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The Florida Wildflower Foundation will begin a four-year project to evaluate economical and practical site preparation methods to minimize weed competition in wildflower sites planted from seeds, hoping to discover methods that lead to greater planting success.The project at Lake County’s Palatlakaha Environmental and Agricultural Reserve (PEAR) Park will be conducted in partnership with the county with cooperation from the Florida Industrial and Phosphate Research Institute at Florida Polytechnic University.
Trying to identify that wildflower you found in your yard or on a field trip? The USF Atlas of Florida Plants is a terrific source of native wildflower and plant information where you can dig into a treasure of images and specimens, and it’s just a few mouse clicks away.
With a $21,000 grant to the University of Florida’s Museum of Natural History, the Florida Wildflower Foundation is supporting a unique research project that will train prison inmates to test and document propagation techniques for milkweed, the only host plant for Monarch butterflies. The grant is made possible by sales of the State Wildflower license plate.
As anyone who has started a small wildflower meadow at home probably knows, weeds can make or break successful wildflower establishment. That’s why the Florida Wildflower Foundation has joined with Lake County on a research project at PEAR Park in Tavares that will experiment with various weed control methods.
If not introduced by Native Americans, it’s possible the C. basalis was introduced into the Panhandle in a previous geologic era and that only small isolated pockets, which were disjunct from the parent population in Texas, were present at the time of European settlement.
A concern was recently raised about planting two species of Tickseed (Coreopsis spp.) near each other in a garden because the two might hybridize. If they were both Florida ecotypes, so what if they did? We share what research has shown us about this intriguing issue. | <urn:uuid:c0838e27-765e-49d1-9369-066704aeaae3> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://flawildflowers.org/category/research/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574532.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20190921145904-20190921171904-00393.warc.gz | en | 0.947034 | 400 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Japanese and Their Earthen JarsMarch 1, 2022
From Nága I visited the cura of Libmánan (Ligmanan) who:
- had poetical talent and a reputation of a natural philosopher
- collected and named pretty beetles and shells
- dedicated the most elegant little sonnets.
He favoured me with the following narrative :
In 1851, during the construction of a road a little beyond Libmánan, at a place called Poro, a bed of shells was dug up under 4 feet of mould, 100 feet distant from the river.
It consisted of Cyrenae (C. suborbicularis, Busch.), a species of bivalve belonging to the family of Cyclades which occurs only in warm waters.
- It is extraordinarily abundant in the brackish waters of the Philippines.
At the depth of 1.5 to 3.5 feet we found numerous remains of:
- the early inhabitants—skulls, ribs, bones of men and animals
- a child’s thigh-bone inserted in a spiral of brass wire
- several sťags’ horns
- beautifully-formed dishes and vessels, some of them painted, probably of Chinese origin
- striped bracelets, of a soft, gypseous, copper-red rock, glancing as if they were varnished*
- small copper knives but no iron utensils
- several broad flat stones bored through the middle† besides a wedge of petrified wood, embedded in a cleft branch of a tree.
What was not immediately useful was then and there destroyed. The remainder dispersed.
In spite of every endeavour, I could obtain, through the kindness of Herr Fociños in Nága, only one small vessel.
Similar remains of more primitive inhabitants have been found at the mouth of the Bígajo, not far from Libmánan, in a shellbed of the same kind.
An urn, with a human skeleton, was found at the mouth of the Pérlos, west of Sítio de Póro, in 1840.
At the time when I wrote down these statements of the pastor, neither of us was familiar with the discoveries made within the last few years relating to the lake dwellings (pile villages) ; or these notes might have been more exact, although probably they would not have been so easy and natural.
- Probably pot-stone, which is employed in China in the manufacture of cheap ornaments. Gypseous refers probably only to the degree of hardness.
- In the Christy collection, in London, I saw a stone of this kind from the
A third of the size of the vessel represented ; wrich, with the exception of the base, is covered with a salad-green glaze.
Mr. W. A. Franks examined the vessel and thinks it is Chinese of very great antiquity, without, however, being able to determine its age more exactly.
A learned Chinese of the Burlingame Embassy expressed himself to the same effect.
He knew only of one article, now in the British Museum, which was brought from Japan by Kämpfer, the colour, glazing, and cracks in the glazing, of which (craquelés) corresponded precisely with mine.
According to Kämpfer, the Japanese found similar vessels in the sea.
- They value them very highly for preserving their tea in them.
Schiffer Islands, employed in a contrivance for the purpose of protection against rats and mice. A string being drawn through the stone, one end of it is suspended from the ceiling of the room, and the objects to be preserved hang from the other. A knot in the middle of the string prevents its sliding below that point, and, every touch drawing it from its equilibrium, it is impossible for rats to climb upon it. A similar contrivance used in the Viti Islands, but of wood, is figured in the Atias to Dumont D’Urville’s “ Voyage to the South Pole" (i. 95).
Morga writes :
In 1597, Carletti went from the Philippines to Japan. The passengers on board were examined by order of the governor and threatened with capital punishment if they concealed certain earthen vessels which were wont to be brought from the Philippines as the king wished to buy them all.. These vessels were worth as much as 5,000 to 10,000 scudi each. But they were not permitted to demand for them more than one Giulio (about a half Paolo).”
In 1615, Carletti met with a Franciscan who was sent as ambassador from Japan to Rome, who assured him that he had seen 130,000 scudi paid by the king of Japan for such a vessel.
Carletti also alleges, as the reason for the high price, “ that the leaf cia or tea, the quality of which improves with age, is preserved better in those vessels than in all others. The Japanese besides know these vessels by certain characters and stamps.
They are of great age and very rare, and come only from:
- South Vietnam
- the Philippines
- other neighbouring islands.
From their external appearance they would be estimated at 3-4 quatrini (two dreier).
The king and princes of Japan:
- have many of these vessels
- prize them as their most valuable treasure and above all other rarities
- boast of their acquisitions
- from motives of vanity strive to outvie one another in the number of pretty vessels which they possess."*
Many travellers mention vessels found likewise amongst the Dyaks and the Malays in Borneo, which, from superstitious motives, were estimated at most exaggerated figures, amounting sometimes to many thousand dollars.
St. John † relates that the Datu of Tamparuli (Borneo) gave rice to the value of almost £700 for a jar, and that he possessed a second jar of almost fabulous value, which was about two feet high, and of a dark olive green.
The Datu fills both jars with water, which, after adding plants and flowers to it, he dispenses to all the sick persons in the country. But the most famous jar in Borneo is that of the Sultan of Brunei, which not only possesses all the valuable properties of the other jars but can also speak.
St. John did not see it, as it is always kept in the women’s apartment; but the sultan, a credible man, related to him that the jar howled dolefully the night before the death of his first wife, and that it emitted similar tones in the event of impending misfortunes. St. John is inclined to explain the mysterious phenomenon by a probably peculiar form of the mouth of the vessel, in passing over which the air-draught is thrown into resonant verberations, like the Æolian harp. The vessel is generally enveloped in gold brocade, and is uncovered only when it is to be consulted ; and hence, of course, it happens that it speaks only on solemn occasions. St. John states further that the Bisayans used formerly to bring presents to the sultan ; in recognition of which they received some water from the sacred jar to sprinkle over their fields and thereby ensure plentiful harvests. When the sultan was asked whether he would sell his jar for £20,000, he answered that no offer in the world could tempt him to part with it.
- “ Carletti’s Voyages," ii. 11. + Life in the Forests of the Far East," i. 300.
Morga’s description suits neither the vessel of Libmánan nor the jar of the British Museum, but rather a vessel brought from Japan a short time ago to our Ethnographical Museum. This is of brown clay, small but of graceful shape, and composed of many pieces cemented together; the joints being gilt and forming a kind of network on the dark ground. | <urn:uuid:9c29bf1a-01e2-4b15-bbad-7840f488b4b2> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://superphysics.org/research/jagor/ph/chapter-15/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337663.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20221005172112-20221005202112-00231.warc.gz | en | 0.970537 | 1,711 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Harold Titus was a noted writer and conservationist, born in 1888, died in 1967. He wrote more than a dozen novels, among them “Timber,’ a work that expressed his lifelong interest in conservation. Titus was a founding member of the Izaak Walton League, established in the same year as the book appeared. He is buried in Oakwood cemetery in Traverse City.
In the following excerpt Helen Foraker, a character who speaks out for scientific management of forests, expresses her view (and Titus’s) of the importance of woodlands and the tragedy of their destruction.
“Less than fifty years ago this land was stripped of its pine; today it is maturing another crop. The same could have been done with any other piece that grew good trees: Just keep the fire out and nature would have done much in time. Fire, fire, fire, without end! Every summer it eats across the plains country; every summer it does its damage on cutover lands in all the timber States. It not only destroys trees, but it takes the seed bearers and the seeds that lie ready to sprout and the life of the soil itself.
“To exist as a nation, we must have forests; to have forests all we need to do for a beginning is to give this worthless land a chance. We can speed up its work by helping—by keeping out fire, by planting trees by good forest practice. Can’t you see all these Michigan plains growing pine again? And in Wisconsin and Minnesota, Pennsylvania and New England, the South, and everywhere where hills and valleys have become blackened eyesores? Don’t you see what it would mean to people, not only in cheaper homes and steel and railroads, but something else? Fish and game and a chance to play as men were intended to play! It is so simple to do; to show people that it is simple is such a task!”p. 125,6
“In the woods when a saw gang has cut into a tree until it commences to sag and snap they stand back and cry ‘Timber!’ It is the warning cry of the woods; it means that trees are coming down, that men within range should stand clear. My father used to say that the cry of ‘Timber!’ was ringing in the country’s ears, that the loggers had given the warning, that the last of our trees were commencing to fall—but we haven’t heard! Our ears are shut to the cry, our backs are turned and unless we look sharp we’ll be caught!” p.128
Excerpts taken from the 2nd printing of Timber. Copies of Timber are available for circulation through Traverse Area District Library. The book is also available free online through Hathi Digital Trust. | <urn:uuid:302de65b-9526-43f9-b9d5-9b8acb46aae4> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://gtjournal.tadl.org/2015/timber-an-excerpt-from-a-novel-by-harold-titus-published-in-1922/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737645.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200808110257-20200808140257-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.976927 | 592 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Designing a Modern Hardware Emulation PlatformThis first part of a two-part series authored by two leading experts in the field of hardware emulation explores how to build a platform that meets today’s needs.
- January 13, 2020
- Posted by: Lauro Rizzatti
- Category: 2020
Lauro Rizzatti & Charley Selvidge
Jan 13, 2020
Unlike other electronic-design-automation (EDA) point tools, developing a hardware emulation for functional verification requires mastering multiple disciplines. Depending on the architecture of the emulator, it involves five disciplines.
The EDA industry assists all four or five technological fields with dedicated point tools. To create a leading-edge emulation system, developers must approach all fields as a tightly integrated solution.
Before exploring the disciplines, let’s review the architectures of today’s hardware emulators built on one of three types of re-programmable devices. Two consist of custom-made silicon devices. The third uses commercial field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). They are:
- Custom processor-based emulator
- Custom emulator-on-chip (EOC)-based emulator
- Commercial FPGA-based emulator
While principles of operation of the three approaches fall beyond the scope of this article, one functional aspect has an impact on the device-under-test (DUT) compiler development. In a processor-based emulator, similar to the workings of a hardware-description-language (HDL) simulator, the DUT is compiled into a data structure, stored in memory that the emulator’s Boolean processors evaluate during run-time. In EOC-based and FPGA-based emulators, the DUT is mapped into a gate-for-gate silicon fabric.
Designing the Hardware
Developing a hardware emulation platform is a major project. It must accommodate a wide range of DUT complexities ranging from a few million ASIC-equivalent gates to well over 10 billion gates. It maps a DUT topology that may be driven by many thousands or millions of complex clock trees, fed by a multitude of asynchronous primary clocks. It ought to lodge large banks of complex memories and intellectual-property (IP) blocks and serve extensive I/O connectivity.
From the bottom-up, the process involves printed-circuit-board (PCB) design populated with re-programmable devices tasked with mapping the DUT, DUT embedded memories, DUT debug memories for collecting DUT activity during run-time, and auxiliary components.
Moving up the hierarchy, the undertaking includes the design of racks hosting PCBs and cabinets to accommodate the racks. High-capacity power supplies and robust cooling systems complete the hardware design job. Depending on the type of emulator, cooling systems can either be based on forced air or fluid circulation.
To achieve scalability and expand design capacity into several billions of gates, multiple interconnected cabinets are necessary. The driving criteria is to design a monolithic cabinet with the largest design capacity possible to reduce the number of cabinets needed to reach the greatest capacity.
Particularly critical is the hierarchical network interconnecting re-programmable devices, extending from the PCB to racks and cabinets. The network should ensure sufficient routing resources to emulate a wide range of designs at a high speed of execution.
An overall design objective calls for keeping power consumption to a minimum to minimize cost of ownership and ensure high reliability. That means calculating the amount of energy feeding the ventilation and air-conditioning system, with dimensions and weight of the emulation platform.
All make the case for mastering the art of hardware design mandatory to create a state-of-the-art hardware emulator.
Designing the Re-programmable Devices
As mentioned earlier, today’s vendors select one of three different technologies. Two use custom-made and one uses off-the-shelf chips, traditionally provided by Xilinx (see table).
The two custom-made architectures have been validated by multiple generations of devices over the past 20 years, supporting the development of new generations of chips for the foreseeable future.
At the time of this writing, the three approaches are implemented on different semiconductor process nodes, albeit not the latest. Yet, designing silicon at advanced process nodes is time-consuming and expensive, and requires an uncommon and highly qualified set of skills, not to mention exceptional talent.
Based on historical data, emulation system development for custom chip-based systems requires approximately four to five years.
Creating the DUT Compiler
The first step in deploying an emulation platform involves mapping the DUT onto the emulator’s re-programmable resources via the compilation process.
While the team creating the hardware portion of an emulator may include 10 to 20 hardware developers and, possibly, a similar number of semiconductor designers, the team designing the compiler can comprise up to 100 software designers. The emulator compiler absorbs the largest slice of the R&D personnel budget. Let’s consider what’s required.
The emulator compiler harnesses a set of technologies, more for the FPGA-based and EOC-based platforms than for the processor-based version. For the former, the main compilation tasks include register-transfer-level (RTL) synthesis, netlist partitioning, timing analysis, clock mapping, memory mapping, board routing, and FPGA or EOC placing and routing (P&R). In the processor-based emulator, re-programmable chip P&R is replaced by scheduling computations on Boolean processors.
It begins with parsing the DUT description using any combination of Verilog, VHDL, or SystemVerilog HDLs. The RTL code is synthesized into a structural netlist.
Since the goal of RTL compilation for an emulator is purely functional, various aspects of synthesis relevant to optimization for physical implementation can be omitted to facilitate faster compilation. Optimizations to logic primitive count and netlist depth are still appropriate to provide a final compilation result with the best capacity and performance characteristics. Emulation system providers typically use custom-developed synthesis technology with these characteristics.
Once the DUT netlist is generated, the compilation flow diverges depending on the emulation technology. In FPGA-based and EOC-based platforms, the gate-level netlist gets partitioned across an array of re-programmable devices implementing the DUT.
In splitting the netlist, a less-than-perfect partitioner may assign uneven blocks of logic to one or more re-programmable devices, causing interconnect congestion despite the use of modern GHz+ rates of data transport in the emulator network. Likewise, a partitioner that doesn’t handle timing may introduce long critical paths on combinational signals by routing them through multiple chips, called hops, detrimental to the maximum speed of emulation. Here, an accurate timing analysis tool can identify such long critical paths and avoid hops.
The impact on the emulation speed associated with partitioning can be dramatic. This partitioning technology is unique, and the tool is typically developed from scratch.
The need to map clocks raises an even greater challenge. Modern designs can use hundreds of thousands of derived clocks distributed over hundreds of re-programmable devices. Designers reduce power consumption by using complex clock-gating strategies. Effort goes into the compiler’s ability to efficiently manage these clocks.
After all this is done, re-programmable devices must be placed and routed. The P&R tool is either supplied by the off-the-shelf FPGA vendor or created by the EOC vendor.
In the processor-based emulator, the compiler partitions the DUT among processors and schedules individual Boolean operations in time steps. The compiler doesn’t have to deal with P&R and instead deals with allocation of computations to specific Boolean processors and timeslots.
DUT memories in all emulation systems are implemented via memory models. These configure the on-device memory resources and on-board standard memory chips to act as ASIC memories of various shapes and sizes, as well as other specialized memory devices like DDR3 SDRAM, GDDR5, and SDRAM. For this article, the creation of memory models falls under the “Creating the Supporting Environment” section further down.
Compiling a design is a computationally intensive process, dependent on design size and complexity. To speed up the undertaking, the process is heavily parallelized in multiple threads that can run concurrently on PC farms. This parallelization adds another dimension to the already difficult mission to design a compiler.
An emulator’s compiler requires leading-edge synthesis, partitioning, timing analysis, clock mapping, and P&R technologies, compounded by the need to be heavily parallelized. It’s no wonder that it takes so much attention from the R&D team.
Designing the Emulation Run-Time OS
Once the DUT is mapped onto the emulation platform, it’s ready to be evaluated and debugged, which is accomplished by run-time software or the emulator’s operating system.
The run-time software’s development team, smaller in size than that of the compiler, deals with the environment that drives the DUT. It applies the stimulus; collects and processes the response; and handles all collaterals, including SystemVerilog assertions (SVAs), monitors, and checkers required to control and debug the DUT. It also captures the design activity necessary to trace a design bug.
Run-time software embraces two different components. The first is tasked with evaluating the DUT combining the operating system and software running in one or more host computer systems and extensive firmware loaded in the emulator. The two manage input/output operations of the DUT mapped inside the platform and give users the ability to start, stop, rewind, loop, single-step, save, and restore all typical run-time tasks.
Unlike a modern emulator’s forerunners deployed in only one operational mode called in-circuit emulation (ICE), today’s emulators can be deployed in multiple modes of operation. Beside ICE mode, they can be deployed in acceleration mode, which can be further divided in two sub-classes: cycle-based acceleration—not popular because of the limited speed up versus an HDL simulator—and transaction-based acceleration. The untimed, transaction mode initiated the use of the emulator in a virtual environment and the ability to run software on a virtual platform.
Run-time software that controls the emulator must support all of the above and is intimately tied with the operation of the design itself. It deals with any real-time issues or virtualization layers that might be required to make the hardware and processing elements available to the applications that will ultimately be visible to the system user.
The second component of run-time software consists of the DUT debugger. Unlike debugging a design in a logic simulator, where total design visibility and controllability is natively ensured by the tool’s software algorithm, debugging in an emulation system requires the creation of a DUT’s internal visibility and controllability at run-time.
Visibility and controllability can be built in the silicon fabric of the re-programmable elements or at compile time via the insertion of probes or dedicated instrumentations, or often some combination of the two. In all cases, visibility and controllability are managed by the debugger.
The debugger must efficiently manage data capture at run-time and support all modern debugging means such as SVAs, checkers, monitors, and coverage. Since an emulator can handle billions of gates’ worth of functionality spanning billions of verification cycles, a more comprehensive debugger is unlikely to be found anywhere else.
Creating the Supporting Verification Environment
Building an ecosystem in support of an emulator involves multiple aspects, some of them related to the DUT, others to the test environment.
Any DUT, especially large DUTs, include substantial embedded memories modeled to be mapped inside the emulator. Creating memory models, while not a major project per se, requires a specific level of expertise.
When an emulator is deployed in virtual mode, the interface between the DUT and the virtual environment can be modeled via a VIP that implements a communication protocol, called a transactor. Specifics of each transactor depend on the application.
Transactors for the most popular protocols, such as PCIe, USB, and Ethernet, are provided by emulation or third-party vendors. Their creation requires IP design skills and specialization in specific vertical markets, such as communication or networking. Emulator users may need custom transactors as well if their designs use proprietary protocols.
A third category of emulation VIP includes speed adapters consisting of electronic boards that act as FIFOs when the emulator is deployed in ICE mode. Real target systems typically run at multi-gigahertz rates, several orders of magnitude faster than the speed of the emulator. The insertion of speed adapters between each emulator IO and the target system guarantees that the two clock domains communicate without data losses or protocol violations.
To create a leading-edge emulation system, the development team must address at least four or five technological domains of the design automation know-how and draw from widely disparate technological fields. It must do so to ensure all elements of an emulator work together cohesively.
For an emulator to be competitive, all technologies must perform flawlessly with little room for error. The weakest link becomes the platform’s limitation.
Charley Selvidge, Ph.D., is chief architect and senior director of R&D for the hardware emulation business at Mentor, a Siemens Business.
Dr. Lauro Rizzatti is a verification consultant and industry expert on hardware emulation. Previously, Dr. Rizzatti held positions in management, product marketing, technical marketing and engineering. | <urn:uuid:9f6186e3-aefd-4394-b6dc-de51f884b801> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.rizzatti.com/2020/01/13/designing-a-modern-hardware-emulation-platform/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662555558.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523041156-20220523071156-00637.warc.gz | en | 0.905846 | 2,842 | 2.609375 | 3 |
D. Self-Check Point! - How familiar are you with online hate speech?
But right before we dive into details…would you dare to check your own level of understanding about the topic? If you are brave enough…we challenge you to take this test and find out where you stand at the moment! Mind your step! There are a few tricky questions and…cheating is not allowed
1. Which of the following is not a common form of propaganda?
B. Generating fear
C. Creating a false image
D. Presenting facts
2. Choose the correct answer:
A. Propaganda is safer than fake news
B. Propaganda can be part of fake news
C. Fake news is safer than propaganda
D. Fake news can be part of propaganda
3. Which component of critical thinking do you recognize in the following sentence:
“I had the opportunity to meet the LGBT community and realize that they need support and acceptance”?
4. A negative narrative cannot be:
5. Online hate speech can be:
A. Unrelated to narratives
B. Rare and specific
C. Direct and indirect
D. Always obvious and clear
6. Decisions made through critical thinking include…
A. Analysis and observation
B. Rational thinking and knowledge
C. Research and evidence
D. Combination of all the above elements
7. A common element among formal and non-formal educators is…
A. Active listening
C. Simple knowledge
D. Interactive activities
8. When teaching critical thinking, which topic is not obligatory to examine?
A. Hate speech
B. Fake news
D. Group dynamics
9. An effective way to prevent hate speech is…
A. To suppress your feelings and let it go
B. To be informed and able to recognize it online and offline
C. To observe and avoid
D. To not react and move forward
10. Which form of propaganda do you recognize in the sentence: “Together we CAN! Join us!”?
A. Promising happiness
B. Creating a false dilemma
C. Overstating participation
D. Projecting tradition
Are you happy with the results? If not, don’t worry! This Guide is here to guide you through the process and help you evolve your skills, enrich your knowledge and prepare you for the fight against online hate speech! Let’s do it! | <urn:uuid:66146387-8ea9-4fc2-8814-977e1ed0db23> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://thinkdonthate.com/chapter-1-a-first-glance-at-online-hate-speech/d-self-check-point-how-familiar-are-you-with-online-hate-speech/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500619.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207134453-20230207164453-00116.warc.gz | en | 0.877796 | 562 | 3.03125 | 3 |
- Open Access
Breakfast characteristics, perception, and reasons of skipping among 8th and 9th-grade students at governmental schools, Jenin governance, West Bank
BMC Nutrition volume 7, Article number: 42 (2021)
There is growing recognition of the important role of breakfast in children’s nutrition, and the potential harms related to skipping breakfast, including its contribution to obesity and non-communicable diseases. The patterns associated with skipping breakfast may be related to the nutrition transition. This study aimed at exploring the composition of breakfast consumed by Palestinian school children and their perceptions toward this meal. It also aimed at exploring skipping breakfast prevalence, reasons, and its association with selected schoolchildren’s sociodemographic variables and behavioral patterns.
A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among 12- to 14-year-old schoolchildren from 4 governmental schools in urban and rural areas of the Jenin district in Palestine. The questionnaire included information about children and parents sociodemographic and behaviours, breakfast patterns and composition, reasons for skipping breakfast, and items on schoolchildren’s perception toward breakfast. Statistical analysis of the relevant factors was undertaken using SPSS software.
In a sample of 193 schoolchildren, only 32% reported consuming breakfast all year round. The main reasons reported for skipping breakfast were not feeling hungry, not having the time, and lack of appetite. The vast majority (79%) believed breakfast was beneficial for general health. Sleeping before 10 pm, regular exercise (p value < 0.05). and shorter screen time were all significantly associated with a higher level of breakfast consumption (p value < 0.01).
Understanding the reasons for missing or skipping breakfast factors which make skipping it more likely, should inform public health strategies to promote breakfast consumption. For example, our findings suggest that awareness of the importance of breakfast was not a significant contributor to skipping breakfast, compared to other structural and cultural factors.
A lot has been researched, written and published about the nutritional transition in low and middle income settings . This transition includes physical activity shifting towards more sedentary lifestyles, and changing dietary habits. In Palestine, such new dietary habits include an increased consumption of saturated fats, reduced fruit and vegetable intake, and reduced fibre intake. They also include an increasing prevalence of skipping breakfast . This transition has been shown to be a significant risk factor for increased non-communicable diseases. Studies show that individuals who skip breakfast are at increased risk of high BMI and type − 2 diabetes [3, 4], which are already at high and increasing rates in Palestine [5, 6]. Globally, skipping breakfast is highest among adolescents, who are consequently at risk of poorer academic performance and physical growth . This makes this issue vitally important in the Palestinian context where one-quarter of the population is made up of adolescents .
The most recent comprehensive study studying health behaviours among adolescents was conducted as part of WHO’s Health Behaviour in School-age Children (HBSC) study in 2004 . The study used a cross-sectional survey to investigate health behaviours among adolescents in 35 countries, including the West Bank and Gaza Strip in Palestine. The survey identified several health concerns, including that 45% of adolescents did not consume breakfast, as well as its link to other health behaviours. Several studies since then have considered breakfast consumption among adolescents with similar findings to the HBSC study, in 2009 and 2010 in Palestine, and many other studies in other Arab countries [10,11,12]. None of these studies, including the HBSC study, considered the underlying reasons for skipping breakfast or people’s perceptions toward it in Palestine.
There are significant and justified concerns about the rising rates of NCDs and obesity in Palestine. Addressing their risk factors necessitates understanding the causes and people’s perceptions of health behaviours which interventions seek to promote . In the case of breakfast skipping, for example, there is a good understanding of the problem, but not of its causes or people’s perceptions toward breakfast meal. Therefore, a deep and compressive understanding of skipping breakfast helps come out with appropriate interventions seeking to promote breakfast as a positive health behaviour. The aim of this study is, to explore breakfast consumption in a representative sample of children aged 12–14 years. The objectives are first to understand the associations of skipping breakfast with age, gender, parental education level, and sleeping time, as potential determinants of skipping breakfast. Second, to explore the associations between the reasons for skipping breakfast and perceptions towards breakfast consumption. Third, to investigate breakfast characteristics in association with the previous objectives.
The methodology and study instruments
This study used a cross-sectional design to answer the research objectives. The participants were grades eight and nine schoolchildren selected from four governmental schools in Jenin District in the West Bank, Palestine. The four schools included two girls’ and two boys’ schools, randomly selected from urban and rural areas. A formal letter was sent to the Ministry of Education to get permission for the data collection from the selected schools.
Data collection started in October 2020 and ended in November 2020. The final version of the questionnaire described above was formulated into an online survey. The first step of the data collection was schools selection; 4 schools from urban and rural areas of Jenin governance were invited by the Ministry of Education. The distribution of the link for the online data sheet started after the verbal consent of participation was taken from the school principals and the parents of schoolchildren. The students were invited to fill in the online forms through their teachers by sending the link through the e-classes and through the schools’ webpages. The students were briefed on how to fill out the online questionnaire by their teachers and they were asked to sign the consent form of participation online. The students were asked to report the correct data regarding their personal information and they were told to answer the questions individually. They were also informed that there were no wrong or correct answers and the data would be used only for research purposes.
The Palestinian Ministry of Education approved the study protocol once it had been reviewed by the Research and Quality Control committee. The study protocol was also approved by the Institution Review Board (IRB) ethical committee at An-Najah National University. Having got the approval, an invitation letter was sent to the selected schools through the Directorate of Education- Jenin office. As the participant’s age was less than 18 years old, the consent of participation was taken first from the school principals, then from the parents through the school teachers. Informed consent was obtained from all the parents before the data collection. The online questionnaire was sent to the students through their teachers in the selected schools after the teachers got the parents’ agreement. All students were informed that their participation was not compulsory and the data would be used only for research purposes. They were asked to answer the questions individually.
Sample size and sampling procedures
Using G power software and an alpha of 0.05 (two-sided) and 80% power, sample size calculations revealed that a minimum of 175 participants were required to determine the prevalence of breakfast skipping. Then the sample size was calculated again to determine the association between breakfast skipping and other variables. The mean difference test was selected, 5% level of significance, (80%) power. The required sample size was 208 participants. The inclusion criteria were: all students who are in grades 8th and 9th from Jenin governmental schools in Jenin are willing to participate and have completed the online questionnaire. The students, who did not answer the primary questions i.e. questions related to breakfast, reasons for skipping and perceptions toward breakfast, were excluded from the final data analysis. A total of 1250 students from grades 8th and 9th from 4 different schools were invited to fill in the online questionnaire. Only 203 students responded to the invitation and gave the required data, with a 16% responding rate. Ten (10) students were excluded due to missing data; and only 193 students were included in the final analysis.
The questionnaire was developed based on a thorough literature review pertaining to breakfast consumption among school students from different age groups. Two specialists in nutrition prepared the initial questionnaire items using the participants’ native language (i.e. Arabic). Content validity was examined by five (5) experts in nutrition and three (3) in assessment and research methods. A few items were amended based on the experts’ comments and suggestions. Other items were deleted and replaced with new ones (i.e. items related to reasons for breakfast skipping, mainly the repeated or unclear ones) to ensure that all items measure the investigated construct accurately. The revised questionnaire was sent for Arabic language editing before it was distributed. The final version of the questionnaire consisted of three sections: section one was for socio demographic characteristics of the students, including gender, area of living, family type, number of family members, parents’ education, parents’ work status and pocket money. The second section included the medical history, lifestyle and presence of chronic diseases. The lifestyle variables included sleeping hours, sleeping time, wake up time, methods of going to school (walking or using transport), going for exercise and screen time. The third section had breakfast related data: 3 items about breakfast consumption during school and weekend days (answers: always if students eat breakfast 6–7 days/week, sometimes if students eat breakfast less than 5 times or less per week, never if students do not eat breakfast at all) in addition to consuming meals at schools, two open-ended questions about the types of food consumed in breakfast and school meals, eight dichotomous questions with three point Likert scale: agree, no opinion and disagree. The reliability test was done using Chronbach alpha test for each section separately. The reliability for the reasons for skipping breakfast was 0.81, and the reliability for perceptions was 0.59 for the seven items; however, the reliability for the six items was improved by deleting item no. 7.
The Statistical package for the social Sciences SPSS, version 21, was used to analyze the collected data. Descriptive analysis including means and standard deviations were used to analyze data pertaining to continuous dependent and independent variables. The categorical data was described by percentages. Independent t-test and ANOVA tests were conducted to examine the differences between selected independent variables, while the Chi Square test was employed to examine the association between the categorical independent variables and the nominal levels, with a significance level of 0.05.
Characteristics of the participants
A total of 193 students were included in the final analysis. The majority of the sample are girls (70.5%), eighth grade (57%), and live in a nuclear family (88.1%). The number of family members ranged from 3 to 15 members; 18.2% of the families have ≤5 members, 70.% have (6–8 members) and 11.5% of the family members are 9 and above. The means of pocket money as reported by the participants is 5.4 ± 3.2, NIS-New Israeli Shekel−/day. In regard to lifestyle, (83.7%) of the students walk to school every day and only (19.3%) go for exercise regularly. The mean of screen time is 4.4 ± 2.8 h/day. The mean of sleeping hours is 8.1 ± 1.4, hour/day.
Prevalence of breakfast consumption and meal characteristics
Figure 1 shows the prevalence of breakfast consumption on school days, weekends and all days. The majority of participants (62.2%) reported eating breakfast on weekends, followed by school days (37.3%) and all days (32.1%). While the prevalence of breakfast skipping was higher in school days as compared to weekends. In regard to taking meals to school, 80.3% of the students said they take meals to school every day, while the rest said they do not take meals to school.
Breakfast consumption and associated factors (socio-demographic and lifestyle)
Table 1 shows the association between breakfast consumption with sociodemographic variables and lifestyle. Using the chi square test, the results show that there is no relationship between breakfast consumption in general, schooldays, or on weekends, gender, grade, family type, and parents ‘education, or parents’ work status. However, the every day breakfast consumption is associated with living in cities; and never consuming breakfast is associated with living in villages, p < 0.05 using the Chi Square test. Moreover, the relationships between breakfast consumption with the number of family members and the amount of pocket money are not significant using one way ANOVA test. In regard to lifestyle factors, early sleeping i.e., before 10:00 pm is significantly associated with a higher prevalence of breakfast consumption, p < 0.05, using the Chi Square test. Similarly, a significant association is found between going for exercise (regular, irregular) with a higher prevalence of every day breakfast consumption, p < 0.05, using the Chi Square test, whereas the other lifestyle variables (walking to school, waking up early) show a non-significant association with breakfast consumption. For continuous variables in the lifestyle (i.e. hours of night sleeping and hours of screen time), the results show a significant relationship between breakfast consumption and screen time; students who eat breakfast every day reported shorter screen time (3.3 ± 2.3) hours/ day, students who sometimes eat breakfast (4.66 ± 3.1) hours compared to who always skip breakfast (5.4 ± 2.7) hours/ day, p < 0.01 using one way ANOVA test. Similar trend is shown for hours of night sleep; students who skip their breakfast reported shorter night sleep (7.2 ± 2) compared to students who always or sometimes eat breakfast with (8.1 ± 1.1 and 8.1 ± 1.3) respectively, with no significant differences using one way ANOVA test, p > 0.05.
Breakfast meal characteristics
Table 2 shows the breakfast and school meal components. Sandwiches are the most consumed type of meal in both breakfast and school meals. Breakfast is mostly prepared by the parents; and students eat their breakfast with their siblings (41.1%), and with their whole family (34.4%).
Breakfast skipping reasons and associated factors
Table 3 shows the reasons for breakfast skipping as reported by 129 students who always or sometimes skip breakfast. The most common reason for skipping breakfast is that “they don’t feel hungry in the morning,” followed by “they don’t have time to eat” and “they don’t like to eat early,” while “they don’t like the food” and “they want to lose weight” are the least common. The results reveal that there is an association between female gender and the eight reasons for breakfast skipping, p > 0.05 using the Chi Square test. The same finding is found with school location, grade, students living area and family type. For parents’ education, there is a significant association between item 5 (I don’t find ready food to eat) with lower parents’ education level, p < 0.05 using the chi square test. The same significant association was found with parents’ working status (both parents are not working), p < 0.05.Likewise, item.7 (My family skips breakfast and so I do), is associated with both parents are not working, p < 0.01 using the Chi square test.
Perceptions toward breakfast and associated factors
As shown in Table 4, students reported different perceptions toward breakfast. Breakfast consumption is very important for general health (79.3%) and for good cognitive performance (81.3%), while 64% disagree that it increases weight, (69.9%) disagree that it causes gastrointestinal disturbances, and 81.3% disagree that it makes them feel lazy and less energetic. No significant relationship was found between students’ perceptions and any of the socio demographic variables: gender, school locations, parents’ education or parents’ working status, p > 0.05.
Findings of this study indicate that only 32% of children consume breakfast daily all-year round, and 62% consume breakfast daily during the weekend. Previous studies with similar samples conducted in Palestine reported 50% breakfast consumption twice or fewer per week , 45% breakfast consumption 4 days-per-week during school term , and 62% breakfast consumption . The latest study with a similar sample from a neighbouring country, Jordan reported 80% of children consuming breakfast . In Saudi Arabia, a survey recently reported that 79% of children skipped daily breakfast but that there was a higher breakfast consumption at weekends compared to weekdays . Our findings indicate a lower proportion of children consuming breakfast in Palestine than in neighbouring countries.
Breakfast consumption was not associated with gender, age, parents’ education, parents’ work status, or pocket money, but was positively associated with living in a village. Breakfast consumption was significantly associated with regular exercise, sleeping before 10 pm, and shorter screen time. Previous studies in the same region found different associations. For example, an association between female gender and breakfast consumption has been observed [10, 11, 16]. However, this association is not seen in Saudi Arabia or Jordan [12, 15]. A relationship between education and breakfast consumption has also been seen, with a higher parental education level predicting lower breakfast skipping [10, 12], and a higher paternal level of education predicting lower breakfast skipping . In 2009, no relationship was seen between rural or urban living and breakfast consumption . The same study also found an association between breakfast consumption and socioeconomic status.
Almost 70% of children in the current study had more than 2 h of screen time per day, with a higher proportion among children, and 66% did not sleep the recommended amount, both of which were associated with reduced breakfast consumption . Other studies have found similar associations, with waking up late associated with skipping breakfast , and longer sleep associated with decreased breakfast skipping .
Previous surveys on a regional level have not studied the relationship between breakfast consumption and exercise. Regular breakfast consumption was associated with health-promoting behaviours including exercise , and adolescents who skip breakfast are less likely to exercise regularly .
Of those consuming breakfast at home, 35% ate sandwiches (white cheese, labaneh, zaatar), 8% ate cereal and milk, and 18% cookies with milk or tea. 40% had breakfast prepared by their parents. A study conducted in Qatar, surveying a younger age group, found that 90% ate eggs or cheese for breakfast, and 42% sweets and chocolate . In a study in Saudi Arabia, 48% had fried eggs sandwiches, 46% had breakfast cereal, and 41% had spread cheese sandwiches. In the same sample, 80% had breakfast prepared by parents, and only 4–7% consumed more healthy options (such as labaneh or zaatar sandwiches) .
Reasons for skipping breakfast
In our sample, the most common reasons given for skipping breakfast were not feeling hungry (60%), not having time (50%), and not enjoying eating early (49%). Other reasons included a desire to lose weight (15%) and the rest of the family skips (23%).There was a statistically significant association between being female and all the aforementioned factors. Both parents being out of work and lower education level were significantly associated with children reporting not having anything to eat (20%). These findings are similar to reasons identified in other studies in Arab countries and globally. In a study in Jordan, the top reasons were poor appetite (65%), not having time (60%), having nothing to eat (60%), and having no one to prepare breakfast (58%) . In Saudi Arabia, 48% reported not feeling hungry and 36% reported not having time . In an Australian study, the two most common reasons were a lack of hunger and a lack of time .
Perceptions for breakfast
There were generally positive perceptions of breakfast among our sample, with 79% believing it is beneficial for general health, 81% agreeing that it increases concentration and memorisation at school, only 13% believing that it contributes to weight gain, and 81% disagreeing that breakfast consumption made them lazy and less energetic. Such perceptions have not been found in previous research in the Arab world. There have been studies investigating perceptions of breakfast elsewhere in the world, but with very different samples and methodologies [24,25,26].
Many studies have investigated patterns of breakfast consumption and its associations with various individual and societal factors. This study has delved deeper into the reasons behind skipping breakfast, and children’s perceptions toward breakfast. This study examined factors which have not previously been investigated in Palestine, such as the relationship of children’s breakfast consumption with exercise, sleep, and screen time. These associations are particularly important because they form part of the nutritional transition.
The current research findings have led to important public health implications. For example, perception of breakfast is generally positive, with a high level of awareness of its importance and role in improving performance at school and health in general. Public health campaigns educating children on the importance of breakfast are therefore unlikely to be valuable. For a small subset of children, particularly girls, perception of weight may, on the other hand, be an important factor to address. This is particularly important in light of the increasing rates of eating disorders in Palestine.
It is essential to note that, currently in Palestine, there are no policies in place to mandate providing breakfast at schools for any age group in any class. There are only strategies and policies to control the type of food supplied into school canteens. This includes banning specific high-fat processed foods (i.e. chips and crisps). On a local level, there are some private initiatives to provide home-made food to schools.
The lack of association between breakfast consumption and parents’ work status was a surprising finding, as higher education and work-status are normally associated with increased healthy behaviour and have been found to be positively associated with breakfast consumption in previous studies in Palestine and neighbouring countries. Yet, important reasons for skipping breakfast included having no one to prepare breakfast and skipping breakfast because the rest of the family does. It is vital to understand the context defining public health issues to facilitate the design and implementation of effective public health interventions. In relation to breakfast consumption, for example, it is important to appreciate the nutrition transition, and it’s various components, such as sedentary lifestyles, increased focus on weight, higher exposure to technology, and higher female employment rates. One potential intervention to improve breakfast consumption in Palestine may be to promote breakfast provision in schools. However, this would need a more comprehensive exploration of the characteristics of breakfast for different age groups and backgrounds. This was touched upon in our survey but would need more detailed investigation. In addition, the focus should be on further examining the reasons for skipping breakfast, nutritional education to eliminate misperceptions about breakfast, and correction of unsuitable nutritional components of breakfast.
Strengths and limitations
This study sheds light on factors related to breakfast consumption which are vital to designing public health interventions. These include a detailed investigation of the different associations between breakfast consumption and different characteristics of children and their parents, as well as factors which have not been looked at in the Palestinian context, such as exercise, sleep, and screen time. The survey also offered valuable insight into perceptions of breakfast and reasons for skipping it. In addition, the sample we surveyed is representative of the selected studied age group population.
There was a relatively low response rate to the survey, which may challenge the generalisability of the findings, despite the representative sample. Although it is uncommon for studies with the same population in the neighboring countries to have this low response rate, [15, 27] it is important to consider that the main reason for this low rate might be using online survey due to the covid-19 pandemic, which has made it difficult meet school children face to face. Within the survey, there was possible overlap in the definition of breakfast between the meal consumed at home before school, and the one consumed at school in the morning. This may have had an impact both on the responses and their analysis. Finally, although we collected basic information on the characteristics of breakfast which children consumed, this was an open-ended qualitative question. This means that there was insufficient detail to quantify what children consumed.
Breakfast is well-recognised as an important meal in our sample of Palestinian 8th and 9th school children. However, these schoolchildren are not consuming breakfast consistently due to several reasons or obstacles. On an individual level, these include long screen time and short sleep. On a family level, household factors, such as not having anyone to prepare food, and perceptions or fears around weight are important determinants. Public health interventions would therefore have higher chances of success if targeted at addressing such factors, rather than simply promoting breakfast. Especially that students of this sample have shown good or positive perception towards breakfast consumption.
Future research should aim to better understand the culture around breakfast, such as what children eat, and where they would be prepared to eat it, to support the design of effective public health interventions around it.
Availability of data and materials
The dataset used and analysed in this study is available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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We would like to acknowledge the lecturers who helped the researchers with the data collection. We would like to express our gratitude to students and their parents who agreed to participate in this study. Also, we would like to thank the Ministry of Education, Palestine, for their support by facilitating communication with the schools and parents. Thanks also to all the co-researchers and fieldworkers involved in this study. Special thanks to the Nutrition and Food Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, An-Najah National University for the support given to researchers.
The authors declare that no external financial support was received for this study.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This project acquired ethical approval from the Institution review Board for Ethical approval from An-Najah National University. The research procedures were conducted in accordance with the principle expressed in the Declaration of Helsinki. The consent of participation was taken first from the school principals, then from the parents through the schoolteachers. Informed consent was obtained from all the parents and school principals before the data collection.
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Badrasawi, M., Anabtawi, O. & Al-Zain, Y. Breakfast characteristics, perception, and reasons of skipping among 8th and 9th-grade students at governmental schools, Jenin governance, West Bank. BMC Nutr 7, 42 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-021-00451-1
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UK scientists edit human embryos
Last month scientists at the Francis Crick Institute in London announced that they had successfully used the CRISPR gene editing technique to disable a gene in human embryos - the first time the technique has been used in the UK.
The gene in question makes a protein called Oct-4, which plays a vital role in making sure that stem cells in the early embryo remain as stem cells, and don’t differentiate into more specialised cells too soon.
The team, led by Kathy Niakan, used around 60 donated embryos left over from IVF, which would otherwise have been thrown away, and only grew the modified embryos in the lab for around a week before destroying them. Publishing their findings in the journal Nature, they discovered that modified embryos lacking Oct-4 failed to grow into blastocysts - the football-like stage at which they would normally implant in the womb - proving the gene’s vital role in early development.
More than 80 per cent of human embryos never result in a live birth, so using CRISPR to understand more about the role of particular genes in early development should help to shed light on the misery of miscarriages and infertility, and improve the effectiveness of IVF. | <urn:uuid:98f30a2f-2981-417b-aee5-d0b8811693a2> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.thenakedscientists.com/articles/science-news/uk-scientists-edit-human-embryos | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585439.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021164535-20211021194535-00546.warc.gz | en | 0.954602 | 251 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Up close, gas fields and factory farms are no oil paintings. But by taking a bird's eye view, Mishka Henner's satellite images make works of art from places where humans subjugate nature.
This is a view of Centerfire Feedyard in Kansas, where cattle are gathered to be fattened for market. Henner's other large-scale prints of Google Earth satellite images include oil and gas fields – another industry that takes over the landscape so we can meet our seemingly insatiable demand to consume.
Henner's previous work includes a book series that contains the whole solar system, in miniature.
