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A gardener’s inspiration and motivation for gardening can vary, but quite often, gardening is a hobby done either as a recreational sort of natural art, or as an experiment in self-sufficiency. And with so many plant varieties available ranging from flowers to vegetables, it’d be quite rare to seek out two identical gardens.
Most gardening occurs in regions with temperate weather, and each season bears the potential of new beauty. Planting can come about anywhere from early spring through mid-autumn reckoning on the placement, climate, and plant.
Getting your gardening materials ready
Before you get started in your gardening project, there are several tools and materials necessary to start out. For sure, youll desire a plot of land or area within a yard to plant your garden. The dimensions and design of the garden largely is dependent upon what type of garden you may grow.
After you have determined how your garden can be physically laid out, youll need some basic tools to get started. A hoe or small plow will probably be needed to turn the soil during which you’ll plant. For small flower gardens, a hoe or maybe a small trowel is likely to be sufficient. For larger gardens and for plenty of vegetable and fruit gardens, a plow, or rototiller, would probably be more effective.
Once you have planted your seeds or plants, they’ll require water. A garden hose or watering bucket can be utilized to assist irrigate the garden, particularly in months when rain could be at a minimum. Automatic sprinkler and irrigation systems can also be installed to keep up your garden.
Finally, some gardeners insist on the usage of fertilizers and plant foods. While these is probably not necessary, they could have a major impact to your garden. If pests and other insects could be a difficulty, you may additionally consider investing in a safe insecticide for treating your plants.
Common challenges faced in gardening
We aren’t all ” green thumbs,” but everybody faces an analogous basic problems inside the planting and maintenance of a garden. Firstly, insects and other pests could cause serious issues for an otherwise healthy garden. Many nurseries can give you guidance in common pests and plant diseases that will be at risk of your region or form of plant, and may be capable of let you perceive a pesticide.
The weather may seriously hamper your efforts at maintaining a successful garden. Brutally hot temperatures, lack of rain, and other weather conditions in the course of the growing season can stunt growth, prevent blooms, or maybe kill entire gardens. And, needless to say, unexpected changes within the weather can catch even essentially the most experienced gardener off-guard. Be prepared for anything when it comes to weather, and this can help prevent surprises in a while.
Gardening for beauty
Flower gardens greatly add to the full landscaping of a home or business, and may add color at any time of year. Understanding the variation between annuals which bloom only once and frequently die at the tip of the season and perennials which, if cared for properly, will return again season after season is additionally of serious benefit to establishing a garden.
Many flower gardens feature a suite of perennials as section of the landscape, requiring the gardener simply to fill within the open space with annuals per annum. Popular annuals for flower gardening include impatiens, begonias, daisies, tulips, and pansies. Some gardens can be designed around a color scheme or theme, and are frequently designed to be incorporated into the larger landscaping theme of the home or business.
Gardening for food
Many gardens are created for the only real purpose of growing and harvesting edible fruit and veggies. In some regions of the realm, fruit and vegetable gardening is so popular that just about every home on every street or road has in any case some size garden full of vegatables and fruits.
While planting and growing flowers from seed is reasonably simple, knowing when to plant seeds for a vegetable garden generally is a more of a challenge. Many novice gardeners prefer to purchases small plants to grow, leaving a lot of the work in maintenance of the garden.
Most vegetable and fruit gardens are planted in rows, which makes working inside the garden, the weeding and watering as an example, easier. Planting in rows also eases in harvesting the yields of the garden, as someone can walk in the course of the rows next to plants to harvest and pick the food. Common plants in fruits and vegetable gardens include beans, tomatoes, all kinds of peppers, corn, and radishes. Most fruit and vegetables are summer gardens, although the yields is probably not harvested until fall for some vegetables and fruits along with gourds and pumpkins.
For individuals who like plants for beauty, or those that wish to grow fresh food in their backyard, the rewarding hobby of gardening is easily worth a try.
Steve Dolan loves to garden and is blessed with green fingers. Seriously look into Organic Garden | Organic Vegetables to benefit from your garden. Also visit Home Improvement | Home DIY for home improvement ideas. | <urn:uuid:ac9c3086-bffb-4387-9fb7-2d9075aa85f3> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://smallgardendesign.info/a-garden-is-natural-art/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824357.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020211313-20171020231313-00195.warc.gz | en | 0.941043 | 1,053 | 3.078125 | 3 |
As local weather change warms the planet and droughts are anticipated to change into extra frequent and excessive, a brand new research reveals how diminished water flows and rising atmospheric temperatures are set to warmth our rivers – creating main challenges for aquatic life, ecosystems, and society.
Water temperature is a vital management for all of the bodily, chemical, and organic processes in rivers. It’s significantly essential for organisms that can’t regulate their very own physique temperature, similar to fish. River temperature is essential for human well being and industrial, home, and leisure makes use of by individuals.
Scientists have recognized three main mechanisms that drive river water temperature will increase throughout droughts: atmospheric vitality inputs; bodily habitat influences (shading and river channel shapes controlling circulation); and the contributions of various water sources – groundwater tends to chill rivers in summer time.
A assessment revealed in Hydrological Processes, led by College of Birmingham in collaboration with the College of Nottingham and the Scottish Authorities’s Marine Directorate, highlights that intense shortwave radiation throughout sizzling and dry durations is prone to be the most important issue of excessive river water temperatures.
This mixed with declining water ranges and volumes, and slower circulation velocities throughout droughts will heat up waters extra shortly. Nonetheless, the authors emphasise that cooling results from groundwater inputs, channel shading and evaporation can offset excessive temperatures in sure circumstances.
Co-author David Hannah, Professor of Hydrology and UNESCO Chair in Water Sciences on the College of Birmingham, commented: “Rising river water temperatures can have vital and sometimes detrimental implications for aquatic life, impacting each particular person species and whole ecosystems.
“Drought circumstances typically coincide with excessive atmospheric temperatures and such developments will change into extra intense and frequent with local weather change – with main implications for river water temperatures because of the mixture of intense photo voltaic radiation and decrease (and slower) water flows.
“Nonetheless, sure administration interventions similar to riverside planting, and river restoration initiatives – together with recreating pure channel varieties and reconnecting groundwaters – may assist to offset excessive thermal extremes throughout droughts if interventions are effectively focused.”
The researchers word that extra holistic, catchment-wide approaches to river restoration are required that contemplate how excessive river water temperature extremes could be offset whereas delivering different environmental and ecological advantages. The research authors name for brand new scientific approaches inspecting how the processes working throughout the three mechanisms they’ve recognized work together – serving to to higher inform fashions able to estimating the place and when excessive river thermal extremes are prone to happen throughout droughts.
Lead-author Dr James White, from the College of Birmingham, commented: “Our work highlights crucial future analysis questions that can assist us to higher mannequin river water temperature dynamics throughout droughts – serving to river managers to work out how thermal extremes might be higher managed by mitigation and adaptation methods.” | <urn:uuid:74ff84c0-4a85-423f-a2f9-6dcdbaee518a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://kesehatan.uk/drought-situations-expose-rivers-to-hotter-water-temperatures/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00547.warc.gz | en | 0.907805 | 601 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Mangaluru: A person cannot see or feel their bones getting thinner. Many people do not even know that they have thin bones until a bone breaks (fractures). A broken bone can interfere with a person’s daily activities and can have serious consequences. It is important for a person to know whether they have this silent disease so that they can take steps to prevent a fracture and protect their ability to lead an independent, active lifestyle.
A BMD test can Measure the density of bone, detect osteoporosis before a fracture occurs, help to predict the chances of fracture in the future, monitor the effectiveness of treatments for osteoporosis, etc. On occasion of World Osteoporosis Day a Free BMD screening Camp is scheduled on 22 August , 2015 from 9.30 am to 2 pm at Department of Orthopedics KMC Hospital, Attavar.
Dr Anand Venugopal, Medical Superintendent has urged the public to avail the facility made available through the camp.
For more details contact: 9731312504 | <urn:uuid:97f53fd0-f0d4-4931-a74b-bf36a7228c5f> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.mangalorean.com/mangaluru-free-bmd-camp-at-kmc-hospital-attavar-on-august-22/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323711.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628153051-20170628173051-00047.warc.gz | en | 0.914505 | 217 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Are you struggling with migraines?
Migraines are more than headaches. They can wipe you out for days and leave you feeling totally depleted.
If you’re experiencing migraines, it is a good idea to see our Osteopaths. We can help release tension in your muscles, joints and nerves, promoting natural healing.
What is a migraine?
The exact mechanisms of migraines are not known. Generally speaking, migraine is believed to be a neurovascular disorder – meaning there is a disturbance in the way blood moves to and from the brain and brainstem.
However, another theory claims that a migraine is caused by vascular changes in the brain and researchers determined migraines are preceded by a blood flow increase of nearly 300 percent.
What causes migraines?
- An underlying central nervous disorder may set off a migraine episode when triggered.
- Irregularities in the brain’s blood vessel system, or vascular system, may cause migraines.
- A genetic predisposition may cause migraine.
- Abnormalities of brain chemicals and nerve pathways may cause migraine episodes.
What can trigger a migraine?
- Food. Salty foods or aged foods, such as cheese and salami, may cause migraine headaches. In addition, highly processed foods can also trigger a migraine.
- Skipping meals. People with a history of migraines shouldn’t skip meals or fast, unless it’s done under a doctor’s supervision.
- Stress. Perhaps the biggest culprit of all, stress is a trigger for almost 70% of people with migraine, and one study revealed that 50-70% of people had a significant association between their daily stress level and their daily migraine activity. When you add the perpetual worry of when the next attack will strike, it can start to feel like a never-ending, exhausting cycle.
- Hormones. Hormone shifts are a common migraine trigger for women. Many women report developing migraine headaches right before or even during their period. Others report hormone-induced migraines during pregnancy or menopause. That’s because estrogen levels change during these time and can trigger a migraine episode.
- Caffeine and Alcohol. Many people find their migraine symptoms are heightened after consuming caffeine or alcohol. Conversely, other people say that a cup of coffee can stop their migraine symptoms, and some medications designed to fight migraine pain may contain a dose of caffeine. Although migraine patients consider red wine the principal alcoholic migraine trigger, studies show that other types of alcohol are just as likely—and sometimes even more frequently—the culprit.
- Weather changes. What Mother Nature is doing outside may affect how you feel on the inside. Changes in weather and shifts in barometric pressure can trigger a migraine.
- Changes in or an irregular sleep schedule. If you’re not getting regular, routine sleep, you may experience more migraines. Don’t bother trying to “make up” for lost sleep on the weekends, either. Too much sleep is just as likely to cause a headache as too little.
- Light. For many migraine patients, natural light is the enemy. This condition is called Photophobia, and it is actually one of the criteria used to diagnose migraine. Both natural, bright light and fluorescent or flickering bulbs are problematic, making it difficult to spend time outside or be in an office environment.
How can Osteopathy help migraines?
Osteopathic treatments target the underlying physical conditions that cause chronic pain and illness.
Through hands-on therapy, Osteopathy can relax muscle spasms and release areas of tension in the body. This allows better movement and drainage of body fluids and assists the body’s natural healing process.
Osteopathic treatment can help relieve migraine pain. Additionally, treatment can also help restore the body’s ability to function and move well.
If you are experiencing migraines, our Osteopaths will provide you with an initial assessment and a treatment plan. Book your assessment today! | <urn:uuid:13d7d243-a12d-468e-b5be-eedd0e143b58> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.bodyandmind.clinic/osteopathy-for-migraines/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154385.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20210802203434-20210802233434-00288.warc.gz | en | 0.91615 | 837 | 2.75 | 3 |
Mining engineers design safe and efficient mines for removing coal and metals. Mining engineers optimize mines for removing resources in the most efficient manner possible. They ensure that the as much of the resource as possible is extracted. Mining engineers often specialize in a particular mineral or metal, such as iron or coal. Some collaborate with geologists to find and evaluate new ore deposits. Others develop or improve mining equipment, or manage processing operations that separate and refine minerals. Mining safety engineers implement best practices, conduct mine and equipment inspections, monitor air quality, and ensure compliance with all safety regulations to keep workers safe.
What Do Mining Engineers Do?
Mining engineers design both open-pit and underground mines, supervise construction of mine structures, plan the transportation of minerals to processing plants, monitor production, and prepare reports. They assess the geological characteristics of mining sites and determine the structures, equipment and processes to be used at a particular operation.
These professionals also make sure that mine operations are conducted in environmentally sound ways. They may also apply their expertise to land reclamation, water and air pollution, and sustainability issues.
Mining engineers with advanced degrees may teach at colleges and universities.
Where Does a Mining Engineer Work?
Mining engineers work mostly in mining operations in remote locations. However, some work in sand-and-gravel operations located near large cities. Over time, they may work their way up to office positions in mining firms or consulting companies, which are usually located near large metropolitan areas.
As of 2012, 30% of mining and geological engineers were employed in architectural, engineering, and related services. 17% worked in metal ore mining, and 10% in coal mining. 8% worked as managers of companies and enterprises, and another 6% were employed in mining support activities.
Most engineers work full time. Those in remote locations may have schedules with variable shifts that exceed 40 hours per week.<!- mfunc search_btn -> <!- /mfunc search_btn ->
What Is a Typical Mining Engineer's Salary?
As of May 2020, the median salary for geological and mining engineers was $93,800. Those in the oil and gas extraction industry earned the most money, with a median salary of $138,380.*
Mining Engineering Jobs
Recent Mining Engineering Job Listings
Use the search box below to find all the mining engineer job listings in our job board.
- Use mine planning software and computer modeling to prepare mine plans and waste disposal plans
- Monitor the implementation of mine plans and mine system improvements
- Participate and lead in meetings, project task forces, continuous improvement teams, and other teams
- Develop plans for disposal of tailings and other mineral waste materials
- Assist in developing reclamation plans to coincide with the mine design, development, and planning
- Review research and literature relating to current discoveries in the field
- Collect field and control samples in order to perform analyses and quality assurance checks
- Report drilling requirements for assigned properties to administrative team
- Utilize planning software and develop technical databases as required
- Perform surveying operations in underground and surface mining operations
- Implement safety and quality assurance policies and procedures
Senior mining engineers often have a broader scope of responsibilities that include management of a mine or mines as well as operations and personnel. Such responsibilities often include:
- Act as manager and liaison for departmental or field improvements
- Delegate or complete production and consumables inventory tracking
- Delegate or complete monthly production and inventory reports with business and technical staff
- Analyze, design, and test components, assemblies or systems that meet business standards and program / product requirements
- Create a challenging and positive team environment ensuring that colleagues engage in necessary professional development and mentorship opportunities
- Consult with industry stakeholders regarding research and technical advancements
- Navigate regulatory issues as they apply to fieldwork and site development
- Address specific organizational initiatives with internal stakeholders
- Share engineering best practices and promote open dialogue on a regional, national and international level
- Protect proprietary or developing technology that provides a competitive advantage to the business
- Foster a positive and safe work environment
- Draft and manage schedules and budgetary timelines alongside technical and engineering protocols
- Navigate federal and international protocols, regulations, and best practices
- Test and calibrate equipment and instruments
- Measure and record data
- Develop operational plans which exceed all environmental, geological and engineering regulations
- Evaluate existing mining operations and recommend improvements
What Is the Job Demand for Mining Engineers?
Jobs in geological and mining engineering are projected to rise 4% between 2020 and 2030.*
Federal policy changes for accessing high-quality coal deposits on federal lands in the Western U.S. may generate some new jobs. Also, a growing need for rare earth minerals for electronics manufacturing should help spur the expansion of mining. Some growth will occur in engineering services contracting. Retirements of older engineers will also make room for new recruits to the profession. Mining safety engineering is a growing area of expertise.<!- mfunc search_btn -> <!- /mfunc search_btn ->
Getting a Mining Engineer Degree
A bachelor's degree from an accredited engineering program is required to become a mining or geological engineer. Students interested in pursuing such careers should study math and science. Since few schools offer mining engineering programs, students may need to specialize in this area from within general engineering programs. Typical undergraduate programs in mining engineering include courses in geology, physics, mine design and safety, and math. Lab and field work are generally included. Graduate degrees general include coursework in mineral resource development and mining regulations.
Engineers who offer their services directly to the public must be licensed as professional engineers (PEs). Licensure generally requires:
- A degree from an ABET-accredited engineering program
- A passing score on the Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) exam
- Relevant work experience, typically at least 4 years
- A passing score on the Professional Engineering (PE) exam
College graduates may take the Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) exam immediately. Engineers who pass this exam are called engineers in training (EITs) or engineer interns (EIs). After gaining four years of work experience, EITs and EIs can go on to take the Principles and Practice of Engineering exam to qualify for licensure.
Several states require engineers to participate in professional development activities in order to keep their licenses. Most states recognize licensure from other states, as long as that state's requirements meet or exceed their own licensure requirements.
Entry-level engineers may also receive formal classroom or seminar-type training on the job.
Mining Engineers - Related Degrees<!- mfunc search_box_body ->
What kind of societies and professional organizations do Mining Engineers have?
- The Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration (SME) advocates for the industry on legislative issues, publishes Mining Engineering Onlineand a Mining Engineering Handbook, and offers professional development opportunities. At over 125 years old, it's the world's largest professional society for the minerals industry.
- The American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers (AIME) is a federation of member societies, which it supports through awards, scholarships and special grants. It also makes available the Sustainable Engineering Education Key Resources Repository (SEEKRR), a searchable database of best practices for incorporating sustainability into college-level engineering education.
*2020 US Bureau of Labor Statistics salary figures and job growth projections for mining and geological engineers reflect national data not school-specific information. Conditions in your area may vary. Data accessed September 2021. | <urn:uuid:1f007404-a6f0-4e6b-84c0-c49c7020726a> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.environmentalscience.org/career/mining-engineer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296946535.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20230326204136-20230326234136-00423.warc.gz | en | 0.942749 | 1,549 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Graphics are visual presentations on some surface, such as a wall, canvas, screen, paper, or stone to brand, inform, illustrate, or entertain. Graphics word is derived from the word graph. A graph has x and y axis. Same way something which is created in digital word is seen on a digital screen, this screen also has x and y axis. So the output on any digital device is termed as graphics. In other words an image that is generated by a computer called graphics. | <urn:uuid:a2836452-4678-4be1-980b-ff28cf52f7dd> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://freeyork.org/entity/graphics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583850393.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20190122120040-20190122142040-00550.warc.gz | en | 0.969443 | 99 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Acute Scaphoid Fractures (148 KB)
The scaphoid is the most renowned and probably important carpal (wrist) bone. It acts as a strut between the two rows of bones in the wrist. It is the most commonly fractured carpal bone. Scaphoid fractures are notorious for a number of reasons.
Delay or missed diagnosis
The injury is often thought to be “just a sprain” and the patient believes it will get better without any need for medical intervention and in fact the pain often subsides. Added to this, the initial x-rays may not show the fracture. In this setting you may be placed in a cast or splint as a precaution and advised to get more imaging. This can be a repeat x-ray 2 weeks later, a CT scan, bone scan or increasingly an MRI.
The average time it takes for a scaphoid fracture to heal is significantly longer than almost all other bones. The average time is somewhere in the order of 16 weeks. This is because the bone is covered mostly in cartilage and has a relatively poor blood supply compared to other bones.
Part of the bone may die
(The marking on the photograph indicates the part of the bone that can die)
The scaphoid anatomy places a portion of it at risk of dying when it is fractured. This is because the blood comes into the bone near its end and has to travel through the centre of the bone to get to the other end. A fracture may disrupt this flow. For this reason in fractures closest to the wrist (proximal), surgery is recommended.
Regular x-rays can be difficult to interpret, especially in a cast. A CT scan can be obtained to better visualise the fracture.
(The marking on the photograph indicates the scaphoid is in 2 pieces and has not healed)
Not heal at all (non union)
This can be the result of not being diagnosed and having no treatment to not healing despite optimal treatment. Even surgery does not guarantee healing of a scaphoid fracture. If the bone loss around the original fracture site develops into a gap you may need a bone graft as well as a screw in order to obtain healing.
Heal in abnormal position
Although uncommon, this can occur if the fracture is not treated correctly. Even so called “non displaced” fractures can heal in an abnormal position over time. The bone has a tendency to collapse on one side and this is called a “humpback deformity”.
Why do we care?
If the scaphoid fracture does not heal or heals abnormally it can lead to abnormal movement and positioning of the bones in the wrist. This can subsequently lead to arthritis. The treatment of the arthritis that develops sometimes requires more significant procedures such as partial wrist fusions and because the fractures are more common in young people this is something we try to avoid.
My preferences for treatment are as follows:
On diagnosis with a plain x-ray you are placed in a cast or snugly fitting brace that is to be worn at all times. A CT scan of all “non-displaced” fractures because the plain x-rays can be misleading. If there is doubt on the diagnosis we prefer an MRI. If the fracture is undisplaced and stable then it will usually heal in a plaster but this can take up to 16 weeks. Depending on life circumstances you may be offered an operation to stabilise the fracture, this takes the form of a single screw placed across the fracture through a small incision.
If the fracture is unstable or displaced, it is likely surgery will be recommended which is called an Open Reduction Internal Fixation (ORIF) with a screw.
If the bone is in multiple pieces you may need a bone graft, which we usually take from one of the other bones in the wrist (the radius) and sometimes from the hip. Even with surgery there is no guarantee that the fracture will heal.
Smoking significantly increase the risk of the fracture failing to heal, so much so that some surgeons will not operate if you continue to smoke (see Chronic Scaphoid Fractures).
These notes have been prepared by orthopaedic surgeons at OrthoSport Victoria. They are general overviews and information aimed for use by their specific patients and reflects their views, opinions and recommendations. This does not constitute medical advice. The contents are provided for information and education purposes only and not for the purpose of rendering medical advice. Please seek the advice of your specific surgeon or other health care provider with any questions regarding medical conditions and treatment. | <urn:uuid:9410c562-1cb3-4b12-b884-61826f7fc849> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://www.osv.com.au/info-sheets/hand-wrist-and-elbow/acute-scaphoid-fractures | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247481122.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20190216210606-20190216232606-00582.warc.gz | en | 0.940707 | 940 | 3.171875 | 3 |
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aboriginal inhabitants of the Burma country, and were expelled by the present race, who were of a Tartar stock. They differ very widely in their habits and appearance from the Burmese, being inferior in form and features to their neighbours; they have no chief, but, in disputes amongst themselves, appeal to a priest, who is reputed to be a descendant from the supreme pontiff: he is termed Passine, and acts as prophet, physician, and legislator. They have no written records, and a very rude form of faith ; their chief homage being addressed to a particular tree, under which, at stated periods, they assemble and sacrifice cattle, on which they subsequently feast. Another object of adoration is the aerolite, for which, after a thunder-storm, they make diligent search, and which, when found, they deliver to the priest; by whom it is preserved as an infallible remedy for every disease. Amongst their peculiar notions is that of esteeming merit by animal appetite, and he is the man of most virtue who is the amplest
Japan.-Bugis and Macassers.—The Daya of Borneo.-Bali.—Java.-Sumatra, the Bataks or
Cannibals.—Bedas of Ceylon.—Cochin and Tonquin Chinese. –The Shaman Religion.
I HAVE in other places in this work observed that the deities of the Hindu pantheon are, or have been, objects of adoration among the islands of the eastern Archipelago, and the countries on the shores of the China sea. In the island of Bali* the Brahminical religion is still that of the country; and is yet preserved among the mountaineers of Tong’garf in Java. Elsewhere in this wide extent of country it has yielded to the doctrines of Mahomet and Buddha. That it did, however, generally prevail in Java, and to a certain (now unknown) extent in Sumatra, Tonquin China, part of China, and other countries on the eastern confines of Asia there can scarcely be a doubt; and if we may be allowed to place any faith in the descriptions and representations of idols alleged, by early writers on Japan, to have been worshipped in that empire, we may conclude that the Brahminical images, at least, were not unknown, either blended in the worship with those of the Sintu or ancient religion, or introduced anterior to, or with that of Buddha, and the whole subsequently mixed up with each other.
Passing over, for the present, the earlier accounts of Japan, among which we shall find the narratives of the Dutch ambassadors to the Emperor, between 1600 and 1650, and that of Don Rodrigo de Vivero y Velasco, the governor-general of the Philippine Islands, who was wrecked upon the coast, and traversed the country of Japan about the year 1611, we shall arrive at the next authority, Kæmpfer, the most esteemed for accuracy among
* See Bali. + See Java.
the early writers on that country. He, however, confined himself to stating that the Japanese worshipped a multiplicity of deities, many of whom were deified heroes and emperors; that they also worshipped demons and evil
ship was that of Buddha, Saka, or Sakya.
It may be here observed, that from about the period of the Dutch embassies up to the present time the empire of Japan has been hermetically closed against European nations, except from a short annual visit of the Dutch, from Batavia to the port of Nangasaki, for the purposes of commerce; but even in these exceptions, so jealous have been the Japanese of European intercourse, that the crews of the vessels during their stay in Nangasaki were confined within the compass of a small insulated spot, and the sails, guns, and rudder taken possession of by the authorities of the port.
Captain Galownin, of the Russian navy, has, however, been an excep
circumstances, and was conveyed into the interior of the country, where he remained for a considerable time : but he, also, has confined himself to observing, in a few brief and scattered notes, that the Japanese took him and his companions in captivity without reserve into the temples and places of devotion ; which he has stated bore an extraordinary resemblance to the
candlesticks holding tapers, &c. &c.
“ They (the Japanese, he adds) are not followers of foreign religions. They, however, give full liberty to a variety of sects, but are quite intolerant to christianity, on account of the troubles it has occasioned among them. The Catholic priests, who formerly lived in Japan, and enjoyed every possible freedom, preached the Christian faith, and converted a great number of the natives : but, at last, the progress of the new religion (to which, it is alleged, may be added proceedings on the part of its preachers not in accordance with its doctrines) led to a civil war, and caused the complete extirpation of the Christians.”
The next account that may be noticed is one entitled to the highest consideration, both from the respectability of its author, and the great estimation of its distinguished narrator, the late Sir T. S. Raffles. That gentleman, in his discourse to the literary society of Java, has observed, that the Japanese are represented, by Dr. Ainslie, to be “ a nervous vigorous people, whose bodily and mental powers assimilate much nearer to those of Europe than what is attributed to Asiatics in general. Their features are masculine and perfectly European, with the exception of the small lengthened Tartar eye, which almost universally prevails, and is the only feature of resemblance between them and the Chinese. The complexion is perfectly fair, and, indeed, blooming; the women of the higher classes being equally fair with Europeans, and having the bloom of health more generally prevalent among them than is usually found in Europe.
“ For a people who have had very few, if any, external aids, the Japanese cannot but rank high in the scale of civilization. The traits of a vigorous mind are displayed in their proficiency in the sciences, and particularly in metaphysics and judicial astrology. The arts they practise speak for themselves, and are deservedly acknowledged to be in a much higher degree of perfection than among the Chinese, with whom they are by Europeans so frequently confounded; the latter having been stationary at least as long as we have known them, while the slightest impulse seems sufficient to give a determination to the Japanese character, which would progressively improve until it attained the same height of civilization with the European. Nothing indeed is so offensive to the feelings of a Japanese as to be compared, in any one respect, with the Chinese; and the only occasion on which Dr. Ainslie saw the habitual politeness of a Japanese ever surprised into a burst of pássion was, when, upon a similitude of the two nations being unguardedly asserted, the latter laid his hand upon his sword !
“ The people are said to have a strong inclination to foreign intercourse, notwithstanding the political institutions to the contrary; and perhaps the energy which characterizes the Japanese character cannot be better elucidated than by that extraordinary decision which excluded the world from
their shores, and confined within their own limits a people, who had before served as mercenaries throughout all Polynesia, and traded with all nations --themselves adventurous navigators.
“ Unlike the Chinese, the women here are by no means secluded: they associate among themselves like the ladies of Europe. During the residence of Dr. Ainslie, frequent invitations and entertainments were given : on these occasions, and at one in particular, a lady from the coast of Jeddo is represented to have done the honours of the table, with an ease, elegance, and address that would have graced a Parisian. The usual dress of a Japanese woman of middle rank costs perhaps as much as would supply the wardrobe of an European lady for twenty years.
“ The Japanese are open to strangers, and, abating the restrictions of their political institutions, a people who seem inclined to throw themselves into the hands of any nation of superior intelligence. They have at the same time a great contempt and disregard of any thing below their own standard of morals and habits, as instanced in the case of the Chinese.
“ The mistaken idea of the illiberality of the Japanese in religious matters, seems to have been fully proved. On visiting the great temple on the hills of Nangasaki, the English commissioner was received with marked regard and respect by the venerable patriarch of the northern provinces, eighty years of age, who entertained him most sumptuously. On shewing him round the courts of the temple, one of the English officers present heedlessly exclaimed in surprise, Jasus Christus ! The patriarch turning half round, with a placid smile, bowed significantly expressive of · We know you are Jasus Christus ! well, don't obtrude him upon us in our temples, and we remain friends ;' and so, with a hearty shake of the hands, these two opposites parted.”
We now come to a later writer, whose work, from the high character of its author, is also entitled to the first consideration and respect. M. Klaproth is well known as a Chinese scholar, and professes to have drawn his information respecting Japan from Japanese books at his command; the best authority we can possess, in the absence of actual observation. We may, however, hope to derive, ere long, a still better knowledge of this extra | <urn:uuid:a0d7964c-a8cd-4494-95ce-b620a0ee5ac0> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://books.google.ru/books?id=SWcVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA328&dq=editions:OCLC35188573&hl=ru&output=html_text&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347398233.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20200528061845-20200528091845-00412.warc.gz | en | 0.972366 | 2,019 | 2.71875 | 3 |
- Define What Greatness Means to You
- Listen to Each Other’s Dreams
- Hold a Community Visioning Event
- Develop Ecosystems of Allies
- Stay Inspired
1. Define What Greatness Means to You
In Good to Great and the Social Sector, management consultant Jim Collins states, “We need to reject the naïve imposition of the ‘language of business’ on the social sectors, and instead jointly embrace a language of greatness.” Collins describes how the process of defining greatness relates to social sector institutions, including schools.
“Greatness is not a function of circumstance,” he says. “Greatness, it turns out, is largely a matter of conscious choice and discipline.” And “a great organization is one that delivers superior performance and makes a distinctive impact over a long period of time.”
To read excerpts of Good to Great and the Social Sector, visit www.jimcollins.com.
2. Listen to Each Other’s Dreams
Dreams get stronger when they’re shared. By naming our dreams out loud, we have a chance to test their viability By listening to the dreams of others, we have the opportunity to expand our own future possibilities.
