least three decimal places, and round your responses as specified in the table.
The null hypothesis: Ho =
The alternative hypothesis: H1 =
The type of test statistic =
The value of the test statistic (round to at least 3 decimal places) =
The two critical values at the 0.05 level of significance (round to at least 3 decimal places) =
Can we conclude that the mean lifetime of the light bulbs made by this manufacturer differs from 44 months? _______
Please see attached file.
The solution provides step by step method for the calculation of testing of hypothesis. Formula for the calculation and Interpretations of the results are also included. Interactive excel sheet is included. The user can edit the inputs and obtain the complete results for a new set of data. | <urn:uuid:537abfd4-2881-40a2-97e6-2b95da28e640> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://brainmass.com/statistics/z-test/332030 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607849.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170524173007-20170524193007-00290.warc.gz | en | 0.926058 | 274 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Let me introduce you to some easy origami. Since I have a hard time trying to fold straight, so if I say this is easy, it’s easy. Origami is a fun activity to do inside, teaching kids (and adults) patience, persistence, and following the directions.
2. A Doll
Step 1. Fold the left (or right, just pick a side) a third of the way into the paper.
Step 2. Turn the paper so your folded piece is at the bottom of the paper. Fold your right (or left, just pick a side) a third of the way into the paper. Turn the paper so the white diamond shape is at the top.
Step 3. Flip the paper over. Fold the bottom corner up.
Step 4. Flip the paper over and draw a face. You can fold the top corner or leave your person with a point.
3. Another Doll. This is the one I used to make for my babysitting chargers.
Step 1. Fold the paper corner to corner.
Step 2. Open up the paper. Fold the left corner to the middle. Fold the right corner to the middle.
Step 3. Fold the bottom corner up all the way until the fold is along where the corners met in the middle. It looks like a neat triangle.
Step 4. Fold the bottom again, nearly in half. Looks like a cool boat. It sadly doesn’t float.
Step 5. Flip the paper over. Those corners sticking out are the arms. Fold them in.
Step 6. Draw a face. Fold the corner back for a flat head. The flat head is suppose to be a boy, and the point is suppose to be a girl. I’m sure it doesn’t matter.
Fun with paper!
More ideas to come. As I finish grading essays and wrapping the school up. Stay safe! Stay sane!
I have so many random crafts and science projects. Seriously, so many. So it shouldn’t surprise anyone that I have ones for soap.
We use soap in Girl Scouts and Cub Scouts. And now that I’m writing this, I can think of a couple more that will have to wait until I find the directions. Hopefully they aren’t in deep storage….
While I know many states are letting people out into the world, I know many more are not. It’s frustrating and chaotic. But I still have plenty of crafts to share because before you know it, the kids will be out for summer.
1. Water and Oil and Soap. This is a fun little experiment to show kids what water does to oils. My Girl Scouts loved this. Take a zip lock back fill a 1/3 with water. Add enough oil (canola or whatever) to make a layer. Show the kids how the water and oil don’t get along. Then add dish soap. Dawn works the best. Make sure the bag is sealed. Like really make sure. Then shake it up. The water, oil, and soap combine because the soap binds with the oil. It’s more complicated than that, but yeah.
2. Make soap. You could buy soap and melt it and make it. OR you can save all those slivers of soap you’ve been using to really wash your hands. Melt them. I prefer the double broiler to slow microwaving. Pore into molds or into paper cups. Let cool. Pop them out of molds.
2.a I once made soap with toys in them. Lots of fun.
3. Carve soap. This is a Cub Scout activity. Whittle or carve shapes out of soap. I made templates from pictures online like a bear, a whale, a shell, and various simple shapes. We do this in 3rd grade in Cub Scouts. But using a plastic knife, soft soap, and adult supervision, you could probably do it younger.
4. Bubbles! My favorite memory is entertaining the boys when they were little and blowing enough bubbles to fill a mall court yard. It was magical.
5, Homemade bubbles. I lost my recipe. So try these: 4 cups warm water, 1/2 cup sugar, and 1/2 cup blue Dawn dish soap. Mix. OR 2 cups warm water, 1/3 cup dish soap, and 1/4 cup corn syrup. Mix.
6. Bubble wands. Pipe cleaners bent into a closed shape attached to another pipe cleaner, dowel, or stick.
Stay safe! Stay sane! More to come!
You want to know what’s fun? Secret codes.
Breaking them. Learning them. Making them.
Why do you think the Rosetta Stone is so cool? It broke a code.
Why save up box tops or bottle lids for that cool decoder ring? Breaking a secret code!
So while I hunt down my old Cub Scout and Girl Scout Handbooks, let’s start with Morse Code.
1. Teach Morse code. For fun. Or until we need to use it to coordinate a defense against aliens because they are hijacking our satellites.
2. Make secret messages of Morse code on paper. “Send” them to the kids. Let them “send” them to you. I remember a short story as a code where the Grandma made people ring her door bell in a code. It was SOS in Morse code. Do fun ones first. Wait on the “do your chores” message for later.
3. Make secret messages in Morse code with Legos. Or blocks.
4. Make secret messages in Morse code with noodles. Break up spaghetti or use long and short noodles. Glue noodles on paper. Or string them on a string.
5. Make secret messages with beads. Make cool jewelry with a special messages or words.
More to come! Stay safe! Stay sane!
How about Science and Art!
I love art. And I love science. I love science demonstrations and experiments. I just like cool things. I like working with my hands. So we do a lot of art and a lot of science.
I’m sure I have pictures of these when the boys were little, and we did these. But I just spent 20 minutes going through hundreds of pictures. So I’ll find them the next time I search the pictures. Or maybe we’ll do some over the weekend. Mwhahaha.
1. Chromatography. Separate the pigments of markers. Fill a couple of glasses with water. Take a coffee filter and color it with markers. I have always had the boys leave the center white and leave a lot of the filter uncolored. But you can color the whole thing or make designs. Once the child is done coloring fold the coffee filter so the bottom is just touching the water. Eventually the water will climb the filter and separate colors or blend them together depending on your white space. Leave them to dry.
2. You can do this with different types of markers and test the different pigments. We did this in Scouts.
3. Now you have these cool works of art to hang everywhere.
4. Or flowers. Take a few filters and layer them. Fold them into a cone shape, giving the resemblance of a carnation. Tie the bottom with a pipe cleaner.
5. Or butterflies. Take one filter. Fold it in half. Fold a pipe cleaner in half. Put the pipe cleaner up the middle of the filter like you’re cutting the filter in half with the pipe cleaner. Scrunch the filter to form to wings and twist the pipe cleaner at the top to hold the wings and create antennas.
6. Butterflies using 2 filters. Fold both filters in half. Put them straight edge to straight edge and take the pipe cleaner and copy the instructions.
7. Suncatchers. Cut the filters into pieces. Cut a piece of clear contact paper in any shape. Let the child decorate the contact paper with pieces. Cover the pieces with contact paper.
8. Mosaics. Cut the filter into pieces. Let the child glue the pieces in interesting shapes.
More to come stay safe and stay sane!
I’ve been posting lots of crafts, but if you have kids like my boys, they need to move and run and jump and climb and punch. So much punching.
We are taking 3 walks a day. I feel like I’m preparing for being a dog owner.
And watching my kids, I can see how people come to the conclusion video games cause violence. Yes, I know the studies. But they do seem to be more violent when they play more. I feel like that’s really the result of frustration for a difficult game with the high energy combined with no moving.
Here’s some ways to go play with the kids.
1. Stick to the classics. Tag, which never goes out of style. You don’t have to move half the time. Nerf guns and squirt guns. Jump in there and show the kids who can really shoot. Hide and go seek. Play this one right, and you can snag a 5 minute nap. (What? I couldn’t find you; you’re such a good hider!)
2. Put Away Toys by Number. Give the kids a number and they put away that number of toys. I taught my 2 oldest my phone number that way. Or you can race to see who puts away that many toys. Tornado A still loves that game. My mom hates this game.
3. Find the…. When I lived in my own place, I used to hide a dinosaur decorated with glitter and a few flower stickers (because I can). First kid to find it got a piece of candy. I hid an axolotl recently. Unfortunately the boys haven’t found it. Like it’s been over 2 weeks. I’m disappointed.
4. Flash light tag. Tag in the dark. It person has to turn the light on you to tag you. My brothers were pros at this.
5. The Smell Game. Blindfold the child and have them smell spices or various kitchen stuff and have them identify it. Born out of desperation to entertain two little girls. I made them close their eyes and then grabbed jars from their mother’s spice cabinet and had them guess the spice by the smell. I have babysitting chargers all grown up who remember this one.
Good luck! More to come. Stay safe! Stay sane!
Why write a blog and not tell stories? That was the whole point of this…..
Me: I can help you.
Tornado E: You can’t.
Me: I teach freshman English.
Tornado E: But you don’t teach GATE freshman English.
Me: I can help you.
Tornado E: No, you can’t.
Me: You’re working on English. I’m an English teacher.
Tornado E: Well, you don’t know MLA.
Me: Kid, do you even know what my degree is in?
Me: Tornado S, you’re in trouble!
Tornado S: I didn’t do it.
Me: No kidding. I’ve heard from two teachers now. You haven’t done any work for 2 weeks. You’ve just sat in front of the computer doing nothing for TWO WEEKS.
Tornado S: I did science.
Me: Try again. The last teacher that emailed me was your science teacher.
My Mom: Fae, you need to go to the grocery store. I forgot to ask you for sour cream.
Me: You sent me yesterday.
My Mom: You’re the only one who can go.
Me: And the day before that. And the day before that.
I am the red shirt of my family.
My mom has been making masks.
My mom: Fae, I sold your mask.
Me: You sold my mask? The one you made me last week?
My mom: One of my friends wanted a green one. It’s not like you’ve worn it.
Tornado A: Hi, Mama! I’m up!
Me: It’s…. 6…. why…?
Doze because I don’t have to commute anymore….
Tornado A: I checked my assignments! I didn’t have any! So I did 3 math exercises and 3 English assignments! So I’m done!
Me: It’s…. 6:30….. Dude, your teacher hasn’t posted anything. I haven’t posted anything!
Tornado A: But I checked!
Tornado A: MAMA! I’m done! With all my assignments!
Me: It’s only been twenty minutes!!!
My grandma: I need to get milk and eggs and a cake mix.
Me: Why won’t you let me go for you?
My grandma: I’m not frail.
Me: You’re in. the. vulnerable. group.
My grandma: I’ll be fine.
Me: I have charts and articles. I’ll bore you with research.
My grandma: Fine. If it makes you feel better, go.
Me: Are you done with homework?
Tornado E: …. Yes….
Tornado E: (nods and smiles)
Tornado E: ….Maybe…..
Me: Do you work.
Tornado E: (sighs, grumbles, goes to his desk) mumbles something
Me: Are you done with your work?
Tornado E: I’m watching something first (on his phone).
Me: Is it for school?
Tornado E: ….Yes…..
Tornado E’s phone: *%$!@
Me: Your phone tells me that’s a lie. Do your work.
Me: Did you read?
Tornado S: YES!
Me: Was it game stats online?
Tornado S: Yes!
Me: Go read an actual book.
Tornado S: But-
Tornado S: I don’t see why I can’t read online.
Me: Are you reading game stats?
Tornado S: I was researching.
Me: Game stats?
Tornado S: What does it matter? Reading is reading. It’s all the same.
Me: Can you make connections? Predictions? Analyze theme, plot, characters?
Tornado: I’ll get a book. (mumbles something about teachers and mothers.)
My mom: Fae, I need green onions.
Me: I’ll put it on the list. I’m going now.
My mom: Do you have your mask?
My mom: Let me see.
Me: Why does my face mask smell of peanuts?
When you wear a face mask, no one can see you mouth cuss words. Even when you wear a face mask, people can still hear you cuss though. | <urn:uuid:fc0f885b-a025-47ec-9413-579492d05aea> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://faemom.wordpress.com/category/raising-tornadoes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141674082.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20201201104718-20201201134718-00641.warc.gz | en | 0.915064 | 3,239 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Nutrition Essentials: building a Well-Balanced Diet
A balanced diet is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. If you don’t pay attention to the quality of the food you eat, it’s almost impossible to be physically fit. What nutrition essentials need to be included in your diet?
The stress experienced by the body through medium and high-intensity activities can only be compensated by eating right. A well-balanced diet will diminish the accompanying sense of fatigue, and help prevent injury.
Balancing your diet reduces wear on your bones and muscles, facilitates recovery, and promotes increased strength and endurance. Only by making sure you get the nutrition essentials you need, will you be able to meet your fitness goals.
Nutrition essentials: carbohydrates
In order to perform at your best, your body needs enough energy to move. Carbohydrates serve as an athlete’s primary fuel source. For this reason, carb-rich foods form the foundation of the dietary regimens of those who practice sports regularly.
Slow-release carbohydrates are your best option. They energize the body for longer periods of time and are often healthier.
The best carbohydrate options for athletes include bread, pasta, whole-grain rice, and cereals such as oatmeal and corn. Legumes such as lentils, soy and garbanzo beans, and vegetables such as carrots, beets, and potatoes should also be on your list.
Some fresh fruits can also provide ample energy. These include bananas, pears, and plums. The same is true of nuts like walnuts, pistachios, and hazelnuts, as well as dairy products such as low-fat and low-salt cheeses. At least one of these foods should be part of every meal that an athlete has.
Carbohydrates shouldn’t be restricted to your standard meals. You can also include them in snacks. If you’re doing a physical activity for more than an hour, you need to replenish the calories with carbohydrates, so as not to tap into the reserves.
Some people think including fats in an athlete’s diet is counterintuitive. But in reality, this macronutrient is essential to the body’s proper function.
Along with carbohydrates, fats are the best way of giving the body the energy it needs. The confusion surrounding them stems from the mistaken idea that all fats are saturated fats. Saturated fats are detrimental to all people, not just athletes.
The best-quality fats exist in olive oil and avocado, as well as in fresh nuts like walnuts and almonds. Oily fish such as sardines, tuna, and salmon also represent good options.
This is the third essential macronutrient. Proteins are responsible for the well-being and proper development of the muscular system, as well as an athlete’s physical performance.
In addition, during long exercise sessions, proteins serve as an alternate energy source after you spend the reserves provided by fats and carbs.
These nutrition essentials are an important part of the recovery process. In addition to consuming them before you exercise, you should also eat proteins immediately after working out or competing.
Eggs are among the most protein-rich foods, as are meats. Nuts and dairy products feature prominently on the list.
A diet without proper hydration is no diet at all
“Water is life!” You’ve no doubt heard this saying? For athletes, though, it’s more than a cliché. Without enough liquids, not only will an athlete’s performance deteriorate dramatically, he or she can also come dangerously close to collapse.
Active athletes need isotonic drinks. In addition to supplying calories, these products also help replenish the mineral salts the body loses by sweating. These are necessary for the body to properly absorb and use water. | <urn:uuid:045676dc-0858-47bd-9d45-2b31cb89059c> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://fitpeople.com/fitness/nutrition-essentials-building-a-well-balanced-diet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588526.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028193601-20211028223601-00144.warc.gz | en | 0.954834 | 798 | 2.921875 | 3 |
America has more than 2.5 million miles of oil and gas pipelines crossing the country in every direction. So plans to construct the 1,172-mile Dakota Access pipeline from oil fields in North Dakota through South Dakota and Iowa to Patoka, Illinois, were supposed to be a nonevent. The regulatory process was largely through state commissions and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and far less stringent than the successfully opposed Keystone XL pipeline.
Just one more pipeline.
On July 25, the Army Corps granted authorization for the pipeline to cross the Missouri River and Lake Oahe, and developers hoped to open the pipeline sometime later this year. It would transport some 470,000 barrels of crude oil per day—roughly half of the Bakken daily oil production—on treaty lands a half-mile from the Standing Rock Sioux reservation.
The Standing Rock Sioux Tribe objected. The pipeline route threatens the tribe’s drinking water and would disturb sacred and cultural sites, and so the tribal government has opposed the project since 2014.
A couple hundred tribal members went to the construction site on Aug. 12 with a vow to stop the pipeline. And to make that point clear, Standing Rock Chairman Dave Archambault chose to be arrested after crossing into the construction zone. Since that day, hundreds of Native Americans and allies from across the country have been camped near the Missouri River to join the protest. For now, construction has ceased while a court hears the tribe’s suit against the Army Corps for failing to comply with environmental and historic preservation laws.
The tribe makes a strong case based on its treaty and U.S. policy. But no matter what happens in court, there are three reasons the tribe and its allies can stop this pipeline.
First, people are more powerful than dollars.
Through social media, hundreds and perhaps thousands of people from Indian Country and beyond are making plans to travel to Standing Rock to be on that defense line. This is the power of social media, of people in numbers: There will always be more allies. One Facebook post goes up and more people arrive. Everyone who shows up knows that they could be arrested and are willing to be. How many arrests, and how much will that cost the state and the developer? A local county sheriff has warned of violence. North Dakota Gov. Jack Dalrymple already issued an emergency declaration to give state agencies funding for “public safety,” which is estimated to cost as much as a million dollars.
But the state is missing the point; this protest is about a competing idea for the future of the planet—and waves of people will show up to make that point.
Second, the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe clearly has the moral high ground. An earlier proposal for the pipeline to cross the Missouri River north of Bismarck, North Dakota, was scrapped because it threatened the capital’s water supply. So the very decision to move the route south was to sacrifice Native communities. A decade ago, even a couple of years ago, that might have worked. But not in the era of social media. People of goodwill easily recognize this injustice.
Third, the most important reason the tribe and its allies can stop this pipeline, is that this is The Moment. There has been for a long time a growing recognition that more oil, gas, and coal need to be left in the ground. Although Keystone was defeated by popular resistance, there were many opportunities in its regulatory path for that to happen. The Dakota Access pipeline is different because the government so easily flipped on the green light. Standing Rock represents the first opportunity people have to take a stand and disrupt business-as-usual.
Once there was a case to be made for pipelines, but that moment was in our history and is now irrelevant. Many hoped there would be an easy transition away from fossil fuels to future sources. But easy transitions rarely happen in history. Instead, industry is hit by a disruptive force that changes everything, and today its name is the Standing Rock Sioux. | <urn:uuid:48c0a9bb-885f-41a1-91cf-7ffd83cd941a> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.nationofchange.org/2016/08/24/3-reasons-standing-rock-sioux-can-stop-dakota-access-pipeline/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251737572.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127235617-20200128025617-00083.warc.gz | en | 0.970135 | 817 | 2.609375 | 3 |
There has been a lot written on grit recently and the importance of working hard as being a key trait showing a person’s likelihood of success. Paul Tough’s book on How Children Succeed (http://www.paultough.com/the-books/how-children-succeed/) has gotten a lot of press where he discusses grit as a measurement of how determined and hard-working one is to achieve their goals. Some schools and centers of learning are thinking about curriculum to teach and instill such values to the younger generation as crucial to learning, development and future success. Developing this quality in families of wealth is especially important as opportunities to demonstrate fortitude are sometimes less available.
For example, in families of wealth, taking care of chores and needing to earn money are often not of necessity for the younger generation. Hired help cleans rooms, makes beds and puts away clothes with the intention of doing their job to be helpful and “keep a nice home”. The lesson that chores offer is the importance of responsibility and commitment to get a job done. If a youngster has the opportunity to earn extra money, rather than being given it, then working hard to earn something is the take-away.
Paid first jobs are sometimes passed up because a more interesting internship might be more in line with the young adult’s passion and income is not a survival need. Although an opportunity, what must be weighed against it is the reward or lesson that come from the fruits of one’s labor. Likewise, giving a cell phone to a youngster is now part of the culture, yet having to work/earn an iPhone is way to instill the value of working for something that you want.
It is important that the next generation not be inadvertently robbed of the opportunity to develop and demonstrate grit to her/himself and others. Hard work and perseverance are traits that are essential for success throughout life. In families of wealth it is often necessary to be intentional about creating situations for the next generation so they don’t miss out on the vital lessons hard work can teach. | <urn:uuid:12157234-9d6e-4c05-b8e3-58d00b2d6f4e> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://relative-solutions.com/the-importance-of-grit-and-hard-work/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027313436.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20190817164742-20190817190742-00253.warc.gz | en | 0.96484 | 431 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Megaloblastic anemia is a blood disorder in which there is anemia with larger-than-normal red blood cells.
Anemia is a condition in which the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells. Red blood cells provide oxygen to body tissues.
Anemia - megaloblastic
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
Other less common causes are:
- Alcohol abuse
- Certain inherited disorders
- Drugs that affect DNA, such as chemotherapy drugs
- Myelodysplastic syndrome
- The anticonvulsant drug dilantin
Risk factors relate to the causes.
Signs and tests
For testing information, see:
The first goal is to diagnose the cause of the anemia. The treatment depends on the cause. Anemias related to specific vitamin deficiencies are discussed separately.
Antony AC. Megoblastic anemias. In: Hoffman R, Benz EJ, Shattil SS, et al., eds. Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2008:chap 39.
Kaferie J, Strzoda CE. Evaluation of macrocytosis. Am Fam Physician. 2009;79:203-208.
Last reviewed 5/9/2011 by A.D.A.M. Editorial Team: David Zieve, MD, MHA, and David R. Eltz. Previously reviewed by Yi-Bin Chen, MD, Leukemia/Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Massachusetts General Hospital (1/31/2010).
- The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition.
- A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions.
- Call 911 for all medical emergencies.
- Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. | <urn:uuid:e776c882-50fb-44b8-9e90-927287b16c46> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.uihealthcare.org/Adam/?/HIE+Multimedia/1/000567 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119646849.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030046-00059-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.822924 | 409 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Figs and the wasps that pollinate them present one of biologists' favorite examples of a beneficial relationship between two different species. In exchange for the pollination service provided by the wasp, the fig fruit provides room and board for the wasp's developing young. However, wasps do not always pollinate the fig. Fig trees "punish" these "cheaters" by dropping unpollinated fruit, killing the wasp's offspring inside, report researchers working at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute.
Their results, published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society, show that sanctions against cheaters may be critical to maintain the relationship.
"Relationships require give and take. We want to know what forces maintain this 80-million-year-old arrangement between figs and their wasp pollinators." said lead author, Charlotte Jandr, graduate student in Cornell University's Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, who conducted the study as a Smithsonian pre-doctoral fellow. "What prevents the wasps from reaping the benefits of the relationship without paying the costs?"
Some wasp species passively carry pollen that sticks to their bodies. Others actively collect pollen in special pouches. Jandr evaluated the ability of six different fig tree-fig wasp species pairs to regulate cheating. She introduced either a single pollen-free wasp, or a wasp carrying pollen, into a mesh bag containing an unpollinated fig. The wasps entered the figs to lay their eggs. Jandr found that trees often dropped unpollinated figs before young wasps could mature.
"This is really about the all-too-human theme of crime and punishment. We found that in actively pollinated fig specieswhen wasps expend time and energy to collect and deposit pollen-- wasps that did not provide the basic service of pollination were sanctioned. However, in passively pollinated specieswhen the wasps do not need to make an effort to pollinate--sanctions were absent," said Allen Herre, STRI staff scientist. "Although we still need to clearly understand the costs associated with applying sanctions, it seems like sanctions were only present where needed."
"Sanctions seem to be a necessary force in keeping this, and other, mutually-beneficial relationships on track when being part of a mutualism is costly," said Jandr. "In our study, we saw less cheating when sanctions were stronger. Similar results have been found among human societies and in social insects. It is very appealing to think that the same general principles could help maintain cooperation both within and among species."
|Contact: Beth King|
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute | <urn:uuid:f8dd50a0-3924-4718-bb3d-92a41bb850aa> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.bio-medicine.org/biology-news-1/Punishment-important-in-plant-pollinator-relationship-11423-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398444228.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205404-00165-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961696 | 536 | 3.515625 | 4 |
When there is a security breach or a computer incident, a good way to address and manage this is through an organized method referred to as incident response. The objective of applying an incident response is to manage the situation that would limit the incurred damage, as well as reducing costs and recovery time. The incident response includes a policy which helps to serve as a guideline in determining the kind of incident and which provides procedures to be followed to help resolve when an incident occurs.
The computer incident team, security, IT staff, representatives from the legal, human resources and public relations departments make up the organization’s incident response.
SANS (SysAdmin, Audit, Network and Security) Institute, a world-class security operations center, in their experiences in handling computer incidents, they have offered these steps to address an incident effectively.
Interesting Research on Services – What No One Ever Told You
Preparing the organization’s users and IT staff by educating them on the importance of security measures and training them how to respond to computer and network security incidents quickly and properly is one of the main task of an organization.
A Simple Plan: Services
Creating an incident response team is necessary so the group’s task is to determine whether an incident is a security threat and act on it. As soon as the team confirms that it is a security incident, they can contact CERT (Computer Emergency Response Team) Coordination center, which can track the internet security activity and has current information on viruses and worms.
The team continues to determine as to how far has the problem spread over the systems and devices and contains the spreading by disconnecting the affected areas in order to prevent further damage.