You can see his Oil Fields and Feedlots series, along with his photographs of US military outposts, at the Carroll/Fletcher gallery in London until 31 May.
If you would like to reuse any content from New Scientist, either in print or online, please contact the syndication department first for permission. New Scientist does not own rights to photos, but there are a variety of licensing options available for use of articles and graphics we own the copyright to. | <urn:uuid:9960b90b-cb0d-4d26-a9ce-de3b79da92ed> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn25568 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500834258.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021354-00073-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936826 | 220 | 2.5625 | 3 |
In January 2017, NASA’s Curiosity Mars Rover stumbled upon what looked like ancient mud cracks in the Martian soil inside Gale Crater. Photos of a 30-inch-long slab of rock nicknamed “Old Soaker” captured by the Curiosity Mastcam showed it was covered in a crisscross pattern of polygons that bore a striking resemblance to desiccation cracks normally found on Earth.
Geologists at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in Pasadena have spent the last year analyzing those features and are finally able to confirm the polygons on Old Soaker are remnants of an ancient lake that dried up 3.5 billion years ago.
In a study published last week in the journal Geology, the Caltech researchers provide evidence that the mud cracks found on Mars are indeed desiccation cracks and that they were formed by the exposure to air of wet sediment.
“We are now confident that these are mud cracks,” lead author Nathaniel Stein said in a press release by The Geological Society of America.
His team used the Curiosity rover to gather as much data as possible about the physical appearance and the chemical composition of Old Soaker. The ancient slab of rock, no bigger than a coffee table, was examined in detail by means of the rovers’ Mastcam, Mars Hand Lens Imager, ChemCam Laser Induced Breakdown Spectrometer (LIBS), and the Alpha-Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS), shows the press release.
“The Curiosity Rover is an amazing tool because it is acting as a robotic field geologist, piecing together the clues left from an ancient lake system,” Stein said in a statement for Newsweek.
The data revealed that the ridges and cracks found on the red-toned Martian rock were formed by ancient sediment accumulated over time in the drying lake that was once Gale Crater. The analysis also concluded that the desiccation mud cracks were formed by exposure to air, and not by heat or the natural flow of water, notes the press release.
Since Old Soaker was discovered not on the edge of Gale Crater but rather closer to the center of the ancient lake bed — the Curiosity Rover detected the slab of rock in the Sutton Island member of the Murray formation, the study points out — the position of the mud cracks suggests that lake levels fluctuated dramatically over time.
The mud cracks “indicate a transition from longer-lived perennial lakes recorded by older strata to younger lakes characterized by intermittent exposure,” the study authors write in their paper.
This discovery sheds new light into the ancient climate of the Red Planet, Stein explains.
“The mud cracks show that the lakes in Gale Crater had gone through the same type of cycles that we see on Earth.”
According to Stein, the mud cracks uncovered by the Curiosity Rover “are exciting because they add context to our understanding of this ancient lacustrine system.” | <urn:uuid:8d8813ec-a4a6-419d-b270-257707e0c9f3> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.inquisitr.com/4874973/earth-like-mud-cracks-found-on-mars-confirm-ancient-lake-dried-up-3-5-billion-years-ago/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144979.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200220131529-20200220161529-00029.warc.gz | en | 0.945343 | 609 | 3.921875 | 4 |
SAT Information and Resources
While high school grades are a very useful indicator of how students will perform in college, there is great variation in grading standards and course rigor within and across high schools. More than 80 years ago, the College Board created the first standardized college entrance test to help colleges and universities identify students who could succeed at their institutions and to connect students with educational opportunities beyond high school.
Today, the SAT is the benchmark standardized assessment of the critical reading, mathematical reasoning, and writing skills students have developed over time and that they need to be successful in college and career. Each year, more than two million students take the SAT. Nearly every college in America uses the test as a common and objective scale for evaluating a student's college readiness.
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- SAT School Day Implementation Milestones and Deadlines
This chart provides a quick look at the milestone deadlines for each activity for the April 12th SAT School Day administration.
- Registered SAT School Day Test Centers
This is a list of test centers that are registered with College Board to administer the SAT School Day test
- SAT Alignment Study
Provides an external, independent alignment study of the SAT to the Common Core State Standards (CCSS).
- Five Things to Know About the New SAT
For students planning to take the SAT in April. Includes information on the new test and how the College Board made the SAT more focused, clear, and useful.
- Previous SAT vs New SAT
Infographic on the new SAT structure, score, sections, and approach to testing. Quickly shows the changes from the SAT previously administered to the new SAT being administered beginning March 2016.
- Daily Practice for the New SAT
Provides information on a new SAT app that students can use to receive daily SAT questions with immediate feedback. Includes how students can take a pic of their SAT practice sheets to receive an immediate score.
- SAT Study Guide for Students
Includes steps for students on how to access SAT practice tools, practice tips, and ways to support student practice.
- Why Practice: More than Just a Test
Gives details about free, personalized SAT prep available to students.
- 7 Ways to Support Students Taking the SATs
Outlines how schools and families can support students as they practice for the SAT.
- Talking Points: The Redesigned SAT
Provides information on the redesigned SAT in bullet format. Lists important facts and background information about SAT changes. | <urn:uuid:acaecdc1-fae7-4c3f-a3de-cb0f23d1fe12> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://www.doe.k12.de.us/Page/2720 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934807044.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123233821-20171124013821-00002.warc.gz | en | 0.893129 | 722 | 2.75 | 3 |
There’s a lot of weird stuff that happens to our brains when we work out. For example, when you’re working out, it helps to keep telling yourself that you are “feeling good” and “doing well”, new research suggests. Telling yourself this, especially as well into your exercise, will keep you from feeling exhausted quickly as scientists say that your brain tells your body it’s tired before your body is actually tired.
Studies with rodents have led scientists to theorize that exercise-related fatigue is a function of the mind more than the body, as even after being pushed till the rodents dropped, their muscles still had some reserves of fuel. Researchers from University of Kent in Canterbury, England, studied two groups of volunteers to check how long they could pedal to the point of exhaustion. One group was told to talk to themselves with motivational phrases like “you’re doing well” and “feeling good”.
Afterward, it was obvious that self-talk had bolstered riders’ feelings and performance.
On one level, these findings indicate that “motivational self-talk improves endurance performance compared to not using it,” said Samuele Marcora, the director of exercise research at the University of Kent and senior author of the study.
“If the point in time at which people stop exercising was determined solely biologically,” he said, self-talk would have no effect. But it did.
The most effective form of the method is to be consistent and systematic, according to Marcora, by using phrases often and on a schedule, especially towards the fag end of a workout.
Keep Telling Yourself, ‘This Workout Feels Good’ | The New York Times | <urn:uuid:8143a1c8-b988-416c-8b80-8e09a9486f7f> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://lifehacker.com/tell-yourself-you-re-feeling-good-for-longer-workouts-1461009486/all | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423992.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170722102800-20170722122800-00598.warc.gz | en | 0.969504 | 369 | 2.703125 | 3 |
According to an age-old farming tradition, the phase of the #moon has a huge impact on how well a plant will grow. Without getting too bogged down in the nitty-gritty of astrological signs, here’s the general idea behind gardening according to the moon. The whole idea hinges on the idea that the moon’s gravitational pull affects water in the ground. This is very similar to the way the moon affects the ocean’s changing tides.
According to the tradition, the moon’s pull on groundwater has a direct impact on how well different plants grow. The time between a brand new moon and the #full moon is called the waxing phase. The moon gets bigger and bigger every night during this phase.
As the moon gets increasingly large, it pulls water up toward the surface of the Earth. This is the time to plant things that produce fruit or leaves above ground.This would include things like tomatoes, leafy greens, grains, squash, beans, and most important of all, cannabis. | <urn:uuid:4fc0bd01-c889-4875-bd52-11f48994fd9d> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://moonitis.com/tag/weed/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347394074.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200527110649-20200527140649-00087.warc.gz | en | 0.934991 | 214 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Both columnist Victor Hansen and guest columnist Gerry Starnes, within the past few days, have hailed the availability of ample fossil fuels in the United States. This opinion, however, disregards the shadow side of fossil fuel exploration — its environmental and health ill effects.
(1) Coal: Mountaintop coal removal (explosions) in Appalachia, which supplies much of our electrical energy here in Florida, has defaced the mountains themselves, turning them into barren moonscapes, and, by dumping the slag into the rivers in the valleys below, has contaminated over 2,000 miles of heretofore pure water streams with heavy metals such as lead, causing any fish that might be caught and eaten by pregnant mothers to irreparably harm their baby’s brains. It contaminates groundwater with toxics and heavy metals and renders the land permanently uninhabitable and unusable, never mind the health and economic effects of increased lung disease. Never mind also the pollution produced during coal’s use in power plants.
(2) Natural Gas: This fuel is produced through “fracking”, a process that pumps 1 – 8 million gallons of water, under pressure, into deep wells, along with chemicals, that thanks to a loophole, known as the “Haliburton Loophole,” secretly arranged in 2005, were able to be kept secret, as “proprietary information,” and never disclosed. These chemicals produce an explosion that fractures the shale containing the pockets of natural gas, allowing the freer flow of the gas.
Tragically, when this fracturing occurs, chemicals are released into the aquifers which supply the water. Only about 30 to 50 percent of the water is recovered, and it has to be processed to clear it of the chemicals, which produces ground level ozone, exacerbating breathing diseases such as asthma, causing hospital visits, illness, and sometimes death. One major aquifer, the Delaware River basin, supplies water to over 15.6 million inhabitants in New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. Traces of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene have been found in this water and have resulted in much higher rates of cancer, birth defects and aborted babies, among those whose wells have been contaminated. Water running out of their faucets catches on fire and dead wildlife has been found along the contaminated streams. Thus, natural gas is not quite the pristine fuel promoted.
(3) Oil: Offshore drilling still has not proven safe from a repetition of the tragedy that poured millions of gallons in the Gulf of Mexico last spring. And, as regards oil from tar sands, famed environmentalist Bill McKibben has proclaimed “game over for the climate” if the pipeline were to go through from Alberta to the Gulf. It is the dirtiest oil and has already had two major leaks along the part of that pipeline already built.
Hansen criticizes the subsidies awarded to the Solyndra Company but fails to mention the much larger subsidies going to the fossil fuel companies and nuclear plants, even when they fail.
Doesn’t it make more sense to develop clean energy, such as solar and wind, that provide jobs, and most importantly, a minimal amount of harm to humans and other living things?
Nana Royer is a Registered Nurse with a bachelor of science in biology and a master’s degree in education. She is also a member of the Green Team of the Unitarian Universalist Fellowship of St Augustine — a certified Green Sanctuary — which recently screened, for the public, a series of environmental films dealing with issues such as fracking and mountaintop coal removal, and also maintains an ongoing study of same. | <urn:uuid:17333260-502b-4a42-9fbc-aed66d58246f> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://staugustine.com/opinions/2011-12-17 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218186353.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212946-00519-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967265 | 764 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Ronald Wilson Reagan ( 6 February 1911 – 5 June 2004 ) was an American politician and actor, who served as the 40th President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Prior to his presidency, he served as the 33rd Governor of California from 1967 to 1975, following a career as a Hollywood actor and union leader. He was the husband of Jane Wyman (1940–1949) and Nancy Davis (married in 1952).
Erle C. Ellis is an associate professor of geography and environmental systems at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, and a visiting associate professor at Harvard’s Graduate School of Design.
When first presented with the Monty Hall problem, an overwhelming majority of people assume that each door has an equal probability and conclude that switching does not matter ( Mueser and Granberg, 1999 ). Out of 228 subjects in one study, only 13% chose to switch ( Granberg and Brown, 1995:713 ). In her book The Power of Logical Thinking , Vos Savant (1996 , p. 15) quotes cognitive psychologist Massimo Piattelli-Palmarini as saying that "no other statistical puzzle comes so close to fooling all the people all the time," and "even Nobel physicists systematically give the wrong answer, and that they insist on it, and they are ready to berate in print those who propose the right answer." Pigeons repeatedly exposed to the problem show that they rapidly learn always to switch, unlike humans ( Herbranson and Schroeder, 2010 ).
Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra per inceptos himenaeos integer volutpat. | <urn:uuid:cbac1e8b-0d8a-4783-b1a7-03165c3a5c3b> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://o.watchesppa.co/problem-and-solution-essay-global-warming.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794872766.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20180528091637-20180528111637-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.952955 | 346 | 2.6875 | 3 |
We often hear the word "Scrooge" used to refer to people who oppose government programs for the poor. Yet a close reading of Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol shows that this usage is in appropriate. In fact, early in the story, when Ebenezer Scrooge was such an unhappy man, he advocated government programs for the poor. After waking from his nightmare and realizing that he could change, he became a generous man who started to give his own money to poor people. He never became an advocate of government programs. | <urn:uuid:fda971b3-f54c-4053-ad40-633a11786b00> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://econlog.econlib.org/archives/2008/12/the_essence_of.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164099123/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133459-00099-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.990762 | 108 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Battle of Ball's Bluff
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The Battle of Ball's Bluff in Loudoun County, Virginia on October 21, 1861, was one of the early battles of the American Civil War, in which Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan’s Army of the Potomac (Union) suffered a humiliating defeat.
The operation was planned as a minor reconnaissance across the Potomac to establish whether the Confederates were occupying Leesburg. A false report of an unguarded Confederate camp encouraged Brig. Gen. Charles Pomeroy Stone to order a raid, which clashed with enemy forces. A prominent US Senator in uniform, Colonel Edward Baker, tried to reinforce the Union troops, but failed to ensure that there were enough boats for the river crossings, which were then delayed. Baker was killed, and a newly-arrived Confederate unit routed the rest of Stone’s expedition.
The Union losses, although modest by later standards, alarmed Congress, which set-up the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, a body which would provoke years of bitter political infighting.
Three months after the First Battle of Bull Run, Maj-Gen. George B. McClellan was building up the Army of the Potomac in preparation for an eventual advance into Virginia. On October 19, 1861, McClellan ordered Brig. Gen. George A. McCall to march his division to Dranesville, Virginia, twelve miles southeast of Leesburg, in order to discover the purpose of recent Confederate troop movements which indicated that Col. Nathan "Shanks" Evans might have abandoned Leesburg. Evans had, in fact, left the town on October 16–17 but had done so on his own authority. When Confederate Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard expressed his displeasure at this move, Evans returned. By the evening of October 19, he had taken up a defensive position on the Alexandria-to-Winchester Turnpike (modern day State Route 7) east of town.
McClellan came to Dranesville to consult with McCall that same evening and ordered McCall to return to his main camp at Langley, Virginia, the following morning. However, McCall requested additional time to complete some mapping of the roads in the area and, as a result, did not actually leave for Langley until the morning of October 21, just as the fighting at Ball's Bluff was heating up.
On October 20, while McCall was completing his mapping, McClellan ordered Brig. Gen. Charles Pomeroy Stone to conduct what he called "a slight demonstration" in order to see how the Confederates might react. Stone moved troops to the river at Edwards Ferry, positioned other forces along the river, had his artillery fire into suspected Confederate positions, and briefly crossed about a hundred men of the 1st Minnesota to the Virginia shore just before dusk. Having gotten no reaction from Colonel Evans with all of this activity, Stone recalled his troops to their camps and the "slight demonstration" came to an end.
Stone then ordered Col. Charles Devens of the 15th Massachusetts Infantry, stationed on Harrison's Island, facing Ball's Bluff, to send a patrol across the river at that point to gather what information it could about enemy deployments. Devens sent Capt. Chase Philbrick and approximately 20 men to carry out Stone's order. Advancing in the dark nearly a mile inland from the bluff, the inexperienced Philbrick mistook a row of trees for the tents of a Confederate camp and, without verifying what he saw, returned and reported the existence of a camp. Stone immediately ordered Devens to cross some 300 men and, as soon as it was light enough to see, attack the camp and, per his orders, "return to your present position."
This was the genesis of the Battle of Ball's Bluff. Contrary to the long-held traditional interpretation, it did not come from a plan by either McClellan or Stone to take Leesburg. The initial crossing of troops was a small reconnaissance. That was followed by what was intended to be a raiding party. To make matters worse, Stone was not advised that McCall and his division had been ordered back to Washington.
On the morning of October 21, Colonel Devens' raiding party discovered the mistake made the previous evening by the patrol; There was no camp to raid. Opting not to recross the river immediately, Devens deployed his men in a tree line and sent a messenger back to report to Stone and get new instructions. On hearing the messenger's report, Stone sent him back to tell Devens that the remainder of the 15th Massachusetts (another 350 men) would cross the river and move to his position. When they arrived, Devens was to turn his raiding party back into a reconnaissance and move toward Leesburg.
While the messenger was going back to Col. Devens with this new information, Colonel and U.S. Senator Edward Dickinson Baker showed up at Stone's camp to find out about the morning's events. He had not been involved in any of the activities to that point. Stone told him of the mistake about the camp and about his new orders to reinforce Devens for reconnaissance purposes. He then instructed Baker to go to the crossing point, evaluate the situation, and either withdraw the troops already in Virginia or cross additional troops at his discretion.
On the way upriver to execute this order, Baker met Devens' messenger coming back a second time to report that Devens and his men had encountered and briefly engaged the enemy, one company (Co. K) of the 17th Mississippi Infantry. Baker immediately ordered as many troops as he could find to cross the river, but he did so without determining what boats were available to do this. A bottleneck quickly developed so that Union troops could only cross slowly and in small numbers, making the crossing last throughout the day.
Meanwhile, Devens's men (now about 650 strong) remained in its advanced position and engaged in two additional skirmishes with a growing force of Confederates, while other Union troops crossed the river but deployed near the bluff and did not advance from there. Devens finally withdrew around 2:00 p.m. and met Baker, who had finally crossed the river half an hour later. Beginning around 3:00 the fighting began in earnest and was almost continuous until just after dark.
Col. Baker was killed at about 4:30 p.m. and remains the only United States Senator ever killed in battle. Following an abortive attempt to break out of their constricted position around the bluff, the Federals began to recross the river in some disarray. Shortly before dark, a fresh Confederate regiment (the 17th Mississippi) arrived and formed the core of the climactic assault that finally broke and routed the Union troops.
Many of the Union soldiers were driven down the steep slope at the southern end of Ball's Bluff (behind the current location of the national cemetery) and into the river. Boats attempting to cross back to Harrison Island were soon swamped and capsized. Many Federals, included some of the wounded, were drowned. Bodies floated downriver to Washington and even as far as Mt. Vernon in the days following the battle. A total of 223 Federals were killed, 226 were wounded, and 553 were captured on the banks of the Potomac later that night. It is interesting to note that the Official Records incorrectly state that only 49 Federals were killed at this battle, an error probably resulting from a mistaken reading of the report of the Union burial detail which crossed over the next day under flag of truce. Fifty-four Union dead—of whom only one is identified—are buried in Ball's Bluff Battlefield and National Cemetery.
The engagement is also known as the Battle of Harrison’s Island or the Battle of Leesburg.
This Union defeat was relatively minor in comparison to the battles to come in the war, but it had an enormously wide impact in and out of military affairs. Due to the loss of a sitting senator, it led to severe political ramifications in Washington. Stone was treated as the scapegoat for the defeat, but members of Congress suspected that there was a conspiracy to betray the Union. The ensuing outcry, and a desire to learn why Federal forces had lost battles at Bull Run (Manassas), Wilson's Creek, and Ball's Bluff, led to the establishment of the Congressional Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, which would bedevil Union officers for the remainder of the war (particularly those who were Democrats) and contribute to nasty political infighting among the generals in the high command.
Lt. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., of the 20th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, survived a nearly fatal wound at Ball's Bluff to become an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1902. Herman Melville's poem "Ball's Bluff – A Reverie" (published in 1866) commemorates the battle. Holmes' great friend and role model, Lt. Henry Livermore Abbott also survived the battle but did not survive the war. In 1865, Abbott was posthumously promoted to Brigadier General. Another outstanding young officer named Edmund Rice also eventually reached the rank of Brigadier General, was awarded the Medal of Honor and was fortunate enough to survive the war by near a half century. 2nd Lt. John William Grout of the 15th Massachusetts was killed in the battle; his death inspired a poem (and later a song) titled "The Vacant Chair".
The site of the battle is preserved as the Ball's Bluff Battlefield and National Cemetery, which was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1984. The park is maintained by the Northern Virginia Regional Park Authority. The area is considerably overgrown today, though ongoing efforts by volunteers have thinned out the overgrowth and made interpretation of the battlefield much easier.
Bernard Cornwell's Copperhead, the second installment of The Starbuck Chronicles, begins with the Battle of Ball's Bluff. The fictional Faulconer Legion is placed at the left flank of the Confederate position and led by Captain Starbuck's K Company, begins the rout of the Union forces.
Geraldine Brooks' March, winner of the 2006 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, also opens with the Battle of Ball's Bluff. Mr. March, the father in Louisa May Alcott's Little Women, is the chaplain serving with the Union army.
Along the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal on the Maryland side, it was rumored that ghosts of departed soldiers from that battle (particularly those who drowned in one of the boats that sank in the Potomac River) haunted that area, so canalers would not stay in that area overnight, but would tie up their boats for the night elsewhere.
- The number of Union casualties from this battle vary by source. The Medical and Surgical History of the Civil War reports 223 Federals killed, 226 wounded, and 553 captured; Garrison (pp. 115–6.) gives 49 killed, 198 wounded, 529 missing, and 100+ drowned; Eicher (p. 127) gives 49 killed, 158 wounded, and 714 captured/missing; Winkler (p. 46) gives 49 killed, 158 wounded, 553 captured, and 100+ drowned;
- Winkler, p. 46.
- Morgan, "A Little Short of Boats," Ironclad Publ.Co., 2004, pp. 73–6.
- Sears, "Controversies & Commanders" Houghton Mifflin Co., 1999, pp 33–34.
- The Medical and Surgical History of the Civil War, Broadfoot Publ. Co., Wilmington, NC, 1992, Vol. 7 Table XXXVIII and various regimental records in National Archives, Washington, DC
- Holien, p. 141.
- Edwin C. Bearss (February 8, 1984). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Ball's Bluff Battlefield and National Cemetery" (PDF). National Park Service. and Accompanying 1 aerial photograph, undated. (110 KB)
- Northern Virginia Regional Park Authority Archived March 16, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. website
- "Copperhead". Outpost Library. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
- Geraldine Brooks, March. New York: Penguin Books, 2006. ISBN 978-0-14-303666-1. p. 277.
- Hahn, Thomas F. Swiftwater (1993). Towpath Guide to the C&O Canal: Georgetown Tidelock to Cumberland, Revised Combined Edition. Shepherdstown, WV: American Canal and Transportation Center. ISBN 0-933788-66-5. p. 68-69
- Eicher, David J., The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War, Simon & Schuster, 2001, ISBN 0-684-84944-5.
- Ballard, Ted (2001). "Staff Ride Guide: Battle of Ball's Bluff Guide". United States Army Center of Military History. Archived from the original on 4 June 2008. Retrieved April 23, 2008.
- Farwell, Byron (1990). Ball's Bluff: A Small Battle and Its Long Shadow. McLean, Virginia: EPM Publications. ISBN 0-939009-36-6.
- Garrison, Webb Jr., Strange Battles of the Civil War, Cumberland House Publishing, 2001, ISBN 1-58182-226-X.
- Holien, Kim Bernard (1995) . Battle at Ball's Bluff (third printing ed.). Orange, Virginia: Publisher's Press. ISBN 0-943522-10-2.
- Morgan, James A., III (2004). A Little Short of Boats: The Fights at Ball's Bluff and Edwards Ferry, October 21–22, 1861; a history and tour guide. Discovering Civil War America. 2. Fort Mitchell, Kentucky: Ironclad Publishing. ISBN 0-9673770-4-8.
- Winkler, H. Donald, Civil War Goats and Scapegoats, Cumberland House Publishing, 2008, ISBN 1-58182-631-1.
- National Park Service battle summary
- CWSAC Report Update
- 150 Years Ago: Battle of Ball's Bluff Oct. 21, 1861 | <urn:uuid:2b9be42a-0ebb-4d79-bf91-d0ac6e060225> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ball%27s_Bluff | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279468.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00175-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956194 | 3,002 | 3.15625 | 3 |
The runs are about 500-800 metres and the sport was first introduced in Rotura, New Zealand. It is however now in vogue in many countries.
The ball is a double-sectioned sphere, with one ball inside the other with an air layer between. This acts as a shock absorber for the rider, dampening bumps while rolling. Many balls have straps to hold the rider in place, while others leave the rider free to walk the sphere around or be tossed about freely by the rolling motion - water can be added inside, and this is commonly called a "water ride". A typical ball is about 3 metres in diameter, with an inner sphere size of about 2 metres leaving a 50–60 centimetre (20–24 in) air cushion around the riders. The inner and outer sphere are connected by hundred of connectors and filled with air.
Caution: There have been couple of incidence of injury and even death of riders. So before embarking in this sport one must take into account all necessary safety precautions and check the safety features available at the Zorbing site.
Here are few images taken at Rotura, New Zealand.
Image from Flickr is by Planetgordon.com
Image from Panoramio is by jfthompson
Image from Panoramio is by Matt Heap
Image from Flickr is by Wilposh
View location in Google Earth Google Maps and Street View
Source of Info: Wikipedia | <urn:uuid:7f34c463-3fdb-46e2-8982-56f587673d84> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://armchairtravelogue.blogspot.com/2009/06/zorbing-rolling-down-slope-in-ball.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721415.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00003-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957703 | 298 | 2.625 | 3 |
During the 2016 Jewish holidays, a miracle occurred.
The Chicago Cubs broke a 108-year-old curse by winning Major League Baseball’s playoffs and the the World Series. While the World Series did not actually fall on Yom Kippur in 2016, in years past, even irreligious Jews hesitated to play baseball on their Day of Atonement. Unlike other Jewish holidays, Yom Kippur was the one holiday many Jews, even those who celebrated no other Jewish holidays, celebrated.
In 1934, Detroit Tiger Hank Greenberg, in 1965, LA Dodger Sandy Koufax and in 2004, LA Dodger Shaun Green all sat out games that fell on Yom Kippur. That Jewish players would sit out games played on Yom Kippur reflected the importance of the holiday to even otherwise irreligious Jews. To many immigrant Jews, baseball, that symbol of the American Dream, represented the pinnacle of Americanization. These Jews saw baseball as a means to assimilate into the dominant American culture.
Players’ decisions not to play on Yom Kippur were so significant that Jews and non-Jews alike felt the need to comment on the unique relationship between Jews and baseball and reflected the role of religion in the lives of Jews in America.
In the 1860s, baseball began to professionalize, and Jewish players, such as Lip Pike, were among the first professional players. However, by the 1880s, tensions between the observance of Yom Kippur and baseball had grown. An 1887 article in The American Israelite noted that despite many young Jews being at baseball fields, synagogues were still well attended on Yom Kippur. A tension existed between those Jews who went to synagogue and others who, in the words of the article, “can’t see why they should abstain from eating one day out of three hundred and sixty five.” An important question plagued professional and amateur Jewish players since the beginning of the immigration period – whether to pray or play. While many Jews seemed to abandon prayer for baseball, others chose to sit out the game and pray, allowing religion to triumph over the allure of the secular.
In 1921, the St. Louis Post observed that the 7th game of the World Series was on Yom Kippur. The paper quipped that Yankee Aaron Ward, who was not Jewish, would always remember that he lost the World Series, implying that if Ward had not played on Yom Kippur the Yankees might have won. In 1924, the Baltimore Sun, the Atlanta Constitution and other newspapers, commented on how the Washington Senators benefited when Al Schact missed a game in order to pray on Yom Kippur. But in 1928, when Andy Cohen of the New York Giants missed a game for Yom Kippur, the Jewish Advocate argued that it was a triumph for Judaism. The Jewish Advocate observed that while baseball was the ultimate sign of American assimilation, its importance was trumped by religion on Yom Kippur.
Although many Jews were acculturating into mainstream American culture, Jews still held on to their Jewish identity in their observance of Yom Kippur in the 1920s and after. The coincidence of the Jewish High Holy Days and baseball games pushed men like Hank Greenberg, Sandy Koufax, and others to make choices about their priorities. By choosing to be Jews first and baseball players second on Yom Kippur, Jewish players helped define how to be Jewish in America.
Nicole Siegel is a second-year Ph.D. student in the History Department at Fordham University. She is studying 19th and 20th century American Jewish immigrant culture, focusing on Jewish religion.
Eric Solomon, “Jews and Baseball: A Cultural Love Story,” in Ethnicity and Sport in North American History and Culture, ed. David Kenneth Wiggins George Eisen (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1995).85-89
Benjamin G. Rader, Baseball: A history of America’s game. Vol. 14. (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2008). 20-25; Mark Kurlansky, Hank Greenberg : The Hero Who Didn’t Want to Be One, Jewish Lives (New Haven: Yale University Press., 2011).20
UNCLE, S. A. M. “CLEVELAND.” The American Israelite (1874-2000): 3. Oct 07 1887.
Stockton, J. “Pitcher Phil Douglas may have had a Cold, but Evidently it Didn’t Settle in His Feet.” St.Louis Post – Dispatch (1879-1922), Oct 13, 1921; This is reminiscent of LA Dodger Pitcher Drysdale’s famous line to the coach when he was pulled out of the game “I bet right now you wish I was Jewish, too.” Jim Caple, “Sandy Koufax’s Refusal to Pitch on Yom Kippur Still Resonates,” http://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/13710996/los-angeles-dodgers-legend-sandy-koufax-decision-not-pitch-game-1-1965-world-series-yom-kippur-resonates-today.
Harris, Stanley. “Harris Will Send Johnson Against New York Today.” The Atlanta Constitution (1881-1945), Oct 08, 1924.
Joen, George. “The SPORTING WORLD.” Jewish Advocate (1909-1990), Oct 04, 1928. | <urn:uuid:8003c23e-90f4-4955-bc59-7798d28a128e> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.iehs.org/nicole-siegel-yom-kippur-baseball/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487586390.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20210612193058-20210612223058-00591.warc.gz | en | 0.949247 | 1,166 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Chicago has a long history of reinvention. After the Great Fire of 1871, the city has had to think big, dream boldly and push the boundaries of what is possible in the urban landscape. From the world’s first modern skyscraper to the iconic bungalow, Chicago has always used architecture and design to continually transform itself and its identity. This past weekend, marked another milestone for the city with the opening of the Chicago Architecture Biennial, the first and largest exhibition in North America dedicated to contemporary architecture.
The majority of the exhibition is housed in the “People’s Palace”, a.k.a., the Chicago Cultural Centre, located in the the heart of the city. This public building sets the stage where over 100 participants from over 30 countries are featuring their work specifically created for the Biennial. From housing to urban planning, artistic installations to lectures, this is the epicenter where the conversation about the future architecture begins.
But, it’s the many neighbourhoods throughout Chicago where the real dialog about new possibilities in placemaking start to unfold. Like many American cities, migration over the past decades has created many vacant and abandon lots in once vibrant neighbourhoods. The Color(ed) Theory is a series of painted houses by artist Amanda Williams. Located in Chicago’s most dangerous community for crime and violence. Williams uses Englewood as her canvas and brings awareness to the many deserted houses in the district. The red X is a mark left by local firefighters indicating that if the house were to catch on fire they would not waste resources to save it. By painting these residences bright colours, Williams is redefining their narrative from zero-value dwelling to art piece, creating a conversation that transforms their identity from victim to protagonist.
Where Amanda Williams sheds light on vacant buildings through colour, Theaster Gates, Founder of the Rebuild Foundation, is putting a spotlight on race, class and culture in Chicago’s south end. Gates is creating a new kind of cultural amenity and a new kind of institution from a once derelict building. The Stoney Island Arts Bank is a building specifically built for the people of the neighbourhood to preserve, access, reimagine and share their heritage. The centre, which is now open, will be a repository for African American culture and history, a laboratory for the next generation of black artists and a platform to showcase future leaders. It’s through this kind of attitude that Chicago has been able to reinvent itself, again and again, creating a legacy through vision and innovation.
In addition to the Biennial sparking conversations locally and internationally, artistic directors Sarah Herda and Joseph Grima saw an opportunity to create a legacy project along one of Chicago’s celebrated and heavily used public spaces. The lakefront is a major destination for both visitors and local residents. It features over 20 miles of public parks and beaches, as well as pedestrian and cycling routes. In an attempt to unify the 40 kiosks that punctuate the shoreline the Biennial held an international competition to activate these spaces and create architectural structures that rise to the level of their surroundings.
Titled “Chicago Horizon,” Ultramoderne’s kiosk is a quest to build the largest flat wood roof possible within a limited budget. Using Cross-Laminated Timber, a new carbon-negative engineered lumber product, in the largest dimensions commercially available. Despite it’s expansive roof, it echoes a post-modern form that is widely recognizable throughout Chicago. It’s erection during the fall season is unfortunate as citizens will have to wait another 8 month to really experience it’s full potential. | <urn:uuid:a68ff073-7223-4ef8-9e81-ad5a7b55d01c> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://richellesibolboro.com/2015/10/05/legacy-at-the-chicago-architecture-biennial/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257497.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20190524024253-20190524050253-00294.warc.gz | en | 0.947501 | 745 | 2.59375 | 3 |
HISTORY AND TIMELINE
History of the Fishery
The Northeast groundfish industry has been both culturally and economically important for more than 400 years. It is New England’s oldest industry and was for many years its most important one.
Initially, the commercial groundfish fishery focused primarily on cod. The salt cod industry supported a hook and line fishery that included hundreds of sailing vessels. From 1900 to 1930, the fleet transitioned to steam powered trawlers and increasingly targeted haddock for delivery to the fresh fillet market. The introduction of powered vessels, together with the adoption of otter trawls, allowed increased catches with reduced fishing effort. By the 1930s, with the transition to diesel-powered trawlers, the groundfish fleet had grown too efficient, and landings and discards far surpassed a sustainable level for the resource. Landings of haddock plummeted after peaking at over 100,000 mt in the late 1920s. Small mesh sizes were blamed for the excessive catches, but the first regulations on minimum mesh sizes were not implemented for another 20 years.
Groundfish landings decreased during World War II due to fleet requisitions for the war, but profitability increased as a result of protein demands for military personnel. During the post-war period the quantity and value of landings showed a steady decline due to competition from imports of foreign groundfish products and low abundance of some groundfish stocks. However, landings again increased in the 1960s with added effort by foreign distant water factory trawlers and the discovery of resources off Georges Bank. Haddock landings reached a record-high of over 154,000 mt in 1965 but declined rapidly thereafter. By 1974, indices of abundance for many groundfish species had dropped to the lowest levels ever recorded.
Following enactment of the Fishery Conservation and Management Act (the Act would later be known as the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MSA)) in 1976 and exclusion of foreign fleets, federal government policies and programs encouraged U.S. fishermen to engage in the Northeast groundfish fishery, and the number of domestic vessels in the Northeast groundfish trawl fleet doubled between 1976 and 1984. Moreover, the harvesting capability of the fleet expanded as wooden side-trawlers were replaced by steel stern-trawlers equipped with more modern technology for locating, catching, and handling fish. With this rapid increase in fishing effort and advances in fishing technology came a spike in landings. However, many of the most productive stocks soon collapsed due to the failure of the management system to take steps necessary to rebuild the populations. In 1986, the New England Fishery Management Council (NEFMC) implemented the Northeast Multispecies Fishery Management Plan (FMP).
By the early 1990s, groundfish exploitation rates were at their highest, and stock biomass reached record lows. The drastic and persistent decline in the condition of many key stocks prompted the NEFMC to strengthen stock rebuilding efforts. Attempts to end overfishing and rebuild fish stocks resulted in a frequently changing and complicated management regime. Regulations employed a combination of gear restrictions, trip limits, days-at-sea restrictions, fishing area closures, and other rules. As combined measures failed to rein in overfishing, the number of days fishermen were allowed to fish dropped each succeeding year until they were a fraction of what they had been. By 2009, most fishermen had 40 or fewer days of fishing per year. While some stocks were overfished, others were severely underfished.
Congress attempted to support failing fishing communities through a variety of measures. In 1995, the U.S. Secretary of Commerce declared a fishery resource disaster in the Northeast groundfish fishery, prompting federal disaster relief assistance of $90 million. Sixty-five million dollars of this total were used to fund a variety of services, such as technical assistance and loan programs, retraining programs, a health insurance program and fishing family assistance centers. The remaining funds were used in vessel and permit buyback programs. In 1996, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) set up a pilot buyback of groundfish vessels; the program was expanded in 1998, and 79 boats were removed from the Northeast groundfish fleet. A permit buyback program in 2001 removed 245 permits, mostly from the fleet’s smaller boats; the boats themselves were not surrendered.
In 2007, an omnibus spending bill included $13.4 million in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) budget for the Massachusetts multispecies fishery. The funding was provided to lessen the economic impacts associated with New England Fishery Management Council’s (NEFMC) Framework 42 of Amendment 13 to the Northeast Multispecies Fishery Management Plan (FMP), which reduced days-at-sea (DAS) and implemented differential DAS counting areas. In 2012, the Secretary of Commerce declared a commercial fishery failure in the Northeast groundfish fishery for the 2013 fishing season based on the expectation that further cuts to catch limits may be necessary.
© 2017 MRAG Americas, Inc. All Rights Reserved. | <urn:uuid:085edf0e-426f-4d75-9b51-f0840372c26a> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://www.catchshareindicators.org/northeast/about-the-fishery/history-and-timeline/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256571.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20190521202736-20190521224736-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.961723 | 1,048 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Scientists from the Research Institute for Advanced Computer Science (RIACS) at NASA and the University of Liverpool are working together to develop robotic systems used in space that will reduce the need for human space travel.
Scientists from RIACS and computer specialists from the University of Liverpool are investigating ways of improving technology in order to reduce the reliance on humans for space travel and develop the potential for robotic space missions.
University scientists are developing technology that will enable robots to ‘think’ autonomously, so that they might conduct entire space missions without human supervision.
Professor Michael Fisher, Director of the University’s Verification Laboratory, explained: “Autonomy is a major cost driver for space exploration since human missions require large earth-based teams for support. There are also significant risks posed to humans sent into space.
“We are currently studying new forms of software that aim to improve the accuracy of decisions made by space robots so that missions can be completed with greater success. We are also analysing software that will enable robots to work alongside humans in space.”
The RIACS scientists will meet with computer specialists at the University of Liverpool this week to discuss the possibilities for joint human and robot deep space missions and investigate the potential of new software to enable such missions.
Autonomous software components used in space are difficult to verify or control due to the diverse environments that they encounter in the cosmos. It is considered essential by space experts to attempt verification of autonomous software before deployment, as these systems are among the most complex and error prone to develop.
Source: University of Liverpool
Explore further: Fermi finds a 'transformer' pulsar | <urn:uuid:519ed3d0-6d98-40f7-9009-f70afba6cf98> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://phys.org/news5292.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997874283.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025754-00018-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931121 | 337 | 3.234375 | 3 |
« ÖncekiDevam »
P" and P" are loads at elastic limit.
d and d, must not be taken beyond the elastic limit, and must be taken from line of corrected deflections.
Compute the weight per cubic foot and the specific gravity, assuming that the per cent. of moisture on the basis of dry weight is 12 per cent.
The Report.-Give a brief description of the method of conducting the experiment. On following pages present the measurements, etc., of the beams; the sketches of cross sections and fractures; the data obtained; the diagrams, and then the computed result in tabular form.
EXPERIMENTS IN TORSION.
Object. The object of this experiment is to study the behavior of materials under torsion, and to obtain such data as will enable the shearing strength of the material and its modulus of elasticity in shear to be computed.
Material.— The material is to be supplied by the instructor, and may be steel, iron or wood, or other material.
Preliminary.-Carefully measure the dimensions of the cross section and the gauge length. Then adjust the specimen in the heads of the machine, being careful to have the jaws clamped tightly against the specimen, which should be fixed in the axis of rotation of the machine. Then apply the torsion troptometer to the specimen and adjust the clamps of the latter so that the center of the circle of the graduated arc will be in the axis of the machine. Apply a small initial moment of about one hundred inch pounds and set to zero the graduated arc, and also the permanent scale on the twisting head of the machine.
Experiment.- Apply the loads continuously in increment of -- inch pounds. Read on the graduated arc the movement of the pointer in inches for each increment. When the increase in the angle of torsion is found to be rapid, the elastic limit having been reached, the graduated arc and index should be removed.
If only the elastic properties of materials are to be determined the specimen may be removed. Ordinarily the tests are to be continued until the specimen is ruptured. The whole angle of the twist is read from the fixed scale on the movable head of the machine and should be read for even loads above the elastic limit. The scale should be kept balanced and the maximum load determined.
Computations.- Plot diagrams to suitable scales with the twisting moment in inch-pounds as ordinates and the angle of twist in degrees as abscissa. One of these curves will be drawn with the magnified abscissa and will show the points up to the elastic limit. The other curves will be on a small scale and will show the anglemoment diagram up to the rupture. As in other experiments, the straight line portion in the beginning should pass through the origin. If it does not, a straight line parallel to the straight line passing through the plotted points should be drawn through the origin and terminating at the elastic limit.
Mark the points corresponding to the elastic limit and maximum load on the curve. Compute (1) the shearing strength developed at the elastic limit and the maximum load, using formula
Calculate the modulus of elasticity in shear from the formula
aPs Ip* Pa
1 Using the coördinates of any point on the corrected curve of the magnified scale.
Compute also the modulus of elastic resilience and the modulus of rupture-work.
Report.— The report will contain (1) a brief description of the specimen and method of test, (2) a tabulated statement of the computed and observed results (rule a form to suit the requirements), (3) a description of the fractured specimen, (4) plotted curves on coördinate paper, (5) an ink copy of the running log of loads and deformation.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR TESTING CEMENT.
(Short Course.) The work will include two days in the laboratory, and during this time the student will determine the time of setting, the fineness on No. 100 and No. 80 sieve, and the strength of three to one mortar in the case of a standard brand of Portland cement.
Time of Setting.–Mix up neat cement with enough water to render a paste of such consistency that when placed on a glass plate it will retain its form, and at the same time by striking the glass against the hand the paste can be spread out without cracking on the suface.
* See Church's Mechanics of Engineering.
Trowel the paste on the glass to thin edges, and set the pat thus made aside in a damp chamber, and observe the time that elapses until (1) it will bear the quarter pound standard needle without appreciable indentation; (2), the weight of the one pound standard needle without appreciable indentation.
Tests for Strength.- Mix up the mortar consisting of three parts standard crushed quartz stone and one part Portland cement, proportion being taken by weight. Mix the sand and cement thoroughly until the mixture presents a uniform color. Gauge with about eight per cent. of water and work over the mixture thoroughly about six times. Tamp in molds in layers, and finish the surface of the briquette. Record the initials on one corner of the briquettes, and leave the briquettes in the molds. They will be taken therefrom by the instructor and placed under water after twenty-four hours.
SECOND DAY's WORK. At the laboratory period one week following, the briquettes are to be taken from the water and tested for strength.
Tests for Fineness of Grinding.–Sift about four ounces of cement through No. 100 and No. 80 sieve and weigh the residue left on the sieves.
The Report.- Each student should report the results of the tests made by him as an individual to determine the fineness of grinding, the time of setting, and the strength of the five briquettes. Reports should be made on blank forms provided for that purpose.
Special instructions are issued to civil engineers.
AN ELEMENTARY COURSE IN PROPERTIES OF
BY GEORGE L. CHRISTENSEN, Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan College
Instruction in the properties of engineering materials should have the following objects in view:
1. To illustrate the behavior of materials under stress.
2. To establish clear and definite conceptions as to the meaning of such fundamental terms as elastic limit, yield point, ultimate strength, percentage of elongation, modulus of elasticity, resilience.
3. To familiarize the student as far as possible with the methods by which materials are tested to obtain numerical results indicating their qualities.
4. To fix in the memory a few of the average numerical values for the more common materials such as cast iron, wrought iron, steel, timber, stone and concrete; thus establishing a very convenient mental standard of reference for the more detailed study of these and kindred materials, and at the same time forming the basis for that ready judgment so essential to the engineer.
5. To illustrate the use of these numerical values in simple problems of designing, thus associating and connecting the material itself, and the mathematical considerations involved, and laying the foundation for that habit of thought which must ever recognize the material in its various strengths and elasticities, in every problem of design. | <urn:uuid:9ce0f74e-b209-4561-a888-bd9c8b5e1179> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=6uU3AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA278&focus=viewport&vq=specimen&dq=editions:iY8d0o_IhqMC&hl=tr&output=html_text | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153491.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727202227-20210727232227-00002.warc.gz | en | 0.912725 | 1,516 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Learn what kinds of peer pressure teens face, who’s most vulnerable, and how to help your son or daughter resist.
Remember when your teenager took her first steps as a toddler? You hovered behind her — back bent, arms spread — prepared to catch her should she fall. Much as you might like, you can’t shadow your adolescent as you did back then, being there to break her fall when she missteps.
But, say experts, there are steps you can take to support your adolescent in the face of teen peer pressure. Follow them and you’ll rest easier when your teen heads out of the house on a Friday night.
Teen Peer Pressure: What’s Being Pushed?
Here are some findings from recent surveys.
- Smoking. By the time adolescents are just 13, one in five has tried smoking.