In Constructivist Listening in the Classroom, author Ana Becerra writes: “People tend to be able to think more clearly when they belong to caring, supportive, and respectful communities whose members listen to each other. By listening to and caring about each other we are able to recognize unproductive assumptions and construct new understandings. We call this process Constructivist Listening.”
You can find guidelines for Constructivist Listening here.
3. Hold a Community Visioning Event
Education researcher Andy Hargreaves believes we must all “act urgently for change, and wait patiently for results.” Building shared understanding about the change we are acting for, therefore, only increases the shared ownership necessary for bringing that change about.
To engage your community in a group visioning of its shared future — in order to imagine what the best-case improvement scenario would look like, and then plan accordingly — use the National School Reform Faculty’s (NSRF) Future Protocol, a.k.a. Back to the Future. Have groups look for patterns and agreements as starting points for defining the future they are willing to commit to building together.
To download a PDF of the Future Protocol, click here.
4. Develop Ecosystems of Allies
Building a networked ecosystem of allies — the people who share your beliefs and commitments — is a powerful means of building sustainable structures for innovation, by seeding discussions and exploring where agreements — and differences — exist.
You can also read more about ecosystems for innovation in Theory U: Leading from the Future As It Emerges by C. Otto Scharmer. To read excerpts of Theory U, visit www.theoryu.com.
5. Stay Inspired
Did you ever stop to think that the most radical ideas — the ones that challenge institutions — are eventually destined to become institutions that are challenged by newer, more radical ideas?
Maintain your inspiration by staying connected to others who dream of a better world, and share their myriad ideas for getting there.
At ted.org (Technology, Entertainment, Design), visitors can find video highlights of the organization’s annual conference, which brings together the world’s most fascinating thinkers and doers and challenges them to give the talk of their lives (in 18 minutes or less).
Learn more, and stay inspired, by visiting www.ted.org | <urn:uuid:612320e4-d862-4254-b6db-c84814c18531> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://fivefreedoms.org/5-things-you-can-do-aspiration/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710710.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129164449-20221129194449-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.915906 | 748 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Do you find your car battery dead quite often? If so, then your car may be experiencing the problem of battery drainage, leading to an exhausted battery. Most of the times unwanted battery drainage is caused due to prolonged switched on headlights, the radio system or the internal lights when the car is not running. Again, it may be your proximity keys which always keep scanning for radio signals or your music system in the stand by mode. Apart from these visible reasons, there are some minute facts which may cause your battery to drain away slowly. These may be untidiness of the battery, a leaked battery or inappropriateness of the wires used for the various electrical and electronic gadgets in your car. Here are some checkpoints which will help you to watch out for a car battery drain:
Car Battery Drain
Difficulty level: Easy
Time required: It varies person to person.
- A low range multi-meter (having milli ampere current measuring range)
- A screwdriver (you can use the one in your car's utility box)
- A rag (to clean the battery terminals, if found dirty)
Frequently asked questions1. Which devices mostly cause a car battery drain?
- First of all, let us check if there is any minute battery drain in your car. Switch off and disconnect each and every electrical and electronic gadget in your car which makes use of the battery. These equipments are nothing but your radio, music system, internal lights, GPS system, proximity key sensor, etc. Thereafter, connect the meter in series by removing any fuse connected directly with the battery terminals. Alternately, you can also remove a battery terminal and connect the meter in series with the whole electrical circuitry of your car. Switch on the multimeter and put it in the ammeter mode within the range of 2 A or 200 mA. If you find about 10-20 mA reading in the meter, then this is the residual current drainage that is occurring from your battery.
- If your car is suffering from an abnormal battery drain, check your battery physically for dirt or loose connections. Both dirt and loose connection at the terminals may cause the battery to die down slowly. Loose connections generate heat, putting an extra load on the battery. If found, loose connections should be fixed properly to save the battery. Keep the battery and it's terminals clean using a rag or duster.
- Switch off all electrical gadgets and systems in your car when it is not running. When you need to leave your car in a parking lot for a week, make sure that no electrical component is running inside which may drain away your battery.
- Many speakers (usually the ones which are not the branded ones) come with wires with poor conductivity and more resistance. These causes more power loss causing your battery to die off. If the amplifiers fail to go to standby, the speakers stay powered for a long time exhausting the battery even if they are not producing any sound. Thus always use a music system manufactured by a good brand for your car.
It is your proximity sensor key always scanning for radio signals or your massive sound system which hasn't switched over to the stand-by mode when your car is in the parking lot. It may also be your GPS receiver always tracking your position by communicating with the GPS satellites.
2. How frequently do I need to check my battery?
Well, you should go for a scheduled car battery checkup once in every 2-3 months. Physically examine the battery and replace it if any major problem is found.
Things to watch out for:
- Don't forget to turn off the internal lights or dim lights when you park your car.
- Switch over the audio systems to the stand by mode when not in use.
- Unplug any unused mobile or laptop charger plug as it drains your battery even if they are not charging anything, when connected to the mains.
- If your car battery is still dying away despite following the above steps, better visit a good technician and have it inspected.
- Always look out for short circuited terminals. Your d.c. battery will produce sparks if the terminals get shorted by any means or gets touched with the ground circuit.
- While checking your battery's current drain with a meter, do not do any stupid things like switching on your headlight or blowing the horn as it will draw a large amount of current from the battery, thus blowing off the fuse of the meter (as the meter will then be in a low ampere range).
- Always have the maintenance manual of your vehicle by your hand and strictly follow the instructions therein to open the battery cover or dismantle the battery. | <urn:uuid:a4260791-d873-41d1-be1b-af003a0186e9> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.automotto.com/entry/stop-car-battery-drains/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535921550.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20140901014521-00065-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925663 | 958 | 2.65625 | 3 |
In a country roughly the size of Denmark, Costa Rica has managed to form one of the most progressive environmental protection programs of any nation on earth. Long before being ´sustainable´ became fashionable Costa Rica has recognized the importance of conserving its habitats. In 2007, Nobel Winner and President Oscar Areas Sanchez declared the country´s goal of being carbon-neutral by the year 2021. By 2012, the Environmental Performance Index had ranked Costa Rica 5th in the world in carbon neutrality, and first in the Americas. Costa Rica now draws 90% of their energy from sustainable sources.
Despite its small size, population, and influence relative to the U.S. and EU nations, its actions are important: Costa Rica may only occupy .03% of the Earth surface, but the country accounts for nearly 5% of the Earth´s biodiversity.
While G4 nations burn rocket fuel to meet and discuss vague notions of sustainability at fruitless conferences, Costa Rica has been quietly engaged in an environmental renaissance.
Here are a few areas where the rest of the world can learn a lot from the Ticos:
1. Alternative energy
Costa Rica has also tapped into its many volcanoes to generate 15% of the nation´s energy through geothermal methods. Geo-thermal energy harvests underground steam from volcanoes, which then cools and moves power turbines. Unlike hydroelectric energy, geothermal isn’t dependent on weather conditions, and still remains largely underused. With plentiful Caribbean and Pacific coastline and topography conducive to gusts, wind turbines also generate 7% of Costa Rica’s energy.
2. Land preservation
With population growth and farming threatening invaluable eco-systems, Costa Rica has deemed nearly 30% of its land officially protected in national parks and reserves. This percentage is particularly impressive when compared to the United States which only officially protects 13.8% of its land.
Outside of this, there are sizable areas of private reserves operated by nonprofits and environmental groups. Protecting this land means it is off limits to owners who could engage in potentially destructive practices such as clear cutting forests for farming. Protected areas include 27 National Parks, 58 wildlife refuges, 32 protected zones, 15 wetland areas, 11 forest reserves, and 8 biological. In combination with the progressive nature of Costa Rica´s vast eco-tourism industry, land preservation has been not only sustainable but also beneficial to the Costa Rican economy.
Most plant-based biofuels include many hidden opportunity costs. These can include requiring acreage, irrigation, pesticides, or leaving soil infertile. But in Costa Rica, the plants being used to produce biofuels require none of these expensive practices. The Costa Rican Jatropha curcas not only thrives in previously degraded areas but also contributes fertility with its high nitrogen content and compostable remains.
Energias Biodegradables de Costa Rica has been producing Jatropha curcas based biodiesel for over a decade and has opened the country’s first biodiesel gas station open 24/7, with plans to power the station with solar panels.
4. Reforestation and preservation
Prior to World War II, 75% of Costa Rica was covered in forest. But by 1980, that figure had dropped to around 20%. In the second half of the twentieth century, deforestation cleared swaths of land to make room for cash crops such as coffee, sugar, and palm oil. Logging operations also did their part in dramatically reducing the tree line.
Since the 1980s, however, huge recovery efforts have been made. In 1996, the country started the Payment for Ecosystem Services program (PES) which grants incentive payments to owners for sustainable forestry practices. The program pays farmers, ranchers, and land owners for leaving pre-existing foresting unharmed, monitoring fuel emissions, protecting watersheds, and also setting aside areas to be reforested. The PES program led to 26% of forest recovery between 1987 and 2000. There’s now a waiting list of farmers and land-owners willing to participate.
In the pursuit of tourist revenue there are constantly choices to make: X acres of tropical forest could be cleared to raise cows for marginal gains, or a bio-dynamic vegetable farm/lodge could be built allowing years of sustainable revenue and promising jobs for Costa Ricans. In regards to tourism, Costa Rica has often made the most sustainable choice. In 1997, Costa Rica introduced the Certification for Sustainable Tourism (CST) program in order to rate travel and tourism companies´ actual dedication to sustainable practices. The rating takes into account support of local communities, waste management, resource allocation, and environmental protection. Since 2012, National Parks such as Monteverde and Manuel Antonio have also create daily entrance quotas limited to 200 and 800 people respectively – reducing overuse, and placing the emphasis on preservation instead of simply profit.
Through all these practices, ecotourism has created more support for local Costa Ricans and their natural resources. It has promoted fair interaction between tourists and the resources they use, reduced the tourist footprint and preserved the country’s natural assets. In a 2012 TripAdvisor eco-friendly travel survey, Costa Rica was recognized as the most popular destination in the world for travelers interested in an eco-friendly trip. It’s no wonder tourism now represents one of the largest industries in the country and accounts for 5.5% of the country’s GDP. | <urn:uuid:432b3dce-3889-4948-be38-412d7d706f1e> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://matadornetwork.com/change/heres-costa-rica-leads-americas-response-climate-change/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510994.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002100910-20231002130910-00031.warc.gz | en | 0.937954 | 1,130 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Men’s Health Problems with the Consumption of Alcohol
Effect of alcohol on the body depends on many factors, such as weight, age, gender and the type & amount of alcohol. Drinking alcohol when not in control takes a fee on health. This also affects the routine as well.
Here is a list of health problems that can occur with alcohol:
Alcohol is typically metabolized in the liver that is why the liver is mainly at risk of damage. The body metabolizes alcohol into acetaldehyde, a stuff that is both carcinogenic and toxic. The alcoholic liver disease is influenced by the quantity and period of alcohol abuse. Chronic, heavy drinking poses a considerable risk for its development. Drinking heavily considerably increases the risk of alcoholic fatty liver, an early and reversible result of excessive alcohol intake. Chronic drinking changes the liver’s metabolism of fats, and excess fat accumulates in the liver.
In addition to smoking, alcohol is the second major risk factor causing cancer. Alcohol once taken turns into a toxic chemical called acetaldehyde in your body. This damages the DNA and also stops the body from fixing damaged cells. Hence, alcohol causes bowel, liver, mouth and other types of cancer.
Overconsumption of alcohol can direct to pancreatitis, a painful inflammation of the pancreas that frequently requires hospitalization. The inflammation is probably related to untimely activation of proenzymes to pancreatic enzymes and chronic exposure to acetaldehyde, and other chemical activities in the pancreas caused by alcohol injury. Around 70 percent of cases of pancreatitis affect people who commonly drink large amounts of alcohol.
Heavy alcohol consumption can cause blood pressure to be high by triggering the release of some hormones that cause limitation of blood vessels. This can harmfully affect the heart. Too much alcohol intake has long been linked to multiple cardiovascular complications, including, high blood pressure, angina and a risk of heart failure. Stroke is a potentially deadly problem of binge drinking. Fluctuations in blood pressure and increases in platelet activation are frequent during the body’s improvement from a binge. This deadly combination heightens the probability of ischemic stroke.
Drinking alcohol in overload upsets the ability of the kidney to filter blood. Heavy consumption causes cell damage and enlarges kidney. This, in turn, affects the kidney function that controls hormones.
Brain Coordination factors
Drinking releases GABA and dopamine too much. These are obviously occurring neurotransmitters. Too much release of these causes depression, spasms, and delusions. Too much release of endorphins causes tiredness and poor sex drive. Alcohol also causes the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome which affects your memory.
Managing alcohol hunger is a daily matter. When one gives up on alcohol, it has healthy profit on the whole body. It reduces heart risks, betters the immune system, aids weight loss, etc. In other words, it keeps you away from any kind of health problems. Also, it absorbs minerals and vitamins better in the body and clears brain fog. So by taking the right combination of exercise and diet regime, one can beat the alcohol urges. In short, you should not drink too much to keep your wellbeing. | <urn:uuid:c5e6c334-0100-403c-977a-aeb609ac19db> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://www.healthik.com/heatlh-a-z/mens-health/mens-health-problems-with-the-consumption-of-alcohol/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526799.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20190720235054-20190721021054-00123.warc.gz | en | 0.931885 | 653 | 2.671875 | 3 |
By Dr Michael Greaney, Lancaster University
Imagine a reader – say, a Martian with a library card — whose sole acquaintance with human experience was from books. What picture of human life would this well-read alien carry around in its imagination? And what would be missing from that picture? One area of our creaturely existence that literary narrative tends to gloss over is sleep. We spend about a third of our lives in the oblivion of slumber, but we wouldn’t expect even the most naturalistic narratives to devote one third of their pages to descriptions of people in their sleep. And of course this is hardly surprising: sleep is almost by definition an uneventful business, and sleepers are, on the whole, a pretty lacklustre and uncharismatic bunch. But there are some intriguing exceptions to this rule in the history of literature. Here are ten of them.
Caroline Rose, the heroine of Muriel Spark’s first novel The Comforters (1957), has an extraordinary talent: she knows when she is asleep. Not in a dreamily intuitive kind of way, but with a precise and appreciative awareness of her state of oblivion. Is this an enviable talent? It certainly makes a refreshing change from the familiar equation of femininity with somnolence (cf Sarah Tudor, Sleeping Beauty). And it seems unlikely that Caroline would want to swap places in the novel with the hapless Mrs Hogg, who vanishes into invisibility whenever she falls asleep.
Graham, the angst-ridden, sleep-deprived hero of H.G. Wells’s dystopian fantasy When the Sleeper Wakes (1899), falls a deep coma that lasts for some two hundred years. Thanks to the miracles of compound interest and some shrewd investments by his trustees, when he finally wakes he does so as a multi-billionaire and the most famous man on earth, revered by all as ‘The Sleeper’, a slumbering messiah (cf Jesus) on whom the people pin their hopes of a better future. But ‘The Sleeper’ is the one thing that Graham can’t be once he has resurfaced from his centuries-long trance into a world where his aura of somnolent charisma soon dissipates.
Jesus. Can an omniscient being sleep? (cf Caroline Rose). The story of Jesus sleeping through a fierce storm on the Sea of Galilee, which appears in the Gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke, raises this question in a particularly tantalizing way. Is this a sleep that confirms Jesus’ humanity, his capacity for fatigue and tiredness? Or a sleep of faith in which he entrusts his wellbeing to God? Or a sleep of sheer insouciance? The waking behaviour of Jesus’ panicky disciples is much easier to read: they display all of his humanity but none of his trust. Things are curiously reversed when they fall asleep during his anguished vigil in the Garden of Gethsemane.
Joe, aka ‘The Fat Boy’. Mr Wardle’s servant in Dickens’s The Pickwick Papers (1836) is a narcoleptic with suspiciously good timing (cf Sarah Tudor). Whenever Wardle needs him to run an errand, Joe is found asleep. Impressed by the accuracy with which Dickens depicts the symptoms of uncontrollable daytime sleepiness, scientists sometimes refer to the condition as ‘Pickwickian Syndrome’. But maybe we shouldn’t be too hasty to medicalize Joe’s sleep behaviour. Given that his sleepiness so calculatedly upends the master–servant relationship, it could equally be read, in political terms, as a case of narcolepsy as class warfare.
Marcel Proust. Proust’s epic autobiographical novel begins with the sorrowful recollection of being sent to be early as a child, but he soon learns to love the productively unproductive idleness of hours spent in bed. The seven volumes of In Search of Lost Time (1913-1927) lavish narcissistic attention on his own sleep, whilst also finding time to salivate over the sleeping form of his not-quite-girlfriend, Albertine (cf Sleeping Beauty). He never quite masters sleep — insomnia plagues him throughout his life — but in the end he becomes literature’s greatest connoisseur of somnolence, a state he enjoys with none of the guilt that plagues his nineteenth-century predecessor, Oblomov.
Oblomov. Goncharov’s apathetic young nobleman Ilya Ilyich Oblomov manages to sleep through a sizeable portion of the book that bears his name. There is a traditional bildungsroman waiting for Oblomov in Oblomov (1859) — a novel of love, marriage, travel, education and self-improvement — but he seems reluctant to take a starring role in it, opting rather for a life of unproductive idleness (cf Proust). In the end, he falls victim to what his long-suffering friends call ‘Oblomovitis’, the terminal disease of simply being his own sleepy self. When he dies, it’s hard to notice the difference.
Old Hamlet: Literature’s most famous ghost is a good advert for staying awake. His sleep is an exercise in trust (cf Jesus), a trust that is grotesquely betrayed when he is poisoned by his own brother, fatally marginalized before the play even begins and thus condemned to haunt its fringes as his son struggles to avenge him. It’s probably fair to assume that ghosts never sleep, but the play nevertheless invites us to regard ghostliness and sleep as different forms of debilitating non-presence to which Old Hamlet has been consigned. All this because he enjoyed an afternoon nap in his orchard. It is difficult to imagine his son making the same mistake.
Rip van Winkle: Everyone has heard of Rip van Winkle. Like Robin Hood, Father Christmas or Sleeping Beauty he belongs in the repertoire of folkloric beings who have long since become property of the collective imagination. Except that Rip van Winkle is a surprisingly modern figure, created by Washington Irving as recently as 1819. He is also an embodiment of modernity whose enchanted sleep in the Catskill mountains spans the duration of the US War of Independence. Rip van Winkle falls asleep as a subject of King George III, and wakes up as a citizen of new republic; personally, though, he remains unchanged, still the unreconstructed layabout who fell asleep 20 years earlier — an odd mascot for the birth of a nation of pioneers and go-getters.
Sarah Tudor is a narcoleptic student and later schoolteacher in Jonathan Coe’s comic novel The House of Sleep (1997). Prone to sleep-onset hallucinations and irresistible drowsiness, Sarah hovers in a borderland between wakefulness and somnolence, providing a constant reminder — sometimes poignant, sometimes farcical — that the frontier between us and our own sleep is a filmy and insubstantial thing that can be crossed in a split second. There is also a political subtext to her condition (cf Joe, aka the ‘Fat Boy’). Coe’s novel is about 1980s Britain, when the country was run by Margaret Thatcher, a celebrated and/or notorious non-sleeper. Sarah functions in the novel as a dreamily listless anti-Thatcher whose vulnerability to sleep and dream makes her a sympathetically humane counter-type to the insomniac Iron Lady.
Sleeping Beauty is a time-warp figure in many ways, not simply because she is frozen in a hundred-year sleep but also because her story is so obviously the product of a pre-feminist dark age of patriarchal fantasy. A silent, passive, virginal, immobilized young woman, her plight transfers all the agency and initiative into the hands of the tale’s wakeful and dynamic male hero. Beauty, in this tale, is understood an effect of sleep; it is a ‘reward’ for prolonged quiescence. Strangely, this never seems to apply to male sleepers. What does Rip van Winkle look like, I wonder?
Michael Greaney, Senior Lecturer in English at Lancaster University is working on a book entitled Sleep and the Novel. He is one of the co-founders of www.sleepcultures.com | <urn:uuid:568dbf60-5bf9-475c-b768-3cf5aa62cda1> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://interestingliterature.com/2013/08/27/guest-blog-literatures-top-ten-sleepers-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496671106.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20191122014756-20191122042756-00081.warc.gz | en | 0.956595 | 1,779 | 2.578125 | 3 |
As they navigate the internet, people leave digital fingerprints in their wake, and companies regularly use this data to learn more about their customers and target audiences. If this data ends up in the hands of hackers, however, the information can be compromised, and as more data is stored electronically the risk of identity theft increases.
Rick Forno, assistant director of the UMBC Center for Cybersecurity and director of the Cybersecurity Graduate Program at UMBC, describes in The Daily Record tools to disguise digital fingerprints and protect personal information online. TrackOFF, a Baltimore-based software company, is one example highlighted in the piece, but Forno also notes that there are a variety of ways to keep online information private.
Forno says that younger generations are “more comfortable sharing material on the internet,” and recommends internet users balance the convenience of data sharing with care to protect their identities.
“I think the benefits of sharing is sort of the attraction, but people don’t think about ‘what am I giving up along the way?’,” cautions Forno.
Read the full article “Baltimore cyber company disguises digital fingerprints,”in The Daily Record.
Image: Rick Forno. Photo by Marlayna Demond ’11 for UMBC. | <urn:uuid:deca536a-6a82-4988-bf37-b2e3303aa06c> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://news.umbc.edu/rick-forno-explains-digital-fingerprints-in-the-daily-record/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314638.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20190819011034-20190819033034-00316.warc.gz | en | 0.923244 | 266 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Introduction: A Simple Project Using Rhinoceros and the Epilog Laser Cutter
This instructable shows how to build a simple 2D model on Rhinoceros and then how to cut it using the Epilog laser cutter.
Step 1: Design the 2D Model Using Rhinoceros
You first need to choose the 2D shape for your piece and design it using a modeling software capable of generating an .STL file, which you later will upload to the laser cutter. I have used Rhinoceros http://www.rhino3d.com . Since I was new to the software, I had decided to follow a tutorial on designing a 2D piece: http://www.aversis.be/tutorials/rhinoceros/rhino_2d_drawing.htm
Step 2: Make Sure the Your Design´s Dimensions Match the Desired Size of Your Piece
Your model has a corresponding physical size that you must make sure fits the laser cutter´s actual working area. Rhinoceros allows you to do that. The figure shows how....
Step 3: Save Your File Using STL Extension
After you accounted for the size, save your design using the STL extension, which will be used to upload it to the laser cutter.
Step 4: Set Up the Epilog and Load It.
Now you must load the material to the laser cutter and set up the origin, power and frequency. You can define the origin (0,0) by moving the laser cutting head manually. However, be careful to disengage the motors before you move the laser cutting head, otherwise you can damage the machine. You can easily disengage the motors by pressing the appropriate button on the front panel of the Epilog, as indicated in the figure below.
It is also necessary to set up the laser cutter using the following parameters | <urn:uuid:1e815f10-13fc-4ce0-abe3-19cb764d5702> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.instructables.com/id/A-simple-project-using-Rhinoceros-and-the-Epilog-l/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187828178.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20171024052836-20171024072836-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.871906 | 387 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Have you been trying to give up sodas and other sugary beverages in an attempt to cut calories? While the focus has been on the need to cut back on sugar sweetened beverages to prevent obesity, we may have been overlooking another significant source of empty calories.
A recent study revealed that adults consume almost as many calories a day from alcohol as they do from sugary drinks. According to the study, the U.S. adult population consumes an average of 100 calories per day just from alcoholic beverages — an amount that could contribute to excess weight gain for many people. On any given day, 20 percent of men and 6 percent of women consume more than 300 calories from alcoholic beverages. That is roughly the amount in two beers or two to three glasses of wine.
Most people are aware there are calories in alcoholic beverages, but may not realize how those few extra daily calories add up and may be contributing to their gradual weight gain.
Part of the problem is that many people aren’t sure what constitutes a “drink.” A standard alcoholic drink is defined as any drink that contains 14 grams of pure alcohol. For regular beer, that’s a 12 ounce can, for wine 5 ounces, and for 80-proof spirits its 1.5 ounces.
Another part of the equation is what we mix with our cocktails. If you drink hard liquor, chances are you mix it with a sugary beverage or something else that has loads of calories that you may not account for.
But, it’s not just calories we need to be concerned with when we drink alcohol. Although it has been shown that moderate drinking is beneficial to the coronary system, chronic, heavy alcohol intake can cause tissue damage of organs and increase your risk of cancers, gouty arthritis, heart disease, kidney disease and depression. When the liver is repeatedly exposed to large amounts of alcohol, it becomes less and less able to handle it. The first sign might be a fatty liver, then scarring and development of fibrous tissue, which further interferes with the liver’s function. This can lead to cirrhosis of the liver, which is where the liver slowly deteriorates and malfunctions. Cirrhosis is the twelfth leading cause of death in the United States, killing about 27,000 people each year.
Following is an overview of how alcohol affects your body. In the first minute or so, the drink hits your stomach, especially if you are drinking on an empty stomach. About 20 percent of the alcohol is quickly absorbed directly to your bloodstream through the stomach walls. Once the alcohol is in your bloodstream, it shoots to your brain where it disrupts nerve cells in the hippocampus (memory), the cerebellum (movement) and the prefrontal cortex (mood). As a result, you feel relaxed, charming and uninhibited.
Page 2 of 2 - The alcohol in your stomach is reduced by about 20 percent, especially if you have eaten recently. About 10 percent of the alcohol you drink is expelled in your breath and urine. Your liver starts to work to break down the rest of the alcohol and puts a hold on its other key duties, such as processing calories. In the next 30 minutes, the liver converts the alcohol into acetaldehyde, which is a known carcinogen, then further breaks it down to acetate.
Your liver can break down the equivalent of about one drink per hour. If your liver is overwhelmed by the amount of alcohol to process, the alcohol backs up in your bloodstream, circulating around until the liver can get to it. This causes blood vessels in the skin to expand, making you feel warmer and maybe a bit flushed. Alcohol is a potent diuretic, so don’t be surprised by frequent bathroom trips. If your drink is mixed with a sugary beverage, then you will probably experience an insulin spike, which may lead to the desire to eat salty, fatty foods that you normally would avoid. After 60 minutes, the alcohol is neutralized, transformed from acetate to carbon dioxide that you breathe out and water that you void. However, the calories have been stored as triglycerides that are tucked away in your cells, mostly around your abdomen.
What is the fine line between moderate, good-for-you alcohol and too much? For men, it is recommended that you do not exceed two drinks per day; for women just one a day is the limit. The most common pattern of excessive alcohol use is binge drinking. Binge drinking is defined as more than five drinks in two hours for men, or more than four in two hours for women. This can cause increased stress on the heart and liver much like chronic excessive alcohol consumption does, especially if this is your usual weekend routine. Consider a glass of water between drinks to allow your liver time to do its job in breaking down the alcohol.
Anita Marlay, R.D., L.D., is a dietitian in the cardiac rehab department at Lake Regional Health System in Osage Beach, Mo. | <urn:uuid:c39b3f83-f9e3-4aca-87f0-3bfbe8b5fee7> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.lakenewsonline.com/article/20130316/LIFESTYLE/130319705/0/talent%20shows | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1387345762220/warc/CC-MAIN-20131218054922-00007-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954087 | 1,022 | 2.828125 | 3 |
UofT Engineering news (has a new article on engineering microbial cultures to destroy pollutants:
U of T Engineering professor Elizabeth Edwards (ChemE) is internationally recognized for using biotechnology to clean up industrial solvents in soil and groundwater. Her technique earned her the prestigious Killam Prize in 2016 and has already been used to restore more than 500 sites around the world.
One way to decontaminate industrial sites involves digging up the soil, but this costly technique is impractical once solvents have seeped into groundwater. At some sites, Edwards noticed that anaerobic microbes — bacteria that live without oxygen — were breaking down the solvents naturally. But no one understood how.
After sequencing their DNA, Edwards discovered that different microbe species collaborate to break solvents down in stages. She and her colleagues grew a culture of these microbes, pumped them into contaminated groundwater and proved they could clean it up inexpensively, effectively and safely. These invisible allies can also be used to create biodegradable plastics and even capture energy from waste. As Edwards says, we’ve only just begun exploring “the enormous, untapped potential of anaerobic microbes.” She sat down with writer Tyler Irving to discuss her research.
Can you briefly describe the problem you’re trying to solve?
As careful as humans try to be, every industrial site — whether it’s an oil refinery or a dry-cleaning facility — has contamination from pollutants that have leaked onto the ground. These pollutants can affect not only the site itself, but also groundwater that travels through the soil.
In the past, people were not as aware of the risks of these chemicals, so there is a legacy of thousands of contaminated sites around the world. Industry and government have a responsibility to clean them up so they can be used for other purposes.
How does your research help clean up contaminated sites?
We started by just looking at the natural processes that affect the contaminants over time. It turns out that most of them do slowly transform, as a result of action by various microorganisms living in the soil or water. One way to speed up this process is to add oxygen, either by pumping air into the ground or digging up the underlying earth. That does encourage the growth of certain toxin-degrading microbes, but it takes a lot of energy.
Our work focuses on anaerobes — organisms for whom oxygen is poison — that do wonderful biochemistry and actually degrade these harmful compounds without the need to dig up or aerate the earth. Relatives of these organisms exist everywhere, but a given industrial site might not have just the right ones for the compounds they are dealing with.
In our lab, we start with soil or water from contaminated sites, and grow enriched cultures of the anaerobic microbes that live there. By selecting the best performers over many generations, we create enriched cultures that are very good at degrading specific pollutants. We can then add these cultures back to the contaminated sites and speed up the natural degradation process. This is called bioaugmentation.
How did you commercialize your work?
I worked for an engineering consulting company for three years after finishing my PhD. I made a network of friends and colleagues in that community, and we continued to work together when I became a professor at U of T.
Consultants are the ones working with companies on clean-up, so they had access to the sites I needed to study. They could also tell us whether what we were doing in the lab was relevant to the problems they were dealing with. And when we finally sniffed something interesting — when we found a culture that seemed to be good at degrading these compounds — they were there to help turn it into a business.
In 2001, we founded SiREM, an environmental engineering consulting company. They grow and distribute our bioaugmentation cultures, as well as providing testing, monitoring and all the other services needed to clean up these sites.
What’s next for your lab?
Our earlier microbial cultures focused mostly on chlorinated solvents, which are chemicals used primarily in dry cleaning and industrial degreasing. Over the years, we have also developed anaerobic cultures that can degrade benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene — collectively known as BTEX — which are often found in sites contaminated by oil and gas.