As soon as the team finds out the origin of the incident, the root cause and all traces of the malicious code are removed.
After eradicating the root cause and traces of the malicious code, the data and software are restored from the already clean, backup files, making sure that no vulnerabilities remain and that systems are monitored for any sign of recurrence.
Before the team makes a report on the incident, they analyze first on the incident, so that in the report they reflect on how they handled the incident and what recommendations to give to prevent any recurrence and, at the same time, what to response in case another incident arises.
Creating an incident response team in the organization is effective if the IT staff can qualify and fill in the role of incident responders and security operations center analysts. For big corporations, security measures are of prime importance such that some corporations would rather outsource from reputed security service providers or contract incident specialists.
To most organizations, they utilize a mix of their in-house incident team collaborating with an outsourced security analysts. Whatever is the mix up teaming, it is still vital that the organization requires global security standard training of its in-house incident response team from a reputable security provider. | <urn:uuid:9981485c-78f3-4314-b5b8-2240bee92bdb> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://sportted.us/news-for-this-month-services-2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934808133.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124123222-20171124143222-00133.warc.gz | en | 0.956817 | 590 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Ad download simply piano and start learning your favorite songs! Their enthusiasm and joy can be nurtured through group music and singing.
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As a general rule, young children learn to play the piano slower than those who are over 9 years old.
What age to start piano lessons uk. Middle school students are often fast at learning piano as they have much control over their senses and fingers. People can start piano at 60, at 70, at 80, even later. Piano lessons for children can then begin around ages 6 or 7.
Ad download simply piano and start learning your favorite songs! At dynamic piano lessons we believe that you can start to learn the piano at any age! However, most kids aren’t ready for standard one on one lessons at the age of three.
You're friends will never believe how fast you learned piano! Though the general rule states that the best age to start the piano lessons is between 6 and 9 years of age, we can never determine when the kid is ready to take up the piano lessons. You're friends will never believe how fast you learned piano!
Lessons for beginners are typically 30 minutes long and will increase to an hour as the student becomes older or acquires more skill. What age to start piano lessons uk. While one can start piano lessons at any age, most music teachers suggest that the prime years are between the age of 6 and 9 years.
Starting piano lessons from a very young age is most often fruitful. Their enthusiasm and joy can be nurtured through group music and singing. Download simply piano and start learning your favorite songs!
It depends on the interest of the child and the resources available to them. However, the recommended age for children to start piano learning is between the ages of 6 and 9.
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Whats The Best Age To Start Piano Lessons 4 Things To Consider – Blog And News Updates From Evola Music | <urn:uuid:653fbb13-57c4-4ec1-9d5b-1c2811cad8c9> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://forexworldwar.com/what-age-to-start-piano-lessons-uk | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300934.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20220118152809-20220118182809-00380.warc.gz | en | 0.82768 | 779 | 3 | 3 |
By the end of gen chem, calculating oxidation states of different metals should be pretty familiar. Here’s what you do. Take a typical compound – FeCl3, for instance. Treat every bond between the metal and a different atom as if it were an ionic bond. That means the more electronegative elements (like chlorine, say, or oxygen) bear negative charges, and the less electronegative element (such as the metal) bears the positive charge.
If the compound is neutral, the sum of the oxidation states also has to be neutral. (If the compound has a charge, you adjust the oxidation states accordingly so that their sum equals the charge).
Now here’s a fun exercise. Try applying the same rules to carbon.
It’s going to feel a little bit weird. Why? Because there are two key differences.
- First, carbon is often more electronegative (2.5) than some of the atoms it’s bound to (such as H, 2.2). So what do you do in this case?
- Secondly, unlike metal-metal bonds, carbon-carbon bonds are ubiquitous. So how do you deal with them?
- In a C-H bond, the H is treated as if it has an oxidation state of +1. This means that every C-H bond will decrease the oxidation state of carbon by 1.
- Any two bonds between the same atom do not affect the oxidation state (recall that the oxidation state of Cl in Cl-Cl (and that of H in H-H) is zero. So a carbon attached to 4 carbons has an oxidation state of zero.
So unlike metals, which are almost always in a positive oxidation state, the oxidation state of carbon can vary widely, from -4 (in CH4) to +4 (such as in CO2). Here are some examples.
(Don’t forget that this is called a “formalism” for a reason. The charge on the carbon isn’t really +4 or –4. But the oxidation state formalism helps us keep track of where the electrons are going, which will come in handy very soon).
With an understanding of how to calculate oxidation states on carbon, we’re ready for the next step: understanding changes in the oxidation state at carbon, through reactions known as oxidations (where the oxidation state is increased), and reductions (where the oxidation state is reduced). More on that next time. | <urn:uuid:12119855-9762-47d7-9334-18dd3c0bfe27> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.masterorganicchemistry.com/2011/07/25/calculating-the-oxidation-state-of-a-carbon/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049277807.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002117-00067-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935926 | 521 | 4.1875 | 4 |
The image of “a colony in a nation” is not just a catchy title for Hayes. It is central to his arguments about race, policing, and incarceration in the United States. He contends that the American criminal justice system “isn’t one system with massive racial disparities but two distinct regimes. One (the Nation) is the kind of policing regime you expect in a democracy; the other (the Colony) is the kind you expect in an occupied land.” Though he refers to the popularity of the concept of internal colonialism among Black Power activists, he does not discuss its meaning and uses in the movement, beyond the rhetorical power of associating American racism with a recently discredited form of governance. He also fails to endow Nixon’s curious use of the phrase with any political meaning; to Hayes, Nixon was simply “channeling the zeitgeist.” This line is telling: Hayes sees the language of internal colonialism not as a political concept, subject to various and conflicting interpretations, but simply as part of the late 1960s scene.
More importantly, Hayes never conveys a clear sense of the relationship between his versions of the Colony and the Nation. Though he acknowledges the fluid nature of racial categories, his model of the Colony and the Nation is static: two segregated territories and two legal regimes operating side by side, with little explanation of how they might relate to each other. The Colony is associated with disorder, poverty, and blackness; the Nation with order, relative wealth, and whiteness. This model excludes the many people who straddle these lines and exploit the fact that they are deeply intertwined—like a Brooklyn landlord Hayes discusses, who threatens his tenants with hazardous renovations to force them to agree to a below-market buyout. Is that landlord a resident of the Colony, the Nation, or both?Sam Klug
See the Stateless pages for more | <urn:uuid:9e6cb3a0-7cd5-4a4b-b9ed-3b5153ad7bc6> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://libertarianous.com/chris-hayes-discusses-his-book-a-colony-in-a-nation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224656963.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20230610030340-20230610060340-00744.warc.gz | en | 0.963987 | 387 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Researchers at the University of Glasgow have developed two new non-invasive methods of monitoring respiratory disease in horses.
The number of times a horse coughs provides a good indication of respiratory inflammation - the more inflammation, the more the horse coughs. But it is often not practical, or cost-effective, for someone to physically count the number of times a horse coughs over an extended period.
The research team, led by Professor Sandy Love, has developed a technique that uses a digital audio recorder attached to the head collar to monitor cough frequency over a long period of time.
In a study to test the value of the technique, the researchers compared audio recordings, each lasting one hour, with simultaneous video recordings. A total of nine recordings were collected from seven stabled horses .
The graph of the audio file could then be examined to identify coughs. Not only was this a rapid process - a recording lasting one hour could be analysed within three minutes - the technique was also found to be very accurate.
When they compared the audio and video recordings the researchers found that every cough was correctly identified, and no extraneous noises, such as foot stamping, were mistaken for coughs.
They point out that the speed of the analysis could be increased further by using computer software to automate the analysis.
The project also led to the development of a simple device that could be attached to the horse’s head collar to collect expired moisture. It was used to study the constituents of exhaled breath to see if any could be used as indicators of respiratory inflammation.
The researchers found that the most useful indicator was the pH of the liquid condensed from the expired breath. There was trend toward a reduced pH (acidification) in horses with lower airway inflammation.
The concentration of gases such as carbon monoxide, nitric oxide and ethane was also measured, but the researchers found no correlation between these substances and inflammation in the respiratory tract.
The work was made possible by funding from The Horse Trust . Paul Jepson, Chief Executive and Veterinary Director of The Horse Trust said, “ "We are delighted that the research we have funded has led to new, non-invasive ways of monitoring respiratory inflammation in horses. These techniques could have a major impact on horse welfare by improving the diagnosis and treatment of this common condition.” | <urn:uuid:2ecefe50-9e70-4c9b-a541-5509246883a8> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://equinescienceupdate.blogspot.com/2010/04/monitoring-respiratory-disease.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964359976.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201083001-20211201113001-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.965726 | 475 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Pre-Juniors courses (ages 5 – 6)
These courses are mostly speaking and sound-recognizing courses to exposed pupils to language input that will facilitate their acquisition of the English language later on.
With the use of the phonetic alphabet, games, competitions, songs, rhymes, chants, role play, craftwork and many more interactive activities, young children are engaged and inspired to love learning English in an easy way. Learning here is mainly fun. There is little to no homework but access to the ClubEFL platform strengthens classroom work and introduces young learners to computer skills preparing them for future classes.
By the end of the Pre-Juniors school years, children learn to carry out basic conversations with topic-based vocabulary in addition to songs, chants and rhymes that introduce them to the English culture and enhance memory.
Columbia Private Institute’s aim here is for young learners to love learning English and become comfortable English speakers.
Juniors courses (ages 7 – 8)
These levels are designed to introduce children to the phonetic rules of the English Language in the same way native English speakers are taught. The main goal of these levels is to stimulate and strengthen speech output, pronunciation and reading with tolerance in spelling and grammatical mistakes; more emphasis on the oral than written language. Moreover, interactive games and activities along with craftwork introduce young learners to the fun of learning English constantly keeping them motivated.
The junior graduates are able to compose short writing output about themselves, their family and friends and complete short and basic projects in addition to wonderful craftwork made in class or at home under the school’s guidance and support from available materials not used or no longer needed. | <urn:uuid:bdba5b4a-78b2-41be-a05c-f395203a619d> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | http://columbiainst.ac.cy/courses/kindergarten-juniors-ages-5-8/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154302.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20210802012641-20210802042641-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.950419 | 344 | 3.0625 | 3 |
By Doc Larrick
|Most kids (including grown-up kids) like to put things together and take them apart–to tinker. Does anyone still fondly remember Tinker-Toys? Blocks, Legos, Lincoln Logs, bristle toys, jigsaw puzzles, pop-in beads–all sorts of building and un-building toys are perennial favorites.|
|Language has building blocks and tinkering toys, too. They’re called morphemes, and they can be put together in myriad ways. How are they put together? Certainly not with notches and tenons and inserts and tabs, but with a language quality called agglutination. You’ve often heard the word gluten in nutritional news–it’s literally the glue that makes nutrients “clump up” into solid food.|
Morphemes “clump up” together into solid words In a previous blog about how many words there are in English, I said I would come back to the topic, and here we are. Let’s look at just a few examples of how morphemes are put together, or agglutinized.
|Sometimes agglutination with words is invisble–two separate words can join forces to create a new word. For example, the words run and down: each has a separate life of its own. Yet together they can make a verb, to run down (as a clock might do).|
|In addition, those two separate words can join forces with a hyphen to make a new adjective that means “deteriorated”, as a run-down neighborhood.
Then finally, the two words can be slammed together as one to make a noun: you may give a rundown of the project you are working on. | <urn:uuid:276ee00d-f0c3-4084-86e4-45ee7346c6f0> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://wordsmatter.wordbuildonline.com/2016/11/10/word-gluten/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370506673.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402045741-20200402075741-00547.warc.gz | en | 0.955294 | 376 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Claude Monet: An Artist’s Early Life
Born in Paris in 1840, November 14, Claude-Oscar Monet was the second son of grocer Claude-Adolphe and singer Louise-Justine Aubrée. Monet attended the Le Havre secondary school of the arts in April of 1851. His first drawing lessons were under Jacques-Louis David’s former student Jacques-Francois Ochard. At his young age, Monet was both an artist and an entrepreneur. He would sell his charcoal drawings – of which he became known for at Le Havre – for 10 to 20 francs apiece. Monet learned how to use oil paints from fellow artist Eugène Boudin, whom he met at beaches of Normandy in around 1856 to 1857. Boudin was also the one who taught him outdoor or “en plein air” painting techniques.
Monet moved back to Paris in 1859 to study art, despite not getting a scholarship. Instead of enrolling at Ecole des Beaux-Arts and becoming a salon painter, which was customary at that time, he chose to go to Académie Suisse, an avant-garde school. Unlike most painters whom he observed copying the great masters at the Louvre, Monet would sit by a window with his paints and painted what he saw.
He was drafted into the First Regiment sent to Algeria in 1861. Having contracted typhoid, his aunt Marie-Jeanne Lecarde intervened and got him out of the army. Returning to Le Havre, Dutch landscape and marine artist Johan Jongkind gave him his “final education of the eye”. Monet left for Paris shortly after and studied under Swiss artist Charles Gleyre. It was in Gleyre’s studio that he met fellow students -and future Impressionists- Alfred Sisley, Frédéric Bazille and Pierre-Auguste Renoir. The four found new approaches, painting with quick brushstrokes and broken colour, capturing the effect of light en plein air.
In 1866, Monet painted The Woman in the Green Dress (La Femme à la Robe Verte) also known as Monet’s Camille, brought the painter recognition. It was one of many of Monet’s works featuring Camille Doncieux, Monet’s wife. Camille was also the model for the figures in On the Bank of the Seine and The Woman in the Garden.
Monet: Pillar of Impressionism
In 1870, Monet, together with his wife and newborn son, Jean, moved to London to escape the Franco-Prussian War. Monet visited the London museums to study the works of John Constable and J.M.W. Turner. The romantic naturalism of their landscapes would inspire his use of light. Monet’s Westminster Bridge (1871) was one of the many scenes he painted in London. It was also here that he met Paul Durand-Ruel who owns a modern art gallery on Bond Street. Durand-Ruel became Monet’s major supporter.
He then left London in May 1871 and lived in Zaandam, Netherlands, producing 25 paintings. Monet and his family returned to France in the last quarter of the same year. They settled in the Parisian suburb of Argenteuil. He developed his style over the course of his six-year stay in Argenteuil, recording the changes of the place in over 150 canvases. Monet’s presence attracted his Parisian friends Renoir and Manet. Monet and Manet influenced each other’s works and though the latter was a more established artist than the former, in 1874, Monet won Manet over to en plein air painting.
Shortly after his return to Paris, Monet painted Impression, Sunrise which depicted the landscape of Le Havre. It hung together with his friend’s works in the first Impressionist exhibition held at photographer Felix Nadal’s former studio in 1874. Monet and his friends, together with Pissarro, Renoir and Degas were among the first artists to the changes in Paris. Their works featured the modernisation of Paris in a unique way, with the essence of spontaneity and intuitive feeling visible on the canvas. It was from Sunrise that the term “impressionism” arose. Art critic Louis Leroy coined the term, intending to disparage the artists, but the artists appropriated the term for themselves.
Madame Monet became ill in 1876 and the birth of their second son Michel in 1878 caused the further decline of her health. Monet’s extravagant tastes which sunk them in debt did not help their situation. They moved to Vétheuil that same year to the home of the Hoschede family. The Hoschedes were great friends with the Monets as well as a supportive patron. 1878 had not been a good year for Monet. Aside from Camille’s worsening condition, Ernest Hoschede’s business went bankrupt, and he left his family for Belgium. Monet was then left with his two sons, his sick wife, together with Alice Hoschede and her six children. Camille eventually succumbed to tuberculosis in September 1879, leaving a grief-stricken Monet. Camille remained his model until her death; Monet’s last painting of his beloved wife was on her death bed.
Camille’s death changed Monet (he swore to no longer be mired in poverty) as well as his works. Monet’s paintings then began to focus on the fluidity of time as well as the arbitrating effects of atmosphere and personality on his subject. Monet’s best paintings were created during this time.
In looking for a home for Alice and their (combined) eight children, Monet found a property in Giverny. The house and garden enchanted Monet. They were able to rent it and later own and even expand it. This house, particularly its garden was the main inspiration for Monet’s work in the last 30 years of his life.
Moving to Giverny brought Monet great success. It was here that Monet began working on series paintings; paintings for which he will be more known for later on. These paintings often depicted the same scene but in varying light as well as weather conditions. His paintings were not only sought for locally but was quite popular in England and the United States as well. He focused more on the environment and atmosphere in his later works while focusing less on modernity. These works when exhibited in 1891 at the Galerie Durand-Ruel received critical acclaim from buyers as well as the general public. Monet also produced series paintings of Rouen Cathedral, Poplars and Mornings on the Seine. Monet also painted the water lilies in his Giverny home.
Monet: Last Years and Legacy
In his later years, Monet preferred being alone with nature and painting. From 1880 to 1890, he travelled to London, Norway, Venice and around France. He settled in his home in Giverny from 1908 to his death. Alice, whom he married in 1892, died in 1911, followed by his son Jean. With the deaths of his loved ones, the gloom brought by World War I and worsening eye cataracts, Monet eventually ceased to paint.
French statesman, Georges Clemenceau, managed to pull him out of his mourning. He encouraged Monet to paint a glorious artwork. Monet was able to create a sequence of waterscapes in an oval salon despite his cataracts, for which he had a couple of operations done.
Monet’s Water Lilies, a series of paintings can be found in the Orangerie museum. The series are displayed in two elliptical rooms, giving the viewers a feel of being in water surrounded by the lilies.
Monet died of lung cancer at the age of 86 on December 5, 1926. Monet insisted on a simple burial. About 50 people attended his funeral, and his remains are interred at the Giverny church cemetery.
In 1966, his heirs bequeathed his Giverny home and garden with the famous lily pond to the French Academy of Fine Arts. Following refurbishment, the house and garden were opened to visitors in 1980 through Foundation Claude Monet.
Impressionism, to this day, remains to be one of the most popular art movements as proven by popular mass consumption. Reprints and replicas of Impressionist paintings, particularly that of Monet can often be seen as postcards, posters, notebook covers and calendars. | <urn:uuid:c6d23fe2-da5d-4585-a0f3-175d0766e79c> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://learnantiques.com.au/claude-monet-leading-the-impressionist-way/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662562410.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220524014636-20220524044636-00168.warc.gz | en | 0.983096 | 1,827 | 3.578125 | 4 |
| BOSTON, Sept 5
BOSTON, Sept 5 Thirteen people who recently
underwent neurosurgery in Massachusetts and New Hampshire may
have been exposed to a rare and fatal brain condition similar to
"mad cow" disease in cattle because of a medical device used in
both states, state officials said.
The Massachusetts Department of Public Health said on
Thursday that five patients treated at Cape Cod Hospital between
June and August are at low risk of infection for the disease,
called Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). On Wednesday, New
Hampshire announced eight patients may have been exposed.
The New Hampshire patients were treated at a hospital in
Manchester, state officials said.
"The risk of CJD exposure from the instrument was first
identified by the New Hampshire Department of Health and Human
Services after the device was used on a patient in New
Hampshire, who was subsequently suspected to have CJD," the
Massachusetts health body said in a press release.
"The CJD risk to the Massachusetts patients is extremely
low, as those patients underwent spinal surgery and not brain
surgery," it said.
A spokeswoman for the Massachusetts health body, Anne Roach,
said the device was from Medtronic Inc, but she could not
immediately identify it or explain how it could have remained
infected over the course of months. Medtronic had not responded
to Reuters in time for this story.
New Hampshire had warned on Wednesday that eight patients
who recently underwent neurosurgery at a hospital in Manchester
may have been exposed to the rare and fatal brain condition as a
result of a surgery on a ninth patient, believed to have had a
sporadic form of CJD.
Officials in both states said there is no risk to the
general public and that all the patients have been notified.
CJD is similar to "mad cow" disease but not linked to beef
consumption. In the sporadic form, it crops up spontaneously
without a known cause. There is no known treatment or cure for
the condition, which has symptoms including failing memory,
personality changes, blindness and sudden jerky movements, the
health department said.
"After extensive expert discussion, we could not conclude
that there was no risk, so we are taking the step of notifying
the patients," Dr. Jose Montero, New Hampshire's director of
public health, said on Wednesday. | <urn:uuid:4bec18bd-ad20-48d0-b1de-eb7f5b8b5e87> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://in.reuters.com/article/usa-braindisease-idINL2N0H125X20130905 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982956861.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200916-00110-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975538 | 513 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Video: Mouse kidney branches out like a tree as it forms
Peek inside this mouse kidney and watch a bunch of cells turn into an organ. Captured by Nils Lindstrom from the University of Edinburgh, UK, this video reveals how cells are instructed to branch out like a tree to form the kidney’s internal plumbing.
By analysing time-lapse images, Lindstrom and his team discovered that a protein called beta-catenin manages the organ’s development by ordering cells to form winding tubes called nephrons. These produce urine by filtering waste from blood.
In the video, yellow areas show where the protein is most active. The amount of activity seems to determine which part of the structure the cells should form. The researchers found that they could alter which part of the nephron grew where by tweaking the activity of the protein.
(Image: Nils Lindstrom, University of Edinburgh)
The vivid close-up above gives a static view of two nephrons developing in the lab. Gold and red areas indicate where waste is filtered before urine is collected and carried away for excretion by the blue regions.
Identifying the molecular messages that drive the development of nephrons will help researchers grow them in the lab to understand why they sometimes do not function properly. If waste isn’t separated out and eliminated it can lead to health problems such as high blood pressure.
Journal reference: eLife, DOI: 10.7554/eLife.04000 | <urn:uuid:957cee7f-6e3c-4358-b675-a9937f1fb1ef> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn26935-watch-a-kidney-branch-out-like-a-tree-as-it-forms/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027321696.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20190824194521-20190824220521-00557.warc.gz | en | 0.935044 | 308 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Invasive Species: Nutria
Introduction | A Historical Nuisance | Impacts on the Environment | Prevention & Control Measures | Resources
The wetlands that fringe our coastal estuaries, rivers and floodplains perform many valuable functions contributing to the health of our watersheds. In many cases around the country, these wetlands are disappearing at alarming rates. Louisiana, for example, has lost about 25 square miles of coastal land each year from 1983 - 1990. Subsidence and compaction, natural parts of the delta cycle, are the primary causes of the sinking of Louisiana’s coastal lands and of the subsequent retreat of Louisiana’s coastline. However, land loss rates in Louisiana are influenced by a number of other factors, including the grazing of marsh vegetation by a large population of an invasive species, the nutria. Besides accelerating coastal land loss, this exotic species is also responsible for the decline of the muskrat, a species native to the Gulf Coastal Plain.
Nutria, Myocastor coypus, are large South American rodents that have a stocky body, short neck, webbed feet and inch-long, dark orange incisors. Known in some places as "swamp beavers," these semi-aquatic rodents are found in a variety of wetland habitats, ranging from marsh (salt, brackish, intermediate and fresh) to freshwater forested wetlands. Nutria reach sexual maturity at six months of age and breed year-round with an average litter of four to five offspring. Although the young are nursed, as are other mammals, baby nutria also begin to feed on marsh grass days after birth. Adult nutria weigh about 15 pounds and have a plush, velvety fur beneath their coarse guard hairs.
Next: A Historical Nuisance >> | <urn:uuid:020a06f0-400e-456c-9a00-046f3a743c3b> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.lamer.lsu.edu/invasivespecies/nutria/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121121.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00114-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933883 | 366 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Port area of Rio, 32 C, 75% humidity, 3-hour walk: it isn’t exactly an ideal way to spend one’s first day of spring break. Yet, he was happy. He chose to be. He had decided to spend his spring break in Rio with an incubator, working for the social ascendance of racially backward classes. It is his calling in life, he felt.
He stood at the port of Valongo adjoining the erstwhile slave market. He was numb. History did that to him. Portuguese brought in more than five hundred thousand ‘people’ as slaves from central African countries, primarily from Angola and Congo. Slaves were then traded and their owner marked them with a unique symbol. Those who remained unsold or died before being sold were dumped in a landfill. How could one human being do that to another? What about the core value of human dignity? Does something similar still happens in the world? He shook in trauma.
The head of the incubator highlighted that history has had an adverse impact on the way society has evolved in terms of class distinctions. “Although 53% of the Brazilian population is African-Brazilian, white elites still rule the national life and have undue influence on public policy. There is a ‘myth of racial democracy’ in Brazil. Through polite racism techniques, blacks are told their place in the society. In Brazil, it is better to be a white with no money than be a black with money. It must change.” | <urn:uuid:928e9ed0-4b4c-4be7-a9a8-39f930507e0e> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.rishabhjhol.com/post/heart-wrenching | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178347293.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20210224165708-20210224195708-00432.warc.gz | en | 0.982255 | 314 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Two examples of famous people with integrity are Mahatma Gandhi and Abraham Lincoln. Integrity requires that a person only perform actions that square with his inner values. People whose words and actions do not reflect their inner values do not possess integrity.Continue Reading
An anecdote about Gandhi's integrity involves a mother who brought her young boy to meet the great man. She asked Gandhi to tell the boy never to eat sugar because of its effects on his health and teeth. Gandhi refused, instead asking the mother to bring the boy again 30 days later. When she returned, Gandhi did as she wished, telling the boy to stay away from sugar. The mother wondered why Gandhi had not just done that on the first visit, and Gandhi replied that he had still been eating sugar at their first visit and did not feel comfortable telling others to abstain from something that he enjoyed.