- Alcohol use. Two-thirds of teens between the ages of 14 and 17 have tried alcohol. Of teen boys who have tried alcohol, 20% did so by the time they were 12. Episodic, or binge drinking, is also fairly common. Of the adolescents aged 12 to 17, one in four said they’d had five or more drinks consecutively within the past month. Almost a quarter of drinkers aged 16 to 21 admitted to driving after drinking.
- Drug use. Slightly more than 25% of adolescents aged 14 to 17 have used illegal drugs. One-third of young adult marijuana users aged 18 to 21 started using the drug by the time they turned 14.
- Sex. About one in every three kids aged 14 to 15 has had sexual intercourse. Of sexually active teens, almost 30% used no birth control during their last sexual encounter.
Other subjects in this article include;
- Identifying Vulnerable Teens
- Why Teens Fall Prey to Peer Pressure
- Making Your Child Resilient to Teen Peer Pressure
In spite of adolescents’ vulnerability and the strong influence of peers, parents can exert a positive influence on their adolescents’ decision-making processes, offering them ways to combat the effects of peer pressure. Experts explain how. Strategies include;
- Keep communication lines open
- Practice peer pressure scenarios
- Listen to your teen’s perspective
- Keep inviting your kids into your life
- Think beyond punitive responses
This article has some excellent proven strategies and can be found at; Raising Peer Pressure Proof Teens.
|The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Surviving Peer Pressure for Teens by Sara Jane Sluke, Hilary Cherniss, Sara Jane Sluke Hilary Cherniss|
|Friends, Cliques, and Peer Pressure: Be True to Yourself (Teen Issues) by Christine Wickert Koubek| | <urn:uuid:d6191fd1-4cfc-4fe6-81c7-ba467890cb25> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | https://alcoholselfhelpnews.wordpress.com/2009/08/29/raising-a-peer-pressure-proof-child/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860127983.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161527-00197-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928424 | 568 | 2.875 | 3 |
From Longman Dictionary of Contemporary Englishnumbernum·ber1 /ˈnʌmbə $ -bər/ ●●● S1 W1 noun 1 number [countable]HMN a word or sign that represents an exact amount or quantity → numeral, figure They wrote various numbers on a large sheet of paper. Add all the numbers together.an even number (=2,4, 6,8 etc)an odd number (=1,3, 5,7 etc)a round number (=one ending in 0) A hundred pounds is a good round number. I’m no good with numbers.2 phone [countable]HMNTCT a phone number My new number is 502–6155.somebody’s home/office/work number I gave him my home number.mobile/fax number What’s your mobile number? Sorry, you have the wrong number.3 in a set/list [countable]HMNPLACE a number used to show the position of something in an ordered set or list Answer question number 4. a number 17 bus → E number, No. 10, number one14 for recognizing somebody/something [countable]HMNB a set of numbers used to name or recognize someone or somethingmodel/account etc number What is your account number, please? Press 1 to change the printer number. Did you get the number (=registration number) of the car? → box number, PIN, serial number5 amount [countable, uncountable]AMOUNT an amount of something that can be counted syn quantitythe number of something The number of cars on our roads rose dramatically last year.a number of something We have been friends for a number of years.in number The condors have dwindled to an estimated sixty in number.• You use a singular verb after the number of: The number of people is increasing. • You use a plural verb after a number of (=several): A number of issues were discussed. 6 → numbers7 APMAPTmusic [countable] a piece of popular music that forms part of a longer performance Madonna sang several numbers from her latest album. → production number► see thesaurus at music8 magazine [countable] British EnglishTCN a copy of a magazine or newspaper printed on a particular date syn issuenumber of I was reading the latest number of ‘Surfing’. back numbers (=old copies) of ‘The Times’9 → have somebody’s number10 → black/elegant etc (little) number11 → somebody’s number comes up12 → somebody’s number is up13 → the numbers14 → by numbers15 → do a number on somebody/something16 → beyond/without number17 group of people [uncountable] formalFEW/NOT MANY a group of peopleone/two/several etc of our/their number Only three of our number could speak Italian. They wanted to choose a leader from among their own number.18 grammar [uncountable] technicalSLG the form of a word, depending on whether one thing or more than one thing is being talked about ‘Horses’ is plural in number, while ‘horse’ is singular.COLLOCATIONS – Meaning 1: a word or sign that represents an exact amount or quantityadjectivesa lucky number (=a number you think gives you good luck)Three is my lucky number.an even number (=2,4, 6,8 etc)All even numbers can be divided by 2.an odd number (=1,3, 5,7 etc)You can’t work in pairs if you’ve got an odd number of people.a round number (=a number ending in zero)A hundred is a nice round number.a positive number (=a number that is more than zero)Maths is easier if you are dealing with positive numbers.a negative/minus number (=a number that is less than zero)Can a negative number have a square root?a prime number (=a number such as 13 that can be divided only by itself and 1)After 7, what is the next prime number?a cardinal number (=a number such as 1,2, or 3 that shows how many of something there are)Numbers go on to infinity, so there is no last cardinal number.an ordinal number (=a number such as 1st, 2nd, or 3rd that shows where something comes in a series or list)The children learn about position and ordinal numbers when they stand in a line.a whole number (=a number that is not a fraction)verbsadd numbers togetherAdd the two numbers together and divide by three.add up numbers (=add several numbers together)Write all the numbers down, then add them up.subtract one number from anotherSubtract this number from the total.multiply one number by anotherWhat happens if you multiply a positive number by a negative number?divide one number by anotherYou can’t divide a prime number by any other number, except 1. COLLOCATIONS – Meaning 5: an amount of something that can be countedadjectivesa large/great numberA large number of children were running around in the playground.a vast/huge number (=very large)We’ve had a huge number of complaints.a high numberThere seems to be no reason for the high number of suicides.a considerable/substantial/significant number (=quite a large number)He received a substantial number of votes.A considerable number of students left after the first year.a good number (=quite a lot)He has written a good number of books for children.a small numberThe class had only a small number of students.a low numberthe low numbers of women involved in sports coachinga limited number (=quite small)A limited number of copies were printed.a tiny number (=very small)Only a tiny number of these animals remain in the wild.a growing/increasing numberAn increasing number of women are entering the profession.verbsincrease the number of somethingAs you improve, increase the number of times you do each exercise.reduce the number of somethingWe need to reduce the number of cars on the road.a number increases/goes up/grows/risesThe number of mobile phones has increased dramatically.a number doubles (=becomes twice as big)The number of road accidents has doubled in the last ten years.a number falls/drops/goes down/decreases/declinesThe number of new houses being built is falling steadily.a number halves (=becomes twice as small)The number of children failing at school has halved in recent years.phrasesin large/increasing/limited etc numbersBirds nest here in large numbers.any number of something (=a very large number of them)There have been any number of magazine articles about the celebrity couple.bring the number to 25,120 etcThis will bring the number of jobs lost at the company to 85.COMMON ERRORS ► Don’t say ‘a big number of people/things’. Say a large number of people/things.
Examples from the Corpusnumber• Each player has a number on the back of their shirt.• Pick a number between one and ten.• Double check the account number to make sure it's right.• The rain had stopped but the mosquitoes were out in alarming numbers and there was no jeep to ride in.• I live at number 12 Liverpool Road.• Cast members performed the new dance number.• An enormous number of people wrote to complain about last night's show.• The game works best with an even number of children.• DeBuono attributes the higher number of cases in Monroe County to better hospital reporting.• The result was a large number of takeovers and mergers.• A large number of reporters had gathered outside the house.• All the doors on this side of the street have odd numbers.• Ann's phone number is 555-3234.• Take a look at question number three.• May I please have your Social Security number?• There have been several cases of tuberculosis, and the number is rising.• The regulations limit the number of students in each class.• He mentioned the number eight or nine times.• By the end of last month, the number had increased to 41. 2 percent.• However, the grammar must be able to correctly distinguish word hypotheses or the number of paths will grow exponentially.• By next year, the number of homes with either cable or satellite television is expected to be just over 10 million.• The number of cars on the roads increased by 22% last year.• The number of working days lost through strikes has continued to rise.• The number of police officers has increased enormously during the past 10 years.• "The show's not very good." "We can leave after this number if you want."• It is directly responsible for 35,000 deaths from lung cancer and twice this number from other diseases every year.• Raffle ticket number 241 wins the dinner for two at La Fiorentina.• Nell Carter also appeared and performed a couple of upbeat numbers.somebody’s home/office/work number• That's my home number.model/account etc number• The overnight clerk puts the codes and account numbers on file cards.• Once the software is loaded and the user sends his or her bank account number, writing checks takes only seconds.• Basic rule here is never give out your password or account number, not online or over the phone.• Within that you can then write what may be a third party account number.• I don't know the model number but it's the number one that they make - retails for about £850.• In his head was the account number at the Credit Bank of Zurich.• After purchasing a card from a vendor or through the mail, customers scratch off the surface to reveal their account number.the number of something• To secure equilibrium, output and the number of manufacturing firms have to increase.• As the number of people involved increases, so does the likelihood of the fraud's detection.• It will double the number of vehicles that will come into King's Cross or St. Pancras during the morning peak hours.• I, personally, have the number of days pasted up on the inside of my locker.• Tightly regulated standards for schools, including the number of minutes that are to be spent studying a subject.• Changing social values have increased the numbers of homosexual or unmarried households.• There are a lot of preventive measures that would reduce the number of severe mental problems.number of• This year the number of houses for sale went up by 20%.one/two/several etc of our/their number• Sometimes the goddess appears in the midst of the priestesses, manifesting as one of their number.• Lineage shaikhs designated one of their number to be a section shaikh, to represent them in affairs which concerned them all.• Finally one of their number stepped forward.• This is one of their number three or four guys.• Occultists also claim to cast out demons affecting or possessing one of their number, and even friends outside their magic circles.• Certainly women could tell, as men could, when one of their number was aroused. | <urn:uuid:9174d1cd-a47d-48aa-8ecb-8acf7eb71031> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.ldoceonline.com/Numbers-topic/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118851.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00207-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923312 | 2,337 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Several dozens of multi-colored hot air balloons decorate the sky above the picturesque valley in the Italian region of Umbria in late July. All of them – the participants of the international festival of hot air balloons.
Hot air balloon – an aircraft lighter than air, whose operating principle is based on Archimedes’ principle. To create a lift is used in the shell enclosed gas (often simply heated air) with a density less than the density of the surrounding air.
If the balloon to attach the engine, it will be an airship.
Hot Air Balloons for the first time allow a person to get off the ground, and later reach the stratosphere. Hot Air Balloons, rising to a height of more than 11 km is called the stratosphere Hot Air Balloon.
During the Second World War, Hot Air Balloons were used extensively to protect cities, industrial areas, naval bases and other facilities against attack from the air. Action barrage Hot Air Balloons was calculated damage to aircraft collision with ropes or shells are suspended on ropes explosive charges.
During the Cold War, automatic drifting Hot Air Balloons (ADA) has been widely used in Western countries to conduct reconnaissance over the territory of the USSR. Machines were unobtrusive, self-contained, relatively cheap, and fly long hard while altitudes above 20 kilometers. This made it difficult ADA detection and destruction inadequately expensive.
May 27, 1931 Ogyust Pikkar and Paul Kipfer first managed to reach the stratosphere in a Hot Air Balloon.
August 31, 1933 Aleksandr Dalya, while on board the open air Hot Air Balloon, fired the first shot, which is visible to the roundness of the Earth.
Current altitude record set October 24, 2014 Alan Yustas, rising to a height of about 41,421 meters in the suit, attached to the Hot Air Balloon over the US state of New Mexico.
altitude record for a manned Hot Air Balloon bench was installed May 4, 1961: starting from the deck of the ship USS Antietam in the Gulf of Mexico, the Hot Air Balloon rose to a height of 34.7 km.
40,814 kilometers of flight in 19 days 21 hours and 55 minutes (average speed – – 85.4 km / h) March 1, 1999 the first non-stop round the world flight was made in a Hot Air Balloon.
altitude record for unmanned Hot Air Balloon is 53.0 km. The Hot Air Balloon was launched May 25, 2002 in Iwate Prefecture, Japan. This is the greatest height ever reached aeronautical apparatus. Only rockets, rocket planes and artillery shells can fly higher.
Well, we are on the Hot Air Balloon Festival in Italy.
“This is a great way to see the world. It’s not like what you see from an airplane or helicopter. Here is an overview of 360 degrees, and do not know where the arrivals where you land. This is a truly extraordinary “ | <urn:uuid:03c0f2cf-7ca6-4c45-bf35-4e76b2442d96> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://photovide.com/hot-air-balloon-festival-italy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948543611.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20171214093947-20171214113947-00249.warc.gz | en | 0.924717 | 614 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Ten Reasons to Drum
for Your Health:
Join Our Restorative Yoga with Shamanic Drumming on Sunday 10th December!
1. Drumming is for everyone
Drumming does not require advanced physical abilities or specialized talents. It does not require participants to read music or understand music theory. Drumming, even a simple pattern, offers benefits to a huge range of people. Drumming is a universal language. It transcends gender, race, age, and nationality. In fact, nearly every culture on earth has some form of drumming tradition.
Furthermore, group drumming and drum therapy is currently being used for people with brain injuries or impairment, physical injuries, arthritis, addictions, and more. Studies are finding numerous health benefits from drumming for people with these conditions.
2. Drumming reduces stress and boosts the immune system
Studies have shown that drumming lowers both blood pressure and stress hormones. The active component of drumming helps reduce stress in a number of ways. It’s fun, it’s physical, and it’s a great diversion from other stress-filled activities. If you need to vent, what better way than to hit something?
Drumming is also meditative, inducing relaxed mental states that reduce anxiety and tension. Drumming combined with deep breathing and visualization techniques offers even more stress reduction benefits. “We know that stress takes a toll on the immune system,” says Ann Webster, PhD. “When you’re under stress, blood levels of stress hormones go up and your body is no longer able to make killer cells and other cells of the immune system in the amounts it normally would, and that can lead to disease progression. Reducing stress is very restorative. It gets the system back in balance.”
A recent medical research study indicates that drumming does boost the immune system. According to cancer expert Barry Bittman, MD, the study demonstrates that group drumming actually increases cancer killing cells, which help the body fight cancer and other viruses.
3. Drumming produces deeper self-awareness by inducing synchronous brain activity (Hemispheric Coordination) and promoting alpha waves
Studies of the human mind have found that the two sides of a human brain often work at different levels and at different rates. Drumming activates both sides of the brain and can help the mind achieve hemispheric coordination, a situation where both halves of the brain are active and brain waves are synchronized. This coordination can lead to integrative modes of consciousness, which may include greater insight or creativity.
Drumming also can increase alpha waves in the brain. The increased alpha activity can help drummers and others to calm their minds or even achieve a meditative state. Group drumming and its effect on alpha waves are now being used to help people with addictive personalities and people who are ‘hypervigilant’.
4. Drumming helps to releases negative feelings and emotional trauma
Drum therapy has successfully been used with patients and others suffering from emotional traumas including Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Drumming can help people express and address emotional issues. The physical stimulation of drumming also removes blockages and produces emotional release. Sound vibrations resonate through every cell in the body, stimulating the release of negative cellular memories. “Drumming emphasizes self-expression, teaches how to rebuild emotional health, and addresses issues of violence and conflict through expression and integration of emotions,” says Music Educator Ed Mikenas.
5. Drumming helps us to connect with self and others
Group drumming creates a sense of community and a powerful shared experience. It has been used as a successful team building experience to teach groups to work together, to listen to each other, and to achieve common goals. Group drumming discourages isolation, and self-centeredness and promotes communication and involvement with the group. On a personal level, a drum circle also provides an opportunity to connect with one’s own spirit at a deeper level. People who are sick, addicted, or afflicted with other conditions are out of sync with themselves. By putting these people in sync with themselves and with healthy individuals it is possible for them to feel and enjoy a healthier state of being.
6. Drumming helps us connect to the natural rhythms all around us
Rhythm is all around us though we are often unaware of it. The sun, moon, and the seasons follow regular rhythms. Our bodies have natural rhythms, which are a part of us every day. Natural rhythms rule us, even on a cellular level. Recent scientific ‘string’ theories even suggest that on a subatomic level, the smallest particle of the universe, that which makes up all things, is nothing more than tiny vibrating ‘strings’ and that their vibration, or rhythm, is what makes things what they are. Under this theory, everything is rhythm, literally.
Drumming connects us to rhythm, puts us in touch with natural cycles, and makes us aware of rhythm all around us.
7. Drumming provides a path by which we may access a higher power
Drumming produces a sense of spirituality, connectedness and community, integrating body, mind and spirit. By allowing participants to achieve a more relaxed, meditative mental state, drumming allows people to enter states of higher consciousness. Drumming can coordinate the brain’s two hemispheres and synchronize the lower and frontal areas of the brain, which can lead to feelings of greater understanding and insight, which is often the basis for a person’s connection to a higher power.
8. Drumming grounds us in the present moment
Drumming is interactive. It’s about timing and coordination, both of which force participants to be in the present moment. This helps a person to be grounded in the present moment: When a person is firmly grounded in the present, stressful situations in the past are forgotten and worries of the future are minimized.
9. Drumming helps us to reach a state of self-realization
Drumming is a great form of self-expression. A drummer beats the drum and immediately receives feedback from the drum. This immediate feedback loop helps drummers achieve self-expression and self-realization. Drumming provides a method by which people can hear and be heard, a non-verbal language by which they can express themselves. The drummer is at once a useful part of the group and a unique individual.
10. Drumming is fun
Drumming releases endorphins in the human brain that cause feelings of happiness and euphoria. It’s a great reason to gather with other people, to share in a common experience, and to do something enjoyable. A participant in a drum circle is part of a whole that is much greater than the sum of its parts, and drumming is accessible to an extremely wide range of people. Drumming is fun and that’s the bottom line.
(Copyright 2010, David Robertson)
Yoga Fitness Blog
I am Claudia Gutierrez, owner of Yoga Fitness, originally from Argentina and proudly Irish Citizen since 2012. | <urn:uuid:92586d07-f8a3-4fb4-a278-cfad8dcc09fb> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.yogafitness.ie/yogafitnessblogbyclaudia/archives/12-2017 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510481.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929022639-20230929052639-00733.warc.gz | en | 0.939116 | 1,542 | 2.90625 | 3 |
On Halloween, twenty volunteers of all ages gave up trick or treating to come to Princess Vlei, to gather seeds for a variety of annual daisies. The seeds will be stored over summer and broadcast in autumn 2021 in the new restoration areas.
Princess Vlei is home to several flowering annuals. Thanks to consistent rainfall this winter - and the City delaying their mowing - this spring has seen a spectacular display of flowers at the Vlei.
Most spring flowers are annual plants, which only grow for half a year. They reach the peak in their life cycle in late spring, when they flower and dominate landscapes with blushes of white, orange and yellow. Common annual daisies found in the Greater Princess Vlei Conservation Area are the Rain Daisy (Dimorphotheca pluvialis), Veldt Star (Ursinia anthemoides ), African sunsorrel (Heliophila africana) and Sandveld Ragwort (Senecio arenarius).
As summer approaches these plants die and release vast quantities of seeds. These seeds lie dormant over the harsh summer months and only germinate with the first autumn rains. The seeds are important parcels of genetic material which allow a new generation of plants to grow. The dead plants also serve an important function, insulating shrub seedlings over summer.
The Princess Vlei Forum conservation team, under the guidance of our manager, is hard at
work collecting massive quantities of seeds for these annuals. PVF volunteers and our specialist restoration team harvest seeds in paper bags.
This work has been made possible by the City of Cape Town adjusting their mowing schedule. If the flowers are mowed too early in the season, they have no opportunity to seed. this means in a few years they will die out, and already some species are threatened. The Forum has requested that mowing be suspended between April and November for this reason.
We hope that with this mowing schedule, and the help of our volunteers to gather and broadcast seeds will help us build up the annual populations until Princess Vlei becomes one of the City's top spring flower destinations.
Posts by Bridget Pitt unless stated otherwise. | <urn:uuid:c8ee93c5-1ac8-4b06-8934-372da224e528> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | http://www.princessvlei.org/events--projects/no-mowing-brings-spring-flowers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510903.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001141548-20231001171548-00234.warc.gz | en | 0.941176 | 473 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Posts for: September, 2018
We breathe every moment of every day and we’re hardly aware of it most of the time. But if you take the time to focus, you’ll find two possible pathways for your breath: through the nose or through the mouth.
While either pathway provides the air exchange needed to live, nose breathing offers better health benefits. Air passes through the nasal passages, which filter out many harmful particles and allergens. The mucous membranes in the nose also humidify the air and help produce heart-friendly nitric oxide.
Nose breathing also plays a role in your child’s facial and jaw development: the tongue rests on the roof of the mouth (the palate) and becomes a kind of mold around which the developing upper jaw can form. With chronic mouth breathing, however, the tongue rests just behind the lower teeth, depriving the upper jaw of its normal support. This could result in the development of a poor bite (malocclusion).
To avoid this and other undesirable outcomes, you should have your child examined if you notice them breathing mostly through the mouth, particularly at rest. Since chronic mouth breathing usually occurs because of an anatomical obstruction making nose breathing more difficult, it’s usually best to see a physician or an ear, nose and throat (ENT) specialist first for evaluation and treatment.
It’s also a good idea to obtain an orthodontic evaluation of any effects on their bite development, such as the upper jaw growing too narrowly. If caught early enough, an orthodontist can correct this with a palatal expander, a device that exerts gradual outward pressure on the jaw and stimulating it to grow wider.
Another bite problem associated with chronic mouth breathing is misalignment of the jaws when closed. An orthodontist can address this with a set of removable plates worn in the mouth. As the jaws work the angled plates force the lower jaw forward, thus encouraging it to grow in the direction that best aligns with the upper jaw.
Any efforts to correct a child’s breathing habits can pay great dividends in their overall health. It could likewise head off possible bite problems that can be both extensive and costly to treat in the future.
Starting college is one of life’s biggest transition moments, the first time many young people can truly say they’re on their own. Their freshman year can be both exhilarating and frightening.
The reason for this seeming dichotomy is that both exciting opportunities and harmful pitfalls abound in college life. One such pitfall that’s often overlooked involves dental health: it’s all too easy to neglect good habits and adopt bad ones. But while it may not seem as harmful as other dangers, inattention to your dental health could create consequences that plague you long after graduation.
But being diligent about dental care can help you avoid serious problems now and in the future. At the top of the list: brush and floss your teeth daily and continue seeing a dentist at least twice a year. Hopefully, your parents or guardians have trained you in these vital habits—and they’re definitely habits you should continue for the rest of your life.
Close in importance to good oral hygiene is a healthy diet. Besides eating primarily “natural” food—fresh fruits and vegetables and less-processed foods—you should also set limits on your sugar consumption. This carbohydrate is a primary food for disease-causing bacteria, so limiting as much as possible the sugar you eat to just meal times will lower your risk for tooth decay.
Another area in which you should tread wisely is alcohol consumption. Besides the obvious consequences of alcohol abuse, immoderate drinking can also cause dental problems. Alcohol (and smoking) tends to dry out the mouth, which can increase the levels of oral bacteria and in turn increase your risk of both tooth decay and periodontal (gum) disease.
Finally, avoid getting piercings involving the lips, mouth or tongue even if it’s the thing to do. Piercing hardware can chip teeth and contribute to the shrinking back of the gums (recession). And be sure you practice safe sex: unprotected sexual activity could expose you to viral infections that cause oral problems including cancer.
Your college years should be an exciting and memorable experience. By practicing these and other common sense dental habits, you’ll be sure to remember these years fondly.
If you would like more information on dental care during college, please contact us or schedule an appointment for a consultation. You can also learn more about this topic by reading the Dear Doctor magazine article “10 Health Tips for College Students.”
If your smile is, to put it mildly, “unattractive,” you may think only extensive and expensive dental work can change it. But depending on your teeth’s actual condition, you might be able to obtain a new smile with a less-invasive option: porcelain veneers.
As their name implies, veneers are thin layers of dental porcelain bonded to the front of teeth to cover imperfections. They’re custom designed and manufactured by a dental technician to match the natural color, shape and size of the teeth they’re covering and to blend with neighboring teeth.
Veneers are quite effective for heavily stained, chipped or moderately misaligned teeth that are otherwise healthy. They can even be used to address slight gaps between teeth and restore worn teeth to make them appear larger and more youthful.
Overall, they’re less invasive than other dental restorations. That said, though, most veneers will still require some alteration of the affected teeth. This is because although quite thin they can still appear bulky after they’re bonded to the teeth. We can minimize this by removing a small amount of a tooth’s outer enamel. While this alteration is modest compared to other restorations, it’s nonetheless permanent– your teeth will require some form of restoration from then on.
Veneers also require special consideration while biting. You’ll need to exercise care and avoid biting hard items like candies (or using your teeth as tools) or the veneer could break. Similarly if you have a teeth grinding habit, you may want to consider having a custom guard created that you wear at night to prevent solid contact between your teeth. The excessive force generated while grinding or clenching teeth could also shatter veneers.
Veneers may not be the answer in all cosmetic dental situations, such as extensive disfigurements or bite problems. To know for sure if your particular dental condition could benefit, see your dentist for a complete dental examination and discuss whether obtaining veneers is a viable option for you. If so, you may be able to gain a much more attractive smile from this less invasive but no less effective option.
If you would like more information on porcelain veneers and other dental restorations, please contact us or schedule an appointment for a consultation. You can also learn more about this topic by reading the Dear Doctor magazine article “Porcelain Veneers: Strength & Beauty as Never Before.” | <urn:uuid:d25caa2e-7467-4fe9-8d9f-2c8d2577a419> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.drshepley.com/blog/date/2018-09-01.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304760.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220125035839-20220125065839-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.942473 | 1,487 | 2.671875 | 3 |
King George V Dock, London
Begun in 1912 by the Port of London Authority, the King George V was the last of London's upstream enclosed docks to be built. After delay by the First World War, construction was completed in 1921. Although at 64 acres (26 ha) of water it was smaller than the other royals, it had its own entrance from the Thames through a lock and bascule bridge. The dock could berth liners as large as the RMS Mauretania. At its western end was a large graving dock (since filled in) and machine shop used for ship repairs by Harland and Wolff. It closed to commercial traffic along with the other Royal Docks in the 1980s.
The dock's major feature today is London City Airport, whose single runway has been built the length of the north side of the dock. The western end of the dock has been filled in and the airport terminal built on the filled area. The rest of the dock is still in water, acting as a buffer between the airport runway and the surrounding area. The southern quayside has been cleared of dock buildings and is now largely used as car parking for the airport.
- Dockland: an illustrated historical survey of life and work in east London. London: NELP/GLC. 1983. p. not stated. ISBN 0-7168-1611-3.
- Weinreb; Hibbert (eds.). The London Encyclopedia. London: Macmillan. p. not stated. ISBN 0-333-30024-6.
|This article about a London building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.| | <urn:uuid:8bdc50ce-c347-4178-8855-8eeea3f90705> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_V_Dock,_London | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320685.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626064746-20170626084746-00535.warc.gz | en | 0.956353 | 343 | 2.75 | 3 |
Peak Oil's Ancestor: the Peak of British Coal Production in the 1920sBy Ugo Bardi
ASPO Newsletter n. 73
Dec 10, 2006
Figure 1. British coal production from 1815 to 2004. The data from 1815 to 1860 are from Cook and Stevenson, 1996. The data from 1860 to 1946 are from Kirby 1977; the data from 1947 up to present are from the British Coal Authority (accessed 2006). The production data are fitted with a Gaussian function which approximates the Hubbert curve.
We are just a few years away from Peak Oil; the moment when the worldwide oil production will start an irreversible decline. What should we expect to happen at the peak and afterwards? History is not a direct guide, since there are no past cases of an important global commodity, such as oil, peaking.
However, there have been regional peaks which had global effects. The best known case is that of the US oil production that peaked in 1970 which brought the first great oil crisis in the years that followed. But that was not the first case of a major resource peaking and declining; there was another major peak almost half a century before: Peak Coal in Great Britain, in the 1920s.
The geological past left to Great Britain an endowment in coal unparalleled in any other region of Europe. Exploitation started in the Middle Ages and, already in early 18th Century had become an exponentially growing industry. Coal fuelled the British industrial revolution, and was also connected to political power, allowing Britain to construct the first, and so far the only, truly world empire in history.
The importance of coal is hard to over-estimate. During the period of expansion of the industry, a British miner could produce almost 250 tons of coal per year (Kirby 1977). Even taking into account that about 20% had to be used for mining more coal, the productivity of a coal miner, in energy terms, was hundreds of times larger than that of an agricultural worker. At the height of its empire, Britain employed more than one million miners (Kirby 1977). It was the superpower of the time, being challenged only by other coal-producing States. In the First World War, British coal fought against German coal: British coal won.
But coal couldn’t last forever, even for the richly endowed Britain. Already in mid 19th Century, William Stanley Jevons had predicted, in his The Coal Question (1856), that depletion would one day make British coal too expensive for British industry. Jevons did n’t state explicitly the concept of Peak Coal but, in a qualitative sense, his analysis was similar to that of Marion King Hubbert for the oil production in the United States (Hubbert, 1956). And Jevons had been right: the peak of British coal production occurred in 1913 with 287 M tons. The British coal industry struggled to maintain production but couldn’t reach that level again. The strain on the industry is also shown by the two miners’ general strikes of 1921and 1926 that caused a temporary fall of production. The downward trend became evident in the 1930s and could not be stopped.
The British production followed a classic bell-shaped curve in good agreement with Hubbert’s model, with a best fit of the distribution giving a peak in 1923, only ten years after the actual maximum. Today, coal production in Britain is less than one tenth than it was at its peak.
The peak of the British coal production was a turning point in history; never before had a major energy producing region started its decline. There are impressive analogies for the case of the British Coal Peak of 1923 and that of the American Oil Peak of 1970. In both cases, these countries were producing at peak about 20% of the world total. In both cases, the worldwide consequences were important. Before the peak, Britain was exporting about 25% of its domestic production, and this amount had been growing exponentially together with production. After the peak, exports started to decline causing a shortage of the coal in the world market. In the case of the US, oil exports were not important before the peak. But, after the peak, the US oil imports soared rapidly, leading also to a shortage in the world market.
The oil shortages in the 1970s gave rise to the price spikes causing the Great Oil Crisis. A similar spike took place in the 1920s for coal (Australian Gov., 2006) although it was less pronounced. Most likely, the coal spike was less abrupt because the price controls that had been put in place during the war were only slowly relaxed in the 1920s. Coal prices stayed high in the 1920s, but fell with the market crash of 1929.
Many regions of Europe depended on British coal, so the lack of coal was felt everywhere. Several events that followed the British coal peak may be related to the reduction of the availability of energy: the decline of the British Empire, the Great Depression of the 1930s, as well as the general political upheaval of Europe in the 1920s and 1930s. The Italian newspapers of the 1920s and 1930s are full of insults against Great Britain for not sending to Italy the coal that Italians felt entitled to have. It reflects the kind of attitude that western countries adopted against the Middle East oil producers in the 1970s. But, if British coal was dwindling in the 1930s, German coal was still on the increase; its peak would only arrive in the 1940s. Germany never produced as much hard coal, namely the best quality, as did Britain, but in the 1930s it had the advantage that it could still increase its production, whereas Britain’s was declining.
In the 1930s, Italy abandoned her traditional ally, Britain, for Germany because only Germany could provide the coal that the Italian industry needed at a price that Italians could afford. Only later on, would they realize that the price of German coal was to be much higher than it had seemed. In the 1950s, after the turmoil of the Second World War, the problems caused by the British coal peak were solved ― for a while ― by switching to oil. Likewise, after the turmoil of the oil crisis of the 1970s, the problems caused by the US oil peak were solved ― for a while ― by switching to other productive regions. In both cases, neither the public, nor the politicians, nor the economists saw the relationships between the political and economic events of the time which were related to the peaking of oil and coal production.
In the 1930s, whole books were written on coal (Neuman 1934) but the word depletion was hardly mentioned. In 1977, Kirby wrote more than 200 pages on the history of the British coal industry during the peak period without ever mentioning the question of depletion. Apparently, people could not grasp why, while there was still coal to be extracted, production would decline. They didn’t understand that it is not physical availability that counts, but the cost of extraction that increases with progressive depletion. It was a concept that Jevons had already understood almost a century before but had not survived in mainstream economics. The case of the US oil peak was similar; peaking was generally ignored by economists, even though Marion King Hubbert had predicted it correctly. All that happened afterwards was attributed to political causes. Both peaks were soon forgotten.
Today, it is global oil production which is peaking. It is something we are all seeing, but it is not politically correct to mention the fact. Peaking is a momentous event, but it hints at a reality that most people would rather ignore: the finiteness of mineral resources. We may well ignore the global peak, too, just as most people ignored the British coal peak of the 1920s and the US oil peak of 1970. Yet, we won’t be able to ignore its effects.
Australian Government, the Treasury, 2006 (accessed)
Coal Authority, 2006 (accessed) www.coalminingreports.co.uk
Cook, C and Stevenson, J. 1996. The Longman Handbook of Modern British History, 1714-1995. Longman 3rd Edition. London and New York:
DOE 1993, DOE/EIA-0572 Report,
Hubbert, M.K. (1956). Nuclear Energy and the Fossil Fuels. Presented before the Spring Meeting of the Southern District, American Petroleum Institute, Plaza Hotel, San Antonio, Texas, March 7-8-9, 1956
Kirby, M. W., 1977 The British Coalmining Industry, 1870-1946, The Macmillan Press Ltd, London and Birmingham.
Neuman A.M. 1934 Economic Organization of the British Coal Industry; Routledge. | <urn:uuid:fc5f02ae-b5f0-4a39-bb65-1652d1750116> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://cassandralegacy.blogspot.com/2013/03/peak-coal-in-britain.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462982.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00109-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976536 | 1,790 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Be Aware Of AMD As You Age
Just as your body goes through physical changes as you get older, so do your eyes.
That’s why regular eye exams are so important for your vision health. A lot of eye diseases progress without any early symptoms, often causing distorted vision before a problem is even detected. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in particular typically shows no warning signs.
What Is AMD?
AMD is a progressive degeneration of the macula, the part of the eye needed for sharp, central vision. Your central vision allows you to see things straight ahead, identify faces, drive, read and watch television. In the U.S., AMD is the number one cause of vision loss.
There are two types of AMD, wet and dry. Dry AMD affects 80 to 90 percent of those diagnosed with AMD and generally progresses more slowly. Only 10 to 15 percent of those diagnosed with AMD have the wet type, however because it is more aggressive, it accounts for around 90 percent of all cases of vision loss from the disease.
Know The Symptoms
Although the development of AMD in its early stages can go unnoticed, the more aware you are of possible symptoms the better chance you will have at detecting the disease. See your eye doctor immediately if you experience any changes in vision like the following:
- Straight lines appear wavy or distorted
- Blurred vision
- Difficulty perceiving detail (i.e. words on a page)
- Sensitivity to light and glare
- Dark spots blocking the center of your vision
- A difference in color perception
- Trouble seeing at a distance
If you are over 60, you should be getting an eye exam on an annual basis or as recommended by your eye care professional. Before the age of 60, your optometrist may still have you come in every year if he or she determines that you are at a higher risk for eye disease or if you require some kind of vision correction.
Remember, regular eye exams can save your vision. When signs and symptoms are caught early, we may be able to take steps to slow vision loss.
Find Help And Hope With Low Vision
AMD is one of the leading causes of low vision. Low vision is defined as a vision impairment that interferes with a person’s ability to perform everyday activities and cannot be corrected with eyeglasses, contacts or surgery. While it makes certain tasks in life more difficult, life with decreased vision can still go on, and go on beautifully!
Watch how Ruth Lotz has learned to cope and live with low vision caused by AMD.
[iframe https://www.youtube.com/embed/6oMsfqfi3SY?rel=0 620 349]
If you are living with low vision, there are resources out there to help you live a full and abundant life, despite your vision impairment. Come into our office and visit http://lowvision.preventblindness.org/ to learn more.
If you have any questions concerning AMD, low vision, or any aspect of your vision health, call us. We’re here for you! | <urn:uuid:bd0a7e1e-3472-45d9-8bba-b879b439eeec> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://visionsource-zanesville.com/2017/02/01/be-aware-of-amd-as-you-age/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540497022.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20191207082632-20191207110632-00544.warc.gz | en | 0.924057 | 642 | 3.09375 | 3 |
thinks of single dads as being on the fringe of Father's Day,
think again. A close look at the historical origins of the
occasion reveals that Father's Day was first created as a way to
honor a single parent.|
In a recent
press release, the Census Bureau notes that the
idea of Fatherís Day was
conceived by Sonora Dodd of Spokane, Washington, while she
listened to a Motherís Day sermon in 1909.
Dodd thought there should be a
special day to honor her father, William Smart, a widowed Civil
War veteran who was left to raise his six children on a farm.
A day in June was chosen for
the first Fatherís Day celebration. June 19, 1910 was
proclaimed "Father's Day" by Spokaneís mayor because it was the
month of William Smartís birth.
Lyndon Johnson was the first
president to issue a proclamation honoring fathers when, in
1966, he designated the third Sunday in June as Fatherís Day.
Fatherís Day has been celebrated annually since 1972 when
Congress passed a law to make it a permanent day of
million men who are alive today claim the title of father.
Among these are 26 million men who are part of a married-couple
family with minor children at home.
married dads predominate, the number of single custodial dads is
on the rise. Some 2.3 million men are single dads who have
custody of their children, up from 400,000 in 1970.
Another 4.6 million single men do not have custody but are
supporting their minor children financially.
In 2000, more
than 3 million children lived in a household headed by a single
father. That's more than triple the 1980 number.
As of last year, the Census
Bureau reported that 42 percent of single custodial fathers are
divorced; 38 percent have never married; 15 percent are
separated; and 5 percent are widowed.
The ratio of single father
households to all single parent households has been steadily
increasing. Currently, 1-in-6 single parents is a single
father, compared with 1-in-10 in 1970.
According to Hallmark, about 95
million Father's Day cards are given in the United States each
year, making it the fourth largest card sending occasion.
someone is married or single, being a parent is not an easy
task. Being a single dad is even more challenging.
toward single fathers are relatively new to the American book
publishing scene. Just a few years ago, such books were
dads have quite a large selection to choose from. A quick
search on Amazon.com revealed the following recent books for
single fathers. (I'm not recommending them, just listing them,
so do your own review before you buy.)
Best Friends: Meeting the Challenge of Being a Single Father
(Beckham Publication Group, 2006); How to be a Great Single
Dad (Hay House Pub, 2005); Surviving the Single Dad
Syndrome (PublishAmerica, 2004); Quality Time for Dad: A
Parenting Guide for the Single Father (Authorhouse, 2004);
Diary of a Single Dad (Authorhouse, 2003); The Single
Dad's Survival Guide: How to Succeed as a One-Man Parenting Team
(Waterbrook Press, 2003); Cook Like a Mother, Clean Like a
Pro: The Single Dad's Guide to Cooking and Cleaning (PM
Wright Communications, 2002).
The list of organizations and
websites focusing on the needs of single fathers is also
growing. A Google search came up with the following
results. (I'm not vouching for them, just listing them, so check
them out before you join or donate to them.)
Fathers' Rights and Equality
Responsible Single Fathers:
Parents without Partners:
Resources for Single Dads:
The Single Fathers' Lighthouse:
and MrMoms: www.mrmoms.org.
So if you are a single dad, you
should know that resources (books and organizations) exist to
help you meet the challenges of single parenthood.
And to those dads, single or
married, who have been loving, nurturing, and responsible in
fulfilling their parental role, there is only one appropriate
thing to say.
Unmarried America 2006
Thomas F. Coleman, Executive Director of Unmarried America, is an
attorney with 33 years of experience in singles' rights, family
diversity, domestic partner benefits, and marital status discrimination.
Each week he adds a new commentary to Column One: Eye on Unmarried
firstname.lastname@example.org. Unmarried America is a nonprofit
information service for unmarried employees, consumers, taxpayers, and | <urn:uuid:f05a379c-7eb9-4f4a-a497-45d8a115cbcc> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://www.unmarriedamerica.org/column-one/6-19-06-single-dads.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864148.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20180621114153-20180621134153-00425.warc.gz | en | 0.914809 | 1,018 | 2.984375 | 3 |
To differentiate instruction is to act on the belief that all kids deserve access to the richest, most compelling learning experiences and to provide the scaffolding they need to seize that opportunity. While a handful of teachers in a school might be using differentiation to great success, it takes a collaborative, schoolwide approach to maximize differentiation's effectiveness and improve outcomes for all students.
Leading for Differentiation lays out the reflective thinking and action-oriented steps necessary to launch a system of continuous professional learning, culture building, and program assessment that will allow differentiation to flourish in every classroom. Incorporating their own experienced insights, real-world examples, and practical tools, world-renowned differentiated instruction expert Carol Ann Tomlinson and change leadership authority Michael Murphy explore
Leading the change to a differentiated school means creating an environment in which each individual feels valued, challenged, supported, and part of a team working together for success. In this book, school leaders will learn how to set the course for positive change and create the structural supports that will help teachers grow as differentiators so that their students will thrive as learners.
- Publication Date:
- Kindle Book
- OverDrive Read 2.6 MB
- Adobe PDF eBook 8.3 MB
- Adobe EPUB eBook 2.6 MB | <urn:uuid:8aa30725-52ab-4db6-b13e-1de27d58fdac> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.overdrive.com/media/2596037/leading-for-differentiation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232254882.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20190519121502-20190519143502-00023.warc.gz | en | 0.930764 | 260 | 2.890625 | 3 |
What is Angiography?
Angiography is a special x-ray exam of your blood vessels, allowing your doctor to see how blood circulates through your body. This insight leads to early detection and diagnosis of various conditions, including heart and lung disease, stroke, and kidney disease.
During the procedure, a doctor will make a small incision, usually at the very top of your leg, and insert a small tube, or catheter. This tube is threaded up through an artery to the area of your body to be evaluated. A radiologist then releases a contrast medium, or dye, into the tube. The dye travels through your blood vessels, and an x-ray camera in the room captures images, called angiograms, of the dye's path. These images show when the dye flows smoothly and when it gets held up, indicating a blockage in the blood vessel.
Another, less invasive form of this procedure is called DSA, or digital subtraction angiography. This exam calls for a series of x-rays before any contrast medium is injected. Then, you receive several injections with small amounts of contrast medium as the x-ray machine continuously takes pictures. The computer then compares the images with and without contrast medium.
Why is Angiography Done?
Angiography is very accurate and provides important information to your doctor not available through other methods.
Angiography is most effective in diagnosing conditions in the following areas:
- Heart – detecting defects, narrowing or blockage of blood vessels, and overall health
- Brain – detecting aneurysms, tumors, or narrowing or blockage of blood vessels
- Lungs – evaluating blockage of blood vessels and assessing lung circulation prior to surgery
- Kidneys – detecting tumors, cysts, clots, inflammation, narrowing of blood vessels, and other problems
- Abdomen – detecting tumors, blood vessel damage, and locating the source of internal bleeding
- Arms and legs – checking blood flow after surgery, as well as detecting and evaluating blood clots or narrowing of the blood vessels
- Lymph nodes – diagnosing cancer or evaluating the results of cancer treatments
- Eyes – detecting diseases of the retina and diagnosing eye problems in diabetic patients
It is important to note that while angiography is a very accurate, beneficial exam and that complications are rare, it does involve possible risks, including an allergic reaction to the contrast medium, infection at the injection site, and damage to the blood vessels that can lead to heart attack, stroke, or other problems. It is important to discuss these risks with your doctor before your exam.
Before the Procedure
Before your angiography, your doctor may schedule a pre-test appointment with you to perform a physical exam and do some blood tests. Be sure to take this opportunity to ask any questions you may have about the procedure.
You may be asked to avoid eating or drinking anything for a certain period of time before the angiography. Please arrange for someone to drive you home after your procedure.
If you have questions about a health condition that could affect your exam, or if you think you might be pregnant, please talk to a radiologist.
During the Procedure
When you arrive on the day of your appointment, you will be asked to change into a gown. Be sure to remove jewelry, watches, and hairpins. You may be allowed to wear your glasses or hearing aid, but please ask your radiology technologist if these will interfere with the procedure.
Your technologist will help you onto a scanning table. You will receive an IV in your arm and may receive light sedation or other medication. The top of your leg, or another insertion site, will be shaved and cleaned. Local anesthesia will be applied to the injection site, and the catheter will be gently inserted and guided into the blood vessel. Most patients feel only pressure at this point, but no pain. You will not feel the catheter inside your body.
Next, the contrast medium, or dye, will be injected into the catheter. You may feel a warm sensation or some mild discomfort, but it will pass quickly.
During the procedure, it is important that you lie still. The x-ray camera overhead will make snapshots of the dye moving through your blood vessels. After all the x-rays are taken, the catheter will be removed. Pressure will be applied to the insertion site for several minutes to prevent bleeding.
After the Procedure
When the procedure is completed, you will rest in bed for several hours. Some people are able to return home the same day, but some remain overnight to ensure proper healing of the insertion site. Your doctor will ask you to lie still and avoid moving the leg or arm where the catheter was inserted. A nurse will check your blood pressure and pulse throughout the day.
If necessary, you may take a pain reliever. You will be encouraged to drink plenty of water to help your body flush the contrast medium.