We have finally figured out who are the most critical members of these microbial communities. Because their numbers are often low at contaminated sites, we are working with SiREM to grow up large quantities of these cultures and test them in the field to boost numbers and accelerate degradation rates. If it works, it will greatly expand the number of sites we can treat.
We also study the organisms that grow in anaerobic digesters. These are large facilities which process organic waste from farms or cities and turn it into methane, which is then burned to generate heat and electricity. It turns out that many of the same organisms we studied in groundwater and soil also exist in these anaerobic digesters. If we can help that process work even better, we can generate lots of renewable, clean energy.
Why did you choose to be a professor at U of T?
When I was working in industry, I missed the interactions with students and constant streaming of new ideas and buzz that happens at a university. I missed going to seminars, but most of all I really missed doing lab work — I wanted to test stuff out for myself, not just read papers others had published.
My boss in consulting, Dr. David Major, realized that I was wishing for a lab of my own and encouraged me to apply to academic positions. I began my career at McMaster, then joined U of T in 1997. What began as a series of informal collaborations with colleagues both inside and outside the university eventually grew into BioZone, a multidisciplinary centre that focuses on applied work at the intersection of biology and engineering, from idea to commercialization. We now have a critical mass of equipment, tools and institutional knowledge in this area, which ensures that we don’t have to re-invent the wheel every time we gain a new student. Instead we have this collaborative, friendly atmosphere where we talk about the things that don’t work, and try to solve difficult problems together. Our researchers are limited only by their imagination. | <urn:uuid:f7416bb1-62e2-4d63-be43-9fc990b4174b> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | http://anaerobicbenzene.ca/the-invisible-clean-up-crew-engineering-microbial-cultures-to-destroy-pollutants/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703517559.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20210119011203-20210119041203-00394.warc.gz | en | 0.967162 | 1,304 | 3.390625 | 3 |
A. A. Naumov. Alexander Pushkin's duel with Georges d’Anthès.Public Domain
Most Russians will tell you that their favorite fruit is an apple and their favorite poet is Pushkin. To a man or woman they know that the country’s most beloved poet and father of modern Russian literary language died a painful death after a duel, forgiving everyone who had wronged him. As with so many duels, the cause of the disagreement was a woman.
Pushkin was an impulsive man and fought many duels. Indeed, his fatal duel was the second time he had challenged Georges d’Anthès, a French officer in the Russian Guard, for besmirching his honor.
The first occasion was in November 1836, when he received an anonymous pasquinade called “Certificate of a Cuckold”, which contained a clear allusion to his wife Natalya Goncharova's infidelity. There were rumors in St. Petersburg that Tsar Nicholas I held a candle for Goncharova, but clearly Pushkin could not challenge the country’s supreme ruler, so he chose the second possible option as he saw it: d’Anthès. However, the Frenchman soon proposed to Ekaterina Goncharova, the sister of Pushkin’s wife, leading the poet to rescind his challenge.
Georges Charles d'Anthes, Alexander Pushkin's killer. Lithograph. A.Pushkin Museum in St. Petersburg. Source: RIA Novosti
Rumors began circulating again after the wedding, and the poet, thinking – as he had with the first letter – that their source was Baron van Heeckeren, the Dutch Ambassador to Russia and d’Anthès’ adopted father, wrote him a caustic letter. The unflattering comments Pushkin made towards both the ambassador and his adopted son caused Heeckeren to announce that the original challenge was still valid.
The duel took place at Chernaya Rechka on the outskirts of St. Petersburg and had extremely harsh terms. In other European countries duelists usually shot at each other at a distance of 25-30 steps, but in this case the distance was set at just 10 steps.
D’Anthès fired first and badly wounded Pushkin in the stomach. Pushkin fell to the ground but was able to fire at his opponent, grazing d’Anthès’ right hand. The poet died two days later.
Nicholas provided for the dead poet’s family: he paid off Pushkin's debts, ordered that the family be paid a lump-sum grant of 10,000 rubles, gave a pension to the widow and her daughters and took in the poet’s sons as pages.
The tsar stripped d’Anthès of his military title and exiled him from Russia. He was accompanied by his wife, Pushkin’s sister-in-law, and the couple went on to have four children. According to a contemporary, he used to say that being exiled from Russia enabled him to have a “brilliant political career” back in France.
Some people feel that Natalya Goncharova was somehow responsible for her husband’s death, as she was either unable or unwilling to end the rumors linking her to d’Anthès. The poet Anna Akhmatova called her an “accomplice of the Heeckerens in the build-up to the duel”, while Marina Tsvetaeva wrote: “A beauty and nothing else, just a beauty, without a brain, a soul, a heart, without any talent. Nude beauty, striking like a sword. And she struck.”
Vladimir Gau (1816-1895). Portrait of Nathalie Pushkina, nee Goncharova (1812-1863). Watercolor on paper. 1843. Central Pushkin Museum at 12 Moika Embankment, St Petersburg. / RIA Novosti
Following World War II two of D’Anthès’ letters from 1836 were published in Paris. In them he describes his infatuation with “the most wonderful creation in St. Petersburg”, writing that she feels the same way about him and that her husband is “furiously jealous”. However, the letters also say that she is not ready “to break her commitment” to her husband.
There is no consensus on these letters. Some researchers believe that d’Anthès is not writing about Goncharova, while others feel that he was just trying to dispel rumors about his alleged sexual relationship with Baron van Heeckeren.
Pushkin is thought to have made more than 20 challenges to duels – receiving seven himself. Four of these resulted in duels, while the others were largely avoided thanks to the poet’s friends. Pushkin was just 17 when he made his first challenge. He was offended that his uncle, Pavel Gannibal, stole the girl he was dancing with at a ball. However, the men quickly made up and the duel didn’t take place.
Pushkin's Farewell to the sea 1877 by Ivan Aivazovsky,Ilya Repin / National Pushkin Museum
Pushkin was renowned as an expert marksman, but he never shot first in duels and only shed his opponent’s blood once: in his final showdown with d’Anthès.
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Aim To evaluate the efficacy of the UK swine flu algorithm as a screening tool in unwell children, and to compare the management advice given with the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) feverish illness guideline advice.
Method All paediatric medical admissions to the unit, with a fever and over the age of 1 year, during 2 weeks in November were analysed, and their histories were put through both the swine flu algorithm and the NICE fever guidance for the under 5s.
Results Of 72 patients, 71 would have had a diagnosis of swine flu had their symptoms been put through the algorithm. Two patients had confirmed swine flu on testing, and 32 patients definitely did not have swine flu. The positive predictive value of the algorithm is between 2.8% and 56.3% in this population. 39% would have been advised to have a face-to-face consultation by the NICE guidance, but would not have been advised to have an urgent consultation by the swine flu guidance. At least 79% of patients had treatments only available in hospitals.
Conclusions The swine flu algorithm is of little use in differentiating unwell children, and advice given does not correlate well with that of the NICE guidance. There is a significant risk of harm with false-positive diagnoses and potential delays in appropriate treatment. The authors were unable to obtain the data and rationale behind the algorithm, and believe that this should be published. Face-to-face consultations may be the only way to ensure patient safety.
- Clinical assessment
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- prehospital care
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Competing interests None.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed. | <urn:uuid:10589783-e27e-41f8-b95b-d0ca577eed5f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://emj.bmj.com/content/28/9/761 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100593.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206095331-20231206125331-00758.warc.gz | en | 0.962982 | 411 | 2.640625 | 3 |
|Decorations||1 VC; 2 DSO; 15 MC; 8 DCM; 67 MM, 1 bar; 6 MSM; 13 MID; 2 foreign awards|
|Conflict||First World War, 1914-1918|
First World War, 1914-1918
37th Australian Infantry Battalion
The 37th Battalion was formed, as part of the 10th Brigade of the 3rd Australian Division, in February 1916 at Seymour in Victoria. Its recruits were drawn from Melbourne, north-east Victoria and Gippsland.
After training in both Australia and Britain, the battalion moved to France on 23 November 1916. Within a week it had begun to occupy trenches on the Western Front, just in time for the onset of the terrible winter of 1916-17. During this time the 3rd Division was heavily involved in raiding the German trenches. In February 1917 the 37th Battalion provided 400 troops, with a similar party from the 38th Battalion, to form a special raiding "battalion". After several weeks of training this force staged a single 35-minute raid on the night of 27 February and was then disbanded
The 37th fought in its first major battle at Messines, in Belgium, between 7-9 June 1917. For his actions during this battle, Captain Robert Grieve was awarded the Victoria Cross. The battalion fought in another two major attacks in this sector - the battle of Broodseinde on 4 October, and the battle of Passchendaele on 12 October. Belgium remained the focus of the 37th Battalion's activities for the next five months, until it was rushed south to France in late March 1918 to meet the German Army's Spring Offensive.
The Allies launched their own offensive on 8 August 1918, but the 37th Battalion was in reserve on this day and was not ordered into action. It was involved, however, in an ill-conceived attack that failed to capture the village of Proyart on 10 August. The battalion nevertheless continued to play an active role throughout August and early September in the 3rd Division's advance along the Somme Valley.
Despite its success, this advance sapped the strength of the AIF. In September 1918 several battalions were ordered to disband to provide reinforcements for others. The 37th was one such battalion. Its CO, Lieutenant Colonel Charles Story, was dismissed for questioning the order in letters written to all of his superior commanders, including the Prime Minister. The men of the battalion subsequently mutinied. On 23 September the order to disband was temporarily suspended, and the battalion fought its last battle 'St Quentin Canal' six days later. On 12 October 1918 the 37th Battalion, then with a fighting strength of 90, disbanded. | <urn:uuid:a3b94bf3-280b-40e2-839c-6d732a4fc98c> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/U51477 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154089.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731141123-20210731171123-00663.warc.gz | en | 0.976632 | 554 | 2.640625 | 3 |
What is Sodom referring to in Scripture?
I have found three different types of references to Sodom.
1) Sodom the City
Sodom, of course, in Scripture refers to a real place, a real city.
We are told the location of Sodom.
Genesis 10:19 (ESV) And the territory of the Canaanites extended from Sidon in the direction of Gerar as far as Gaza, and in the direction of Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, and Zeboiim, as far as Lasha.
Then later Scripture tells us about the men of Sodom.
Genesis 13:13 (ESV) Now the men of Sodom were wicked, great sinners against the Lord.
Then the judgment of the Lord is given due to Sodom’s sin.
Genesis 19:13 (ESV) For we are about to destroy this place, because the outcry against its people has become great before the Lord, and the Lord has sent us to destroy it.”
Judgment came immediately and totally to Sodom.
Genesis 19:24-25 (ESV)
24 Then the Lord rained on Sodom and Gomorrah sulfur and fire from the Lord out of heaven.
25 And he overthrew those cities, and all the valley, and all the inhabitants of the cities, and what grew on the ground.
Another reference throughout Scripture to Sodom is as a picture of sinful cities.
2) A Type of City
Sodom is a type of other cities who are taken over by sin and due to receive the judgment of the Lord.
Deuteronomy 29:22-28 (ESV)
22 And the next generation, your children who rise up after you, and the foreigner who comes from a far land, will say, when they see the afflictions of that land and the sicknesses with which the Lord has made it sick—
23 the whole land burned out with brimstone and salt, nothing sown and nothing growing, where no plant can sprout, an overthrow like that of Sodom and Gomorrah, Admah, and Zeboiim, which the Lord overthrew in his anger and wrath—
24 all the nations will say, ‘Why has the Lord done thus to this land? What caused the heat of this great anger?’
25 Then people will say, ‘It is because they abandoned the covenant of the Lord, the God of their fathers, which he made with them when he brought them out of the land of Egypt,
26 and went and served other gods and worshiped them, gods whom they had not known and whom he had not allotted to them.
27 Therefore the anger of the Lord was kindled against this land, bringing upon it all the curses written in this book,
28 and the Lord uprooted them from their land in anger and fury and great wrath, and cast them into another land, as they are this day.’
Isaiah 1:9-10 (ESV)
9 If the Lord of hosts had not left us a few survivors, we should have been like Sodom, and become like Gomorrah.
10 Hear the word of the Lord, you rulers of Sodom! Give ear to the teaching of our God, you people of Gomorrah!
Zephaniah 2:9 (ESV) Therefore, as I live,” declares the Lord of hosts, the God of Israel, “Moab shall become like Sodom, and the Ammonites like Gomorrah, a land possessed by nettles and salt pits, and a waste forever. The remnant of my people shall plunder them, and the survivors of my nation shall possess them.”
3) Spiritual Condition
Yet the most interesting reference to Sodom is spiritual. The passage in Ezekiel 16 refers to Sodom both as Israel, particularly Jerusalem, and as a spiritual condition. Reading the whole chapter would be helpful but here is a portion.
Ezekiel 16:46-51 (ESV)
46 And your elder sister is Samaria, who lived with her daughters to the north of you; and your younger sister, who lived to the south of you, is Sodom with her daughters.
47 Not only did you walk in their ways and do according to their abominations; within a very little time you were more corrupt than they in all your ways.
48 As I live, declares the Lord God, your sister Sodom and her daughters have not done as you and your daughters have done.
49 Behold, this was the guilt of your sister Sodom: she and her daughters had pride, excess of food, and prosperous ease, but did not aid the poor and needy.
50 They were haughty and did an abomination before me. So I removed them, when I saw it.
51 Samaria has not committed half your sins. You have committed more abominations than they, and have made your sisters appear righteous by all the abominations that you have committed.
The whole chapter in Ezekiel lists sin after sin of Israel. In just the above portion abominations, corruption, pride, excess of food, prosperous ease, not aiding the poor and needy, and haughtiness are listed. Most of these are referring to the sins of the heart. Even though they are called Sodom there is no specific reference to homosexuality. Does that mean homosexuality was not a problem? Of course not. But homosexuality is the outgrowth or the fruit of the sins of the heart.
Jerusalem is also a symbolically Sodom because of false prophets and because they crucified the Lord.
Jeremiah 23:14 (ESV) But in the prophets of Jerusalem I have seen a horrible thing: they commit adultery and walk in lies; they strengthen the hands of evildoers, so that no one turns from his evil; all of them have become like Sodom to me, and its inhabitants like Gomorrah.”
Revelation 11:7-8 (ESV)
7 And when they have finished their testimony, the beast that rises from the bottomless pit will make war on them and conquer them and kill them,
8 and their dead bodies will lie in the street of the great city that symbolically is called Sodom and Egypt, where their Lord was crucified.
Throughout Scripture we are given lists of the sins of our heart and flesh.
Matthew 15:18-20 (ESV)
18 But what comes out of the mouth proceeds from the heart, and this defiles a person.
19 For out of the heart come evil thoughts, murder, adultery, sexual immorality, theft, false witness, slander.
20 These are what defile a person. But to eat with unwashed hands does not defile anyone.”
Galatians 5:19-21 (ESV)
19 Now the works of the flesh are evident: sexual immorality, impurity, sensuality,
20 idolatry, sorcery, enmity, strife, jealousy, fits of anger, rivalries, dissensions, divisions,
21 envy, drunkenness, orgies, and things like these. I warn you, as I warned you before, that those who do such things will not inherit the kingdom of God.
When we relegate the sin of Sodom to just one particular sin, heinous though it may be. We have missed the point. Judgment will come to all whose hearts are defiled and are not turned to the Lord. While one place may be characterized by homosexuality, another maybe characterized by murder, another by pride and striving and yet another by false teachers.
So if Sodom is everywhere and in our hearts. Where do we flee? We can’t flee from the cities because the country is just as sinful, maybe not as obvious, but sin does reign in the hearts of all mankind until the Lord calls them. We can’t isolate ourselves in our homes because sin is there in our own hearts.
So how do we flee Sodom?
We flee to the Lord seeking His mercy and protection. Otherwise we are still in Sodom. | <urn:uuid:a8625e3c-7c0f-40d8-8091-8386dea65110> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://www.bereanwife.net/tag/flesh/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589404.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716154548-20180716174548-00212.warc.gz | en | 0.966705 | 1,719 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Pulling Their Way for Others
December 15, 2009—
Imagine a wheelchair that is “rowed” around scenic trails and woods, allowing the disabled to enjoy the outdoors. A student team at Michigan Technological University has made it a reality.
The Human-Powered Off-Road Wheelchair prototype was created through the mechanical engineering senior capstone course. The 8-speed vehicle is easy to maneuver by pulling back on the handlebars and can reach speeds up to 4 mph, roughly equal to a slow jog, although the speeds are “user dependent.”
The team of seniors test-drove it around the Smith Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics Building at Michigan Tech recently, after they did their final presentation.
“The team had to overcome some challenges,” said sponsor John Beard, associate professor of mechanical engineering-engineering (ME-EM) mechanics. “They had to keep it fairly lightweight, since it was going to be self-propelled. And it had to stop before rolling backwards. They accomplished both. It can even go up a 28-degree slope.”
The overarching idea of this and other projects Beard and his students have undertaken is to create vehicles and systems that the disabled can use without paving the Tech Trails, keeping the outdoor nature trails as natural as possible.
Beard said his seniors proved this type of vehicle was possible and that people could propel themselves and turn with short strokes. The wheelchair was also a great learning experience for the team.
“I learned about design problems, mountain bikes and fabrication,” said Heather Robertson. She graduated on Dec. 12, 2009, with her mechanical engineering degree, like all of the team members. She also received a biomedical engineering degree.
Robertson learned that they had to keep the wheelchair low, so the center of gravity was in front of the rear axle, and the gearing had to accommodate going up hills. The wheelchair features dual bicycle-type gears, one on each side, and it can go downhill too, she said..
The wheelchair will be stored and used at the Tech Trails, “as soon as we get fenders on it,” said Josh Dorr, another student on the engineering team. He learned project planning over the life of the design course.
Each team member contributed 140 hours to the project. “I spent a lot of time in the lab!” Dorr said. “And I learned different machining skills like the lathe.”
Another student, Brad Szkrybalo, learned the difference between “what is designable and what can be manufactured. It underwent a real evolution.”
It all started with brainstorming. “We wrote down every idea we could think of,” said Dorr.
“We began with a pushing motion, but pulling is more repeatable,” Robertson added.
They also worked with occupational therapists on the seat design, harness and techniques for transferring disabled people in and out of the chair. The handlebars swing out of the way to allow easier access and exiting, for example, and it also has adjustable footrests.
Much of the wheelchair was machined, and the metal is coated to protect against the elements. Other features included one-way bearings for zero rollback, a total weight of 55 pounds, a consistent color scheme for aesthetics, a suspension seat to minimize pressure points, the ability to accommodate a range of heights—and it was all built under the $3,000 budget.
And the team sees more possibilities.
“Definitely,” said Dorr. “It could be produced more cheaply, and it would work for getting people out hiking, hunting and fishing.”
“And downhill racing!” added Szkrybalo.
The team also included Michael Lecureux and Karen Jarvey. Most of the team members have had interviews but no job offers yet.
This wheelchair is one of three projects under Beard's sponsorship. The other two are a hybrid tracked wheelchair that would work off-road quietly and a platform that a wheelchair could be wheeled onto and then driven. There is also a sonic system for the visually impaired, to enable them to enjoy the recreational forest and trails on campus.
According to advisor Greg Odegard, another associate professor in the ME-EM department, “the team members worked very hard on this project, and the resulting design exceeded our initial expectations. The final design is robust and performs well. Also, it is very fun to operate.”
“I anticipate that it will be heavily used on the trails,” he said. “The wheelchair is easy to control and has a turn radius that is equal to any standard wheelchair.”
The team received support from the Kellogg Foundation, the Access to Recreation Initiative, and the Michigan Recreation and Parks Association.
Michigan Technological University (www.mtu.edu) is a leading public research university developing new technologies and preparing students to create the future for a prosperous and sustainable world. Michigan Tech offers more than 130 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in engineering; forest resources; computing; technology; business; economics; natural, physical and environmental sciences; arts; humanities; and social sciences. | <urn:uuid:168925a4-6b47-4d64-a0dc-1885f2d668ac> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.mtu.edu/news/stories/2009/december/pulling-their-way-for-others.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657131304.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011211-00213-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973079 | 1,087 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Late January to May is a key time for frogs and toads as they spawn in ponds across the Island. Local wildlife groups are urging islanders to log sightings of these amphibians with the return of Jersey’s Pondwatch project.
Wildlife records are essential for making evidence-based decisions that will protect Jersey’s natural environment, explains Michelle Gray, Manager of the Jersey Biodiversity Centre. ‘Surveying schemes such as Pondwatch are vital in helping us build a comprehensive picture of the species we have here in Jersey.
‘By taking a closer look at your local pond, habitat health can be assessed, and population numbers can be monitored to help safeguard our important Island wildlife.’
There are three species of amphibians native to Jersey: the famous Jersey toad (or ‘crapaud’ in Jèrriais), the elusive agile frog, and the palmate newt.
While the range of the crapaud extends from north-western Africa to the Iberian Peninsula, and into southwest France, it does not occur in the UK or any other Channel Island besides Jersey. The agile frog is widespread throughout Europe, but again, Jersey is the only place in the British Isles where it is found.
Collecting information about amphibian populations in Jersey is a huge task – even for a small island. To help, Islanders are encouraged to participate in the annual Pondwatch project, a partnership by the Government of Jersey, Jersey Biodiversity Centre (JBC), Jersey Amphibian and Reptile Group (JARG), the National Amphibian and Reptile Recording Scheme (NARRS), and the Amphibian and Reptile Conservation Trust (ARC).
There are three species of amphibians native to Jersey: the western toad/crapaud, the agile frog, and the palmate newt.
Western toad/Jersey crapaud (Bufo spinosus)
The Jersey crapaud, or western toad, is found throughout the Island. They breed in both semi-natural water bodies and garden ponds. In recent years, the crapaud has disappeared from several of the natural areas where it was once common. Toads can still be spotted in hedgerows, arable fields and woodlands and many private garden ponds still host healthy populations.
How to spot them: The western toad has warty skin that can colour from green to brown to sometimes a dark brown/orange shade. They have a blunt nose and their hind legs are short and large. They have a distinctive eye colour which is a golden to red colour.
The males have black nodules on their fingers which help them cling to females during mating. Females lay their eggs as two pairs of long strings, which can cover the bottom of the pond. As they wait to develop, algae can grow on these eggs making it hard to spot them. Their tadpoles are black and can be spotted around the pond edges closer to the surface.
Agile frog (Rana dalmatina)
Jersey’s rarest amphibian, the agile frog is found in only a few ponds in the southwest of the island, after almost going extinct in the 1980s. It is now part of a long-term recovery project which is steadily helping the population.
How to spot them: These frogs have smooth skin with no warts. Their colour ranges from pink to brown and have a large brown colour marking behind their eyes. Their legs are stripy and they are amazing jumpers.
Agile frogs lay their eggs in balls of spawn that are attached to aquatic vegetation or branches that have fallen into the pond. Their tadpoles are large and black speckled.
Palmate newt (Lissotriton helveticus)
The palmate newt is Jersey’s only newt species. It is found in garden ponds and other water bodies, but is under-recorded.
How to spot them: Palmate newts look like a reptile but are in fact amphibians. They have smooth skin that ranges in colour from green and brown, to black when in the water. During the breeding season, males develop black webs on their hind feet and have a thin filament at the end of their tail. They can grow up to 9 cm long and are found out of the water all year round. They can be found around ponds in damp areas or under logs.
Jersey also has two species of lizard: wall lizards and green lizards. If you’re confused if the animal you have spotted is a newt or a lizard, ask yourself this question: can the animal quickly run away? If yes, it is a lizard. If it is slow and you found it in a damp area, it is highly likely it is a newt.
Newts lay their eggs in the leaves of pond plants, making a bend in the leaf shape to enclose their eggs. Newt tadpoles look a lot like fish – spot their gills and small legs to distinguish them. You can find these newts all over the Island.
Find out more about the Pondwatch project on the JBC website: https://jerseybiodiversitycentre.org.je/get-involved/Pondwatch-JE | <urn:uuid:5f8a45c5-ff05-411b-825e-463d2b7d8d94> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.ruraljersey.co.uk/hop-to-it-spotting-toads-and-frogs-in-jersey/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301341.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20220119125003-20220119155003-00426.warc.gz | en | 0.945569 | 1,099 | 3.375 | 3 |
30. East is East - Part one
We were young, we were merry, we were very, very wise, And the door stood open at our feast, When there passed us a woman with the West in her eyes, And a man with his back to the East.-Mary Elizabeth Coleridge
The words West and East are often used in the works of Tolkien. Write a story or poem or create an artwork that uses these words as the central focus, whether as cardinals, regions, or as metaphors.
Written for a BTME challenge Prompt
Oh, East is East, and West is West, and never the twain shall meet,
Till Earth and Sky stand presently at God's great Judgment Seat;
But there is neither East nor West, Border, nor Breed, nor Birth,
When two strong men stand face to face,
tho' they come from the ends of the earth! - Kipling
Title: Brothers under the Skin
Author: Linda Hoyland
Characters/Pairing: Aragorn/ Arwen, Faramir, OMC
Warnings: nudity, fleeting mention of mutilation
"I cannot see why you are so reluctant to go, Estel," said Arwen. "It should be a pleasant afternoon for you and Faramir"
"Spending an afternoon without my clothes in the presence of others is not my idea of pleasure," Aragorn said grimly.
"It is not as if there are ladies present," said the Queen. "You and Faramir have sometimes bathed together. Why should this be any different? The Ambassador is a good friend to you both."
"Faramir is different. He is as a son to me and we are as alike as close kindred," Aragorn replied. "We are thought bonded and respect each other's privacy."
Arwen sighed and picked up her needlework. "Never will I understand you Men," she said. "Your form is most pleasing to the eye, yet always you conceal it beneath your attire. "She held up the garment she was embroidering. "No Elf would wear this in bed, yet you are as fair as any!"
"Since some Elves told mocked me when I was a child, I have kept my clothes on," said Aragorn. "It has always, in any case, been the custom of our people to cover ourselves. Then as King it is more important to me than ever."
"Of course the King must keep his dignity," said Arwen. "But can the Man not relax with his friends?"
"Just then a servant tapped on the door. "Lord Faramir awaits you, my lord," she said after being told to enter.
"I must go now," said Aragorn. He picked up his cloak.
"There is no need for you to look as if you were riding off to battle to face hopeless odds!" Arwen chided. "Now if Lady Adiva had invited me to join her in the hamam, I would enjoy it. I am certain once you get there you will have a pleasant afternoon."
Aragorn embraced her. "I wish I shared you certainty, my love," he said.
"Must we really do this?" Aragorn lamented to his Steward as they made their way towards the Ambassador's residence in the sixth circle. "Could not a hoard of Orcs turn up so we could go and fight them instead?"
"I like it no more than you do, mellon nîn, but it would be ill mannered for me to decline the invitation now," said Faramir. "Tahir is honouring us greatly and for years now has asked me to join him in the hamam. I have run out of excuses. Never did I ever dream that I would count a man of Harad as one of my closest friends, but Tahir has become one and I would not wish to hurt his feelings."
"I wish he would honour someone else then," said Aragorn. "Legolas, perhaps. I doubt he would feel so self conscious."
"Tahir hardly knows Legolas," Faramir pointed out. "It is he who would feel uncomfortable with an Elf in the hamam. I will go alone if the thought troubles you so much. After all, Tahir is a closer friend to me than to you."
"I would not abandon you to face the ordeal alone," Aragorn said resignedly. "It would not do to offend the Ambassador either. We are blessed that we have such a good man to represent Harad. It could easily have been very different."
And I appreciate your companionship," said Faramir, clapping Aragorn affectionately on the shoulder. You are familiar with the ways of the East, Aragorn, have you not experienced it before? I believe the hamam is an important part of the culture of Harad."
"I have so far successfully avoided removing my clothes and roasting myself in front of others," Aragorn said tetchily. "I could not even if I had cherished so strange a desire. To would have meant instant death as a spy as the Men of the East mutilate and decorate their bodies in ways we Men of the West would never dream of. I have, though, once attended a merchant, whose service I was in for a while. I had to wash his back in the hamam."
"Was the unfortunate man infirm and unable to perform his own ablutions?" asked Faramir.
"Quite the contrary, but in the East, it is a sign of status to have someone to wash you as well as having the luxury to use water for bathing," Aragorn explained.
"Why do they mutilate their skins?" Faramir asked.
"I never learned why," Aragorn replied. "To display too much curiosity would have been unwise. I do not even know if they all do it Surely you know more than I about Tahir as you searched him when he we were unsure of his intentions in Gondor?"
"I only asked him to remove his outer robes. Beneath them he wore close fitting linens that it would have been impossible to conceal a weapon under. At least the Ambassador assured us there would be no attendants so we will not have to undergo the indignity of others scrubbing us," said Faramir.
The two arrived outside the imposing residence of Ambassador Tahir and his lady. They dismissed their guards when one of Tahir's servants admitted them and ushered them into the tiled hallway.
Tahir himself came to greet them. "Welcome to my humble abode, esteemed friends," he exclaimed, embracing them. "You do me great honour by joining me today in the hamam. Afterwards we shall truly be brothers!" Though his welcome was warm, he appeared as ill at ease as his guests. "I know you value your privacy, esteemed friends," he said. "Therefore my body servant will not bring us the customary sherbet tea while we are in the hamam. I thought we might take refreshments afterwards with my fair blossom."
"You are most considerate always, my friend," said Faramir.
Aragorn and Faramir forced themselves to smile. They followed Tahir to the back of his residence feeling as if they were being led to their execution. Aragorn could feel it getting unpleasantly hot as they approached the steam rooms.
Tahir led them first to the disrobing room, which contained several empty shelves and one, which was stacked with fine quality silken cloths. Another shelf held linen towels. "These are pe?temal, my friends," he said, gesturing towards the silken cloths. "You can use them either to cover yourselves, which I believe is your custom, or to lie upon, which is ours. Take freely as many as you desire. You can leave your clothing here on one of the shelves and help yourselves to towels after we have bathed." He turned his back to his guests and started to undress.
It was so hot that Aragorn was almost relieved to remove his outer clothing. He wrapped several of the silk cloths around his body before discarding his linens. Faramir did likewise, but folded his discarded clothing more carefully. When they turned around to face Tahir, they noticed he was covered from head to foot with only his hands and face visible beneath the silken folds of cloth.
Aragorn and Faramir followed Tahir though an arched doorway into a large room filled with steam. They could just about make out a large marble stone in the centre. At the four corners of the room were fountains which they could hear rather than see clearly.
"We sit or lie on the göbek ta??" said Tahir, leading the way to the stone through clouds of mist.