President Lincoln is lauded for his integrity, particularly regarding his management of the Civil War. All his decisions sprang from his belief that maintaining the American form of government, as expressed through the Union, was vital. His refusal to deal with dishonest people was just an extension of that natural integrity.Learn more about Ethics | <urn:uuid:e662dabd-d07d-4cb8-9178-8d303d29c4e3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.reference.com/world-view/famous-people-integrity-5114a7a680c7af25 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281331.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00167-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982093 | 233 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Lebanon’s Khalil Gibran wrote: “In one drop of water are found all the secrets of all the oceans.” What is found today in one drop of water in Lebanon may be toxic: a threat to the health of citizens, marine life and the Mediterranean.
On April 22, Earth Day, a group of activists in Lebanon blocked access to the Costa Brava landfill for garbage trucks, in a protest against environmental pollution. It granted but brief relief to the grim sight of unprocessed trash being pushed into the Mediterranean. The symbolic rally was designed to raise awareness of the dangers of the unsanitary landfills around Beirut, the capital.
Lebanon’s fraught relationship with waste disposal is well known. In 2015, the YouStink protest movement coalesced around the collective outrage over trash being left in the streets of Beirut to rot after the main landfill was closed, as well as political corruption and incompetence. It grew to such a size that it threatened the political stability of the country. But while the trash was in the end removed from the streets to placate citizens, the cure may have been worse than the illness.
The two landfills, Costa Brava and Bourj Hammoud, are both located on the sea’s edge, and despite concrete barriers, leachates – noxious liquids that drain from a landfill – are flowing into the Mediterranean. Perhaps more worrying is that the contractors operating the civil war-era Bourj Hammoud landfill – known as Garbage Mountain by locals – are dumping untreated waste directly into the sea as part of the land reclamation process. News of this was greeted with a shrug of the shoulders by Lebanon’s Minister of the Environment, Tarek Khatib.
It remains unknown how these measures will affect the natural environment of Lebanon and that of its Mediterranean neighbours. Fishermen have complained of nets filled with trash rather than fish, while fish have washed up dead. Other sea life is also suffering: when a photographer for zenith visited the area around the Bourj Hammoud landfill, a dead sea turtle floated in the shallow waters. Beaches have sections of sand completely covered in plastic trash, as well as submerged garbage floating in the warm water. But landfills aren’t the only worry: untreated sewage from the city’s poorly functioning reticulation system also flows into the sea, such as on Ramlet el Baida, the last public beach in Beirut.
Polluting a lake
There is an element of incredulity among some Lebanese that such events are taking place. “We are polluting all the Mediterranean – it’s a lake,” says Wadih al-Asmar, a social activist and organiser of YouStink. “We are the only country in the world that builds a dump site, Costa Brava, near an airport! We have created a ‘restaurant’ for the migratory birds to come and feed, causing a real threat to the engines and safety of the aircraft nearby.”
Feeding birds aren’t the only threat to passing airplanes. Organic waste is sent directly to landfills, instead of being sorted and composted. In landfills it undergoes anaerobic decomposition, producing methane, a combustible gas. Planes flying over the Costa Brava landfill are at risk of exploding if there is an electrical short on their surface, says Hussein Hassan, Professor of Food Safety at the Department of Natural Sciences at the Lebanese American University (LAU). Efforts to close down the dump have been blocked by the courts. Experts warn of dire effects on people and the environment. “If the situation is not addressed properly, Lebanon will face long-term and short-term consequences for the health of its citizens,” says Hassan.
But quite what those consequences may be, no one is yet in a position to say, with no comprehensive report on the level of water pollution presently completed, especially with respect to the two active dumps on the shoreline, says Hassan. Outbreaks of gastroenteritis and typhoid have been reported, but the more serious threats are the long-term effects caused by contamination of water with heavy metals such as lead, arsenic and cadmium, as well as other carcinogens, which may cause cancer and other serious human health issues.
An Italian sailboat, the Mediterranea, has been collecting samples of plankton along the Mediterranean coastline for two years, to measure the health of the sea. In April this year, it took samples en route from Cyprus to Lebanon (but outside official Lebanese waters) to be examined by experts at European universities. Samples from the coastlines off the Greek islands of Zakynthos and Elafonissos had already been tested, revealing the presence of micro plastics and the need for environmental attention.
Serious pollution in the water is never contained: the Mediterranean Sea is interconnected, and what happens in one country eventually affects neighbouring coastlines, says Dr Priscilla Licandro, the lead researcher for the project, initially carried out with the Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science (SAHFOS) in the UK. The collection of plankton samples by the Mediterranea is one way to monitor the state of health and biodiversity of its coastlines. Measuring biodiversity is vital to establish the condition of the sea, and it influences maritime policies at EU level. The samples collected near the Lebanese coastline still need to be examined, and the American University of Beirut (AUB) is also conducting studies to monitor and assess the levels of water pollution in the country, says al-Asmar.
Meanwhile, the dumps in Beirut are by no means the only water problem facing Lebanon. The country is building a $300m dam north of the capital on ground that experts have warned is too porous to retain much water; and the Litani River and dam area is highly polluted. In Beirut, the implementation of the sewage waste plan would also help lower water pollution levels. Unfortunately, the plan is not yet operational due to a lack of funds and of taxation on sewage waste treatment plants, says Bassam Kantar, a journalist and civil activist.
There are some areas of improvement: at the height of the garbage crisis in the summer of 2015, there were roughly 400 hazardous wastes sites operating across Lebanon. Today, according to al-Asmar, the figure is closer to 200. There are also some positive examples of measures implemented to treat waste in some municipalities, but too few of them, he says.
One positive outcome from Lebanon’s perpetual waste crisis has been the strengthening of civil society. Civic movements have emerged, determined to take an active role in monitoring the situation and safeguarding citizens’ most basic civic and health interests. Kantar says the 2015 crisis “helped shape a strong civil society movement in the country”, though he sees some limitations. “On the one hand, Lebanese civil society is proposing sustainable environmental solutions to manage solid waste, such as sorting or recycling.” At the same time, however, civil society is also having a negative impact by applying a ‘not in my backyard’ attitude.
Civil society has been monitoring and pressing the government for transparency in its waste treatment solutions, including research and impact studies. One of the missing scientific tools needed to build a holistic plan for the entire country is a comprehensive assessment of water pollution throughout Lebanon. On a more local level, entire neighbourhoods have launched initiatives or organised and volunteered to clear trash from beaches and the countryside. In response to more and more trash floating ashore, NGOs have begun to raise awareness of the problem by organising clean-ups that engage local communities.
‘Everything is polluted’
While various groups may have different ideas about precisely how to tackle the problem, they all share a common objective and concern: the need to find solutions to the waste crisis. “We are still a civil war country, and 50 to 60 per cent of our garbage is organic waste,” says YouStink’s al-Asmar. He is in favour of a decentralised system where municipalities take the lead and are made responsible for the garbage. The government should have oversight, and should put in place guidelines for municipalities and ensure they are respected. Transparency and responsibility are a requirement. Meanwhile, proper sorting has to be implemented if incinerators are to be used effectively, says al-Asmar. He believes the EU has to put pressure on the government to ensure that sorting is done. “[The government] just wants to incinerate everything without sorting first,” he exclaims.
LAU’s Hassan sees a similar picture. “To deal with waste effectively, there needs to be reduction at the source, recycling (including composting), incineration and landfills. The problem in Lebanon is that the waste is sent to the incinerators without being treated first.” If it were, the amount of waste reaching the landfills would be significantly reduced, he believes. It is also vital to eliminate landfills that go directly into the sea and waterways, says Hassan. Polluted internal waterways used by farmers to irrigate crops create further health issues.
There have been some positive measures implemented by municipal authorities, for example establishing sorting at the source and composting in the Beit Mery municipality east of Beirut and in Bikfaya in the Mount Lebanon district. But there are too few sorting plants, says al-Asmar. He believes that just 10 to 20 municipalities across Lebanon (the country has over a thousand) have implemented positive measures. Overall, the problem remains vastly unaddressed. In particular, what is still lacking is a clear governmental strategy to resolve the issue for the entire country, he believes.
Nothing better illustrates the failure of governance than the Costa Brava and Bourj Hammoud landfills, and the flow of waste into the sea. These two sites continue to galvanise activists. A pending court case could see Costa Brava closed, but – as seen in 2015 – without a real solution from the government and authorities, the problems remain. At stake is the fate of an entire country’s waste management policy, the future of its environment and the health of its people. Al-Asmar says the government could and should be doing a lot more to preserve the environment. “Everything is polluted in this country. There is a prevalent ‘end of era’ attitude that prevails in our governing class.”
A Brief History of Waste in Lebanon
The issue of waste management in Lebanon is not new. Before the Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990), the municipalities were in charge of the garbage collection. It was their responsibility to treat and collect waste. Yet even then it was not well coordinated, and was far from satisfactory. The civil war was the defining event for modern Lebanon, but also for its waste collection industry. During the chaos of war, many countries – including Italy, Germany and Belgium – exported toxic waste to Lebanon, sometimes selling it to unscrupulous businessmen who simply dumped the waste without treatment in informal dumpsites, including Bourj Hammoud.
This practice was banned once Lebanon became signatory to the Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-Boundary Movements of Wastes and their Disposal (1989), an international treaty designed to reduce the movement of toxic waste from developed countries to less developed nations. But still today, there is no knowledge of what waste actually lies buried in the dump site. Walid Al Asmar believes that even toxic nuclear waste may still be stored in Bourj Hammoud. After the war, part of the waste treatment process underwent privatisation, but plans to recycle the waste were implemented to only a very modest extent. | <urn:uuid:e47ca11f-c18d-4f7f-94c1-7d1b905edd4d> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://magazine.zenith.me/en/politics/lebanon%E2%80%99s-latest-waste-crisis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257651780.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20180325025050-20180325045050-00392.warc.gz | en | 0.954855 | 2,414 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Types of Graphs Help
Introduction to Types of Graphs—Vertical Bar Graphs, Horizontal Bar Graphs, and Histograms
When the variables in a function can attain only a few values (called discrete values ), graphs can be rendered in simplified forms. Here are some of the most common types.
Vertical Bar Graphs
In a vertical bar graph , the independent variable is shown on the horizontal axis and the dependent variable is shown on the vertical axis. Function values are portrayed as the heights of bars having equal widths. Figure 2-4 is a vertical bar graph of the price of the hypothetical Stock Y at intervals of 1 hour.
Fig. 2-4. Vertical bar graph of hypothetical stock price versus time.
Horizontal Bar Graphs
In a horizontal bar graph , the independent variable is shown on the vertical axis and the dependent variable is shown on the horizontal axis. Function values are portrayed as the widths of bars having equal heights. Figure 2-5 is a horizontal bar graph of the price of the hypothetical Stock Y at intervals of 1 hour. This type of graph is used much less often than the vertical bar graph. This is because it is customary to place the independent variable on the horizontal axis and the dependent variable on the vertical axis in any graph, when possible.
Fig. 2-5. Horizontal bar graph of hypothetical stock price versus time.
A histogram is a bar graph applied to a special situation called a distribution . An example is a portrayal of the grades a class receives on a test, such as is shown in Fig. 2-6. Here, each vertical bar represents a letter grade (A, B, C, D, or F). The height of the bar represents the percentage of students in the class receiving that grade.
Fig. 2-6. A histogram is a bar graph that shows a statistical distribution.
In Fig. 2-6, the values of the dependent variable are written at the top of each bar. In this case, the percentages add up to 100%, based on the assumption that all of the people in the class are present, take the test, and turn in their papers. The values of the dependent variable are annotated this way in some bar graphs. It’s a good idea to write in these numbers if there aren’t too many bars in the graph, but it can make the graph look messy or confusing if there are a lot of bars.
In some bar graphs showing percentages, the values do not add up to 100%. We’ll see an example of this shortly.
Other Types of Simple Graphs—Nomographs and Line Graphs
A nomograph is a one-dimensional graph that consists of two graduated scales lined up directly with each other. Such graphs are useful when the magnitude of a specific quantity must be compared according to two different unit scales. In Fig. 2-7, a nomograph compares temperature readings in degrees Celsius (also called centigrade) and degrees Fahrenheit.
Fig. 2-7. An example of a nomograph for converting temperature readings.
In a point-to-point graph , the scales are similar to those used in continuous-curve graphs such as Figs. 2-2 and 2-3. But the values of the function in a point-to-point graph are shown only for a few selected points, which are connected by straight lines.
In the point-to-point graph of Fig. 2-8, the price of Stock Y (from Fig. 2-2) is plotted on the half-hour from 10:00 A.M. to 3:00 P.M. The resulting “curve” does not exactly show the stock prices at the in-between times. But overall, the graph is a fair representation of the fluctuation of the stock over time.
When plotting a point-to-point graph, a certain minimum number of points must be plotted, and they must all be sufficiently close together. If a point-to-point graph showed the price of Stock Y at hourly intervals, it would not come as close as Fig. 2-8 to representing the actual moment-to-moment stock-price function. If a point-to-point graph showed the price at 15-minute intervals, it would come closer than Fig. 2-8 to the moment-to-moment stock-price function.
Fig. 2-8. A point-to-point graph of hypothetical stock price versus time.
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- Child Development Theories | <urn:uuid:b7932312-368d-4361-9f27-f6c8f8e15116> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.education.com/study-help/article/everyday-math-help-how-variables-simple/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500822407.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021342-00362-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.890634 | 1,007 | 4.15625 | 4 |
Booneville, Tennessee facts for kids
Booneville is an unincorporated community in Lincoln County, Tennessee, in the United States.
A post office called Booneville was established in 1869, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1905. The community was named for pioneer Daniel Boone.
All content from Kiddle encyclopedia articles (including the article images and facts) can be freely used under Attribution-ShareAlike license, unless stated otherwise. Cite this article:Booneville, Tennessee Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia. | <urn:uuid:e56dfeaf-66db-47ca-b25e-c62fb222e0c6> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://kids.kiddle.co/Booneville,_Tennessee | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224650409.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20230604225057-20230605015057-00747.warc.gz | en | 0.932943 | 114 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The distance between the Earth and Mars depends on their relative positions in their orbits and varies quite a bit over time. This post will show how to compute the approximate distance over time. We’re primarily interested in Earth and Mars, though this shows how to calculate the distance between any two planets.
The planets have elliptical orbits with the sun at one focus, but these ellipses are nearly circles centered at the sun. We’ll assume the orbits are perfectly circular and lie in the same plane. (Now that Pluto is not classified as a planet, we can say without qualification that the planets have nearly circular orbits. Pluto’s orbit is much more elliptical than any of the planets.)
We can work in astronomical units (AUs) so that the distance from the Earth to the sun is 1. We can also work in units of years so that the period is also 1. Then we could describe the position of the Earth at time t as exp(2πit).
Mars has a larger orbit and a longer period. By Kepler’s third law, the size of the orbit and the period are related: the square of the period is proportional to the cube of the radius. Because we’re working in AUs and years, the proportionality constant is 1. If we denote the radius of Mars’ orbit by r, then its orbit can be described by
r exp(2πi (r-3/2 t ))
Here we pick our initial time so that at t = 0 the two planets are aligned.
The distance between the planets is just the absolute value of the difference between their positions:
| exp(2πit) – r exp(2πi (r-3/2 t)) |
The following code computes and plots the distance from Earth to Mars over time.
from scipy import exp, pi, absolute, linspace import matplotlib.pyplot as plt def earth(t): return exp(2*pi*1j*t) def mars(t): r = 1.524 # semi-major axis of Mars orbit in AU return r*exp(2*pi*1j*(r**-1.5*t)) def distance(t): return absolute(earth(t) - mars(t)) x = linspace(0, 20, 1000) plt.plot(x, distance(x)) plt.xlabel("Time in years") plt.ylabel("Distance in AU") plt.ylim(0, 3) plt.show()
And the output looks like this:
Notice that the distance varies from about 0.5 to about 2.5. That’s because the radius of Mars’ orbit is about 1.5 AU. So when the planets are exactly in phase, they are 0.5 AU apart and when they’re exactly out of phase they are 2.5 AU apart. In other words the distance ranges from 1.5 – 1 to 1.5 + 1.
The distance function seems to be periodic with period about 2 years. We can do a little calculation by hand to show that is the case and find the period exactly.
The distance squared is the distance times its complex conjugate. If we let ω = r -3/2 then the distance squared is
d2(t) = (exp(2πit) – r exp(2πiωt)) (exp(-2πit) – r exp(-2πiωt))
which simplifies to
1 + r2 – 2r cos(2π(1 – ω)t)
and so the (squared) distance is periodic with period 1/(1 – ω) = 2.13.
Notice that the plot of distance looks more angular at the minima and more rounded near the maxima. Said another way, the distance changes more rapidly when the planets leave their nearest approach than their furthest approach. You can prove this by taking square root of d2(t) and computing its derivative.
Let f(t) = 1 + r2 – 2r cos(2π(1 – ω)t). By the chain rule, the derivative of the square root of f(t) is 1/2 f(t)-1/2 f‘(t). Near a maximum or a minimum, f‘(t) takes on the same values. But the term f(t)-1/2 is largest when f(t) is smallest and vice versa because of the negative exponent. | <urn:uuid:d6c41eca-8125-481f-a080-753e48ef8cea> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://www.johndcook.com/blog/2015/10/24/distance-to-mars/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188550.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00594-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.894646 | 959 | 4.46875 | 4 |
Introduction to Technology
A static mixer, also known as a motionless mixer, is a device that is installed into a housing or pipeline with the goal of modifying fluid streams as they travel through the mixer to divide, recombine, accelerate/decelerate, spread, swirl, or form layers. Mixture components are brought into close contact as a result of these changes in fluid flow. As a result, static mixers are used not only for precise mixing but also for reaction processes. There are a variety of designs available, but most consist of plates or baffles positioned at exact angles to direct flow, produce turbulence and achieve mixing. Static mixer sizing and selection, like any other process equipment, requires a mixture of empirical observation/experience and analytical modelling.
The best static mixer is one that provides the desired mixing quality at the lowest pressure drop, at the lowest installed cost, and in the smallest amount of area. Testing the mixing capabilities of each of the numerous types available with the actual materials to be processed would be ideal. When working with two-part fluids, appropriate mixing is essential for achieving the best results. Static mixers work are an efficient, cost-effective, and dependable way to mix these materials, but there are several considerations that make choosing the right mixer difficult.
Designs OF Static Mixer
Chemical reactions can be carried out in plug flow and loop reactors with static mixing devices under finely controlled conditions, which is especially crucial for extremely exothermic and endothermic processes. In addition to quickly mixing and/or dispersing feed components, S-Cube mixers create plug flow and significantly increase heat transfer both within the fluid and with contacting surfaces for temperature control.
Dispersions are generated when the relevant components are immiscible and a liquid component forms the continuous phase. To create the proper mean drop size and narrow drop size distribution, uniform energy dissipation in the total mixer volume and simultaneous distribution of the components over the full pipe cross-section are used.
A wide variety of firms have developed static mixers over the years, all based on the notion of circulating streams radially via a set of metal baffles. Metal twists, corrugated sheets, parallel bars, small-diameter channels, or tabs protruding from the wall are examples of baffles. Depending on the design, these are essentially connected flow devices with a limited amount of back mixing.
The way you need your materials distributed is a key component in deciding which s mixer is right for you. Based on the pressure limitation of the nozzle, the allowable back-pressure/retained volume, and the expected, or desired flow rate, the materials you’re utilizing will assist you to decide your mixer.
The best static mixer is one that provides the desired mixing quality at the lowest pressure drop, at the lowest installed cost, and in the smallest amount of area. Testing the mixing capabilities of each of the numerous types available with the actual materials to be processed would be ideal. In practice, however, this is not achievable. Relying on advice and information from several mixer vendors is required.
Because static mixers rely on external pumps to transfer product across the mixer parts, the pressure drop is frequently used to determine which static mixer is best. In many circumstances, the kind and number of mixer elements are chosen to achieve the best possible mixing while staying within a pressure drop limit.
A wide variety of firms have developed static mixers over the years, all based on the notion of circulating streams radially via a set of metal baffles. Metal twists, corrugated sheets, parallel bars, small-diameter channels, or tabs protruding from the wall are examples of baffles. Essentially, they’re connected flow devices with a tiny amount of back mixing, depending on the design.
For more than a decade, the S-Cubes SCM-MX mixer has been the industry standard in static mixing applications. It is made up of a grid of inclined bars in a variety of sizes. This design divides the ingredients to be blended into layers and distributes them across the pipe’s full cross-section.
Corrugated plates produce open, crossing channels in which flow is separated into multiple substreams in the SCM-MV mixer. These mixers are most commonly utilized in transitional and turbulent flow regimes to increase mass transfer between immiscible liquids. Gas mixing applications are the best fit for these mixers.
Benefits of Static Mixer
- Material is directly moulded into mixing parts, resulting in efficient mixing with little energy use.
- In a short amount of time, proper distribution of fluid streams and additives into short pipe sections can be accomplished.
- In terms of viscosity, color, and texture of the product outlet, this is the most consistent type of mixer in the segment.
- Handling is simple and adaptable. Quick adjustments to the mixture or stream ratio are possible.
- The mixer is shaped and sized to perfection. Unlike large mixers, it does not need to be updated or revalued.
- All industrial applications are compatible. | <urn:uuid:5840116e-ede0-47e1-b842-05e2eb6c37c5> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://s3dist.in/blog/how-to-select-a-static-mixer-for-fluid/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103943339.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701155803-20220701185803-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.933686 | 1,040 | 3.546875 | 4 |
NASA's Galileo spacecraft captured this dramatic image of mountains on Io in February 2000.
The image was taken when the Sun was low in the sky, illuminating the scene from the left, so it reveals topographic details of Io's surface. A low scarp, roughly 250 meters (820 feet) high, runs from the upper left toward the center of the image. Mongibello Mons, the jagged ridge at the left of the image, rises 7 kilometers (23,000 feet) above the plains of Io, higher than any mountain in North America.
Few of Io's mountains (see also PIA02526) resemble volcanoes. Instead, Galileo scientists believe that the mountains are formed when blocks of Io's crust are uplifted along thrust faults. Angular mountains are thought to be younger, while older mountains have more subdued topography, such as the rise near the top center of this image.
The image has a resolution of 335 meters (1,100 feet) per picture element. North is to the top of the image.
The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the Galileo mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, D.C. Additional information about Galileo and its discoveries is available on the Galileo mission home page at http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov . Background information and educational context for the images can be found at http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/io.cfm. Image Credit: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona/Arizona State University | <urn:uuid:b7a8aa12-3535-4a08-80ab-8ef7c665a160> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://ciclops.org/view/4444/Mountains-on-Io-at-Sunset | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463609837.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170528141209-20170528161209-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.905034 | 325 | 4.15625 | 4 |
Cornell University has turned on its Robo Brain project that could allow robots to learn skills by analysing images, YouTube videos and how-to documents.
Computer science professor Ashutosh Saxena told CNET: "Our laptops and cell phones have access to all the information we want.
"If a robot encounters a situation it hasn't seen before it can query Robo Brain in the cloud."
The 'brain' is currently downloading and processing one billion images, tens of thousands of YouTube clips, and 100 million how-to documents.
The information will then be stored in a robot-friendly format, and available open-source for developers to utilise with their robot creations.
If a robot saw a plate, for example, it could learn that it is used to hold food and must be carried upright and carefully when full, but can be tipped or tilted when empty.
It would also be possible for the robots to demonstrate "structured deep learning" which means they can contextualise things they see. | <urn:uuid:cb21e2e2-d053-485c-8819-1fcfd05f915c> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://news.sky.com/story/robo-brain-lets-robots-learn-from-the-internet-10391867 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170696.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00545-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924247 | 205 | 3.640625 | 4 |
From their earliest beginnings, humans have had to face the great mystery of death. Over time, the wise learned to understand and honor this most profound of the rites of passage, guiding their peoples to understand these mysteries. They knew that even in the brightest of life’s moments, Death’s face would be peering from just beyond the shadows, waiting to leave his calling card. Death is humankind’s great lover, who courts and pursues us with a conviction no mortal lover is capable of.
Throughout history, humans have been led in a dance with death that is both fearful and romantic. Digging through the tomes of religion, myth, anthropology, folklore, and literature, we find the grim examples of death’s shadows cast over all cultures like the shrouds within dusty sepultures.