Most people can resume normal activity the following day, but it is important to take it easy and give your body some time to heal. Avoid driving, using alcohol, or participating in strenuous activities the first 24 hours after the procedure. Refrain from lifting or straining for at least a week, and check your insertion site for any problems, such as an increase in pain or swelling, redness, drainage, or numbness and tingling in your arm or leg.
The radiologist will review your images and send a report to your doctor, who will notify you of any findings.
Request an Appointment
To speak to an Imaging Services representative or to schedule an appointment with Imaging Services, please call 214-645-XRAY (9729). | <urn:uuid:e5d816ef-f496-4526-b563-c1a34ae5b779> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.utswmedicine.org/conditions-specialties/radiology/screenings/angiography.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701146196.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193906-00022-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931978 | 1,173 | 3.953125 | 4 |
>Do you know that the name Prussia goes much further back than the northern German kingdom with which we mostly associate the name? Prussia was a group of tribes in the Baltics, and the Prussian language (now dead) was related to Lithuanian. After sweeps and conversion attempts by sundry dukes and bishops from further south, then the Northern Crusades (the Teutonic Knights, who worked for the Holy Roman Empire), the Germans finally moved in for good and took over, and the Old Prussian language died out by around the 17th or 18th century.
As someone I knew once put it, referring to Germans from the area as “Prussians” (which they themselves sometimes do) is like speaking of “Manhattanites” ; yes, certainly correct, but with a forgotten back-story of the people who used to go by that name, long ago.
I mention this because I was reading up on the Amber Road on Wikipedia, and saw that someone was angry about using the term Prussia to refer to the Baltic end of the route. Because to that writer, Prussia only meant German military might and all that. And yet, the writer could have easily looked up the name and learned something. | <urn:uuid:a0e27d67-a195-4ef7-83a2-3380707f0410> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://licustranslation.com/2010/09/08/prussian/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107874026.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20201020162922-20201020192922-00520.warc.gz | en | 0.987939 | 256 | 3.046875 | 3 |
2000 years ago, the father of modern medicine, Hippocrates, said “all disease begins in the gut.” This phenomena is currently on the forefront of modern health. A healthy gut is essential to preventing metabolic diseases, bone diseases, and achieving optimal cognitive function. Not only that, but research done over the past twenty years has linked an unhealthy gut to diabetes, obesity, rheumatoid arthritis, autism spectrum disorder, depression, and chronic fatigue syndrome. The National Commission on Digestive Diseases reported that in 2009 that more than 60 million Americans were affected by digestive diseases at the cost of over 100 million dollars in direct medical expenses. Researchers on the topic believe that supporting and maintaining intestinal and gut health will be most significant issue of medicine in the 21st century.
The two primary factors for a healthy gut deal with the type of bacteria living in your gut as well as the integrity of the lining of your gut. Humans have ten times the amount of microbial cells (bacteria) than we do human cells. We have enough bugs in our body to fill a half gallon jug container. Now the natural impulse is to assume that bugs and germs are bad for our health and will make us sick. WRONG. You idiot, these bacterias are essential for things like mood, memory, the immune system, hormone regulation, mineral absorbency, vitamin absorbency, ability to eliminate toxins and your overall health in general. The second factor I mentioned, the integrity of you gut lining, can lead to a what is called a leaky gut. It is medically labeled intestinal hyperpermeability, and it occurs when the lining of the small intestine is damaged. This occurs when a food someone is sensitive too is consumed and causes inflammation. When this inflammation occurs the protective barrier between your intestine and bloodstream are damaged. Now large molecules are able to leak into your bloodstream, generating antibodies and increasing your chance of catching viruses.
More importantly than what I just discussed above is what a healthy gut will do to your brain. Recent research has shown that your gut can effect cognitive functions like clearer thought processes and memory. The evidence of your gut and brain being directly linked is leading to health professionals labeling the gut your “second brain.” It is now believed that serotonin, the neurotransmitter that regulates mood and mental health is mainly generated in the digestive tract. What else do you need to know? A healthy gut makes us happier and smarter! But don’t take it from me, listen to an expert. (Starts talking about the gut at 5:08)
Like what was just explained, the key to a healthy and properly functioning gut is probiotics. And what are probiotics? They are bacteria and yeasts that are good for your digestive system. They are often referred to as “friendly” bacterias. Probiotics can balance the amount of good and bad bacteria in your gut which like Chris Kresser just described can boost your immune system, limit food cravings, prevent infectious parasites, and over long term prevent fatal diseases. Here are some of the best sources of probiotics and what kinds you should look for.
Probably the most common and well known food with probiotics. Look for yogurt products that come from goat’s milk because they are known to have the most concentrated forms of probiotics like hermophillus, bifudus, bulgaricus and acidophilus. Be sure to read the yogurt products label before buying, yogurt can be extremely high in sugar.
Kefir is something that not too many people seem to know about. It is very similar to yogurt and is made from fermented goats milk and grain. Kefir is also very rich in antioxidants.
That’s right these fermented cabbages and vegetables are filled with healthy probiotics as well as several vitamins. So next time you go for a hot dog lather up the pork penis with some tasty sauerkraut.
Much like sauerkraut, Kimchi is fermented and pickled cabbage often served as a side dish in Korea. It is most commonly served spicy and is rich in many different types of nutrients and one of the best sources of probiotics.
Last but not least and probably my favorite source of probiotics organisms, Kombucha. Kombucha is a fermented tea that contains Scoby (Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast). Kombucha has been around for centuries and has a long list of healthy benefits. It is known to give you energy, help you lose weight and has been known to liven your mood!
So take good care of your gut and your brain will follow. This notion is changing what we previously thought made up a healthy person. So next time you have a “gut feeling” make sure its a good one. | <urn:uuid:a1210e2c-f76c-4887-bc59-e3c03ff500e8> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://tirrcom.wordpress.com/2016/10/28/the-feeling-in-your-gut/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323680.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628120308-20170628140308-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.953586 | 982 | 2.921875 | 3 |
For the fire to burn, air and combustible material are necessary. Inside the straw bales there are only very small amounts of air as the straw are highly compressed. Straw house walls on both sides are usually plastered. 1.0-1.5 cm thick layer of plaster can withstand fire for half an hour. Under the EU requirements, it is sufficient for people to evacuate.
This is a dwelling house or other building (garage, workshop, farm building, studio, etc.), where the walls are built of straw bales (pressed straw “bricks” 1m x 0.5 m x 0.4 m dimensions). Small buildings can be built without a frame using just straw bales while in the bigger buildings a wooden or metal frame is needed for the structure and it is filled with straw bales. Straw bales can also be used for roof and floor insulation.
The oldest straw house that is currently in use was built in 1903. It is a home of already third generation of one family.
The longevity of straw buildings highly depends on the straw, their compression and the construction quality. A well built straw house can be used for decades or centuries.
Straw houses are in construction all over world and the practice shows that rodents do not occupy straw houses. In case to avoid the danger of rodents, it is recommended to install a protective metal net at the bottom of the wall ( about 50 cm from the substructure to the top)
The wall of straw bundles is a breathing one. Moisture passes out through such a wall. Seeking to strengthen this effect , the outside wall of the building must be stuccoed with the type of stucco, permeable to moisture and air in order to get natural draught outside. Clay plaster also perfectly absorbs moisture. Straw houses are not damaged by moisture, the walls do not steam up. A steam bath can be build from straw bundles as well. The high relative humidity does not make any damage to the walls of the bath. Due to the breathing , the mould and fungus do not occur on the wall.
“The standard researches in Austria, Denmark, the USA, Germany and other countries define that the ratio λ of the straw resistance of compressed density is 0,045-0,06 W/(m·K)70-150 kg/m3 (the density of small straw bundles- 70-100 kg/m3), if the straw is dry ,and 0,054-0,072 W/(m·K), as the straws are of operational air-dried moisture. Thus, the Heat transmission ratio, evaluating the influence of the wooden framed house, permeable to the heat would be 0,13-0,14 W/(m2·K) (total heat resistance Rt = 7,7-7,1 m2·K/W) of the frame walls, wedged by straw bundles and both sides stuccoed. These results demonstrate that the ratio of the heat( thermal) transmission of the walls is 43-54 % less than normative one, fixed for the walls of the residential buildings UN = 0,2 W/(m2·K) (STR 2.05.01:2005).”
Quoted from the article “The suitability of compressed straw bundles to buildings in construction“ by assoc.professor dr. Vincas Gurskis and assoc.professor dr. Jonas Juodis from Lithuanian University of Agriculture. | <urn:uuid:71de592f-dd29-42fd-b690-38042b0fdd91> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.ecococon.lt/italian/category/faq/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323970.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629121355-20170629141355-00133.warc.gz | en | 0.911749 | 720 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Measles is one of six killer diseases (tuberculosis, tetanus, whooping cough, polio, diphtheria) as stated by the World Health Organization. It is an extremely contagious viral and airborne disease. This implies that, a person can be infected by coming in contact with an infected person’s airway fluids (through coughing and sneezing).
For several years, there has been a major breakthrough in the prevention of measles outbreak worldwide. The introduction of the measles vaccination has lowered mortality rate by 80%. Despite the far-reaching access to vaccination, measles still remains a fundamental cause of death in children across the world.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 110, 000 people died from measles in 2017. Most of these people were children under the age of 5.
Measles virus (rubeola) can be transmitted when an infected person sneezes or coughs close to a person who is not infected. The virus surfaces in the trachea of the host inciting a coughing and sneezing reflex. Hence, the virus occupies the air and infects the next host. It takes 7-18 days for an infected person to become seriously ill.
The virus can stay alive and functional in the air or on infected surfaces for up to 2 hours. Also, an infected person can only transmit the virus from 4 days before the onset of a rash to 4 days after the rash appears. 85% of people that come in contact with the virus get infected. Whereas 95% of those who get infected get seriously ill.
WHO IS AT RISK?
Measles is chiefly a childhood disease. However, due to uneven economic development across the globe, some children are more liable to the disease than others. Also, people of certain race (Africans and Asians) are at a high chance of getting infected. People who are at a higher risk include:
- Unvaccinated children or under-vaccinated children
- Immunocompromised people
- Unvaccinated pregnant women
- People from developing countries
- Undernourished children
- People with an older ineffective version of the measles vaccine.
According to studies, Individuals who are younger or malnourished are more likely to get infected even if they have been vaccinated.
Signs And Symptoms
The early signs and symptoms of measles mostly begin 10-12 days after an individual has contracted the virus. The early sign to look out for are:
- High fever: this is usually the first sign of measles.
- Runny nose (Coryza)
- Red and watery eyes (Conjunctivitis)
- White spots inside the cheeks (Koplik’s spot)
The late signs usually include the appearance of a rash mostly on the face and the upper part of the neck. It eventually spreads to the hands and feet. When the rash starts to manifest, the fever worsens causing symptoms such as
- Multiple enlarged lymph nodes.
Most people with the measles infection experience complications which often lead to death. The infected individual becomes susceptible to bacterial and viral infections. This causes conditions such as:
- Respiratory infections, especially pneumonia (the common cause of measles related deaths). According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1 out of every 20 children with measles gets pneumonia.
- Sinus infections
- Ear infections
- Inflammation of the liver, appendix, intestines and sometimes the lymph nodes within the abdomen
- Severe diarrhea leading to dehydration
A much serious complication of measles is the swelling of the brain (encephalitis) and blindness. 1 out every 1000 children with measles will develop encephalitis that can lead to convulsions as stated by the CDC.
The diagnosis of measles is based on its distinctive signs and symptoms. A clear sign of measles a doctor will look out for is the appearance of a red rash on the body and Koplik spots within the cheeks.
For more clarification, certain specific tests are conducted to rule out any doubts. A throat swab specimen and blood specimen is collected for further studies to verify the presence of the measles virus.
Also, a serology test can be done to detect specific antibodies (IgM, IgG) in blood serum within the first few days of the rash’s onset. This provides conclusive evidence of the measles virus.
Unfortunately, there is no specific treatment for the measles virus. However, medications are administered to treat the underlying symptoms, as well as complications. These include:
- Antibiotics to treat bacterial infections and ear infections
- Fever medication like acetaminophen to reduce the fever that comes with measles. It must be noted that doctors are not encouraged to prescribe aspirin to children with measles. Aspirin has been shown to cause a rare but serious condition in children known as the Reye’s syndrome.
- Vitamin A supplement especially in undernourished children. It is given in two doses within a 24-hour interval. This replenishes the decreased level of vitamin A caused by nutrition deficiency. It also helps to stop eye damages and blindness. According to WHO, vitamin A supplements have proven to decrease the number of measles related deaths by 50%.
Measles is a vaccine-preventable disease. Measles can be prevented with the MMR vaccine. It is a vaccine which protects against measles, mumps and rubella, hence the name MMR.
The measles vaccines are often administered in two doses. The first dose is given at about 12-15 months of age. Whiles the second dose is given at the age of 4-6. Even so, most children have been reported to receive only one dose of the measles vaccine. In such a situation, the child is considered to be under-vaccinated. Children who are under-vaccinated are very likely to get infected. Two doses are approved to prevent an individual from getting infected, as well as ensure immunity against the measles virus.
It is estimated that 85% of children received only one dose of the measles vaccines in 2017, out of which 15% did not develop total immunity against the measles virus. Only 67% of children received their second vaccines as stated by the World Health Organization.
An alternate MMRV vaccine is also available which prevents against measles, mumps, rubella and varicella (chicken pox).
There have been concerns about the MMR vaccines and their connection with autism in children. These concerns have been addressed by credible organizations such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as well as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). They found no link between the MMR vaccine and autism in children.
- According to CDC, 1 out of every 20 children with measles get pneumonia.
- Measles may cause premature births in pregnant women.
- Unvaccinated or under-vaccinated children are at a high risk of severe health complications such as pneumonia, blindness, brain damage and deafness.
- MMR vaccine is not associated with autism in children.
- Two doses of the MMR vaccine are recommended for complete immunity against the measles virus. | <urn:uuid:a7101105-8d6b-43c4-92c2-829bbc33674d> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.healthyslide.com/disease-conditions/measles/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735851.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20200804014340-20200804044340-00300.warc.gz | en | 0.951888 | 1,461 | 4.03125 | 4 |
During an attack of acute iridocyclitis the intraocular pressure is often below normal because the production of aqueous by the ciliary body is reduced. When the normal production of aqueous is resumed, it can induce a rise in pressure because the outflow channels have been obstructed by inflammatory exudate. This type of secondary glaucoma responds to vigorous treatment of the iridocyclitis, and here it is essential to dilate and not constrict the pupil and to apply steroid treatment. Acetazolamide and topical beta-blockers, for example timolol and levubunolol, might also be required. The type of secondary glaucoma that develops after the iridocyclitis of herpes zoster infections can be particularly insidious. The intraocular pressure can remain high without obvious pain and with relatively slight inflammatory changes in the eye. Secondary glaucoma usually responds well to treatment and once the underlying inflammation has subsided, the eye returns to normal.
In iridocyclitis, glaucoma can also be caused by pupil block (inability of aqueous to pass from the posterior to anterior chamber) because of posterior synechiae (adhesions between the iris and lens). Treatment is YAG laser iridotomy.
Was this article helpful? | <urn:uuid:34f9243d-eff2-439a-a037-d4b6bed9dd8e> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.aspeneducationgroup.com/eye-diseases/secondary-to-uveitis.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540530452.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20191211074417-20191211102417-00162.warc.gz | en | 0.889676 | 275 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Co-Freemasonry is a form of Freemasonry which admits both men and women. It began in France in the 1890s with the forming of Le Droit Humain, and is now an international movement represented by several Co-Freemasonic administrations throughout the world. Most male-only Masonic Lodges do not recognise Co-Freemasonry, holding it to be irregular, or clandestine.
Le Droit HumainEdit
The International Order of Mixed Freemasonry Le Droit Humain was founded in France in the late nineteenth century, during a period of strong feminist and women's suffrage campaigning. It was the first Co-Masonic Order, and also the first truly international Masonic Order. Today it has members from over 60 countries worldwide and is organized into 23 federations and 6 jurisdictions.
French Masonry had long attempted to include women, the Grand Orient de France having allowed Rites of Adoption as early as 1774, by which Lodges could "adopt" sisters, wives and daughters of Freemasons, imparting to them the mysteries of several degrees.
In 1879, following differences among members of the Supreme Council of France, twelve lodges withdrew from it and founded the Grande Loge Symbolique Ecossaise (GLSE). One of these Lodges, Les Libres Penseurs (The Free Thinkers) in Le Pecq, reserved in its charter the right to initiate women as Freemasons, proclaiming the essential equality of man and woman.
On January 14, 1882, Maria Deraismes, a well-known humanitarian, feminist author and lecturer, was initiated into Les Libres Penseurs, after of the lodge withdrew from its Grand Lodge . The Worshipful Master, Bro. Houbron, justified this act as having the highest interests of humanity at heart, and as being a perfectly logical application of the principle of "A Free Mason in a Free Lodge".
In 1890 the Lodge La Jérusalem Écossaise, also of the Grande Loge Symbolique Ecossaise, petitioned other Lodges for the establishment of a new order of Freemasonry that would accept both men and women. This time La Jérusalem Lodge did not propose to initiate women itself, but to create a new order working in parallel. The main proponent of this was Dr. Georges Martin, a French senator, advocate of equal rights for women, and also a member of Les Libres Penseurs.
On March 14, 1893, Deraismes, Martin and several other male Freemasons founded La Respectable Loge, Le Droit Humain, Maçonnerie Mixte (Worshipful Lodge, Human Rights, Co-Masonry) in Paris. They initiated, passed and raised sixteen prominent French women.
Shortly after, on April 4 of the same year, the first Grand Lodge of Co-Freemasonry was established, the Grande Loge Symbolique Écossaise Mixte de France (Grand Lodge of Mixed Scottish Rite Freemasonry of France), which would later become known as the International Order of Co-Freemasonry "Le Droit Humain". This was a radical departure from most other forms of Freemasonry, for not only did the new order not require belief in a Supreme Being (the Grand Orient de France had discarded this requirement in 1877)—it opened its doors to all of humanity who were "... just, upright and free, of mature age, sound judgment and strict morals."
As early as 1895 the Lodge Le Droit Humain (with no number) was travelling around—to Vernon, Blois, Rouen and Havre, in what were called selections—it gave conference and started to hold initiations in the presence, every time, of a large audience Lodge Nr.1 was thus created in Blois in 1895, but, permanently excluded in 1902, this lodge re-awoke only recently. Its Mother Lodge Le Droit Humain now took over the position of Lodge Nr.1 whilst splitting up again in Paris to form Lodge Nr.4. Three lodges were founded in the provinces:
Lodge Nr.1 in Lyon (1896)
Lodge Nr.3 in Rouen (1896) and
Lodge Nr.5 in Havre (1902)
The first News-sheet of co-masonry appeared in January, 1895. It contained an article by Georges Martin enunciating the principles of LE DROIT HUMAIN as well as various rules regarding to membership lists, subscription fees (11 francs for an initiation, and 20–31 francs for an increase of wages), the price of diplomas (5 francs), the annual subscription rate (18 francs) and the price of subscription to the Newssheet (2 francs per year).
As a base for comparison: 1871 the average wage of a worker was 4.98 frcs. A woman earned half of this sum. In 1882 a clerk at a Ministry earned 1500–2000 frcs per year. One week's stay in Paris in 1900 for the International Exhibition cost about 100 frcs. The co-masonic News-Sheets appeared regularly until 1914—their publication was interrupted during the war, but some editions were published in French in America.
The Eastern FederationEdit
Several prominent members of the Theosophical Society joined Co-Freemasonry, including Annie Besant, George Arundale, Charles W. Leadbeater and C. Jinarajadasa. Henceforth, wherever they took Theosophy, they also introduced Co-Freemasonry.
The Order of Universal Co-Freemasonry in Great Britain and the British Dependencies was founded by Annie Besant and officers of the Supreme Council of the French Maçonnerie Mixte (known today as The International Order of Freemasonry for Men and Women, Le Droit Humain) on September 26, 1902, with the consecration of Lodge Human Duty No. 6 in London. Besant remained head of the Order until her death in 1933. The English working, influenced by the Theosophy of its leading members, restored certain Masonic practices not required in the French working, notably that its members hold a belief in God or a Supreme Being. The permission received from France to reinstate this in the English workings is known as the "Annie Besant Concord", and in 1904 a new English ritual was printed, which firmly established this requirement as central to the work. The revised ritual was called the "Dharma Ritual", also known as the "Besant-Leadbeater" and more recently as the "Lauderdale" working. The Dharma Ritual also attempted to restore prominence to esoteric and mystical aspects that its Theosophically-minded authors felt were the heart of Freemasonry, so that it became foremostly a spiritual organisation; Co-Freemasonry of this Order was therefore sometimes called "Occult Freemasonry". Leadbeater served of the presiding officer of the Sydney Lodge #404 and various lodges and chapters of the York and Scottish Rites.
Defection of Lodges from Le Droit HumainEdit
Between the mid-1990s and early 2000s a large number of lodges defected from Le Droit Humain, which they charged with infringing upon their constitutional rights. The voting rules were such that France's opinion dominated, and there were certain changes proposed (although easily voted down and never implemented) apparently by France that caused many to form new Orders in other countries; Le Droit Humain's Grand Commander, Brian Roberts, while referencing "similar and other issues in 2002" said:
"Article 8 of the International Constitution of our Order states that our lodges throughout the world 'work to the Great Architect of the Universe [GAOTU] and/or to the Perfection of Humanity'. In other words, lodges may choose to work to either or both. The British Federation has always worked to both. ... It is correct that some Federations within our Order, particularly but not exclusively those in Europe, work to the perfection of humanity and not to the GAOTU. As you will have seen from the above, Federations may work to either or to both, as the International Constitution permits them to do. The International Order of Co-Freemasonry Le Droit Humain has its own Supreme Council and does not derive its authority from the Grand Orient of France or any other body. The International Order of Co-Freemasonry is not French."
On 2 January 2001 Le Droit Humain formally expelled four senior members of the British Federation over these disagreements. Following these expulsions, about 70 members resigned. Upon the decision by some in the American Federation, they withdrew from Le Droit Humain and set up a national body, chartered in Delaware, the existing body established itself as independent and today is called "The Honorable Order of American Co-Masonry, the American Federation of Human Rights. The headquarters of this body's headquarters is in Larkspur, CO. For more details, see below.
Other disaffected Lodges around the world formed the Grand Lodge of Freemasonry for Men and Women (www.grandlodge.org.uk), the Eastern Order of International Co-Freemasonry, and a number of smaller orders. The Grand Lodge of Freemasonry for Men and Women does not use the term "Co-Masonry", and members call themselves "Freemasons" instead (it should be noted all Co-Masons are Freemasons).
The defection of the British Lodges was the latest in the past two decades. In 2001 the Grand Lodge of Freemasonry for Men and Women was formed by expelled and suspended members of the Consistory Council of the "Le Droit Humain" British Federation for refusing to drop the requirement for a belief in a Supreme Being. The Eastern Order of International Co-Freemasonry formed later, as did a few other smaller orders.
Other lodges, including those in Australia and South Africa and United States lodges, opted to remain affiliated with the Supreme Council of the International Order of Freemasonry for Men and Women, Le Droit Humain, and continue to exist as the British, Australian, and American Federations of the order, governed by the Representative of the Supreme Council, known as the Most Puissant Grand Commander, who holds the 33rd and highest degree of the Order. However some Lodges have now broken away and have aligned themselves with the new Orders maintaining also the landmark belief in a supreme being.
Netherlands and the Dutch East IndiesEdit
The first co-masonic Dutch lodge was solemnly installed in Amsterdam on Saturday, 10 June 1905, by the Grand Mistress Marie-Georges Martin and the Grand Orator Georges Martin, with distinctive name Cazotte Nr. 13.
Various lodges were subsequently founded in The Hague (Nr.41 in 1911), in Hilversum (Nr.43 in 1913), in Rotterdam (Nr.92 in 1915), in Arnhem (nr.74 in 1916) and again in Amsterdam (Nr. 53).
Co-Freemasonry was also introduced to the Dutch East Indies when W.B. Fricke founded on the island of Java, Lodge Lux Orientis Nr.406 followed in Surabaya in 1913, Lodge Nr. 421 in Semarang and Lodge Nr.422 in Bandung in 1915. (Lodges Nrs. 402 and 422 still active). One lodge was even installed on the island of Sumatra in Medan.
The Supreme Council designated its Representative for the Dutch lodges and for those in the Dutch colonies who formed one complete Jurisdiction. (It was not until 1919 that the lodges in the Dutch East Indies became independent of the Dutch Jurisdiction). Van Ginkei was designated as representative of the Supreme Council for the Dutch Jurisdiction.
The first lodge of Le Droit Humain was founded in Brussels in 1911, after a long period of incubation during which eminent members of the Maçonnerie Mixte Ecossaise de France worked patiently to convince the Progressives to accept a masonry working in a world without frontiers.
At the Congress on Free Thought of 1895, Louise Barberousse, Senior Deacon of the Lodge Nr.1 Le Droit Humain introduced co-masonry to Brussels and showed its Bulletin.
After the permanent exclusion of the Zürich Lodge in 1905, founding of a new lodge was concentrated in Geneva which became the centre of many worldwide organisations.
Having worked as a Triangle for three years, Lodge Nr.44 in the Order of Geneva was solemnly installed by Georges Martin on 6 April 1913 in the presence of about twenty Brethren from the Grand Lodge of Switzerland Alpina and the ceremony was followed with the initiation of a candidate.
The first worshipful master was brother Reelfs—a remarkable personality—who was born in Amsterdam in 1888, and who had lived in Switzerland since 1906, after completed his studies in The Hague; multi-lingual, speaking Dutch, English, German, Greek and French, he became Professor of Literature at Madame Rollier's school (she would later on be a pioneer of Le Droit Humain in Switzerland, and became worshipful master of the lodge in Lausanne).
Having been a member of Lodge Nr.13 Cazotte in Amsterdam, Bro Reelfs was, at that time of the consecration of Lodge Nr.44, a member of both Grand Lodge of Switzerland Alpina and of the Grant Orient de France, and was invested with the 18th Degree. He could not prevent the closure of the lodge during the war because members of foreign nationalities were obliged to return home where some were called up for military service. As to Reelfs ha was to prove his worth after the war.
The Australian Federation consists of nine Craft Lodges meeting in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia. In addition to craft Freemasonry many degrees of the York Rite and the A.:.A.:.S.:.R.:. are worked in Australia. One group in Sydney has begun to use the continental or Georges Martin Ritual which does not make reference to the Great Architect. The Sydney Lodge #404 was once headed by Charles Leadbeater who co-authored the ritual used by many Co-Masonic Lodges today.
The origins and development of Le Droit Humain in the USA cannot be separated from the life and activity of one of its primary founders, the Frenchman Louis Goaziou.
Born in Brittany, France in 1864, he emigrated to the USA in 1881 where he worked in the coal mines of Houtsdale, Pennsylvania. Three years later he married Marie Bourgeois, born in Namur in 1866. Goaziou wanted to improve the appalling working conditions of miners and set up, in 1866, the Association of United Miners, as well as two Associations for mutual help, whose aims he defended in a weekly French speaking magazine. Through this he attracted the attention of a professor of French at Columbia University in New York, Antoine Muzarelli, founding member of the New York Lodge La'Atlantide laboring under the Grand Orient de France. It was Muzzarelli who contacted Le Droit Humain's then Grand Master and Co-Founder George Martin, offering to found Lodges in North American for Le Droit Humain. In this way, Muzzarelli became the founder of Co-Freemasonry in North America.
The humanitarian ideal of the new Masonic order struck him as absolutely compatible with the Socialist ideas of Louis Goaziou. Muzzarelli contacted Goaziou in 1903 with the idea of creating in Charleroi (Pennsylvania) either a Lodge under the Grand Orient. He did not inform Goaziou of the option to form the Lodge of under Le Droit Humain, into which their wives also could be admitted, until he arrived in Charleroi in October 1903 to institute the Lodge. The charter members decided they would found the Lodge under Le Droit Humain. The first three degrees were conferred on them by Antoine Muzarelli, and over two days, October 18 and 19, 1903, the first Co-masonic American lodge, Alpha No 301 was born in Charleroi, Pennsylvania. Louis Goaziou became the first Worshipful Master.
This French speaking Lodge continued until 1973. Six other Lodges were founded in 1904, three working in French, one in Slav, one in Italian and one in English (under the direction of John Goaziou, a brother of Louis). Soon Lodges were founded in Chicago, St. Louis and in California. The Rose-Croix degrees were given to Louis Goaziou by communication in November, 1904 (please note, Goaziou's Grand Lodge Eternal record in Larkspur, CO, indicates he received this degree from Muzzarelli September 1, 1905) and he became a member of Chapter Nr.1 in the valley of Paris. The first American Chapter (Nr.?) was formed in Charleroi with six charter members.
It was Muzzarelli who conferred upon Goaziou the Degrees of the Scottish Rite up to the 30th. Muzzarelli named Goaziou his deputy in early 1907. Unfortunately, the two men fell out over mutual charges of financial irregularity combined with personal dislike. The Order also was in disarray because too many Lodges had been founded too quickly. The new Order also experienced external pressures, including persecution by the existing Male-Only Orders in the US. In the fall of 1908, Muzzarelli was pressured to call what remained of the Lodges he founded, just less than half, to a convention in St. Louis, Missouri. Tragically, Muzzarelli, who in addition to pressures in the Order also had many personal problems, committed suicide October 15, 1908. Though Goaziou made it plain he would prefer the presidency go to another Co-Mason, it was Goaziou who took charge of the financial and administrative affairs of the lodges, and who was elected President at the convention in St. Louis.
The American Federation of Human Rights had received charter from the US Government in 1907 but it was at the 1908 convention that the American Federation was officially constituted. The 31st, 32nd and the 33rd degrees of the Scottish Rite were conferred on him on 21 November 1909, and he was designated by the Supreme Council as its Representative for the American Federation.
The same year Annie Besant was staying in the USA where she installed an English speaking lodge in Chicago and granted the degree of Installed Master to certain members- a degree which did not exist either in the Grand Orient or the Scottish Rite (a version of this degree exists in Muzzarelli's journal, apparently around 1905, so it's not universally agreed that Besant introduced this degree into the AFHR). A new trend began in American Co-masonry. Whilst some members of French and Italian origin, mainly recruited in the mining industry, had concentrated on social problems, other Masons entered the AFHR to try to bring the Order under Theosophic influence, seeing in the Ancient Mysteries the origins of masonry. So long as Goaziou was alive and Grand Commander of the Order, the AFHR followed a middle path between these two extremes
When the 1914-1918 war ended, operative work started by Louis Goaziou recommenced. Headquarters in Larkspur Colorado was established in 1916. Within a few years, the mortgage of the property was paid off. The administrative building in Larkspur was built between 1921–1924 in order to replace the first building, which had become too small. In 1922 the potash mines in Colorado went bankrupt and this led to about 100 Italian members of Le Droit Humain losing their jobs. Despite their real interest for the building of Larkspur, many of these miners felt they had no option but to leave Masonry. In addition to these departures, an economic downturn have taken hold in North American. It was no longer possible, through lack of funds, to realize the initial project to construct, next door to the administrative offices at Larkspur, an orphanage and a home for the elderly. However Louis Goaziou's hard effort to achieve these goals were not successful. With the coming of the Great Depression, membership went into steep decline, which did not recover until after World War II, in the time of his successor, Edith Armour.
The Honorable Order of American Co-MasonryEdit
On April 11, 1994, The American Federation of Human Rights formed under members of the Sovereign Grand Inspector General (S.G.I.G.) of the Thirty-third Degree and founded The Honorable Order of American Co-Masonry. Also known as American Co-Masonry, this now-independent obedience, which has its headquarters in Larkspur, Colorado, has since become a Co-Masonic organization in the United States and has established Lodges in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina.
American Co-Masonry practices the Co-Masonic Rite, which is an amalgamation of the Scottish Rite and English Rite Degrees, and is governed by a Supreme Council of the Thirty-Third Degree. The structure of the Rite is as follows:
1° - Entered Apprentice
2° - Fellow Craft
3° - Master Mason (The English Rite degrees are used to complement and complete the Craft Degrees: Mark Master Mason, Royal Ark Mariner, The Holy Royal Arch of Jerusalem)
14° - Grand Elect and Sublime Mason
18° - Knight of Rose Croix of Heredom
30° - Knight Kadosh
31° - Grand Inquisitor Commander
32° - Sublime Prince of the Royal Secret
33° - Grand Inspector-General
The Headquarters of American Co-Masonry is located in Larkspur, Colorado and consists of several buildings. The Order's Grand Temple, which was consecrated in 2009 houses different rooms for the various Scottish Rite Degrees. The Administration building consists of the General Office, Grand Library, Archive Rooms, and the Executive Chambers of the 33rd Degree. In addition to the Grand Temple and Admin building, the campus has a Guest House that houses 64 members for International Conventions and a Masonic store. The entire campus sits on 250 acres of property the majority of which is forest. In 1998, the General Office building was recognized and listed on The National Register of Historic Places and awarded Landmark status in 2008.
The Eastern Order of International Co-FreemasonryEdit
In 2001, following growing concerns over erosions to the Annie Besant Concord by the administration in Paris, many member lodges of the Eastern Federation resigned from Le Droit Humain, severing all ties, and reconstituted new governing bodies. Lodges in India, New Zealand, parts of the United States, Brazil, Argentina, Costa Rica, Puerto Rico, Spain and France reformed as the Eastern Order of International Co-Freemasonry; lodges in the UK reformed as the Grand Lodge of Freemasonry for Men and Women.
The Co-Freemasonic Order of the Blazing StarEdit
The Co-Freemasonic Order of the Blazing Star is an independent order of freemasonry based in England that admits men and women equally. It sees its main emphasis as cultivating the spiritual and esoteric aspects of freemasonry, and offers a true initiatory system of training and development of the 33 degrees of "The Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite" for the benefit of humanity and the world. It currently operates two different workings in the craft degrees, the St. Michael Rite and more predominantly the St. Germain Rite.
In November 1997 a group of senior masons formed an independent Supreme Council to revitalise and regenerate masonic ritual and practice with an explicit emphasis on the symbolic, esoteric and spiritual teachings, initiatory training, and the "inner" workings forming the basis of the ritual work. To distinguish the new order from other masonic bodies, the name "Order of the Blazing Star" was taken. The Blazing Star is a universal symbol, and is found in most masonic rituals. The principals, rituals and traditions are still based on those of the Grand Scottish Constitutions of 1786, revised and agreed by the national Supreme Councils of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite at Lausanne in 1876. In May 2007 the Supreme Council decided the name of the order should more closely reflect its heritage and work and thus "The Co-Freemasonic Order of the Blazing Star" was established.
In September 2014 the Order's presence was expanded and a new Co-Freemasonic Lodge was consecrated in Southampton, England to forward the work of the Order for the benefit of humanity and the world.
Recognition of Co-FreemasonryEdit
Co-Freemasonry is not formally recognised by any of the larger male-only Masonic Grand Lodges in the US in as much as intervisitation or other Masonic interaction is not permitted.
A Landmark of Freemasonry agreed by the 51 regular Grand Lodges in the US is that the initiation of women is forbidden and members take a binding obligation not to countenance the initiation of women. There are many other regular Grand Lodges outside the US that maintain both as a "Landmark", including the United Grand Lodge of England, the Grand Lodge of Scotland, the Grand Lodge of Ireland, the Grand East of the Netherlands and the Grand Lodge of South Africa who all consider each other to be "Regular" (abiding by the same rules) and so allow their members to visit freely between these constitutions.
Certain Grand Lodges of Co-Freemasonry, those under Le Droit Humain, also follow the lead of the Grand Orient de France in removing references to the Supreme Being from their rituals and initiating atheists; this is a further point of separation from typical Masonic Lodges which hold belief in a Supreme Being to be a Landmark requirement.
Notwithstanding the prohibition of interaction in a ritual context, the United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE), the oldest of the Grand Lodges, whilst not recognising Co-Freemasonry, states that it does hold informal discussions from time to time with Women's and Co-Masonic Grand Lodges on issues of mutual concern, and that
Brethren are therefore free to explain to non-Masons, if asked, that Freemasonry is not confined to men (even though this Grand Lodge does not itself admit women).
- Structure of the Order
- Huffmire, Casey R. Women and Freemasonry in France and Germany Archived 2006-08-24 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved 2006-10-24.
- Mackey, A. C. Adoniramite Freemasonry, Encyclopedia of Freemasonry and its Kindred Sciences[permanent dead link]. Retrieved 2006-07-13
- Mackey, A. C. Eastern Star, Order of the, Encyclopedia of Freemasonry and its Kindred Sciences Archived 2006-08-19 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved 2006-07-13
- An Out line on the Origins and Development of The Order of International Co-Freemasonry LE DROIT HUMAIN, 1993, Compose at imprime sur les presses mukanda a Sart Bernard (Belgique), p.11.
- "Hubert (N. Z.)" former member of Le Droit Humain, Nov 27, 2005; retrieved 7/12/2014. http://staffs.proboards.com/thread/1241
- Brian Roberts 33°, Grand Commander British Federation, The International Order of Co-Freemasonry Le Droit Humain, 07/10/2005; retrieved 2006/01/16 by archive.org. https://web.archive.org/web/20060116070814/http://www.thefreemason.com/forum/topic.asp?topic_id=3471
- An Out line on the Origins and Development of The Order of International Co-Freemasonry Le Droit Humain, 1993, Compose at imprime sur les presses mukanda a Sart Bernard (Belgique), p.18.
- An Out line on the Origins and Development of The Order of International Co-Freemasonry Le Droit Humain, 1993, Compose at imprime sur les presses mukanda a Sart Bernard (Belgique), p.19.
- An Out line on the Origins and Development of The Order of International Co-Freemasonry Le Droit Humain, 1993, Compose at imprime sur les presses mukanda a Sart Bernard (Belgique), p.20.
- An Out line on the Origins and Development of The Order of International Co-Freemasonry LE DROIT HUMAIN, 1993, Compose at imprime sur les presses mukanda a Sart Bernard (Belgique), p.21.
- An Out line on the Origins and Development of The Order of International Co-Freemasonry Le Droit Humain, 1993, Compose at imprime sur les presses mukanda a Sart Bernard (Belgique), p.16.; "On Holy Ground: History of the Honorable Order of American Co-Masonry, American Federation of Human Rights" by Karen Kidd (Masonic Publishing Company of the US, 2011) https://www.amazon.com/On-Holy-Ground-Honorable-Co-Masonry/dp/B0054YQZ88/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1348851070&sr=8-1&keywords=Karen+Kidd+On+Holy+Ground
- An Out line on the Origins and Development of The Order of International Co-Freemasonry Le Droit Humain, 1993, Compose at imprime sur les presses mukanda a Sart Bernard (Belgique), p.17.; "On Holy Ground: History of the Honorable Order of American Co-Masonry, American Federation of Human Rights" by Karen Kidd (Masonic Publishing Company of the US, 2011) https://www.amazon.com/On-Holy-Ground-Honorable-Co-Masonry/dp/B0054YQZ88/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1348851070&sr=8-1&keywords=Karen+Kidd+On+Holy+Ground
- An Out line on the Origins and Development of The Order of International Co-Freemasonry LE DROIT HUMAIN, 1993, Compose at imprime sur les presses mukanda a Sart Bernard (Belgique), p.45; "On Holy Ground: History of the Honorable Order of American Co-Masonry, American Federation of Human Rights" by Karen Kidd (Masonic Publishing Company of the US, 2011) https://www.amazon.com/On-Holy-Ground-Honorable-Co-Masonry/dp/B0054YQZ88/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1348851070&sr=8-1&keywords=Karen+Kidd+On+Holy+Ground.
- An Out line on the Origins and Development of The Order of International Co-Freemasonry Le Droit Humain, 1993, Compose at imprime sur les presses mukanda a Sart Bernard (Belgique), p.44.; "On Holy Ground: History of the Honorable Order of American Co-Masonry, American Federation of Human Rights" by Karen Kidd (Masonic Publishing Company of the US, 2011) https://www.amazon.com/On-Holy-Ground-Honorable-Co-Masonry/dp/B0054YQZ88/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1348851070&sr=8-1&keywords=Karen+Kidd+On+Holy+Ground
- Chapter 15, "On Holy Ground: History of the Honorable Order of American Co-Masonry, American Federation of Human Rights" by Karen Kidd (Masonic Publishing Company of the US, 2011) https://www.amazon.com/On-Holy-Ground-Honorable-Co-Masonry/dp/B0054YQZ88/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1348851070&sr=8-1&keywords=Karen+Kidd+On+Holy+Ground
- "Freemasonry: A Masonic Temple open for Men and Women". Website of American Co-Masonry. co-masonry.org. Retrieved February 11, 2017.
- The Grand Lodge of Freemasonry for Men and Women, Great Britain. Retrieved 2006-11-30.
- A Grand Conclave Archived 2006-04-10 at the Wayback Machine., from The Grand Lodge of Freemasonry for Men and Women, Great Britain. Retrieved 2006-11-30.
- Summary of the Antient Charges and Regulations Point 4 on page 4. Last accessed 2012-08-10.
- Information For The Guidance Of Members Of The Craft Woman and Freemasonry, page 38. Last accessed 2012-08-10.
- Women and Freemasonry Response of the Grand Lodge of Scotland:. Last accessed 2012-08-10.
- Famous Freemasons Paragraph right at the bottom of the page. Last accessed 2012-08-10.
- Precedence of Grand Lodges and Other Related Matters First paragraph. Last accessed 2012-08-10.
- Visits to Other Lodges Second paragraph. Last accessed 2012-08-10.
- What About Women in Freemasonry? Last accessed 2006-02-12. The UGLE have also advertised Freemasonry for Women on their old london-lodges.org website.
- "Where it can be found" section of the history of the Grand Orient de France Archived 2006-05-17 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved 2006-05-17.
- Mackey's Encyclopedia of Freemasonry—Co-Masonry. Retrieved 2006-07-02.
- Mackey's Encyclopedia of Freemasonry—Women. Retrieved 2006-07-02.
- The Builder, November 1920, containing the article Woman and Freemasonry by Dudley Wright. Retrieved 2006-07-02.
- The Builder, August 1921, containing the article Co-Masonry by Joseph H. Fussell. Retrieved 2006-07-02.
- History of the Ancient, Accepted and Esoteric Freemasons Retrieved 2007-09-15.
- Detailed account of the founding Co-Masonry Retrieved 2012-07-29.
- Freemasonry for Men and Women Le Droit Humain in Sydney Australia
- The Honorable Order of American Co-Masonry / American Federation of Human Rights
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- The International Order of Co-Freemasonry Le Droit Humain—British Federation
- The International Order of Co-Freemasonry Le Droit Humain—American Federation
- International Order 'Le Droit Humain' Australian Federation
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- The Eastern Order of International Co-Freemasonry
- International Masonic Order "Delphi"
- Grand Lodge of Freemasonry for Men and Women
- The Co-Freemasonic Order of The Blazing Star
- Women In Freemasonry: Co-Masonry & More | <urn:uuid:3790f0af-fb9b-4635-8562-47e70c4e66e7> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-Freemasonry | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676592001.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720232914-20180721012914-00415.warc.gz | en | 0.935307 | 7,439 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Cancer Treatment Methods
Accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI): radiation is limited to the area directly surrounding the cancerous region in the breast. This is an alternative to whole breast irradiation.
Active surveillance (watchful waiting): a strategy of intensive monitoring rather than treatments for prostate cancer.
Biologic therapy: a type of treatment that improves your body’s immune system response and can help control side effects from other treatments.
Brachytherapy (internal radiation therapy): a treatment in which tiny seeds containing radioactive material are inserted into your body. The seeds are left in place in your body and release radiation for a predetermined period of time.
Breast reconstruction: a surgical procedure that creates a breast mound that looks and feels as much as possible like the natural breast. The most popular breast reconstruction option is the implant and tissue expander. Other options include tissue flaps, using your own fat from your lower abdomen, or tissue expanders. Fat injections may be used to fill in deformities left by lumpectomies and mastectomies.
Chemotherapy: a type of treatment that uses drugs to kills cancer cells by stopping or slowing their growth.
Colonoscopy: a procedure in which your colon and rectum are examined.
Cone biopsy: a procedure in which a cone-shaped wedge of tissue in the cervix is removed to biopsy.
CT simulation: this scan is the first step in planning for radiation therapy. The information gathered from the CT scan will be used to create a radiation treatment plan, outlining the parameters for radiation therapy.
Curettage and electrodessication: a surgical procedure in which a tumor is scraped with an instrument called a curette. An electric needle is then used to gently burn the remaining cancer cells.
Excisional surgery: a procedure in which cancer is cut out totally from your skin or other organs.
High-dose radiation therapy: a type of internal radiation therapy in which a high dose of radiation is administered into the tumor.
Hormone therapy: a type of treatment in which medications are used to alter hormone activity.
Hysterectomy: a surgical procedure in which the uterus is removed.
Image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT): a type of radiation therapy in which imaging technology is used to precisely locate a tumor prior to treatment to help spare healthy tissue.
Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT): a type of radiation therapy that precisely delivers high-energy radiation to a tumor while sparing healthy tissues.
Laparoscopic surgery: a procedure in which operations are performed through small incisions in the abdomen as compared to larger incisions in traditional surgeries.
Laser surgery: a procedure in which a highly focused beam of light cuts or destroys tissue to help reduce bleeding, pain, and recovery.