King and Steward settled themselves down awkwardly on the smooth marble, pulling their silken cloths tightly around themselves. It was not as unbearably hot as Aragorn had feared, but the steam was so dense he could hardly see his hand in front of him.
"I am surprised and honoured that you finally accepted my invitation," said Tahir. "I know that you Men of the West dislike the heat as well being too modest to enjoy public bathing."
"That is true," said Faramir, "We come because, as your friends, we are honoured to share this with you, even though we find the custom strange."
"You tell me, though, esteemed friend, that you and Lord Aragorn will swim together in the cold river?" said Tahir. "I find that a strange custom too."
"It is most pleasant when the weather is hot," said Aragorn.
"I find many of your traditions curious, my friends," said Tahir. "That you have only one wife most of all. My one fair flower pleases me and has given me many blossoms, but what if a woman is not fruitful? The line of your esteemed ancestors would then be broken."
"We trust the Higher Powers when we choose one spouse," said Aragorn. "It is prophesied that the line of Lúthien will never fail. We believe if our lines are meant to thrive then man and wife will be fruitful."
"East and West are very different," said Tahir. "Our climate, our food, our rituals."
"We are all Men, though," said Faramir. He felt surprisingly relaxed and almost embraced by the clouds of warm steam. Beside him Aragorn no longer sat stiffly, but was stretched out like a sunbathing cat. Faramir discarded most of the pe?temal, leaving only one wound around his waist. Aragorn did likewise as the room became ever hotter.
After a while the heat became unbearable and Aragorn mopped his brow with one of his discarded pe?temal.
"We should go to the so?ukluk now, esteemed friends," said Tahir. "There you can wash the sweat from your bodies and emerge cleansed and refreshed."
Aragorn and Faramir felt their apprehension returning. They would have to remove their final pe?temal now. They felt so pale and exposed compared to Tahir, while thanks to Elven treatments their skins were unmarked by the scars of battle.
They followed their host into a second, much cooler chamber, which contained a deep marble pool filled with clear water. In the centre, water poured from a great fountain shaped like a horse's head. The area around the pool was covered with intricately pattered tiles in different hues of fine marble.
To their surprise, now they could see their host clearly, he was still shrouded from head to foot.
Tahir hesitated at the edge, a strange expression upon his face, almost akin to panic. He took a deep breath, turned his back to them and then cast aside his cloths.
Aragorn and Faramir bit back exclamations, despite not wishing to stare; it was impossible not to notice the elaborate markings that covered almost all of Tahir's back. Some were tattoos, while others were formed by the healed scars of many cuts, not random wounds, but in a regular pattern. The men of Harad Aragorn had seen before had not prepared him for this. They had had only a few such markings compared to Tahir.
"You are curious, esteemed friends?" Tahir turned to face them. His expression suggested that were his skin paler he would be blushing scarlet "The marks on my back were my initiation as a warrior. You were only deemed fit to fight when you did not cry out. Now these tattoos," he pointed to his right arm, "show that I am a son of the Wakil tribe, and that I have one wife and five children. These here," he pointed to his legs," are battles in which I was victorious. The scars from them speak for themselves. The tattoos of my left arm represent my allegiance to the Great Khan. "But these give me the most pride, look!"
Aragorn and Faramir noticed that above his heart was a tattoo of a rising sun, while on his right breast was a representation of Gondor's White Tree, while the seven stars and a symbol they did not recognise covered his belly. "Those of us who refused to bow down to the Dark Lord bear this mark, rather than the Great Eye," Tahir explained. "Our enemies knew not what it meant, but it shows that we believed the sun would rise unclouded over our land one day. This symbol of your land I had written on me the day you accepted me as a guest in your realm. This symbol here shows my loyalty to the Great Khan while the stars show my loyalty to you. We bathe only with those whom we trust as our brothers since we reveal our allegiances upon our bodies. I feared you might not find me worthy with your pale and unblemished skins. I have not shared the hamam with any not of my tribe before. Now you are my brothers and fellows of my tribe!" He stepped into the water.
"East and West may be different, but true friendship knows no bounds," said Faramir. "We are all Men. We bear no markings on our skin, but carry all ours on our clothing. We are proud to be your brothers too." He cast aside his pe?temal and entered the water. Aragorn did likewise.
No longer ill at ease they splashed around happily with Tahir, former enemies who had become as dear as brothers.
A/n According to my research steam baths were popular in the ancient world. Tahir's haman is meant to share some features with an ancient Roman or modern Turkish bath,but is not meant to be identical to it, but something unique to the culture of Harad,though I have used Turkish terms. Tahir's tattoos are inspired by Viggo's in "Eastern Promises".
Haman – Turkish bath
This is a work of fan fiction, written because the author has an abiding love for the works of J R R Tolkien. The characters, settings, places, and languages used in this work are the property of the Tolkien Estate, Tolkien Enterprises, and possibly New Line Cinema, except for certain original characters who belong to the author of the said work. The author will not receive any money or other remuneration for presenting the work on this archive site. The work is the intellectual property of the author, is available solely for the enjoyment of Henneth Annûn Story Archive readers, and may not be copied or redistributed by any means without the explicit written consent of the author. | <urn:uuid:55939463-dd54-49d1-98a7-0f9b6fd8cf15> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.henneth-annun.net/stories/chapter_view.cfm?stid=7173&spordinal=30 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119654194.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030054-00205-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.987673 | 3,294 | 3.234375 | 3 |
There is a great concern about the incidence of violent behavior among children and adolescents and this complex, troubling issue needs to be carefully understood by parents, teachers.
Children as young as preschoolers can show violent behavior, Parents and other adults who witness the behavior may be concerned however, they often hope that the young child will “grow out of it.”
Violent behavior in a child at any age always needs to be taken seriously. It should not be quickly dismissed as “just a phase they’re going through!”
Range of Violent Behavior:
Violent behavior in children and adolescents can include a wide range of behaviors:
· Explosive temper tantrums,
· Fighting and physical aggression,
· Threats or attempts to hurt others (including homicidal thoughts),
· Use of weapons, cruelty toward animals,
· Fire setting and intentional destruction of property and vandalism.
Factors Which Increase Risk of Violent Behavior:
Numerous research studies have concluded that a complex interaction or combination of factors leads to an increased risk of violent behavior in children and adolescents. These factors include:
- Previous aggressive or violent behavior
- Being the victim of physical abuse and/or sexual abuse
- Exposure to violence in the home and/or community
- Genetic (family heredity) factors
- Exposure to violence in media (TV, movies, etc.)
- Use of drugs and/or alcohol
- Combination of stressful family socioeconomic factors (poverty, marital breakup, single parenting, unemployment)
- Brain damage from head injury
Children who have several risk factors and show the following behaviors should be carefully evaluated (“warning signs” for violent behavior)
- Intense anger
- Frequent loss of temper or blow-ups
- Extreme irritability
- Extreme impulsiveness
- Becoming easily frustrated
Parents and teachers should be careful not to minimize these behaviors in children.
Whenever a parent or other adult is concerned, they should immediately arrange for a comprehensive evaluation by a qualified mental health professional as early treatment by a professional can often help, family conflicts, school problems, and community issues must be addressed.
The goals of treatment typically focus on helping the child to:
· Learn how to control his/her anger
· Express anger and frustrations in appropriate ways
· Be responsible for his/her actions; and accept consequences.
Prevention and Reduction Strategies of Violent Behavior in Children:
Studies have shown that much violent behavior can be decreased or even prevented if the above risk factors are significantly reduced or eliminated. Most importantly, efforts should be directed at:
· Dramatically decreasing the exposure of children and adolescents to violence in the home, community, and through the media as
- Sex education and parenting programs for adolescents
- Early intervention programs for violent youngsters
- Monitoring child’s viewing of violence on TV/videos/movies
Always remember that violence leads to violence. | <urn:uuid:f98a75ce-b56d-4775-91e6-e2a04dddd343> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://whatwomenwant-mag.com/understanding-violent-behavior-in-chidren-adolescents/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057479.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20210923225758-20210924015758-00712.warc.gz | en | 0.936355 | 599 | 3.953125 | 4 |
Stripes of All Types/Rayas de todas las tallas
Written and Illustrated by Susan Stockdale
- Interactive Story Time & Prompt Cards
- Activity: Match My Stripes
- Activity: Hide & Find
This book was love at first stripe for me! It’s narrative non-fiction for preschoolers at its best. Children will learn to become keen observers. In this book, it’s all eyes on stripes. Colorful stripes, curvy stripes, short stripes, long stripes and endless stripes. First our eyes are drawn to notice the stripes and then we discover the importance of stripes for each animal. The author/illustrator keeps our focus on this physical feature as we meet one animal per page through lyrical and rhyming text.
As in many non-fiction books, a picture glossary gives detailed information about each featured animal and explains why each animal has stripes. Turn the page and you have a double-page spread with a fun matching game that tests your stripe IQ!
Could this topic have been covered effectively using photographs instead of drawings? Yes, without question. But in this case, the illustrations are an enhancement. They draw our eye to the stripes without compromising the realistic features of each animal. The artist’s renderings give just the right amount of detail to what’s important. In this case the illustrator did more with her art than could have been done with a camera!
If you’re interested in animals and want to extend the learning, you might like this collection, Theme Book Set: Animals. | <urn:uuid:74fc1f46-b708-4dd1-b334-b86ae4ba7eb1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.shopbecker.com/book-corner/stripes-of-all-types/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00553-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.906611 | 325 | 3.078125 | 3 |
I don't mean the tepid "Algebra!" problems with the snazzy xy logo the textbook offers. I assign some of these, don't get me wrong, but if this is the sum total of the algebra used in your geometry course, you're doing it wrong.
I mean in the process of exploring how measurements on a plane relate to each other, algebra is a weapon the kids should be deploying like on the daily, in the cycle/ladder of examples, conjecture, prove, extend. Kids' resistance to this leads me to believe they aren't often asked to do this.
Expressing your conjecture. Here are some examples.
The resistance at first will be formidable. They will truck along obligingly until the last part, which they will leave blank and wait for someone to tell them what to put. I have to restate just what I want them to do a bunch of different ways, and ignore that they are pleading for me to just do it for them with their pleady little faces, and have the patience to wait them out. "Okay you saw examples of what results when angle B is 36, 48, 55 degrees. What about any angle of x degrees?" "5 sides 3 triangles, 6 sides 4 triangles, 7 sides 5 triangles. n sides ??? Triangles?" "how did you turn a 25 into a 130, and a 41 into a 98?" They will look at you like you are a crazy person. Meet this with incredulity. "You did take and pass an algebra course last year. Yes?" They will look at you with a face all dark clouds that says, "you bitch." Meet this with unrestrained confidence. "You, you can do this. Take a breath and focus on it for a minute. I wouldn't ask you to do something I didn't know you can do." They will. After the first few it gets easier.
Using Algebra to Prove Things
It's a major way we can know something is always true. "Is that always true? How do you know?" are sentences I probably utter in my sleep by now.
Here are some examples
The lovely part about using Algebra to make sense of Geometry is it offers context to hang your algebra on. In that last example, Mat originally ended up with e = -360 because he forgot to distribute the negative. He knew something was wrong, so I asked him to write it on the board so we could help. One of his classmates spotted the error in short order. Sometimes the stuff from the previous course doesn't gel until you have to use it in the next course.
I guess my point is, maybe "Why Algebra?" is the wrong question. If we agree that Mathematics (actual Mathematics involving logical, abstract ways of thinking about how quantities and measurements fit together, generalization, observing and using patterns, making predictions) is a valuable thing for an educated person to learn about, the question seems kind of silly. Of course Algebra. But, maybe we don't all agree with that. Or maybe we should talk about whether the content of Algebra 2 and beyond is valuable for everyone to learn about. Which the CCSS seems to have decided "yes" without consulting anybody. I guess I don't think the question has been very well defined. | <urn:uuid:d4051bfb-5321-4d58-94a9-394706148fb6> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://function-of-time.blogspot.com/2012/10/why-algebra.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701233842/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516104713-00019-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974952 | 677 | 2.5625 | 3 |
BLET enters 150th year
150th anniversary celebration planned for Detroit on May 8, 2013
CLEVELAND, March 19 ó The Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen enters its 150th year on May 8, 2013. It is the oldest transportation labor organization in North America.
Founded May 8, 1863, at Detroit, Mich., the BLET has its headquarters in Cleveland, Ohio. It has more than 500 Divisions (locals) throughout the United States. The first unit of the Brotherhood to be formed was Division 1 in Detroit, Mich., on May 8, 1863.
The Brotherhood is returning to Detroit in May of 2013 to host a celebration of this historic milestone. A series of meetings and events will culminate with a celebratory banquet the evening of May 8. All active and retired members are invited to attend. Registration information is available here: www.ble-t.org/blet150.
In the three decades before the founding of the BLET, locomotive engineers suffered abominable working conditions. The 24-hour workday was commonplace. Railroad magnates rain roughshod over employees. Strikes were mercilessly crushed.
Several attempts to organize locomotive engineers were made between 1855 and 1860. It wasnít until April 1863, however, that William D. Robinson, a Michigan Central locomotive engineer, brought 19 men of the craft together at his home in Marshall, Mich., and inspired them toward the organization, which survives today. A monument marking the event still stands in Marshall.
At a meeting in Detroit the following month, a dozen men agreed to put their destinies together. They cemented a common bond on May 8, 1863, elected Robinson as their Grand Chief Engineer (president), and named the group the Brotherhood of the Footboard. By August 1863, 10 Divisions had been established ó Detroit and Marshall, Mich.; Michigan City, Ind.; Adrian, Mich.; Norwalk, Ohio; two at Chicago, Ill.; Lafayette, Ind.; Crestline, Ohio; and La Porte, Ind.
The name Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers (BLE) was adopted at the first national convention held in Indianapolis in August 1864. In 2004, the BLE merged with the International Brotherhood of Teamsters as the founding member of the Teamsters Rail Conference. After 140 years (1864-2004), the organization changed its name to Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen (BLET).
The BLET was the first labor organization to obtain contracts with railroads. Among the earliest was an agreement with the former New York Central in 1875. Today, the BLET has dozens of contracts with railroads large and small, and represents locomotive engineers on 98 percent of rail trackage in the United States.
The BLET was a pioneer in the field of labor journalism. It began a monthly journal in 1867. Current official publications include a quarterly magazine, Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen Journal, and a monthly newsletter, Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen News. The National Division of the BLET has maintained a website since 1996, www.ble-t.org, posting daily news stories and periodic News Flash updates that are emailed to thousands of members.
In cooperation with other railroad brotherhoods, the BLET spearheaded the drive to make the 24-hour workday illegal. This was accomplished in 1907 through the Hours of Service Act, which set a 16-hour maximum.
The Adamson Act of 1916, providing for the eight-hour day, was also a result of the BLETís leadership. An original copy of the Act is kept at BLET National Division headquarters in Cleveland, along with the fountain pen used by President Woodrow Wilson to sign the legislation. It was the first federal law dealing with overtime pay.
The BLET also had a leading role in persuading Congress to pass the Railway Labor Act in 1926. The act, amended several times since then, provides procedures for handling labor-management disputes over wages and working conditions.
The Railroad Retirement and Unemployment Insurance Acts, which became effective in 1937, are railroad industryís counterparts of the Social Security system. They represent another instance of social progress in which the BLET played an important part.
The Brotherhood has always been proud to support Americaís soldiers and their families. Born in the midst of the Civil War, our unionís membership has been comprised of veterans of every major military conflict since, up to and including the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. With BLET members at the throttle, U.S. railroads carried 90 percent of all military freight and 97 percent of all military passenger movements during World War II.
Greater safety on the job and greater safety for the shipping and traveling public have always been BLETís goals. Legislative activities by the BLET and other rail unions have resulted in the Locomotive Inspection Act and statutes requiring the use of air brakes, automatic couplers, electric headlights, power-reverse gears and other technological improvements.
The BLET was again at the forefront in persuading Congress to include implementation of Positive Train Control technology to make the rail industry safer and more efficient, and important whistleblower provisions to protect workers who report unsafe conditions while on duty in the Railroad Safety Improvement Act of 2008.
National President Dennis R. Pierce is the 23rd chief in the BLETís long history. He has held the post since July 1, 2010, succeeding Paul T. Sorrow, who retired. The BLET represents more than 55,000 active and retired locomotive engineers and trainmen throughout the United States.
Tuesday, March 19, 2013
Like us on Facebook at | <urn:uuid:6f9fcd2e-b6e8-45da-929b-44c948734800> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.ble-t.org/pr/news/newsflash.asp?id=5414 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997877670.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025757-00096-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961374 | 1,152 | 2.59375 | 3 |
NASA’s Dawn spacecraft won’t end its 13-month-long visit to Vesta, the Solar System’s second-biggest asteroid, until August, but researchers have now solidified the rock’s reputation as an archetype for understanding planetary evolution. In six reports in the 11 May edition of Science, Dawn mission scientists have confirmed several long-held assumptions about Vesta and detailed some puzzles about the roughly 520-kilometre-diameter body.
Dawn, which began orbiting Vesta last July and lowered itself to with 200 kilometres of the asteroid over the following months, has gathered strong evidence that Vesta is indeed the source of the ‘Vestoid’ family of asteroids as well as the howardite-eucrite-diogenite meteorite family, which accounts for 6% of meteorites. The craft’s observations reveal that the surface composition of Vesta matches that of the Vestoids and that a collision that gouged a large crater at the asteroid’s south pole could have blasted enough chunks into space to account for the Vestoids and the meteorites.
Although previous chemical analysis of the meteorites and studies of the orbits of the Vestoids had indicated that was almost certainly the case, the ground truth from Dawn means “we can, for the first time, connect meteorites with not only a specific asteroid, but a specific crater on a specific asteroid”, says Erik Asphaug of the University of California, Santa Cruz. The data, he adds, “will shed a whole new light on lunar and terrestrial cratering data, and on our understanding of smaller asteroids and meteorites”.
Dawn’s observations also provide evidence that Vesta assembled only about 2 million years after the first solids in the Solar System coalesced and is an original survivor of the planet-forming process. “What is so mind-blowing about the Vesta results, is that we are seeing, exposed and frozen in time, what it means to become a planet,” says Asphaug. “Vesta lies in the middle of a broad, mostly unknown continuum, and we will be studying these data sets for many years.”
Dawn’s confirmations “are absolutely important for us to proceed in understanding the Solar System,” says Dawn team leader Chris Russell of the University of California, Los Angeles.
To the team’s surprise, Dawn found evidence for not just one but two large, overlapping craters (see dashed lines in accompanying image), one older than the other, at the south pole. The team presented preliminary evidence for that last autumn (see ‘Dawn mission revealing secrets of the early Solar System‘) but has now firmed up the finding. Hubble images of Vesta, including those taken more than a decade ago, were only sharp enough to have discerned one very large basin there.
“Vesta is much more complicated than we thought (or feared) it might be,” says Dawn scientist Paul Schenk of the Lunar and Planetary Institute in Houston, Texas.
The south-polar impacts peeled away the near-surface deposits of the light-weight mineral eucrite to reveal the deeper deposits of the heavier mineral diogenite. The impacts were also powerful enough to create a central peak with the basin that rivals the biggest mountain known in the Solar System, Mars’ Olympus Mons. “Seismic impulses of this magnitude could take days to dissipate on an asteroid the size of Vesta, so I believe there are novel terrain types to be identified, or exotic forms of known terrain,” says Asphaug.
Shock waves from the two impacts also seem to have Vesta that set ringing like a bell, creating separate sets of troughs that girdle the asteroid’s equator. One set of troughs is easy to see and corresponds to the older and larger impact basin, Rheasilvia, notes Asphaug. The other set is harder to see and not everyone accepts the idea of a second, younger polar basin, “but the alignment of troughs makes for a good story”, he adds. “We certainly don’t yet understand the relationships between craters and troughs.”
The Science reports also reveal another surprise: the two polar basins are relatively young, one billion to two billion years old, although the team had first guessed they were 3.5 billion to 4 billion years old and were created during the era known as the late heavy bombardment, when the asteroid belt was thought to be much denser and collisions more common. However, the size distribution of the Vestoid asteroids — many more smaller bodies than bigger ones — suggests that the impact that created them was relatively recent, notes Bill Bottke of the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado.
The team is still puzzling over bright and dark makings on Vesta’s surface. These could be due to material brought to Vesta from farther out in the asteroid belt or the result of ancient volcanic activity inside the asteroid, Schenk says.
Photo credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/ UCLA/MPS/DLR/IDA | <urn:uuid:b8ce79ec-12d5-4c21-a430-bc78eae54ac1> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://blogs.nature.com/news/2012/05/vesta-confirmed-as-venerable-planet-progenitor.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514577363.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20190923150847-20190923172847-00284.warc.gz | en | 0.953809 | 1,080 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Short Essay Questions Key
1. Why is this book an important piece of American literature?
This book is important to American literature because it shows a first-hand account of the horrors and cruelties of slavery.
2. Using examples from the text, give three instances supporting the author's claim that she had a happy childhood.
Linda had a happy childhood because for the first six years of her life she was able to live in a house with her mother and father. Her childhood was also happy because she was unaware that she and her family were slaves. The author also states that she was happy in the home of her first mistress because the woman treated her like a human being and taught her how to read and write.
This section contains 3,309 words
(approx. 12 pages at 300 words per page) | <urn:uuid:904bfff7-6e7f-4aa1-bd9d-6ecf73f5b578> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.bookrags.com/lessonplan/incidents-in-life-of-a-slave-girl/shortessaykey.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657131145.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011211-00107-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.987384 | 170 | 3.515625 | 4 |
The world of young children is full of magic and wonder. According to a Schulastic blog, the creativity of a child peaks before the age of six. This stage is often before a child enters formal education. By igniting your child’s creativity during this period, you lay a strong foundation for the future.
The expression of creativity is not limited to artistic and musical interests. It is equally essential for domains like science, math, social and emotional intelligence.
Here are some ways of fostering creativity in your children-
1. Stimulating environment
Please encourage your child to play outdoors or in the backyard, take him to a library or a sports ground. A child’s creativity and development will automatically get stimulated if he stays in an environment that provides him with opportunities for the same.
2. Limit screen time
Managing a child’s screen time can be challenging, but it is crucial. You can do so by developing some screen time rules for your child, which will limit the time they spend watching TV or playing video games. Moreover, you can ensure quality screen time by previewing programs, games and apps before letting your child view or play with them.
3. Creative Corner
If you think that your child has an artistic bone, you should try this. Set up a creative corner at home where you can set up a variety of art and craft supplies. You can also give them waste materials like empty carton boxes, foil papers, ribbons, etc. Encourage your child to create something and make sure that you appreciate the result. It is about the process and not the outcome. Display your child’s art even if it doesn’t look extraordinary. Your appreciation is their motivation.
4. Right toys and games
Toys aren’t just play-things. While they should be fun, they should also be stimulating and age-appropriate. You could try looking for open-ended games for your child, like puzzles, board games, rule-play kits, etc. Such games can be played over and over again with multiple outcomes. You can also try something new by breaking the pattern. Ask your child to brainstorm and come up with some new rules for the games you play and get ready for some interesting responses.
5. Inventive Storytelling
Reading is an excellent habit and helps develop one’s communication skills. Try to spend some quality time reading stories and poems with your child. Bring about twists in the stories and ask your child to do the same. Try to encourage them to think of some alternative endings for stories, or some other words that can fit well in a poem, etc.
6. Encourage your Child’s Passion
Try to find out what your child enjoys doing and encourage it. It could be anything from reading, writing, to painting or dancing. Different children like different things. Also, note that your child’s hobby or passion may change from time to time, and it’s natural to do so at their age. A little encouragement and appreciation can help them excel in that one thing they immensely enjoy.
These are some tips to nurture creativity in young children. Creativity is a crucial component of health, happiness and wisdom. Moreover, creative people are more flexible and better problem sulvers. Therefore, you must start building up your child’s creative skills from the right age.
Creativity not only starts or ends at schoul, but begins after schoul hours
Let your child be engage in extra-curricular activities after schoul hours with “Live and Learn Programme” specially designed to engage your child. It is a well- structured programme developed, keeping in view the development of children- physically, emotionally, intellectually as well as socially.
Enrulling your child with such programme where they can take expertise knowledge from activities
including arts and crafts, spoken English classes, sports and martial arts, music, dance, theatre and so on, is a great way to boost and nurture creativity in your child.
Encourage your child to express their boundless creativity!
Ashiana, Ashiana Housing build homes. Homes surrounded by vast green spaces and fresh breeze. Homes cocooned in secured gated complexes. Homes where futures are forged and there are opportunities to grow. And Homes in environments brimming with healthy activity, trust and respect. At heart, we build communities with care.
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Join 1000+ of fellow readers. Get expert real estate knowledge straight to your inbox absolutely free. Just enter your email address below. | <urn:uuid:b07d2472-63b9-4131-bc7e-f981ae1f69d9> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.ashianahousing.com/real-estate-blog/tips-to-nurture-creativity-in-young-children | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150264.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20210724094631-20210724124631-00116.warc.gz | en | 0.944452 | 936 | 3.59375 | 4 |
“Nanoprobing: Making the smallest things visible” (2007 Annual Report)
Measuring the nanoscale characteristics of ultrafast optical pulses
Ultrafast optical technology, which involves the generation of optical pulses measured in femtoseconds, has emerged as the natural complement to nanotechnology. There’s only one hold-up in integrating the technologies: the nanoscale characteristics of ultrafast optical pulses can’t be fully measured.
Although optical imaging can attain resolution on the scale of 50 to 100 nanometers, and characterization tools can characterize ultrashort optical pulses as short as a few femtoseconds, no way exists to observe all three dimensions of an ultrafast optical pulse at the nano scale without disturbing the pulse’s operation.
Yong Xu is working with Zhiwen Liu of Penn State to develop a nanoprobe to solve the problem. The probe, which consists of a nanoparticle attached to a silica fiber by a nanowire, will be able to sense both the temporal and spatial characteristics of an ultrashort optical pulse. Because the sensor itself is at the nanoscale, it produces a minimal amount of optical scattering and does not disturb what it observes.
The research is funded by a $300,000, 3-year NSF grant. | <urn:uuid:1675b2fa-c339-4b95-8f2a-9729b1af6ea4> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | https://www.ece.vt.edu/news/ar10/ultrafastoptical.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860114649.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161514-00172-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.887048 | 271 | 2.71875 | 3 |
How to Knead Bread Dough and Why Knead Bread Dough?
Why Do I Need to Knead Dough?
Kneading bread dough is a crucial step that can't be overlooked in most bread recipes. But why is it necessary to knead bread dough? Here is a basic explanation of the processes involved when you knead bread dough and why you must knead bread dough.
When you knead dough, the the wheat proteins are mixed with the water, and they start to get strong. Then gluten forms as the wheat proteins becomes stronger, and as the dough is stirred and mixed together. When the dough is kneaded, even more gluten is produced. This causes the dough to become elastic.
Buy Bread Making Cookbooks
What Is Gluten and Why Is It Important?
Why is gluten important in the bread making process? Well, first gluten causes air bubbles to form as it makes the dough get more elastic. These air pockets let carbon dioxide gas rise through the dough. The gas is formed when yeast is added. The yeast and carbon dioxide are what makes bread rise.
If the bread didn't rise, it would be tough, dense, and
flat- not very tasty at all. When bread rises as it should, it becomes
light, chewy, and airy with a crisp crust. Gluten is also needed in
order to enable the dough to stick together.
How to Knead Bread Dough
It is very easy to knead dough. Here's simple steps for how to knead
Cover your hands lightly with flour to keep them from sticking to the dough. Sprinkle the surface lightly with flour where you will be kneading the dough as well.
Roll the dough out into a flattened circle a bit larger than your two
hands. Take the edge of the circle that directly across from you, and
fold it into the middle. Push down on it with both palms of your hands
and then push it away from you. Turn the bread a quarter turn, and do it
again. Repeat the process for the recommended time in your bread
How Long to Knead Bread Dough?
You should knead bread dough at least 8-10 minutes. The most common
mistake that people make when kneading dough is that they stop too soon.
This doesn't allow enough time for the process to fully develop to
cause the bread to rise.
The dough should have quite a bit of elasticity and lose its stickiness. You should be able to pinch off a piece and stretch it pretty thinly before it breaks. Another way to test it is to poke it and see if it bounces back. This is how you know that the gluten has developed properly. Follow the recipe instructions, as the kneading times will differ depending upon the type of recipe you are creating.
Kneading Bread Dough for Health Reasons
Under a lot of stress and yoga isn't your thing? Kneading bread is a bit like tenderizing meat by pounding it; it can be quite a stress reliever. Many bakers enjoy making homemade breads and kneading the dough. Relieving stress is one reason why. Try it sometime when you've had a bad day.
How to Knead Bread Dough and Why Knead Bread Dough? Comments and Suggestions 2 comments
How to Knead Bread Dough Video How to
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Learn how to cook beans in a pressure cooker. It's really easy and fast! Using a pressure cooker to make beans is a great time saver and keeps your kitchen from heating up when it's hot outside.
Your soup smells great, but it turned out watery! How to thicken soup? Here are several tips to thicken soup with common ingredients. You are bound to have the ingredients needed already for at least one of these ways...
Learn some of the most common, and a few uncommon, very early signs of pregnancy. Watch for these if it's too early to take a pregnancy test. | <urn:uuid:4ac674be-1635-4b41-86ec-60db35fbd6c4> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://hubpages.com/food/How-to-Knead-Bread-Dough-and-Why-Knead-Bread-Dough | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541140.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00020-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966103 | 825 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Ants….we see a lot of them at this time of year and they can be viewed as a menace, but did you know an ant can give a person many life lessons? My kitchen seems to be overrun with ants. I investigated the source of them outside the other day and witnessed a little creature take hold of a dead fly more than five times its size, dragging to wherever its nest was. I was captivated and thought that it would eventually give up and leave the poor fly on the ground, but I was wrong. It kept going, would pause, pull again, stop and then go until it reached the grassy side of the patio with other ants waiting to help.
I was fascinated by its persistence. If we pay close attention to our surroundings, we can learn a lot from everything our eyes can see, even from one of the smallest creatures on Earth.
So what is it about ants that we should consider? How can they teach us useful things for our lives?
1. PATIENCE AND PERSISTENCE
Ants can go for miles carrying their loads to reach their nest. They can carry a load many times more than their weight. They are goal-driven creatures and focus on getting the job done no matter how long it would take them to reach their destination. They are not intimidated by obstacles blocking their way. They pass through it or make a turn if needed. They show incredible levels of resilience.
We teach children to keep going no matter what circumstances get in their path. We encourage them to devote themselves to their purpose and do their best.