Megalithic people of Western Europe left dolmens, mysterious chambers of unhewn stone, typically capped with a larger stone. These dolmens were the burial places of great heroes, or marked to honor the spirits of faerie, who were believed to dwell within the hollow hills, a very strong connection to the underworld, and thus death. Food is still left out for the Faeries in parts of Ireland (and in many other places) today. The association between the Fairies and the spirits of the dead is one worth further exploration.
Later Celts, noble tribes of warriors and mystics, were known to offer a princely burial for their dead. The earliest Celtic graves of Hasltadt, Austria were found to have great stores of shields, swords, and torques— collars and armbands of metal. To the Celtic culture, we owe much of the modern Festival of the Dead, as their great feasting holiday of Samhain (sow-en), complete with political gatherings of the day and rituals to the spirits of faerie, remains the foremost holiday in modern Witchcraft.
In majestic Egypt, regal yet somber funerary processions made their way along the river Nile, making offerings of food and wealth to the dead and to their pantheon of funerary gods and goddess. The dead were mummified to preserve the body, which was wrapped in the finest of linens, ointments, and perfumes, and bedecked in gold, copper, and jewel-encrusted garments. The deceased were provided with the treasures they enjoyed in life: tools and utensils, books, fine garments, art, magickal amulets, and even great wealth of gold and gems.
Among the Native American Dakota Tribe, great mourning and wailing accompanied death. Women slashed their bodies till they bled. Men blackened their faces with ash. After the period time of wailing had ended, the tribes-people prepared a scaffold on which to burn the body of the deceased (the Norse had a similar method of sending their dead into the next world). The dead were clothed in their finest attire, their faces painted blood red to symbolize the power of life.
Much later, in the Victorian era, Death’s harvests were spun into gold. Ornate keepsakes were crafted from hair clipped from the newly deceased. Bereft widows and mothers of the day would weave at death’s loom creating intricate artwork rich with sentiment and honor. Mourning jewelry would be the final entombment of their lost loved ones. Death grinned from gilded cases studded with gems, on display in tiny mausoleums of crystal and gold. Perhaps the most enduring Deathly contribution of the Victorian age is the Spirit Board, also known as talking board or Ouija board. This still popular parlour game provided a way for both the expert and the novice to communicate between the living and the dead.
Turn of the century coffin makers carefully prepared their crafts by gathering up all of the shavings and saw dust, placing them within their morbid creation. For some believed that if any part of this final resting place should be brought into the home before its time, death might come calling before proper preparations could be made.
We cannot speak of a “festival” of the dead without mention of Dia de los Muertos, or Day of the Dead, celebrated each year in Mexico. Spanish Conquistadors arrived in the New World to find Meso-Americans of the area practicing a ritual, thousands of years old by that time, that seemed to mock death. In truth, these native peoples saw death as the extension of life, a passage to the next world, and thus it was not a mockery but a celebration. Festivities were held to honor the departed, not to belittle them. Unable to eradicate these practices, the Spaniards moved the ritual to coincide with the Catholic “festival of the dead,” All Hallow’s Eve, All Saints’ Day, and All Souls’ Day. The festivities, however, remained. This must have seemed as an ancestral homecoming of sorts to the Spaniards. The Catholics inherited their own days of the deceased from the Celtic Festival of the Dead at Samhain, which was a time of great festivity and feasting. The old wisdom never dies, and the Mexican people still honor the festive celebration of the dead inherited from both their Meso-American and European ancestors.
In old New Orleans, European, African, and native customs of the dead were also mixed. “Touissaint,” French for All Saints Day, is the only remaining American celebration of the old European Day of the Dead. Immortelles (elaborate mourning wreaths), candle burning, and dining with the dead are still held in New Orleans cemeteries on this day. Salem and New Orleans share a unique connection. Both vie for the title of number one Halloween celebration city and each share a historical link with both Voodoo and European magic. In New Orleans, where a history of frequent disease and death prompted celebration and festivity, funerals were often
accompanied by much revelry, evolving into such customs as “The Jazz Funeral,” “Death Watch,” the ever lively Wake—second only to to the Irish Wake in terms of mirth and cheer, and, of course, the Zombi!
Customs of the Dead are still practiced today by our so called “modern” cultures. What driver hasn't experienced the long fleet of illuminated cars led by the dark hearse. It is still considered to be extremely bad luck (and rather poor taste) to break this solemn procession. The dead command great respect, even in today’s “enlightened” world. You can still visit a cemetery to find offerings of flowers, candles, and yes, even food. This communion between living and dead shows how connected we all are by the true language of spirit.
Death can be heard in the call of the crow. He can be seen in the murky darkness just beyond the firelight. His everlasting love can be felt by the cold touch on your shoulder when you think no one is there. Death is always there, watching and waiting. His enduring presence reminds us that we all have set a date with him that he eagerly desires to keep.
Explore Death’s courtship with the living as we learn to understand his purpose and prepare ourselves to celebrate his arrival.
Each event in Salem’s Festival of the Dead explores an aspect of death. We celebrate the spirit world, make contact with the departed, and confront our own mortality. Take part in death’s macabre customs, heretical histories, and strange rituals. From the mourning locket that holds the hair of the dead to the vast Parisian catacombs of bones, Death continues to captivate our imagination and beckon us to journey with him to destinations of mystery and wonderment.
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Playing the bagpipes is a time-honored tradition in Celtic cultures. One local group focuses on the often-overlooked Irish side of the Pipe Band genre, and it is currently recruiting new members. The bonus? They offer free lessons in both bagpiping and Celtic drumming.
The overall mission of Ciorcal Cairde (pronounced: “keer-kle kair-deh”) Irish Pipes and Drums is to spread the Irish culture and tradition through education, performance, and competition. Ciorcal Cairde is Irish Gaelic for “Circle of Friends”. The group’s main goal is to be a family and kid-friendly group that will create an atmosphere of camaraderie among musicians, dancers, and the Irish community at large.
Contrary to popular belief, the bagpipes did not originate in Scotland. Good luck in getting a Scot to admit that! Historical records indicate the instrument itself was invented in the Middle East, particularly near Egypt. In fact, the instrument is mentioned in biblical texts. It is believed that the “symphonia” in Nebuchadnezzar’s band was actually a bagpipe. Truth be told, the first bagpiper in the world had no idea where Scotland was, and his instrument likely looked more like a stuffed dog than the bagpipes we know. The Highland Bagpipe, which is the most commonly seen and used bagpipe in Pipe Bands worldwide today, has several different origin stories. Some believe they arrived in Scotland as a Roman import, while many believe they came from the Celts of ancient Ireland (Hibernia) as a result of colonization. It was then that the Scottish Highlanders developed the instrument to its fullest extent and made it their national instrument.
So, what’s the difference between an Irish Pipe Band and a Scottish one? Not much. The music in the Irish band may include different tunes, and the kilt may look a little different than the typical plaid tartan worn by the Scottish bands. Otherwise, both groups are widely honored in the Celtic Piping tradition and equally as respected among the Celtic community.
Being in a pipe band offers the chance to experience the enjoyment and passion of playing music, learning and working in teams, developing strong leadership skills, and building life-long friendships. Ciorcal Cairde has been offering free lessons for ages 8 and up since its inception ten years ago. Band leaders Kelly and Jim FitzRandolph also offer private lessons at incredible rates. When asked why their private lesson pricing is so low, Kelly says, “Our goal is to pass on a tradition, and we want to make it accessible for everyone.” If you’ve ever wanted to be part of a pipe band, this is your chance. You don’t have to be Irish or Scottish to join. The only requirement is a strong work ethic and a love for the music.
Rehearsals for Ciorcal Cairde Irish Pipes and Drums take place on most Tuesday evenings.
To find out more about joining the band, contact Kelly FitzRandolph, Pipe Major, at (303) 779-5383 or email email@example.com.
For information about how you can have the group perform at your upcoming event, contact Heidi Ernst, Business Manager, at (303) 482-5944 or email firstname.lastname@example.org. | <urn:uuid:8ca8a822-dcd8-4a56-a1a6-45292e19ec82> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | http://ciorcalcairdeirishpd.com/about.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178367949.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20210303230849-20210304020849-00123.warc.gz | en | 0.959605 | 725 | 2.640625 | 3 |
|Born||April 28 1926
|Literary movement||Southern Gothic|
|Influences||Truman Capote, William Faulkner|
Nelle Harper Lee (April 28, 1926 - ) is an American novelist known for her Pulitzer Prize–winning 1960 novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, her only major work. The novel is renowned for its warmth and humor, despite dealing with the serious issues of rape and racial inequality. The narrator's father, Atticus Finch, has served as a moral hero for many readers, and a model of integrity for lawyers. One critic explained the novel's impact by writing, "[i]n the twentieth century, To Kill a Mockingbird is probably the most widely read book dealing with race in America, and its protagonist, Atticus Finch, the most enduring fictional image of racial heroism."
As a Southern Gothic novel and a bildungsroman, the primary themes of To Kill a Mockingbird involve racial injustice and the destruction of innocence, but scholars have also noted that Lee addresses the issues of class tensions, courage, and compassion, and gender roles in the American Deep South. The book is widely taught in schools in English-speaking countries with lessons that emphasize tolerance and decry prejudice. Despite its themes, To Kill a Mockingbird has been the target of various campaigns to have it removed from public classrooms. Often the book is challenged for its use of racial epithets, and writers have noticed that although white readers react favorably to the novel, black readers tend to respond less positively.
Harper Lee, known as Nelle, was born in the Alabama town of Monroeville, on April 28 1926, the youngest of four children of Amasa Coleman Lee and Frances Cunningham Finch Lee. Her father, a former newspaper editor and proprietor, was a lawyer who served on the state legislature from 1926 to 1938. As a child, Lee was a tomboy and a precocious reader. Among her childhood friends was her schoolmate and neighbor, the young Truman Capote.
After graduating from high school in Monroeville, Lee enrolled at the all-female Huntingdon College in Montgomery (1944-45), and then pursued a law degree at the University of Alabama (1945-50), pledging the Chi Omega sorority. While attending college, she wrote for campus literary magazines: Huntress at Huntingdon and the humor magazine, Rammer Jammer, at the University of Alabama. At both schools, she wrote short stories and other works about racial injustice, a rarely mentioned topic on these campuses at the time. Though she did not complete the law degree, she studied for a summer in Oxford, England. In 1950, she moved to New York City, where she worked as a reservation clerk for Eastern Air Lines and British Overseas Airways Corporation; there, she began writing a collection of essays and short stories about people in Monroeville. Hoping to be published, Lee presented her writing in 1957, to a literary agent recommended by Capote. An editor at J. B. Lippincott advised her to quit the airline and concentrate on writing. Donations from friends allowed her to write uninterrupted for a year. She lived a frugal life, traveling between her cold-water-only apartment in New York to her family home in Alabama to care for her father.
To Kill a Mockingbird
Having written several long stories, Harper Lee located an agent in November 1956. The following month at the East 50th townhouse of her friends Michael Brown and Joy Williams Brown, she received a gift of a year's wages with a note: "You have one year off from your job to write whatever you please. Merry Christmas." Within a year, she had a first draft. Working with J.B. Lippincott & Co. editor Tay Hohoff, she completed To Kill a Mockingbird in the summer of 1959. Lee spent two and a half years writing To Kill a Mockingbird. A description of the book's creation by the National Endowment for the Arts relates an episode wherein Lee became so frustrated that she tossed the manuscript out the window into the snow. Her agent made her retrieve it from the street. The book was published on July 11, 1960. It was initially titled Atticus, but Lee retitled the novel to reflect a story that went beyond a character portrait. The editorial team at Lippincott warned Lee that she would probably sell only several thousand copies at the most. In 1964, Lee recalled her hopes for the book when she said, "I never expected any sort of success with Mockingbird. … I was hoping for a quick and merciful death at the hands of the reviewers but, at the same time, I sort of hoped someone would like it enough to give me encouragement. Public encouragement. I hoped for a little, as I said, but I got rather a whole lot, and in some ways this was just about as frightening as the quick, merciful death I'd expected." Instead of a "quick and merciful death," the book was republished in part by Reader's Digest Condensed Books, which gave it a wide readership immediately. It was an immediate bestseller and won great critical acclaim, including the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1961. It remains a bestseller with more than 30 million copies in print. In 1999, it was voted "Best Novel of the Century" in a poll by the Library Journal. Since its publication, it has never been out of print.
I never expected any sort of success with Mockingbird. I was hoping for a quick and merciful death at the hands of the reviewers but, at the same time, I sort of hoped someone would like it enough to give me encouragement. Public encouragement. I hoped for a little, as I said, but I got rather a whole lot, and in some ways this was just about as frightening as the quick, merciful death I'd expected (Harper Lee, quoted in Newquist).
Lee's novel was initially reviewed by at least 30 newspapers and magazines, which varied widely in their assessment of it. More recently, it has been ranked by librarians before the Bible as a book "every adult should read before they die". The book was adapted into an Oscar-winning film in 1962 by director Robert Mulligan, with a screenplay by Horton Foote. Since 1990, a play based on the novel has been performed annually in Harper Lee's hometown of Monroeville, Alabama, transforming the town into a tourist destination. To date, it is Lee's only published novel, and although she continues to respond to the book's impact, she has refused any personal publicity for herself or the novel since 1964.
The story takes place during three years of the Great Depression in the fictional "tired old town" of Maycomb, Alabama. The narrator, six-year-old Scout Finch, lives with her older brother, Jem, and their widowed father, Atticus, a middle-aged lawyer. Jem and Scout befriend a boy named Dill who visits Maycomb to stay with his aunt for the summer. The three children are terrified by, and fascinated with, their neighbor, the reclusive "Boo" Radley. The adults of Maycomb are hesitant to talk about Boo and for many years, few have seen him. The children feed each other's imaginations with rampant rumors about his grotesque appearance and his reasons for remaining hidden, and they dream of ways to get him to come out of his house. Following two summers of friendship with Dill, Scout, and Jem find that someone is leaving them small gifts in a tree outside the Radley place. Several times, the mysterious Boo makes gestures of affection to the children, but, to their disappointment, never appears in person.
Atticus is assigned to defend a black man named Tom Robinson, who has been accused of raping Mayella Ewell, a young white woman. Although many of Maycomb's citizens disapprove, Atticus agrees to defend Tom to the best of his ability. Scout is subjected to other children taunting Atticus, calling him a "nigger-lover," and she is tempted to stand up for her father's honor by fighting, even though he has told her not to. For his part, Atticus faces a group of men intent on lynching Tom, but this danger is averted when Scout, Jem, and Dill shame the mob into dispersing by forcing them to view the situation from Atticus' and Tom's points of view.
Because Atticus does not want them to be present at Tom Robinson's trial, Scout, Jem, and Dill watch in secret from the colored balcony. Atticus establishes that the accusers—Mayella and her father, Bob Ewell, the town drunk—are lying. It also becomes clear that the friendless Mayella was making sexual advances towards Tom and that her father caught her in the act. Despite significant evidence of Tom's innocence, he is convicted. Jem's faith in justice is badly shaken, as is Atticus', when a hopeless Tom is shot and killed while trying to escape from prison.
Bob Ewell is humiliated by the trial and vows revenge. He spits in Atticus' face on the street, tries to break into the judge's house, and menaces Tom Robinson's widow. Finally, he attacks the defenseless Jem and Scout as they walk home from a Halloween pageant at their school. Jem's arm is broken in the struggle, but, amid the confusion, someone comes to their rescue. The mysterious man carries Jem home, where Scout eventually recognizes him as the reclusive Boo Radley.
Maycomb's sheriff arrives and discovers that Bob Ewell has been killed. The sheriff argues with Atticus about the prudence and ethics of holding Jem or Boo responsible. Atticus eventually accepts the sheriff's story that Ewell simply fell on his own knife. Boo asks Scout to walk him home, and after she says goodbye to him at his front door, he disappears again. While standing on the Radley porch, Scout imagines life from Boo's perspective and regrets that they never repaid him for the gifts he had given them.
Lee has said that To Kill a Mockingbird is not an autobiography, but rather an example of how an author "should write about what he knows and write truthfully". Nevertheless, several people and events from Lee's childhood parallel those of the fictional Scout. Lee's father, Amasa Coleman Lee, was an attorney, similar to Atticus Finch, and in 1919, he defended two black men accused of murder. After they were convicted, hanged, and mutilated, he never tried another criminal case. Lee's father was also the editor and publisher of the Monroeville newspaper; although more conservative than Atticus with regard to race, he gradually became more liberal in his later years. Though Scout's mother died when she was a baby, and Lee was 25 when her mother died, her mother was prone to a nervous condition that rendered her mentally and emotionally absent. Lee also had a brother named Edwin, who—like the fictional Jem—was four years older than his sister. As in the novel, a black housekeeper came once a day to care for the Lee house and family.
The character of Dill was modeled on Lee's childhood friend, Truman Capote, known then as Truman Persons. Just as Dill lived next door to Scout during the summer, Capote lived next door to Lee with his aunts while his mother visited New York City. Like Dill, Capote had an impressive imagination and a gift for fascinating stories. Both Lee and Capote were atypical children: Both loved to read, and whereas Lee was a scrappy tomboy who was quick to fight, Capote was the object of ridicule for his advanced vocabulary and lisp. She and Capote made up and acted out stories they wrote on an old Underwood typewriter Lee's father gave them. They became very good friends when both felt alienated from their peers; Capote called the two of them "apart people." In 1960, Capote and Lee traveled to Kansas together to investigate the multiple murder that was the basis of Capote's nonfiction novel, In Cold Blood.
After To Kill a Mockingbird
After completing To Kill a Mockingbird, Lee accompanied Capote to Holcomb, Kansas, to assist him in researching what they thought would be an article on a small town's response to the murder of a farmer and his family. Capote expanded the material into his best-selling book, In Cold Blood (1966). The experiences of Capote and Lee in Holcomb were depicted in two different films, Capote (2005) and Infamous (2006).
Since publication of To Kill a Mockingbird, Lee has granted almost no requests for interviews or public appearances, and with the exception of a few short essays, has published no further writings. She did work on a second novel for years, eventually filing it away, unpublished. During the mid-1980s, she began a book of nonfiction about an Alabama serial murderer, but she put it aside when she was not satisfied. Her withdrawal from public life prompted unfounded speculation that new publications were in the works, such as those which followed the American writers J.D. Salinger and Ralph Ellison.
Lee said of the 1962 Academy Award–winning screenplay adaptation of To Kill a Mockingbird by Horton Foote: "If the integrity of a film adaptation can be measured by the degree to which the novelist's intent is preserved, Mr Foote's screenplay should be studied as a classic." She also became a friend of Gregory Peck, who won an Oscar for his portrayal of Atticus Finch, the father of the novel's narrator, Scout. She remains close to the actor's family. Peck's grandson, Harper Peck Voll, is named after her.
In June 1966, Lee was one of two persons named by President Lyndon B. Johnson to the National Council on the Arts.
When Lee attended the 1983 Alabama History and Heritage Festival in Eufaula, Alabama, she presented the essay "Romance and High Adventure."
Lee has been known to split time between an apartment in New York and her sister's home in Monroeville. In a letter published in Oprah Winfrey's magazine, O (May 2006), Lee wrote about her love of books as a child and her dedication to the written word: "Now, 75 years later in an abundant society where people have laptops, cell phones, iPods, and minds like empty rooms, I still plod along with books."
While attending an August 20, 2007, ceremony inducting four members into the Alabama Academy of Honor, Lee responded to an invitation to address the audience with "Well, it's better to be silent than to be a fool."
Lee's single novel was one of the most important literary events in America during the twentieth century.
She has accepted honorary degrees but has declined to make speeches. In March 2005, she arrived in Philadelphia—her first trip to the city since signing with publisher Lippincott in 1960—to receive the inaugural ATTY Award for positive depictions of attorneys in the arts from the Spector Gadon & Rosen Foundation. At the urging of Peck's widow Veronique, Lee traveled by train from Monroeville to Los Angeles in 2005, to accept the Los Angeles Public Library Literary Award. She has also attended luncheons for students who have written essays based on her work, held annually at the University of Alabama. On May 21, 2006, she accepted an honorary degree from the University of Notre Dame. To honor her, the graduating seniors were given copies of Mockingbird before the ceremony and held them up when she received her degree.
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipient
On November 5, 2007, Lee was presented with the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W. Bush at a White House Ceremony. The Presidential Medal of Freedom is the highest civilian award in the United States and recognizes individuals who have made "an especially meritorious contribution to the security or national interests of the United States, world peace, cultural or other significant public or private endeavors."
Harper Lee was portrayed by Catherine Keener in the film Capote (2005), by Sandra Bullock in the film Infamous (2006), and by Tracey Hoyt in the TV movie Scandalous Me: The Jacqueline Susann Story (1998). In the adaptation of Capote's Other Voices, Other Rooms (1995), the character of Idabell Thompkins, who was inspired by Truman Capote's memories of Harper Lee as a child, was played by Aubrey Dollar.
- Lee, Harper (1960) To Kill a Mockingbird. New York: J. B. Lippincott.
- Lee, Harper (1961) "Love—In Other Words." Vogue Magazine.
- Lee, Harper (1961) "Christmas to Me." McCalls Magazine.
- Lee, Harper (1965) "When Children Discover America." McCalls Magazine.
- ↑ Joseph Crespino, The Strange Career of Atticus Finch, Southern Cultures 6(2): 9–29.
- ↑ The White House, President Bush Honors Medal of Freedom Recipients. Retrieved May 28, 2008.
- ↑ Chicago Public Library, Harper Lee, a brief biography. Retrieved May 28, 2008.
- ↑ Shields, p. 79–99.
- ↑ Alabama Department of Archives and History, Nelle Harper Lee. Retrieved May 28, 2008.
- ↑ NNBD, Harper Lee. Retrieved May 28, 2008.
- ↑ Shields, p. 129.
- ↑ Shields, p. 14.
- ↑ Shields, p. 242.
- ↑ Roy Newquist (ed.), Counterpoint (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1964, ISBN 1-111-80499-0).
- ↑ Mihelle Pauli, Harper Lee tops librarians' must-read list. Retrieved May 28, 2008.
- ↑ "Harper Lee," in American Decades (Gale Research, 1998).
- ↑ Shields, p. 120–121.
- ↑ Shields, p. 122–125.
- ↑ Shields, p. 40–41.
- ↑ Albin Krebs, "Truman Capote Is Dead at 59; Novelist of Style and Clarity," The New York Times, August 26, 1984, p. 1.
- ↑ Ann Taylor Fleming, "The Private World of Truman Capote," The New York Times Magazine.
- ↑ Gloria Steinem, Go Right Ahead and Ask Me Anything (And So She Did): An Interview with Truman Capote, McCall's November 1967: p. 76.
- ↑ "Harper Lee writes item for Oprah’s magazine," MSNBC, June 29, 2006
- ↑ The Boston Globe, Author has her say. Retrieved May 28, 2008.
- ↑ Irene Lacher, "Harper Lee raises her low profile for a friend," Los Angeles Times.
- ↑ The Birmingham News, Harper Lee given Presidential Medal of Freedom. Retrieved May 28, 2008.
- Petry, Alice Hall. On Harper Lee: Essays and Reflections. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2007. ISBN 9781572335783.
- Shields, Charles J. I am Scout: A Biography of Harper Lee. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2008. ISBN 9780805083347.
- Shields, Charles J. Mockingbird: a Portrait of Harper Lee. New York: Henry Holt, 2006. ISBN 9780805079197.
All links Retrieved May 24, 2008.
- Encyclopedia of Alabama: Harper Lee
- Harper Lee at the Internet Movie Database
- NNDB Profile
- Harper Lee at the Internet Book List
- "Harper Lee Still Prizes Privacy Over Publicity" The Christian Science Monitor, September 11, 1997
- "Mockingbird author steps out of the shadows" [The Guardian], February 5 2006]
- Mockingbird: A Portrait of Harper Lee by Charles J. Shields, 2006
- "Harper Lee Emerges for 'Mockingbird' Award" All Things Considered, January 28, 2007
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES||Lee, Nelle Harper|
|DATE OF BIRTH||April 28 1926|
|PLACE OF BIRTH||Monroeville, Alabama|
|DATE OF DEATH|
|PLACE OF DEATH|
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Traditional Japanese swordsmithing forges are purpose-built with certain design elements specific to the tasks involved in tanren and hizukuri. This article will discuss several of the features that are common to this type of construction and follow the process of crafting a swordsmith’s forge at a museum on Vancouver Island.
Most of history was forged with very simple equipment made from found and natural materials. A basic charcoal forge can be made with clay, brick, or even mud and stone.
Sword Forge Overview
Bamboo Water Scoop
Sword Forge Overview
The swordsmith forge consists of a fuigo box bellows separated from the forge by a low wall, a firepot consisting of two parallel walls to contain the fire, and a charcoal reservoir where fresh charcoal is stored for use.
The bottom half of the firepot area is filled with fine charcoal to provide an insulated bed for the fire and extends under the charcoal reservoir to provide an area to push longer blades into while heating. Often there is a hood and chimney above the forge but the oldest examples are left open and smoke is vented through windows and roof openings.