Linear accelerator: a device that delivers a uniform dose of high-energy X-ray to the tumor to help destroy cancer cells during radiation therapy.
Lobectomy: a surgical procedure in which a lobe of an organ is removed. A lobe may refer to a part of the lung, thyroid, or brain.
Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP): a procedure in which a thin electrified wire loop is used to remove abnormal tissue.
Lumpectomy: a surgical procedure in which a suspected cancerous tumor or lump and a small portion of surrounding tissue are removed from a breast.
Mastectomy: a surgical procedure to remove a breast in cases of breast cancer.
Medical therapy using creams: the use of creams to kill skin cancer cells or stimulate your immune system. These creams may be applied several times a week for several weeks.
Mohs micrographic surgery: a procedure in which a skin cancer is removed one layer at a time until all cancer is removed. Immediately after a layer as been removed, the layer is examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells.
Monoclonal antibody therapy: a type of treatment that uses antibodies made in a lab to treat cancer. These treatments don’t require your own immune system to fight cancer. Monoclonal antibodies are administered through a vein (intravenously).
Nephrectomy: partial or total surgical removal of a kidney.
Pancreactomy: partial or total surgical removal of the pancreas
Partial breast irradiation: radiation is limited to the area directly surrounding the cancerous region in the breast. This is an alternative to whole breast irradiation.
Pneumonectomy: a procedure in which your entire lung that contains cancer is removed.
Radiation therapy: a type of treatment that uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells.
Radical inguinal orchiectomy: the removal of one or both testicles.
Radioactive iodine treatment: a type of treatment that involves ingesting iodine to kill most or all of the tissue in your thyroid gland.
Radiofrequency ablation: a procedure in which your doctor guides a needle-like probe inside a tumor. Radiofrequency waves passing through the probe increase the temperature within the tumor, resulting in the destruction of the tumor.
Reconstructive surgery: this type of surgery includes a variety of procedures that can help repair a part of your body. Reconstructive surgeries include breast reconstruction or reductions, surgeries for feet and hands, skin grafting, microsurgery, flap procedures, and facial surgeries to correct facial defects.
Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SNLB): a surgical procedure that removes sentinel lymph node tissue for examination. Sentinel lymph nodes are the first nodes where cancer may spread.
Targeted therapy: the use of drugs or other substances to identify and kill cancer cells while sparing normal and healthy cells.
Video-assisted thoracic lobectomy (VATS): a surgical procedure in which a thin, lighted scope is inserted through a small incision in the chest to remove a lung tissue sample.
Watchful waiting: see Active surveillance
Wedge resection (segmentectomy): a surgical procedure in which a small, wedge-shaped piece of lung tissue that contains cancerous cells is removed.
Whipple procedure: a surgical procedure in which the head of the pancreas, parts of the stomach and small intestine, some lymph nodes, the gallbladder, and the common bile duct are removed. The organs that remain are reconnected in a new way to allow digestion. | <urn:uuid:d5bed791-c1d2-4587-9a3c-d3d6ea86e1c1> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.shh.org/cancer-care/general-information/cancer-treatments.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398474527.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205434-00145-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921012 | 1,321 | 2.640625 | 3 |
How electricity makes things work
Without electricity our appliances are just lumps of plastic and metal. But what does electricity really do? How does it make things work?
We use it every day, but most of us haven't got a clue how electricity makes things work. What's going on in the wires that make motors move, and heaters heat?
Whether it's a toaster or an electric car, everything that electricity does comes down to one thing: what happens when you teach electrons to line dance.
When electrons are forced to move in synch, they can produce heat and — way more impressive — they turn the wire they're moving in into a magnet. Heat can boil water and make light bulbs glow, and magnets can make things move. And those two tricks are behind the 'magic' of every electrical appliance.
Getting electrons organised
The electrons that give our appliances their zing are in the wires that make up the circuits.
Wires are made of metal, and metals have always got loose electrons buzzing around throughout them. But if you can make those electrons move in an organised way, you've got an electric current flowing. That's all an electric current is — electrons moving in an organised way.
The energy to get the electrons moving in an organised way comes from either a battery or a generator.
When a battery organises electrons they all move in the same direction at the same time — the battery pumps electrons through the circuit wires from the negative terminal to the positive. Because they're all going in one direction, it's called a direct current (DC).
The electricity generators at power stations organise electrons in a slightly different way. They pump electrons, but they change the direction they're pumping them 100 times every second. So instead of moving along in one direction like in a DC circuit, the electrons stay pretty much where they are and constantly jiggle forwards and backwards. If you could see inside the power cord when an appliance is turned on, you'd think the electrons had just learned how to line dance — they're all constantly taking one step forward, one step backwards in synch. The constantly changing direction is what's behind its name, alternating current (AC).
So a current is just electrons moving in an organised way in a circuit. But how do electrons on the run make the heat that's behind toasting, drying and foot warming?
Hotting things up
All wires get a little bit hot when they've got a current running through them, because as the electrons move in the wire they bang into the metal atoms. And whenever they prang into an atom, energy from the moving electrons gets given off as heat.
We use copper for electrical wiring because it's easy peasy for electrons to move around in, so not too much energy gets wasted as heat. But if it's heat you want, say for your hairdryer/toaster/electric jug, it's dead easy to get. You just need to use a bit of metal that's really hard for electrons to move through, like nickel.
Heating elements like the ones in toasters or hairdryers are bits of wire made of a nickel/chromium alloy called nichrome. Run a current through nichrome and you'll get some serious heat. While the electrons in the copper wires can move around easily, the ones in the nichrome element are constantly banging into the nickel and chromium atoms and leaking heat all over the place. Which is just what you want on those wet-haired, stale bread days.
But heating is only one of the things electric appliances can do. Most of the other things involve making things move - and that involves a motor. So how do organised electrons make a motor spin?
Getting motors into a spin
Every appliance with moving parts more complex than a pop-up toaster has got an electric motor in it. And while they run thousands of different gadgets, electric motors really just do one thing — they spin whenever you turn on the power. And anything attached to them — like fan blades, wheels or washing tubs — spins too.
The spinning only happens when current is flowing — when electrons in the wire are organised into a current.
So how do moving electrons make a motor spin? They don't. They do something way more swanky — they turn wires into magnets. And as any five-year-old knows, magnets are great for making things move.
We've all mucked around with magnets, but what a lot of us don't realise is that magnets get their properties from the same thing that electricity does: organised electrons.
Electricity and magnetism … talk about co-dependent
Every electron is like a tiny, weak magnet. Most electrons hang around in pairs, and they cancel each other's magnetic property out. But some materials — like iron — have got some unpaired electrons around their atoms. And if you can get those unpaired electrons to line up so their magnetic fields are all pointing in the same direction, your piece of iron is suddenly a magnet. Which is exactly what happens when you stroke a needle or paperclip with a magnet — the magnetic field around your magnet pulls some of the unpaired electrons in the needle into lines, so all their mini-magnetism adds up to a full scale magnet.
But you can also make any metal into a temporary magnet — an electromagnet — just by running an electric current through it.
Electromagnets work because the charge on an electron can create a magnetic field too, but only when it's moving. So any time electrons in a wire are moving in synch (ie whenever a current is flowing), the wire becomes a magnet. It's too weak to be a useful magnet as it is. But if you coil the wire around a piece of iron, the weak magnetic field around the wire forces unpaired electrons in the iron to line up, and all their mini-magnetism adds up just like in a bar magnet.
But unlike a regular magnet, the wire is only magnetic while the current is flowing — once it stops, the electrons in the wire get back to acting like sub-atomic dodgems. And the piece of iron its wrapped around goes back to being a piece of iron.
And it's the ability of an electric current to turn wires into temporary magnets that makes it possible for us to have motors that can be switched on and off.
How motors work in 25 words or less …
If you've ever used one magnet to repel another, you already know the basics of how electric motors work. In fact, if you used the north end of one magnet to push the north end of another magnet around in a circle, you'd be doing pretty well the same thing an electric motor does. Except a motor doesn't have a giant hand pushing one magnet to repel another — it relies on a set of magnets in a ring surrounding a loop of wire.
When the current flows, the wire loop becomes an electromagnet. And the magnets around the electromagnet are set up so their attractive and repulsive forces cause the electromagnet to constantly spin until the power is cut.
When the off switch is hit, it's game over. Without the battery or generator to push them, the electrons are no longer organised, the wire is no longer magnetic, and the motor's spin comes to a halt. The pumps/fan blades/belts attached to the motor stop sucking, blowing and driving.
The electrical 'magic' stops, and the appliance is just a lump of plastic and metal until the next time we turn it on.
Thanks to Ian Sefton from the Physics Research Education Group at The University of Sydney.
Published 07 July 2010 | <urn:uuid:6a318ccf-3ba3-4cbd-b35e-784259582f10> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2010/07/07/2946773.htm?topic=energy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039594341.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20210422160833-20210422190833-00154.warc.gz | en | 0.942835 | 1,581 | 3.734375 | 4 |
(Port Elizabeth) – Children with intellectual disability should access their right to the education they deserve if South African mental health organisations get their way during Intellectual Disability Awareness Month.
Throughout March, various organisations will be boosting awareness of and supporting the Rights to Education campaign driven by the South African Federation for Mental Health.
According to a report released by Human Rights Watch in August last year, more than half a million South African children with disabilities are not receiving an education, and those who do attend school are not receiving the level of education they require.
Despite the fact that their rights are enshrined in the South African constitution, many are still alienated from mainstream education. Learners who do attend special schools are often expected to pay fees that children without disabilities do not and those in mainstream schools are often expected to pay for their own class assistants as a condition of attending the school.
Mental health societies across the country are therefore standing together to fight the perception that children with severe or profound intellectual disabilities have few educational needs or little potential.
In Nelson Mandela Bay, for example, Port Elizabeth Mental Health (PEMH) supporters will be putting their physical strength to the test by taking part in the Hobie Beach parkrun on Saturday, March 12. Participants are encouraged to show their support by wearing green on the day.
According to PEMH spokesperson Limeez Arends, education for children with intellectual disabilities can no longer be seen as a “nice to have”. It is an essential service that must be available to all children across South Africa.
For more information about the PE parkrun event, contact:
041 365 0502 | <urn:uuid:de47356b-83bc-4975-b4e3-03f9ca8110cc> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://goodnewsdaily.co.za/2016/03/10/intellectual-disability-month-focuses-on-childrens-educational-rights/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823214.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019012514-20171019032514-00803.warc.gz | en | 0.959445 | 332 | 2.578125 | 3 |
In the year 2000 there are many problems with society.
One of the biggest and most controllable is the issue of violence. Although we are subjected to violence everyday by simply turning on the news, other forms of violence for entertainment can be censored. This is the type of violence that is corrupting the minds of todays youth and destroyingthe change for a peaceful future.In todays society violence is saturating the minds ofchildren and people must learn to become involved in the problem before it is integratedDue to the fact that violence is everywhere, people accept it because theyare constantly being exposed to it. It has become a reprehensible part of society.
Onmany television shows and movies the characters approach their problems in a violentmanner. When people view these shows they deduce that violence is an effective way togo about solving a problem. Children especially have a misconception that violence isrequisite. Childrens television shows contain about 20 violent acts and hour (Childrenand Television Violence 1).
Childrens minds are still in a developing stage when they areyoung and as they grow older. Therefore, if they are constantly watching violent showsthey will develop a violent mentality. As these children grow into adulthood it is mostlikely that they will display the violent behavior they have been watching. 59 percent ofthose who watch an above average amount of violence on television as children areinvolved in more than the average number of such aggressive incidents as later in life( Children and Television 2). Along with television shows and movies there is alsoviolence in music, video games and on the Internet. People listen to violent lyrics whichglorify violence and they will think that violence is cool. They think this way especiallyif the artist is consider a role model by others.
In video games, violence is animated andpeople do not see the reality in it. They believe that they will have another life or have theability to start the game over. This attracts teenagers because it gives them a chance to beviolent without having to deal with the repercussions. Since violence is saturating U.S.
culture, nonviolence is becoming extinct. Therehave been numerous examples where a lives could have been saved if a solution had beenmade peacefully instead of violently. An example of this is Columbine High School. Thetwo students responsible for that massacre were advocates for violence and felt angertoward the world. If parents, teachers, counselors, or even friends had taken interest intotheir lives then the tragedy would have never happened.
Programs have been set up wherestudents can go and work out their problems(i.e. peer mediation). In todays world thereneeds to be more of a push towards nonviolence from adults and even kids. If they aretaught at a young age the right way to handle a situation then violence will be able to be controlled. More than likely the entertainment industry and technology will displayviolence because that is what sells and people are not finding effective ways to fight the All it takes is people to use their voice to change things. The parental advisorylabel on CDs was originated by a parent who sent his idea to the president after hearingone of Princes records. His idea gained support and before he knew it CDs were beingprinted with a black and white advisory label for explicit content and lyrics.
The secondstep in this process is for parents to be aware of the label and heed its warnings. Musicand other forms of entertainment can not be blamed for societys problems but they docontribute to the compound of ingredients that create violence. Although violence constantly surrounds people, it should not affect them. Peopleshould realize that most of the scenes are not reality and should not be imitated.
Childrenwho cant distinguish between fantasy and reality shouldnt be exposed to violence. Inorder to accomplish this parents must take a stand. Parents must censor what theirchildren watch and teach them right from wrong. People must realize that children are thefuture of our country. If they grow up in a violent society the years to come will be evenmore violent.
In the past the world has flirted with annihilation and it is up to todaysyouth to set the standards of what tomorrow will be like. Without a peaceful childhoodone cannot grow up to be a level-headed individual.Works CitedChildren and Television Violence.
Online. Internet. 25 May 2000. Available http://helping.apa.org/family.kidtvviol.html.Bibliography: | <urn:uuid:e9d9607b-ee14-4fc0-b4db-a9ef2c78a583> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://codepost.org/violence6/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738819.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20200811180239-20200811210239-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.963422 | 902 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Reading dog behaviors like a book in order to understand the “dog language” is reasonably uncomplicated most of the time. Your dog’s body language is straightforward generally, but he can sometimes fool you.
Your Dog Is Frightened
If he is frightened, for example, rather than friendly or curious, he is likely to bite you. A good indicator of his level of courage is the angle of his tail. If, as you come closer, he keeps his tail high and appears even more aggressive, he probably isn’t bluffing.
If his tail drops and he becomes quiet, he probably would just soon be friends. However, if his hackles stay up, even though his tail goes down, he is still dangerous and you should keep your distance.
Because we sometimes think of our pets as having almost human personalities, we are likely to interpret dog body language in terms of our own likes and dislikes. We can do that up to a point because they’ve learned some of their preferences. Nevertheless, we have our differences.
Your Dog Is Rebellious
Your dog very likely has a few predilections you would never have suspected and probably will never approve. When he is rolling around in some stinky, odorous material, for example, the expression he has on his face could hardly be interpreted as anything but outright rebellion. His lips are pulled back a little in a slight grin (a smirk perhaps), his ears are lowered (because he must feel guilty), and his eyelids are half-closed in an expression of pure defiance.
Your Dog Is Play-acting
There’s another way to make a mistake in reading dog behaviors. Some smart dogs can play-act. An outdoor dog who has once been let in the house because he seems to be shivering on a cold night (in reality, dogs shiver from fear, not from the cold) will attempt to shake violently at the door whenever he feels he has a chance at a cozy evening by the fire.
A dog may play-act when he has accidentally barked at his own master. Nothing is more embarrassing; he will writhe on the ground when he realizes his error. To save face, a quick-witted dog will rush past his master and pretend he was barking at something else. He charges across the yard, furiously barking up the wrong tree, so to speak.
Confusing Dog Language
An ambivalent dog who is growling and wagging his tail widely at the same time is difficult to read. He may feel friendly or inquisitive about you; he may also feel that he must defend his territory.
On the other hand, he may feel aggressive and unfriendly, but afraid he can’t defend himself. And unless you can figure out where these dog behaviors stand, you may do something to get yourself bitten so be careful and pay attention. | <urn:uuid:11b35513-1053-4292-8959-b53a811410c2> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://doggiecube.com/confusing-dog-behaviors/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103945490.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701185955-20220701215955-00092.warc.gz | en | 0.983616 | 595 | 2.5625 | 3 |
May 10, 2016
Generators in the Data Center Industry
When the average person looks at a large industrial facility like a manufacturing plant, it’s easy for him to understand that it consumes a huge amount of power. It’s not quite as easy for that average person to understand why a data center, which might be housed as a tenant in a relatively small area of an industrial office building, needs as much power as it does. Even standing inside the data center, there are not many moving parts to see; just a lot of computers and electronics sitting motionless, perhaps with some blinking lights. Make no mistake, though—inside those boxes a huge amount of energy is being consumed, and even more energy is needed to cool that equipment down and prevent overheating.
A data center has an additional factor to deal with that not all industrial plants do: Interruption of operation due to a power failure is not an option. Lost production at a plant is an expensive problem, but the failure of a data center is unacceptable—it can expose client information and prevent critical communication of data. One of the most important components of a data center is a system of one or more backup generators, capable of supplying a sufficient amount of energy to the center during a blackout without interrupting service.
A backup generator for a data center must be large enough to sustain normal activity for the data center in the event of a local power failure. When selecting a generator (or set of generators), a manager must ensure that it is capable of producing the necessary amount of power; otherwise, the generator will fail and the data center will be forced to go offline after all.
Power generation capacity is not the only consideration, however. When the main power supply fails, even a split-second of downtime can wreak havoc on the data stored in the center, much of which depends on constant communication and updating with other servers and computers offsite. As impossible as it sounds to the average person, the only acceptable situation is one in which the backup generator can take over and provide power with no interruption whatsoever to the incoming voltage.
An Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) system accomplishes this goal by functioning as a part of the main incoming power system. In simplified terms, the incoming power is stored in the UPS system before being passed on to the data center. In the event of a power failure, the UPS system has enough energy stored to continue powering the center until the backup generators switch on and produce enough power for normal operations. Because this energy also routes through the UPS system, the data center experiences no interruption in power.
A diesel generator cannot sit motionless for months, then be expected to switch on at a moment’s notice and run smoothly. In order to keep seals, metal parts, and other components oiled and ready for action at all times, data center operators must conduct periodic maintenance, running generators occasionally and checking to ensure that the system is ready to switch over to backup power and back to regular power at any time.
Old Generator Removal
Uninstalling and installing these very large generators are complex and potentially hazardous tasks. Technicians must use cranes to unload and load generators onto trucks for transportation, which requires permits and a high level of expertise in order to keep the area safe during the project. In addition, the technicians must take precautions to dispose of large quantities of diesel fuel without contaminating the environment and incurring fines.
Working with LEL International for Generator Needs
LEL International provides several valuable services to data centers that are looking to replace backup generators that no longer meet quality, data security, and/or efficiency standards. Our removal technicians understand and follow all applicable safety regulations and make the security of your data center the top priority throughout the job. More importantly, LEL International offers a wide range of pre-owned UPS systems and backup generators that can meet the needs of data centers without requiring them to pay full price for brand new equipment. Contact our staff directly to learn more about these and our other data center equipment/decommissioning services. | <urn:uuid:196f08cd-e5ad-4714-922d-7ce22217839f> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.wearelel.com/critical/blog/generators-in-the-data-center-industry | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572896.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20190924083200-20190924105200-00479.warc.gz | en | 0.93472 | 827 | 3.171875 | 3 |
The Health Diary: an example of its use as a data collection method.
Journal of Advanced Nursing, 19, (4), . (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.1994.tb01151.x).
Full text not available from this repository.
Use of a health diary has been common in nursing practice settings. Nurses have incorporated the diary as a means of helping clients to document their symptoms and factors which may have precipitated them, often with the aim of modifying particular health behaviours. To date there has been limited exploration of this tool in a nursing research context. Advantages and disadvantages associated with the diary when utilized as a research instrument in health settings are summarized and particular consideration is given to their use in nursing research with cancer patients. Features of the method such as completion and respondent co-operation, format and issues surrounding data analysis are considered. The advantages of this method warrant further exploration in nursing research, despite conflicting and insubstantial evidence regarding the feasibility, validity and reliability of specific kinds of information reported in a diary
Actions (login required) | <urn:uuid:a31202b9-e002-40a2-b583-2f084530e458> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/69069/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00193-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935557 | 224 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Fake News, Media Bias, and How to Protect Yourself
Be honest; you wouldn’t have clicked on this if the headline said it was a blog post on media literacy. I offer the following as a communications professional with more than two decades of experience in media and public relations. Please try this at home.
The recent Netflix documentary The Social Dilemma has brought fresh attention to social media’s potential negative impacts on human behavior, in part through the proliferation of fake news and other tactics designed to manipulate and polarize the public. While outlets like Facebook and Twitter are taking steps to flag questionable content for its users, there are many simple things you can do to protect yourself from the intended consequences of fake news.
What is Fake News?
To put it simply, fake news is made up, fictional, not true. Throughout history, real news stories have served to move public sentiment around specific issues or individuals. For example, coverage of the death of George Floyd during an arrest last summer in Minneapolis had a measurable impact on public sentiment around the issues of racial justice and policing.
Fake news seeks to do that same kind of thing. Organized operations and individuals create and distribute fake news pieces, mostly on social media, to move public opinion. Examples from 2019 include fake news stories about U.S. Representative Alexandra Ocasio Cortez seeking to ban motorcycles and President Donald Trump’s father being a member of the Ku Klux Klan. The goal is that people will see these stories as confirmation of their own beliefs and biases and will share them on social media without verifying their accuracy, thus proliferating the false narrative and moving public opinion accordingly.
Unfortunately, it works.
The most effective fake news stories are shared millions of times, fomenting lies at a scale that would have been impossible before the advent of social media. In 2016, a fake news story about Hillary Clinton running a child sex ring out of a pizza parlor in Washington, D.C., prompted a man to go to the business with an assault rifle and open fire in an attempt to “rescue” the children. Fortunately, no one was injured. While the story was circulated in a clear attempt to damage Clinton’s presidential campaign, the effects resonate today, four years later, as the story continues to be shared and the owners of the pizzeria report on-going threatening phone calls and emails, harassment of employees, and vandalizing of the business’ vehicles.
What is Not Fake News?
If a news story was generated by a real news organization, it is not fake news, in spite of the increasing tendency for some to refer to legitimate news outlets as the “fake news media.” A legitimate news story may contain inaccurate information or may be reported with bias, but that does not classify it as fake news. Media bias, of course, is very real; you can watch coverage of the same story by a variety of outlets and see an equal number of takes on the story, but that doesn’t mean the story is not real. Since the beginning of news coverage, outlets have exercised varying levels of bias, which manifests in what stories they choose to cover and how they choose to report them.
Protecting yourself against media bias requires a little work but is far from impossible. As comforting as it is to get all your news from the outlet that puts your preferred slant on its coverage, becoming an active news consumer will help to provide a broader, more comprehensive look at the important stories. You don’t have to do with this with every story, but for the big ones, look at a sampling of coverage from different outlets, including overseas outlets. At that point, it’s easier to see that Outlet A focused on different details than Outlet B and Outlet C ignored some elements of the story altogether.
The bottom line is that if we automatically discount everything reported by the mainstream news media, we will be in serious trouble.
Protecting Yourself from Fake News
- If you see a story that looks suspicious, don’t share it until you have verified its authenticity. If you start typing the words, “If this is real,” stop.
- Many fake news posts include a fake attribution, such as “NBC News Reports that Taylor Swift is a Robot.” If you see a suspicious story like this, go to the NBC News website and search for the story. If it is not there, it’s fake.
- Real news stories with a sensational bent typically draw the attention of large numbers of news outlets. If you see a provocative news story and it was reported only by some site you’ve never heard of and ignored by the known outlets, it is likely fake. This can be checked in seconds by putting some or all of the story headline into any search engine.
- Fact-checking websites like Snopes and Politifact are good at doing this research and rendering a verdict: true, false, or some mix of the two. They also provide links to their sources, so you don’t have to simply take their word for it.
In the same way that Netflix serves you content it thinks you will like, news sites and social media serve you news content they think you prefer. The effect of this is increased societal polarization and tribalism along ideological lines, which makes us more susceptible to fake news and media bias. It also means that our elected representatives are less likely to look beyond their bases when making important decisions.
But studies have shown that when people are exposed to viewpoints outside of their comfort zones, they are more open to conflicting points of view and form a broader societal outlook, rather than simply demonizing those who disagree with them.
The solution is not to simply turn off social media, though you could probably do with less of it. We can easily counter the worst effects of fake news and media bias by becoming smarter consumers of information and taking a few small steps. The internet and social media have made it easy for us to fall victim to these forces, but the same tools make it equally easy for us to fight back. | <urn:uuid:17e77f77-2fdc-4b92-9966-a703f2688e10> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://thewriteguy1215.com/2020/11/18/covid-19-linked-to-alien-dna/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488519183.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20210622155328-20210622185328-00279.warc.gz | en | 0.957532 | 1,253 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Other kinds of lab tests are used to check for the specific type of pancreatic NETs.
The following tests and procedures may be used:
Fasting serum gastrin test: A test in which a blood sample is checked to measure the amount of gastrin in the blood. This test is done after the patient has had nothing to eat or drink for at least 8 hours. Conditions other than gastrinoma can cause an increase in the amount of gastrin in the blood.
Basal acid output test: A test to measure the amount of acid made by the stomach. The test is done after the patient has had nothing to eat or drink for at least 8 hours. A tube is inserted through the nose or throat, into the stomach. The stomach contents are removed and four samples of gastric acid are removed through the tube. These samples are used to find out the amount of gastric acid made during the test and the pH level of the gastric secretions.
Secretin stimulation test: If the basal acid output test result is not normal, a secretin stimulation test may be done. The tube is moved into the small intestine and samples are taken from the small intestine after a drug called secretin is injected. Secretin causes the small intestine to make acid. When there is a gastrinoma, the secretin causes an increase in how much gastric acid is made and the level of gastrin in the blood.
Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy: A type of radionuclide scan that may be used to find small pancreatic NETs. A small amount of radioactive octreotide (a hormone that attaches to tumors) is injected into a vein and travels through the blood. The radioactive octreotide attaches to the tumor and a special camera that detects radioactivity is used to show where the tumors are in the body. This procedure is also called octreotide scan and SRS.
Fasting serum glucose and insulin test: A test in which a blood sample is checked to measure the amounts of glucose (sugar) and insulin in the blood. The test is done after the patient has had nothing to eat or drink for at least 24 hours. | <urn:uuid:847088c2-08d7-46a3-b628-e5edaa54ddb9> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.webmd.com/cancer/pancreatic-cancer/tc/pancreatic-neuroendocrine-tumors-islet-cell-tumors-treatment-pdq-treatment---patient-information-nci-general-information-about-pancreatic-neuroendocrine-tumors-islet-cell-tumors?page=5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375097204.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031817-00181-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953903 | 445 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Radar images from space shuttle reveal Egypt’s lost great lakeNovember 27th, 2010 - 5:37 pm ICT by ANI
Washington, Nov 27 (ANI): Geologists have found that a huge lake waxed and waned deep in the sandy heart of the Egyptian Sahara.
Tushka region of Egypt is covered by a huge sand sheet today, but years ago, it was home to a lake as big as one of the Great Lakes, said T. Maxwell, a geologist at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum in Washington.
Radar images taken from the space shuttle have confirmed that a lake broader than Lake Erie once sprawled a few hundred kilometers west of the Nile, reports Science News.
Knowing where and when such oases existed could help archaeologists understand the environment Homo sapiens travelled while migrating out of Africa for the first time, said team leader Maxwell.
“You realize that hey, this place was full of really large lakes when people were wandering into the rest of the world,” he said.
At perhaps its greatest extent, the Tushka Lake would have covered more than 68,000 square kilometres. At other times less water would have flown into the low-lying basin from the Nile.
Since then, desert winds have eroded and sands have buried much of the region’s landscape, said Maxine Kleindienst, an anthropologist at the University of Toronto.
Other studies have found evidence of mega-lakes in Chad, Libya and Sudan at various points over the past 250,000 years.
The findings were reported in the journal Geology. (ANI)
- Ancient teeth found in Israeli cave raise questions about humans' origin - Feb 10, 2011
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- Human childhood considerably longer than chimps: Study - Nov 16, 2010
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- Deadly combo of bad luck and climate change may have killed Neanderthals - Nov 09, 2009
- West Nile virus kills four in US - Aug 02, 2012
- 'Hobbit' was 'iodine-deficient human, not another species' - Sep 29, 2010
Tags: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , | <urn:uuid:6d7e3dfc-3b7b-47c7-80b2-1d85cded924b> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/health/radar-images-from-space-shuttle-reveal-egypts-lost-great-lake_100466155.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535921318.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909054152-00414-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939093 | 625 | 3.59375 | 4 |
What is business, what is the nature of business & what are characteristics of business?
What is Business
Business denotes busi-ness, that is the state of being busy – any activity in which one keeps himself busy. But the economic term of business refers to work, efforts, and acts of people or human busy in connection with the production of wealth. Business is the sum of total activities which are connected with the production or purchase and sale of goods and services with the main objective to earn profit.
Definitions of Business
According to Urwick and Hunt, “Business is any enterprise which makes, distributes or provides any service which other members of the community need and are willing to pay for it”.
Nature of Business
Man always wants and wants more. Infact he is a wanting being having insatiable innumerous wants. For satisfying his wants he works and works harder so as to make use of scarce resources available. Making use of scarce resources to the best advantage for the satisfaction of human wants is termed as economic activity. Economic activities, thus deal with the activities of living and making a living. For this purpose everyone of use follow an occupation according to our inkling, capacity, knowledge and training. One therefore, may either follow a profession (rendering specialized expert and personal service), or seek employment (under taking to work for others according to terms and conditions set for the purpose), or set up a business engaging in production of wealth.
Characteristics of Business
Business is an economic activity having some feature and characteristics. Following are some important characteristics of Business
1. Production or Acquisition of Goods
Every business whether small or large scale deals with goods and services. The goods may produce, manufacture or procure. Business is either to produce, manufacture or procure and then to supply for a price to those who are in need of the goods so produced, manufactured or procured.
2. Profit – The basic motive of business
Profit is an essential part of business, infact profit is the motivation factor behind a business one carries on. Profit is stimulus and a guarantee to continue the business. Profit is the factor which ensures the survival of the business. Profit is the reward of all those individuals engaged in a particular business. The efficiency of a businessman depends on the profit which he is able to make during the business operation. He renders singular service to the continuity by satisfying the needs of the people. He expected a reward for such a service rendered and if he gets the double and redoubles his efforts and plans his future in such manner so as to render best possible service to the community.
3. Risk – Uncertainty of future
Every business involves risk and uncertainty while carrying on its operations. Future is uncertain and business activity focuses on future. This focus on future and uncertainty of future naturally entails risk. It is risk which every businessman takes when he embarks upon a business activity.
4. Dealing in Goods and Services
Business refers to goods and services dealt with a view to supply to those who need them and are ready to make payment for the same. Dealing in goods and services is business. The goods may either be consumers’ goods (Cloth, books, electronics appliances, medicine etc) or Producer goods (machinery, tools etc) or services (courier or transport services etc).
5. Regular Dealings
One of important characteristics of business is regularity and recurrences. Business is not a single operation. A single operation would never constitute a business. It should a regular and continuous entity. Recurrence of dealing is a must to constitute a business. On selling furniture of his household with a view to replace it with new one is not business. But if the same person procures a variety of furniture, keeps the stock and sells them to the consumers, he carries on a business dealing in furniture. | <urn:uuid:ac07ae15-2cd6-4b14-b4ea-cb814edd9436> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.studylecturenotes.com/management-sciences/economics/330-what-is-business-definition-nature-and-characteristics-of-business | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542455.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00424-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966032 | 788 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Joe, a software engineer, came into the office complaining of right groin pain extending into the front of the thigh. The pain started a year ago and progressively worsened. He noted pain and stiffness upon standing after long periods of sitting or when trying to kneel down to tie his right shoe.
An X-ray showed mild changes in joint congruity without significant arthritic change. A physical-therapy examination revealed a limited range of motion and pain in the right hip, most notably with inward rotation and when crossing the bent right leg toward the left shoulder, the quadrant position.
Additionally, tight and weak leg musculature, compensatory muscle activity and a stiff right hip joint with a springy end-feel were noted.
While specific numbers are unavailable, it is believed that a fair percentage of the population has hip impingement, in which tissues between the ball and socket of the hip joint are being pinched.
Many believe the onset of hip impingement is related to genetics and/or added stress to the hip joint.
Because there is usually no significant pain in the early stage, many people do not realize they have hip impingement until the problem has progressed. Left untreated, hip impingement will likely cause cartilage damage and early arthritic change.
Fortunately, there are early signs of hip change that can be felt, such as difficulty stretching or stiffness in one hip with daily activities or sports.
Physical therapy is a conservative and frequently helpful approach – the physical therapist can quickly determine if someone will benefit from this type of care.
The most common and successful sequence of treatments is to strengthen the weak hip muscles, correct the faulty mechanics, directly mobilize the hip joint and stretch the tight muscles.
Muscles that often need strengthening include the gluteals and deep hip rotators in the buttocks. Strengthening the abdominal and thigh muscles is often indicated because weakness in these muscles can leave the hip joint without proper support, with excessive force placed at the ligaments/joint capsule and/or cartilage of the hip.
Prolonged stress to a joint has been associated with arthritic change.
Strengthening should include correction of faulty muscular forces. While certain muscles need to be strengthened, others need to be inhibited. Without inhibiting overworked or inappropriately used muscles, faulty mechanics at the hip may still be present even after strengthening. Functional exercises can be developed to achieve the desired outcome.
Mobilizing the hip joint and stretching are the final components of the treatment program. Direct mobilization of the hip, most notably in the quadrant position, can result in significant improvements in hip mobility, and such improvements can often be observed immediately following treatment.
Mobilizing the hip should precede stretching because hip-joint stiffness can limit the ability to stretch the muscles properly around the hip. Stretching helps relieve stress on the hip and helps keep the joint mobile after treatment.
Joe responded well to physical therapy due to early and appropriate intervention. If he had not progressed well, further diagnostic studies and possible surgery would have been considered.
Taylor Miller, P.T., has practiced sports and orthopedic physical therapy for 16 years. He works at Taylor Physical Therapy in Los Altos. For more information, call 559-0011 or visit www.taylorpt.org. | <urn:uuid:5d7aff44-f42b-485a-a615-412488e5109d> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.losaltosonline.com/special-sections2/sections/your-health/18306-J16397 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541308149.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20191215122056-20191215150056-00131.warc.gz | en | 0.942293 | 679 | 2.84375 | 3 |
The Little Robber Girl
The Boy Who Cried Wolf
AMERICAN INDIAN STORIES
Animal Sketches And Stories
Blondine Bonne Biche and Beau Minon
BRER RABBIT and HIS NEIGHBORS
CHINESE MOTHER-GOOSE RHYMES
FABLES FOR CHILDREN
FABLES FROM INDIA
FATHER PLAYS AND MOTHER PLAYS
FIRST STORIES FOR VERY LITTLE FOLK
For Classes Ii. And Iii.
For Classes Iv. And V.
For Kindergarten And Class I.
FUN FOR VERY LITTLE FOLK
Good Little Henry
JAPANESE AND OTHER ORIENTAL TALES]
Jean De La Fontaine
King Alexander's Adventures
KINGS AND WARRIORS
LAND AND WATER FAIRIES
Lessons From Nature
LITTLE STORIES that GROW BIG
MODERN FAIRY TALES
MOTHER GOOSE CONTINUED
MOTHER GOOSE JINGLES
MOTHER GOOSE SONGS AND STORIES
Myths And Legends
NEGLECT THE FIRE
ON POPULAR EDUCATION
PLACES AND FAMILIES
Poems Of Nature
RESURRECTION DAY (EASTER)
RHYMES CONCERNING "MOTHER"
RIDING SONGS for FATHER'S KNEE
ROMANCES OF THE MIDDLE AGES
SAINT VALENTINE'S DAY
Selections From The Bible
SLEEPY-TIME SONGS AND STORIES
Some Children's Poets
Songs Of Life
STORIES BY FAVORITE AMERICAN WRITERS
STORIES FOR CHILDREN
STORIES for LITTLE BOYS
STORIES FROM BOTANY
STORIES FROM GREAT BRITAIN
STORIES FROM IRELAND
STORIES FROM PHYSICS
STORIES FROM SCANDINAVIA
STORIES FROM ZOOLOGY
STORIES _for_ LITTLE GIRLS
THE DAYS OF THE WEEK
The King Of The Golden River; Or, The Black Brothers
The Little Grey Mouse
THE OLD FAIRY TALES
The Princess Rosette
THE THREE HERMITS
THE TWO OLD MEN
UNCLES AND AUNTS AND OTHER RELATIVES
VERSES ABOUT FAIRIES
WHAT MEN LIVE BY
WHERE LOVE IS, THERE GOD IS ALSO
Echo And Narcissus
from Good Stories For Great Holidays
- MOTHERS' DAY
BY OVID (ADAPTED)
Long ago, in the ancient world, there was born to the blue-eyed Nymph
Liriope, a beautiful boy, whom she called Narcissus. An oracle foretold
at his birth that he should be happy and live to a good old age if he
"never saw himself." As this prophecy seemed ridiculous his mother soon
forgot all about it.
Narcissus grew to be a stately, handsome youth. His limbs were firm and
straight. Curls clustered about his white brow, and his eyes shone
like two stars. He loved to wander among the meadow flowers and in the
pathless woodland. But he disdained his playmates, and would not listen
to their entreaties to join in their games. His heart was cold, and in
it was neither hate nor love. He lived indifferent to youth or maid, to
friend or foe.
Now, in the forest near by dwelt a Nymph named Echo. She had been a
handmaiden of the goddess Juno. But though the Nymph was beautiful
of face, she was not loved. She had a noisy tongue. She told lies and
whispered slanders, and encouraged the other Nymphs in many misdoings.
So when Juno perceived all this, she ordered the troublesome Nymph away
from her court, and banished her to the wildwood, bidding her never
speak again except in imitation of other peoples' words. So Echo dwelt
in the woods, and forever mocked the words of youths and maidens.
One day as Narcissus was wandering alone in the pathless forest, Echo,
peeping from behind a tree, saw his beauty, and as she gazed her heart
was filled with love. Stealthily she followed his footsteps, and often
she tried to call to him with endearing words, but she could not speak,
for she no longer had a voice of her own.
At last Narcissus heard the sound of breaking branches, and he cried
out: "Is there any one here?"
And Echo answered softly: "Here!"
Narcissus, amazed, looking about on all sides and seeing no one, cried:
And Echo answered: "Come!"
Narcissus cried again: "Who art thou? Whom seekest thou?"
And Echo answered: "Thou!"
Then rushing from among the trees she tried to throw her arms about his
neck, but Narcissus fled through the forest, crying: "Away! away! I will
die before I love thee!"
And Echo answered mournfully: "I love thee!"
And thus rejected, she hid among the trees, and buried her blushing face
in the green leaves. And she pined, and pined, until her body wasted
quite away, and nothing but her voice was left. And some say that even
to this day her voice lives in lonely caves and answers men's words from
Now, when Narcissus fled from Echo, he came to a clear spring, like
silver. Its waters were unsullied, for neither goats feeding upon the
mountains nor any other cattle had drunk from it, nor had wild beasts or
birds disturbed it, nor had branch or leaf fallen into its calm waters.
The trees bent above and shaded it from the hot sun, and the soft, green
grass grew on its margin.
Here Narcissus, fatigued and thirsty after his flight, laid himself down
beside the spring to drink. He gazed into the mirror-like water, and saw
himself reflected in its tide. He knew not that it was his own image,
but thought that he saw a youth living in the spring.
He gazed on two eyes like stars, on graceful slender fingers, on
clustering curls worthy of Apollo, on a mouth arched like Cupid's bow,
on blushing cheeks and ivory neck. And as he gazed his cold heart grew
warm, and love for this beautiful reflection rose up and filled his
He rained kisses on the deceitful stream. He thrust his arms into the
water, and strove to grasp the image by the neck, but it fled away.
Again he kissed the stream, but the image mocked his love. And all day
and all night, lying there without food or drink, he continued to gaze
into the water. Then raising himself, he stretched out his arms to the
trees about him, and cried:--
"Did ever, O ye woods, one love as much as I! Have ye ever seen a lover
thus pine for the sake of unrequited affection?"
Then turning once more, Narcissus addressed his reflection in the limpid
"Why, dear youth, dost thou flee away from me? Neither a vast sea, nor
a long way, nor a great mountain separates us! only a little water keeps
us apart! Why, dear lad, dost thou deceive me, and whither dost thou go
when I try to grasp thee? Thou encouragest me with friendly looks. When
I extend my arms, thou extendest thine; when I smile, thou smilest in
return; when I weep, thou weepest; but when I try to clasp thee beneath
the stream, thou shunnest me and fleest away! Grief is taking my
strength, and my life will soon be over! In my early days am I cut off,
nor is Death grievous to me, now that he is about to remove my sorrows!"
Thus mourned Narcissus, lying beside the woodland spring. He disturbed
the water with his tears, and made the woods to resound with his sighs.
And as the yellow wax is melted by the fire, or the hoar frost is
consumed by the heat of the sun, so did Narcissus pine away, his body
wasting by degrees.
And often as he sighed: "Alas!" the grieving Echo from the wood
With his last breath he looked into the water and sighed: "Ah, youth
beloved, farewell!" and Echo sighed: "Farewell!"
And Narcissus, laying his weary head upon the grass, closed his eyes
forever. The Water-Nymphs wept for him, and the Wood-Dryads lamented
him, and Echo resounded their mourning. But when they sought his body
it had vanished away, and in its stead had grown up by the brink of the
stream a little flower, with silver leaves and golden heart,--and thus
was born to earth the woodland flower, Narcissus.
Next: The Lark And Its Young Ones | <urn:uuid:5d3d36aa-04fa-4420-8019-98b88bc60c0e> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://www.childrenstories.ca/Stories/Echo-And-Narcissus.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125948426.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20180426164149-20180426184149-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.918649 | 1,983 | 2.609375 | 3 |
A powerful trick is forcing governments to keep quiet about a toxic threat that’s killing more than Coronavirus.
Voiced by Stephen Fry
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The film references Michael Moore’s film Planet of The Humans, which claims that renewable energy isn’t the answer to climate change. We don’t point out all the problems with the film, so if you watch it, we recommend checking the facts via independent sources.
Global CO2 emissions have risen dramatically:
Scientists expect a 3 degree temperature increase will happen even if countries meet their commitments under the Paris climate agreement.
The world is failing to meet Paris Climate Agreement targets.
When trees are burnt, they release a lot of CO2. The idea is to absorb it with new trees, but studies show that this would take around 40-100 years.
Study by Stanford University, published in Nature Communications. Summary: https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/europe-eu-renewable-energy-deforestation-forests-climate-change-a8534151.html
200 scientists wrote to the EU, warning that wood creates more emissions than coal, because it’s less efficient to process. Biofuel is not the answer to climate change.
Renewable energy sources emit up to 50g of C02 per kWh, over their lifetime, compared to around 1000g for coal and 475 for natural gas.
Study by the National Renewable Energy Lab:
Fossil fuel air pollution causes around 3.6 million deaths per year (the IMF estimates that this would have been cut in half with carbon taxes).
Study published in Cardiovascular Research: https://academic.oup.com/cardiovascres/article/116/11/1910/5770885
An IMF study found that if prices had been corrected in 2015, the world would be very different. Summary and link to study:
Air pollution nearly doubles the risk of dementia in parts of the US.
Study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA:
Economists agree that if temperatures rise by 3 degrees, it will plunge the world’s economy into a deep depression, or worse.
Institute for Policy Integrity:
75% also said that a carbon tax was the most efficient way to tackle climate change.
Broad expert and government support for carbon taxes.
How Carbon Pricing Can Save the World, Johan Eyckmans:
Electricity is cheaper in countries with more renewable energy:
IMF global temperature estimates. How carbon taxes could prevent climate change.
Australia’s brief carbon tax worked, and after it was removed, electricity prices rose:
NASA images of the earth warming:
Fossil Fuels are subsidised by $5.2 Trillion per year.
Summary and link to study:
Big Oil is still trying to deny climate change:
Exxon CEO said the Earth was cooling, decades after his own scientists found the opposite: | <urn:uuid:ab689724-3f26-418f-a284-32f8a58232d9> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://ufoland.org/the-5200000000000-trick-killing-more-than-covid-w-stephen-fry/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585121.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20211017052025-20211017082025-00357.warc.gz | en | 0.867247 | 652 | 2.734375 | 3 |
October 16, 2012
Everyone knows the history of the United States: The Puritans came from England to escape religious persecution, God blessed America, and our free nation stands as a “city on a hill” for the world to emulate.
According to James A. Morone, the Puritans, with their godliness and morality, set the tone for the new country.
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The Puritans’ moral dreams “define American ideals,” Morone writes in his 2003 book “Hellfire Nation: The Politics of Sin in American History,” which was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize, and “inspire crusades at home and abroad – from the revolution of 1776 to the war on terror more than two centuries later.”
And “despite the clear separation of church and state – religion lies at the heart of American politics,” according to Morone, professor and chair of political science at Brown University, who will give a free lecture at Arizona State University on Oct. 29.