We can learn a lot from ants about being responsible. Each member has its specific role within the colony whether it be guarding and maintaining the nest, foraging for food or feeding the colony. They know their specific role and undertake it without supervision. They work towards a common goal to maintain and protect the colony.
Understanding one’s part in a community is an area upon which we work very hard at Yateley Manor. All the work for charity grounds children in supporting others but, in addition, their role within the school community is critical in giving them the sense of community and its power.
You can find ants anywhere you go. In the forest, wetlands, in the tropics or even colder places. They are everywhere! They have existed for millions of years and their existence may be a common sight meaning we walk by them without noticing. It is fascinating that these little creatures can stand the test of time for many, many years.
Being able to adapt to new situations is a quality that children these days will need in an ever-changing world. At Yateley Manor we develop adaptability in children by giving them a broad range of opportunities, providing them a safe environment to make mistakes and learn more about themselves.
4. PREPARED AND ORGANISED
Ants think about tomorrow. They think of the winter in the summer and summer in the winter. They are busy saving up food for the rainy days and are prepared when calamity comes.
If we apply this in our personal lives, it is wise to think of our future and be smart, managing our resources and saving as much as we can so we are prepared when unforeseen things come. Self-management is another key skill that we teach children at Yateley Manor. Planning for what is coming up enables the children to feel confident about the future and allows them space to deal with unexpected events.
5. HARDWORKING AND RELIABLE
Watching a colony of ants working together, you see how hard they work. They epitomise teamwork. They know what they want to achieve, they know their part to play in its success and they get the job done. Teamwork and family are values at the core of Yateley Manor.
I reminded the children of our school values this morning in Assembly and showed how closely they are aligned to the qualities of ants. We do, indeed, have much to learn from ants. | <urn:uuid:31f329fa-67a7-4c69-be69-e0186e41806f> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.yateleymanor.com/news/headmasters-blog/blog-display-page/~board/headmasters-blog-board/post/learning-from-ants | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335304.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220929034214-20220929064214-00512.warc.gz | en | 0.97515 | 829 | 2.984375 | 3 |
an animal-like protist (p81)
a "false foot" or temporary bulge of the cell membrane used for feeding and movement in some protozoans (p81)
the cell structure that collects extra water from the cytoplasm and then expels it from the cell (p82)
the hairlike projections on the outside of cells that move in a wavelike manner (p83)
a close relationship between two organisms in which at least one of the organisms benefits (p84)
a type of symbiosis in which both partners benefit from living together (p84)
a tiny cell that is able to grow into a new organism (p85)
a plantlike protist (p86)
a chemical that produces color (p87)
the rapid growth of a population of algae (p90)
an algal bloom that occurs in salt water (p91)
the buildup over time of nutrients in freshwater lakes and ponds that leads to an increase in the growth of algae (p92)
one of many branching, threadlike tubes that make up the body of a fungus (p96)
the reproductive hypha of a fungus (p98)
a form of asexual reproduction of yeast in which a new yeast cell grows out of the body of a parent (p98)
the combination of a fungus and either algae or an autotrophic bacterium that live together in a mutualistic relationship (p104)
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Here, we will show you how to calculate how many dimes there are in 82 dollars.
First, calculate how many cents there are in 82 dollars by multiplying 82 by 100, and then divide that result by 10 cents to get the answer.
Here is the math to illustrate better:
82 dollars x 100 cents
= 8,200 cents
8,200 cents / 10 cents
= 820 dimes
Thus, the answer to the question "How many dimes are in 82 dollars?" is as follows:
Note: We multiplied 82 by 100, because there are 100 cents in a dollar, and we divided 8,200 by 10, because there are 10 cents in a dime.
Fill out the form below or go here if you need to convert another coin denomination.
How many dimes are in 83 dollars?
Here is the next number of coins we converted. | <urn:uuid:76a6777b-2966-49f9-aa20-c1e797f7d1a8> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://grinebiter.com/Coin/CoinConverter/Dimes-in-Dollars/How-many-Dimes-are-in-82-Dollars.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578610036.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20190423174820-20190423200820-00333.warc.gz | en | 0.924706 | 181 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Learning about the Moon in the week of the full moon before Easter. Science and maths educator Selwyn Holland is our guest fielding questions about the origins of the moon, how it effects the tides, and what explains the changing visibility of the moon from Earth. The below photos of the Moon were all taken by Selwyn from his observatory. Aren’t they marvellous!
A version of this conversation was first broadcast on the radio on 2SER 107.3FM
All of the astrophotography on this site has been provided by the copyright owner, Selwyn Holland, for use on the Wide Open Air Exchange radio and podcast show pages only. | <urn:uuid:214eda8a-a8a4-4e6e-9c31-594bb230118b> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://wideopenairexchange.com/2022/04/11/a-lunar-lesson-with-selwyn-holland/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764494852.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20230127001911-20230127031911-00492.warc.gz | en | 0.947629 | 133 | 2.53125 | 3 |
From the beginning of the seventeenth century through the middle of the eighteenth century, a French viol school is documented by evidence in the form of surviving instruments, compositions, treatises, letters, iconography, and other kinds of primary sources. These French viols, using six and eventually seven strings and tuned like a lute (i.e. in fourths with a third in the middle), were similar in design and construction to the lauded school of fine English consort viols. The French prized English viols and imported them for their own use. French luthiers then emulated their classic viol form. There is evidence, however, of an indigenous French viol tradition—perhaps imported from Northern Italy—performing consort and chamber music at the court of King François I as early as 1498. Claude Gervaise published his now-lost Premier livre de violle, the first French viol tutor, in Paris around 1547 with a second edition in 1554; both are unfortunately now lost. Two other treatises—Philibert Jambe de Fer’s L’Épitome musical (Lyons, 1556) and Samuel Mareschall’s Porta Musices (Basle, 1589)—confirm the existence of earlier French viols that had five strings and were tuned in fourths throughout. Although no extant viol of this type survives, these treatises are further supported by manifold iconographical sources, sixteenth-century inventories of instruments, and court records.
The French Consort Project, founded as a performance-based research project by scholar-performer Dr. John Romey, seeks foremost to reconstruct a consort of French Renaissance viols. The project presents a collaboration between scholarship, which focuses on an analysis of historical evidence, and practical knowledge gained through collaboration with renowned luthier of historical instruments John Pringle. The process of reconstructing the instruments has drawn on Pringle’s lifetime of experience restoring historical viols for museums and copying historical instruments for use by today’s leading performers of viola da gamba. In 2015, Pringle created a prototype of the first instrument, a bass tuned E-A-D-G-c’. In 2020, after new research suggested a connection to Italian viols (see our Blog Post), Pringle began experimenting by making a new prototype using designs based on surviving viols from two Brescian makers—Zanetto Micheli (c. 1489–1560) and his son Pellegrino Micheli (ca. 1520–ca. 1606)—and French iconography.
A second goal of the research pole of the project is to identify appropriate repertoire for performance by the consort instruments. Parisian chansons published by Pierre Attaignant and other publishers present obvious possibilities to collaborate with vocalists. Because Claude Gervaise, who composed the first viol tutor in France, also worked as editor and contributor to Attaignant’s series of Danceries, these pieces will be some of the first to be experimented with by our new consort. The instrumental fantasies of Eustache du Caurroy (1610), Charles Guillet (1610), and Claude Le Jeune (1612) offer an additional repertoire possibilities.
Once the consort of viols is constructed, a revolving cast of professional musicians and singers who specialize in historically informed performance will plan an educational series of lecture-concerts using the instruments. The instruments will also be used as a tools for student learning, engagement, and experimentation by the Purdue University Fort Wayne Historical Performance Club and in the Music History curriculum taught by Dr. Romey at PFW. Students will learn to play the viols in a historically informed manner, learn to read music from facsimiles of primary sources, and otherwise engage with the Parisian chanson repertoire as it was originally intended, namely as flexible popular music meant for social musicking.
Dr. Romey has presented the early fruits of this research at academic conferences and has published a book chapter about the early French viol consort. He is currently preparing three articles: an article to be submitted to the Journal of the Viola da Gamba Society of America about the amateur status of the viol in the 16th century and educational institutions in which playing the viol was taught alongside catechism, literacy, and a trade; an article to be submitted to the journal Early Music History about the transfer of the viol northward from Italy to France, including a discussion of the Italian musicians working at the French court and the appearance of viols in the spectacular “magnificences” of Catherine de’ Medici; and an article in preparation about the role of the viol in the intellectual movements surrounding and performances at the Académie de Poésie et de Musique, including a discussion of its use in concerts featuring musique mesurée and appearances in the Ballet comique de la reine in 1581. | <urn:uuid:8a7ceecc-df25-4288-acae-d3ae2d009c8a> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://thefrenchconsortproject.com/about/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991829.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20210514214157-20210515004157-00522.warc.gz | en | 0.938959 | 1,016 | 2.921875 | 3 |
What does public accounting mean?
Public accounting refers to a business that provides accounting services to other firms. Public accountants provide accounting expertise, auditing, and tax services to their clients. This can include the handling of many accounting functions on an outsourced basis. Auditing the financial statements of clients.
What is the difference between public accounting and industry?
Industry experience: Public accountants work with a broad range of clients from individuals to corporations or other large organizations. They can be involved in many industries, including the government. A private accountant may only get exposure to one industry.
Is public accounting stressful?
Public accounting is one of the most stressful and intensive professions which requires patience and dedication.
What does a private accountant do?
Private accountants work with internal business or financial managers to plan their company’s cost of doing business and to evaluate fiscal performance. [Private accountants’] daily activities revolve primarily around management reporting.
What pays more public or private accounting?
In private accounting, for example, the salary midpoint (or median national salary) for entry-level general accountants in their first year is $48,500. Public accountants in audit/assurance services with up to one year of experience can expect a midpoint salary of $48,750.
What is the 8 branches of accounting?
The famous branches or types of accounting include: financial accounting, managerial accounting, cost accounting, auditing, taxation, AIS, fiduciary, and forensic accounting.
What are the 3 major areas of accounting?
There are three major areas of accounting:Financial Accounting: Financial accounting is where accounting deals with external parties interested in the business firm. Managerial Accounting: Cost Accounting:
What are the major areas of accounting?
Here are some of the different areas of accounting and what they entail.Financial accounting. Management accounting. Governmental accounting. Public accounting. Cost accounting. Forensic accounting. Tax accounting. Auditing.
What are the two types of accounting?
The two primary methods of accounting are accrual accounting (generally used by companies) and cash accounting (generally used by individuals).
What are the three types of accountants?
What Are the Different Types of Accountants?Staff Accountant. A staff accountant is a great option for anyone who has a bachelor’s degree in accounting and who wants a variety of work. Certified Public Accountant. Investment Accountant. Project Accountants. Cost Accountant. Management Accountant. Forensic Accountant. Auditor.
What is the highest position of an accountant?
Chief Financial Officer
How many types of accounts are there in SBI?
How do you classify accounts?
According to modern approach, the accounts are classified as asset accounts, liability accounts, capital or owner’s equity accounts, withdrawal accounts, revenue/income accounts and expense accounts. | <urn:uuid:656e8c87-af1d-46c9-b03c-ba8932b57886> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.yemialadeworld.com/what-does-public-accounting-mean/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711121.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20221206225143-20221207015143-00585.warc.gz | en | 0.93123 | 593 | 2.875 | 3 |
Tsunami used to be term North American kids learned in science or for spelling bees. But, two major tsunamis in the past 10 years have heightened awareness of what they are and about the real danger around the globe. Now, the US government wants to increase awareness of tsunami danger close to home through the National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program and declaring this Tsunami Preparedness Week.
A tsunami is a series of ocean waves caused by seismic activity that forms a wall of water that can travel across an ocean. Nine years ago, an Indian Ocean tsunami killed more than 250,000 people in several countries after a 9.3 magnitude earthquake. Three years ago, a 9.0 magnitude earthquake off the Japanese coast generated 30 foot waves and killed almost 16,000. News footage of the devastation remains indelible in minds.
It is hard to picture a similar situation in California or other states, but it can happen and has. The earthquake in Japan did cause tsunami waves to hit the US. A 2010 quake in Chile caused millions of dollars of damage to harbors along the Pacific Coast. The largest tsunami to hit the country was after the 9.2 Alaska earthquake on March 27, 1964. It left wakes of destruction and death, killing 130 people killed in Alaska, Oregon and California. With all the coastal construction since then, a similar event would be catastrophic.
A tsunami could strike somewhere on the US coast at any time. While the giant wave cannot be stopped, timely warnings and evacuation plans can mitigate the impact. For Tsunami Preparedness Week, several government agencies at the federal and state level are partnering to promote awareness of the tsunami danger that exists close to home and encourage people in coastal areas to get prepared. In conjunction with the 50th anniversary of the Alaska quake and tsunami, there are awareness events planned in each coastal state. There will be emergency drills conducted Wednesday and Thursday following three different earthquake/tsunami scenarios to ensure different parts of the country take part.
Government organizations taking place include the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the National Weather Service, the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the U.S. Geological Survey. Governments in coastal states, Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands and other regional agencies are also participating.
Many local areas are also having events to education residents about the danger in their area and evacuation routes. In addition, there are numerous brochures and materials on the National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program site.
Just like the hurricane warnings that are issued, there are levels of tsunami warnings. An Information Statement, the lowest level, just reports that there is a potential tsunami elsewhere in the ocean that is no threat here. A Tsunami Watch means a distant seismic event occurred which may create a tsunami and to stay tuned. A Tsunami Advisory means there are strong current or waves that have been created by a seismic event, but widespread damage is not expected. The highest level, a Tsunami Warning, means widespread inundation is coming and evacuate to higher ground; unfortunately, the time to prepare after a warning depends on how close the earthquake was to that coastal region. The key thing is to know an earthquake along the ocean, whether close or far, could potentially bring the tsunami danger home.
By Dyanne Weiss | <urn:uuid:9f3919e1-86b8-4074-983d-6373f501e1ed> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://guardianlv.com/2014/03/tsunami-danger-close-to-home/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824537.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021005202-20171021025202-00263.warc.gz | en | 0.940187 | 670 | 3.953125 | 4 |
Long before the first European mariners sighted the western coast of Cape York, Aboriginal people migrated from Asia to populate the coast where the modern township of Weipa now stands. They were a sea people, drawing much of their sustenance from the molluscs and other seafood along the shoreline.
2018 is the 120th anniversary of the establishment of Weipa.
The Torres Strait region has long been part of the Australian frontier. Its long serving newspaper, the weekly Torres Straits Pilot, published on Thursday Island from 1887 to 1942, was not only an advocate for the area’s principal industry, pearl-shelling and beche de mer fishing, but strongly opposed to the implementation of the 1897 Protection of Aboriginals Act.
This paper examines some of the attitudes revealed by the extant copies of the newspaper 1897-1914 as the north Queensland frontier closed and the era of protection began.
The revelation that Australia’s Deputy Prime Minister Barnaby Joyce was having an affair with his media advisor, Vikki Campion, led to lots of finger pointing. In all directions.
Sixteen years ago similar revelations about then Foreign Minister Gareth Evans, and the leader of the Australian Democrats, Cheryl Kernot, raised similar questions. At that time a group of University of Queensland journalism academics published a colloquium in Australian Studies in Journalism on the issues raised. | <urn:uuid:44feb021-e905-451a-80b6-5043c58c1e1d> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://johnmharrison.org/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400222515.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200925053037-20200925083037-00645.warc.gz | en | 0.953807 | 282 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Secure DNS Service is Key to Protecting Your Company’s Confidential Business Applications and Data
Have you ever tried to call one of your friends without knowing their phone number? It is next to impossible, right? Most people keep phone numbers stored in their contact list on their phone and merely tell their phone to call the person or tap the name associated with the person to initiate a phone call. Domain Name System or DNS works much the same way.
What is DNS?
DNS is essentially a contact list or phonebook of internet domain names. Each website on the internet has a unique IP address. The DNS is a logbook of sorts that contains a website’s numerical IP address and translates it into a corresponding domain name. The domain is like the contact name in your contact list and the IP address acts as the phone number. For example, it is much easier to remember amazon.com than it is to remember 22.214.171.124. The DNS acts to retrieve a website and display it on your browser. As of the first quarter of 2020, there are more than 366.8 million domain names registered worldwide. There is not one single DNS server. Instead, there are many DNS services that are available for use—the DNS server provided by your ISP; a free, secured DNS server; or a paid, secure DNS server.
Why Does Your Organization Need Secure DNS Service?
Secure DNS servers are DNS platforms that are designed with security in mind. A secure DNS server is a service that is provided for all of your users to protect them from getting on websites or visiting locations on the internet that may be malicious. The secure DNS server is a service that runs in the background. Users do not really know that it is there.
Say for example that a user visits a website that has been breached by a cybercriminal. Maybe the website did not have the proper updates or maybe the website was merely vulnerable to attack. A cybercriminal placed malicious software on the website so that when the user visits the website, the malicious content is downloaded onto the user’s device or your company server. A secure DNS server can identify the threat and block the user from visiting the website before that problem arises. This is accomplished through permissions and endpoint protection. Secure DNS servers get updated information about sites that are malicious and stops users from getting to those sites.
Another reason to utilize a secure DNS server is to protect from ransomware. Security experts estimate ransomware attacks will not decrease in 2021 based on the success that cybercriminals experienced in 2020. Most ransomware attacks demand millions of dollars for decryption keys. If there is a secure DNS server in place, when a ransomware file tries to reach out to get an encryption key, the secure DNS server will know it is malicious and will blacklist those servers from accessing your users.
How Can Baroan Technologies Help?
Since 1997, we have been helping clients achieve success with technology. We are here to deliver effective solutions to minimize technical problems and having a secure DNS solution in place is another layer of protection that is useful for your organization to have in place. Call us at 201-796-0404 or email us at email@example.com to set up a secure DNS server as part of your technology plan today. | <urn:uuid:2411c3c6-24ad-44d5-b9a0-773da22ef40d> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.baroan.com/secure-dns-service-key/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703538226.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20210123160717-20210123190717-00694.warc.gz | en | 0.935276 | 663 | 2.796875 | 3 |
The Birsiban system was a star with an associated star system located 70,000 light years from the Sol system, in the the galaxy's Delta Quadrant. Its fifth planet was home to the Birsiban civilization. (VOY novel: Echoes)
The Birsiban system contained 14 planets and circa 75 moons which orbited a single G-type star. In 150 parallel universes the fifth planet had been destroyed. Its debris formed a ring of asteroids. The sixth planet held the beginnings of basic life.
Primary of the Birsiban system was a main sequence (type G2V or bright yellow dwarf) star . The star was orbited by at least two habitable worlds, including the class M planet Birsiba, and the sixth planet. Birsiba was approximately 70,000 light years away from Sol.
The Birsibans utilized energy from a variety of sources, including solar energy powered by their system's primary.
- Birsiba (primary)
- unnamed planets I-IV
- asteroid belt (debris of destroyed Birsiba V)
- sixth planet
- unnamed planets VII-XIV | <urn:uuid:3a1d4f99-767a-4c6e-870c-ee6c6a974f96> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://memory-beta.wikia.com/wiki/Birsiban_system | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122992.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00008-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944678 | 233 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Build Visibility for Your Health Department
NACCHO developed a national identify for governmental public health departments to raise awareness of the value of governmental public health. This branding effort offers health departments an opportunity to have a common visual symbol and thematic message, which if used consistently and over time should increase the visibility of your health department in your community.
Visual symbols used consistently over time helps build public awareness. Local governmental health departments, unlike police, fire, and emergency response agencies or non-profit organizations such as the Red Cross, have lacked a universally-known visual identity.
Every day, health department personnel go about their duties in a way that is invisible to the people in the communities where they work. A universally-recognized visual symbol (logo) would let everyone who observes or uses health department personnel, facilities, vehicles, publications, community meetings, or any other public health activity know that their health department is on the job. A universally-recognized logo also has the potential to link the good work of your health department to health departments across the United States.
Frequent and prominent use of the logo helps show pride in the people and power of public health. Public health departments should be visible and understood by policy makers, community partners, potential funders, and the public. Adopting a consistent logo is one important way to achieve that goal.
Logo and tagline use is entirely voluntary. An important part of achieving the ultimate goal of universal recognition for the logo is preserving uniformity. Many health departments have their own logo, but some do not. The national identity can be used alone or in conjunction with a health department's existing identity.
Explain the National Identity to Stakeholders
Consistent messaging about the national identity for public health departments will help you position your health department on par with the other critical first responders in your community, raise awareness of the value of public health among policymakers and the public, and increase the morale of your staff.
For more information about using the logo, contact: | <urn:uuid:aab4e3d5-d214-4023-b04d-86b74e5a8701> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://archived.naccho.org/advocacy/marketing/nationalidentity/whybrand.cfm?renderForPrint=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464051165777.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524005245-00217-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937281 | 410 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Seattle Children’s clinicians do everything they can to accurately diagnose concussions and recommend the most appropriate treatment. But those tasks are difficult without definitive diagnostic tools to determine when concussions have occurred or objective evidence to prove which treatments are best.
To provide better care, physicians need better research. That is why Seattle Children’s Research Institute has created the Youth Concussion Research Program.
The new program, made possible by a generous $5 million gift from The Satterberg Foundation, is designed to develop new concussion diagnostic tools; measure sports impacts using real-time sensors; and begin clinical trials to determine which concussion treatments are most effective.
“There are so many people who want to know how to prevent concussions and long-term effects,” said Frederick Rivara, MD, MPH, who will lead the Youth Concussion Research Program. “I hope we will soon be able to answer a lot of their questions.”
Between 1.6 and 3.8 million sports and recreational concussions occur in the United States each year. In the past, Seattle Children’s partnered with Harborview Medical Center to create the clinical Seattle Sports Concussion Program, providing the best care possible for these injuries. But experts continued to question concussion diagnosis and treatment, prompting the need for a concussion research program.
“We use clinical expertise to diagnose concussions but we could be better,” said Stanley Herring, MD, co-medical director of the sports concussion program. “If we can combine our expertise with other information that can be measured on injured athletes then that would be helpful.”
Unlike other concussion research programs, which typically focus on collegiate or professional athletes, Seattle Children’s will use the data from its clinical program to study concussions in children.
“A lot is still unknown about concussions, especially in younger kids,” Rivara said. “Their brains are undergoing enormous changes during childhood and adolescence, but we don’t know if concussions in the developing brain differ from mature brains.”
Seeking better diagnostics
There is currently no objective test to prove if an injury qualifies as a concussion. Standard imaging – such as a CT or MRI, and routine blood tests – rarely reveal signs of a brain injury. Without a definitive diagnosis doctors struggle to accurately identify concussions or determine how long the brain is vulnerable to reinjury.
The Youth Concussion Research Program will address these challenges by searching for concussion biomarkers, which will be used with advanced imaging to track patients over time to better understand who is at risk for significant concussion affects.
Seattle Children’s researchers will also use tiny sensors to discover how intense impact must be for a child to have a concussion. The Youth Concussion Research Program has partnered with Seattle-based X2 Biosystems, which developed a sensor that can be placed behind an athlete’s ear and detect forces to the head and brain. A sideline computer displays the sensor’s signal in real time and stores the information.
While similar sensors have been used in the football helmets of college and professional players, the X2 Biosystems sensors will also be able to record impacts in sports where helmets are not worn, such as soccer or basketball for both boys’ and girls’ sports. Researchers will use the sensor data to help determine what type and magnitude of forces are most likely to result in concussions in younger athletes.
Additionally, the sensors will be able to alert healthcare providers when a player has suffered a head injury that might result in a concussion without relying on the child to report it.
“We need to better understand the true prevalence of concussions in children,” Rivara said. “There is a whole culture in sports that does not want to recognize concussions as injuries, so kids don’t always report them.”
Finding the best treatment
Just as diagnosing a concussion is difficult, determining the most effective treatment is also challenging for physicians due to a lack of objective research. While the standard treatment is physical and relative mental rest, there is limited data to support these recommendations.
Seattle Children’s researchers hope to identify the most effective treatment for concussion by leading randomized controlled trials to find out when children should return to mental and physical activities and if rehabilitation is appropriate. This will help physicians treat sports concussions as well as brain injuries resulting from car accidents or other trauma.
“We want kids to live active lives but keep their brains healthy too,” Rivara said.
Study participants will come from the Seattle Sports Concussion Program, Seattle Children’s Hospital and teams in the community.
“If we want to research concussions and improve outcomes we have to go where they are occurring – in the communities,” said Dimitri Christakis, MD, MPH, director of the Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development at Seattle Children’s Research Institute. “We have a very supportive community that we hope will participate enthusiastically in this project.”
If you are interested in supporting the Youth Concussion Research Program contact Brenda Majercin at email@example.com or 206-987-4979.
If you would like to arrange an interview with Dr. Fred Rivara please contact Seattle Children’s PR team at 206-987-4500 or firstname.lastname@example.org. | <urn:uuid:c39820d2-9e6c-471d-8c2a-368212c95f12> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://pulse.seattlechildrens.org/seattle-childrens-creates-youth-concussion-research-program/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802774894.154/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075254-00041-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944213 | 1,117 | 2.75 | 3 |
If you're just starting out with plant identification, check out our Helpful Hints here: you'll find a review of plant ID books in print, essential kit, tips on ID resources, and links to some people and groups on social media which offer ID help or which talk you through the various stages in identifying a plant. Then try some of the resources below from BSBI and friends - many of them are free!
Helpful ID sheets, Twitter feeds and blogposts
Check out these free ID sheets from our friends Discover the Wild: there's violets & pansies; crane's-bills & stork's-bills; common British tree leaves; winter tree buds.
Kevin Widdowson @kwid79 is rapidly gaining a reputation for his fabulous photos showing how to identify various trees, seeds and members of the daisy family. Coming soon: a 'Kevin's plant ID' section on this website. For now, check out Kevin's photos towards the end of this BSBI article published in BBC Wildlife magazine online and scroll down to see Kevin's photos on how to ID blackthorn Prunus spinosa and cherry plum Prunus cerasifera.
The Field Studies Council have some really useful and inexpensive fold-out sheets - there's one describing the various parts of a flower, one of common ferns, others on the plants found in a particular habitat, eg moorlands. Access them here. *NEW* This summer, the Field Studies Council are offering two free fold-out wildlife ID sheets for budding naturalists under 25. The 'Botany Bundle' is a sheet on trees and one on wildflowers. Find out more here.
Identifying orchids can be tricky but the Beginner's Vegetative Guide to Orchids of the British Isles, produced by Mike Waller for the NHM ID Trainers project, helps you get started.
- The first hurdle is understanding some of the botanical terms so check out the #talklikeabotanist series from the dynamic duo of Gus @PinkfootedGus and James aka @GranthamEcology - example on the right.
- ID sheets for buttercups, small white brassicas, speedwells, strawberries and violets have been produced by #dinkymoira" - see box on right.
- Orchid-lover Richard @thenewgalaxy has put together some orchid ID/ info sheets - there's an example below right and more available from @wildflower_hour.
- Botanist Joshua @joshual951 has focused on some Peculiar Plants - check out his toothwort sheet below and here is the BSBI distribution map for toothwort so you know where to look for it. Joshua also led a helpful online ID course recently to help people get started with identifying the c250 species of British and Irish Dandelion.
More of these helpful ID sheets in the pipeline so keep an eye on #wildflowerhour. It's on Twitter but you don't need a Twitter account to view these links - just click and enjoy! But if you do want to take part in Wild Flower Hour and you don't know what your plant is, just use the #wildflowerID hashtag to summon help from a friendly botanist.
Check out the Herbology Hunt monthly spotter sheets, free to download here: https://bsbi.org/herbology-hunt Five common plants to look out for each month with tips on what to look for. Created with children in mind but they work well for anyone just starting out with plant ID.
This leaflet produced by Phoebe O'Brien has photos and ID tips for 20 wild flowers commonly found in Ireland and in Britain: https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/20-common-urban-plants-in-Ireland.pdf
Try the 'Wildflower of the Month' series on the BSBI News & Views blog: ID tips, fascinating facts and info for snake's-head fritillary, purple saxifrage, sweet violets, bluebells, buttercups, and bird's-foot trefoil.
Sussex Botanical Recording Society has a Plant of the Week feature which includes ID tips: https://www.sussexflora.org.uk/
The Botanical Society of Scotland's new blog also has a regular Plant Of the Week feature with ID tips - they launched with Wall speedwell and followed up with Oxford ragwort, cuckooflower and then Thale Cress.
Apps and picture-matching
There's really no substitute for working through an ID key or looking closely at the features that separate one species from another. But once you have a good idea what your plant is, looking at photos can be a great help, as long as the plants in the photos are correctly labelled. This isn't always the case with Google but below we list some websites and apps where the plant photos are correctly labelled and you can rely on the information given.
The Online Atlas of the British & Irish Flora - look your plant up under either its scientific name or its common name. This website was developed by BSBI together with colleagues at the Biological Records Centre. You'll find photos, maps and info about each plant, including whether it is native or introduced.
John Crellin's Floral Images website allows you to browse groups of plants by flower colour; the A-Z listings contain thousands of plant photos which show the features necessary for ID.
For images of, and information on, 800+ Irish wildflowers (flowering times, ID tips and distribution in Ireland), try Irish Wildflowers.
The lay-out on the Wildflower Finder website is a bit old-fashioned but it is updated regularly and there are some very helpful photos and info on the species covered.
Both the images and the ID tips on this website look very helpful - thank you to James who sent us a link to this site. If you spot any useful plant ID websites, please let us know - if the botany looks sound, we'll add them here!
If you think you know what your plant is, you can also check it against images in Chris Dixon's Pictorial Guide to the flora of the British Isles. Chris has also produced a smartphone app, the MAKAQues Multiple Access Key to the British Flora. It's available from Google Play and costs £15.49.
Try also the website version of the Visual Flora app: http://visual-flora.org.uk/
ID sheets by 'Dinky Moira'
The ID sheets below help you identify the more common species of violet. They were produced for @wildflower_hour by "Dinky Moira" - so called because when you are taking your first steps in botany, you'll wish you had a dinky version of our friend Moira @nervousbotanist to pull out of your rucksack and ask her for help! Moira has very kindly made six ID sheets available to view or download here:
Faith Anstey's ID booklets
Recent plant ID workshops in Scotland, run jointly by BSBI and Plantlife, have been based on the approach pioneered in Faith Anstey's user-friendly and inexpensive ID booklets. 2020 workshops were cancelled due to Covid-19 but we are hoping (restrictions permitting) that they may run in 2021 - details and booking links here and here. Meanwhile, the booklets are available to purchase and could be used on any wild plants and grasses in your garden.