The smith is positioned so that everything is within reach and the fuigo, forge, and anvil are located on radiating lines from a central location. In order to lower the anvil relative to assistants and apprentices acting as sakite (strikers), the smith works from a sitting position at or near ground level. The most basic examples involve half-kneeling on a mat flat on the ground but many permanent installations include a shallow pit for the feet to rest in.
Although several options exist, from the most basic found mud and stone forges through traditional clay and charcoal refractory to a modern castable refractory material, for this project hard firebrick will be the material of choice. Firebrick can handle the high heat and temperature extremes of forge work, is relatively easy to build with, and can be reconfigured to make adjustments as necessary. Regular fireplace bricks can be used but will not last as long as firebrick, regular clay brick will not handle the heat at all unless it is coated inside with some type of fireclay mixture.
The outside of the forge and the charcoal reservoir will not be exposed to high temperatures and can be made from any type of clay or brick, in this case a mixture of salvaged house and fireplace brick. The pipe from the fuigo to the forge is steel and the tuyere on the end of it is made from a refractory mixture of charcoal powder and clay.
For the support wall, brick, concrete blocks, or sheet metal can be used, for this project a traditional style frame of salvaged wood and driftwood will be inlaid with bamboo lath and filled with an earthen mixture of natural clay, sand, and straw. The hood is a repurposed piece of agricultural or mill equipment hung from the ceiling at the outside corners.
The fuigo wall separates and protects the wooden fuigo from heat and sparks and also holds up one side of the hood. It should be constructed of a non-flammable and somewhat heat resistant material. The wood frame provides structure and the bamboo lath provides anchor points for the earthen mixture to hang on to.
The frame wall is made from driftwood and salvaged lumber, and the bamboo lath is held in place in slots or holes in the wood frame. A minimum of one vertical and one horizontal row of bamboo are tied together using twine. If available, the traditional style often calls for larger split bamboo and twice as many horizontal pieces, about 1 sun apart rather than two or three.
The back section of the forge is divided into upper and lower parts at the level of the floor. The upper part will be the charcoal fuel reservoir where fresh charcoal can be raked into the fire, or burning charcoal can be temporarily pushed when replacing the billet into the fire. The lower part will be filled with charcoal fines and provides a space to push the blade into when heating without pushing away the fire with it. The lower part is the width of the forge and the upper part is one brick wider on each side.
Clay, sand, and chopped straw can be combined to form several different earthen mixtures, from a thin spreadable plaster to a thick cob style material. There should be enough clay to stick the mixture together, sand and straw can vary quite a bit in their proportion. This traditional craft playlist provides a look at several different tsuchikabe and wara juraku techniques.
The steel tuyere pipe connects the fuigo to the tuyere in the bottom center of the left side of the firepot. It generally slopes slightly but the main thing is that the actual tuyere should point downwards into the firepot at about 30 degrees (this varies according to the school). The location of the tuyere is midway between the front of the forge and the charcoal reservoir, and midway between the top and bottom of the forge walls, at the level of the floor.
The tuyere pipe is around 1.75 to 2 sun diameter and cut from sturdy steel pipe. Often a kink or bend is added to the pipe so that the infrared from the charcoal does not shine directly on the inside of the fuigo.
The firepot contains the burning charcoal and must endure high temperature. The width should be appropriate to the majority of work performed, too wide and fuel is wasted, too narrow and larger high temperature work becomes difficult. The width is usually between 6.5 sun and 7.5 sun but knifemakers can use 4-5 sun or insert spacer bricks for smaller work. The standard length is 3 shaku and the peak height is about 2 shaku.
The forge floor beneath a full depth charcoal bed should not normally be exposed to high heat but should certainly be fireproof. Earth, bricks, steel plate, or even reclaimed concrete blocks may work. Using brasque, refractory mixture, kiln shelf, or firebricks would be a better option in a shallower or smaller forge design.
The back of the forge is divided by a steel shelf which holds fresh charcoal ready to be raked into the fire, and holds burning charcoal temporarily when replacing a large billet into the fire during tanren. because the charcoal reservoir is wider than the forge, some sort of angle cut bricks or steel “ears” help channel the charcoal into the firepot.
The tuyere (羽口 haguchi) must be made from refractory material to withstand the intense heat in this area of the forge. A common recipe uses sand, clay, and castable refractory with a very small amount of water. For this project traditional brasque fireclay made from charcoal powder and clay will be used. There are several recipes but the most basic is 6 parts charcoal powder to 2 parts clay with just enough water to make it sticky.
The tuyere should convert the ~2 sun pipe diameter into a 1 sun opening, increasing the velocity of the air just before entering the fire. The walls should be close to 1 sun thick and the tuyere protrudes into the forge between 0.5 sun and a little less than 1 sun. The area around the tuyere is packed with similar material to seal the opening in the sidewall of the forge but should be designed for easy replacement when the tuyere wears out.
The lower half of the entire forge is filled with charcoal fines, not quite powder but small enough that it isn’t useful for fuel. The charcoal bed provides an insulated and adjustable floor for the forge area, and creates a space under the charcoal shelf to push a long blade into while heating without pushing the fire along with it.
The charcoal bed should begin at the level of the front of the forge and end at the bottom of the charcoal shelf but is scooped out in between to about 2-4 sun below the tuyere opening. For different operations the depth may be easily adjusted. The charcoal should be packed down and often will need to be dampened slightly to prevent it burning up.
…the part 5 video is making the 475lb. anvil from scrap metal.
Aku is charcoal made by controlled burning and then smothering of straw (specifically rice straw if available). The resulting fine flaky mixture is used as a flux and as protection from carbon loss during tanren and forge welding operations. A tray is usually placed between the forge and anvil during tanren so the billet can be rolled in aku on the way to the anvil then rolled again and coated with clay slurry on the way back to the fire.
The raw material for this tray comes from some salvaged farm equipment, the shape and size reflect the original dimensions of the sheet metal part. Dents are hammered out, the sides are bent up, the corners folded over and riveted.
Clay slurry (泥汁 doro/dorojiru) is a thin mixture of natural clay and water used as a flux during certain stages of tanren and forge welding. The mixture is spooned over the billet after it has been rolled in aku and quickly dries to form a coating on the way back to the forge.
The container should hold water and be resistant to rust, in this case an earthen jar large enough to hold a stable supply of slurry. Depending on the school and the smith’s preferences it is usually placed either in front of the fuigo wall or to the right of the anvil and water bucket. It is buried almost to floor level and the ladle and lid are made from salvaged farm equipment.
An important tool for proper fire management is the charcoal rake, also called hikaki or hikakibou (火かき / 火かき棒). Large amounts of burning charcoal are pushed back from the firepot to place the billet back in the fire, and fresh charcoal is added as needed during all stages of forging. A long handled rake with a blade size appropriate to the width of the forge allows the smith to reach right to the back of the charcoal shelf and keep a well managed fire at all times.
Salvaged farm machinery parts, a large socket wrench, and a piece of fallen tree branch are the raw materials for this seat. The wooden handle offers some protection from heat build up as the rake sits next to the fire. If there was hot forging involved a couple of elegant refinements would be to upset the rod right at the socket and taper towards the blade end.
The earliest forges in most cultures were placed into the ground and required the smith to sit flat on the ground. Swordsmiths continue to work at ground level because it allows the anvil to be much lower in relation to the strikers standing with heavy (6.5kg/14lb) sledge hammers.
The wooden platform for this project is designed to operate in two positions, either in conjunction with the foot pit for chair style sitting or spanning across it for flat ground style sitting. Salvaged lumber, including two table leaves, are the raw materials for this seat.
Bamboo Water Scoop
Forging with a thin film of water on the anvil and hammer prevents forge scale or oxide from being hammered into the surface of the steel. The hot steel instantly vaporizes the water and the resulting steam explosion blows the scale off of the work, keeping it clean as it is worked. This type of bamboo scoop is a traditional style tool for applying water to the surface of the anvil or the hot steel.
This is about the quickest and most useful traditional tool for controlled application of water, taking only minutes to create from natural materials. The best starting point is structural/timber bamboo that is about two inches inside diameter, is not cracked, and has at least one or two nodes/joints in it.
Special thanks to Pierre Nadeau for generously providing the fuigo for this build, along with much helpful advice on embracing wabisabi and making the most of measurements and materials. Thanks also to Dave Kasprick for enthusiasm, encouragement, and sharing his shop space, to Larry and Dee for the firebrick, Lorne for the anvil components, and to the Parksville Museum for providing the location for the forge. | <urn:uuid:d71a7960-f7ee-4774-a005-83e5d80027b9> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://islandblacksmith.ca/2017/01/building-traditional-swordsmith-forge/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267159938.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20180923232129-20180924012529-00544.warc.gz | en | 0.92546 | 2,555 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Many people today just use their computer to play Angry Birds or post pictures of their most recent meal on Facebook ... but what would some of the great minds of the past have done with a computer?...
For example, Charles Minard was creating impressive information graphics without a computer over 100 years ago, such as his famous representation of Napoleon's Russian campaign of 1812. I wondered what sort of maps Minard (or Napoleon himself) might have created, if he'd had a computer?!?
Below is a thumbnail image of Minard's map (click to see full size image). The width of the lines represents the number of soldiers in Napoleon's army. You'll notice how the line gets more and more narrow as the army advances from West to East (the brown line), and even more narrow as they retreat from East to West (the black line). There is also a graph below the map, showing the temperature during the army's retreat.
I set about trying to make a new version of Minard's map, adding some modern mapping capabilities made possible by both creating and viewing the map with a computer...
First, I thought it would be useful to create a map zoomed-out such that you can see the campaign area in context. In particular, I thought it would be useful to see where the borders of the neighboring countries are (note that I'm using the modern borders and country names). Below is a thumbnail of my map - click the thumbnail to see the full size interactive map, in which you can hover your mouse over the countries to see their name (hover-text). The area of Minard's map is shown with a dashed rectangle, and you can click in that rectangular area to zoom-in.
Once you zoom-in, my map shows the same area as Minard's map. I've included a thumbnail below - click it to see the full size interactive map. Notice that there is hover-text at various points along the lines, showing the number of solders still alive at that point. There is hover-text for each city name, so you can see the date the army went through that city, and you can click the city names to launch a Google search for information about each city. In the temperature graph, I label the axes with the temperature in both Fahrenheit and Celsius.
I wouldn't say my map is better than Minard's, but I think it is fun to explore the possibilities! :-)
What other features and capabilities would you add to Minard's map, made possible by computers? | <urn:uuid:27c4bb34-6ec2-4643-bbb7-3c7f1563106a> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://blogs.sas.com/content/sastraining/2013/10/28/what-if-minard-or-napoleon-had-a-computer-and-digital-maps/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662515501.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220517031843-20220517061843-00745.warc.gz | en | 0.959407 | 517 | 3.25 | 3 |
Articulation points and bridges of a graphSource:
articulation_points() finds the articulation points (or cut vertices)
articulation_points(), a numeric vector giving the vertex
IDs of the articulation points of the input graph. For
numeric vector giving the edge IDs of the bridges of the input graph.
Articulation points or cut vertices are vertices whose removal increases the number of connected components in a graph. Similarly, bridges or cut-edges are edges whose removal increases the number of connected components in a graph. If the original graph was connected, then the removal of a single articulation point or a single bridge makes it undirected. If a graph contains no articulation points, then its vertex connectivity is at least two.
Gabor Csardi email@example.com
g <- disjoint_union(make_full_graph(5), make_full_graph(5)) clu <- components(g)$membership g <- add_edges(g, c(match(1, clu), match(2, clu))) articulation_points(g) #> + 2/10 vertices, from 4d43c90: #> 6 1 g <- make_graph("krackhardt_kite") bridges(g) #> + 2/18 edges from 471e9ed: #> 9--10 8-- 9 | <urn:uuid:994f6ba9-969a-4179-a549-25e8f0e57e1e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://r.igraph.org/reference/articulation_points.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100264.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201021234-20231201051234-00884.warc.gz | en | 0.751186 | 304 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Brief SummaryRead full entry
Aonyx cinerea - Oriental small-clawed otterGeographic Range
Aonyx cinerea is found in coastal regions from southern India to the Malay Peninsula and southern China. (Nowak, 1999; Timmis, 1971)
Biogeographic Regions: oriental (native); Indian ocean
Aonyx cinerea individuals are commonly seen in the shallows of freshwater streams and rivers as well as coastal regions. There is often dense foliage nearby, which they use as defensive cover, and which restricts behavioral studies in the wild. Nesting burrows are dug into the muddy banks where they live. They have also been seen numerous times in rice paddies. (Hoogerwerf, 1970; Mason and Macdonald, 1986; Timmis, 1971)
Habitat Regions: tropical; saltwater or marine; freshwater
Aquatic Biomes: rivers and streams; coastal
Other Habitat Features: riparian
Aonyx cinerea weigh 2.7 to 5.4 kg, have a combined head and body length of 406 to 635 mm, and a tail length of 246 to 304 mm. They have dark, greyish-brown fur over most of their body, and a lighter cream coloration on their face and neck. Their claws are extremely reduced, and rarely extend past the digit. The paws are only partially webbed, which allows for more dexterity than otters with full webbing. (Mason and Macdonald, 1986; Timmis, 1971)
Other Physical Features: endothermic; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike
Range mass 2.7 to 5.4 kg5.95 to 11.89 lb
Range length406 to 635 mm15.98 to 25.00 in
Asian clawless otters form monogamous pairs for life. (Lancaster, 1975; Leslie, 1970)
Mating System: monogamous
The estrous cycle is 28 days with a 3 day period of estrus. Mated pairs can have two litters of 1 to 6 young (usually 1 or 2) per year. Gestation is approximately 60 days, and newborn young are relatively undeveloped. At birth, they weigh around 50 g and have closed eyes. Eyes open at around 40 days, and pups can be seen outside the den after ten weeks. Young begin eating solid food after 80 days, and start swimming after three months. (Lancaster, 1975; Leslie, 1970)
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous; year-round breeding; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual; viviparous
Breeding interval: Aonyx cinerea may produce two litters annually.
Breeding season: Mating may occur throughout the year.
Average number of offspring: 2
Average gestation period: 60 days
Average weaning age: 80 days
Males assist with nest building before birth and food procurement after parturition. (Lancaster, 1975; Leslie, 1970)
Parental Investment: male parental care; female parental care
A captive specimen of A. cinereus lived about 16 years. (Nowak, 1999)
Status: captivity16 (high) years
Aonyx cinerea live in extended family groups of approximately twelve individuals. They are social and vocal animals. They are often seen playing on mud banks and in the water, and slides are quite obvious in regions where they either frequently visit or permanently live. In captivity they are often seen juggling pebbles and other small objects. They are mainly active during the day. (Hoogerwerf, 1970; Medway, 1969; Timmis, 1971)
Key Behaviors: natatorial; diurnal; motile; sedentary; social
Communication and Perception
Twelve different vocalizations have been identified in this species, not counting simple alarm vocalizations. Communication also occurs with visual, chemical, and tactile cues such as social grooming, hormonal changes, and posturing. (Timmis, 1971)
Communication Channels: visual; tactile; acoustic; chemical
Perception Channels: visual; tactile; acoustic; chemical
Unlike most otters, A. cinerea individuals use their forepaws to locate and capture items, rather than their mouth. Their incomplete webbing gives them a great deal of manual dexterity. They dig in sand and mud at the shoreline for various types of shellfish (clams and mussels) and crabs. To get at the meat they can either crush the shell manually or let heat from the sun open the shells. Their teeth are broad and robust, well-suited for crushing shells. (Timmis, 1971)
Primary Diet: carnivore (eats non-insect arthropods, molluscivore)
Animal Foods: amphibians; fish; terrestrial non-insect arthropods; mollusks
Predation on A. cinereus has not been described but it is likely that they are taken by large, primarily aquatic predators, such as crocodiles and snakes. Their amazing agility in the water may help them to avoid predation.
The role of A. cinereus in the ecosystem is not well understood. They impact the populations of shellfish and crustaceans in their area.
Economic Importance for Humans: Positive
Aonyx cinerea consume small crabs which are considered agricultural pests. (Mason and Macdonald, 1986)
Positive Impacts: controls pest population
Economic Importance for Humans: Negative
Rice farmers complain about Asian clawless otters uprooting plants in the paddies. (Mason and Macdonald, 1986)
Clawless otters are managed under the Species Survival Program. While not endangered themselves, they are being used as a model for the management of other otter species. (Lankard, 2001)
IUCN Red List: Vulnerable
US Federal List: No special status
CITES: No special status
David Hamman (author), Michigan State University, Barbara Lundrigan (editor), Michigan State University.
Acoustic: uses sound to communicate
bilateral symmetry: having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.
Carnivore: an animal that mainly eats meat
Chemical: uses smells or other chemicals to communicate
Coastal: the nearshore aquatic habitats near a coast, or shoreline.
Diurnal: 1.active during the day, 2. lasting for one day.
Endothermic: animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. Endothermy is a synapomorphy of the Mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. Convergent in birds.
Female parental care: parental care is carried out by females
Freshwater: mainly lives in water that is not salty.
Iteroparous: offspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc.) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). Iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes).
Male parental care: parental care is carried out by males
Molluscivore: eats mollusks, members of Phylum Mollusca
Monogamous: Having one mate at a time.
Motile: having the capacity to move from one place to another.
Natatorial: specialized for swimming
Native range: the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic.
Oriental:found in the oriental region of the world. In other words, India and southeast Asia.
Riparian: Referring to something living or located adjacent to a waterbody (usually, but not always, a river or stream).
Saltwater or marine: mainly lives in oceans, seas, or other bodies of salt water.
Sedentary: remains in the same area
Sexual: reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female
Social: associates with others of its species; forms social groups.
Tactile: uses touch to communicate
Tropical: the region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23.5 degrees north to 23.5 degrees south.
Visual: uses sight to communicate
Viviparous: reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female.
Year-round breeding: breeding takes place throughout the year
Hoogerwerf, A. 1970. Udjung Kulon. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
Lancaster, W. 1975. Exhibiting and breeding the asian small-clawed otter at Adelaide Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook, 15: 63-65.
Lankard, J. 2001. AZA annual report on conservation and science 1999-2000. Volume I: Conservation programs reports. Silver Springs, MD: American Zoo and Aquarium Association..
Leslie, G. 1970. Observations on Oriental short-clawed otter at Aberdeen Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook, 10: 79-81.
Mason, C., S. Macdonald. 1986. Otters: ecology and conservation. Cambridge University Press.
Medway, L. 1969. The wild mammals of Malaya. Kuala Lampur: Oxford University Press.
Nowak, R. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World, Volume 1. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkin University Press.
Timmis, W. 1971. Observations on breeding the Oriental short-clawed otter, *Amblonyx cinerea*, at Chester Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook, 11: 109-111. | <urn:uuid:8904f64e-a75b-4f4c-962a-5d0466b93926> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://eol.org/pages/20024/overview | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737958671.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221918-00047-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.892381 | 2,109 | 3.109375 | 3 |
When I think of Disneyland, “magic” and “possibility” are some of the words that immediately leap into my mind. But after a recent visit to Disneyland Resort with my family, “sustainability” is another word that, for me, has become synonymous with Disney. Company founder Walt Disney was a firm believer in taking care of the environment, and because of his leadership, The Walt Disney Company continues to be at the forefront of sustainable tourism, with dedication to the environment at all of its Disney destinations around the globe. The term “sustainable tourism” can be defined as tourism that strives to avoid damage to the environment, economy and cultures of the locations where it takes place. At the same time, it provides a positive experience for the local people and the tourists.
Sustainable tourism at Disneyland Resort:
- Succulents and native plants are used throughout the Resort, which means less water is used to maintain landscaping.
- Recycling receptacles are conveniently located throughout the park and in the employee areas.
- Disneyland Resort collects 20 different recyclables, including plastic bottles and aluminum cans, glass bottles, cardboard, paper, plastics, green waste and metal and construction debris.
- The five railroad trains that chug around the property use a soy-based biodiesel to fuel their steam boilers, and the Mark Twain Riverboat burns a blend of cooking oil biodiesel as it paddles visitors down the river. According to Disneyland, this eliminates “an average of 150,000 gallons of petroleum diesel use per year.”
Some additional sustainable facts:
- At the Circle D Ranch, which is where the animals of the Disneyland Resort call home, 99.8 percent of waste generated at the location is diverted from landfills.
- Collecting animal waste, coffee grounds from Resort restaurants and laundry lint from hotel dryers for composting helped Circle D to become the first facility within The Walt Disney Company or any theme park to earn a Zero Waste certification from the U.S. Zero Waste Business Council in 2014.
- Disneyland Resort hotels partner with Clean the World to donate more than 1,000 pounds of partially used guest room soaps and shampoo products per month, which are sanitized and recycled into life-saving hygiene products for at-risk communities domestically and around the globe.
- The Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage submarines use magnetic coils to propel the subs, eliminating the use of hundreds of thousands of gallons of diesel fuel each year, according to Disneyland.
- Sweet treats are made at Disneyland Resort’s 10,000-square-foot central bakery, which was designed with numerous environmentally friendly features, including rooftop solar panels, solar tubes that provide natural lighting and ice makers that form a block of ice during the night and send chilled water to the air conditioning system to cool the building during the day.
- Porous asphalt paving in the parking lot captures, filters and returns rainwater into the ground, serving as a natural recycling system.
The next time you visit a Disney Resort, soak in the magic and revel in the amazing sustainability of it all. “Landscapes of great wonder and beauty lie under our feet and all around us. They are discovered in tunnels in the ground, the heart of flowers, the hollows of trees, fresh-water ponds, seaweed jungles between tides and even drops of water. Life in these hidden worlds is more startling in reality than anything we can imagine. How could this earth of ours, which is only a speck in the heavens, have so much variety of life, so many curious and exciting creatures?” – Walt Disney | <urn:uuid:c63b04db-a831-4944-aea0-9bc490cd98b4> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://recyclenation.com/2015/07/sustainable-magic-at-disneyland/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487658814.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20210620054240-20210620084240-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.94264 | 751 | 2.75 | 3 |
The German V-2 rocket was the world’s first large-scale liquid-propellant rocket vehicle,the first long-range ballistic missile, and the ancestor of today’s large rockets and launch vehicles. Over 10,000 concentration camp prisoners died in their creation. The rockets were 76 feet tall, streaked through the skies faster than the speed of sound to targets over 200 miles away carrying over a ton of explosives. More than 3,000 V-2 rockets delivered explosives that demolished European cities in the months before the end of the war.
The V-2…was the world’s first long-range guided ballistic missile…powered by a liquid-propellant rocket engine…The V-2rocket also became the first artificial object to travel into space by crossing the Kármán line [edge of space, designated to be 60 miles above earth]…on 20 June 1944…
Beginning in September 1944, over 3,000 V-2s were launched by the Nazi Wehrmacht against Allied targets, first London and later Antwerp and Liège. According to a 2011 BBC documentary, the attacks from V-2s resulted in the deaths of an estimated 9,000 civilians and military personnel…
The rockets travelled at supersonic speed, impacted without audible warning, and proved unstoppable…
[As Germany was losing the war and the Allied Forces advanced across Germany], von Braun and over 100 key V-2 personnel surrendered to the Americans [rather than be captured by the Russians], and many of the original V-2 team ended up working at the Redstone Arsenal [in Huntsville, Alabama]. The US also captured enough V-2 hardware to build approximately 80 of the missiles. The Soviets gained possession of the V-2 manufacturing facilities after the war, re-established V-2 production, and moved it to the Soviet Union.
It is patently obvious that von Braun’s Saturn rocket was America’s response to the Soviets’ seizure and subsequent development of the terrible V-2 rocket technology.
A three-stage, liquid-fueled rocket, te Saturn V was developed under the Apollo program for human exploration of the Moon and was later used to launch Skylab, the first American space station [positioned only 250 miles above earth].
As of 2022, the Saturn V remains the only launch vehicle to carry humans beyond low Earth orbit [defined as 1,200 miles above earth], as well as the tallest, heaviest, and most powerful (highest total impulse) rocket ever brought to operational status…
But could it actually propel a lunar module to the moon, park it, and take off again back to earth?
For starters, how do rockets move in “space”? This has been defined by the Karman Line as a “quality” of thin or non-existent atmosphere rather than “a measurement” of distance from earth.
It’s a common misconception among the public that when a rocket lifts off, it somehow pushes against the launch pad, or the air around it, to gain altitude.This is based on common sense and everyday experience. Let’s say you wear skates on an ice rink and you want to move forward; you simply have to push on something solid, such as the side of the rink, in the other direction. But common sense is not a good guide in the case of a rocket; for instance, how would you explain that the rocket is still accelerating toward space when it’s high above the pad and moving through clouds? Indeed, how can it change direction in the vacuum of space?