The lecture, sponsored by the Center for the Study of Religion and Conflict, will take place from 4:30 to 6 p.m. in Old Main’s Carson Ballroom, Tempe campus.
Morone says that morals play such a crucial role in America because, primarily, “Americans believe in God. In other nations, a handful of stable faiths claim a fixed social place; in the United States, religions restlessly shift, split, and spread in a kind of ecclesiastical uproar.
“The nation develops not from religious to secular but from revival to revival. The moral fervor mixes with the American social chaos: new people keep arriving, and each new immigration stirs fears of moral decline.”
One illustration of this moral fervor happened in the 1820s, Morone said, when the postal service introduced Sunday mail delivery. “The innovation shook the ministers’ grip on the village Sabbath, especially in New England,” he wrote, “Suddenly the mail coach was barging into town, bringing news, noise, and a ride to the next village.
“Community leaders organized a great campaign to stop the Sunday deliveries. They raised funds, held rallies, published tracts, signed petitions, and failed to dent the infidels (or Democats) in Washington.
“The congressional community rudely snubbed the Sabbatarians. But the political movement, now up and running, shifted its attention to a larger moral cause – abolishing slavery.”
Morone said, “From the very start, Americans have been asking the same question: Who are we? Each new generation of immigrants provoke the question – and a great bout of politics. The debate about who we are always seems to turn back to morals: the virtuous versus the vicious, the saints versus the sinners, us versus them. These dichotomies are always on display but this election season has brought them out in full force.
Morone, who earned his doctoral degree from the University of Chicago, is widely recognized for his informative and inspiring lectures, having been awarded the Hazeltine Citation for “the teacher who most inspired them” by Brown University students in 1993, 1999, 2001, 2007 and 2008.
His most recent book, “The Heart of Power: Health and Politics in the Oval Office from Roosevelt to Bush” (2009), returns him to an issue that has shaped much of his scholarly work, that of why healthcare is such a contentious issue in American politics.
Morone also has written more than 100 essays, including one that reflects on Harry Potter and its lesson for American education.
James Morone is important as a speaker today because, as "a distinguished scholar and dynamic public intellectual, brings together history, politics, religion, and public policy to illuminate currents in American life, past and present. He poses the most basic and challenging questions about who we are as a nation," said Linell Cady, director of the Center for the Study of Religion and Conflict. | <urn:uuid:f62c886d-9826-41af-b232-7e897e1f523b> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://asunow.asu.edu/content/promise-stem-cell-research-focus-arizona-science-center-talk | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583662690.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20190119054606-20190119080606-00485.warc.gz | en | 0.958555 | 836 | 3.375 | 3 |
Importance of managing asthma is that it can be a life-threatening illness. Most people are diagnosed with asthma as children so it is extremely important that you teach your child about their triggers and what to do in case they do have an attack.
Everyone diagnosed with asthma needs an Asthma Action Plan. This plan details what measures are taken depending on how the patient is feeling. This plan will also have to include the most important thing, how to AVOID an attack.
Who Is Taking Care Of You?
It is important that you have the right doctor treat you or your loved ones asthma. I suggest an Allergy and Immunologist or a Pulmonologist.
What Are Your Triggers?
The main thing to remember when trying to avoid an attack is to know your triggers. Most doctors will perform an allergy test to let you know exactly what you are allergic to. For example, I have food allergies in addition to my environmental allergies. Most asthmatics have environmental allergies such as :
- Dust mites
- Pet Dander
- Mold and Mildew
- Cigarette Smoke
There are pillowcase and mattress covers that will help to prevent dust mites. It is recommended people with asthma sleep in a room with no carpet because dust mites can live in the carpet. Filters can be placed over heating vents of the home to cut down on dust mites. Vacuum regularly and wash sheets and blankets in hot water (131 degrees Fahrenheit). It is important to keep the environment of an asthmatic clean (dust free) some will require no carpeting and no stuffed animals.
What Is Your Zone?
The other part of the plan is broken up into zones: Red, Yellow and Green.
Peak Flow Meter – An instrument that monitors the peak expiratory flow rate of air from a person’s bronchi; used to manage asthma
Green Zone – (safety zone) how to manage you or your child’s asthma on a daily basis when he or she is feeling good.
Yellow Zone – (caution zone) how to look for signs that you or your child’s asthma is getting worse. It also instructs you on which medications to add to bring the asthma back under control.
Red Zone – (DANGER ZONE) what to do when a flare-up is SEVERE.
The color system helps you and/or your child understand exactly what to do according to the person’s peak flow meter. Before you can put this plan in action you must know your personal best. This plan can include emergency phone numbers as well as list of triggers.
If you have any other questions please Ask Dr. Renee | <urn:uuid:e56f27a3-b881-437c-8351-65143aecf423> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://askdrrenee.info/ask-dr-renee-managing-asthma/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670601.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20191120185646-20191120213646-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.938762 | 555 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Immigrants Offset Population and Workforce Losses in Wisconsin Cities
Immigrants are playing a very important role in boosting cities in Wisconsin and across the Midwest, according to a report issued last month. The recent report, written by the Chicago Council on Global Affairs, analyzed 2000 and 2010 decennial census data and found that the arrival of immigrants over the last decade helped reverse a trend of declining populations in cities throughout the Midwest.
Here are some of the highlights of the report, “Growing the Heartland: How Immigrants Offset Population Decline and an Aging Workforce in Midwest Metropolitan Areas,” pertaining to Midwest metropolitan areas:
- Over the last decade alone, the region’s foreign born population rose 27.4% (from 3.5 million to 4.5 million).
- Immigrant population growth accounts for 38% of metropolitan area growth in the Midwest.
- Only 67% of native-born Midwesterners live in metro-areas, compared to 88% of immigrants.
- Although this region’s native-born population in the 35-to-44 age group saw a 20.6% decrease between 2000 and 2010, the immigrant population in that age range experienced a 44.2% increase.
The same trends can be seen in the report’s data for Wisconsin cities, shown in the following table.
The next table focuses on an especially important part of the workforce, people in the age range of 35 through 44. It illustrates that Wisconsin cities have had a rapidly shrinking number of people in that age range who were born in the U.S., but the declining native born population is being partially offset by immigrants in that age range.
At a time when immigration is still a fairly controversial topic, it is important to note the beneficial roles it plays across the Midwest. Aside from helping to sustain the population, immigration brings young workers into a workforce that is aging quickly. However, in order to fully leverage the benefits of Midwestern immigration, metropolitan areas must work to ease the transition for immigrants into the economy, labor market, and civic processes.
For Wisconsin and its cities to grow and prosper, we need to help immigrants become productive workers, active consumers and engaged citizens. As the report concludes, “this requires new federal policies and, yes, immigration reform, that fully recognize immigration as an asset, not a burden, to the region.”
Jelicia Diggs and Jon Peacock | <urn:uuid:b61f2696-c283-4893-a9bc-feca4ec3931c> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.wisconsinbudgetproject.org/immigrants-offset-population-and-workforce-losses-in-wisconsin-cities?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+WisconsinBudgetProject+%28Wisconsin+Budget+Project%29 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982291015.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195811-00147-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945795 | 501 | 2.546875 | 3 |
With his brother, Lutz Heck, who was director of the Berlin Zoological Garden, he worked on two breeding back projects to recreate extinct species. The Heck horse aimed to recreate the tarpan (the true European wild horse, ancestor of all European domestic horse breeds), and the Heck cattle, aimed to recreate the aurochs, the wild cattle of the European forest.
This work has been criticised on grounds that once an animal is extinct, it cannot re-exist. This is contrary to Heck's view, which is that while genes of an extinct animal still exist in extant descendants, the animal could still be recreated.
Heck also played an important part in saving the European bison (wisent) from extinction when the majority of its population of about 90 survived in captivity in Germany following great losses to the species during World War I. To help manage the survival of the European bison from the remaining captive population, he commenced the first studbook for a non-domestic species, initially as a card index in 1923, leading to a full publication in 1932. Thanks to Heck's efforts, the European bison population has significantly increased and the species has been re-released into the wild.
- Van Vuure, Cis (2005). Retracing the Aurochs: History, Morphology and Ecology of an Extinct Wild Ox. Sofia, Bulgaria: Pensoft Publishers. ISBN 978-954-642-235-4. | <urn:uuid:00736a0d-88bc-4a8d-95a1-2cabc65d18eb> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Heck | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886106865.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170820170023-20170820190023-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.940203 | 300 | 3.46875 | 3 |
We here at GastroIntestinal Healthcare want to give a shout out to all of our celiac patients on National Celiac Day. The U.S. Senate first recognized September 13 as National Celiac Day in 2011. They chose this date because it’s the birthday of Dr. Samuel Gee, a leading celiac researcher.
Who is Dr. Gee?
Samuel Gee (1839-1911) was an English physician who is credited with providing the first modern description of celiac disease. Dr. Gee’s interest in medical history and ability to read Greek led him to an ancient description of the disease by the ancient Greek physician Aretaeus of Cappadocia in the first century. Dr. Gee had noticed similar symptoms in some of his own patients at the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street in London. He gave a lecture on the disease in 1887 and hypothesized that diet would be the best treatment.
We now know he was right. William-Karel Dicke, a Dutch pediatrician, discovered that it was gluten that needed to be excluded from the diet based on dietary experiments with his own patients. He published his findings in 1941.
Ways to Celebrate National Celiac Day
- Bake your favorite gluten-free goodies.
Gluten-free recipes abound. Why not have some friends or family over for a gluten-free dinner? They won’t miss the gluten at all! Need inspiration? Check out some of the recipes on the Celiac Disease Foundation’s website with ideas for every course: https://celiac.org/live-gluten-free/lifestyle/recipe-grid/.
- Get together with some of your celiac buddies for lunch at your favorite restaurant (with a gluten-free menu, that is).
Every celiac patient knows which restaurants in their area have the best gluten-free menu (and not just salads). Need some ideas in the Raleigh area or maybe looking to try something new? Check out this article: http://www.themenunc.com/cheap-eats-gluten-free/. There’s even an Italian restaurant with gluten-free pizza and pasta on there!
- Have your (cup)cake and eat it, too.
Head on over to your favorite gluten-free bakery for a delicious treat. And while the icing may be your favorite part, rest easy knowing it won’t hurt you to eat the cake, too.
- Be a part of the research.
The Celiac Disease Foundation offers online training to become a patient advocate, which allows you to participate in their research projects, serve on research committees, and find other ways you can help in your community. You will also enter your data in the iCure Celiac patient registry. This data is made available to scientific researchers and government policy analysts.
Celiac disease isn’t just the gluten-free diet trend (although the gluten-free diet trend has certainly filled the gluten-free aisle at the grocery store with more choices than ever!). A gluten-free diet is the only treatment for the disease. Commit to educate those in your everyday life that your dietary requirements are essential to your health and must be met.
- Join a support group.
Sometimes, it’s nice to be around people who understand you because they really have walked a mile in your shoes. Reach out to local support groups and consider taking the time to join. You never know how your experiences with celiac disease may help someone else or how someone else may help you.
Concerned you or a loved one may have celiac disease?
Contact our office for an appointment. We’ll be happy to discuss your symptoms and recommend testing to determine whether you do, indeed, have celiac disease.
And to all our fun-loving, healthy, happy celiac patients out there, a very happy National Celiac Day to you! | <urn:uuid:97e9acd0-959b-4186-acc4-4ec4ecfc50df> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.giraleigh.com/holidays/september-13-is-national-celiac-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500058.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20230203154140-20230203184140-00553.warc.gz | en | 0.95141 | 825 | 2.625 | 3 |
From Amalgam Myths and Facts (amalgam here means mercury-containing amalgams used by dentists):
Myth 10: Amalgam has been banned in Germany and Sweden and therefore should be banned in the United States.
Fact 10: Dental amalgam has not been banned in any country in the European Union.
From a 2009 press release:
The [Swedish] Government today decided to introduce a blanket ban on mercury. The ban means that the use of dental amalgam in fillings will cease.
In response to the Swedish ban, the American Dental Association put out a press release that said such a ban was “not necessary” in America because dentists do such a good job recycling the amalgam that doesn’t go into your mouth. Moreover, “a recent economic impact study published in the journal Public Health Reports indicates dental care costs in the U.S. would increase up to $8.2 billion in the first year alone if amalgam use was discontinued.” I don’t know what “up to” means. Perhaps it means that dental care costs would increase by a trivial amount “up to” $8.2 billion. Mercury-containing amalgam fillings are about half mercury. | <urn:uuid:dbf86bd2-bb96-4f40-9612-84f64a8eb4b9> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://blog.sethroberts.net/2012/03/08/watching-the-quackwatchers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464051054181.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524005054-00202-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941032 | 264 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Doctors explain the importance of a wish
The Referral Process
The referral process is the first step in a child’s wish. A wish can provide a magical and empowering interlude in a terrible and frightening time. Children are energized by a wish … by imagining it, describing it, planning and anticipating it. Families tell us that a wish can encourage a child to see a future to fight for and then to fight on, often against tremendous odds, when courage and hope are flagging.
If you know a child who needs our help, please complete an online Wish Referral Form, Contact firstname.lastname@example.org or call our office at toll-free at 1-866-277-9474.
Each wish-granting situation is a unique experience for the child, their family and Make-A-Wish BC & Yukon. However, there is a general process by which a child is referred, qualified and granted a wish.
Out of respect for the children and families we serve and out of concern for their privacy, children who may be eligible to receive a wish may be referred by one of three sources:
- Medical professionals treating the child such as doctors, nurses, social workers, or child-life specialists
- A parent or legal guardian of the potential wish child
- The potential wish child themselves
If a relative or friend makes the initial referral, our process is somewhat different. We do not wish to intrude on a family’s privacy and want them to feel comfortable with the process. We ask friends and relatives to speak to the family and encourage them to call us directly.
We require authorization from the child’s doctor and our medical advisor that:
- the child has a life-threatening medical condition which will threaten their existence prior to their 18th year.
- the child is between the ages of 3 and 17 years of age.
- the child has the cognitive ability of a 3 year old and can communicate and comprehend their wish.
Any child aged 3 through and including, 17-years-old with a life-threatening medical condition may be eligible for a wish. The child must be able to identify a wish and cannot have received a prior wish from any wish-granting organization. The child’s treating physician and our Medical Advisor make the final determination as to whether the child is medically eligible and able to participate in the wish.
Referring a child can be a difficult step for some parents to take. It is so important to understand two things:
- Qualification for a wish does not mean that all hope is gone. We grant life-affirming wishes rather than last wishes.
- Qualification for a wish is not based on a family’s financial situation. We know that a catastrophic illness puts a ‘fantasy wish’ beyond the reach of almost every household–whether from financial or emotional devastation. Rich or poor, we believe that every child with a life-threatening medical condition is deserving of a heartfelt wish.
Refer a Child Now | <urn:uuid:b86f175b-5389-4433-86b6-d8d9d2d34b25> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://makeawishbc.ca/wishes/refer-a-child | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131299121.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172139-00054-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941363 | 625 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Can other insects transmit trypanosomiasis?
Yes! The form of trypanosomiasis caused by T. vivax occurs in South America and Asia, where there are no tsetse flies. In these places, other biting insects such as stable flies (Stomoxys) and horse flies transmit the disease.
In Africa, the camel disease 'surra' caused by Trypanosoma evansi is transmitted mechanically by horseflies. However, the general consensus is that the trypanosome species causing disease in cattle (T. vivax, T. congolense) and humans (T. brucei spp.) are transmitted by tsetse only. The most compelling evidence for this is that when tsetse were eliminated from large areas of Zimbabwe, Botswana and South Africa, trypanosomiasis ceased, even though potential mechanical vectors such as stable flies and horse flies were still abundant.
Tsetse workers in some parts of Africa have reported the presence of trypanosomiasis in the apparent absence of tsetse. These observations have led some people to conclude that the disease is transmitted mechanically by biting flies, such as Stomoxys, in Africa.Tsetse can however survive at very low densities (<10 per square kilometre) and a single trap catches only ~1% of a local tsetse population per day. Thus even the most effective traps need to be operated continuously for many weeks to provide compelling evidence that there are no tsetse in the vicinity.
Past studies purporting to show the apparent presence of trypanosomiasis in the absence of tsetse were often undertaken with inferior designs of trap. If the density of tsetse were low, then it would be very likely that no tsetse would be caught by such traps. Not catching any tsetse does not mean that there is none! | <urn:uuid:298e281a-d9b0-46a4-826d-c2c58537bc43> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.tsetse.org/tsetse-faq/tsetse-and-trypanosomiasis/can-other-insects-transmit-trypanosomiasis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376824525.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20181213054204-20181213075704-00093.warc.gz | en | 0.967169 | 391 | 3.46875 | 3 |
The first of the displaced people to return to their homes in Curvarado, north Colombia found the forests they had known cut down, the rivers and streams diverted and the native wildlife long gone. It was a desert, they say – not of sand but of African-palm and cattle ranches.
Standing in the shadows behind the palm businesses and ranchers that had taken over the region were the same paramilitaries that had forced them from their homes several years before.
But still the people came. They built new communities known as “Humanitarian Zones,” which are now legally recognized as neutral zones where all armed actors, legal and illegal are prohibited from entering. They also began the process of reclaiming the land exhausted by the agri-business onslaught, dividing recovered territory into “Biodiversity Zones.”
However, over 15 years after they were first displaced, the Humanitarian Zone communities still live with the ever-present threat of violence, while the Biodiversity Zones have become a target for interests looking to force them from their lands again.
The predominantly Afro-Colombian communities of Curvarado were first displaced in the mid-nineties when the Colombian military launched a joint operation with their paramilitary death squads allies, who later would go on to form the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC) – the paramilitary umbrella group that terrorized Colombia for nearly a decade.
Enrique Petro was one of the first to return to the region in 2002. “I said ‘I’m going there – to my land – maybe they will kill me, but I’m going’,” he said. As more returnees joined Petro, in 2005 they took their first step towards reclaiming their stolen lands by defying the businesses, the paramilitaries, the army, and the police and staging a public cutting down of the African-palms that covered the land. “They told me ‘for every tree you cut down we’re going cut off a head’,” said Petro. “So I said to them, ‘You have a lot of trees, I’ve just got the one head.”
Petro donated part of the recovered land to be used to build the first Humanitarian Zone, which inspired other displaced families to return. As the new communities grew and proliferated they developed the Biodiversity Zones as a strategy to reclaim their territories as their own.
Much of Curvarado, including the lands where the Humanitarian Zones are located, are constitutionally recognized as collectively titled territories belonging to the region’s Afro-Colombian communities. As a result, the Biodiversity Zones are not individually owned but divided into self-organized family groups. However, the communities have agreed on five principals that guide the use of the lands. According to the agreement, zones should be analyzed and divided into sectors for agriculture, recuperation, conservation, housing and sustainable use. “All of this is a proposal of collective construction” said Jorge Forero, from the Inter-ecclesiastical Commission for Justice and Peace – a human rights NGO that has accompanied the communities since they returned to the zone. “It is the experience of how people have lived and also a form of organizing in the face of the conflict.”
Agriculture in the zones not only feeds the communities, it is also their economic lifeblood as surplus produce can be sold on. Crops are grown using traditional Afro-Colombian sustainable agriculture methods – which stand in stark contrast to the agri-businesses that the zones have replaced. “We don’t share [methods] with the mega-businesses,” said “Isabel”, a Humanitarian Zone resident, “because what they do is they take the land and they destroy everything in the territory … When they leave, the land produces nothing, it has become infertile.”
The Biodiversity Zones are also intended to allow the lands to begin the slow process of recuperation from the agri-business invasion. “There was enough water, there were enough fish, enough animals,” said Uriel Tuberquia, another resident. “Now, with all the exploitation, what we have to do is start again.”
The process includes reforestation and land recovery projects to encourage the return of the native wildlife, which also fled the para-business assault that destroyed their habitat. “The animals are also alive and they have rights,” said Isabel. For the communities, this plays a central role in creating the environment they want to live in. “Nature is an offering, an offering that we feel here,” she said. “It fills you with joy to live in contact with nature.”
While the Biodiversity Zones have played a practical role in enabling people to return to the region, their social function runs deeper. “It is possible that these communities have their own food source but it is also the possible that they continue resisting, that they don’t have to stay outside of the communities,” said Forero.
Although establishing the Humanitarian and Biodiversity Zones was the first step in returning to Curvarado, it was just the beginning of the struggle for the returnees. Their claims to the land are being fought at every turn by the businesses and by the paramilitaries – who now operate under different names following the demobilization of the AUC but utilize the same methods of violence and terror.
Most of the palm companies they faced in the first confrontations have left the region. Sixteen palm businessmen are currently in prison for their role in displacing the population of Curvarado, while 11 more are fugitives and 22 have been called to trial. Most of their crops were killed off by a mysterious fungal plague that stained the leaves of the plants red. “This was the blood of those they killed here,” said Petro. “It was God himself that sent [the plague].”
However, as the palm companies have retreated, another sector with a long history of paramilitary ties has moved in – banana companies. Several Biodiversity Zones have been occupied by people from outside the region, who have destroyed the crops and reforestation projects of the communities and replaced them with plantain and other monocrops. “Nature was returning but the invaders took over and destroyed everything and it looked like desert once again,” said Isabel.
According to reports from the Lower Councils of Curvarado and the Humanitarian Zones, the “invaders,” as they are known in the region, are landless and displaced people from elsewhere in Colombia who say they answered advertisements promising land, start-up money and equipment, and a guarantee from the banana companies to buy their crops.
“The objective is to repopulate the territory, to fill it with people who will wage war against us,” said Andres, who lives in a zone whose lands have been taken over by invaders. “They do it so the community will be scared, and decide to be displaced again.”
The invaders claim the backing of the paramilitaries in the region, and according to reports complied by Justice and Peace, paramilitaries organize and supervise the occupiers’ work, and threaten those that have denounced them.
The most prominent company allegedly working with the invaders is Banacol – a Colombia based multinational. In a written statement Banacol said it had provided start-up equipment, technical expertise and access to international markets for Afro-Colombian families “from the communities [and] with roots in the zone” as part of a project to “generate work opportunities and development” for the region’s Afro-Colombian population.
However, it did not comment on the legal restrictions placed on commercial development projects in the region put in place by the Constitutional Court, which state that until the restitution process is completed, “such transactions are presumed to be illegal.” Banacol also did not respond to the accusations that paramilitaries are overseeing the farms.
The cattle ranchers remain in the region, even though many of them have been designated as “bad faith occupiers” by local authorities, who discovered that thousands of acres used for ranching had been acquired through fraudulent and illegal land purchases. The ranchers dispute the communities’ claims to the land and, according to residents, have also been targeting the Biodiversity Zones in efforts to force them to leave their lands again.
One of the ranchers’ main tactics is to cut the wire fences marking the Biodiversity Zones and let their cows run loose, eating and trampling the crops the communities have planted. “Their strategy is that we have to get tired of this and sell them the land, or leave the area and leave the land there for them,” said Cristian, whose family has been involved in a long running confrontation with ranchers after reclaiming the farm they abandoned at the height of the paramilitary violence.
Enrique’s family has consistently complained to the authorities, taking police to their zones and showing them the cut wire and the damage caused by the cattle. Despite promises to take action, the police do nothing, he said. “So the question is – what are the security forces in this country, in this region?” he said. “How do they work? What are they for?”
Residents claim the ranchers also have close ties to the paramilitaries and those involved in the land disputes have been heavily threatened. “They are [the ranchers’] private army, their armed support, they are there to kill people,” said Cristian.
In other parts of the region, the Biodiversity Zones have been victim of another paramilitary business interest – drugs. According to residents, some of the more remote zones have been taken over and planted with coca crops. They also believe the rudimentary labs used to process coca leaves into cocaine paste are present in the region, as trucks carrying large quantities of the precursor substances required can be seen heading deep into the zone.
“The cultivation is on a grand scale and it is open,” said Forero. “We’re talking about a monocrop.” According to Forero, the military denies the existence of the plantations, even though there are crops just minutes away from army roadblocks. Residents claim trucks carrying pre-cursor chemicals pass through the roadblocks and into the zone while those carrying drugs pass out unhindered. At the time of publication, the military had not responded to Toward Freedom’s questions about coca cultivation in the region.
While struggling to hold back the invaders, the ranchers and drug cultivation, the communities are also pushing for the Biodiversity Zones to be awarded the type of legal status that protects the Humanitarian Zones. At the same time, a census is currently in progress to determine who can legally lay claim to lands in the collective territories.
With the census now reaching its final stages, the paramilitaries and the businesses have been increasing the pressure on the communities and threats and violence have been on the rise. Last year, Manuel Ruiz, a member of the census committee who had also been involved in a personal land struggler with rancher Victor Rios, was kidnapped, tortured and murdered along with his teenage son, Samir. The names of members of the Humanitarian Zones communities interviewed for this article have all appeared on widely circulated death lists and there have been attempts on the lives of both Enrique Petro and Cristian.
The communities though, remain committed to their right to return. At the heart of that struggle is the communities’ right to their lands and to determine their use, which has found expression in the Biodiversity Zones. “This process has been very hard for us,” said Tuberquia. “But we know that it is a process of life, not a process of death. We are struggling for life here and defending life is defending the land; if we don’t defend the land we are dead.”
The names of some of the people interview for this article have been changed to protect their identities. | <urn:uuid:7041eafd-2d02-46c2-821f-f162c4062a97> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://zcommunications.org/znetarticle/colombian-communities-reclaim-land-and-life-from-the-paramilitary-business-alliance-by-james-bargent/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988840.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00049-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97255 | 2,580 | 3.09375 | 3 |
A SWOT analysis will answer these questions:
What are the internal strengths and weakness of your company?
What are the external opportunities and threats in your industry and its environment?
Can any weaknesses be converted to strengths? Any threats into opportunities?
How can your company take advantage of strengths and opportunites?
What strategic changes can your company implement as a result of the SWOT analysis?
SWOT is a tool for strategic analysis. It is used to analyze a company and the environment in which it operates.
SWOT stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunties, and Threats.
Information in a SWOT analysis is organized into internal and external factors:
Several of the databases listed in this guide offer published SWOT analyses for public companies. Should you use these for your assignment?
These reports offer perspectives on a company that you might not be aware of and they can lead you to research interesting aspects of a company's operations and environment. But like all research sources, they require evaluation. The reports can be incomplete, outdated, or even factually wrong. If you decide to use them in your report or presentation, cite your source. Do not plagiarize. | <urn:uuid:ede0fc21-1719-4529-8e51-d29eb871b95e> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://guides.newman.baruch.cuny.edu/c.php?g=188239 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542002.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00416-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931763 | 242 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Diamond machining is a technique that uses single crystalline diamond tools to machine a small selection of materials to very high precision. Diamond machining is generally employed when individual features on the surface are less than 0.010” in any dimension, or when a high quality surface finish is required. Diamond machining offers surface finish characteristics that can generally not be achieved with traditional cutting tools, allowing for optical quality surface finishes of both microstructures and large components.
Often, diamond machining is used to generate an initial master mold for polymer components. The diamond machined master is machined to high fidelity, and then subsequently prepared for electroforming. During the electroforming process, a direct duplicate of the original diamond machined component is generated out of nickel, which is suitable for most casting and thermoforming processes. The working nickel electroform offers greater wear resistance, protecting the original machined components from the rigors of manufacturing. Multiple working electroforms may be generated from a single diamond machined master.
MLA uses an ultraprecision diamond machining platform to perform linear raster milling and vertical milling using single crystalline diamond tools. Typical application includes lenticular lens arrays, diamond machined light pipes, corner cube retroreflector arrays, and micro optical elements.
Materials that may be machined include:
Copyright © 2017 Max Levy Autograph, Inc. | <urn:uuid:f0a2fb23-9a65-4e3d-8342-f3a64a20d208> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.maxlevy.com/diamond-machining.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549436330.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170728042439-20170728062439-00498.warc.gz | en | 0.869752 | 279 | 3.0625 | 3 |
This week's book giveaway is in the General Computing forum. We're giving away four copies of Arduino in Action and have Martin Evans, Joshua Noble, and Jordan Hochenbaum on-line! See this thread for details.
Hi all. I never had experience setting up webservers, so I have some silly questions regarding configuration and access. It seems that I have successfully installed Tomcat on my Ubuntu (11.10), although I didn't set up any environment variables, and yet when I execute ./startup.sh everything works fine. I understand that these environment variables are needed for the scripts and not Tomcat itself, so when I start it, all values in these variables are correct (except for JRE_HOME it just points to /usr, but when I try to check if Tomcat is running, it's there). So is it mandatory to set up these variables? Also, how do I access the server from another machine? I mean, it's a silly question, but when I type http://myipaddress:8080 it just won't connect. (only http://localhost:8080), do I need to configure something? Or is the connection just being blocked? If yes, how do I resolve that?
You have to set up JAVA_HOME (or JRE_HOME). Tomcat will deduce the other items based on that and on the location of the startup script (actually, the catalina.sh script). You can override when these defaults are not sufficient - for example, when you have multiple Tomcats so that CATALINA_HOME and CATALINA_BASE have different values.
For settings within Tomcat itself, you can create a setenv.sh inside TOMCAT_HOME/bin. Use this, for example, to override the default JVM memory settings.
To access Tomcat from another machine, you have to open Tomcat's port (8080) in the machine's firewall (iptables). Also open up port 8443, if you will be using SSL/TLS.
Customer surveys are for companies who didn't pay proper attention to begin with.
Joined: Jun 22, 2012
Thanks for reply. I see that this is a common configuration issue, also forgot I was using my router.. :d | <urn:uuid:3c5246e7-1bdb-4bc4-ab8a-df543bdc4258> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.coderanch.com/t/595744/Tomcat/Tomcat-access | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368710366143/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516131926-00095-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.909264 | 474 | 2.546875 | 3 |
A Brief History of the Computer
Book Description HTML
For over a millenium, humanity has used devices for computation. One of the earliest machines that could perform arithmetic calculations was the Chinese abacus, invented about 5000 years ago. In 1623, the first mechanical calculator was invented by Wilhelm Schickard, and the computing era began. Take a nostalgic trip down memory lane and read about the people, machines, technologies, programming languages and games that defined the history of the computer. | <urn:uuid:4a7ca7a9-f501-43ec-b08d-404efad68f0a> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.free-ebooks.net/ebook/A-Brief-History-of-the-Computer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676592309.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20180721032019-20180721052019-00083.warc.gz | en | 0.923889 | 97 | 3.25 | 3 |
Can sleep affect weight loss? Expert offers tips
Can lack of sleep make it harder to lose weight and even make you gain weight? Know from an expert the correlation between your sleep and weight loss.
If you’re trying to lose weight, then your sleep hygiene may be just as crucial to your weight loss efforts as your eating habits and exercise routine. We frequently ignore sleep and never give it the attention it deserves. According to the Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, sleeping fewer than the recommended 7 hours each night can increase your risk of adverse health outcomes such as weight gain, obesity, heart disease, depression or even stroke. As a result, both having a good night's sleep and sleep deprivation have potentially detrimental effects on one's ability to lose weight. Improved weight-loss techniques and a decrease in obesity will result from the relationship between sleep and weight.
Nutrition Coach and Dietitian, Liesl Rozario, suggested how sleep affects our weight, on her Instagram post.
Sleep and Weight loss
Several studies have been conducted looking at the relationship between body fat and sleep. The evidence suggests that not getting enough sleep each night is associated with more body fat. There appears to be an inverse correlation that the less sleep intake the more body fat there will be.
If you’re in a calorie deficit (i.e. dieting), not getting enough sleep can also mean you’re losing more lean mass rather than fat mass, which is not ideal.
Getting 3 hours of sleep less per night (5.5 hours instead of 8.5 hours) when dieting appears to be associated with an unfavourable nutrient partitioning effect, so more lean mass is lost during weight loss rather than fat mass. Short-term sleep deprivation has been seen to increase hunger by increasing the hunger hormone, leptin, especially when dieting. This led to a 20% increase in calorie intake.
There is also a correlation between abnormal sleep patterns and metabolic syndrome, with less or poor sleep being positively correlated with the occurrence of the comorbidities of metabolic syndrome (insulin resistance, hypertension, obesity) and an increased risk of diabetes.
Another effect could be poor insulin sensitivity, and an increase in the risk of hypertension, obesity and diabetes.
So overall, not getting enough sleep can have negative effects on your weight loss efforts, body weight, and overall health. It may seem like an easy trade-off when you feel you don’t have enough time in the day but you should consider the other effects of lack of sleep that go beyond just being tired. Getting enough sleep should be a priority for everyone. | <urn:uuid:bda62ec3-3045-4be7-9796-899220576143> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/health/can-sleep-affect-weight-loss-expert-offers-tips-101664175342034.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711121.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20221206225143-20221207015143-00610.warc.gz | en | 0.950971 | 545 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Stanford University News Service
425 Santa Teresa Street
Stanford, California 94306-2245
Tel: (650) 723-2558
Fax: 650) 725-0247
April 25, 2006
David Orenstein, School of Engineering: (650) 736-2245, firstname.lastname@example.org
A team of 11 researchers, including 10 at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and one at Stanford University, has gained a fundamental new insight into the physical strength of crystalline materials, which perhaps surprisingly include the industrial mainstays of aluminum, iron, gold and silicon. Findings of the study, which was led by Lawrence Livermore researcher Vasily V. Bulatov, appear in the April 27 issue of the journal Nature.
"This is very fundamental research," says Stanford mechanical engineering Assistant Professor Wei Cai, who developed computer simulations of crystals at the atomic scale that helped confirm the study's counterintuitive finding that crystals gain strength from a complex intersection of dislocations in their structure. While many solids do not look like the crystals of everyday experience (for example, table salt), most solids are in fact crystalline in that their atoms are arranged in a regular lattice.
A useful, if imperfect, analogy that explains the new research is traffic gridlock. Think of two intersecting streets as intersecting planes in a crystal. When the cars on those two streets become gridlocked, it's bad enough, but imagine now a third street (or plane of the crystal) cutting through the intersection on a diagonal. The more streets leading into the intersection, the more tangled traffic can become. Similarly, more intersecting dislocations on more planes mean a stronger tangle within the crystal.
Accurate simulations are especially important in the tiny realms of nanotechnology and microelectromechanical systems, where direct experiments to gauge material strength are difficult to perform. "Ultimately, as we gain further understanding along these lines, this [knowledge] could be used to make stronger materials," Cai says.
An ideal crystal, which is a stack of planes of atoms, would be as orderly as a lattice made out of Tinkertoys. But all real crystals have defects, which are borders between areas in the planes of the crystal that shift around in different directions as a result of some outside pressure or stress. These shifting borders manifest themselves as lines that wind through the crystal like veins through marble. Since the 1930s, scientists have suspected that at least simple intersections between two defect borderlines influence material strength, but they did not know much about how.
"There is this fundamental connection between defects and strength, but no one had really made that quantitative," Cai says. "That [connection] has been really a driving force of ours over the last few years. Through computer simulation, we have seen how this defect network evolves."
Through not only such simulations but also direct physical observations in a real crystal of molybdenum, Bulatov's team has shown that previously unnoticed intersections of several defect lines, called multi-junctions, give crystals much greater strength than intersections of just two lines. The reason why more complex intersections give crystals greater strength is that they are a product of more planes getting in each other's way, hindering further shifting within the planes. Also, the formation of multi-junctions is a process that removes energy, which helps the local borders of these areas settle.Understanding nanoscale materials
An obvious goal of this research is to be able to predict the strength of materials. Another, longer-term goal is to devise entirely new materials with desirable properties. At the macroscale of bridges and car parts, engineers have long used experiments and empirical measurements to assess material strength, Cai says. At everyday scales, a fundamental explanation down to the atomic level hasn't been necessary to assess materials or to make them useful for a variety of purposes.
But scientists and entrepreneurs are increasingly interested in creating devices and structures at scales of millionths to billionths of meters—the so-called "nanoscale." There, very little is known about material strength. In fact, much of the wonder regarding nanotechnology derives from the fact that at those dimensions, most materials behave very differently than they do at macro scales.
The greatest applicability of the Bulatov team's discovery, Cai says, will be in giving engineers more systematic, predictive insight into the strength of nanoscale materials. The study does not give them all the tools they need, but it is an important advance.
"We are simplifying the situation by simulating a pure single crystal," he acknowledges. "But this is a first step."
David Orenstein is the communications and public relations manager at the Stanford School of Engineering.
Wei Cai, Mechanical Engineering: (650) 736-1671, email@example.com
A photo of Wei Cai is available on the web at http://newsphotos.stanford.edu.
Email firstname.lastname@example.org or phone (650) 723-2558. | <urn:uuid:5108bd61-4c57-45c2-94c1-c41385fb6627> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.stanford.edu/dept/news/pr/2006/pr-cai-042606.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164010865/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133330-00052-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946859 | 1,047 | 3.109375 | 3 |
What do food labels mean?
If you feel confused about what you should be reading and believing on food labels, you aren’t alone! Integrated Learning Therapy practitioners focus on young people so let’s see if we can offer some guidelines to steer you in the right direction regarding your children.
First of all, it is necessary to realise that labels are there for two main reasons. They tell us the name of the food or drink that we are looking at, what ingredients it is made of, its weight and where it comes from. They also are designed to tempt us into buying the product. It is their job to look attractive – hence they are colourful, have appealing pictures (aimed at the children) and try to highlight the nutritional and health credentials of the content (aimed at parents). Unfortunately, we can’t always believe the hype on the packaging. We simply have to be prepared to spend a few moments reading the label.
Ingredients are listed in their weight-descending order at the time the product is being prepared. This means that the first item on the list will be present in the largest quantity, and so on. When a product uses a variety of ingredients, such as herbs, but all in roughly the same quantity, then they can appear in any order.
Recently a friend bought a packet of Tasty Brown Onion – a 2-in-1 stew mix. The ingredients were listed as follows: Wheat flour, maize flour, salt, flavour enhancers (monosodium glutamate, E631, E627), flavouring, caramel colourant (E150c), radurised herbs, potassium chloride, sugar, vegetable oil (palm fruit, TBHQ). The nutritional information noted that, amongst other things, it contained minimal sugar but 378 mg of sodium (salt) per serving.
What do we make of this? There aren’t any onions in it, surprisingly! Seems like it contains only flour, flavourants, colourants and little more. Not very helpful, but the quantity of salt needs further examination.
Children’s recommended salt intake
As adults, we shouldn’t be having more than 6 grams (6 g) of salt per day (roughly one slightly rounded teaspoon). Children’s salt intake depends on their age, as shown below:
Children up to 6 months 1 g 1/5 teaspoon
7-12 months 1 g 1/5 teaspoon
1-3 years 2 g 2/5 teaspoon
4-6 years 3 g 3/5 teaspoon
7-10 years 5 g 1 teaspoon
The salt content of the stew mix is 378 mg, which is about 38% of 1 gram. This might sound well below the daily recommended amount for older children but because it is a ‘hidden’ ingredient in the dish being prepared, it would add considerably to the actual salt intake of a child over a day’s meals and snacks. As a general rule of thumb, the amount of salt (sodium) in any processed product would be considered low (i.e. a little) if less than 40 mg of sodium per 100 g of the product.
Some breakfast cereals, claiming to be lower in sugar, are very high in salt. This is done to improve the flavour of the food but doesn’t add to the health value. It’s quite common that children could be eating 30-40 percentage of the recommended daily amount of salt in a 30 g helping of cereal.
The presence of so many additives in the form of flavourants and colourants is also a red flag. Flavour enhancers do what they say – they perk up the taste in some foods. There are over 4 000 flavouring agents used in food, some of which are natural flavourings make some that are totally created by chemists and are not found anywhere in nature.
With the exception of flavourants, other additives carry an E number. The idea of the E number is to identify which have been declared ‘harmless’ by the European Union. However, if evidence mounts up to indicate that the additive might not be innocent, it can have its E number removed.
While many of us can consume many additives, some children prove to be more vulnerable to them. Here’s a list of preservatives that are best avoided if you are buying food or drinks for your children (or, of course, for yourself), particularly if they have any health issues, including learning difficulties:
E210 Benzoic acid
E211 Sodium benzoate
E211 Potassium benzoate
E213 Calcium benzoate
E214 Ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate
E215 Ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate sodium salt
E216 Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate
E217 Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate sodium salt
E218 Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate
E219 Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate sodium salt
E220 Sulphur dioxide
E221 Sodium dioxide
E222 Sodium hydrogen sulphite
E223 Sodium metabisulphite
E224 Potassium metabisulphite
E226 Calcium sulphite
E227 Calcium hydrogen sulphite
E232 Sodium biphenyl-2-yl oxide
E233 2-(Thiazol-4-yl) benzimidazole
E249 Potassium nitrate
E250 Sodium nitrate
E251 Sodium nitrate
E252 Potassium nitrate
And here’s a list of colourants that have been banned in many countries:
E104 Quinoline Yellow
E107 Yellow 2G
E110 Sunset Yellow
E124 Ponceau 4R
E128 Red 2G
E129 Allura Red
E131 Patent Blue V
E132 Indigo Carmine
E133 Brilliant Blue FCF
E142 Green S
E151 Black PN
E154 Brown FK
E154 Brown HT
Its really hard these days to avoid foods and drinks containing additives but it is possible to minimize intakes.
Minimising food additives
The easiest way to do this is to reduce the amount of processed foods that your family eats by going back to ‘traditional’ eating habits. Like your grandparents did, cook meat or fish or other protein source (eggs, cheese) and serve up with plenty of vegetables and fruit. Also cut back on shop-bought cakes and biscuits. It certainly helps to buy free range chickens, grass-fed beef and naturally raised pork. These may carry less of a load of the probiotics and other growth hormones used to boost meat production.
Any change you can make to your family’s diet that reduces the reliance on over-processed food, which by its nature requires lots of additives to give it form, taste, texture, colour and preservative qualities, is a step in the right direction
Isn’t this going overboard?
Are we being ridiculous? That’s an open question but going by the number of children whose symptoms have lessened with dietary changes, I believe that being cautious about food additives is sensible. Regulations for baby foods are very strict. However, after the age of 1 year, the guidelines disappear. The reasons for the levels of salt and additives being restricted in foods for babies is because their liver and kidneys, which have to deal with detoxifying these substances, are immature and simply can’t cope. It is hard to understand why older children are considered to have organs that suddenly can manage higher intakes. Toddlers and older children are exposed to foods and drinks rich in sugar, salt and additives.
So the only way you can ensure that your children are eating healthily is to be aware of how easy it is to shop for foods that may be more harmful than helpful. You simply have to be a ‘label detective’ to avoid the traps modern consumerism lays for you. | <urn:uuid:d042144c-1caf-4513-a330-aad0de554ec0> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.ilt.co.za/food-labels-mean/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107888931.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20201025100059-20201025130059-00385.warc.gz | en | 0.932442 | 1,637 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Here are tips on how to avoid common heat-related hazards, according to public health and National Institute on Aging (NIA) experts.
If you’re at risk of a fall, it’s important to be prepared. A bone-healthy diet can help reduce your risk of serious injury and a Medical Alert system can ensure you get the help you need.
These devices help those living with Parkinson’s disease to navigate everyday living activities that pose challenges to them.
While social distancing can feel scary for older adults living at home alone, it doesn’t have to. There are lots of easy ways you can equip yourself so that you feel prepared for any situation that might arise while you’re homebound.
Whether minor or major, vision issues can lead to serious health and safety mishaps. If you are struggling with vision problems, a Medical Alert system can provide protection and peace of mind.
Poor vision may increase your risk of falls by preventing you from seeing obstructions in your path. The following are five common conditions that can affect your ability to see properly.
A hearing test and a visit to the audiologist can help to diagnose a balance disorder, which may increase your risk of a fall.
Although the terms heart attack and cardiac arrest are often used interchangeably, the two medical terms actually reflect very different conditions with different causes and treatments.
The notion that men are at greater risk may be because some heart disease symptoms in women differ from those in men – making it difficult to diagnose.
With the arrival of cold winter weather, caregivers and seniors should be aware of the increased risk of falls and slips and take the necessary precautions. Here are five tips to reduce the risks of slips or falls for seniors this winter. | <urn:uuid:2599d215-1777-4f57-aec7-9bcf9d8172d0> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.medicalalert.com/tag/fall-detection/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107884322.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20201024164841-20201024194841-00109.warc.gz | en | 0.939878 | 359 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Avocados are quickly becoming one of the top “super foods” for promoting good health. They are packed with potassium, magnesium, and Vitamins C, E, K1, and B6. They are rich in monounsaturated fats, which are more commonly known as “good fats.” They have also a high amount of minerals and phytonutrients that promote a faster wound healing.
If you haven’t given avocados a chance yet, here are a few good reasons to add them to your regular diet.
Help fight against stress and oxidation
If you experience high levels of stress—and who doesn’t these days?—try avocados. First, they contain substantial amounts of antioxidants such as catechins and phenolic, which are responsible for helping you handle stress. Also, they can protect your body against oxidation.
Achieve youthful and glowing skin
Skin Aging? Fine lines? Stubborn dark spots? Wrinkles? Avocado can put an end to all these skin problems. Regular consumption of avocados can help protect your skin from the harmful free radicals associated with premature skin aging. Flawless and fresh skin really is possible. Avocados can help you look more beautiful and younger at any age.
Promote brain health
Research has shown that avocados are loaded with the monounsaturated fat that helps boost memory and brain function. If you struggle to recall even simple, important information, eating avocado may help to sharpen your memory.