Faith said: "Specially designed to help you get started with ID, these booklets have no lengthy keys to decipher, using instead field characters and flowcharts. The Pocket Guide introduces wild flower identification through 'finding the family first'; the Grasses and the Sedges booklets concentrate on how to recognise the most common species".
This report published on the BSBI News & Views blog gives you an idea of Faith's approach to ID and you can see some sample pages from her Pocket Guide to Wildflower Families.
*NEW for 2021* Faith's latest booklet is 'Start to Identify Composite Flowers' - all Faith's booklets are available to order from her website.
Snowdrop identification by Mick Crawley has a helpful ID key.
You could also post photos on iSpot and ask for ID help - contributors are very helpful.
Try using BotanicalKeys: a free and easy online key, by Quentin Groom.
*NEW* This new Plant ID for Beginners online key by Richard Milne aims to helps you identify which family your plant belongs to.
Members of the BSBI can make exclusive use of our network of 100+ plant experts, who will name difficult plants for you. There are two referees just for beginners; specialists in garden shrubs and cultivated trees; aquatics and alpines; as well as experts in orchids, grasses, tricky plant families...
Contact details for our experts/ referees are in the BSBI Yearbook, which is sent out to members each year in January and is available via our password-protected members-only area. If you’re not a member, and you are interested in plant identification, you may want to think about joining BSBI. | <urn:uuid:7572f380-99a1-4611-9068-0018f4db8ac9> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://bsbi.org/plant-id-getting-started | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154099.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731172305-20210731202305-00505.warc.gz | en | 0.930447 | 1,935 | 2.75 | 3 |
Lightword Theme by Andrei Luca
Nowadays, there is awareness of what autism is and what the early signs of autism are.
For sure, there are many kinds, and regressive autism is one of them. Most parents understand and know how to identify the warning signs of this developmental disability in children.
However, there are instances when a supposed-to-be early normal development of a child starts to lose these skills as he grows older. In fact, just the changing facial expression and recognition that a child exhibits like smiling, cooing, babbling are milestones that parents eagerly await.
There are many books that tell parents when these milestones should be achieved, and when they're not, parents begin to wonder if there's something wrong with their child. In some instances, the child does exhibit these skills, and then just loses them. This sudden change is what regressive autism is all about.
Regressive autism is a rare condition wherein a child who appears to develop normally for the first three to four years, meeting all the physical, motor, social and communicative skill milestones, suddenly starts to lose these skills and is subsequently diagnosed with autism.
There has been no standard definition for regression, and the prevalence rate of regression may vary depending on the case observed. Some children may exhibit a combination of features, with some early delays and later losses, while others may exhibit evidence of a continuous range of behaviors between autism with and without regression.
Unlike the usual form of autism, regressive autism may develop for a number of years before the symptoms may appear.
Although classic autism does usually present symptoms during the first couple of years of life, the symptoms of regressive autism do not show up for a few years. Its symptoms are similar to classic autism. These include loss of communication, language and social interaction skills, diminished new acquired skills, oversensitivity to certain elements like sound and lights, inability to feel pain or discomfort, impairment of motor skills, potential development of seizures.
Some doctors also see an impairment, though not severe, of the child's immune system functions. This has to be one of the more frightening symptoms for parents, because it leaves the child vulnerable to diseases. These symptoms can also be seen on other forms of autism. However, these may vary greatly in severity when speaking of regressive autism as the main disorder of the child.
Although the signs and symptoms of regressive autism is the same with the usual autism, the two disorders are very dissimilar. The symptoms presented by regressive autism appear much later than those of classic autism. Children with late onset of autism have met most of the developmental milestones on time within their first three years of life.
Once certain skills are developed, they begin to disappear quite suddenly. The regression of the child's physical and social skills. The language and conversational ability, and of course, coping skills can be quite profound, impairing those once fully developed skills of a child. This sudden change is very stressful to parents, making regressive autism difficult to accept and understand.
Children, who are experiencing regressive autism, as well as the other forms of autism, should undergo treatment as soon as possible. The treatment regimen includes supplements, behavioral therapy, dietary intervention, supplements, control of recurrent infections, and the development of educational plans.
These set of treatment modalities will help parents deal with their child’s behavioral problem. | <urn:uuid:8ce2d4b1-4394-41c0-a7cc-0bc10f0e1f13> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.autismsymptomsinchildren.com/regressive-autism/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461861743914.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428164223-00011-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963611 | 690 | 3.375 | 3 |
Why it is so important that young people’s voices are heard
Young people are the leaders of today and tomorrow, and Mittra (2021) said it best when she remarked, “The finest preparation for tomorrow is doing your best now.” This phrase is extremely valid and current since modern society has demonstrated that young people must be shown and involved in all aspects of the global talks that take place regularly in order to have a greater future.
Being one half of Hackney’s young speakers and a member of the Hackney Youth Parliament, I have seen first-hand how listening to the opinions of young people gives us a genuine presence of what matters in the world and the attention we need to pay to certain societal concerns that tend to be overlooked.
Furthermore, I think it is vital that young people’s views are heard as resolutions and procedures enacted now has a direct impact on young people as we become heir to the future. Today’s youths are powerful, well-informed and are determined change-makers. After all, youth and children account for over 40% of the global population, which is one of many reasons why youth voice is so important. Having the youths’ voice in decision-making processes is not only the right thing to do, but it is also the tactical thing to do, as we are all striving for society to continue to be evolving rather than stagnate. It is now up to young people to shift the narrative of how things currently are to how they should be.
Making everyone a change-maker one step at a time demonstrates our stance that the future belongs to us, and we have the responsibility of making society a better place for future generations. Our voices and opinions have illustrated that we possess the strength, agility and a wide range of capabilities to bring about the beneficial changes we want to see. I recommend to the government and the powers that be to invest in amplifying and listening to the voices of young people as it gives us a sense of inner belongingness, develops our self-esteem and our leadership skills – which are skills we need in both our professional and personal lives.
Being a young person myself, I have observed that taking young people’s contributions into account fosters a sense of citizenship in young people, assisting them in the development of key competencies such as cooperation and communication skills, self-efficacy, responsibility, civic-mindedness, and respect for the value of democracy – all of which are central to the DofE’s mission for young people. Once the government begins to act upon these suggestions for young people, this will be seen as an indicator of young people’s voices starting to be heard.
Society must trust us with the keys to the truck and the ability to drive it. | <urn:uuid:0a500619-3276-4b03-b918-88b69c474134> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.dofe.org/thelatest/why-it-is-so-important-that-young-peoples-voices-are-heard/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710488.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20221128070816-20221128100816-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.965073 | 570 | 2.6875 | 3 |
(Beyond Pesticides, February 19, 2013) On February 14, Beyond Pesticides joined with Earthjustice, Farmworker Justice, and a number of other environmental and farmworker organizations to submit a letter to Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Administrator Lisa Jackson, urging for long overdue revisions to the Workers Protection Standard (WPS) of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA).
The letter states that, “EPA’s inaction is unacceptable given farmworkers’ persistent exposure to harmful pesticides and ineffectual enforcement of the current WPS.” This letter comes after a previous petition in 2011 stressed the need for the agency to implement stronger protections for farmworkers. This letter also comes after fears from environmental and farmworker organizations over a recent EPA handout distributed during a November 2012 Pesticide Program Dialogue Committee (PPDC) meeting that downplayed the details of a 2010 EPA document released on farmworker safety. EPA has not effectively updated WPS for almost 20 years, leaving farmworkers at risk.
Farm work is demanding and dangerous physical labor. A 2008 study by a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) researcher finds that the incidence rate of pesticide poisoning is extremely high among U.S. agricultural workers. An average of 57.6 out of every 100,000 agricultural workers experience acute pesticide poisoning, illness or injury each year, the same order of magnitude as the annual incidence rate of breast cancer in the United States. As a result of cumulative long-term exposures, they and their children, who often times also work on the farm, are at risk of developing serious chronic health problems such as cancer, neurological impairments and Parkinson’s disease. Children, according to a recent American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) report, face even greater health risks compared to adults when exposed to pesticides
The 2011 petition recommends that revisions to WPS focus on three key protections for the workers who handle and apply pesticides:
- Medical monitoring of workers using pesticides that inhibit enzymes necessary to the functioning of the nervous system;
- Use of “closed systems” for mixing and loading pesticides, which prevent splashing and blowing of pesticides onto workers;
- Use of enclosed cabs in tractors from which pesticides are being sprayed using an airblaster.
In addition, the petition requests a range of basic measures that would afford stronger protections for agricultural fieldworkers.
The groups argue that EPA is required to incorporate these protections into its revisions both under FIFRA, the federal statute regulating pesticides, and under the agency’s stated obligation to achieve environmental justice by addressing the disproportionately high and adverse human health or environmental effects of its programs and policies on minority and low-income populations.
Environmental and farmworker groups have grown increasingly concerned over the possible changes to WPS. After a 2010 EPA document proposed WPS that would determine ways to increase training, improve safety requirements, provide clear emergency information, and create strong protection for applicators, the agency has abruptly changed course. A handout distributed at the 2012 PPDC meeting downplayed the details within those goals, bringing into question the agency’s previous commitments. Advocacy groups are disturbed by EPA’s mercurial attitude towards farmworker protection, and fearful that there will be further delays in releasing WPS.
This recent letter submitted by Beyond Pesticides and other environmental and farmworker organizations highlights these fears and urges EPA to publish the proposed rule revising the WPS without further delay. The letter argues:
“In sum, EPA has violated its legal and moral duty to protect farmworkers from being exposed to significant levels of toxic pesticides on the job. EPA must stop merely expressing its concern, and take meaningful steps to protect these workers, who are critical to the economy of the nation, from the pesticides they handle, including, at a minimum, adopting the safeguards we identify in the Petition.”
The letter was signed on to by Beyond Pesticides, California Rural Legal Assistance Foundation, Coalition of Immokalee Workers, Earthjustice, Farmworker Association of Florida, Farmworker Justice, Farmworker Self-Help, Hispanic Federation, Kentucky Environmental Foundation, Labor Council for Latin American Advancement, League of United Latin American Citizens, Migrant Clinicians Network, Migrant Farmworker Justice Project, National Hispanic Medical Association, National Latino Coalition on Climate Change, Pesticide Action Network North America, Pineros y Campesinos Unidos del Noroeste/Northwest Tree Planters and Farm Workers United, and United Farm Workers.
Our food choices have a direct effect on those who grow and harvest what we eat around the world. This is why food labeled organic is the right choice. In addition to serious health questions linked to actual residues of toxic pesticides on the food we eat, our food buying decisions support or reject hazardous agricultural practices, and the protection of farmworkers and farm families. See Beyond Pesticides’ guide Eating with a Conscience to see how your food choices can protect farmworkers.
Farmworker safety will be an important topic discussed further at the 31st Annual Pesticide Forum. Beyond Pesticides is collaborating with local groups to bring top scientists together with local and national activists and concerned citizens to share information on the issues local communities are facing. At the forum, participants and speakers alike will craft solutions and catalyze networks to advance positive health and environmental policy and change. Sustainable Families, Farms and Food: Resilient communities through organic practices will be held April 5-6, 2013 at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque, NM. For more information and to register, go to www.beyondpesticides.org/forum.
All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides. | <urn:uuid:87afaff4-1a8a-4985-b8cd-09d80633ef54> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://beyondpesticides.org/dailynewsblog/2013/02/farmworker-and-environmental-groups-urge-epa-to-take-swift-action-on-farmworker-protection-standards/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823462.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019194011-20171019214011-00304.warc.gz | en | 0.921997 | 1,182 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Effects of Violent Video Games May Wane the More They are Played
Teenaged boys who play violent video games three or more hours a day may be desensitized to the physiological and emotional effects of the games, a new study suggests.
“High versus low experience of violent gaming seems to be related to different physiological, emotional and sleep related processes [after] exposure to violent video games,” according to a new study by Malena Ivarsson, Ph.D., and her colleagues at the Stress Research Institute at Stockholm University.
The study included two groups of boys, between the ages of 13 and 15. Fifteen boys played violent video games at least three hours a day. The other 15 played no more than an hour a day.
The researchers monitored the boys’ reactions to playing two different video games: a violent game (“Manhunt”) and a nonviolent cartoon game (“Animaniacs”). The boys played the games at home, on two different evenings, for two hours each.
The researchers then monitored the boys’ physiological, emotional, and sleep reactions.
Although there were few differences in reactions while playing the games, some significant differences appeared later, the researchers report.
For instance, while sleeping later that night, boys in the low-exposure group had faster heart rates after playing the violent game, compared to the night after playing the nonviolent game.
In contrast, for boys in the high-exposure group, heart rate was lower on the night after playing the violent game.
There were also some differences in heart rate variability (HRV), which measures beat-to-beat variations in heart rate. The patterns of HRV differences suggested blunting of sympathetic nervous system reactions among boys in the high-exposure group, the researchers report.
On sleep questionnaires, boys who played less reported lower sleep quality on the night after playing the violent game, compared to the nonviolent game. They also reported increased feelings of sadness.
For high-exposed boys, there was no difference in sleep quality after playing the two games, according to the researchers.
However, both groups had higher anxiety and stress levels after playing the violent game.
“The violent game seems to have elicited more stress at bedtime in both groups and it also seems as if the violent game in general caused some kind of exhaustion,” the researchers write in the study.
“However, the exhaustion didn’t seem to be of the kind that normally promotes good sleep, but rather as a stressful factor that can impair sleep quality, especially for low exposed gamers.”
The differences between the boys may represent a desensitizing effect of frequent exposure to violent video games, the researchers speculate. They add it’s also possible that boys with certain traits may be attracted to violent games. The researchers noted they had difficulty recruiting boys with high exposure to violent gaming to participate in the study.
The study was published in Psychosomatic Medicine: Journal of Biobehavioral Medicine.
Source: Wolters Kluwer Health
Wood, J. (2013). Effects of Violent Video Games May Wane the More They are Played. Psych Central. Retrieved on May 29, 2015, from http://psychcentral.com/news/2013/05/07/effects-of-violent-video-games-may-wane-the-more-they-are-played/54558.html | <urn:uuid:bc2e735e-9322-41a7-ad52-111f1f2fa66c> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://psychcentral.com/news/2013/05/07/effects-of-violent-video-games-may-wane-the-more-they-are-played/54558.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929832.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00008-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956978 | 711 | 3.1875 | 3 |
II.—Is there a Social Science?
ALMOST every autumn may be heard the remark that a hard winter is coming, for that the hips and haws are abundant: the implied belief being that God, intending to send much frost and snow, has provided a large supply of food for the birds. Interpretations of this kind, tacit or avowed, prevail widely. Not many weeks since, one who had received the usual amount of culture said, in my hearing, that the swarm of lady-birds which overspread the country some summers ago had been providentially designed to save the crop of hops from the destroying aphides. Of course this theory of the divine government, extended to natural occurrences bearing but indirectly, if at all, on human welfare, is applied with still greater confidence to occurrences that directly affect us individually and socially. It is a theory carried out with logical consistency by the Methodist who, before going on a journey or removing to another house, opens his Bible, and, in the first passage his eye rests upon, finds an intimation of approval or disapproval from Heaven. And in its political applications it yields such appropriate beliefs as that the welfare of England, in comparison with Continental States, has been a reward for better observance of the Sunday, or that an invasion of cholera was consequent on the omission of Dei gratia from an issue of coins.
The interpretation of historical events in general after this same method accompanies such interpretations of less important events; and, indeed, outlives them. Those to whom the natural genesis of similar phenomena has been made manifest by increasing knowledge, still believe in the supernatural genesis of phenomena that are very much involved, and cannot have their causes readily traced. The attitude of mind which, in an official dispatch, prompts the statement that "it has pleased Almighty God to vouchsafe to the British arms the most successful issue to the extensive combinations rendered necessary for the purpose of effecting the passage of the Chenaub," is an attitude of mind which, in the records of the past, everywhere sees interpositions of the Deity to bring about results that appear to the interpreter the most desirable. Thus, for example, Mr. Schomberg writes:
- Daily paper, January 22, 1849.
- The "Theocratic Philosophy of English History," vol. i., p. 49. | <urn:uuid:6f69fc2d-a677-4e5e-8146-4bccd222a273> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Popular_Science_Monthly_Volume_1.djvu/169 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931009271.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155649-00187-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958596 | 478 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Childhood, especially the preschool age, is perhaps the most curious, excited, and anxious age bracket. Many books have been written to prepare preschool children and their parents for preschool. These books cover preschool children’s lives from just before they enter preschool through kindergarten, and they also discuss changing to different schools in their early education years.
A book specifically designed to help with preschool children’s nervousness, inquisitiveness, and enthusiasm is Little School by Beth Norling. The prominence of this book is attributed to the ease with which the author narrates the events and life experiences in a classic preschool for young children. The book also shows how different children have inimitable and individualized ways of understanding and relating with preschool schedules, such as snack times and bathroom breaks. In addition to the different experiences and personalities of preschool children, the author provides an overview of the essential skills and strategies that parents and teachers can use to help preschool children adjust to new life in preschool. Norling’s book, thus, calms new preschool children as they start the schooling journey.
The other recommended preschool books are The Night Before Preschool and The Night Before Kindergarten by Natasha Wing. Set in the rhythms of Christian poems, these books make children look forward to preschool with anticipation in their hearts. Instead of being scared of first days and early life at school, the books create eager anticipation for their young readers. Equally helpful, parents of preschool children can greatly benefit from reading these books to better inform them about their children’s preschool routines. The books are also quite useful to preschool children many years after their first days at school.
The Kissing Hand by Audrey Penn is an equally interesting and useful book for preschool children, parents, and teachers. The friendly toned book is quite endearing to readers for imparting to children the essence of going to school. The other key element of the book is its focus on anxiety, which is a key problem in preschool. Using a child named Chester Raccoon, the author encourages children to realize that when they are at school, their parents back at home or at work still love them and think of them all the time. In the book, preschool children are, therefore, encouraged to believe it is fine to spend time away at school without worrying about their parents.
Being away from their parents for long hours for the first time could jeopardize children’s stability at preschool. Thus, this book is ideal to lower children’s anxiety during their first days, months, and even years away from their parents and familiar home surroundings. The author also advises parents to sooth preschool children as they leave for school by using hugs, nice words, and kisses to help them cope with the anxieties associated with being away from the people they are accustomed to, such as parents and siblings. Also, parents can use the book to learn how to cope with separation anxiety as their children start school. | <urn:uuid:321b62d3-659e-453a-972f-b1a985d6aa82> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://infomory.com/books/books-about-preschool/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886120573.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20170823132736-20170823152736-00660.warc.gz | en | 0.97805 | 597 | 2.9375 | 3 |
It's Never Too Late To Quit Smoking, Even In Your 60s
Older people who smoke may think there's no reason to give up the habit. After all, hasn't the damage to their bodies already been done?
But it turns out there's a benefit to quitting even later in life. Research published Wednesday in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine finds that older adults who quit smoking in their 60s had a lower chance of dying in the years that followed than contemporaries who kept smoking.
"It's never too late," says Sarah Nash, an epidemiologist and one of the study's authors.
The results are based on data from more than 160,000 participants older than 70 who were part of the . Participants completed questionnaires about their smoking history in 2004 or 2005 and were tracked until the end of 2011 to see who had died.
The study found that it's definitely best to avoid smoking entirely. During the follow-up period, 12 percent of participants who never smoked died, compared to 33 percent of current smokers. And the earlier people quit the better, but there was still a benefit even for late quitters. Of those who quit in their 30s, 16 percent died. In their 40s: 20 percent. In their 50s: 24 percent. And in their 60s: 28 percent.
Still, people who quit in their 60s had a 23 percent lower risk of death during the study than current smokers, says Nash, who conducted the research while she was a fellow at the National Cancer Institute.
One limitation of the study is that the "current smoker" category included anyone who was smoking when they completed the questionnaire, which means it likely included people who went on to quit during the follow-up period. But if that happened to a significant degree, the true mortality gap between people who smoke and those who quit would only be larger.
The researchers also looked at deaths from smoking-related diseases, including lung cancer, heart disease and respiratory infections, and saw similar trends.
The research also reinforces the well-known point that it's important to try to prevent people from picking up the habit in the first place. Most smokers start during their teenage years, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. And among current smokers, the earlier the study participants started, the higher their likelihood of dying during the follow-up period. Of those who started when they were younger than 15, 38 percent died, compared to 23 percent of those who started when they were 30 or older.
Until now there have been hints from other research, but no solid proof, that people in their 60s and 70s could benefit from quitting.
"Based on less substantial data, we've been telling the public that it's never too late to quit, because it will benefit health and prolong life," says Norman Edelman, a physician and senior scientific adviser to the American Lung Association who wasn't involved with the study. Now, he says, he'll have more concrete evidence to offer to patients, especially to older smokers who assume that the damage from years of tobacco use can't be reversed.
Edelman says he gives the same smoking cessation advice to older smokers as to younger ones: Use a program (the ALA has its own, as does the American Cancer Society) in conjunction with pharmaceutical help, such as nicotine replacement products or prescription medications (such as Chantix or Zyban). Your odds of success are greater if you use both, he says.
He says older smokers should be sure to speak with their physicians about potential side effects of tobacco cessation medications.
Katherine Hobson is a freelance health and science writer based in Brooklyn, N.Y. She's on Twitter: @katherinehobson .
Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org. | <urn:uuid:b90bbc73-01a1-45f5-b2d9-3b72c91b5a5e> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://health.wusf.usf.edu/npr-health/2016-11-30/its-never-too-late-to-quit-smoking-even-in-your-60s | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038464146.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20210418013444-20210418043444-00150.warc.gz | en | 0.983427 | 780 | 2.578125 | 3 |
|Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) are among the most prevalent infectious diseases with a substantial financial burden on society. Women are more at risk of developing this infection mostly due to their anatomy: it affects about one woman out of five during a lifetime. A number of women who have once developed UTI may be more prone to suffer from it again: this is known as recurrence.
What causes urinary tract infections?
This infection is generally caused by bacteria called “Escherichia coli” normally living in the intestine but has colonised in the urinary tract. Under normal conditions, urine is sterile, which means that there are no germs. A UTI occurs commonly in the lower part of the urinary tract, meaning the bladder or urethra. This infection is called cystitis. If left untreated, it can progress to the upper part of the urinary tract. When the kidneys are infected, it is called “pyelonephritis” and can permanently damage the kidneys.
For questions, concern or advice about UTIs, please consult your doctor! | <urn:uuid:156103b2-54c2-4e6b-b7f2-31890273d255> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://www.kidney-facts.com/kidneys-at-risk/urinary-trat-infections-uti/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510867.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016201314-20181016222814-00439.warc.gz | en | 0.954857 | 223 | 3.671875 | 4 |
High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) is an exercise modality characterised by repeated bouts of vigorous or ‘near maximum effort’ exercise, each separated by periods of rest or low intensity exercise.
Exercise done this way has been shown to be more effective at helping people improve blood sugars, reduce weight and get fit. It does this by boosting the number of mitochondria, the mini ‘power stations’ in your cells and increases muscle mass. It boosts cardiac efficiency leading to Improved aerobic fitness and endurance. It is an efficient way to burn fat and flushes out excess sugars stored in the muscle, which eventually can contribute to insulin resistance or diabetes.
What’s more, HIIT is highly time efficient (which means that you are more likely to stick with it!)
There are multiple modes of exercises that you can use to complete your HIIT sessions including:
- Cycling (exercise bike or mountain bike)
- Running (stairs, sand, sprinting)
- Cross trainer
- Rowing machine
- And basically anything else that gets your heart rate up! | <urn:uuid:3c55a5d6-0a90-4118-9185-39702eca52dc> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://cleverguts.com/six-ways-improve-health/improve-health-high-intensity-interval-training/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526237.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20190719115720-20190719141720-00142.warc.gz | en | 0.92293 | 226 | 2.53125 | 3 |
by Stephen Downes
February 2, 2010
Steven Strogatz Writes About the Elements of Mathematics
Here's a poser for you: if you had to define mathematics from scratch, how would you do it? This is not an idle question. Mathematics is undeniably successful, but why is it successful? Could we ever build something else that would work just as well, but would be different? What would it look like? What elements would it share with mathematics?
I'll tell you why I think this is important. Consider this: "numbers have lives of their own. We can't control them.... once we decide what we mean by them we have no say in how they behave. They obey certain laws and have certain properties, personalities, and ways of combining with one another, and there's nothing we can do about it." Mathematics begins with a few basic, autonomous entities (numbers) and a few basic, simple principles (additivity, commutativity, substitutivity), and then allows these to (conceptually) interact. We discover the relation between mathematics and the world; we don't define it. Compare what we would have if we began with, say, "a system for determining the placement of the planets relative to ourselves".
Evolution doesn't begin with an elephant. Mathematics doesn't begin with calculus. Chemistry doesn't begin with plastics. Innovation doesn't begin with applications. Networks don't begin with bandwidth optimization plans. True science begins with something interesting, creates ways for it to interact and combine, and then steps back discovers where it take us. I would suggest that this is the best way to develop people, too. Milton Ramirez, education & tech, February 2, 2010 [Link] [Tags: Personalization, Bandwidth] [Comment] [Tweet]
Now that we have selected the curtain colour, let's build a new house
Oh, hey, George Siemens seems to have come over to my way of thinking. Can David Wiley be next? "I'm suggesting something much more subtle: that we no longer allow systems-based arguments and criticism to dampen our creative exploration for what is possible in education. A period of 'no boundaries' in our thinking. Forget even arguing against those who appeal to integration with existing structures. Just ignore those discussions completely. I'd like to focus instead on creating a compelling vision of what education could be given new technologies and almost global connectivity." George Siemens, Connectivism, February 2, 2010 [Link] [Tags: Connectivism] [Comment] [Tweet]
The Dangers of Assumptive Teaching
I read the piece in Britannica blog this morning and decided it was mostly fiction. But it is being blogged, so now I have to write about it, to minimize the damage. The author does not name the schools he described (they probably don't exist), does not show any causal connection between the problem (which appears to be an influx of black people) and the solution (failing them), does not show a successful implementation of the solution, has no statistical, analogical or qualitative evidence to back up his version of events, and links to a book (his own, naturally) that cannot be viewed online (and therefore, in my view, can't be that important). People should stop writing stuff like this; they do much more harm than good, and people who don't know better will blog it as though it's scientific research. Britannica should know much better than to publish it, but they seem intent on establishing their corner of the blogosphere as shrill mindless drivel. Seriously, now, they should smarten up. John Connell, Weblog, February 2, 2010 [Link] [Tags: Schools, Online Learning, Books, Research, Web Logs] [Comment] [Tweet]
EduFeedr – to handle your open online courses
Interesting set of slides describing an open course content aggregator called EduFeedr. Hans Poldoja provides paper-based mock-ups and a development plan for an application that would perform many of the functions provided by software such as what we used in the Connectivism course (but better, of course). I don't think this is exactly a PLE engine, though there is a pretty clear overlap. Teemu Leinonen, FLOSSE Posse, February 2, 2010 [Link] [Tags: Traditional and Online Courses, Connectivism] [Comment] [Tweet]
HipHop for PHP: Move Fast
This is really interesting. PHP is widely used for social networking applications - it has long served Facebook, and is what is used for things like WordPress and Drupal (among many others). But PHP has a built-in weakness in that it's compiled at run-time; what this means is that there is an extra step before the computer gets data and displays it. This can be mitigated to some degree (quite a bit, actually) with fast-CGI and data caching. But converting PHP to compiled C code removes this weakness altogether. Best of all, Facebook has open-sourced it, meaning that other PHP applications could use it as well. Via Simon Willison. Haiping Zhao, Facebook, February 2, 2010 [Link] [Tags: Books, Networks, Content Management Systems, Drupal] [Comment] [Tweet]
CBC's New Licensing System Causes Anger
The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) is under fire for restrictive copyright licenses. It is requiring that sites wanting to use their content pay steep fees for doing so. Meanwhile, it has systems installed on its website that track user downloads of the content and even cut-and-paste, using systems called iCopyright and Tynt Insight. CBC has responded, saying "Licensing fees aren't new to the CBC [and] We need to generate revenues to offset our expenses." TVO's Jesse Brown answers back saying the terms are confusing and unreasonable. "Since these demands and requirements are wildly out of step with the culture and language of the Internet itself, does the CBC actually intend to enforce these rules through lawsuits targeting teachers, students, non-profit organizations, and individual Canadians?" I think that if the CBC were more willing to share content freely with Canadians, it would have fewer problems when it makes its funding request to the federal government. Tod Maffin, Inside the CBC, February 2, 2010 [Link] [Tags: Video, Canada, Copyrights, Patents] [Comment] [Tweet]
Why E-Learning is So Effective
There's nothing like a good old "rah! rah!" column on e-learning. If you need to sell e-learning to the president or the board or some other administrators who need things explained simply, this article is a good guide. Turn each point into a slide and you're set. Tom Kuhlmann, The Rapid E-Learning Blog, February 2, 2010 [Link] [Tags: Online Learning] [Comment] [Tweet]
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Multicriteria Mapping (MCM) is an interactive hybrid qualitative/quantitative appraisal method for exploring contrasting perspectives on complex strategic and policy issues. Based around an easily-used, freely-available web-based tool, it aims to help ‘open up’ technical assessment by ‘mapping’ practical implications of different options, knowledges, uncertainties contexts and values – as seen under contrasting points of view.
MCM was developed in a series of collaborations over the past fifteen years by Andy Stirling in SPRU at Sussex University, and an MCM software package and manual was launched in October 2014. It is based on earlier experience with use of many other multicriteria methods in various policy debates in Europe and North America over controversial issues like choosing between energy technologies, siting nuclear facilities, developing conservation strategies or assessing alternative chemicals.
Like other methods, MCM can yield a picture of what looks best overall. But this can conceal all kinds of contestible technical assumptions or value judgements. What’s different about MCM, is that it treats numbers as servants not masters. Paying as much attention to the qualitative reasons for the numbers, MCM reveals the practical implications of contending judgements, in a way that is quite accessible to participate in and relatively easy to understand.
An MCM exercise usually involves a series of one-to-one interviews with a diversity of carefully-recruited ‘experts’ or ‘stakeholders’. Sometimes it is undertaken in group meetings, but always in a way that highlights different voices. Special efforts are made to include all relevant perspectives and ensure that each is content that key features of their view are fully and correctly interpreted.
Each participant moves through a series of four stages. First, an array of alternative options are reviewed and added to if necessary. Second a set of criteria are defined, to address the issues that seem most relevant to the participant in judging how good or bad these options are. Third, the participant scores their options under their criteria, expressing a range of uncertainty between pessimistic and optimistic conditions – descriptions of which are carefully recorded. Finally, each participant weighs up the different criteria to express their relative importance.