The simple answer is that a rocket moves by pushing on the gas that flame out from its engines. Even though it seems impossible for a massive rocket to move by only venting gas, it’s the simple scientific truth, based on Newton’s third law of motion: for every action in nature there is an equal and opposite reaction. In other words, when one object exerts a force on a second object, that second object exerts a force on the first object that is equal in magnitude, but opposite in direction. So, when a rocket violently pushes gas out of its nozzles, that same gas, a plasma composed of a myriad of tiny atoms accelerated at very high speed, pushes in unison on the rocket, propelling it forward. In the case of one of the most powerful rockets ever built, NASA’s Saturn V rocket, which propelled Apollo astronauts toward the moon, the thrust of its engines at lift off was equivalent to 7.6m pounds of gas shooting out from behind the rocket every second.
OK. So let’s calculate the amount of fuel required to make a round trip to the moon.
- The 1st stage
- burned 521,000 gallons of fuel to produce
- 7.5 million pounds of thrust
- for 3 min
- to propel the spacecraft 42 miles / 67 km
- accelerating to 6,164 miles per hour.
- Note, at this stage the entire thrust system had the mass of earth available to assist in pushing off, like a race car’s tires against pavement.
- The 2nd stage
- burned 340,000 gallons of fuel to produce
- 1.1 million pounds of thrust in a vacuum
- for 6 minutes
- to propel the spacecraft 67 more miles to 109 miles / 175 km high – i.e. above the Karman Line into, technically, space because of the lack of air particles.
- accelerating to 15,647 mph.
- During Apollo 11, a typical lunar mission,the third stage
- burned 87,000 gallons fuel to produce
- 200,000 pounds of thrust
- for about 2.5 minutes
- to reach 118 miles / 190 km above earth
- and turn the spaceship at a right angle to the earth
- and accelerate it to 17,432 miles per hour.
Orbital velocity is the velocity needed to achieve balance between gravity’s pull on the satellite and the inertia of the satellite’s motion — the satellite’s tendency to keep going [in a straight line]. This is approximately 17,000 mph (27,359 kph) at an altitude of 150 miles (242 kilometers). Without gravity, the satellite’s inertia would carry it off into space. Even with gravity, if the intended satellite goes too fast, it will eventually fly away. On the other hand, if the satellite goes too slowly, gravity will pull it back to Earth.
- with 87,000 gallons fuel to achieve enough thrust
- to escape earth orbit and place Apollo 11 into a translunar orbit [for] the command and service module, or CSM, Columbia…with the LM [lunar module, Eagle].
The “translunar orbit” refers to the entire round trip orbiting the moon to bring the space ship back to earth.
The Earth, if we think about it from a position hovering somewhere above the North Pole, rotates from west to east…The Moon does the same thing. It rotates west to east and travels around the Earth in the same direction…In both cases, the eastern edge of the body, the edge towards which all that momentum goes, is called the leading edge. The opposite side away from which all that momentum goes is called the trailing edge. (it’s the spin and the direction of travel that matters here.) This becomes important when you do a gravity assist, also called a fly by…the Apollo spacecraft…is affected by all the bodies near it…that’s exerting a gravitational pull…If it flies past close enough and stays flying fast enough that it can’t be captured by the body to start orbiting it, that spacecraft will slingshot around. The spacecraft will get a boost of momentum and change in direction… But the side of the body matters. If the spacecraft flies past the trailing edge, it will get a bigger boost of momentum because it’s going with the direction of travel. If it flies past the leading edge, it will…lose some speed because it’s flying against the direction of the body’s travel…Every mission [was] launched [from earth] towards the east, taking advantage of the Earth’s rotation to need a little less fuel to get into orbit. From there, the next big mission event was the translunar injection or TLI burn. This changed Apollo’s orbit from a nearly circular one to an elliptical one with the apogee, the furthest point, somewhere near where the Moon would be in three days time — mission planners had to account for travel time over some 250,000 miles…passing by the leading edge would…act like a gravitational brake almost, changing the spacecraft’s path to an ellipse that would bring it straight back to Earth without any input from the crew…every mission flew this same basic shape. They all entered the Moon’s orbit from the leading edge side, never the trailing edge side. Apollos 11 and 12…adjusted to get into orbit and land…Main source, and also the book to check for more info: “How Apollo Flew to the Moon” by W. David Woods.
Once in space – i.e. in earth’s thin upper atmosphere, the velocity attained by the last boost was supposedly not hindered by any particles, so the spaceship was able to coast for 75 hours without additional engine assist during the 250,000 miles to the moon.
This sounds great on paper, but does it really work in reality?
the Van Allen Probes transformed our understanding of the particle radiation environment close to Earth during their seven-year mission [2012-2021], notably showing how quickly it swings from tepid to extreme…
There is no mention of the Van Allen Belts which “form a nearly impenetrable barrier” from 400 to to 36,000 miles above Earth’s surface. Besides the danger of charged particles, plasma is a form of matter that requires force to plow through.
Plasma (from Ancient Greek πλάσμα (plásma) ‘moldable substance’) is one of the four fundamental states of matter. It is the most abundant form of ordinary matter in the universe, being mostly associated with stars, including the Sun…
So plowing through the Van Allen Belts be like flying into the sun?
Let’s say that engines 1-3 drove the astronauts, lunar module and high tech equipment through the Van Allen Belts going and coming, twelves times no less in the six claimed manned moon missions.
How is it possible that no damage occurred while coasting through a round trip of 500,000 miles which we – now – know is filled with asteroids?
Quite a feat compared to the Columbia space shuttle blown to smithereens when one piece of foam came loose.
Then there is gravity to consider.
Earth exerts an gravitational effect…that is 80 times stronger than the moon’s. If the moon’s 1/80th force off gravity could slow down the spaceship once it reached the moon, wouldn’t Earth’s much stronger gravity also have slowed down and dragged back the spaceship once it was just coasting?
the Apollo Service Module Propulsion System (SPS), a liquid-fuel rocket engine used on Apollo spacecraft…to steer the spacecraft toward the Moon, place it into lunar orbit, and propel it back toward Earth.
Using storable propellants, the SPS produced a thrust of 21,900 pounds…up to 12.5 minutes, as required.
Interesting that the amount of fuel carried by the SPS is not given.
Compare the SPS to the size of engines 1-3 and SIV-B in the Saturn rocket which, combined, used over 1,000,000 pounds of liquid fuel to produce over 9 million pounds of thrust just to escape Earth’s gravity.
Is the SPS engine big enough to carry enough fuel to
- brake against the moon’s gravitation pull
- push off against the moon’s gravity
- and brake against earth’s gravity on return?
Wow. Talk about the little engine that could!
Or should we consider the possibility that the Saturn Rocket was the next generation V-2 Rocket for delivering ICBMs? It makes complete sense. The obvious improvements made to elevate
- Germany’s highly successful bomb-delivery system its ground based where is was vulnerable to takeover by the Allied enemies, or
- America’s highly successful atomic bomb delivered by planes in airspace which limited the size of the weapons dropped to the time and speed of the getaway plane. | <urn:uuid:9d71ccf4-b012-41dd-80dd-3999331eb0dd> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://kingdomcome.blog/2022/11/09/9a-the-saturn-rocket/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711151.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20221207085208-20221207115208-00016.warc.gz | en | 0.932402 | 2,659 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Are they smiling or frowning behind that face mask? COVID-19 communication is tricky
October 12, 2020
Speak louder, shout if you have to — that’s how Kristin Rice has been communicating with others, particularly while outdoors, with half of her face covered by a mask.
“In a crowded area, you are shouting to be heard, to be as loud as possible while social distancing,” said the Virginia Tech freshman who plays the alto saxophone with The Marching Virginians. “It’s a struggle.”
Along with other band members, Rice cut a hole in her mask in order to play her instrument.
Meanwhile, Michael Dashiell, a Virginia Tech sophomore, has figured out a trick for keeping his glasses from fogging up while he’s wearing a face mask. He pushes his glasses further down on his nose, so that they rest on top of his mask.
Face coverings now are a part of our daily appearance. Just like people put on clothes every day to venture out in public, they don masks in an effort to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Throughout the state and at Virginia Tech, face coverings are required indoors and outdoors when physical distancing isn’t possible.
But with only the eyes and forehead showing from behind a face covering, communication is tricky.
“It requires a lot more consciousness of our bodies and our eyes when we are out in public wearing a mask,” said Patricia Raun, a professor in the School of Performing Arts at Virginia Tech and director of the Center for Communicating Science. “We need to overcompensate for the most expressive part of the face.”
For example, on a recent trip to a local restaurant to pick up a to-go food order, Raun said she found herself exaggerating her signals with the staff. She spoke slowly and pointed to items on the menu, all while her eyebrows were rising up and down.
That’s because her mask covered her nose and mouth, forcing her to figure out how to give her order without using her typical facial expressions.
“We have to slow down our speech, articulate more clearly, and use more pitch variety,” said Raun. “I have to remember that they can’t see that really effective part of my face. I have to let myself exaggerate.”
Aside from speaking, nonverbal body language is just as important in communicating with others, and movement of the torso is key, said Greg Justice, an associate professor in the School of Performing Arts. That includes everything from posture to orientation of the body.
After all, 50 percent of effective communication happens through body language and nonverbal methods, he said. Meanwhile, 40 percent of communication is vocal, and only about 10 percent happens with words.
“We can lie like crazy with our face,” Justice said, “but we can’t lie with our torso.”
Another challenge is showing genuine friendliness behind a mask. Raun said she wants people in public to know that she is smiling at them, even though they can’t see her mouth. Looking at someone’s eyes and their forehead can give clues as to whether they are smiling or frowning, she said. To show anger, the eyes typically are lowered or pinched together.
But the skin around the eyes moves when someone is genuinely smiling. Look for crow’s feet at the corner of people’s eyes or squinting to see a smile, she said.
“Joy is very clear in the eyes,” said Raun, explaining that she uses eye and mind exercises for students in her acting classes. “You can see so much from those little two inches.”
She said she particularly likes the masks that have a smile printed on them.
Making eye contact is especially critical while wearing a face covering, as well as changing the tone and pitch of one’s voice to convey a message, said Robin Panneton, an associate professor of psychology at Virginia Tech. Her research focuses on infants’ and toddlers’ attention to and perceptions of language.
“We might need to be more mindful of how important the body is in how we convey our enthusiasm and our skepticism,” Panneton said.
There’s another challenge created by the pandemic — communicating behind screens. This applies to Zoom and other web platforms that people now use regularly for office meetings, group events, and even social gatherings, in order to maintain physical distance.
For this kind of communication, people should remember that the camera is their friend, said Justice.
For instance, when talking with others online, we often want to look at the people on the screen, rather than directly at the camera, typically located at the top of the screen. But people should look at the camera, because if not, it appears that they are looking down at the others on the screen, Justice said.
“The speaker must behave like that glass is actually the people they are talking to,” said Justice, who suggests attaching a sticky note just above the camera that states “Look here” in order to train the eyes.
To be sure, communicating with others well right now takes more effort, intense attention, and some creativity, Raun said, calling it a “paradox of the times.”
“When we are on Zoom or video communication, our nonverbals are limited to head and shoulders,” she said. “We’ve got one kind of limitation through part of our day, then, we go out in public, and we have the opposite problem.”
Even more so in public, Raun said, “We need to be very intentional about remembering that a human being is behind that mask, that there’s a person with many life things going on.”
Written by Jenny Kincaid Boone | <urn:uuid:50a23440-2808-4bd5-9e9d-2282a9baf24c> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://liberalarts.vt.edu/news/articles/2020/10/communicating-with-masks.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038118762.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20210417071833-20210417101833-00625.warc.gz | en | 0.963193 | 1,252 | 2.703125 | 3 |
What is Stress?
Stress refers to a psychological and physiological state that results when certain features of an individual’s environment challenge that person, creating or actual or perceived imbalance between demand and capability to adjust that results in a non-specific response.
Definition of Stress
Stress, or the stress response, is the unconscious preparation to fight or flee a person experiences when faced with any demand.J. C Quick and J.D Quick
Types of Stress
Stress can manifest itself in a number of ways depending upon the suddenness of an event to be dealt with and the types of stressors to be handled by an individual. It may manifest itself either physically, emotionally, or mentally, as certain symptoms. The types of stress are explained below:
This happens when the body as a whole suffers due to a stressful situation. There are many symptoms like, headaches, and tension in the neck, forehead, and shoulder muscles Long periods of stress can cause other serious symptoms like digestive problems, ulcers, insomnia (sleeplessness), fatigue, high blood pressure, nervousness, excessive sweating, heart ailments, strokes, and hair loss as well.
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
Hans Selye, the world’s foremost authority on stress was the first to describe systematically the changes through which the body passes to deal with a perceived threat, he described what he called the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), an adaptive response that occurs in three phases:
- An alarm reaction.
- The stage of resistance;
- The stage of exhaustion. The figure below shows the course of the General Adaptation Syndrome.
The above diagram shows the course of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) and describes the psychological and physical response to stress -that is, the way a person tries to adapt to a stressor. The syndrome is called “general” because the stress response occurs in several areas of the body. GAS has 3 stages.
Alarm Stage: According to this model, the general adaptation syndrome begins when a person encounters a stressor and enters the alarm stage. A person in this stage wonders how to cope and feels anxiety, even panic. The person breathes faster, blood pressure rises, pupils dilate and muscles tense. At this stage, the person is coping ineffectively.
Resistance: Assuming the person can summon the resources to cope with the stressor, he or she begins to feel more confident and to think of how to respond. During the second stage of the general adaptation syndrome, “resistance”, the person channels his or her energy and uses it to resist the stressor’s negative effects. The person tackles the problem, delegates the challenge, or adjusts to the change. Resistance to the stressor is high, but the person’s resistance to other stressors may be low because the body’s resources are being used up. Evidence shows that a person’s immune system function tends to decline during periods of stress.
- Exhaustion: Many stressors are short-term: The person manages to solve the problem, or the situation ends on its own. In such cases, the general adaptation syndrome ends during the resistance stage. But occasionally, a stressor persists. In situations where stressors persist, the person may enter the third stage: exhaustion. In this stage, the symptoms of the alarm stage return and the person eventually uses up his or her adaptive energy.
These responses are due to stress affecting the mind and include, anxiety, anger, depression, irritability, frustration, over-reaction to everyday problems, memory loss, and a lack of concentration for any task. Anxiety is exhibited as a response to loss, failure, danger, or a fear of the unknown.
Anger is a response to frustration or social stress and can become a danger to other individuals, if not kept in check. Depression is frequently seen as an emotional response to upsetting situations, such as the death of a loved one, illness, and failure.
Long-term stress can cause psychological problems in some individuals. Symptoms may include social isolation, phobias, compulsive behaviors, eating disorders, and night terrors.
Potential Sources of Stress
While environmental factors are forces outside the organization, which may act as potential sources of stress due to uncertainties and threats that they create for any organization and its members, factors within the organization can also act as potential sources of stress.
Together or singly they may create a tense and volatile working environment which can cause stress for organizational members because of the inability of individuals to handle the pressures arising out of these sources. For purposes of analysis and understanding, stressors are divided into two classes:
- Those that lie within the individual,
- Those that are a part of the external environment.
These are the potential sources of stress:
- Inner Conflicts
- Perceptual Influences
- Thresholds of Stress
- Motivational Level
- Task Demands
- Role Demands
- Inter-Personal Demands
- Physical Demands
Internal Stimuli for Stress
The internal sources of stress are complex and difficult to isolate. There are three internal sources of stress. Each of these internal influences on stress is considered separately, although they function in continual interaction.
For many people, stress is a constant companion regardless of how favorable or unfavorable external conditions may be. Non-specific fears, anxiety, and guilt feelings maintain the body in a state of readiness for emergency action on a continuing basis.
- Conflict in interpersonal relationships,
- Bankruptcy/Money Problems
- Children’s problems at school
- Legal problems
Perception is influenced by a number of internal factors. Certainly, people with inner conflicts sufficient to cause stress are more likely than self-confident people to perceive environmental conditions as threatening.
Because the environment is presumed to be full of danger, evidence of danger is perceived everywhere. They are selectively perceived in an exaggerated form.
Thresholds of Stress
The threshold of stress is not independent of the two factors just discussed. People who have few internal conflicts and a minimum of perceptual distortion can withstand external conflict and pressure that weaker personalities would find intolerable. People who have high thresholds for stress have high levels of resistance to it.
People who are ambitious and highly motivated to achieve are more likely to experience stress than those who are content with their career status. Persons whose selt-expectations exceed their abilities and opportunities are especially stress-prone.
Environmental and Internal Stressors
Environmental and internal conditions that lie beyond an individual’s control are called environmental stressors. Such stressors can have a considerable impact on work performance and adjustment. We can organize environmental stressors into the following categories:
Task demands are factors related to a person’s job. They include the design of the individual’s JOD, working conditions, and the physical work layout. Changes and lack of control are two of the most stressful demands people face at work.
Change leads to uncertainty, and a lack of predictability in a person’s daily tasks and activities, and may be caused by job insecurity related to difficult economic times. Technology and technological innovation also create change and uncertainty for many employees, requiring adjustments in training, education, and skill development.
The social-psychological demands of the work environment may be every bit as stressful as task demands at work. Role demands relate to pressures placed on a person as a function of the particular role he or she plays in the organization.
Role conflicts create expectations that may be hard to reconcile or satisfy. Role conflict results from inconsistent or incompatible expectations communicated to a person. The conflict may be an inter-role, intra-role or person-role conflict.
Inter-Role Conflict: is caused by conflicting expectations related to two separate roles, such as employee and parent. For example, an employee with a major sales presentation on Monday and a sick child at home is likely to experience inter-role conflict.
Intra-Role Conflict: is caused by conflicting expectations related to a single role, such as employee. For example, the manager who presses employees for both very fast work and high-quality work may be viewed at some point as creating a conflict for employees.
- Person-Role Conflict: Ethics violations are likely to cause person-role conflicts. Employees expected to behave in ways that violate personal values, beliefs or principles experience conflict.
All pressures created by other employees, lack of social support from colleagues, and poor interpersonal relationships can cause considerable stress, especially among employees with a high social needs. Abrasive personalities, sexual harassment, and the leadership style in the organization are interpersonal demands for people at work.
The Abrasive Person: Maybe an able and talented employee, but one who creates emotional waves that others at work must accommodate.
Sexual Harassment: The vast majority of sexual harassment is directed at women in the workplace, creating a stressful working environment for the person being harassed, as well as for others.
- Leadership Styles: Whether authoritarian or participative, create stress for different personality types. Employees who feel secure with firm, directive leadership may be anxious with an open, participative style. Those comfortable with participative leadership may feel restrained by a directive style.
Non-work demands create stress for people, which carries over into the work environment or vice versa. Workers subject to family demands related to marriage, child-rearing, and parental care may create role conflicts or overloads that are difficult to manage.
In addition to family demands, people have personal demands related to non-work organizational commitments such as religious and public service organizations. These demands become more or less stressful, depending on their compatibility with the person’s work and family life and their capacity to provide alternative satisfactions for the person.
Consequences of Stress
Stress shows itself in three ways-physiological, psychological, and behavioral symptoms:
Most of the early concern with stress was directed at physiological symptoms due to the fact that specialists in the health and medical sciences researched the topic. Physiological symptoms have the least direct relevance to students of OB.
- Job-related stress can cause job-related dissatisfaction.
- Job dissatisfaction is “the simplest and most obvious psychological effect” of stress (Robbins, 2003).
- Multiple and conflicting demands, and lack of clarity as to the incumbent’s duties, authority, and responsibilities, increase stress and dissatisfaction.
- The less control people have over the pace of their work, the greater the stress and dissatisfaction.
Behaviourally related stress symptoms include changes in productivity, absence, and turnover, as well as changes in eating habits, increased smoking or consumption of alcohol, rapid speech, fidgeting, and sleep disorders.
Strategies to Manage Stress
While many of the methods of preventing stress need to be developed and supported by the organization, there are things that workers can do to help you better manage” stress. Here are 10 tips for dealing with the stress from your job. Let’s look at the tips or strategies to manage stress:
- Put it in Perspective
- Modify Your Job Situation
- Get Time Away
- Fight Through Clutter
- Talk it Out
- Cultivate Allies at Work
- Find Humor in Situation
- Have Realistic Expectations
- Nobody is Perfect
- Maintain a Positive Attitude
Put it in Perspective
Jobs are disposable. Your friends, families, and health are not. If your employer expects too much of you, and it’s starting to take its toll on you, start looking for a new job/new employer.
Modify Your Job Situation
If you really like your employer, but the job has become too stressful (or too boring), ask about tailoring your job to your skills. And if you got promoted into a more stressful position that you just are not able to handle, ask about a lateral transfer – or even a transfer back to your old job (if that’s what you want).
Get Time Away
If you feel the stress building, take a break. Walk away from the situation, perhaps walking around the block, sitting on a park bench, taking in a little meditative time. Exercise does wonders for the psyche. But even just finding a quiet place and listening to your iPod can reduce stress.
Fight Through Clutter
Taking the time to organize your desk or workspace can help ease the sense of losing control that comes from too much clutter. Keeping a to-do list – and then crossing things off it also helps.
Talk it Out
Sometimes the best stress reducer is simply sharing your stress with someone close to you. The act of talking it out – and getting support and empathy from someone else is often an excellent way of blowing off steam and reducing stress. Have a support system of trusted people.
Cultivate Allies at Work
Just knowing you have one or more co-workers who are willing to assist you in times of stress will reduce your stress level. Just remember to reciprocate and help them when they are in need.
Find Humor in Situation
When you or the people around you start taking things too seriously, find a way to break through with laughter. Share a joke or funny story.
Have Realistic Expectations
While Americans are working longer hours, we can still only fit so much work into one day. Having unrealistic expectations for what you can accomplish sets you up for failure and increased stress.
Nobody is Perfect
If you are one of those types that obsess over every detail and micromanage to make sure “everything is perfect,” you need to stop. Change your motto to performing your best, and leave perfection to the gods.
Maintain a Positive Attitude
Maintain a positive attitude (and avoid those without one). Negativism sucks the energy and motivation out of any situation, so avoid it whenever possible. Instead, develop a positive attitude and learn to reward yourself for little accomplishments (even if no one else does).from too much clutter. Keeping a to-do list and then crossing things off it also helps.
What are the potential sources of stress?
These are the potential sources of stress:
1. Inner Conflicts
2. Perceptual Influences
3. Thresholds of Stress
4. Motivational Level
5. Task Demands
6. Role Demands
7. Inter-Personal Demands
8. Physical Demands.
What are the strategies to manage stress?
The following are the strategies to manage stress:
1. Put it in Perspective
2. Modify Your Job Situation
3. Get Time Away
4. Fight Through Clutter
5. Talk it Out
6. Cultivate Allies at Work
7. Find Humor in the Situation
8. Have Realistic Expectations
9. Nobody is Perfect
10. Maintain a Positive Attitude. | <urn:uuid:1abfd23f-dfb2-4f7c-8cca-4758aae34dca> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://getuplearn.com/blog/what-is-stress/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510671.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930082033-20230930112033-00417.warc.gz | en | 0.93696 | 3,149 | 3.90625 | 4 |
Kids Ear Training (by mDecks Music) has been designed for kids 9+ that are already studying a music instrument or in choir.
This is a huge app containing more than 200 levels and exercises, including:
Essential sound concepts such as: Low vs. High pitched. Acending/ descending/ constant pitch, etc. Fun elements recognition such as: animal sounds, instruments and instruments families (Brass, Woodwinds, Strings…) Movable Do (relative pitch) vs. Perfect pitch: Solfege, Kodaly Signs, Perfect Pitch by note name/ music notation (test if you can develop perfect pitch and learn relative pitch with ease)
All Intervals: Major, minor, Perfect, augmented, diminished Intervals are presented alone and in context All Triads: Major, minor, augmented, diminished. Triads are presented alone and in context
Basic music knowledge or teacher assistance may be required since theoretical concepts are not explained in detailed. | <urn:uuid:225373eb-e6e7-403a-8942-ce5fbaa0853b> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://mdecksmusic.wordpress.com/tag/kodaly-signs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934804125.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20171118002717-20171118022717-00170.warc.gz | en | 0.937583 | 197 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Philip, a venerable old man, bishop of Heraclea, the metropolis of Thrace, was an illustrious martyr of Christ in the persecution of Dioclesian. Having discharged every duty of a faithful minister in the characters of deacon and priest in that city, he was raised to the episcopal dignity, and governed that church with great virtue and prudence when it was shaken by violent storms.
To extend and perpetuate the work of God, he was careful to train up many disciples in the study of sacred learning, and in the practice of solid piety. Two of the most eminent among them had the happiness to be made companions of his martyrdom, namely, Severus, a priest, whose laborious and penitential life proved him to be a true disciple of the cross; and Hermes, a deacon, who was formerly the first magistrate of the city, and in that office, by his charity and universal benevolence, had gained the esteem and affection of all the citizens; but after he was engaged in the ministry, gained his livelihood with his own hands, and brought up his son to do the same.