These monounsaturated fats can also improve neurotransmission and brain activity. Some studies have even suggested that avocados may offer anti-convulsant effects for seizures.
Enhance weight loss
Help relieve arthritis pain
Suffering excruciating arthritis-related discomfort? Avocado may be an effective, and natural solution for you. It has a compound that may help reduce the stiffness and pain associated with arthritis. Also, it can improve joint function and promote more comfort in everyday movement.
This is just a short list of the benefits of incorporating avocado into your diet. Besides, avocados are a delicious and versatile food that can be used in so many ways in a variety of recipes. Every day, scientists and researchers are finding more and more advantages to consuming avocado; give them a try!
Love & Wellness | <urn:uuid:4a779c32-8b57-4f5e-bea8-d8258584f8dc> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://adrianawellness.com/benefits-of-avocadoes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104628307.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20220705205356-20220705235356-00176.warc.gz | en | 0.940157 | 483 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The portion of today’s post that is in italics is taken from Clinton S. Clark ©1993. I highly recommend that you visit Clinton S. Clark online at The Art of Healing.
Addict parents are without coping skills for feeling bad, they react or lash out in order to avoid hearing anything that they feel might cause them to “feel bad” As a way to destructively disconnect from the pain they are experiencing (feeling bad), they will try to control the information they are hearing by discounting it. “It” being the child’s pain which in effect discounts the child’s sense of worthiness to have pain.
An addict parent is basically addicted to controlling, either in the form of controlling themselves (their behaviors and their feelings), and/or controlling other people in the same way. And controlling information or personal space empowers the addict with feelings of control. Controlling is a way addict parents “feel better.”
Addicts are said to abuse alcohol and drugs. Sam will also be abused. Like a bottle of booze waiting in the liquor cabinet, Sam will wait. Booze is forgotten about until it’s needed and Sam will be forgotten about until he or she is needed. If booze becomes difficult to use it is discarded. When Sam becomes difficult to use he or she will be discarded. Sam will learn how to function as an inanimate object similar to a bottle of booze. This will be Sam’s acceptable role in his or her family. It will be a lonely role filled with pain, grief, anger, and rage over being used similar to a bottle of booze.
Keep in mind that Sam’s addict parent is not an evil doer. An addict cannot consciously see the addiction they are engaged in. They engage in the behavior because they are terrified of “feeling bad.” This terror stems from being trained as objects of addiction themselves as children. And objects of addiction lack the basic developmental coping skills for feeling bad; these coping skills for “feeling bad” were never allowed to develop. This lack of coping skill creates an overwhelming sense of terror when strong feelings occur. This is the developmental stigma of being trained as an object of addiction. And unfortunately, an addict will continue to pass this training onto their children or the next generation in their family. The cycle will continue form generation to generation until an unexpected event occurs to interrupt the cycle.
In order to keep Sam functioning as an inanimate object of addiction in the family, Sam’s addict parent or parents will have to use some kind of control. For the addict, control is equated to compliance and compliance is equated to no frustration. No frustration (or conflict) is equated to security and security equates to happy addict. As a result of this sociophysiological phenomenon, nothing is more important to an addict than satisfying their interdependent need to maintain a sense of security. Their object of addiction is important only as long as it accommodates the addict’s need to feel secure. The control techniques or behaviors used by the addict parent to keep their objects of addiction functioning effectively in this interdependent relationship are called “The Addictive Pull.” The addictive pull is comprised of all the necessary control behaviors, or “destructive control behaviors,” used by the addict to keep an object of addiction functioning like a drug.
Members in a dysfunctional family operate on the same premise. “You will submit to the control I think I need to have over you or I’ll abandon and beat you up emotionally or physically.”
Addict parents do not respect boundaries. They have no idea what the concept of boundaries is about. Setting a boundary for an addict parent creates an immediate hostile and abusive response. Children raised in dysfunctional families are abused, beaten, or abandoned when they try to keep themselves from being injured or intruded upon by setting a boundary (examples: “Don’t do that you’re hurting me! Or Ow-w-w!…that hurts!” or “Pl-e-a-s-e…don’t”) This is another part of the terror for children who were raised as objects of addiction. The addict parent is operating on the assumption that the child is an object of use and therefore does not need to be allowed a sense of safety by allowing boundaries. A boundary is seen by the addict parent as something that needs to be demolished in order to keep the child functioning as an object of use.
Note: Rebellion is dangerous in dysfunctional families where the child is being used as an object of an addition. A rebellious child is similar to removing cigarettes from an addict addicted to smoking or removing heroin from an addict addicted to heroin. The addict’s reaction to a rebellious child will be violent and non-supportive. Setting a boundary to maintain the protection of oneself is also seen as a rebellious act by addict parents because they see this as keeping them from their addiction of needing to use something or someone to feel better or avoiding feeling bad.
Children who grow up in addiction have high tolerance levels for abuse and scared feelings. Being abused and feeling scared becomes normal feeling and goes unnoticed or repressed. Also called stuffing or numbing feelings.
Today’s Bonus borrowed from …In All Our Affairs:
Detachment with love sometimes means loving ourselves enough to suspend blame, fear, guilt and self pity long enough to separate the problem from ourselves, until we can clarify our options and responsibilities, identify how we are contributing to the problem, and let go of the rest.
I was first reminded that for the alcoholic, drinking is not the problem—it’s the solution. Alcohol had served as the source of his security, courage, and serenity. Today he is often in a state of panic because he has not yet found other sources for these very real needs….If you do want the marriage, they told me, then accept the fact that you will not get healthy behavior from a sick person or logical statements from an illogical person.
When violence first occurred in my marriage, I truly thought it was my fault and that I should never say or do anything to anger my alcoholic husband. If I did, I thought he was justified, because in my mind he was always right; therefore I must be wrong. Because I didn’t want to think badly of him, I just denied that any violence occurred.
Read more Clinton S. Clark at The Art Department | <urn:uuid:9a944e4f-f861-4e81-b4ab-3d25473dcf43> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://tonirahman.com/2011/04/04/when-you-find-yourself-the-object-of-someone-elses-addition/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644065341.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025425-00188-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960657 | 1,342 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Vaccines are meant to help your body develop a stronger immunity against preventive diseases. These include polio, tetanus, influenza, hepatitis A and B, rubella, measles, whooping cough, rotavirus, mumps, chickenpox, and diphtheria, among many others.
By taking a vaccine, you’re actually introducing an infection into your body, but of a milder form than the actual disease. This way, your body produces the necessary germ-fighting tools needed to overcome the infection. Thus, the next time you get a similar infection, your body is in a better position to protect itself, thanks to the memory cells that were created after the vaccine shot.
How Do Vaccine Injuries Come About?
Generally, most people don’t experience serious problems after getting vaccinated. However, as is the case with many other medicines, you can experience some mild side effects. These include:
- Swelling, pain, and/or redness at the injection spot
- Mild fever
- Feeling fatigued
- Joint and muscle aches
Severe allergic reactions after getting vaccinated are quite rare. Experts estimate that less than 0.005% of all people vaccinated experience adverse events. In case you’re a part of this small group, you’ll experience symptoms such as:
- Loss of breath
- Swelling on your face and throat
- A higher than normal heartbeat
- Awful rash throughout your body
- Whole body weakness
- Loss of vision
- Eye infection
- Permanent brain damage
- Severe infection where the vaccine shot was given
All these are classified as vaccine injuries.
How To Handle Vaccine Injuries
In case you experience any of the abovementioned adverse effects, don’t keep it to yourself. The US government runs the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP) to help those people with complaints against vaccines they received.
As your case will go through a normal court process, you need a vaccine injury lawyer to represent you in court. You may want to check out resources such as www.vaccineinjuryhelpcenter.com as your starting point.
The Five-Step Process
Your vaccine injury claim should go through these five steps:
- File your petition with the U.S. Court of Federal Claims.
- The U.S. Department of Health and Human Service will then scrutinize your application to ascertain whether it satisfies the medical criteria for compensation. Based on their review, they’ll write a preliminary report.
- Next, the U.S. Department of Justice uses the preliminary report to prepare a detailed report and legal analysis for submission to the court.
- Your case will then be heard in court. Both you and the accused will be given a chance to present evidence. A court-appointed special master will then decide whether you deserve the compensation or not, and the amount you should receive.
- Finally, the Health Department awards you the compensation. In case your petition is dismissed, the court may order the Health Department to pay attorney’s fees.
Why The VICP Was Set Up
In the 1980s, many people filed lawsuits against vaccine companies after suffering from vaccine injuries. In retaliation, healthcare workers threatened to create an artificial shortage of vaccines and slow down their vaccination campaigns. The US government saw this as a sure loophole for the comeback of vaccine-preventable diseases. Indeed, this would cause a lot of damage to the medical milestones already achieved.
For such reasons, the Vaccine Injury Compensation Program came into being.
The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System
Later on, in 1990, the CDC and FDA set up the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). Their main objective is to determine the likelihood of vaccines to cause adverse events.
If any vaccine is linked to widespread claims of adverse events, they can terminate its administration and seek ways to make it safer before re-introducing it to the market. In the end, all recommended vaccines will be safe enough for human use.
You may want to help the government in such efforts by reporting any side effect that you may experience after getting vaccinated. To make your report even better, consider talking to your doctor first if you’re concerned about your health after vaccination. Your doctor is in a better position to fill the written or online forms using the correct medical terminology.
The Table Of Reportable Events
In addition to your individual report, healthcare providers are required by law to notify VAERS of any adverse effect listed in the table of reportable events they’ve provided. The table lists down common vaccine-preventable diseases and some of the adverse events one may experience after getting vaccinated against the diseases.
It’s good to know this so that you can ask your healthcare provider whether they made the report as required. The vaccine manufacturer is also required to make an official report of any adverse event that comes to their attention.
The Countermeasures Injury Compensation Program
There are vaccines that aren’t covered by the VICP, but are listed under another program known as the Countermeasures Injury Compensation Program (CICP).
The CICP basically covers diseases that have been declared a pandemic, epidemic, or security threat. These include:
- Botulinum toxin
- Acute radiation syndrome
- Pandemic influenza
There are slight differences between the legal requirements and court processes of VICP and CICP. Your vaccine injury lawyer will help you get it right.
CICP gives you a maximum of one year to file your petition after suffering a vaccine injury.
For VICP, you have up to three years to file your petition after the first symptoms of vaccine injury. In case your loved one died after getting vaccinated, you’re given a maximum of two years after their death or four years after the initial onset of vaccine-related adverse events.
To Wrap It Up
You shouldn’t suffer in silence after a vaccine-related injury—there’s help waiting for you. The government has a provision to ensure that you’re financially compensated. You’ll need an experienced vaccine injury lawyer to bring you up to speed with all that you’re required to do to get the much-needed compensation.
Also, enlist the help of your healthcare provider to help you write a sound report that will increase your chances of getting compensated. | <urn:uuid:d8573919-79d2-47f2-8f68-db705693b1e5> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.medsnews.com/health/what-to-do-vaccine-related-injury/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100399.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202105028-20231202135028-00049.warc.gz | en | 0.936723 | 1,323 | 3.265625 | 3 |
For this day to occur, several things had to be arranged and decided. First of all, for the Papal Legate to arrive in England, the Act of Attainder against Reginald Pole had to be removed by Parliament. This was the Act that condemned his mother Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury, and many others to death. Parliament lifted this sentence of death and Mary invited the Papal Legate to return from exile on November 20, 1554. He would be the first Papal Legate present in England since the trial of her mother's marriage in 1529--when Katherine of Aragon appeared before Cardinal Campeggio and Cardinal Wolsey, appealed to Henry her husband and left the Court, impervious to pleas to return. The matter of former Church lands also had to be decided: Henry VIII and then Edward VI had seized the monasteries and then the chantries and the chantry schools, destroyed most of them, sold or given the lands to courtiers and others who benefited. Were these all to be given back?
As you might imagine, Cobbett explores this issue of the "plunderers" as he calls them extensively in his chapter on the reign of Mary I:
But when the question came, whether the Parliament should restore the Papal Supremacy, the plunder was at stake ; for to take the Church property was sacrilege and if the Pope regained his power in the kingdom he might insist on restitution. The greater part of this property had been seized on eighteen years before. In many cases it had been divided and subdivided, in many the original grantees were dead. The common people, too, had in many cases become dependants on the new proprietors ; and besides, they could not so easily trace their connexion between their faith and that supremacy, as they could between their faith and the mass and the sacraments. The Queen, therefore, though she most anxiously wished to avoid giving in any way whatever her sanction to the plunder, was reduced to the necessity of risking a civil war for the Pope's supremacy, to leave her kingdom unreconciled to the Church, and to keep to herself the title of Head of the Church, to her so hateful, or to make a compromise with the plunderers. She was induced to prefer the latter ; though it is by no means certain that civil war would not have been better for the country, even if it had ended in the triumph of the plun- derers, which, in all human probability, it would not. But observe in how forlorn a state as to this question she was placed. There was scarcely a nobleman or gentleman of any note in her kingdom who had not in one way or another soiled his hands with the plunder." The Catholic bishops, all but Fisher, had assented to the abolition of the Pope's supremacy. Bishop Gardiner, who was now her High Chancellor, was one of these, though he had been deprived of his bishopric and imprisoned in the Tower because he opposed Cranmer's further projects. These Catholic bishops, and Gardiner especially, must naturally wish to get over this matter as quietly as possible ; for how was he to advise the Queen to risk a civil war for the restoration of that the abolition of which he had so fully assented to and so strenuously supported? And how was she to do anything without councillors of some sort?
Then on St. Andrew's Day Stephen Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester and Mary's Chancellor, led the members of both houses of Parliament to kneel before the Papal Legate and Mary, presenting the petition. The petition proclaimed that Parliament was "very sorry and repentant of the schism and disobedience committed in this realm against the See Apostolic" and begged to be returned "into the bosom and unity of Christ's Church." As Cobbett describes it grandly and effusively:
Thus was England once more a Catholic country. She was restored to the " fold of Christ": but the fold had been plundered of its hospitality and charity, and the plunderers before they pronounced the "amen" had taken care that the plunder should not be restored. The Pope had hesitated to consent to this; Cardinal Pole, who was a man full of justice, had hesitated still longer; but, as we have seen before Gardiner, who was now the Queen's prime minister, and indeed all her council were for the compromise, and therefore these "amen" people while they confessed that they had sinned by that defection, in virtue of which defection, and of that alone, they got the property of the Church and the poor, while they prayed for absolution for that sin, while they rose from their knees to join the Queen in singing Te Deum in thanksgiving for that absolution, while they were doing these things they enacted that all the holders of Church property should keep it, and that any person who should attempt to molest or disturb them therein should be guilty of praemunire and be punished accordingly!
Cobbett even considers this compromise the greatest error of Mary's reign. She should have made sure the monasteries and chantries were returned to the Church because then Cobbett believes, the Catholic culture and economy that existed before the Dissolution of the Monasteries would have been restored. He does praise Mary for restoring the religious properties like Westminster Abbey and Syon Priory--and the tenths and first fruits of those benefices--that her father had seized.
Cardinal Pole then welcomed "the return of the lost sheep" and granted absolution to the entire kingdom, proclaiming a new Holy Day on November 30: the Feast of Reconciliation. Unfortunately, Cardinal Pole and Mary I would have only three celebrations of this Feast (in 1555, 1556, and 1557)--both died on November 17, 1558. | <urn:uuid:218dab9a-fcc4-423a-821a-ed3a6b7ffd00> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://supremacyandsurvival.blogspot.com/2015/11/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232259757.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20190526205447-20190526231447-00247.warc.gz | en | 0.986751 | 1,202 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Everyone knows that North Korea is a totalitarian, decaying country, and South Korea is a thriving democracy. In North Korea it’s sad, people live in poverty, do not have the normal rights and freedoms, and to all of this, their brains purged of Communist ideology. In South Korea, the opposite is true: people live with dignity, and sometimes rich, they have rights and are free and their brains as if no one scores different ideologies, like Communist.
Of course, it’s all ivamy. driven hard in the head for an ordinary person, so he didn’t have any issues, which may not give quite the expected, and therefore very undesirable responses. Of course, North Korea is not a Paradise for a flourishing life, but also in South Korea, is not so great as it seems at first glance.
For example, you know that the average South Korean works per year, more than any other citizen of industrialized countries — 2 090 hours? For comparison, the average German works 1 413 hours, and the average Russian works for 1 981 hours per year (OECD data for 2011). Real average vacation duration in South Korea is 3–4 days (the maximum legally allowed in ten days). According to official statistics, 33% of workers Continue reading
Orient has always attracted people with its mystery, rich culture, interesting traditions and remarkable architecture. Every year a large number of fans of tourism stretches East to enjoy the sights of the rising sun and just to diversify their leisure.
Special also popular among tourists is a small island nation-Japan. This country has many centuries of formation of their culture. The peculiarity of Japanese culture is the combination of their traditions with some elements of the cultural heritage of China and Korea that makes the country even more. Currently Japan is a country of “high technologies” with huge skyscrapers, the developed infrastructure of entertainments and leisure. The Japanese honor the traditions of their ancestors, which is reflected in the architecture and conduct of festivals.
Japan cannot be attributed to country resorts. Going on vacation to this country, you will visit the sights, to get acquainted with the culture of the country can visit on the conduct of the Japanese holidays, that are distinguished by their brightness, and just can walk around Tokyo or other cities.
In Japan there are two main cities for tourism are Tokyo and Kyoto. In both cities there is a huge number of monuments of architecture, museums of various themes and entertainment Continue reading
The population of South Korea is over 48 million people.
other Nations (Chinese, Filipinos, Thais, Vietnamese, Americans).
Koreans believe that they are descendents of Altaic or proto-Altaic tribes: they compare themselves with Turks, Mongols and Tungus. Their confidence is based on archaeological data, according to which the Korean Peninsula really migrated tribes from southern and Central Siberia during the Neolithic and bronze age.
1 sq km is home to 480 people, but the most densely populated district is Seoul yangcheon-GU (population density of over 27,000 people per 1 sq km) and least populated County Inje-gun (Gangwon province): here on 1 square km is home to 20 people.
The official language is Korean, but a wide spread in the country got more and English.
Major cities: Seoul, Daejeon, Busan, Ichon, Daegu, Gwangju, Ulsan, Suwon,
Half of South Koreans (51%) Buddhist, and the others are Protestantism, Catholicism, Confucianism, shamanism.
The female population on average live to 80, and the male – to 73 years. Despite fairly high rates, South Korea pays for health care not so much money (2000$ a year for 1 person). | <urn:uuid:ee1c026c-5637-4e94-8934-59cff9d148de> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://cnjfestival.info/list/average | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583513384.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20181020184612-20181020210112-00517.warc.gz | en | 0.946804 | 781 | 2.625 | 3 |
Pic taken from the southern part of Sri-Lanka
Very first time, Four images are taken by a nano satellite which have been published on August 3, These Four photographs were Captured using the ground station of Sri -Lanka. The camera on the nano satellite was initially photographed in the sun to test whatever it works or not.
Photograph of the sun Taken by Nepsat1
Once the ground station is established in Nepal, a picture of the Nepal can be taken. Nepali Nano satellite has a 5 megapixel high quality camera attached for capture data. Japan was launched a BIRDS program, targeting countries that do not have it's own space program.
Pic of a cloudy seen over Japan
Every 90 minutes, this tiny satellite orbiting the earth and 16 times per day rotates around the earth . it does fly Four times daily in the sky of Nepal. when nepsat1 fly over Nepali sky Each time, The ground station and satellite will contact for 10 minutes only.
Images Credits : BIRDS 3 Satellite Project.
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# DID Star Teriya Introduced as Singer | <urn:uuid:472be887-a36a-48bd-841e-65f8a9df39cb> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.worldlinknepal.com/2019/08/here-is-great-news-for-nepali-people.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541318556.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20191216065654-20191216093654-00095.warc.gz | en | 0.911987 | 297 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Magellan, Strait of, c.330 mi (530 km) long and 21/2 to 15 mi (4–24 km) wide, separating South America from Tierra del Fuego and other islands south of the continent. Except for a few miles at its eastern end in Argentina, it passes through Chile. The strait, discovered by Ferdinand Magellan in 1520, was important in the days of sailing ships, especially before the building of the Panama Canal, and is still used by ships rounding South America. One of the most scenic waterways in the world, it affords an inland passage protected from almost continuous ocean storms. However, the strait is often foggy. The major city on the strait is Punta Arenas, on the mainland. | <urn:uuid:0a878aa1-c775-4d87-b152-e87f655ceb27> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.factmonster.com/encyclopedia/world/magellan-strait-of.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701168011.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193928-00169-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932926 | 157 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Humanism is an approach in study, philosophy, world view or practice that focuses on human values and concerns. In philosophy and social science, humanism is a perspective which affirms some notion of human nature, and is contrasted with anti-humanism.
That’s how Wikipedia starts its article on Humanism. Humanists (and I count myself as one) believe that it is possible to ethical and fulfilling lives without the need to rely on supernatural explanations. As the British Humanist Association says:
We take responsibility for our actions and base our ethics on the goals of human welfare, happiness and fulfilment. We seek to make the best of the one life we have by creating meaning and purpose for ourselves, individually and together.
Surely it’s hard to take offence at these beliefs?
Step forward Nadine Dorries. In a blog post late on Friday night she took an altogether different view of Humanism, saying “I am not sure why anyone would admit to being a humanist and part of an organisation which has such extreme views.”
And what are these “extreme views” that some humanist organisation holds? She explains:
A humanist recently commented that, not only did he believe that abortion was acceptable right up to the moment of birth, but that termination of a child’s life was acceptable up until the point where the child had the ability to reason, understand and justify life.
Now, I don’t know if a humanist recently said that or not. Dorries doesn’t deem it important to give us a reference so that we can confirm her claim. So, of course, the claim should be seen on the same level as something that some bloke down the pub said he’d read on the internet once. In fact her blog post is likely to become the source that is used to justify conversations like that. Spreading unsubstantiated rumours like this is never helpful. But it’s a tactic that Dorries specialises in.
And, of course, even if someone say what Dorries claims, extrapolating the beliefs of a whole group of people from one extremist is ridiculous. To illustrate that, here are a few other “facts”. Just to redress the balance.
- A Christian once commented that all homosexuals should be chemically castrated. I’m not sure why anyone would admit to being part of an organisation which holds such extreme views.
- A Tory once told commented that he wanted to make the NHS into a marketplace. I’m not sure why anyone would admit to being part of an organisation which holds such extreme views.
- An MP once commented that she thought it was acceptable for a politician’s blog to be 70% fiction. I’m not sure why anyone would admit to being part of an organisation which holds such extreme views.
You might be wondering what humanists have done to invoke Dorries’ anger. The New Humanist magazine holds an annual “Bad Faith” poll to dishonour “the year’s most outspoken enemy of reason”. This year’s poll opened last week and Dorries is one of the nominations. Even before her bizarre outburst, she was in the lead. Now she has over twice the number of votes of her nearest competitor. I never thought I’d write this, but please… Vote For Dorries.
Update: In a blog post yesterday, Dorries published the “proof” of her claims. It turns out that the “recent” comment by a humanist is an out-of-context quote from a book that Peter Singer wrote in 1979. It’s clear that Dorries has a vastly different understanding of the meaning of the words “proof” and “recent” to the rest us.
The Ministry of Truth does a fine job of deconstructing Dorries’ claims. | <urn:uuid:236c372d-65c3-4b0c-b4e1-44ad196c907c> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://blog.dave.org.uk/2011/10/dorries-on-humanism.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426693.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170727002123-20170727022123-00414.warc.gz | en | 0.963 | 815 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Magnetism is helping animals to find their destinations, it does not matter whether they are very large like whales, small like pigeon, or very tiny like butterflies or bees, they are all dependent on the Earth magnitic field. The underlying mechanism how a magnetic field is recognized in biological terms is almost not understood.
It has been found already that the cryptochromes (Cry) have a role in magnetic reception since Cry-negative Drosophila loose their sensitivity to magnetic fields (see Gegear, R. J., Casselman, A., Waddell, S. & Reppert, S. M.Cryptochrome mediates light-dependent magnetosensitivity in Drosophila. Nature454, 1014–1018 (2008)). Crytochromes are part of the intrinsic circadian clock, which resides in the human brain in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus of the hypothalamus.
A group from Bejing has now presented a debated paper in Nature Materials that claims to have discovered a protein structure that is able to measure the magnetic field. The group around Can Xie has found that the Drosophila protein CG8198 forms complexes with FAD and Cry that establish a biomagnet. This is an astonishing piece of work. It is much debated, for example, for quantitative reasons: magnets have many more iron molecules to be seen orientating according to the field around. These tiny magnets which are in single cells, intracellular not intercellular, do not seem to have the effect necessary to communicate a message about the orientation. Whether this or the contrary will be confirmed by independent experiments, you can only guess. One could guess that cell cooperation will help to make the output from single cells large enough to become relevant. Nature there is a News & Yiews article about this paper, which is also worth reading.
This is very exciting and should be followed-up. Highly recommended!
There are complaints that sleep in industrial communities (with electric light, noise all over) is severely compromised. These complaints have already been raised about 150 years ago, at the beginning of the industrialization. Sleep before is supposed to be calmer and longer.
This seems not to be true. Measuring the sleep durations and sleep onset and wakening in three societies that have no electric light, that remain in a pre-industrial state even in the 21st century, Yetish and colleagues report in Current Biology that sleep duration are the same as in industrial settings. Measurements were done in the last corner of Bolivia, in the Tsimane community, in Central Africa with the Ju/’hoansi San people, and in northern Tanzania with the Hadza.
Steroid hormone are believed to cross membranes by diffusion. However, Winfried Hanke of the University of Karlruhe (Hanke,W. (1970). Hormone. Fortschr Zool 20. 318–380) had evidence that corticosterone was exported in vesicles. This discussion has relevance since steroid hormones in vesicles would be released when the release is triggered and not continously, while release by diffusion would be continously and regulated by the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway. And the availability of steroid hormones is one very intruiging question in endocrinology.
An arcticle in Cell of this week demonstrates that ecdysone, that steroid hormone of insects is well released in vesicles. They analyze the machinery of SNARE’s (the proteins who will eventually upon a calcium trigger fuse to the cell membrane release the vesicle content to the outside of the cell) and the loading of ecdysone to the vesicle by the Abet ATP-binding cassette transporter in detail and very convincingly.
One wonders whether other steroids are loaded into vesicles similarily. And old story is to become exciting. Nice paper and very instructive images! Highly recommended!
To see an RNA polymerase II (Pol II) in action has been the dream of any molecular biologist. Imaging the possibilities to see and not to suspect transcription of DNA into RNA, to see what the interactions are and not to suppose. A team around Guillermo Calero in Pittsburgh, PA, and Craig D. Kaplan at Texas, A & M University, has achieved this molecular dream.
The paper in Molecular Cell by C.O. Barnes and M. Calero depicts the crystal structure of a RNA Pol II complex together with DNA and the newly transcribed RNA stabilized by transcription factor II F (TFIIF). The structure from Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveals the unwinding of the the DNA duplex, the so-called nucleic acid scaffold (NAS) where the RNA is formed and the downstream duplex. The down stream duplex builds a 130 ° degree angle to the upstream duplex in the complex. The pictures show for the first time the unwinding of DNA, the RNA synthesis, the re-winding, and the contributions of the different Pol II subunits.
Unfortunately the accession numbers for the structure are not yet availabe in the Protein Data Bank (5C4X/A/4/J, 5C3E). (They are now.)
This paper is a must for any one teaching molecular biology, for students in any case.
It has been a long standing mystery how the start of puberty is initiated. Fact is that menarche, the begin of active reproduction capacity is preceded by and a consequence of the adrenarche, the begin of androgen production in the adrenal gland. Puberty is characterized by the beginning of sporadic gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) pulses which in time become regular and finally acquire their one-in-two hour rhythm at the end of puberty.
A report in the Journal of Molecular Endocrinology by Abreu and colleagues from Boston and Sao Paulo has uncovered that the Makorin ring finger 3 (MKRN3) gene is mutated in cases of central precocious puberty (CPP) . CPP is diagnosed when the children enter into puberty much to early for their age. They analyzed the protein in more detail then and found the decline of MKRN3 expression in the arcuate nucleus (area of the hypothalamus to control GnRH secretion) is necessary for the increase of GnRH secretion. Without GnRH puberty can not take place. By which stimulus the decline of MKRN3 is initiated has not been described. It is discussed whether MKRN3 acts directly on GnRH secretion or on kisspeptin, neuromedin B or dynorphin, known mediators of GnRH secretion. It can not act on GnRH expression since the GnRH neurons only reach with their axons into the arcuate nucleus where their release is controlled by other neurons and mediators.
This is a nice paper, adding valuable information to people concerned with the mechanisms of puberty. Recommended!
It has since long been suggested that androgen receptor changes are at the origin of the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCO), which affects about 7 % of fertile women and is a major cause for infertility; good proof, however, has been lacking. Wang and colleagues from the Hangzhou University in China have now presented in PNAS from April 15 this year a convincing report that alternative splice variants (ASV) occur in women with PCO but not in those without.
Alternative splicing occurs when there are several acceptor sites for the RNA lariat during splicing, where the introns are excised from the heteronuclear RNA and the RNA is cut to the messenger RNA. Or there are mutations at the sites supposed to be brought together that the splicing mechanism can no longer work.
It is very suggestive that the ASV occuring in the androgen receptor are causative for the disease. It is very much supprising that this finding has taken so much time to be discovered. This lets one think about lack of basic scientific knowlege in the medical community at large. It should be necessary to have scientists advisors assisting medical researchers not beeing able to look beyond their own nose.
T lymphocytes require education in order to distinguish between self and nonself. This education is maintained by thymus stromal epithelial expressing the autoimmune regulator gene (AIRE). These cells express proteins from throughout the organism not in promotor regulated way, but in a epigenetically controlled statistically mode, the only cells that do so. This has as a consequence that these cells present on their surface each a part of the possible plethora of self peptides in the context of MHC class I molecule. T cells which react with them do recognize self and should be suppressed lifelong to avoid autoimmunity.
In a paper by Yang and colleagues from the Benoist/Mathis laboratory at Stanford it is now reported, that early regulatory T cells are additionally required to maintain the protection against autoimmune diseases. If the cells are lacking due to the absece of AIRE expression, a disease called autoimmune polyendocrinopathy–candidiasis–ectodermal dystrophy or autoimmune polyglandular syndrome 1 is the consequence. The News and Views contribution by Tanaka and Sakaguchi explains this in detail. This is a nice addition to the problem of tolerance and and might be an important step to development of tolerance to foreign antigens as well. That would be required to make gene therapy sustainable.
Prolactin is the hormone that regulates mammary gland development in man. However, in animals it is the main functional regulator to transmit the physiological reaction to the seasons, its expression is dependent on the day length, which is measured in calendar cells close to the hypophyseal stalk, and which activate prolactin expression when the day time increases, and vice versa.
How prolactin could in turn influence different functions such as increase in mating behaviour, coat colour changes or molt, the song in birds, e.g., has been an open question. A minireview in Molecular Endocrinology by Sackmann-Sala and colleagues from the Institut Necker in Paris, France, may shed light on this issue. They show that in humans, mice, and rats prolactin acts on stem cells in a tissue specific way. The tissues in question are reproductive tissues, but apart from that also special regions of the brain, and peripheral tissues.
If each of the functions as mediated from the progeny of individual stem cells, then a stimulating role of the pleiotropic prolactin activities is easily understood. The paper does not address this question, but it opens a new way of thinking.
For this reason, do not miss it if you are concerned with circannual regulation.
Almost all the physiological actions of angiotensin II, the effective mediator after renal renin has cleaved the precursor angiotensinogen and the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) of the lung has liberated angiotensin II from angiotensin I, are mediated by by the angiotensin II type 1 receptor. It is a G-protein coupled receptor (GPcR) like many hormone receptors of the rhodopsin family (Omin 106165). Like many GPcR it has been difficult to crystallize to dertermine its threedimensional structure.
The depicted image is nothing compared to the images in the paper. You can, however, see how the ligand fits in a binding pocket in the transmembrane domain with its numerous helices. The domain on top is a extracellular domain.
The structure should help to resolve questions concerning the regulation of blood pressure, how mutations influence the binding of angiotensin II and may help to develop other drugs.
This is a very nice piece of work. Highly recommended!
Reading about circadian rhymth in flies I happened to see the Neuron paper by Gandhi et al. about melatonins role in fish. Melatonin – the hormone of the pineal gland – has been shown already to be active in the determination of seasons, its amount produced during the night being measure in so-called calendar cells in the vicinity of the hyphyseal stalk. Now the authors in Pasadena show that melatonin is necessary to fall asleep: zebrafish without the critical enzyme of melatonin systhesis: aanat2 (arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase 2) take much longer to fall asleep and do not sleep as long as control animals.
Whether the data do apply to men and mammals is open. This is, however, a nice piece of work. It does not explain while I can start sleeping extensively during day time when there is not any melatonin in my circulation. | <urn:uuid:bd1efa46-b866-4aa6-9889-e90040435c48> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | http://b-kleine.com/category/cell-physiology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488556133.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20210624141035-20210624171035-00228.warc.gz | en | 0.943522 | 2,624 | 3 | 3 |
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Bainbridge Island's Japanese American residents become the first to be interned under Executive Order 9066 on March 30, 1942.
HistoryLink.org Essay 8277
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On March 30, 1942, the U.S. military removes 275 Japanese American residents from Bainbridge Island. The removal comes after Franklin Roosevelt's Executive Order 9066 gives the military the authority to intern anyone they consider "dangerous." The order set in motion the expulsion of 110,000 Japanese Americans from the West Coast to 10 inland prison camps, based on their ethnicity and heritage. None was accused of any crime or charged or convicted of any act of espionage or sabotage. Bainbridge Island's Japanese American residents were the first in the country to be removed, most likely because of the nearness of the Bremerton Navy Yard and other military installations.
Protesting an Injustice
After the first announcement of the executive order in February 1942, the only West Coast newspaper editors to write against internment were Walt and Milly Woodward of the Bainbridge Review. In their editorial they wrote that they, "hope that the order will not mean the removal of American-Japanese citizens, for it [the Review] still believes they have the right of every citizen: to be held innocent and loyal until proven guilty" ("Not Another Arcadia").
When a short time later, on March 22, 1942, the Japanese Americans were ordered to evacuate in just eight days, the Woodwards spoke out again, arguing that this was not enough time for the evacuees to settle their affairs. Among the unresolved issues were the fate of the expected three-million-pound crop of strawberries that were farmed on Bainbridge Island mainly by Japanese American farmers. Some Filipino American employees sign agreements with the Japanese American landowners to harvest the crop and to manage the farms until they can return. White island residents also assist in caring for assets.
A Sad Day
Sadness mark the day the military removed Bainbridge Island’s Japanese American residents. Military trucks traveled from house to house gathering the 275 people and only the belongings they can carry. Families left pets behind. A Filipino American husband stayed behind as his Japanese American wife left, and the sheriff boarded up the community hall windows and posts guards to protect the stored belongings the evacuees left behind.
At the Eagledale dock, the Bainbridge Review reported, the evacuees remained composed as they board the boat. Onlookers, including some of the soldiers carrying out the order, "wept unashamed" ("Evacuees Sing on Trip").
Ichiro Nagatani, head of the Japanese-American Citizens’ League at the time of internment, told the Review that most of the Japanese Americans harbor no bitterness, but declared, "We are just as good Americans as the next guy ... only we haven’t had a chance to prove it" ("Johnny and Ichiro ...").
The Bainbridge Island residents were sent to the Manzanar War Relocation Center in the Owens Valley of east central California.
After the War
After the war only about half of the island’s Japanese American residents return. According to the Bainbridge Island School District’s Minority History Committee, some stayed away because they did not want to return to start over. Others found new places to settle, having seen other parts of the country during the war. Those who returned to the island settled back in largely without incident. One local group tried to prevent their return but receive little popular support.
An internment memorial marker stands at the former site of the Eagledale dock, at the end of Taylor Street. The memorial reads:
On the morning of March 30, 1942, 227 Bainbridge Island men, women, and children, most of them United States Citizens, were escorted by armed soldiers to the Eagledale ferry landing. They solemnly boarded the ferry Kehioken and departed on a lonely journey with an unknown destination and fate. They were exiled by Presidential Executive Order 9066 and Civilian Exclusion Order No. 1 because they were Nikkei -- persons of Japanese ancestry. With only six days' notice they were forced to hastily sell, store, or make arrangements for all of their possessions, businesses and property. They were allowed to take only what they could carry or wear. They were the first of more than 120,000 Japanese Americans to be forcibly removed from their homes and experience three years of unconstitutional internment. Not all were interned. Some were drafted into the military, some were unjustly imprisoned, and some moved away -- but all were forbidden to remain. We dedicate this site to honor those who suffered and to cherish their friends and community who stood by them and welcomed them home. May the spirit of this memorial insire each of us to safeguard constitutional rights for all.
Nidoto Nai Yoni -- "Let It Not Happen Again."
In addition, in 2007 Joel Pritchard Park along the waterfront adjacent to the dock site is being developed and will include a memorial to the Japanese American internment.
"Century on the Harbor" Bainbridge Island Review, August 8, 1990, p. 19; "Evacuees Sing on Trip," Bainbridge Review, April 2, 1942, p. 1; "Island Japanese Accept Army Mandate for Move to Owen Valley, California," Bainbridge Review, March 26, 1942, p. 1; "Johnny and Ichiro ... They’re Two Fine Fellows," Ibid., March 26, 1942, p. 8; "Memorial," The Bainbridge Island Japanese American Community website accessed August 27, 2007 (http://www.bijac.org/home.html); "Not Another Arcadia," Bainbridge Review, February 26, 1942, p. 4; "Not Enough Time," Ibid., March 5, 1942, p. 1; They Cast a Long Shadow: A History of the Nonwhite Races on Bainbridge Island ed. by Brian Roberts (Bainbridge Island: Minority History Committee of Bainbridge Island School District No. 303, 1975); Jeffery F. Burton, et al., Confinement and Ethnicity: An Overview of World War II Japanese American Relocation Sites (Western Archeological and Conservation Center, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1999) available online at (http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/anthropology74/index.htm).
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Although phrases such as “going green,” “Eco-friendly,” and “global warming” have only begun to surface during the last several decades, the true history of environmentalism goes back much further. It may not often get mentioned in the history books, but environmental impact has had as much to do with the shaping of the modern world as any war or election. The term “environment” as we use it today is relatively new, but it was adopted to encompass existing issues of conservation or protection of natural species and resources. But despite the deep roots that environmentalism has in history, the movement itself has only begun to pick up steam in the last half century or so. Nowhere is this more obvious than in the practices associated with business.
Early corporations never paid much attention to the environment. It seemed to exist as a simple green background on which the important act of production took place. If any thought was directed towards it at all, it was only in regards to the raw resources that were there for the taking. No one—at least, no one in any position of power—bothered considering the lasting impact of these practices. And as mountains were leveled and forests were burned for the sake of progress, businesses established precedent that would continue to haunt the world centuries later. Even now, as more and more people are struggling to heal the scars of the past, many businesses continue to view the natural world as expendable.
However, what’s done to the environment is done to all of us, and it’s time for businesses to take responsibility for the damage they’ve been doing. Here are a few environmentally sound policies that every business, (and household), should adopt.
• Use only renewable building materials.
• Reduce wasted electricity by shutting off unused equipment and lighting.
• Cut down on paper waste by eliminating unnecessary memos, faxes, etc., and relying instead on electronic communication.
• Implement and enforce recycling practices.
• Allow for telecommunication and work-from-home employees, so as to cut down on pollution-causing traffic.
• Only do business with other Eco-friendly companies.
• Use high efficiency LED lighting as opposed to conventional incandescent bulbs which waste more energy and produce more waste.
• Use a take-back program to recycle used electronics.
• Use fuel efficient freight.
• Invest in efficient material handling systems for production lines.
• Use rechargeable batteries instead of disposable ones.
• Cut down on climate control and encourage employees to dress for the weather.
• Replace disposable food plates, cups, and containers with washable ones.
• Organize company carpools.
• Subsidize public transportation costs for employees.
• Embrace renewable energy sources such as solar power.
• Replace paper towel dispensers with air hand dryers.
• Replace plumbing fixtures with low-flow models.
• Do business only with locally-grown food producers to cut down on transportation emissions.
• Take extra precautions when dealing with possibly environmentally-damaging substances.
That last one could stand some elaboration. Many companies deal with very dangerous substances, and it is their responsibility to see to it that those substances don’t cause environmental damage. The BP oil spill that occurred back in 2010 was a result of careless policies and money-saving cutbacks. It resulted in an estimated 210 million gallons of oil released into the Gulf of Mexico. BP has thus far been fined approximately $42.2 billion towards cleanup efforts, but there’s no way to tell just how long-lasting the environmental impact is going to be.
Companies need to learn from the mistakes of others. Shortcuts that are intended to save time or money could result in environmental damage, be it visible or not. It is the responsibility of the company to see to it that their practices are eco-friendly, even if that means that they need to spend more money to do so, and it is the responsibility of everyone to promote clean environmental practices by only sharing our business with responsible companies. History books may not focus on the environmentalism of the past, but if we don’t all work together to correct our mistakes, we won’t have any future at all. | <urn:uuid:07aad86e-150b-487a-b1bf-0c412de032f3> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.motherearthnews.com/nature-and-environment/corporate-responsibility-zbcz1308.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510275111.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011755-00066-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960042 | 876 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Select the persona that your work most closely aligns with to view your recommended training curriculum:
- Software Developer for Host Application
Software developers writing applications for different markets that run on a CPU. Very little to no knowledge of hardware, but want to take advantage of FPGA as an accelerator. Typically build host applications in high level languages like Python and Java, but may use C/C++ and leverage optimized libraries for functions that have already been tuned for the hardware.
- Software Developer for Acceleration Using OpenCL
Software developers that are architecting software applications for heterogenous systems that run on a CPU host, but target specific functions to different hardware accelerators using a common programming language, such as OpenCL. These programmers not only write application code, but also optimize the acceleration
functions for the different accelerators such as FPGAs.
- Software Developer for Acceleration using C/C++
Lower level software developers that are comfortable coding in C or C++ and are much more familiar with details of the hardware and memory management. These programmers are typically tuning and optimizing compute intensive function libraries for specific hardware.
Traditional FPGA developers that code in HLD languages such as Verilog HDL and VHDL. These developers are comfortable with creating FPGAs using the Intel Quartus Prime software, closing timing on complicated hardware circuits and managing complicated I/O interfaces to the FPGA.
Training material is broken up into various levels of depth. 100 level is focused on introduction and high level overviews. 200 level covers the first level of how to do something, but expects basic understandings that are covered in the 100 level courses. 300 level goes down to a much deeper technical or specific level of knowledge. | <urn:uuid:89f3a096-be14-4208-8a79-1569a68ada38> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.intel.de/content/www/de/de/programmable/support/training/curricula.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655884012.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200704042252-20200704072252-00081.warc.gz | en | 0.903322 | 351 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The elections in Bharat bring along with itself new lessons. Public behaviour and reactions to political campaigns often act as an indicator of the public pulse. Elections not only change governments, but also set discourses and have deep impressions on the coming generations.
Political parties have in the past used elections to seep in their agenda and have even gone to the extent of dividing people based on their different identities. Such divisive exploitation had earlier weakened the spirit of the people and left an indelible scar in the minds of the people. One prime example of this is the rise and fall of the Khalistani movement for political gains in Punjab and the genocide of Sikhs following the death of Indira Gandhi. The episode left a fragmented society. The trauma of the episode is felt even today. Thus the recent Assembly election results are very significant in deciding the fate of not only a state but the entire nation.
The results declared on 10 March of the recently concluded elections in five states are of great relevance. That day, the nation witnessed two major phenomena, one is the consolidation of Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in the states which it ruled; and the second is the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) emerging as an alternative in the Congress-ruled states. Both these phenomena have national importance and are likely to shape the politics of the nation in the coming decade. However, the rise of the AAP deserves much greater scrutiny, especially due to the threat it poses to national security with Punjab being a border state and having a history of insurgency. To understand this, it is important to trace the history of both the AAP as well as its founder.
The foundation of the AAP lies in the India Against Corruption (IAC) movement against the rampant corruption prevalent in the Congress-led UPA II government between 2009 and 2014. Though the event was spearheaded by Gandhian Anna Hazare, some members of IAC, including Arvind Kejriwal decided to form a party to fight corruption in politics. The aim was more in words than in action which was also highlighted by the sequence of events that followed later.
The IAC movement was a major success and was the bedrock for the formation of the AAP on 26 November 2012. The party targeted the Delhi elections of 2013 as its first major election. It went all out against the then ruling Congress in Delhi labelling multiple corruption charges against the then CM of Delhi, Sheila Dikshit. However, the AAP under Kejriwal after the 2013 election results decided to form the government in a coalition with the same Congress. The AAP didn’t initiate any proceedings against Sheila Dikshit in its short-lived 49-day government before Kejriwal resigned to fulfill his national ambition in the Lok Sabha elections in 2014.
The mercurial nature of the founder as well the party was visible from the start. In the 2014 Lok Sabha elections, the party faced a major drubbing and it even failed to win even a single seat in Delhi. However, the 2014 drubbing brought in a lot of course corrections by the AAP and Kejriwal. He shifted back the focus entirely to Delhi. In the 2015 Vidhan Sabha elections, the AAP came back with a resounding victory and the entire Congress vote-bank almost shifted to the new party.