The result is a rich body of information, represented both as diagrams and text, documenting the details of the different perspectives. The web-based tool also helps analysis, exploring in flexible ways how different groupings of options, criteria or perspectives differ and what they hold in common.
Broadening Out and Opening Up?
MCM aids the broadening out of academic research or policy appraisal in a number of ways. The accessible and flexible process allows is inclusive of a diversity of different perspectives. The responsiveness of the process avoids inherent bias towards particular kinds of criteria or option. People are free to define their appraisals as they wish and document the reasons why.
In the end, MCM allows account to be taken of an unconstrained array of perspectives, options, criteria, uncertainties, scenarios and value judgements. If people object to quantifying criteria or trading them off, this can also be expressed. This is in quite stark contrast to methods like risk assessment or cost benefit analysis – or with other kinds of multicriteria assessment – which are typically much more restrictive.
MCM also helps open-up wider debate about the issues it addresses. This is because the final results are not automatically averaged out to give a single picture of what looks best or worst overall. Instead, they take the form of ‘maps’ showing how the appraisal varies depending on how it is undertaken.
Roles, Fit and Limits?
MCM offers a good way to engage diverse actors and explore framings of alternative pathways. It is good at documenting, sensitively and quite quickly, a detailed body of material for a large number of different perspectives. With appropriate prompting in interviews or group discussion, it can also be used to discuss more historical and dynamic aspects and how different actors might respond. But this tends to be secondary and requires other methods to fully draw out.
The relatively structured and intensive style of MCM means it is more a ‘focusing’ method than one for ‘scoping’ out the nature of wider contexts or the kinds of perspectives that are most relevant. Other techniques should be used to address these aspects. But, if carried out across an appropriate diversity of options and perspectives, MCM does offer an excellent way to undertake ‘linking’ – by showing very concretely and in great detail how the answers depend on the questions.
It is a strength and a weakness of MCM that it is based around such an accessible web-based tool. If this encourages superficial use, involving quickly-collected numerical results, then it can be misleading. And some people are uncomfortable engaging directly with computers. So other methods are sometimes needed to help with this.
Key relevant references and weblinks
Find further documents and resources: www.multicriteriamapping.com
Other briefing materials can be found here: http://www.sussex.ac.uk/Users/prfh0/Pamphlets.pdf | <urn:uuid:28ac6d18-2ef1-4aa0-90b6-f04b91aeec2f> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://steps-centre.org/pathways-methods-vignettes/methods-vignettes-multicriteria-mapping/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662543797.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220522032543-20220522062543-00114.warc.gz | en | 0.929486 | 1,063 | 2.640625 | 3 |
A new, joint U.S. – Japan aerial survey shows levels of surface radiation around the Fukushima nuclear power plant. As expected the map shows a band of fall-out north west of the site, but it also reveals high levels of radioactive substances (in red) outside the mandatory 20km exclusion zone.
From Japanese news website Asahi:
After the 1986 Chernobyl disaster, those living in areas with more than 555,000 becquerels of cesium-137 per square meter were forced to relocate. However, the latest map shows that accumulated radioactivity exceeded this level at some locations outside the official evacuation zones, including the village of Iitate and the town of Namie.
According to Japan Probe, villagers in Iitate are now in the process of being evacuated.
The U.S. Department of Energy has published this (Flash) slideshare presentation. Details of the new survey start on page 4. | <urn:uuid:1f7a9e5c-2399-4b8a-a215-fe13c4a9f2d2> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://maptd.com/new-fukushima-contamination-map/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701155060.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193915-00202-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926954 | 189 | 2.859375 | 3 |
India stands at an unprecedented moment in its history. In the six and half decades since independence, the country has brought about a landmark agricultural revolution that has transformed the nation from chronic dependence on food imports into a global agricultural powerhouse that is not only a net exporter of food but also the world’s largest producer of milk, legumes, and spices. Life expectancy has more than doubled, literacy rates have quadrupled, health conditions have improved, and a sizeable middle class has emerged. India is now home to globally recognized companies in pharmaceuticals and steel, as well as in information and space technologies.
The country is in the midst of an enormous wave of urbanization. Urban centers are growing exponentially as legions of people flock to towns and cities in search of a better life. This unparalleled movement of the population calls for massive investments in the creation of jobs, housing, and infrastructure to meet the people’s soaring aspirations.
The historic changes unfolding have placed the country at a unique juncture. India now has the opportunity to “bend the arc of history” by lifting its remaining 400 million poor people out of poverty, and ensuring that the sizeable numbers who have recently escaped poverty are no longer vulnerable to falling back. Low-income states will need support to catch up with more prosperous states, disadvantaged groups brought into the mainstream to reap the benefits of economic growth, and women — who “hold up half the sky” — empowered to take their rightful place in the socioeconomic fabric of the country.
Strategy reflects India’s historic changes
In keeping with recent changes, the World Bank Group’s new Country Partnership Strategy will guide its support to India over the next five years (2013-2017). The strategy aims to help the country lay the foundations for achieving its longer-term vision of “faster, more inclusive growth.”
A key feature of the new strategy is the significant shift in support toward low-income and special category states, where many of India’s poor and disadvantaged live. This is also the institution’s first country strategy to set specific goals for reducing poverty and increasing prosperity for the poorest people.
The new strategy proposes a lending program of $3 billion to $5 billion each year over the next five years. Sixty percent of the financing will go to state government-backed projects. Half of this, or 30% of total lending, will go to low-income or special category states, up from 18% of lending under the previous strategy.
The Bank’s India strategy outlines a scenario in which India improves the inclusiveness of the economic growth to that achieved by its best-performing states. This would cut poverty to 5.5% of the population by 2030 from 29.8% in 2010 and increase the share of people living above the threshold where they are at risk of falling back into poverty to 41.3% from 19.1%. If India were to grow as it did from 2005 to 2010 without making that growth more inclusive, poverty would fall to only 12.3% while 33.6% would remain above the vulnerability threshold by 2030.
Key focus areas
In the next five years the CPS will focus on three key areas: integration, transformation, and inclusion. A common theme across these areas will be improved governance, environmental sustainability, and gender equality.
- Integration: Clearly, India’s massive infrastructure needs cannot be addressed through public investments alone. The strategy will accordingly focus on improving both public and private investments in infrastructure. For instance, the power sector, vital for economic growth, will need to build greater capacity and improve the reliability of generation, transmission and distribution. A vibrant manufacturing sector— especially small and medium size enterprises that are critical for the creation of jobs — will require the reform of labor laws, and improved access to land and finance. Better integration would result in more-balanced growth among Indian states, helping low-income states converge more quickly with their faster-growing neighbors.
- Transformation: By 2031, it is projected that 600 million people will live in India’s cities. Well-managed urbanization can bring innumerable benefits; the strategy will focus on supporting the efforts of national, state, and city governments to improve the livability of urban areas, especially secondary cities, while at the same time working toward higher agricultural productivity.
- Inclusion: Economic integration and rural-urban transformation can benefit a large share of India’s population only if there is a stronger focus on human development and on policies that help make growth inclusive. The World Bank Group will support the central and state governments in strengthening the nutrition policy as well as systems and capacities to improve nutrition. It will support government efforts to improve education mainly at the secondary and tertiary levels, with a more pronounced focus on quality across all levels of education. Special focus will be placed on ensuring access to education for underprivileged children, retaining girls in secondary education, and opening opportunities in higher education. It will also work to improve access to finance and to enhance social protection coverage for the more than 90% of the labor force that works in the informal sector. | <urn:uuid:aea66627-4108-4176-a2e5-5135acecb1db> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2013/04/12/new-world-bank-group-strategy-to-help-india-achieve-its-vision | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945637.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20180422174026-20180422194026-00108.warc.gz | en | 0.946243 | 1,044 | 3.25 | 3 |
Degenerative myelopathy is a neurodegenerative condition that causes paralysis in older dogs. The disease is associated with a genetic mutation that causes a protein called superoxide dismutase (SOD1) to accumulate within nerve cells, ultimately causing death of the cell. In a small targeted clinical trial of four dogs diagnosed with degenerative myelopathy, researchers will evaluate the safety of a novel gene silencing treatment to help prevent the buildup of SOD1. This study is a critical step before launching a larger clinical trial to determine the effectiveness of this novel treatment for this fatal disease. Identifying a safe and effective treatment for degenerative myelopathy will have an immediate impact for affected dogs and possibly open doors to other new therapies using the novel gene silencing technology.
Grant amount awarded
North Carolina State University
Natasha J Olby, VetMB, PhD
Neurology (Brain and Spinal Cord) | <urn:uuid:8aa679db-7316-4358-b24f-cbd9088c96bd> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.morrisanimalfoundation.org/study/ensuring-safety-novel-degenerative-myelopathy-therapy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154175.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20210801092716-20210801122716-00241.warc.gz | en | 0.899349 | 190 | 2.84375 | 3 |
This item includes a copy of the printed Student Text as well as a VitalSource eTextbook.
Fundamentals of Math Student Text (2nd edition) covers concepts such as whole numbers, decimals, number theory, fractions, and an introduction to algebra and geometry. Each chapter contains "Dominion thru Math" exercises that apply mathematics to everyday life, "Mind over Math" and "Problem Solving" sections that promote critical thinking skills, and a chapter review section.
This eTextbook is offered through the VitalSource Bookshelf® platform.
To access your eTextbook, sign up for a free VitalSource Bookshelf account online. From there, use your code to redeem your BJU Press eTextbook on your account after purchasing. With your eTextbook, you can enjoy
VitalSource eTextbooks expire 16 months after redemption and are not returnable.Includes 512459 eTextbook and 515882 printed Textbook. | <urn:uuid:44bee324-8e2e-40e6-aeac-f9856afbb238> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.bjupress.com/product/518704 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964359082.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201022332-20211201052332-00350.warc.gz | en | 0.869109 | 198 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Because the objective of holography is to perform phase retrieval from a recorded hologram, this chapter discusses how this can be achieved using analog holographic techniques. Conventional analog holography entails physical re-illumination of the hologram of the object with a reading beam and finding the 3D real or virtual image. Numerical phase retrieval methods are also addressed that unwrap the computed (and thus always modulo 2p) phase to determine the exact phase change of the image. In holographic interferometry and phase-shifting holographic interferometry, the phases from different states of an object can be compared to yield information about the 3D deformation of the object.
Online access to SPIE eBooks is limited to subscribing institutions. | <urn:uuid:654d9917-8d4b-44ad-b83d-29a88dcc5f28> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/ebooks/PM/Analog-and-Digital-Holography-with-MATLAB/Chapter2/Analog-Holography-Holographic-Interferometry-and-Phase-Shifting-Holographic-Interferometry/10.1117/3.2190844.ch2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647576.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20180321043531-20180321063531-00581.warc.gz | en | 0.830455 | 155 | 2.828125 | 3 |
You could say he was the Alan Lomax of poetry recordings. As the founder of the Harvard Vocarium (1933-1955), one of the first poetry record labels in the world, Frederick C. Packard, Jr., was responsible not only for making the earliest extant poetry recordings of T. S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, Elizabeth Bishop, Robert Lowell, Muriel Rukeyser, Randall Jarrell, and Marianne Moore, but also for capturing (in some cases for the first time) the works of a dynamic range of poets and performers composing in Gaelic, Yiddish, Afrikaans, and Haitian Creole.
As an associate professor at Harvard’s Speech Clinic (one who helped generations of students and faculty with speech impediments) and the university’s first professor of public speaking, he had both a physiological and metaphysical relationship to the voice. He was convinced that the spoken word was to be the instrument of the age and that (if radio broadcasts in Europe were any indicator) the United States needed to educate its next generation of public speakers as a counterpoint to the hypnotic effects of fascist broadcasts and rallies. He considered poetry to be essential in of itself and also a vital instrument in the teaching of vigorous and compelling rhetoric for a new era.
For him, sound recording was also inherently multidisciplinary. Just as sound passes through walls, so too his sonic experiments defied the emerging boundaries between academic fields and disciplines. Packard approached with equal “gusto” (to use Marianne Moore’s favorite word) the recording of surgeries, sermons, marching bands, political speeches, Poets’ Theatre rehearsals, performances of Mexican folk songs and Scottish border ballads, memorial services and building dedications, campus visits by everyone from Muhammad Ali to Fidel Castro, and the list goes on.
This year, the Woodberry Poetry Room received a Hidden Collections grant to create the first comprehensive Finding Aid for the pioneering recordings made by Packard, an undertaking which will begin to honor the plethora, depth and range of his documentary endeavors. We are pleased to announce that Mary Walker Graham (our current Assistant Curator) has been hired for a nine-month post as the Audio Archivist for this crucial project. Additional funds from this grant have also allowed us to invite Josephine Packard, a scholar of her grandfather’s work and the author of the first Harvard Vocarium discography (Harvard Library Bulletin, 2004), to consult on the project.
The Poetry Room collection of Packard recordings includes over 2,000 unique audio materials associated with the Harvard Vocarium record label (among them, test pressings, stampers, lacquer, glass, shellac and vinyl discs), as well as hundreds of non-Vocarium discs documenting significant initiatives in Harvard’s (and America’s) history—including the teaching of Japanese to U.S. military during WWII and the experimental linguistic research conducted by Packard’s Speech Clinic.
In 2014, a small preliminary grant allowed the WPR staff to assess the condition and document the contents of over 750 of these discs. This year’s Hidden Collections grant will permit us to complete the audio survey by integrating this preexisting data and identifying additional materials and rare outtakes that would be appropriately included under the Packard Collection rubric. The audio archivist will also develop a framework for organizing and rehousing the materials.
Thanks to the generosity and enthusiasm of the Harvard University Archives, we will also be working to create a box list of their impressive collection of unprocessed Packard reels to add to the Finding Aid. A mere glance at the reels in the Archives reveals the possibility of uncovering a range of rare recordings, including one of Dylan Thomas’ last readings, in May 1953, which John Malcolm Brinnin once described thus:
“… [H]e was to read at the Fogg Museum at Harvard under the auspices of the Poets’ Theatre. He was uncommonly apprehensive about this evening, perhaps because he now had many friends and acquaintances in the Harvard community. In any case, he chose a large group of his best reading pieces and put new touches to the little speech he was now in the custom of giving as an introduction. The large courtyard of the Fogg was jammed to the doors. After he was presented to the audience by Howard Mumford Jones, he launched into one of his greatest reading performances and was rewarded with storms of applause between each poem.”
After the nine-month project is complete, we look forward to making the Finding Aid available to scholars, students, readers and listeners worldwide, and we hope to seek funding for a comprehensive digitization/preservation initiative that will at long last render Packard’s “library of voices” a reality.
Curator’s Note: The Harvard Vocarium sketch used as the header to this article was designed by Edward Gorey (Harvard Class of 1950) to advertise Packard’s recordings of Merrill Moore. | <urn:uuid:c12a4e52-205c-4c63-9a0a-7b57b90138ed> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://woodberrypoetryroom.com/?p=1838 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645069.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20180317120247-20180317140247-00740.warc.gz | en | 0.954105 | 1,041 | 2.625 | 3 |
Donkey Gives Birth to 'Zedonk'
by Brian Thomas, M.S. *
For 25 years, donkeys and zebras at the Chestatee Wildlife Preserve have shared the same pasture while maintaining separate identities. When a donkey gave birth recently, zookeepers were surprised to see the baby "zedonk." Its head was donkey-like, but its legs displayed clear zebra stripes, meaning that a zebra stallion was the father.
The zoo, located 45 minutes north of Atlanta, Georgia, posted on its website: "Zedonks are extremely rare and we are very excited about her birth. Mother and baby are doing well and are on exhibit in a spacious pasture."1
Also called zonkeys, the offspring of zebras and donkeys are only known to occur among captive animals. Their rarity is probably due to the fact that members of the horse kind are picky about appearance. For example, white horses are often shunned by an otherwise colorful wild herd.
Crosses other than zedonks also occur. A "zorse" results from the union of a horse and zebra (or a "hebra," if the father is a horse). A mule comes from the union of a horse and donkey. Because zebras, horses, and donkeys can interbreed, this is very strong evidence that they are descendants of a single created kind--the horse kind.2
However, these zedonks, zorses, and mules are usually sterile, due to a mismatch in chromosome number. Donkeys have 62 chromosomes, horses have 64, and zebras have 44. The Przewalski's horse--considered by both evolutionists and creationists to be most similar to the ancient population that gave rise to all of modern horse kind--has 66 chromosomes, while another, called Hartman's mountain zebra, has only 32.3
Because of the differing chromosome numbers, it might be contended that God created each of these horse-like varieties separately. They have evidently existed in their current general forms for much of earth's history. For instance, by the time of Joseph, horses were already distinct from donkeys, and both had been domesticated.4
The favored son of Jacob, Joseph was a very powerful official in Egypt, according to the Bible. He was probably called Mentuhotep by Egyptians and was the famous vizier under Pharoah Sesostris I of the 12th dynasty. Archaeologist and author David Down stated, "Sir Alan Gardiner assigns a date of 1971-1928 B.C. to Sesostris I, but by a revised chronology he would have been ruling when Joseph was sold as a slave into Egypt in about 1681 B.C."5 This was likely not more than a thousand years after the great Flood. How could just two individual horses on Noah's Ark have given rise to pure-breeding varieties in such a short time?
There is plenty of evidence that all these horse forms came from an originating few. The most direct evidence comes from the fact that they can interbreed. This marks them as belonging to one created kind, since Genesis 1 clearly indicates that each life form was created to reproduce within a distinct kind.
Also, many of--if not most--instances of biological change are known to occur rapidly, often in one generation. For example, researchers working in France were surprised to find that separate species of bees, which normally pollinate their own particular species of orchid, nevertheless happened to cross-pollinate two orchids, yielding a new orchid that attracted yet a third bee species.6 And Galapagos Island researchers never expected to find a hybrid of land and marine iguanas, but it also appeared suddenly in one generation.
Chromosomes can change rapidly, too.7 All of this points to a God who is smart enough to have designed creatures with the ability to undergo rapid changes in order to fulfill His purpose for them--to be fruitful and multiply and fill the world's rapidly changing environmental niches. Zedonks are rare, but they offer a glimpse into the creative mind of the Maker of all life.
- Chestatee Wildlife Preserve website at chestateewildlife.com.
- Today, there are nine members of the horse kind that have produced 17 known hybrids.
- Wichman, H. A. et al. 1991. Genomic Distribution of Heterochromatic Sequences in Equids: Implications to Rapid Chromosomal Evolution. Journal of Heredity. 82 (5): 369-377.
- "And they brought their cattle unto Joseph: and Joseph gave them bread in exchange for horses, and for the flocks, and for the cattle of the herds, and for the asses [donkeys]: and he fed them with bread for all their cattle for that year" (Genesis 47:17).
- Down, D. and J. Ashton. 2006. Unwrapping the Pharaohs: How Egyptian Archaeology Confirms the Biblical Timeline. Green Forest, AR: Master Books, 82.
- Thomas, B. New Orchid Arose Too Fast for Darwin. ICR News. Posted May 18, 2010, accessed July 29, 2010.
- Wichman et al, 372: "Cladistical analyses show that some taxa radically reorganize their genome in a relatively short time frame, whereas others exhibit long periods of karyotypic stasis."
* Mr. Thomas is Science Writer at the Institute for Creation Research.
Article posted on August 4, 2010. | <urn:uuid:dd3338ac-a9c8-4cfa-ab12-4c38c7342817> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.icr.org/articles/view/5546/297/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720972.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00191-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959958 | 1,163 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Synchronous systems negotiate the connection at the data-link level before communication begins Basic synchronous systems will begins. synchronize two clocks before transmission.
Asynchronous systems do not send separate information to indicate the encoding or clocking information. The receiver must decide the clocking of the signal on it's own. This means that the receiver must decide where to look in the signal stream to find ones and zeroes. | <urn:uuid:d6b5bf7b-1d64-46e0-8d99-ec93f2d36674> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://tailieu.vn/doc/atm-automated-teller-machine--237306.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280900.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00244-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.879968 | 84 | 3.609375 | 4 |
The NYSM entomology collection comprises an excess of one million specimens of insects, mites, ticks, and spiders. NYSM specimens date back to 1835 with the bulk of the insect holdings starting in the 1880’s forming and important historic record. Specimens are loaned to researchers world-wide. A catalogue of our primary types is available below.
Arthropod Types in the New York State Museum
There are 193 holotypes, 13 lectotypes, 240 syntypes, 45 allotypes, 501 paratypes, and 19 paralectotypes.
To obtain Information about Arthropod Types in the New York State Museum Entomology collection, please download:
"Catalogue of the Types in the New York State Museum Insect Collection (Including Acarina)", New York State Museum Bulletin 434 (PDF 2.6MB) | <urn:uuid:ca5d1157-6722-4234-84b3-e9ea3212118e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/research-collections/biology/entomology/collections | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281202.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00460-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.814195 | 175 | 2.765625 | 3 |
When a tomato or pepper plant produces well, there’s always an urge to collect seeds and try to repeat success next summer. The process of saving seeds can be as easy as collecting and drying pepper seeds, and safely packaging them for next year. Or it can be a bit more complicated if you want to save tomato seeds, which require fermentation to remove their germination inhibitors. But it’s all worthwhile if this summer’s delicious crops can produce seeds for next year’s harvest.
Bear in mind that seeds from hybridized plants may not produce an exact replica of the parent, and this second generation may have less desirable characteristics. Seeds from open-pollinated plants will produce plants similar or identical to their parent. However, sometimes open-pollinated species can cross-pollinate, producing a resulting fruit different from either parent. Seed packets and catalogues will tell you if your plant is a hybrid or open pollinated. Some saved seed I’ve grown from hybrid plants has come true in the second generation, and then reverted to its ancestors in the third generation. But whatever you get, it will be a worthwhile plant, because you grew and saved the seed yourself.
Pepper seeds are the easiest to save. (If saving hot pepper seeds, you may want to wear thin latex gloves.) Let the peppers reach their fully ripened colour while still on the plant. Cut the pepper open, remove and separate the seeds, and clean off any clinging filaments. Set them on a ceramic or glass plate to dry, making sure none overlap or touch. Place the plate in a dry environment indoors, and test for dryness every other day by taking a seed in your fingers and trying to bend it. Pepper seeds are adequately dry and ready to store in heavy paper envelopes when they crack in half. If the seeds are flexible and bend, they need more drying time.
Tomato seeds enjoy such a warm and wet environment that germination inhibitors are necessary to keep them from sprouting while still inside their fruits. The chemical inhibitors are in the liquid gel surrounding the seed clusters, and need to be eliminated for successful germination. Unfortunately, simply washing the seeds isn’t enough. A fermentation process, mimicking the tomato’s natural rotting as it ages, is necessary to remove inhibitors from the seed coats. Fermentation also kills any tomato disease pathogens that could infect next year’s plants.
Place the seeds and any gel clinging to them in a jar with an equal volume of water, and stir or swirl vigorously twice a day during the fermentation process. Keep the uncovered jar in a warm place to speed fermentation. The liquid will begin to form mould on the surface, and have an unpleasant odour (keep it out of the kitchen). When bubbles begin to appear on the surface or the mould layer has thickened, add more water to stop the fermentation, stir vigorously, and watch for the viable seeds to drop to the bottom of the jar. Pour off any seeds that float, and catch the viable seeds at the bottom in a fine sieve. Wash them with clear water, blot them dry on a paper towel, and set them on a ceramic or glass plate to dry. Seed left to dry on paper towel will adhere to the surface and be damaged in removal.
When tomato seeds are simply washed and dried without any kind of fermentation, they will likely germinate poorly the following year. If fermenting the seed seems entirely too much fuss (and possibly disgusting!), here’s an idea. As an experiment, allow some tomatoes to remain on the plant until they begin to rot. If the tomatoes fall off the vine, set them in a plastic or metal dish in the sun, leaving them whole and uncut. Allow the tomatoes to rot naturally, until they collapse and most of the moisture has evaporated. Use a knife to separate out the seeds, wash them in water and dry them indoors on a ceramic dish. This natural method just might be a good shortcut to next year’s tomato crop. | <urn:uuid:319eebee-3de3-4ab6-88ab-91ee5183ac72> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://gardenmaking.com/saving-seed-tomato-pepper/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038887646.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20210419142428-20210419172428-00031.warc.gz | en | 0.936869 | 823 | 2.90625 | 3 |
While the experts work on the end life of our recyclable waste, we need to make sure we’re doing our part too.
One of the main reasons why China closed its doors to our recycling was the contamination of recycling, lead by a lot of misinformation about how to recycle properly.
Let’s get it right this time.
A few things you need to know about your recycling
Your home recycling is sorted by human hands.
That’s right; a person stands behind a conveyor belt, and manually removes every single non-recyclable item. Things like plastic bags, clothing, food scraps, and batteries are removed and thrown in landfill.
If you’re lucky, the plant will dispose of them responsibly instead of tossing all non-recyclables into landfill, but the chances are slim.
The recycling symbol on a product doesn’t mean anything without a number. If that three-arrow symbol appears without any other directions around recycling, congratulations, you’ve just been greenwashed.
The recycling symbol attached to a number represents the type of plastic it is, and therefore, if and how it can be recycled.
- Plastic #1: Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
- Plastic #2: High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
- Plastic #3: Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
- Plastic #4: Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
- Plastic #5: Polypropylene (PP)
- Plastic #6: Polystyrene (PS)
- Plastic #7: Other.
The recyclability of each number depends on the area you are in. Not all councils have the processes and facilities to recycle every number so be sure to check your local council rules.
Recycling responsibly can seem pointless in the middle of a recycling crisis, where chances are, your recycling is going to the same place as your landfill. But a conscious change from the consumer’s end is crucial to the global shift. We can’t solve this global recycling crisis without a team effort.
Image via The Conversation
How to recycle responsibly
Wash and dry your recycling
Contamination of food matter, fluids, and chemicals can mean the entire bin will be thrown into landfill. Plus, your recycling bin won’t stink out your kitchen.
Contact your local council for specific guides
Not all recycling numbers are recycled in every town. Make sure to check with your local council, to find out what you can put in your recycling bin. When you move to another city or town, make it a habit to learn what you can recycle, before you move there. If you’re traveling, do your research online, or ask the locals.
Squish your recyclables
Generally, it is best to squish recyclable bottles, cans, and tins, to save space. This is not the case in all recycling plants. Again, make sure to check with your local council.
Keep bottle caps on AND off- huh?
The debate around whether bottle caps should be left on or taken off has been going around in circles for decades. The bottle cap is usually made of a different plastic to the bottle, meaning it needs to be separated. However, bottle caps are small. They are less likely to escape and end up in the ocean or get stuck in the recycling machine when they are screwed onto the bottle. Different councils have different rules. Surprise surprise: ask your local council.
Avoid it in the first place
One of the best ways to recycle is not to recycle. If it can be avoided in the first place, you won’t have to worry about washing and sorting it. The circularity of recycling is great and reduces the amount of landfill we produce. But don’t get caught up on the idea that a sustainable lifestyle involves recycling more. Recycling is not the end solution. We should be recycling less.
Put it in landfill
If you don’t know, and can’t find a reliable source to direct you, put it in landfill. The risk of contaminating the recycling bin has more negative consequences, than the reward of it being recycled. Assuming that the sorter at the recycling plant will happily take your questionable yogurt container away, research where it goes, and recycle it responsibly for you, is a pipe dream.
Perhaps China’s abrupt “no”, was a good kick in the butt for us to address our waste, and do better than recycling. You can get your recycling habits practiced perfectly, but always remember:
Reduce, reuse, recycle. Recycling comes last. | <urn:uuid:654e0057-ec51-4974-bc3a-f680792431b0> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://thegreenhubonline.com/2018/09/06/the-easy-to-follow-recycling-guide-for-sustainable-living-newbies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875147234.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200228135132-20200228165132-00554.warc.gz | en | 0.921691 | 976 | 3.34375 | 3 |
The main challenge of generating a consistent and accurate map of the urban environment is building a reliable baseline vehicle trajectory. This is particularly difficult for complex urban environments such as metropolitan areas due to multi-lane roads, GPS blocking from high-rise buildings, and abundant dynamic objects and pedestrians. The core algorithm relies on Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) technique in order to garner sensor data from a multi-modal platform and optimize the final trajectory.
The overall dataset includes a fully multi-modal phase for the robotics researchers. The environment covers mid-side downtown areas to the highly complex Gangnam district of Seoul. A typical residential form, a large group of a building complexes, is also introduced in the dataset. All of the abovementioned areas address the sporadic GPS reception issue, which was alleviated by Prof Kim’s research.
Prof. Ayoung Kim (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering) | <urn:uuid:2712e576-7f93-4ee8-9e15-e8e7e3a3527c> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://kmatrix.kaist.ac.kr/3d-high-definition-urban-map-for-smart-city/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221213264.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20180818021014-20180818041014-00685.warc.gz | en | 0.932445 | 187 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Search Within Results
Common Core: Standard
Common Core: ELA
Common Core: Math
Topic: Professional Development
- Grade 2 Module 3: Place Value, Counting, and Comparison of Numbers to 1,000 In this 25-day Grade 2 module, students expand their skill with and understanding of units by bundling ones, tens, and...
- Grade 5 Module 3: Addition and Subtraction of Fractions In Module 3, students' understanding of addition and subtraction of fractions extends from earlier work with fraction equivalence and decimals... | <urn:uuid:3d782696-ebb1-41ef-a9e5-e59f43e4b4de> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | http://mc-14193-39844713.us-east-1.elb.amazonaws.com/topic/professional-development?sort=created&order=asc&f%5B0%5D=card_type%3ACurriculum%20Module&f%5B1%5D=field_core_tags%253Afield_ccls_math%253Aparents_all%3A8111&f%5B2%5D=field_subject%253Aparents_all%3A13601 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704824728.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20210127121330-20210127151330-00363.warc.gz | en | 0.81986 | 115 | 4 | 4 |
Richard Norris, a professor of geology at Scripps who co-authored the report, said that releases of carbon dioxide sequestered in the deep oceans were the most likely trigger of these ancient “hyperthermal” events. Most of the events raised average global temperatures between 2° and 3° Celsius (3.6 and 5.4° F), an amount comparable to current conservative estimates of how much temperatures are expected to rise in coming decades as a consequence of anthropogenic global warming. Most hyperthermals lasted about 40,000 years before temperatures returned to normal.
The study appears in the March 17 issue of the journal Nature.
“These hyperthermals seem not to have been rare events,” Norris said, “hence there are lots of ancient examples of global warming on a scale broadly like the expected future warming. We can use these events to examine the impact of global change on marine ecosystems, climate and ocean circulation.”