(Adapted from Butler”s Lives of the Saints) | <urn:uuid:ca0bccc4-899d-4724-b254-b5f40003dcc3> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://ssjb.org/2018/10/22/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525829.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20190718211312-20190718233312-00104.warc.gz | en | 0.987986 | 244 | 2.78125 | 3 |
NOAA: 2009 Global Temperatures Well Above Average; Slightly Above-Average for U.S.
U.S. precipitation above normal for 2009
December 8, 2009
Global surface temperatures for 2009 will be well above the long-term average, while the annual temperature for the contiguous United States will likely be above the long-term average, according to a preliminary analysis by NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center in Asheville, N.C. The analysis is based on global records, which began in 1880 and U.S. records beginning in 1895. The NCDC analysis is part of the suite of climate services NOAA provides.
Global Temperature and Precipitation Highlights:
- Global land and ocean annual surface temperatures through October are the fifth warmest on record, at 1.01 degrees F above the long-term average.
- NOAA scientists project 2009 will be one of the 10 warmest years of the global surface temperature record, and likely finish as the fourth, fifth or sixth warmest year on record.
- The 2000 – 2009 decade will be the warmest on record, with its average global surface temperature about 0.96 degree F above the 20th century average. This will easily surpass the 1990s value of 0.65 degree F.
- Ocean surface temperatures (through October) were the sixth warmest on record, at 0.85 degree F above the 20th century average.
- Land surface temperatures through October were the fifth warmest on record, at 1.44 degree F above the 20th century average.
- Arctic sea ice extent reached its third smallest annual minimum on record behind 2007 and 2008. The past five years have produced the lowest sea ice extents on record.
U.S. Temperature and Precipitation Highlights:
- The average annual temperature for the contiguous United States is projected to be above normal. Precipitation across the contiguous United States in 2009 will be above the long-term average.
- Winter (December-February) 2008-09 temperatures were near normal overall for the contiguous United States. Texas had its driest winter on record, while North Dakota had its wettest.
- Springtime (March-May) temperatures for the nation were above normal, with only four states (Washington, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Arkansas) cooler than normal. Georgia experienced its second wettest spring and the Southeast climate region (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia) as a whole had its fifth wettest such period.
- The average summer (June-August) temperature in the contiguous United States was below the long-term average for the first time since 2004. Only the Northwest averaged above normal temperature readings during the period.
- Autumn (September-November) was a season of extremes for the nation. Nevada and California experienced record warmth in September. October was abnormally cool for the vast majority of the nation, while November brought substantially warmer-than-normal conditions.
- The Atlantic hurricane season had below average activity, with nine named storms, three of them hurricanes.
- A major winter storm in late March established new 24-hour snowfall records for three states: Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas.
- There were 1,110 preliminary tornado reports across the United States through November, making 2009 likely to be the sixth-quietest tornado year since 1990.
- A fast start to the U.S. wildfire season slowed by mid-year. The nationwide acreage burned by wildfire declined to below average by year’s end. The annual number of fires remained slightly above average.
NOAA’s preliminary reports, which assess the current state of the climate, are released soon after the end of each month. These analyses are based on preliminary data, which are subject to revision. Additional quality control is applied to the data when late reports are received several weeks after the end of the month and as increased scientific methods improve NOAA’s processing algorithms.
Scientists, researchers, and leaders in government and industry use NOAA’s monthly reports to help track trends and other changes in the world's climate. This climate service has a wide range of practical uses, from helping farmers know what and when to plant, to guiding resource managers with critical decisions about water, energy and other vital assets.
NOAA understands and predicts changes in the Earth's environment, from the depths of the ocean to the surface of the sun, and conserves and manages our coastal and marine resources. | <urn:uuid:f771f0be-e3a4-4f81-99c8-c436675c4c08> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2009/20091208_globalstats.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500830074.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021350-00111-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936644 | 915 | 3.015625 | 3 |
What is VoIP, or Voice Over IP?
The odds are you have probably heard the term, VoIP or Voice Over IP recently. Maybe you know what it is or maybe not.
In a nutshell, VoIP is basically telephone service that uses an internet connection to carry the voice signals. If the internet connection is functional, the telephone call operates the same as a traditional telephone call would — you dial a number from your telephone and the call is initiated and sent across an internet connection.
What’s in it for you?
First, choice! Today, how many choices do you have for your telephone service? Most people, businesses, and organizations, there is only ONE choice or, at best, TWO. You have to “take what they’ll give you” without the option of considering others…until now!
VoIP gives you another choice. While VoIP may not be the best choice for all residential needs — one could actually argue that one might not need a residential, land-line at all with everyone having multiple cell phones in a household.
But for businesses, on the other hand, VoIP offers a very compelling option to consider since you totally remove the dependence upon the traditional telecommunications companies with their limited plans, expensive long distance fees, phone maintenance, inside line maintenance, outside line maintenance, and the always seemingly secret increases in fees. With a VoIP solution for your business or organization, you can potentially save hundreds of dollars every month (we have case studies to prove it!).
Other benefits of a VoIP telephone solution is that you can add additional lines easily — just acquire another phone and connect it to your network. If you need to add more direct inward dialed (DID) numbers (a fancy way to say “new telephone numbers”), you can do that with a nominal charge.
You can have virtually free long distance as each call is just a connection across the internet (where it doesn’t cost more to connect to a website on the west or east coast of the US, or in Europe, for that matter, than it does locally).
You can have metered monthly rates where you only pay for what you use or you can have a fixed monthly fee. Support and maintenance can be included in your “all in one” monthly fee or you can have support on an “as needed” basis.
Do I have to buy a lot of equipment?
There are solutions that have an “appliance” (another word for computer server) but there is another, cloud-based option that only requires your telephones to be setup on your network and an internet connection to the VoIP service. The latter allows you to have telephones on the same system anywhere there is an internet connection — think a secondary office with an internet connection, whether across town, across the state, or even across the country!
What if the internet goes down?
Like traditional telephone service from the big telecommunications companies, when the connection is down, your telephone service is down, BUT, with a VoIP solution, you can have a backup plan. For instance, with the cloud-based solution, you can have your calls forwarded to designated cell phones until the internet connection is re-established. Or, you could have a 4G backup solution so that if you internet connection goes down, your connection can automatically failover to the 4G, so you have a virtually seamless failover.
What if I’m interested?
SandStorm IT has implemented several VoIP telephone solutions for some of our customers. Contact us at (901) 475-0275 and let us discuss your needs with you so we can design the perfect VoIP solution for your business or organization. | <urn:uuid:28662bbd-e84e-4840-b68f-7ac508d03ab8> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://sandstormit.com/voip-an-alternative-to-the-typical-land-line-telephone-system-solution/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867046.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20180525063346-20180525083346-00596.warc.gz | en | 0.943495 | 768 | 2.65625 | 3 |
||Understanding Human Evolution
2004 and is widely used as a textbook
for university courses on human evolution.
The fifth edition features:
- Inclusion of new putative hominin species named since the 4th
edition, including Orrorin tugenensis, Sahelanthropus
tchadensis, & Kenyanthropus platyops. (It's
been a busy few years!)
- Updates on all sectors of primate evolution.
- Updated taxonomy of the Hominidae.
- A reorganized text to make the flow of ideas easier and more
exciting for the student.
- More paleoecology.
- More illustrations.
- A substantially expanded glossary.
- A unified reference list (not divided by chapter), to make it
easier for students to follow up on references. | <urn:uuid:fd4c6a4e-3d73-4136-97b7-3e573ebe200d> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.riddledchain.org/UnderstandingHumanEvolution.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886102891.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817032523-20170817052523-00193.warc.gz | en | 0.823334 | 173 | 3.1875 | 3 |
By Mike Gold, A retired entrepreneur living the dream in the Pacific Northwest.
A fellow entrepreneur friend of mine, who founded two companies in the same industry as the one I worked in (providing computer systems for publishing companies), used to say this all the time; SMOPS - Simply a matter of programming.
Of course, he was talking tongue-in-cheek. Why? Because programming is omnipresent. And it is not simple at all. In fact, being a programmer today is the guaranteed best way to insure that you will never be unemployed.
So my friend was trying to reduce a very complex subject to a “buzz expression.” If only this were true. Let’s start with a simple question. How many programming languages are there? As you can see from the previous link, the number is in the hundreds.
Each language was developed for a specific purpose. Just for developing sites on the Internet, there are a couple dozen languages. Probably the one you all are most familiar with is HTML, which stands for hypertext markup language. That is the “marker” which is principally used to identify an address, which contains whatever web page you are looking at.
Now I don’t mean to bore you with too many technical details. All that’s important for this column is that in order to program anything (from a smart device in your home or your car, to the most complex scientific analysis program) you must learn one of more of these languages.
What do almost all languages have in common? Logic. Programs describe in minute detail how a process or procedure works. Let’s take something very simple. Say a program that decides when to turn the lights on in your home. The first step is to identify the “resting state” of your lights. Are they off or on? Which lights – in which rooms? Then you have to define (in the chosen language) every minute step the “controller” which controls the lights has to do.
And in programming, for each step forward, you take several steps backwards. In this example, the programmer has to check to insure everything is part of the normal and routine process to turn on the lights. (Example – is the electricity on, are there special lights that require some sort of startup routine, and on and on.)
So you can see that what sounds like a simple task has many “branches” all of which must be controlled (addressed) by the program. Asking a programmer what is their productivity say in lines of code/hour is like asking a great painter how many brush strokes does it take to produce a masterpiece.
Some would take offense to such a question. It depends on many things from complexity of task to what physical devices have to be managed. And some programmers are true artists. That is, they may not “relate” to another person, as one would expect. Some programmers like to wear music headphones to allow them to concentrate – by obliterating all background noise. Others may require complete silence.
Last thing I want to describe is the growing complexity of our modern world. More and more simple tasks that once were controlled by discrete hardware (in other words, not computer controlled) are now run by computer code.
The latest technology coming along is the so-called “Internet of Things.” In this scenario of our developing world, every device in your home will be computer controlled and will “talk to each other.” And behind all of this are programmers, who by the way, screw up frequently. That is known as a “bug” wherein the programmer failed to anticipate something unexpected.
One of my favorite examples of this is the old “Laugh In” TV show. A man comes into a room to be interviewed by a computer. He sits down and the computer says: “What is your name?”
He looks up from his newspaper and says: “What?”
The computer says: “What is your first name Mr. What?”
He replies “Not What, Frank.”
The computer replies “Mr. Not What What” and the interview disintegrates from there.
I still laugh until I cry whenever I see this film clip. It just brilliantly shows how a poorly written program is really quite useless.
I leave you with a clip from the show showing a human (Goldie Hawn) trying to explain something simple, time zones. As you watch this, just imagine the logic of her brain applied to a computer program and you’ll understand why there are computer bugs. | <urn:uuid:229b098f-0bda-4f99-be67-ee214087adf8> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://www.newsofmillcreek.com/content/left-coast-right-coast-simply-matter-programming-smops | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864022.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20180621040124-20180621060124-00222.warc.gz | en | 0.962626 | 964 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Developed in the New Orleans melting pot of cultures in the early 1900s, jazz initially began as a mixture of blues, spiritual and Creole music. Often played at social occasions and events such as parties, funerals, and in bars and night clubs around the area, the genre developed a standard repertoire of songs with set forms, over which improvisation and melody would be performed.
Legends such as trumpeter Louis Armstrong grew up immersed in this style and were instrumental in developing the subsequent paths that jazz took in the 1920s and 30s, from traditional New Orleans styles through Big Band swing and into the early stages of bebop.
Dizzy Gillespie and Charlie Parker then took on the jazz mantle during the late 1930s and 40s, developing bebop in downtown New York along with their peers, at clubs such as Minton’s Playhouse. This was the birthplace of the most typical forms of modern jazz and is often characterised by its elements of swing time (triplet feel), complex harmonic sequences and improvisational structures.
Today jazz has branched out into dozens of areas, with crossovers and influences from all types of music mixed with jazz sensibilities. The genre is undoubtedly the fastest developing style of the 20th century and continues its expansion worldwide today.
Improvising in the style
Though jazz is a wide-ranging genre, it is useful to think about some of the most historically common elements of the style which we can try to recreate in our improvisations, whether as a lead player or accompanist. One of these elements is the use of swing time; this means feeling the pulse in a 12/8 metre instead of 4/4, which takes us into triplet time. Another way to feel this is to think of a ‘skipping’ motion – take the well known nursery rhyme ‘Humpty Dumpty’, sing it and you will be creating a triplet feel. This is key to all ‘swung’ types of music.
Another key element to think about is the use of harmonic sequences. Whether playing or singing a lead-line, or performing an accompaniment, it is vitally important to have a grasp of harmonic movement and where you are in the sequence. Accompanying (or ‘comping’) should clearly state this harmonic sequence, to allow soloists to tailor their melodies to the chords. Equally, when playing lead lines it is important to understand the chord symbols, and which scales to base your melodies from on each of these. For example, a Cm7 chord indicates the use of an E-flat (making the chord ‘minor’) and B-flat due to the ‘7’, which indicates the use of the dominant (flat) 7th note of the chord-scale. Equally Cmaj7 would indicate the use of a B-natural (the ‘major’ 7th of the scale).
Drummers should listen to as much jazz as possible to get a feel for the style. You should notice two important aspects: first of all the focus of the groove (in both volume and energy) is no longer in the bass drum and snare drum, but usually in the ride cymbal; secondly, the ‘down’-beats (1 and 3) of the bar are no longer the centre of the energy, instead transferred to the 2 and 4 of the bar. Check out the left foot hi-hat which particularly emphasises this by playing the 2 and 4.
Tone plays a big part in jazz styles, no matter which instrument you are playing. While this varies through the different sub-genres of jazz and the fact that different artists have distinctive tones, it is worth checking out some of the sounds adopted by greats, such as Miles Davis during the cool jazz era (the albums ‘Birth of the Cool‘ and ‘Kind of Blue‘ especially), or Ella Fitzgerald’s instantly recognisable vocal tone.
Scat-singing is a common technique employed by jazz singers, in which they improvise melodic lines over the chord changes to form a vocal solo, much like horn players. Scat lines are usually wordless, instead using syllables to create articulation and rhythmic flow. Again, Ella Fitzgerald is a prime example of this technique. Check out her ‘scat’ version of ‘One Note Samba’.
Watch videos with session musicians and Rock & Pop examiners JJ Wheeler and Tom Fleming, and session musicians Harry the Piano, Sam Edgington and Brendan Reilly:
Possibly the most famous jazz artist of all time is Louis Armstrong. His larger-than-life personality translated itself into both his trumpet and vocal performances, with a unique tone and style on both instruments. Born in the early 1900s in New Orleans, Armstrong (or ‘Satchmo’ as he was nicknamed) grew up in relative poverty, turning to music and particularly the cornet as a way to escape the toils of everyday life. He quickly became known for his swinging style and big character, performing in dance bands for social occasions all over the district; including in brothels and bars. After rising through the ranks he moved to Chicago and later New York, as his fame grew. Over his career he worked with the Big Bands and smaller ensembles, most famously alongside singers and instrumentalists such as Ella Fitzgerald, Earl Hines, Bessie Smith and Fats Waller. He recorded hundreds of hits including ‘What a Wonderful World’, ‘St Louis Blues’ and ‘All of Me’. He is also cited as a major inspiration to many huge jazz stars such as Dizzy Gillespie and Miles Davis.
Ella Fitzgerald, known as the ‘First Lady of Song’, was recognised for her pure vocal tone, incredible intonation and clear diction, alongside an ability to scat sing and improvise in the same way as horn players. Born in 1917, her early life was troubled, but she found fame singing on many stages around the Harlem area of New York. Her natural talent was noticed by Decca Records in 1942, which began her professional recording and performing career, eventually lasting around fifty years. She worked with top jazz icons such as Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington and Quincy Jones, recording hits such as ‘Dream a Little Dream of Me’, ‘Dancing Cheek To Cheek’ and ‘It Don’t Mean a Thing (If It Ain’t Got That Swing)’.
More recently, modern artists such as Michael Bublé have brought jazz to a mainstream audience with hits and covers such as ‘Haven’t Met You Yet’ and ‘Feeling Good‘. Robbie Williams recorded and performed an album of music in the Frank Sinatra vein, entitled ‘Swing When You’re Winning’, in 2001, which included classic swing songs such as ‘Mack the Knife’ and ‘Mr Bojangles’.
Examples of jazz songs in the Trinity Rock & Pop syllabus are;
‘Don’t Stop The Music’ by Jamie Cullum (keyboard), ‘Cry Me A River’ by Julie London (vocals), ‘Moondance’ by Van Morrison sung by Michael Bublé (vocals), ‘What A Wonderful World’ by Louis Armstrong (vocals) and ‘Mr Bojangles’ by Robbie Williams (vocals)
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Literacy should be a natural part of learning in every subject/discipline area. The development of literacy across subject areas has the dual effect of enriching students’ understanding of the subject area content while increasing their skills in literacy. Literacy practices are firmly linked with both thinking and learning. When students use literacy in every subject, they become more adept at applying literacy in all their learning. Literacy is the responsibility of all subject area teachers.
Within the subject areas, students use literacy to | <urn:uuid:a26dc5b8-f016-499d-9591-2c97ce45ad02> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://education.alberta.ca/literacy-and-numeracy/literacy-in-subject-areas/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934804881.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20171118113721-20171118133721-00241.warc.gz | en | 0.945836 | 100 | 2.921875 | 3 |
When you think about global issues, what’re some things that come to mind? War, Disease, Hunger, Poverty, etc. Most people do not think of the Amazon rainforest as a global issue, but it is swiftly becoming a large problem.
The Amazon rainforest is covers a vast area of South America, housing some of the most magnificent plant species and animals, some found nowhere else in the world. Loggers, a group of people that use the rainforest to cut down the trees for wood, are a huge problem in the rainforest. Deforestation is killing acres and acres of land, cause at least 35 species of plants and animals to become extinct every day. These loggers need to stop this process quickly; otherwise the rainforest’s fate may be complete extinction.
Many people may argue that the loggers are only there to help Brazil’s economy and to provide us with the wood and paper we need, but they are also taking away much of the worlds oxygen. Brazil’s economy does not solely depend on the loggers, and we do not have to depend on the Amazon rainforest’s wood. Also, people argue that this provides hundreds of jobs for the unemployed. Yes, this may be true, but there should be other job opportunities. If Brazil begins to promote ecotourism, many of the loggers could find a job working in the new industry. I believe Brazil could make an equal amount of money promoting ecotourism than cutting down precious trees and destroying ecosystems.
Not all people are for logging and ranching, of course. The Environmentalists, Rubber Tappers, and Natives all want whats best for the rainforest and its precious creatures. The Rubber Tappers are a group in the rainforest that do not harm the trees, by safely collecting the rubber sap to be made into many things. They are angry with many of the loggers and ranchers, feeling that their land is being taken away. I agree, I feel that they deserve a right to the land because they do not harm it. Also, I feel the Natives are the group who deserves much...
Please join StudyMode to read the full document | <urn:uuid:0bc80515-dfcd-4016-a3a2-399e60d4a77f> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://www.studymode.com/essays/Amazon-Rainforest-Issues-867264.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125948285.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20180426144615-20180426164615-00611.warc.gz | en | 0.95811 | 449 | 2.546875 | 3 |
As a group, we feel drained and disappointed at the end of each day. This could be due to a hectic work schedule or simply a need for sleep. Sometimes, if we don’t get a restful night’s sleep, our daytime dread makes it difficult to concentrate on other things. Sleep apnea is also known as Narcolepsy (EDS), Excessive Daytime Sleepiness, or Hypersomnia. This is a situation when you feel a strong urge to go to sleep.
You can have such experiences occasionally. If they become a regular part of your life, it’s okay to not overlook them. Your sleeping habits are a sign of your mental state. All other aspects of your life will adjust to this. It’s not surprising that you may feel tired or in need of sleep. It’s not normal to feel tired or need to sleep during the day.
No matter how much you think it is, low energy levels or constant tiredness are not acceptable. Do not allow daytime lethargy and low energy levels to get you down. After getting your night’s rest back, you should run. Let us tell you why.
Daytime Sleepiness and its relationship with Sleep Disturbances
EDS occurs when you don’t get enough sleep for at least 7-8 hours each night. Sometimes, EDS can be caused by temporary effects of prescriptions, life decisions, stress or tension that prevent you from getting to sleep at night.
If you suffer from narcolepsy, you will notice changes in your behavior.
- Disarrays, constant mental fog, and trouble with navigation
- Workplace inefficiency
- Talk or eat while you doze off
- Unfit to go to bed at night
- You can sleep during the day, but you won’t feel invigorated.
- If you feel apathetic, life’s simple pleasures will be lost.
It is possible that some adults might experience narcolepsy. Children and teens can also experience daytime drowsiness, which can affect their personal satisfaction. They feel tired and lack of energy, which can lead to a life that is dull. Reliable exhaustion can cause the debilitating effects of inspiration misfortune in senior children. Don’t expect this to happen if you have to go to bed.
Treatment Options for Excessive Nighttime Sleepiness
It is important to understand that narcolepsy cannot be treated or reversed. There are a few things you can do to reduce the effects of narcolepsy.
Your daytime productivity will increase after you use drugs such as Modalert 200. With 100 percent focus, you’ll be able to go about your daily tasks with no fatigue and with an open mind. You’ll feel rejuvenated and your energy will be restored.
For narcolepsy caused by obstructive sleep apnea, there are also comparable drug options like Waklert 150. This is when breathing stops during rest. It is imperative that you do not rely on EDS prescriptions.
Modvigil 200 has been specifically recommended for patients who are consistently upset by moving schedules at work. They might be at risk of serious injury if they try to relax at work. It is better to seek out support from drugs that regulate the rest and wake cycles.
You’ll need the following to make social changes happen:
- Be consistent in your exercise
- Try to calm your mind and avoid pessimism
- Today, try to get up and go to bed simultaneously.
- Do not lean too heavily on caffeine during the last part of your day
- Get your sleep before 3 AM
- Your room sleep cordial
- Avoid drinking alcohol at night
- A healthy, nutritious diet is a must
Although you cannot prevent narcolepsy from happening, you can observe the ways you can manage it. Narcolepsy is an uncontrollable condition that can lead to your misery. It is best not to let it happen. Remain focused on your own needs.
Why Daytime Sleepiness Problems
- Contrasting rest-wake cycle
- Sleep deprivation
- Obstructive sleep apnea
- Quieting prescriptions
- Upset emotional well-being
- Mental health
- Shift work chaos
- Stream slack
You might be able to pinpoint the reason for your discomfort. You should consult a specialist if you are unable to resolve the problem.
Talk to a Therapist
The most common problem with people who experience daytime lethargy is that they are reluctant to talk about it. They think it’s because of one or more reasons, and that things will soon get back to normal. EDS is therefore neglected, and it becomes a serious problem.
It is important to consult your primary care physician before making any assumptions. Your rest problems may be related to a few clinical factors. Narcolepsy is not something you can treat immediately. Only a specialist can diagnose if the problem is obstructive sleep apnea or hypersomnia.
Your circadian rhythm is disrupted. Your brain is not getting the signals it needs to know when to wake up and stay active and when to go to sleep. You can address these rest issues by consulting a specialist medical care provider. mbc2030 | <urn:uuid:834c37d8-4b5c-4464-b03f-68ce7ac09698> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://babiesandbeauty.com/the-curse-of-extreme-daytime-sleepiness/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711360.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20221208183130-20221208213130-00303.warc.gz | en | 0.944846 | 1,098 | 2.828125 | 3 |
- airlift requirement
- The total number of passengers and/or weight/cubic displacement of cargo required to be carried by air for a specific task. See also airlift capability.
Military dictionary. 2000.