From 2015 onwards, the AAP has shifted goalposts. Corruption has no longer been the main agenda. No action was taken against Sheila Dikshit; instead, the onus was put on Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Lt governor Najeeb Jung for putting her behind bars. Even the Jan Lokpal Bill, which formed the bedrock of Kejriwal’s poll pitch, took a back seat. The 2020 Delhi elections witnessed Kejriwal coming back to power in the backdrop of massive polarisation caused due to the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 and the Congress being decimated with voters choosing AAP over INC.
Outside of Delhi, the AAP majorly expanded in small states like Goa, Uttarakhand, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and also in states like Punjab and Gujarat. The major push for Punjab was seen even before the 2017 Vidhan Sabha elections. The situation in Punjab before the 2017 election signalled a change in regime in the state. This was majorly due to high anti-incumbency against the Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD) and BJP alliance. Both Congress and AAP were looking to capitalise on the situation.
However, before the elections, the true colours of Kejriwal and AAP came out in the open. Multiple allegations of collusion of the AAP with Khalistani elements were made. There was a huge uproar when Kejriwal himself stayed in the house of a Khalistani separatist. Even AAP member Gul Panag mentioned warning AAP against flirting with Khalistani elements. However, the trend of AAP support for the Khalistan agenda didn’t stop even after the 2017 Assembly election. In 2018, AAP MLA and leader of opposition Sukhpal Singh Khaira supported the Khalistan referendum call and said its organisers were within their rights to carry out the referendum. Again, before the 2021 Punjab elections, several allegations were labelled against the AAP for seeking the support of Khalistani elements in the society.
The numerous allegations against the AAP on getting the support of Khalistani elements further got consolidated when a banned Khalistani group, ‘Sikh for Justice’, said that the party won the 2022 elections in Punjab based on Khalistani voters’ support as well as financial support and it’s time for it to fulfill the agenda of Khalistan referendum. These are dangerous trends. A banned outfit openly flaunting support to a party is a major security concern. This is especially so in a state like Punjab where the insurgency has been a major issue. The AAP winning in Punjab is a major security issue that needs to be dealt with carefully.
The shoddy connection of the AAP and its founders with anti-national elements is not a new phenomenon. Even before Kejriwal started the AAP, he accepted that his NGO Kabir received funds from Ford Foundation, an NGO working at the discretion of the US’ CIA. He later, however, made several flip flops on the statement but several accusations were made against him on the same lines.
It is an open secret that the CIA had used NGOs such as the Ford Foundation to destabilise democracies and have also funded political parties to influence a nation’s polity and gather intelligence. The Ford Foundation has also been accused of illegally funding political parties and profit making bodies in Bharat. Moreover, the role of AAP councillor Tahir Hussain in the Delhi riots is very well known. The AAP sat over an entire riot protecting the perpetrators like Tahir Hussain just for minority voters.
Such associations are not small issues but a major concern, especially if a political party has such shoddy associations. This is even more so if the party is said to be championing the cause of education for the next generations. Another thing apart from the association with anti-national elements that is worrisome is the policy that the AAP is propagating. Currently, Kejriwal is going across the nation spreading the Delhi Model. The same Delhi Model is based on freebies, liquor and anarchy.
Many experts have stated that that freebie model of governance will set a dangerous precedent for democracy as it leads to greater public debt and allows political parties to bribe voters through freebies. Also, the Delhi government under the AAP has taken up a liquor policy to promote liquor consumption in the state. The government is expected to gain more revenue from more private liquor stores. This is again a classic example of desperation on the part of a government to gain revenue from something that is considered immoral in the society just to support its freebie policy. This is even more dangerous if we consider that Delhi ranks highest in fatal road accidents due to drunken driving. This reflects on the sheer apathy on the part of the government for the people.
Furthermore, the AAP government in Delhi supports anarchy. Be it supporting the Shaheen Bagh protest before the Delhi Assembly election in 2020 or the farmer protest before the Punjab election in 2022. The politics of the AAP and its policies are only expected to take the people downhill.
The AAP is slowly trying to gain national relevance. It is important to carefully observe its next step. Its victory in Punjab can be owed to the political vacuum created in Punjab after the Congress and SAD had lost public support. The strategy of the AAP after losing out in the Lok Sabha 2014 and 2019 is to make itself politically relevant in the national scheme of things. It appears to be one of the long-standing ambitions of Kejriwal. Along with Delhi, they have focused on small states like Goa, Uttarakhand, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand where along with party symbol voting, the individual influence of candidates also becomes important. Apart from Punjab, the AAP’s performance in states like Uttarakhand and Goa was rather poor in the current elections. Also, they have traditionally not done well in big states where more gumption is required in terms of cadre strength and social media rhetoric doesn’t work. The best example of this is the result of the AAP in Uttar Pradesh. However, the most fertile ground for the AAP ever since its inception has been the Congress-ruled states where transfer of power between INC and AAP is rather smooth and there is a major consolidation of INC voters towards AAP. This was the case in Delhi in 2015 as well as in Punjab in 2022.
The AAP which came with a promise of alternate politics is reduced to a subsidiary version of the Congress with no major ideological difference. This also aids the vote transfer. Rather than siding with the BJP, Congress and Left inclined voters choose the AAP which serves to provide a new label to these two old parties’ ideologies. This is also substantiated in the AAP ticket distribution in the 2020 Delhi Assembly elections where the party dropped its several MLAs and fielded many Congress entrants. Currently, the AAP has set its eyes on the Gujarat elections and is aiming to replace Congress as the principal Opposition.
The aim of the AAP appears to be to cash in on the depleting popularity of the Congress across the nation, with a special focus on small states. The AAP has till now not been able to make inroads in BJP-ruled states and has faced a major drubbing in all states. This is largely due to the lack of response of the party to the Hindutva plus development agenda of the BJP in its ruling states. The AAP doesn’t seem to care about forming the government in a BJP-ruled state, but is focused on being the principal Opposition to have some relevance. In the coming time, the party is seeking relevance at the national level.
The AAP is likely to provide the old recipe of the Congress and the Left, but with new packaging. The relevance of the AAP lies majorly in the irrelevance of the Congress and the growth of AAP is likely to be dented if the Congress gains national prominence again.
The writer is advisor, VESIM Literati Festival, Mumbai, Khajuraho Literature Festival and Prabuddha Bharat, Belagavi. Views expressed are personal.
Read all the Latest News, Trending News, Cricket News, Bollywood News,
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Animal Species:Blue-ringed Angelfish, Pomacanthus annularis (Bloch, 1787)
The Blue-ringed Angelfish is a stunning looking fish. Adults can easily be recognised by the pattern of blue lines on the body and the blue ring above the gill cover.
Adult Blue-ringed Angelfish are yellow with distinct curved blue lines on the body and a blue ring above the gill cover. The tip of the dorsal fin is often elongate and the caudal fin is white with a yellow margin.
Juvenile Blue-ringed Angelfish are blueish-black with narrow white to blue curved bars on the body.
The species grows to 45 cm in length.
It occurs in tropical marine waters of the Indo-West Pacific, from East Africa, north to Japan, south to Indonesia and east to New Guinea and the Solomon Islands.
It is not currently known from Australian waters, but may be present.
The map below shows the Australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in Australian Museums. Click on the map for detailed information. Source: Atlas of Living Australia.
Distribution by collection data
Blue-ringed Angelfish inhabit coral reefs. They are commonly seen around caves, wrecks or jetties, and often in murky water. It is found in depths from 1 m to 60 m.
Feeding and Diet
The Blue-ringed Angelfish feeds on sponges, sea squirts, salps and zooplankton.
Other behaviours and adaptations
The species is usually seen in pairs or as solitary individuals.
- Allen, G.R. 1997. Marine Fishes of Tropical Australia and South-east Asia. Western Australian Museum. Pp. 220.
- Allen, G.R., Steene, R. & M. Allen. 1998. A Guide to Angelfishes & Butterflyfishes. Odyssey Publishing/Tropical Reef Research. Pp. 250.
Mark McGrouther , Collection Manager, Ichthyology | <urn:uuid:a4c5493a-6a70-4b20-8d01-a4475c8cd180> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.australianmuseum.net.au/Blue-ringed-Angelfish-Pomacanthus-annularis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705284037/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115444-00045-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.855749 | 421 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Sleep Disorders in Women (cont.)
Sleep Disorders in Women Causes
- The changing hormonal levels during the menstrual cycle can disturb sleep and cause daytime sleepiness. Hormonal effects can be direct, by changing sleep patterns, or indirect, by affecting mood and emotional state. As many as 80% of women report premenstrual symptoms.
- Decreasing menopausal estrogen levels may cause hot flashes that disturb sleep. About two thirds of menopausal women have sleep problems. Lower menopausal estrogen levels are linked with increased snoring risk and sleep-disordered breathing.
- In today's society, many women cope with the roles of wife, mother, caregiver for parents, and worker. With less time for themselves, they often reduce sleep. The sleep deprivation and stress are linked with long-term insomnia.
- Work and lifestyle can also contribute to primary sleep disorders. Women who work in rotating and night shifts are likely to experience sleep problems. Inactivity and lack of exercise can lead to trouble falling asleep. Women with erratic schedules or altered weekend sleep patterns are more likely to have trouble resetting their body clock to normal.
- Caffeine, nicotine, or other stimulating drugs near bedtime may prevent a woman from falling asleep. Alcohol may cause sleep fragmentation and nightmares.
- Depression and anxiety are more prevalent in women than in men and can contribute to sleep disorders. In some women, these are related to the menstrual cycle. Anxiety may impair falling asleep, and depression may cause early morning awakening.
- Sleep-disordered breathing is common in postmenopausal women. Multiple breathing cessations during sleep occur with sleep apnea. The resulting breathing difficulty disturbs sleep and may cause daytime fatigue. Sleep apnea is linked to high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease.
- Snoring often indicates partial airway obstruction. Snoring is linked with high blood pressure and increased risk for sleep apnea. Snoring increases during pregnancy, particularly during the last trimester. It is linked to pregnancy-related high blood pressure, pre-eclampsia, and low infant birth weight. Pregnant women do not have a higher risk of sleep-disordered breathing.
- Sleep disorders are more common in older women.
- Being overweight or obese increases a woman's risk of having a sleep disorder.
Medically Reviewed by a Doctor on 7/29/2014
Carmel Armon, MD, MHS, MSc
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The eMedicineHealth doctors ask about Sleep Disorders in Women: | <urn:uuid:3d30bcc9-50c4-4801-a721-fea267d12e62> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.emedicinehealth.com/sleep_disorders_in_women/page2_em.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375094634.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031814-00279-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924753 | 653 | 2.890625 | 3 |
In most cases, the causes of testicular cancer are unclear. Doctors know that it occurs when healthy cells in the testicle become altered. In other words, it is clear that all testicular cancers begin in the germ cells, but the reasons why these cells become abnormal and develop into cancer are still unknown.
Some risk factors include cryptorchidism, abnormal testicle development, family history, age, and race.
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These place value games are perfect for reviewing hundreds, tens, and ones!
(This post contains affiliate links.)
It’s hard to believe this is the last week of my Print & Play series with This Reading Mama! We’ve loved creating low-prep games that your children can use to review math and literacy skills. Not only are these games great for summer review, but they’re also perfect for classroom learning centers or independent work.
That’s right, each game can be played by a single player. And my math packs always include simple and more complex games, which make them perfect for children of different ages or for differentiation in the classroom.
This week we’re tackling place value!
This pack includes three games. The first game gives your child the opportunity to count by tens and ones. If this is a new concept for your child, be sure to take some time with manipulatives before playing the game. We own and love base 10 blocks. They’re a great visual!
My Six was familiar with the concept after just finishing kindergarten, so he needed very little assistance. The directions are the same as many of the games in my packs:
1. Put your playing piece anywhere on the board.
2. Move around the board using a die.
3. When you land on a space, count the number of squares represented by the base ten blocks.
4. Find the corresponding number on your bingo board. Dot it or cover it.
5. When you get five in a row, the game is over.
For Game 2, he counted both tens and ones on each space. We like to use simple playing pieces like buttons or transparent counters. The kids dot the answers using one of our favorite supplies, Do-a-Dot markers. Those are worth getting if you don’t own any! I can’t believe how long they last. We’re still on our first set, but I’d like to get the basic rainbow colors next.
Game 3 was a nice review for my oldest, who is entering third grade. She counted by hundreds, tens, and ones and found the corresponding numbers.
Enjoy the freebies!
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© 2015 – 2018, Anna G. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:6192997a-d602-41d7-98da-5c1b2d5f20c7> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.themeasuredmom.com/free-place-value-games-for-k-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202161.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20190319224005-20190320010005-00225.warc.gz | en | 0.934289 | 491 | 2.90625 | 3 |
I understand neural networks with any number of hidden layers can approximate nonlinear functions, however, can it approximate:
f(x) = x^2
I can't think of how it could. It seems like a very obvious limitation of neural networks that can potentially limit what it can do. For example, because of this limitation, neural networks probably can't properly approximate many functions used in statistics like Exponential Moving Average, or even variance.
Speaking of moving average, can recurrent neural networks properly approximate that? I understand how a feedforward neural network or even a single linear neuron can output a moving average using the sliding window technique, but how would recurrent neural networks do it without X amount of hidden layers (X being the moving average size)?
Also, let us assume we don't know the original function f, which happens to get the average of the last 500 inputs, and then output a 1 if it's higher than 3, and 0 if it's not. But for a second, pretend we don't know that, it's a black box.
How would a recurrent neural network approximate that? We would first need to know how many timesteps it should have, which we don't. Perhaps a LSTM network could, but even then, what if it's not a simple moving average, it's an exponential moving average? I don't think even LSTM can do it.
Even worse still, what if f(x,x1) that we are trying to learn is simply
f(x,x1) = x * x1
That seems very simple and straightforward. Can a neural network learn it? I don't see how.
Am I missing something huge here or are machine learning algorithms extremely limited? Are there other learning techniques besides neural networks that can actually do any of this? | <urn:uuid:fe96f352-0bc9-454d-8249-07cf1cb07846> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://intellipaat.com/community/5054/can-neural-networks-approximate-any-function-given-enough-hidden-neurons | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585171.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20211017082600-20211017112600-00032.warc.gz | en | 0.963556 | 373 | 2.75 | 3 |
Krasnoselsky District, Moscow
Most of the district's territory is occupied by railroads, rail yards, and the three rail terminals around Komsomolskaya Square. It also contains a narrow sector of central Moscow, extending north-east from Lubyanka Square within the boundaries of Myasnitskaya Square and Bolshaya Lubyanka Street. However, the famous KGB-FSB Lubyanka building technically belongs to Meshchansky District.
The boundary between Krasnoselsky and southbound Basmanny District passes through Red Gates Square and Novaya Basmannaya Street, thus Krasnoselsky District contains the northern edge of historical Basmannaya Sloboda, including the church of Saint Peter and Paul, built in 1705–1723 to a draft by Peter I.
Black Angel of Glory on the coat of arms commemorates the loss of Red Gates in 1927; white Y denoted three railroads that converge in Komsomoskaya Square.
Krasnoye Selo (Красное Село, lit. beautiful village), that gave it name to the district and Krasnoselskaya Street, existed since Middle Ages east of present-day Kazansky Rail Terminal. It was separated from Moscow by a swamp around extinct Olkhovets Creek; construction of dams on the creek created a large pond that occupied present-day site of Yaroslavsky Rail Terminal and smaller ponds downstream.
In the 17th century, Russian military set up a fortified armoury west of the pond, on site of Leningradsky Rail Terminal, exceeding twenty hectares; it blew up during the 1812 fire of Moscow and was abandoned. Accounts of a royal palace placed north of the pond are, likely, not true, however, young tsar Peter I, who was raised in nearby Preobrazhenskoye, used to ride boats on the pond.
In 1851, the state completed the first mainline railroad from St. Petersburg to Moscow, and set up the extant terminal building, designed by Konstantin Thon, west of the pond. This remote site was chosen due to high costs of land in the city and fear of accidental fire.
More railroads followed with Yaroslavsky Rail Terminal (1862, rebuilt in the 1900s by Fyodor Schechtel and expanded by Lev Kekushev), Kazansky Rail Terminal (1864, rebuilt in the 1910s by Alexey Shchusev and expanded after World War II), and the line leading to Kursky Rail Terminal (1870s) with its own station on an overpass. The pond was filled only in the 1900s, in line with Schectel's project. New terminals were inevitably encircled with rail yards, workshops, warehouses and connecting lines, thus over a half of Krasnoselsky District is now occupied by railroad facilities.
In 1935, the first line of Moscow Metro reached Komsomolskaya Square; its service yard was placed east of Yaroslavsky Terminal. At the same time Commissariat of Railroads took over the lands between the terminals and Garden Ring and set up an ambitious office construction program, starting with Ivan Fomin's constructivist "Tank Engine Building", which still houses the headquarters of Russian Railways. In 1947–1952, Railways acquired two skyscrapers—a mixed residential and office tower in Red Gates Square and Hilton Moscow Leningradskaya Hotel in Komsomoskaya Square.
In the 1980s, the blocks north-west from these two towers were torn down and rebuilt with Leonid Brezhnev-era high-rise offices. Former Domnikovskaya Street in this office compound, widened to 8–10 lanes, is now named after Andrei Sakharov.
United Aircraft Corporation has its head office in the district.
The Lycée Français Alexandre Dumas de Moscou, a French international school, is located in the district.
- Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1" [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
- Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек" [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian). Retrieved August 9, 2014.
- Sytin, p. 297
- Home page. United Aircraft Corporation. Retrieved on 8 December 2010. "Ulansky side-street, bld.1, 22 Moscow 101000, Russia" – Address in Russian: "101000, Москва Уланский пер., д.22, стр.1 "
- "Accueil." Lycée Français Alexandre Dumas de Moscou. Retrieved on 22 March 2014. "101000 МОСКВА, Милютинский пер. д. 7А, Французский лицей Lycée français, 7A Milioutinsky per., 101000 MOSCOU"
- (Russian) П. В. Сытин, "Из истории московских улиц", М. 1948
- Official website of Krasnoselsky District (Russian)
- Unofficial website of residents of Krasnoselsky District (Russian) | <urn:uuid:07af33e4-7597-4828-bc5a-68adffefdba2> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://ipfs.io/ipfs/QmXoypizjW3WknFiJnKLwHCnL72vedxjQkDDP1mXWo6uco/wiki/Krasnoselsky_District%2C_Moscow.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578643556.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20190424134457-20190424160457-00210.warc.gz | en | 0.863915 | 1,628 | 2.75 | 3 |
Personal, Social, Health and Citizenship Education (PSHE) and values are at the School’s heart and are central to the Western family and its purpose and aims.
In PSHE our aim is to help children :
- Develop confidence and responsibilities and make the most of their abilities.
- Prepare to play an active role as citizens.
- Develop a healthy, safe lifestyle with the ability to make appropriate risk assessments.
- Develop good relationships and respect the differences between people.
- Understand some basic principles of finances.
- Make a positive contribution to life at school.
In addition, children learn about and apply our ‘Western Family Values’ as part of a cycle across school, plus work on Modern British Values. | <urn:uuid:f5fcbde4-e409-4c35-b0e8-a90f33923876> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://westerncommunityprimary.org.uk/phsce/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662519037.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220517162558-20220517192558-00014.warc.gz | en | 0.938158 | 152 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Ale fermentation takes place at high temperature and yeast ferments wort on top of the tank. Shorter fermentation at higher temperatures usually gives tangier, richer flavour and higher concentration of alcohol. Its sweet taste remains, and this characterized by the body of butter, aroma and flavour complexity, and fruitiness. Flavour characteristics are revealed the best when it is served at 4-10 °C.
Production of ales is popular around the world, but the Brits are most famous in this field. Barley is commonly used in its manufacture, but it is often complemented with other grains: wheat, rye, oats. Sometimes fruits, herbs and other seasonings are added to make different taste every time | <urn:uuid:545257f9-b19d-47e2-a358-32f23e5afd49> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.alausgidas.lt/en/rusys/eliai/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738653.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20200810072511-20200810102511-00048.warc.gz | en | 0.937114 | 142 | 2.53125 | 3 |
On December 18, 2009, the United Nations (UN) General Assembly proclaimed the year beginning on 1 January 2011 the International Year for People of African Descent (IYPAD). The proclamation came out of an almost 10 year process which began in 2001 at the World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance, held in Durban in 2001 (August 31 - September 7.) The Durban Declaration and Programme of Action (DDPA) was adopted during the conference with a commitment by member countries (which includes Canada) to work to eradicate racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance. Paragraph 7 of the DDPA requested the United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR) to “consider establishing a working group or other mechanism of the United Nations to study the problems of racial discrimination faced by people of African descent living in the African Diaspora and make proposals for the elimination of racial discrimination against people of African descent". The Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent was established by the UNCHR resolution 2002/68 of 25 April 2002.
The Working Group made several recommendations including a “strong” recommendation “that the international community declare an International Decade for People of African Descent to “make the challenges they face more visible, to identify solutions, and to engage in a sustained campaign to eradicate structural discrimination against people of African descent.” It seems that from that recommendation we have an International Year for People of African Descent instead of the Decade the Working Group recommended. They also recommended that: “States examine and revise laws and practices that have a disproportionate impact upon people of African descent in the criminal justice system and lead to their overrepresentation in prisons and other places of detention.” The Working Group called for: “a UN interagency global study to collect data on people of African descent in their respective areas of work and to develop concrete recommendations that address the structural racism against people of African descent.” They also called for: “a UN interagency global study to collect data on people of African descent in their respective areas of work and to develop concrete recommendations that address the structural racism against people of African descent.”
The Working Group of five people included Dr. Verene Shepherd who on April 13, at the 3rd meeting of the Working Group made a presentation on structural discrimination in education. Dr. Shepherd emphasized that racism could masquerade as “classism” even in contexts where people of African descent constituted a majority. She pointed out that in many post-colonial societies problems did not arise from the formulation of legal measures but from the occurrence of insidious practices. The professor further emphasized that contents of textbooks and curricula were important for the empowerment, self-esteem and identity of people of African descent and other racialized peoples and stressed that it was essential to ensure that textbooks and other didactic materials were free from racism and sexism that perpetuate stereotypes and prejudices. She noted that knowledge of the past played an important role for mental liberation.
Dr. Shepherd, professor of social history and Director of the Institute for Gender & Development Studies (IGDS) at the Mona Campus of the University of the West Indies (UWI) with oversight responsibility for the Mona, Cave Hill and St. Augustine Units of the IGDS is an activist scholar. In 2007 she was appointed Chair of the Jamaica National Bicentenary Committee. In 2007 Dr. Shepherd also published I Want to Disturb My Neighbour: Lectures on Slavery, Emancipation and Post-Colonial Jamaica. Thetitle of this book comes from Bob Marley's Bad Card (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jk4RLyFNDi8) Dr. Shepherd is the author of several other books about the history of Africans and other racialized people in the Caribbean including: Slavery without sugar: Diversity in Caribbean economy and society since the 17th century, Emancipation and immigration: A pan-Caribbean overview, Women in Caribbean history, The ranking game: Discourses of belonging in Jamaican history, Working slavery, pricing freedom: Perspectives from the Caribbean and Africa and the African Diaspora.
Since this year is an opportunity for us to educate ourselves (or continue to) and others about our culture and history, reading some of Dr. Shepherd’s books would be a start. Involvement with organizations that are planning events for the year (attending or volunteering) is another way to celebrate/observe this year that recognizes Africans internationally.
African descendants in Nova Scotia, Canada and Linden, Guyana have already launched plans to involve their communities in a process to ensure that many of the hidden stories about Africans are publicized.
On November 19, 2010 in Linden, Guyana the Region Ten Organizing Committee for the 2011 International Year for People of African Descent launched its programme of activities which according to the chair Jonathan Adams will give effect to the UN Resolution that calls for “strengthening (of) national actions and regional and international cooperation for the benefit of people of African descent.” The group is dedicated to facilitating the nurturing of a wholesome African self identity with a theme for the year of “Commemorating the African past, Acknowledging the present, Creating the future.” The launch which took place at the Linden Enterprise Network (LEN) building’s Macaw Training Room was attended by students from several area secondary schools, members of youth and sports groups, representatives of regional government, business and religious communities. The launch was also attended by Pan-African historians Dr. Kimani Nehusi and Dr. Tony Martin author of Race First: The Ideological and Organizational Struggles of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association.
In a recent conversation with Adams, chair of the recently launched Region Ten Organizing Committee in Guyana, he shared that educating about African culture is a large part of the group’s plans. He feels that bringing African culture to the people will help to educate and also address mental slavery by relocating those of us who have been dislocated from our African roots. Adams also sees the year as an opportunity for: “commencement of remedial actions necessary to cure the regressive effects of African peoples of a more than 1,500-year long genocide against Africans.”
On December 15, 2010 Percy Paris, Minister of African Nova Scotian Affairs launched the International Year for People of African Descent in Nova Scotia. Representatives from the African Diaspora Heritage Trail (ADHT) Foundation and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) were at Province House to help Mr. Paris and Lt.-Gov. Mayann Francis with the official launch. During the launch Mr. Paris reportedly said: "In 2011, we will step up and lead the way in celebrating the International Year for People of African Descent. Not just in Canada, but in the world. I am very excited about this celebration." Mr. Edmond Moukala, a UNESCO program specialist based in Paris who attended the launch added: "It is wonderful to see Nova Scotia embrace this theme of celebrating heritage and culture of African descent. You have a rich history here that may not be well known around the world, but it will certainly become known in 2011."
As part of its celebrations, Nova Scotia will also host the ADHT Conference (September 22-24) in Halifax. The annual conference designed to educate visitors and safeguard the core values and creativity of African culture and history attracts hundreds of visitors including scholars who are focused on preserving and promoting important sites and stories throughout the African Diaspora and the movement of Africans and their descendants throughout the world.
Incidentally Dr Martin Luther King Junior would have been 82 years old on Saturday, January 15 (born January 15, 1929). His birthday will be celebrated with a National Holiday in the USA on Monday, January 17. Since January 20, 1986 his birthday has been a National Holiday in the USA on the third Monday of January. King is one of the Africans of the Diaspora whose story is well known. We need to ensure that the stories of many other Africans from the continent and of the Diaspora are heard throughout this year. | <urn:uuid:b617f5a7-1d04-4da4-a9e8-343d6778bb3f> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://abioye-berbiciangriot.blogspot.com/2011/01/working-group-of-experts-on-people-of.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320264.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624152159-20170624172159-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.957618 | 1,692 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Chapter 8.—The Distinction Between Faith and Hope, and the Mutual Dependence of Faith, Hope, and Love.
Again, can anything be hoped for which is not an object of faith? It is true that a thing which is not an object of hope may be believed. What true Christian, for example, does not believe in the punishment of the wicked? And yet such an one does not hope for it. And the man who believes that punishment to be hanging over himself, and who shrinks in horror from the prospect, is more properly said to fear than to hope. And these two states of mind the poet carefully distinguishes, when he says: “Permit the fearful to have hope.” 1098 Another poet, who is usually much superior to this one, makes a wrong use of the word, when he says: “If I have been able to hope for so great a grief as this.” 1099 And some grammarians take this case as an example of impropriety of speech, saying, “He said sperare [to hope] instead of timere [to fear].” Accordingly, faith may have for its object evil as well as good; for both good and evil are believed, and the faith that believes them is not evil, but good. Faith, moreover, is concerned with the past, the present, and the future, all three. We believe, for example, that Christ died,—an event in the past; we believe that He is sitting at the right hand of God,—a state of things which is present; we believe that He will come to judge the quick and the dead,—an event of the future. Again, faith applies both to ones own circumstances and those of others. Every one, for example, believes that his own existence had a beginning, and was not eternal, and he believes the same both of other men and other things. Many of our beliefs in regard to religious matters, again, have reference not merely to other men, but to angels also. But hope has for its object only what is good, only what is future, and only what affects the man who entertains the hope. For these reasons, then, faith must be distinguished from hope, not merely as a matter of verbal propriety, but because they are essentially different. The fact that we do not see either what we believe or what we hope for, is all that is common to faith and hope. In the Epistle to the Hebrews, for example, faith is defined (and eminent defenders of the catholic faith have used the definition as a standard) “the evidence of things not seen.” 1100 Although, should any one say that he believes, that is, has grounded his faith, not on words, nor on witnesses, nor on any reasoning whatever, but on the direct evidence of his own senses, he would not be guilty of such an impropriety of speech as to be justly liable to the criticism, “You saw, therefore you did not believe.” And hence it does not follow that an object of faith is not an object of sight. But it is better that we should use the word “faith” as the Scriptures have taught us, applying it to those things which are not seen. Concerning hope, again, the apostle says: “Hope that is seen is not hope; for what a man seeth, why doth he yet hope for? But if we hope for that we see not, then do we with patience wait for it.” 1101 When, then, we believe that good is about to come, this is nothing else but to hope for it. Now what shall I say of love? Without it, faith profits nothing; and in its absence, hope cannot exist. The Apostle James says: “The devils also believe, and tremble.” 1102 —that is, they, having neither hope nor love, but believing that what we love and hope for is about to come, are in terror. And so the Apostle Paul approves and commends the “faith that worketh by love;” 1103 and this certainly cannot exist without hope. Wherefore there is no love without hope, no hope without love, and neither love nor hope without faith.
Lucan, Phars. ii. 15.239:1099
Virgil, Æneid, iv. 419.239:1100
Heb. 11.1Heb. xi. 1239:1101
Rom. 8:24, 25Rom. 8:24, 25239:1102
Jas. 2.19Jas. ii. 19239:1103
Gal. 5.6Gal. v. 6 | <urn:uuid:ded3f9d3-b2d2-4f84-b94e-e0d02751c5c4> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://sacred-texts.com/chr/ecf/103/1030258.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246633799.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045713-00028-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966901 | 978 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Wednesday marks the 75th anniversary of Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor. The battleship USS Arizona, all these years later, remains a watery grave on the sea floor for 1,177 officers and crewmen who perished during the attack; their bodies were never recovered.
On Sunday, Dec. 7, 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt was working on his stamp collection in his private study in the White House. It was 1:47 p.m. in Washington, D.C.
"The phone rings at this desk — it is the secretary of the Navy on the line," Herman Eberhardt, curator at the FDR Library in Hyde Park, New York, told CBS News. "He tells the president that the Pearl Harbor naval base is under attack."
How did Roosevelt respond? "[His] first reaction was to shout into the phone, 'No!' sort of in a state of disbelief," Eberhardt said.
The attack was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, at 7:48 a.m. local time on that long-ago morning, just a few weeks before Christmas. The attack led to America's entry into World War II in the Pacific and European theaters.
The death toll of the Japanese attack was high — 2,403 Americans were killed, and 1,178 others were wounded. Over the next seven hours, there were also Japanese attacks on the U.S.-held Philippines, Guam, and Wake Island, and on the British Empire in Malaya, Hong Kong, and Singapore.
Oil still bubbles to the surface of the water from the USS Arizona.
The base was attacked in two waves by 353 Imperial Japanese fighter planes, bombers, and torpedo planes, which launched from six aircraft carriers. All eight U.S. Navy battleships at Pearl Harbor were damaged — and four eventually sunk. All but the USS Arizona were later raised, and six were even returned to active service and went onto fight in the war.
Japanese losses in the attack were light — 29 aircraft and five midget submarines were lost, and 64 Japanese servicemen killed. A lone Japanese sailor, Kazuo Sakamaki, was captured.
The surprise attack shocked Americans, many of whom had previously been reluctant to enter the war. The next day, Dec. 8, the U.S. declared war on Japan.
Just over 20 years later, the USS Arizona Memorial was dedicated, on Memorial Day in 1962, to commemorate the attack on Pearl Harbor — and all the Americans who lost their lives that day.
In 1980, the National Park Service began operating the memorial and visitor center, and in 1989, the USS Arizona was designated a national historic landmark. Every year, about 1.6 million people from all over the world visit Pearl Harbor and the USS Arizona Memorial.
In a haunting daily reminder of the events of that "Day of Infamy," as it is known, oil still bubbles to the surface of the water from the USS Arizona.
"Every few moments, small bursts of oil that have been locked in darkness for more than seven decades suddenly escape from the fuel tanks of the sunken hull of the USS Arizona," reads the prologue to the book, "Renewal at the Place of Black Tears" by Jerome A. Kaufman. "Like spirits silently ascending from the past, these 'black tears' quietly surface to spread across the water. There swirled by the breeze and tide, they move in a rhythmic dance choreographed by the natural conditions of the day.
"Pearl Harbor survivors were the first to use the expression 'black tears,' as well as 'tears of the Arizona,'" the prologue continues.
Robert Van Druff of Montgomery County, Maryland, was a young Navy fire control man second class aboard the USS Aylwin the morning of Dec. 7. He was reading the funny pages of a Honolulu newspaper when the attacks began. The Aylwin was moored at Naval Station Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
"The general alarm went off," Van Druff, 97, told the Baltimore Sun recently. "We were being attacked, planes flying around and dropping bombs."
"It's ridiculous, but I cry every time. Most of us were just kids. Don't ask me their names. I don't want to think about it. They're memories I don't need."
Francis Cinque of Muncie, Indiana, was on duty as a radio operator on the warship USS Augusta moored at Newport, Rhode Island, on Dec. 7, 1941.
"I was sitting in front of a typewriter, copying shortwave radio messages, you know, dit-dah stuff," Cinque, 97, told The Star Press on Tuesday. "The dit-dah came over as 'urgent message' and it said, in effect, 'This is no drill. The [Japanese] bombed Pearl Harbor. Execute War Plan 46 against Japan' ... I immediately pulled it out of the typewriter and gave it to the watch supervisor, who gave it to the captain and we were at war. That was it."
He continued, "It was a big shock, of course. First it was shock, then it was anger, then it was a desire for revenge."
Cinque and all the other American service members who served in World War II were to claim the ultimate victory — World War II ended with the unconditional surrender of the Axis powers on May 8, 1945 — less than two weeks after Adolf Hitler committed suicide.
Cinque has read more than once the names of those who gave the ultimate sacrifice at Pearl Harbor, during visits there after the war.
"It's ridiculous, but I cry every time," he told The Star Press. "Most of us were just kids. Don't ask me their names. I don't want to think about it. They're memories I don't need."
Last Modified: December 7, 2016, 8:07 am | <urn:uuid:ec643f96-4fa1-4844-befb-d0d6f25612ed> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.lifezette.com/momzette/dec-7-remembering-brave-americans-lost-at-pearl-harbor/amp/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084889677.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20180120162254-20180120182254-00091.warc.gz | en | 0.980941 | 1,230 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Some flowers are sent packed flat in boxes. This enables large amounts of flowers to be packed in small spaces like aircraft holds. Other flowers cannot survive for long periods out of water such as orchids, gerberas (gerber daisies) and water lilies. These are either sent with their own sealed water container (called picks) on each stem end - for more expensive or tropical flowers - or are transported in buckets of water (This method of transport in water is often referred to as ["Procona]"). The latter method extends the life of flowers and reduces labor time as flowers are ready for sale, but obviously also reduces the amount of flowers that can be transported as they are much heavier than dry-packed flowers and hence air transportation charges are higher.
Flowers take a number of routes to the consumer, depending on where they are grown and how they are to be sold. Some growers cut and pack flowers at their nurseries, sending them directly out to the consumer by mail order. Some flowers are sent to packing companies, who grade the flowers and arrange them in bunches for sale to supermarkets or to deliver by mail order. Some flowers are graded and sleeved by the growers and sold at wholesale flower markets; the wholesalers then sell them on to florists who condition and arrange the flowers for the consumer.
Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floral_industry#New_flower_growing_centres
See Also : Bouquet, Roses, Floral | <urn:uuid:21a16a93-a8dc-4bb5-8fe0-9dc66ecf9d0a> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://julianaclub.blogspot.com/2010/05/transportation-in-floral-industry.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891706.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123032443-20180123052443-00668.warc.gz | en | 0.957793 | 310 | 2.859375 | 3 |
By Praveen Rajpal, CEO, Handygo Technologies
Mobile governance, or m-governance, is the latest progress in e-governance with the increasing popularity of advanced mobile technology such as mobile phones, internet-enabled devices, laptops, palmtops, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi and wireless networks. This growth has taken India by storm with such developed technology reaching millions of homes, urban and rural.
Delivering timely and accurate information to citizens and an established system of two-way communication between the government and people is one of the keys to strengthening democracy by facilitating enhanced utilisation of public services, participation and empowerment of citizens.
Time is ripe for India to take a step forward from e-governance to m-governance in a big way in various areas such as elections, banking, health, education and various services.
Kerala is moving ahead with its m-governance initiatives with the Kerala State IT Mission taking advantage of high teledensity. Services such as complaint registration, entrance exam results, file-tracking and health services have led to the state become a role model in this space. The latest m-service allows people to check their voter ID details and polling station by sending an SMS.
Kerala has been recognised in the 2012 edition of the World Bank's publication for its m-governance activities. The 'M-Governance in Kerala' project covers over 60 government departments to utilise mobile technology to improve public service, strengthen programme efficiency and for better transparency and accountability. Kerala serves as a model for other states.
Public services offered via mobile phones reach many more people than those offered through the internet. M-government applications can be used for various purposes such as improving public health services, education systems and public transport. M-health services can help in educating the masses with respect to diseases, their symptoms, causes, diagnosis, prevention and cure.
Mobile technology facilitates communication between parents and teachers to aid the overall development of the child. With working mothers becoming the norm, parents find this essential to keep track of their children. The rural sector, especially agriculture, can benefit the most with m-governance. Weather forecast and prices of fertilisers delivered on handheld devices help farmers. Mobile banking is an obvious plus.
Many developing countries such as Turkey, the Philippines, Czech Republic, Bangladesh and Estonia have been successful in generating mobile services and solutions for m-governance. In Turkey, an application named Mobese facilitates effective communication between the central command unit and the mobile units for better law enforcement.
A similar traffic information system, TBS, is in place for better traffic management. With Mobile Donations, mobile phone users can send specially-priced SMSes for charity. Earthquake Monitoring and Information System and municipal applications work on a local level.
Examples of successful m-governance services in other countries include bulk SMSes for healthcare, medication reminders, farm alerts and advice, exam results by SMS, parent communication, SMS for emergency, humanitarian relief and tax service. India can definitely take m-governance to a new level with development of mobile communication infrastructure and content.
There will be roadblocks for taking up such governance in a big way in the Indian context. But this is true for any change as any new concept demands certain systems to be in place for its development and success. Additional costs to the government are one such concern but only till such time as when m-governance substitutes other delivery channels.
As messages and content are the prime source of information, illiterate people may be left out from this revolution. But interactive voice response-based solutions can be made available. Security of information also needs to be kept in mind.
Global trends have amply illustrated the rising usability of mobile technology in public-service delivery. Targeted messaging services are being used the world over for various purposes. Mobile communication has also brought about marked improvement and efficiency in government works wherever it has been used.
It has also led to development in the social and economic sectors by making people aware of recent trends and opportunities. NGOs have also started using mobile technology for widespread use to direct social change.
The future of m-governance is bright provided the right direction is taken, right methodologies used and concerted efforts are made by the government, citizens and all stakeholders involved. | <urn:uuid:8818fb77-7deb-4077-a631-bf370357779a> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-06-16/news/32269139_1_m-governance-mobile-governance-mobile-phones | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860121561.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161521-00186-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943844 | 872 | 2.578125 | 3 |
This Allen’s Hummingbird was guarding a patch of Salvia flowers.
In the Flowers …
Allen’s Hummingbirds were busy in two large flower beds of Salvia and Bird of Paradise. There were at least two adult males in the area and an adult female. But we had no idea what their actual numbers were – there was too much chasing.
These Allen’s were in the Newport area of Southern California, close to the ocean. We saw them feed from these Salvia and also from the Lily of the Nile, another purple colored flower. This is a good example of local flowers that attract hummingbirds even if the flowers are not red in color.
As usual with the Allen’s Hummingbirds, they vocalized at each other. They were often easier to hear than to see. | <urn:uuid:07093daa-7ec5-43e8-bb8c-36c3cf60232c> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.hummingbirdpictures.net/allens-hummingbird-flowers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824894.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021190701-20171021210701-00061.warc.gz | en | 0.987708 | 171 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Although light travels in straight lines in a transparent material, such as air, if it passes into a different material, such as water, it changes direction at the boundary between the two, i.e. it is bent.
The bending of light when it passes from one material (called a medium) to another is called the refraction of light.
Define refraction | What is the refraction of light?
When a ray of light strikes the separating surface between two media obliquely (at an angle other than a right angle) it bends as it passes from the first medium to the second and this bending is called the refraction of light. This happens because the speed of light changes when it passes from one medium to another having a different optical density.
Facts about refraction
(1) A ray of light is bent towards the normal when it enters an optically denser medium at an angle, for example from air to glass as in Figure (a) below and the first refraction in it.
In this case, the angle of refraction r is less than the angle of incidence i.
(2) A ray of light is bent away from the normal when it enters an optically less dense medium, for example from glass to air. See the figure (a) above and the second refraction in it when the light passes from glass to air. Here the angle of refraction r > angle of incidence i.
(3) A ray emerging from a parallel-sided block is parallel to the ray entering but is displaced sideways, like the ray CD in figure a is parallel to ray AB but displaced sideways. Read in detail about Lateral displacement in a separate post on this site.
(4) A ray traveling along the normal direction at a boundary is not refracted (Figure b above). In this case, even if the optical density of medium 2 is different from that of medium 1, the ray of light doesn’t suffer any deviation.
(5) A ray of light that encounters a change in medium is partially reflected as if the boundary were a mirror. The rest of the light ray gets refracted as it goes through the second medium. This means refraction is accompanied by partial reflection as well.
Watch the video: | <urn:uuid:09ef7fbd-8de7-4c09-a440-ef8629b68209> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://physicsteacher.in/2020/07/31/refraction-of-light-definition-and-important-facts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711111.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20221206161009-20221206191009-00345.warc.gz | en | 0.937867 | 465 | 4.34375 | 4 |
I get annoyed with articles and reports that assume we’re stupid.
As if flashing “Sale!” signs and the smell of sunscreen somehow make us forgetful. They don’t.
We know that today is Memorial Day, the day we set aside to honor those who fell while serving our country.
It is a solemn idea that, because of its timing, we’ve combined with a seasonal celebration. Tacky commerce aside, there’s nothing wrong with that. In fact, the notion of remembrance and celebration, death and life, are already wrapped up in one package on Memorial Day – the U.S. flag.
Every day I read the morning papers. During the week, I do this at the kitchen counter. However, on the weekends I get a treat. I sit outside on my second-story porch to peruse the news and drink coffee, looking over the small park across the street and the water beyond. Two flagpoles stand in the park, one for the Stars and Stripes, the other for the state flag of Texas.
Today, both flags are at half-staff (not half-mast; that term applies to flags on boats)… but only until noon.
Flying flags at half-staff or half-mast to honor the dead goes back centuries. Some claim it allows the invisible flag of death to be at the top. Others think it might go back to ancient Greek and Roman times when staffs were broken in half to signal a significant death. Whatever the origin, it’s a custom we follow.
We honor significant individuals by station. Presidents, Vice Presidents, Supreme Court Justices, etc., are honored upon their death by flags at half-staff but for varying lengths of time. And then there are days every year that we fly the flags low, such as Peace Officers Memorial Day, 9/11, and National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day.
But Memorial Day is different. According to flag code, we fly the Stars and Stripes at half-staff until noon and then raise it to the finial at the top of the pole for the remainder of the day. Exactly why is a bit of a mystery, but we get a clue from the original 1923 version of the flag code:
“On Memorial Day, May 30, the Flag is displayed at half-staff from sunrise until noon and at full staff from noon until sunset; for the Nation lives and the Flag is the symbol of a living nation.”
Anyone with a sense of history could take this sentence and spin it into a book.
Memorial Day grew out of honoring the dead of the Civil War. We honor those on both sides, as President Grant did when he presided over a memorial service at Arlington Cemetery where flowers were strewn across the graves of Union and Confederate soldiers. Not lost in ceremony is the fact that our nation survived.
That survival, and our subsequent growth, is a cause for joyful celebration. The cost exacted from us in our lost husbands, fathers, sons, and brothers cannot be recovered. But it was for a purpose: the life of the nation.
We get to drive where we want, eat what we want, buy what we want, and spend time with whomever we want.
I don’t think a single soldier gave his life so that I could save 50% on a mattress or get $3,000 off the price of a car during the last weekend in May. And no one put his life in jeopardy so that I could join millions of other Americans on the highway as the summer gets into full swing. They died defending my right to choose. For that I am grateful, as I believe we all are.
I will take a moment today, before noon, to consider that flag at half-staff in the little park across the street, and all the sacrifice that it represents. And then, as the afternoon wears on, I think I’ll celebrate the start of summer at my sister’s house with some barbeque and time in the pool.
Here’s to remembering our history and to a solemn, then joyful, Memorial Day.
Follow me on Twitter @ | <urn:uuid:95c3bfda-f5e2-41c3-99e7-ee718b98281c> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://economyandmarkets.com/economy/demographic-trends/rodney-johnson-flags-and-fallen/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986647517.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20191013195541-20191013222541-00329.warc.gz | en | 0.954291 | 864 | 2.609375 | 3 |
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