Military dictionary. 2000.
airlift requirement — skraidinimo poreikis statusas T sritis Gynyba apibrėžtis Keleivių skaičius ir (ar) krovinio masė (tūris), kurį reikia skraidinti oru konkrečiai užduočiai įvykdyti. atitikmenys: angl. airlift requirement pranc. capacité d’enlèvement demandé ryšiai … NATO terminų aiškinamasis žodynas
airlift requirement — The total number of passengers and/or weight or volume of cargo required to be carried by air for a specific task … Aviation dictionary
airlift capability — The total capacity expressed in terms of number of passengers and/or weight/cubic displacement of cargo that can be carried at any one time to a given destination by available airlift. See also airlift requirement; allowable load; payload … Military dictionary
special assignment airlift requirements — Airlift requirements, including Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff directed or coordinated exercises, that require special consideration due to the number of passengers involved, weight or size of cargo, urgency of movement, sensitivity, or… … Military dictionary
Commercial Application of Military Airlift Aircraft — A C 17 performing a medical evacuation in Antarctica, August 2007. Commercial Application of Military Airlift Aircraft (CAMAA) is a joint initiative between the United States Air Force (USAF), Boeing, and academia designed as a means to mitigate… … Wikipedia
773d Airlift Squadron — Infobox Military Unit unit name= 773d Airlift Squadron caption= 773d Airlift Squadron Patch dates= 19 May 1943 Present country= United States allegiance= branch=United States Air Force type= Airlift role= size= command structure= Air Force… … Wikipedia
Military Airlift Command — emblem Active 1966–1992 Country … Wikipedia
C-17 Globemaster III — Infobox Aircraft name= C 17 Globemaster III type= Strategic/tactical airlifter manufacturer = McDonnell Douglas/Boeing caption= A C 17 Globemaster III during takeoff. designer= first flight= 15 September 1991 introduction= 14 July 1993 retired=… … Wikipedia
allowable load — The total load that an aircraft can transport over a given distance, taking into account weight and volume. See also airlift capability; airlift requirement; load; payload … Military dictionary
load — The total weight of passengers and/or freight carried on board a ship, aircraft, train, road vehicle, or other means of conveyance. See also airlift capability; airlift requirement; allowable load … Military dictionary | <urn:uuid:e7d38b4e-38ac-4396-af8f-6748016a15bf> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/military/218/airlift | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320215.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624031945-20170624051945-00324.warc.gz | en | 0.735749 | 624 | 2.75 | 3 |
introduction b-thalassaemia is most common genetically transmitted disorder in Eastern Mediterranean region including Pakistan. Like other recessive disorders, prevalence increases through consanguinity; Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey reports 50% consanguineous marriages. Perceptions about consanguinity in our population have recently not been studied. Objectives were to determine consanguinity related characteristics among parents of children with thalassaemia and without thalassaemia visiting a major health centre in Karachi-Pakistan. To compare consanguinity practices among such families and to assess susceptibility, benefits and barriers towards thalassaemia. Methods Sample of 340 cases and 340 controls; age-sex matched were selected from February to April 2010. Parents of thalassaemic children and parents of non-thalassaemic children were interviewed after consent. Consanguinity related characteristics followed in families were inquired. Perceptions regarding susceptibility to thalassaemia, benefits and barriers to screening were determined. Conditional logistic regression used to calculate matched OR. Parents’ approaches towards index child were assessed. Results Compared to no cousin marriage, parents of thalassaemic children had more cousin marriages (MOR: 7.3, 95% CI 3.6 to 14.6), and grand-parents cousin marriage (MOR: 2.8, 95% CI 1.8 to 4.4) than controls, more cousin marriages occurred in immediate family in last 5 years of cases than controls (MOR: 2.7, 95% CI 1.7 to 4.3) adjusting for ethnicity defined by mother tongue. Among case parents, (51%) were taking index child to social events and only 21% were satisfied with attitudes of other’s towards index child. Conclusion Study supports hypothesis that among parents of thalassaemic (cases), practices and perceptions favouring consanguinity were greater as compared to parents of non-thalassaemic children (controls).
Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
(2011). P2-498 Parents' perceptions and practices regarding consanguinity related to β-thalassaemia: a matched case control study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 65(Supl.1), A358--A358-.
Available at: https://ecommons.aku.edu/pakistan_fhs_mc_surg_surg/360 | <urn:uuid:35bcf1c5-5430-4c58-a5d3-df5a0f89ec19> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://ecommons.aku.edu/pakistan_fhs_mc_surg_surg/360/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039398307.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20210420122023-20210420152023-00098.warc.gz | en | 0.93824 | 491 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Health Benefits and Dietary Recommendations
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have received a great deal of research attention in the past decade as a nutritional food supplement because of their many demonstrated and putative benefits for human health. These dietary constituents have a major influence on human growth, developmental function, and disease risk. Since omega-3 fatty acids are not a single dietary entity, this family of metabolically related compounds does not necessarily have the same biological functions or interchangeability. As a result, it is important to understand how each family member is metabolically related to one another and the biological consequences of each when consumed.
CAST, an international consortium of scientific and professional societies, companies, and nonprofit organizations has created a Special Publication examining the health benefits of Omega-3 fatty acids and associated dietary recommendations, available on the CAST website.
Led by Task Force Chair Donald C. Beitz, the authors of this special publication focused their attention on the health benefits of omega-3 fatty acids, food sources, and dietary recommendations. A plethora of clinical and epidemiological evidence relates to the beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids. Growing evidence is emerging that these dietary constituents have the potential to play a significant role in the treatment of a wide range of health issues. With this increasing demand, new techniques in food production and manufacturing have enabled the benefits of omega-3 fatty acids (usually as fish oil) to be found in nonfish food products.
This special publication addresses the subject by examining these key topics:
- define and provide a clear description of this unique family of bioactive nutrients and how they are interrelated
- indicate what foods are good sources of omega-3 fatty acids
- designate the amount needed to realize potential health-promoting benefits
- summarize the health benefits of consuming these compounds
- describe how food production and processing can be and are being altered to increase omega-3 fatty acid content
- understand the guidelines governing food labeling as well as nutrient and health claims related to omega-3 fatty acids, and what these statements mean
Due to the increased interest in the health benefits of omega-3 fatty acids, agricultural and manufacturing practices are becoming available to increase concentrations of these nutrients in common animal- and plant-derived foods. This publication not only includes the biochemistry of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, it also encompasses potential health effects, dietary sources, recommended intakes, and federal regulations regarding health and nutrient claims—so readers can make informed decisions regarding how they can better incorporate these nutrients in promoting a healthier lifestyle. | <urn:uuid:6da925a9-224c-4475-a1b5-2dee95cdcf14> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://www.randomnotions.com/omega-3-fatty-acids-health-benefits-dietary-recommendations.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232255562.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20190520041753-20190520063753-00413.warc.gz | en | 0.93332 | 524 | 2.765625 | 3 |
What You Need To Get Started
Without further ado, I think we're gonna get started and to do that we need to talk about materials and supplies. All right, so the first obvious one is yarn. And yarn comes in many different weights and put ups. A put up is how it is wound. A weight is how thin or thick a yarn is and we'll talk a little bit about that later, first let's talk about put ups though. So this is, you've probably seen this at your local craft store, this is called a skein. This is just sort of your run of the mill skein, you can get total utilitarian yarn, really good first time yarn, you can start knitting from it right from the skein. That's really just sort of your basics. This over here is also sometimes called a skein, it can also be called a ball, but the word ball is used sort of as an overview for a lot of these put ups. But that works for this. You can also, this is a little bit of a higher end yarn, but it's also thicker. It's a chunky weight. I'm super into chunky, bulky weight yarns right now, i...
t's kind of a trend. Big knits are a trend, so even extreme knitting, so this is just sort of the gateway drug to that. And so this is also a really common way to find yarn and you can, again, knit or crochet straight from it. This is called a ball, and this is a higher end yarn, it's wound this way, you don't really need to know this, but I just like to give the information, it's wound this way just because it gives a little bit more air for the fibers. Normally when yarn is wound this way it's a little bit higher end fiber so it may not be 100% acrylic, it might have a natural aspect to it. This is also a ball, you'll see this more likely at traditional yarn stores and you can also knit directly from this ball. You just need to pull off the label. Okay, so then what we're going to do is we are going to look at hanks. If you want to dive right in and really go for the good stuff, I totally encourage you to do that. You may find that it's like this Lorna's Laces that I'm holding in my hand right now, and it comes in what's called a hank. So a hank basically looks like, you know one of those donut twists that you can get at the donut shop? It looks like that, and the reason that it is wound like this is because it allows the fiber to breathe and air because it's not super wound, so it's not constricting. That's awesome, right? Good for the yarn. But less awesome for actually knitting it. You can't knit directly from this or it'll be a big, tangled, hot mess and not only is that frustrating, but it also is potentially a waste of really sort of nice, more expensive yarn. There's a couple ways that you can convert it, you need to convert it into some kind of ball or this is actually called a cake, or you can call it a ball, either one would be okay. If you turn this, you can see these are the same yarns, if you turn this into this, you need what's called a yarn ball winder and a swift. I'm not gonna go over that in this course 'cause you frankly don't need one of those just to get started, but I just wanted you to have that info. But just because you don't have that and can't produce this, doesn't mean that you can't get this great, beautiful yarn in a hank. You can wind it into an old school ball, like this, like a yarn ball that you've probably seen in every illustration ever known to man. But you do need to convert it from one to the other. So I'm going to do that, I'm gonna ask our producer Kate to come in here and help, this is when you need to phone a friend. And you've probably seen this done, come on in, you've probably seen this done by your granny forever. This is the old school way. So you could technically use a chair if you want, but it's easier with hands, so go ahead and put that on and kind of make it a little taut. You could put it on the back of a chair, like I just said, if you don't have a friend around, and it totally works, it just takes a little extra time. There's little ties that'll be around the individual yarn, and it was just to keep it from tangling, so you wanna go ahead and snip those first. And then you'll see that you have loose ends. So you're just gonna take a little, the end of it, and you're just gonna start wrapping it around your fingers. And you'll have a little, tiny nubbin. And then you're gonna turn that into a ball. So this is when it helps to have a human 'cause you can kind of move your hand, yeah this action right here is when it helps to have hands. You're a pro already. And you're just gonna continue doing this. I had found, recently, you know I've been a professional in doing this for a decade and a half, practically, and I was at a knitting gala and I was sitting next to some veteran designers and they were like little aunties when they saw me. It's totally normal at a formal gala to be winding yarn in my industry in formal gear and whatever, and I was doing that and they squealed, they screeched and said, you're doing it wrong! So I was like, what do you mean? I'm just winding it in a ball. Well I had been winding it just like this, there's not much to see, I'm just not using any of my fingers. And they said that I was making the yarn too tight, that it needs to breathe still a little more so that you should always use a thumb and fingers. So it was Deborah Newton and Rosemary Drysdale who I now call my knitting aunties, whether they know it or not. So you just want to kind of wrap it around a couple fingers, and then you take them out and keep going. And you would just do this until you're done, and I will not make you watch all of that. But you would continue doing this until you're done. Now I will say, though, what happens if there's a phone call and you have to go, or you just don't have time to do it all? I would recommend if you don't have a chair to lay it over, that you could wrap it back into a hank. You may be released, you are released, thank you so much. And to do that you would just twist it and fold it in half, and you'll see it kind of winds up back into itself, and it doesn't have to look perfect or back exactly how it was, and it won't because you've already started taking away from it. But then you know that your yarn is safe and sound. All right, I think that's all you need to know about yarn for now. Other than this, I will say that to get started, when you're looking for a project to get started, there's probably two ways that you'll think about it. You either will see a great project, probably on Pinterest or Instagram or something that you're like, I could totally make that, and really into it, and you'd start there, or you might be some place and see these great supplies. You might be like, oh my God, this is the best color I've ever seen in my life, I must work with it. Either way is awesome, you can rock it, but you should just go, I truly believe the only way to start, there's no right first project, although arguably, for just your own soul happiness, you should start with something attainable and relatively easy, but really it's about the supplies or the project that really speak to you. And for me, yarn really does. So see what feels good to you, see what color, or find a project that you love. All right, move those over. The next thing that you need for knitting are needles. These are all random straight needles. And I actually meant to, Kate would you mind bringing, there's a pink case in there, yeah, that has circular needles in it. These are what you'll get started with in the beginning. These are probably the ones that you've seen, the most common. These were really big in the 40s, everybody's grandmother has these, you can find these at garage sales, these are aluminum. Not my favorite to work with, but the alternative is not knitting, and to me that's not an alternative. So rock on if that's what you have. These are really lightweight plastic ones. Also nice. These are beautiful, I think they're mahogany, gorgeous, that's just kind of a splurge. These are big, mama-jama, Buffy the Vampire Slayer spike kind of things, and these would be used more for the extreme knitting that I was talking about earlier for those big knits. You need really thick yarn, or you'd need thin yarn if you wanted big holes in it. This will give you a really huge knit. And then there's my favorite, which are bamboo. These are by Clover, and I'm actually an ambassador for them. And I went to them to be an ambassador because I truly, these are my go to products. This is a Takumi bamboo, which means it's really slick and nice. And bamboo in general will warm in the hands. So obviously just like with anything you do with your hands there could be some fatigue to it, so it helps to have supplies that warm in them. But again, these are just straight needles. You'll also notice that there's different lengths of straights. This would just be to accommodate how wide your piece is. So if you were working on a smaller piece, you might want to go shorter. But all of them will work for most straight projects. The next are circular needles, and we will actually be talking about, we'll do the very, very introduction to knitting in the round in which we'll use these. I actually use these as straights because I like that they'll hold the weight of the project here and not on my wrist. But you don't need to get those right now or even worry about it right now until you want to knit in the round. And this is called a circ or a circular needle, so it's got a cord to accommodate all of the stitches, and then your two needles are actually physically attached. To get started you would just want to have yarn and the appropriate needle to go with it, and I'll talk about how you figure that out in a bit. Other things that you might want to have in your bag, a good pair of scissors would be great, some form of measuring device, just a measuring tape is great, a little ruler to measure gauge, which we will talk about in a bit, are good, you may want some stitch holders, you may not need them to just get started, so this is definitely not I'm working on my first project, I have to have a stitch holder, this might be project number two or three or four, but that's just something that you might see and this is just to hold live stitches when you're not working on them, and then you're going to want some kind of large hole tapestry needle, and whatever kind makes you happy, there's all different kinds, there's plastic, metal, I've seen them, even sometimes you can find them in the kid's department, the kid's crafting department, they're just little bendy ones, whatever works, and then stitch markers, stitch markers you probably will need, you'll definitely need for your first project in the round. Your straight projects, maybe not necessarily. There are a lot of different stitch markers. There are interlocking ones, and that would just be a way to make them removable if you need to take them out, there's kind of razzly-dazzly action, really it's just bling or whatever on top of a loop, and then there's different sizes of just plain plastic action, and then there's what's called a split stitch marker, these are great if they need to be removed, they're also really great for crochet. And so that's that. So that really is all you need to get started, so what I'd like to do now is really sort of get down to the nitty gritty of actually getting you knitting, so let's get started. | <urn:uuid:2dc0fa41-6762-4606-ad61-2bf871f083bc> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.creativelive.com/class/knit-maker-101-vickie-howell/lessons/what-you-need-to-get-started | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348526471.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20200607075929-20200607105929-00362.warc.gz | en | 0.984637 | 2,669 | 2.5625 | 3 |
HACKADAY PRIZE 2018
Autonomous navigation is a trending topic, one of the main problems to solve in this field is the location and tracking of the robot in its environment.
The robot should know where it is to decide where to move, this tracking of the movements of the robot is called odometry. <- This is what the IMcoders provide
Our main focus is to design a device able to provide odometry data with a minimal integration effort, easing prototyping on almost any system without hardware modifications.
Thanks to the combination of sensors in an IMcoder, each module can provide much more information than a traditional encoder. Now we are able to detect drifting of the wheels, robot kidnapping issues and a basic auto-validation of the output data.
The goals of the project are clear, the sensors will have the following features:
- Easy to use and integrate in a system
- No hardware modifications of the target system needed. Attachment always external to the device.
- Libraries and integration with ROS (Robot Operating System).
- Extend the functionalities of traditional encoders with detection of
- Wheels drifting while
- Robot kidnapping
- Basic self-verification of the data
- Wheels drifting while
HOW DOES IT WORK?
IMU -> Encoders = IMcoders
The main component of an IMcoder device is an IMU (Inertial Measurement System), a device equipped with three sensors: Accelerometer, Gyroscope and Compass.
The traditional use of IMUs as source of odometry data has been deeply studied and it has been proved not to be the best option as odometry data source in the long run (with a double integration of the acceleration to obtain position the acummulated error grows really fast). All the measurements are relative to the robot’s previous position and they are not absolute to the environment where the robot is moving. The error of each measurement of the sensor is accumulated in the next measure and, at some point in time, it makes the output of the system not reliable anymore. This effect has always been the restricting factor to use this devices as an standalone odometry source.
Our approach is not to use the bare output of the IMU as the input data to generate an odometry output but to use this IMU data to infer the spatial orientation of the wheel the sensor is attached to. Then, analyzing the spatial orientation of the wheel over time we can mimic the behaviour of the traditional encoders + some extra interesting features.
This approach has several advantages:
As the measurements of the IMU are relative to the object where it is attached, the physical constraints about where to mount the system are minimal.
The IMcoders sensors can be easily attached to any exposed part of a wheel, as the sensor works rotating WITH the wheel.
The IMcoder sensor has an internal battery and includes a bluetooth module to wirelessly communicate with the host processing the data. This wireless communication approach removes the problematic of wires and simplifies even more the attachment of the sensor to the robot.
As the IMcoders directly measures acceleration, angular velocity and magnetic field on the wheel, we can infer much more information from this data source than just the orientation, as we proceed to explain:
Drifting Detection - Acceleration:
Imagine that in a static state (robot is standing still) the IMcoder sensor measures a high value on angular speed (the wheel is spinning) but there is almost no change in the magnitude of the measured acceleration (there is no change in velocity from the static position). Then, it is highly probable that the device...Read more » | <urn:uuid:2ee68c6d-17c3-4136-aa7f-9edacbddba11> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://hackaday.io/project/158496-imcoders | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742322.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20181114232605-20181115014605-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.916752 | 751 | 3.4375 | 3 |
What is slab heave and how does it affect houses?
This is our video on slab heave.
G’day. I’m Matt Cornell from Cornell Engineers.
Today I’m answering a question about slab heave.
Before a house is built on a site soil moisture conditions are fairly uniform across the site.
That changes when a house is built.
The uniform soil moisture conditions are interrupted by the house.
Slab heave occurs in clay soils when the soil moisture conditions under the house are no longer uniform.
When the soil around the outside of the house becomes wet the clay soils absorb moisture and expand.
The expansive forces are large enough to lift a house.
Under the house stays relatively dry.
There is a transition zone between the wet and dry soils as soil moisture transfers sideways.
When the soil around the outside of the house becomes dry the clay soils release moisture and shrink.
The ground surface moves down and the soil under the house is relatively wetter compared to the dry
soils around the outside of the house.
Again there’s the transition zone between dry soils and wetter soils as moisture transitions from under the house towards the dry zone.
Soil moisture conditions aren’t only affected by changing seasons.
Other sources of soil moisture changes are garden irrigation, broken pipes, poor drainage and tree roots.
This has been Matt Cornell from Cornell Engineers talking about slab heave.
Don’t forget to check out our website for more information and to follow us on Facebook.
Just a reminder:
- Not everyone who thinks they have slab heave does.
- Not everyone who thinks they have other problems does.
- Only use experienced structural engineers and geotechnicians to diagnose and fix house movement.
Call Cornell Engineers for more information about slab heave and how to fix it. | <urn:uuid:f02c8554-73e0-4190-b769-bf1f178f75f1> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.cornellengineers.com.au/what-is-slab-heave2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541318556.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20191216065654-20191216093654-00389.warc.gz | en | 0.929546 | 387 | 3.328125 | 3 |
- Students were given their copy of the novel. Their names are written in and I have marked down the number of the book they were assigned. This way, when they hand in a novel at the end of the study they’ll know they’re handing in their own, not someone elses.
- We started right into the reading. It is easy to become engaged with the characters of the novel quickly because they’re written so carefully.
- Students were also given their first assignment with the novel – to create a representation illustration of either Boo Radley’s house or his person. I showed them examples from former students who did the same assignment. They watched for the references as we read and made note of them.
- Today is the beginning of a month-long (approx) study of the wonderful novel, To Kill a Mockingbird. Students studied a unit on Equality with me last semester in Gr 10. We reviewed some of those topics and the setting for their last novel study, Of Mice and Men. They all seemed to really enjoy that novel and I tried to make it clear that when we are done with this next novel they’ll have enjoyed it equally if not more!
- To help set the environment of the novel, we looked through a PowerPoint show that highlighted some important factors to understand in the novel, such as the economic situation of the time, the segregation of Blacks from Whites, and the role of women in society.
- We also had a discussion of the author, how she published the novel with a slightly ambiguous name so the book wouldn’t be rejected since it was written by a woman. Around the time the book was written and published, a lot of issues were coming to a head in American society after several major court cases brought awareness to the fact that Black people were not getting fair trials. One particular such case was the Scarborough Case where a few white women accused several black men of raping them. Through the different levels of appeal, though, it became more and more clear that the women had concocted the charges.
- Tomorrow, we’ll begin reading through the novel together. We’ll read it aloud in class, answer the chapter questions as we go, and look for evidence of growth in two of the characters. This will make their major project of a literary essay much easier to plan for. | <urn:uuid:35ede3d0-24fd-41d2-ab3d-e2286f50881d> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://waldner.edublogs.org/tag/boo-radley/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474643.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225203035-20240225233035-00735.warc.gz | en | 0.988271 | 488 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Periodontal disease begins when the bacteria in the sticky film which forms on the tooth surface, or plaque, causes gum inflammation. If the irritation is ignored, plaque will release toxins breaking down the natural fibers which hold your gums to your teeth, permitting even more bacteria and toxins to invade. Plaque deposits quickly harden into calculus or tartar, which is a rough, porous substance not removable with brushing. Over time, this progression can lead to severe inflammation, bone loss, gum recession and tooth loss.
Symptoms and signs include:
Red, swollen, tender or bleeding gums
Gum recession, or gums pulling away from teeth
Loose or separating teeth
Pus between the gum and tooth
Persistent bad breath
Change in the fit of partial dentures.
If you have noticed any of the above signs or symptoms, you are advised to visit your dentist as early as possible for necessary treatment to be done. Together, we can win the battle against periodontal disease and maintain your wonderful, dazzling smile: gums and all. Now that something to smile about.
Teeth Cleaning (Prophylaxis)
Prophylaxis removes plaque and tartar from the teeth. This will make the gums and teeth healthier. It is not uncommon for patients to note that teeth appear slightly more sensitive after a dental cleaning. The reason for this is that plaque and tartar coat the tooth surface and shield them from substances in the mouth. It is important for one to brush and floss after every meal to prevent buildup of plaque and tartar. | <urn:uuid:be9efa5f-cd21-4641-a58e-4404fa228023> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://mountdentalcare.com/topic.php?eduid=10 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648313.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20180323141827-20180323161827-00002.warc.gz | en | 0.914746 | 324 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Your reins allow you to communicate directly with your horse by way of the bit in his mouth. In order to speak your horse's language, you have to send the right signals through the reins. Sending the right message can be difficult if you are not holding the reins correctly. Your horse may become confused or even do something you do not want him to do because he does not understand you. Leaning to hold the reins correctly is a basic part of learning how to ride a horse.
Pick up one rein in each hand with your palms facing down towards the horse's withers. Pick up the reins evenly so that your hands are in the same place on each rein and your horse will feel even pressure on the reins.
Run the rein in between your ring finger and your pinkie finger. Turn your hands upwards so that your palms face one another and your thumbs are facing upwards. Your hands should remain low near the horse's neck and withers.
Hold western split reins one handed for neck reining. Place the split reins together one on top of the other and pick them up in your non-dominant hand (if you are right-handed, this will be your left hand and vice versa). The right rein will go between your thumb and your index finger. The left rein runs between your index finger and your middle finger. Your thumb should be facing upwards towards the sky and your pinkie finger should face down towards the wither.
- 💡 Your reins should never be twisted. Make sure all reins are straight and in good condition before you ride.
- BananaStock/BananaStock/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:728d9829-4334-4f51-9676-5469c86d787a> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://animals.mom.me/properly-hold-horse-reins-2517.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578732961.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20190425173951-20190425195951-00307.warc.gz | en | 0.941209 | 331 | 2.796875 | 3 |
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), prescription drug abuse is at epidemic levels. Overdose deaths caused by prescription narcotics and sedatives have tripled since 1990 and numbered nearly 15,000 in 2008 – more than cocaine and heroin combined.
In response to the large-scale misuse of these substances, many states made it more difficult to access prescription painkillers through the implementation of drug monitoring databases and imposing harsher penalties on physicians who abuse their prescription-writing privileges. While these measures have been effective, many Americans do not think that they go far enough, according to a recent survey conducted by the Pew Research Center. Only 16 percent of those polled said that the nation is making progress on dealing with prescription drug abuse. Thirty-seven percent said that public health and law enforcement officials were actually losing ground on the issue.
This pessimism may be the result of the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) acquiescence to pushback from medical groups regarding the implementation of tighter restrictions regarding opioid-based painkillers. The FDA has proposed that prescription narcotics be reclassified as Schedule II drugs, meaning that they have a higher potential to be misused. This would limit the number of refills available and require patients to go to a pharmacy with a prescription in-hand, instead of having a doctor call it in.
The American Medical Association and several pharmacy groups have said that such a proposal could create undue hardships for patients who actually suffer from chronic pain.
Whether or not you think that the government can stop prescription drug abuse nationwide, you can at least keep these substances out of your home. If someone in your life is addicted to prescription drugs, contact Intervention Services today. | <urn:uuid:b170e534-09a4-4b1b-8daa-d16fe79e968d> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://www.interventionservicesinc.com/americans-skeptical-about-federal-efforts-to-curb-prescription-drug-abuse/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128322873.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628065139-20170628085139-00525.warc.gz | en | 0.952933 | 337 | 2.609375 | 3 |
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