The hyperthermals took place roughly every 400,000 years during a warm period of Earth history that prevailed some 50 million years ago. The strongest of them coincided with an event known as the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, the transition between two geologic epochs in which global temperatures rose between 4° and 7° C (7.2° and 12.6° F) and needed 200,000 years to return to historical norms. The events stopped taking place around 40 million years ago, when the planet entered a cooling phase. No warming events of the magnitude of these hyperthermals have been detected in the geological record since then.
The authors concluded that a release of carbon dioxide from the deep oceans was a more likely cause of the hyperthermals than other triggering events that have been hypothesized. The regularity of the hyperthermals and relatively warm ocean temperatures of the period makes them less likely to have been caused by events such as large melt-offs of methane hydrates, terrestrial burning of peat or even proposed cometary impacts. The hyperthermals could have been set in motion by a build-up of carbon dioxide in the deep oceans caused by slowing or stopping of circulation in ocean basins that prevented carbon dioxide release.
Norris noted that the hyperthermals provide historical perspective on what Earth will experience as it continues to warm from widespread use of fossil fuels, which has increased carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere nearly 50 percent since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Hyperthermals can help scientists produce a range of estimates for how long it will take for temperatures to fully revert to historical norms depending on how much warming human activities cause.
“In 100 to 300 years, we could produce a signal on Earth that takes tens of thousands of years to equilibrate, judging from the geologic record,” he said. | <urn:uuid:2762ee01-41db-4afd-9e1a-e700cc834aa2> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.geologypage.com/2011/09/ancient-hyperthermals-a-guide-to-anticipated-climate-changes.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250624328.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124161014-20200124190014-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.950614 | 583 | 4.21875 | 4 |
Bioelectric hacking creates two-headed flatworms
Researchers says results might influence treatments in regenerative medicine. Anthea Batsakis reports.
Chop a planarian flatworm in half and you’ll get two new fully functioning worms. Now, scientists from the US have rewired the Dugesia japonica flatworm’s bioelectricity, the electric currents that run through its living tissues, so a dismembered worm can grow back with two heads – one at each end.
The researchers, led by Michael Levin from Tuft University, found that bioelectric patterns – rather than stem cells or tissues – determine what planarian flatworms will look like when they have regenerated.
The new work published in the Biophysical Journal builds on Levin’s previous research which showed it is possible to make a planarian grow the head and brains of a different species of flatworm by controlling its bioelectric signals.
Levin and colleagues used the chemical octanol to block the microscopic channels between cells that electrical signals travel through. After this treatment, 25% of the worm fragments regenerated with two heads, 72% regenerated with one head, and the rest didn’t redevelop properly at all.
At first the researchers believed the different regeneration results were because the treatment didn’t work in all cases. But when the regenerated one-headed worms were then chopped up and let regenerate, the same ratio of two-headed and one-head worms occurred.
This means the worms’ bioelectric pattern had been changed in some persistent fashion, but it wasn’t revealed until the worms underwent regeneration again.
The researchers write that their findings might influence regenerative medicine in humans, since hacking into bioelectric patterns could be a relatively easy treatment.
However, the link between this study and regenerative medicine isn’t yet convincing, according to Peter Currie, the director of the Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute at Monash University in Melbourne.
“The implications for regenerative medicine and whether we’d ever be able to use bioelectric fields on our own cells is very unclear,” says Currie, who was not involved in the study. “We’re a long way from the clinic when we’ve only got two-headed worms and bioelectrics.”
The mechanism that produces the phenomenon is still unknown. “There’s no real understanding of why blocking this produces these two heads,” Currie says, but adds: “Cool science can begin with these observations. It’s the start of an interesting journey for them.” | <urn:uuid:69670a32-13dd-497b-b7a7-19ad90686af8> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://cosmosmagazine.com/biology/bioelectric-hacking-creates-two-headed-flatworms | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864019.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20180621020632-20180621040632-00164.warc.gz | en | 0.913106 | 543 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Outline Processor Markup Language (OPML)
Definition - What does Outline Processor Markup Language (OPML) mean?
Outline Processor Markup Language (OPML) is an open-source XML format for creating text outlines. OPML is platform-independent, can handle many types of data and may be customized for each application created. It is particularly suited to creating applications where relationships and data must be updated continually. The format is human-readable, self-documenting and extensible. Some OPML files contain data specifying the size, position and expansion capabilities of the windows in which the text outlines are displayed.
OPML can be quickly understood and applied, much like HTML. Because it is based on XML, OPML can be adapted to business, scientific or academic projects.
Techopedia explains Outline Processor Markup Language (OPML)
Outline Processor Markup Language has evolved into a format used for exchanging subscription lists between RSS aggregators and RSS feed readers. Users can track their own RSS feeds as well as observe who is subscribing, where they are from and the feeds they have chosen.
OPML also has some shortcomings:
- The date format only allows two-digit years and the format does not conform to RFC 3339.
- The expansion state of some windows cannot be stored.
- When a window is altered or deleted, the windows below it must be recalculated.
- The arbitrary nature of the type attribute, and the use of arbitrary attributes on outline elements causes the interoperability of the documents produced to be almost completely dependent on the conventions of the content producers, which may be neither standard nor documented.
- There are problems with identifying created documents as XML format.
- Extensible Markup Language (XML)
- Cascading Style Sheet (CSS)
- Compact HTML (C-HTML)
- Programming Tool
- Really Simple Syndication (RSS)
- Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL)
- Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP)
- Regular Language for XML Next Generation (RELAX NG)
- Astronomical Markup Language (AML)
- Directory Service Markup Language (DSML)
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Free 30 Day Trial – Turbonomic: | <urn:uuid:58eece0d-d9bc-46c6-9106-567ab2ccaeb0> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://www.techopedia.com/definition/2449/outline-processor-markup-language-opml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171932.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00349-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.842646 | 527 | 3 | 3 |
Adolescence Duration and Characteristics
Certainty styling is being phased out topic by topic.Hover over keys for definitions:
Adolescence is a stage in human life history covering the five to ten years after the onset of puberty until the onset of adulthood. The adolescent phase is characterized by a growth spurt in height and weight, the development of secondary sexual characteristics, sociosexual maturation, and intensification of interest and practice adult social, economic, and sexual activities. An evolutionary derived characteristic of human adolescent girls is that they experience menarche (first menstruation) about 9 months after the peak velocity of the adolescent growth spurt. Girls then have 1 to 3 years of adolescent sterility (absent or infrequent ovulatory cycles). Human adolescent boys are fecund before the peak velocity of the spurt, but delay adult appearance in terms of height and muscularity until abut age 18 years. Other primate species, especially the apes, do not have a global skeletal growth spurt and females have only about 1 year of sub-fecundity following the initiation of estrus. Post-pubertal chimpanzee and gorilla males lack the global skeletal growth spurt, but do have spurts in dento-facial growth due to the eruption of projecting permenant canine teeth and in body mass due to rapid growth of muscle mass. Chimapnzee males share with human boys the slow development of post-pubertal adult socio-sexual morphology. Human adolescence ends with the cessation of skeletal growth in length (the closing of the epiphyses of the long bones), the completion of dental development (eruption of the third molar, if it is present), and sexual maturation (measured for women as the age at first reproduction). On a worldwide basis, including living and historical societies, the age of onset of adulthood averages 19 years for women and 21 to 25 years for men. Both natural selection, for reduced infant and maternal mortality, and sexual selection for enhanced mating opportunities are responsible for the evolutionary selection for the adolescent life history stage. Fossil evidence indicates that an adolescent life history stage may have evolved with the appearance of Homo sapiens (~125,000 BP), or possibly with H. antecessor (~780,000 BP). | <urn:uuid:97db6d46-4b75-49bb-ad0f-a4dbefa3379c> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://carta.anthropogeny.org/moca/topics/adolescence-duration-and-characteristics | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703509104.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20210117020341-20210117050341-00328.warc.gz | en | 0.89557 | 464 | 3.5 | 4 |
Want not? Government's new school lunch requirements add options, fruits, veggies and - maybe - waste
Horizon Elementary fifth-grader Joshua Phan was pleased to find one of his favorite options on Tuesday’s lunch menu. Video by IdahoOnYourSide.comvideo
Horizon Elementary fifth-grader Joshua Phan was pleased to find one of his favorite options on Tuesday’s lunch menu.
“Either lasagna, pizza or popcorn chicken,” he said.
But along with that grain and protein, the federal government says he now must also select at least one fruit or vegetable. It’s the most significant change to the National School Lunch Program in 15 years – approved by congress in 2010 when statistics showed one in three American schoolchildren registered as overweight or obese.
Before, menu planners like Peggy Bodnar, the dietitian for the Boise School District, analyzed all the nutrients in a given dish. Now, cafeterias divide offerings into five groups from which kids must select a minimum of three choices and at least one fruit or veggie every meal.
“So," Bodnar said, "it actually makes it easier for the average consumer and the public to understand."
Galileo parent K.C. Warner works in the food industry. She likely understood the changes to her children's lunch menus better than most.
And she liked what she saw.
“It’s a lot more of – what I consider to be – healthier choices,” Warner said.
But just because the feds can lead a kid to veggies doesn’t mean they can make him eat.
“Do you like fruits and veggies?” we asked Joshua.
“Not really,” he said.
“We had a lot of students just taking everything they were being offered,” Bodnar said, “and then not consuming what they were taking.”
The issue of added waste from the new lunch program has received a lot of national attention. But in Boise, the district said it’s tracking all its trash and has yet to detect an increase.
“If they’re hungry,” Warner said, “they’re going to eat what’s given to them.”
Both Warner and the district believe eating healthful foods at home inspires similar behavior at school and thus – hopefully – less waste.
“Often times," Bodnar said, "it takes 10-12 times before a child tries a food item before they start liking it."
By that logic, young Joshua could use a couple more cracks at Horizon’s oranges.
“You gonna eat it?” we asked him.
“No,” he said. “Just throw it away.”
Indeed, post-lunch oranges appeared at the Horizon dumping station more frequently than Joshua’s darling slices of pizza.
Bodnar said she’d seen proportionately less fruit and veggie waste at district high schools, but fewer kids that age (around 25 percent compared to the nearly 70 percent in elementary school) even eat school lunches. Bodnar said she did expect waste to decline once kids grew accustomed to the extra options and adjusted their eating habits appropriately.
The good news? Joshua’s review of the food he doesn’t waste.
“It’s actually pretty good,” he said.
The Boise School District’s tracked both its waste and its portions for a long time. It plans to conduct a plate-waste study reflecting the new changes sometime in the next couple of weeks. | <urn:uuid:e3663918-8a05-45be-b822-718534f7b2b1> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.kivitv.com/news/local/172762071.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368711240143/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516133400-00041-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965816 | 762 | 2.65625 | 3 |
A Brief History of Bradford Locomotive Industry
Unlike Leeds there were only a handful of railway engines built in the nearby city of Bradford. All of these were constructed by firms located on Thornton Road. There were many firms serving the various mills in the city.
John Smith, quite a common name combination not to be confused with the brewery in Tadcaster, had a works on Thornton Road. The iron foundry was shown as being run by Smith and Richardson in 1837, the name was changed in 1842. One locomotives was supplied to Grand Junction Railway in 1840 possibly built by the Haigh Foundry in Wigan though this is not listed against this maker!
Thwaites and Carbutt were located in the Vulcan Works also on Thornton Road. Principle products were the Root's patent blower for use in forges etc. Other items supplied included hoists, compressors and engines for rolling mills. In 1848 they manufactured a locomotive which apparently EB Wilson had refused to build. This was built to a patented design by John Jones of Bristol. The design incorporated a unique transverse segmental cylinder betwixt the driving wheels. A drawing for this loco can be seen in Ahrons book and the vibratory loco page as listed below.
Later in 1866 three 0-6-0 engines were supplied to Boulton of Cardiff. An odd engine was built by Sharp Stewart and Thwaites acted as an agent for this one.
|Thwaites and Carbutt|
|1848||0-4-2||South Yorkshire Rly||5||"Albion"|
|1866||0-6-0||Boulton's Sidings, Cardiff||Three built|
For more information see
The British Steam Railway Locomotive 1825-1925, E.L. Ahrons
British Steam Locomotive Builders, James W Lowe
External page about Vibratory engines
This article was produced by Andrew Johnson
This website is maintained by AM Johnson and K Ward
Copyright © MMXIX. All rights reserved. Site Contacts | <urn:uuid:18416bbb-0d94-4659-b010-942d038baebe> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://leedsengine.info/leeds/histbrad.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998580.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20190617203228-20190617225228-00184.warc.gz | en | 0.975099 | 431 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Definition and Meaning
Gestalt psychology introduced by Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Kohler in 1922. It is revolt against Stimulus Response approach to learning. It pointed out two weakness in the theory of conditioning.
- Conditioning reduces complex human behavior to an accumulation of simple conditioned response.
- Stimulus response theorists attribute learning to reduction of basic organic drives.
The Gestalt School made a strong attack on Thorndike’s theory of trial and error and asserted learning was not stamping-in of correct responses through trials and errors.
The behavioristic approach to learning was also not acceptable to Gestaltists as they wanted to study behavior as a whole and learning in its totality.
It is primarily concerned with the nature of perception. According to it an individual perceives wholes and not parts. Learning is viewed as a purposive, exploratory, imaginative and creative enterprise in which the total situation is taken into account by the learners. Kohler and Koffka conducted many experiments on chimpanzees and brought out a book “Mentality of Apes” in 1925 (which is the result of these experiments conducted during 1913-17. These experiments show that learning was not the result of trial and error but of insight and the ability to see relationship between various factors involved in a situation.
The fullest and most systematic treatment of learning from the Gestalt view point is found in Koffka’s “Principles of Gestalt Psychology” 1935. He suggested that the laws of perception were equally applicable to learning. A learning situation is a problem situation and the learner has to see the problem as a whole and find its solution by insight. The law of organization of perception as applicable to learning is the law of Pragnaz and four laws of organization subordinate to it the laws of similarity, proximity, closure and good continuation.
What is Insight Learning?
- It occurs with any reparations of trial
- It aware the association of causes and effects
- It occurs when information gathered
Important Principles of Gestalt Theory
- Students should be encouraged to find out the relation of factors lead to a problem.
- There are three stimuli in the learning process disturbances, gaps and incongruities
- Teaching strategies should rely on law of organization
Problems of Learning
The Gestalt field theory has a number of problems of learning. Which are:
- Capacity. Learning depends upon natural capacity of the learner.
- Practice. Repetitions bring to light new relationships and consolidate trace system
- Motivation. Law of effect is recognized in motivation
- Understanding. The relationship between parts and wholes and means and ends are emphasized
- Transfer. Generalized principles, common patterns or relationships are transferred.
- Forgetting. Forgetting takes place because of changes in the traces. Traces may completely disappear or they may not be available at the particular time. | <urn:uuid:984bfd36-5fc2-4d6e-90e9-135857d4f1c1> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | http://studylecturenotes.com/gestalt-theory-of-learning-by-insight/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439741154.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20200815184756-20200815214756-00144.warc.gz | en | 0.955075 | 596 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Diarrhea is not only a topic that makes people a bit squeamish, it turns out to be a difficult disease to put into numbers.
But two trends are clear, says an author of a new report: The number of deaths from diarrheal diseases is dropping dramatically in low-income countries – and ticking upward in wealthy nations.
An infection by E. coli, Cryptosporidium, Shigella or rotavirus, and the resulting diarrhea, is often a death sentence in much of the world. In 2005, about 1.6 million people died from diarrhea-related diseases, and roughly 770,000 of them were kids under 5. But that number has been steadily dropping, as a new study points out.
The study comes out of a research collaboration called the Global Burden of Disease group, a consortium of over 2,500 researchers working around the world to track major causes of illness and death, including diarrhea. Published this month in The Lancet, the study shows diarrhea-related deaths have declined about 20 percent from 2005 to 2015 for all ages to 1.3 million people, and 35 percent for children under 5 to about 500,000 children during the same time period.
“There are a lot of challenges on the horizon, but here’s a case where there’s been really quite study progress,” says Dr. Christopher Murray, lead author on the study and director of the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation.
But some experts caution against that the estimates may not be comprehensive. In a published response to the Global Burden Disease group’s work, Boston University global health researchers commented good public health data are lacking in several countries included in the study. Places that have experienced recent conflict or upheaval like Liberia are less likely to have robust data collection compared to stable, high-income countries like Switzerland or Sweden, but all the countries’ data are aggregated into global diarrhea estimate.
There are cases where “nobody really knows” what the diarrhea outcomes truly are, the Boston University researchers write. “Those comments are not unreasonable,” says Dr. Richard Cash, a senior global health lecturer at Harvard University who was not involved with either article. “[The authors] are using some crappy data and good data, but they incorporate [all of it].”
That’s a valid criticism, but ultimately unproductive, Murray says. “In some academic circles, but never in policy circles, people only want to pay attention to diarrhea in places where there’s the most robust or highest quality data,” he says. But if there’s no data available, he says, policy people assume “that it’s a zero problem” in that country. So Murray says the group did the best it could with the data that are available. Without even rough estimates built on shaky data, Murray says policymakers might be tempted to ignore the areas where diarrhea exacts the greatest toll.
And even if some of the estimates are built on shaky data, Cash says that the study illuminates an undeniable success in public health that began nearly half a century ago: “There were 4 million child deaths from diarrhea in the mid-’60s. The population of the world has just about tripled [since then.] If we still had those rates, we’d be seeing something like 12 million deaths, and now the number is roughly 1.3 million. It’s remarkable.”
Identifying what’s responsible for these trends is difficult, says Manoj Mohanan, a public health researcher at Duke University. “We can conjecture that things like improvement in nutrition and economic statuses have led to better outcomes, but to pin down what’s driving it causally is a lot harder.”
Murray and his team give a few good guesses as to why diarrhea deaths have been on the decline, though. The rollout of the rotavirus vaccine in Latin America and Africa has likely contributed to fewer cases, Murray says. He also believes that “education of mothers has a huge effect on this.” More mothers understand how to treat diarrhea cases, and therapies like oral rehydration packets are more widely available now, Murray says. “There are fewer cases coming into the hospital, and those that are coming in are less dehydrated than in the past,” he says.
“There’s also the ubiquitous availability of drugs and the contributing factors of [improved] water and sanitation — who can argue with that?” Cash adds.
There is one exception to the improving diarrhea situation, Murray points out. “There’s a whole set of countries where diarrhea is getting worse [or more common]. It’s the high-income countries, and it’s because of the widespread use of antibiotics, perhaps inappropriately.” The overuse of antibiotics, particularly in the elderly, has contributed to a rise in C. difficile infections, a deadly gut infection that can take root following aggressive antibiotic treatment.
But on the whole, Cash is optimistic. “These dramatic changes over a 50-year period are incredible and will continue,” he says. | <urn:uuid:d375a427-a245-468c-a275-a6e1fc7f58d0> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.cpr.org/2017/06/19/a-good-news-story-about-diarrhea-with-one-surprising-exception/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400187899.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20200918124116-20200918154116-00578.warc.gz | en | 0.958 | 1,078 | 3 | 3 |
Wikipedia:WikiProject Languages/Template (sign language)
- See also: Wikipedia:WikiProject Languages/Template.
Brief introduction to the language including anything noteworthy about the language.
|Language name, e.g. French Sign Language|
|alternative name, e.g. Langue des Signes Français, LSF|
|Native to||Country/countries where the language is used.|
|Region||Optional additional category for more precise regions|
|estimated number of signersand source|
In what countries/regions the language is signed, and how many people use it there.
The language, according to instructors at the Defense Language Institute, West Coast in 1972 stated the history and origins of the Russian Language grew from a Serbo-Croation dialect, yet I see it being 'slavic' but your dictionary is correct in that it is a Slavic language, but the language is "serbo-croation".
Recognition and status
- Is the sign language recognised by official bodies and/or laws?
- What languages or educational philosophies are used in schools with deaf students?
- Are there any television programs in (or interpreted into) the sign language?
- Any other resources (dictionaries, videos, etc.)?
- Is there a National Association of the Deaf who support the language?
- Are sign language interpreting services supported by the government? Is there an organisation of interpreters?
- When did any of the above occur?
List of dialects of the language; any significant regional or cultural variation.
Manually Coded Languages
Are there any Manually Coded Languages such as Signed English or Cued Speech in use in the region of the sign language? If so, add them to the list on the MCL page. This section also provides an opportunity to compare the grammar of the sign language to that of the spoken language, and discuss any contact sign phenomena.
History and classification
A description of the language's relationship to other languages if known. An outline of the history of the language, including any linguistic changes known to have occurred over time (e.g. younger signers use less fingerspelling; two handed signs become one-handed; certain signs refer to technology or fashions no longer found, etc.).
What kind of manual alphabet exists (if any). How is it used, how often, and by whom?
Some short examples of the language help bring a page to life, and can be included in relevant sections. These can include still photos (.jpg) or drawings (.bmp) with added arrows to show movement, and videos (encoded preferably in Ogg Theora format). You might also include glossing (to illustrate word order and other grammatical features) and/or a writing system such as SignWriting or Stokoe notation.
Stick to a standard format for glossing; e.g.:
- A-H-M-E-Dleft LOOK-AT DOGright JUMP++
- (Ahmed looked at the dog jumping up and down)
These are optional guidelines for linguistic information if known.
An outline of known grammatical features specific to the language, e.g. word order. Any discussion of general linguistic features of all sign language should be added to the sign language linguistics page rather than here.
This section should contain a discussion of any special features of the vocabulary (or lexicon) of the language, e.g. if it contains a large number of borrowed signs, or a different sets of signs for different politeness levels, taboo groups, etc.
In sign languages these are usually divided into 5 groups: Handshape, Orientation, Location, Movement and Non-manual features. Describe any unusual handshapes/locations (or combinations), or handshapes/locations not permitted.
E.g. how aspect is marked; how negation is produced; a cluster of conceptually similar signs using a single handshape; timelines, etc.
Online dictionaries, homepages to major organisations of deaf people, interpreters and sign language.
Note that the Ethnologue report for the language, though far from informative, is occasionally worth linking to. Please take note, though, that Ethnologue should only be used as a useful tool to start new articles, not as a source. SIL International has in several cases made poorly motivated classifications that are at odds with the rest of the linguistic community as well as the speakers themselves. In many cases the reports on sign languages contain factual errors and should be fact-checked against other linguistic literature.
Bibliography or further reading. | <urn:uuid:86943cc5-e6b9-4f3c-8b78-7162d8acf4e3> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Languages/Template_(sign_language) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042987171.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002307-00034-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.872479 | 965 | 3.40625 | 3 |
History[change | change source]
On February 6, 1911, Ronald Reagan, who used to be President of the United States was born in a two story apartment over the local bank. The building where the apartment is near the main street (Illinois Highway 172). Reagan was born in the front bedroom of the apartment.
Geography[change | change source]
Tampico is located at 41°37'50" North, 89°47'8" West (41.630559, -89.785573).
Demographics[change | change source]
The census of 2000 says there are 772 people, 292 households, and 205 families living in the village. The population density is 745.2/km² (1,941.3/mi²). There are 315 houses at an average density of 304.1/km² (792.1/mi²). The village is 99.74% White.
There are 292 households out of which 33.2% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.2% are married couples living together, 9.2% is a single women, and 29.5% are not families. 24.7% of all households are made up of individuals and 13.0% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.64 and the average family size is 3.1.
In the village the population is spread out with 28.9% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 26.2% from 25 to 44, 23.6% from 45 to 64, and 13.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 36 years. For every 100 females there are 102.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 102.6 males.
The average income for a household in the village is $40,221, and the average income for a family is $43,646. Males have an average income of $30,667 versus $18,409 for females. The per person income for the village is $14,467. 8.5% of the population and 6.4% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 10.2% of those under the age of 18 and 4.6% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.
The city was also the birthplace of Admiral Joseph M. Reeves. | <urn:uuid:9089da01-225e-4efd-a500-61c7619f9b58> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampico,_Illinois | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573735.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20190919204548-20190919230548-00450.warc.gz | en | 0.969956 | 517 | 2.625 | 3 |
The Observer recently published an article highlighting the plight of Neil Revill, an Englishman accused of double murder in LA and potentially facing the death penalty. The case against him appears fairly weak - there were no eyewitnesses, no confession and no murder weapon was found. He has no previous convictions, and one of the murder victims has been shown to be a police informant responsible for the arrest of mafia figures in LA. Yet despite all this, Revill faces the likelihood of conviction and the death penalty.
The manner in which the death penalty is carried out in America has changed over the years with more "humane" methods available for taking human life. There has been much debate as to whether the American constitution allows for such punishment to be given in the first place. The eighth amendment sets out that "cruel and unusual punishment" may not be inflicted. This has been held to protect people from removal of limbs and beatings with chains, amongst other things. These forms of punishment, though horrific in the eyes of modern western culture, do not deprive a person of his life. Regardless of how cruel they may be, a person will survive such treatment and be able to continue to live.
In 1958 the supreme court ruled in the case of Trop v Dulles that deprivation of citizenship for an army deserter violated the eighth amendment, but clarified this by saying that the death penalty did not do so because it has been used so widely throughout history that it cannot be classified as being unusual nor cruel. This again shows the ironic notion put forward by pro-death penalty advocates that a punishment will only be cruel if a person is alive after such treatment and has to deal with its consequences.
The National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP) brought a number of cases against the death penalty in the 1960s. In one case, Furman v Georgia, Brennan J held that the eighth amendment protects against degradation of dignity, arbitrariness and unacceptable and excessive punishments. It seems obvious, to this writer as well as various supreme court justices, that the death penalty violates all of these conditions.
Aside from the legal arguments, there have been a number of studies showing the discriminatory manner in which the death penalty is applied in various states. The probability of being sentenced to death increases where the victim was white, and increases further if the accused is non-white. This arbitrariness can be used to show that the death penalty is indeed an unusual punishment. The only way to rebut this argument would be to make this sentence mandatory for certain offences; a method which has been tried and which subsequently failed because it did not allow for individualised sentencing.
Even if all these arguments were not sufficient to overturn the use of the death penalty by certain American States, an argument using the 14th amendment, the right to liberty, could be put forward. If a country is constitutionally bound to protect the liberty of all persons, surely this would require their lives to be protected from removal by the hands of the state.
I do not believe that I can overturn decades of death penalty jurisprudence through one article alone. However, when a British citizen is being threatened with such punishment and taking Neil Revill circumstances into account, the flaws of the legality of such a sentence must be understood.
It is a basic legal concept that if a person commits a crime abroad they may be prosecuted and extradited to serve their sentence in their home country, or they may serve out their incarceration in the place where they were convicted. However, the fact that a country imposes a punishment which goes against its own constitution, and is therefore illegal, is something which should be addressed when a foreign national faces such a sentence. If a British woman were to accuse a man of rape in Pakistan, and the traditional punishment of rape by elders of the community were to be imposed against her, there would be public outcry. Just because America is a western country does not mean we must blindly accept the punishments that they mete out to British citizens, especially when such sentences are in excess of their powers under their own legal system.
The organisation Reprieve is fighting to have the death penalty removed as an option in the case against Neil Revill. Tony Blair has been petitioned to put diplomatic pressure on the LA prosecutors to comply with this request. It is our responsibility to ensure that the rule of law is upheld and that Britons are protected from illegal punishments within jurisdictions where they are accused of committing a crime. | <urn:uuid:d4b73ff5-f169-445b-bf8c-d78380ec75b2> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/apr/18/cruelbutnotunusual | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257646875.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319101207-20180319121207-00567.warc.gz | en | 0.975375 | 901 | 2.71875 | 3 |
- Education and Science»
- History & Archaeology»
- History of the Americas
The Jim Limber Davis Story
February is designated as Black History Month. That’s good, since we should remember and learn about great contributions made by the many African Americans in America’s history. They continue to do so. But, it’s not so good Americans pause only during one month of the year to reflect on the enormous sacrifices and roles they played in the forming of this country.
Every February, the regular list of great black Americans including the likes of George Washington Carver and Frederick Douglas is posted like clockwork. These were great Americans, however there are so many others that have simply been forgotten or buried in history books. Jim Limber is one of those.
Jim didn’t invent or do anything spectacular most people would consider important. Rather, he was important simply because of whom he was and what he represented. His is a true but sadly forgotten story that should be included during Black History Month. Jim’s story is about a black child and the Confederate President Jefferson Davis Family.
On the morning of February 15, 1864, the First Lady Mrs. Varina Davis, was driving her carriage down the streets of Richmond, VA, after doing some errands, when she heard a child screaming off in the distance. Concerned, she hurried to see what was happening. Arriving at the scene she saw a man beating a young black child.
Fuming with rage at the injustice she demanded he immediately stop. Her words fell on deaf ears as the man continued with his abuse. Apparently he was unaware of who this finely dressed interloper was. Varina Davis didn’t care if he did or not as she jumped down from her carriage and forcibly took the young lad from his clutches. She led the tearful child to her carriage and took him to the Confederate White House.
Varina and a maid cleaned him up, attended to his cuts and bruises and fed him. The only thing they could get out of the boy was his name, Jim Limber and he was five years old. Jim’s dirty ragged clothes were replaced by some belonging to their son Joe, who was about the same size and age. Sadly, Joe died from an accidental fall later that year.
The next day a close friend of the presidential family, noted Southern Diarist-Mary Boykin Chesnut, came to visit and was taken with little Jim’s wide eyed innocence and eagerness to show her his cuts and bruises. She wrote "The child is an orphan rescued yesterday from a brutal Negro Guardian." and "there are things in life that are too sickening, and such cruelty is one of them."
Eventually, some children began addressing him as Jim Limber Davis for fun. That set just fine with him because he had come to feel he was a member of the family. Letters from the Davis family to friends indicate they felt he was indeed part of the family.
The Christmas of 1864, was probably the best Christmas Jim Limber would ever have. He was happy he was allowed to help decorate the Christmas tree set up in Saint Paul’s Church. Jim was happiest when he was helping. On Christmas Eve orphans were brought to the church and given presents.
But little did Jim or the Davis family know their contented life was about to be torn asunder. The Civil War was coming to an end and Richmond was being evacuated. Varina and the children left ahead of the president. The president and his staff left shortly before Union troops arrived to occupy the city.
Jefferson Davis met up with his family right before his capture near Irwinville, Georgia and again the family was separated. The Confederate president was taken to Virginia where he spent two years in prison.
Mrs. Davis and her children were taken to Macon, Georgia and later to Port Royal outside of Savannah. There Union troops came and forcibly took young Jim who put up a useless, but valiant struggle. They would never see each other again despite the family’s attempts to locate him.
No one knows what became of Jim Limber. His story may be buried in the annals of history, but it’s a slice of Americana that should never be forgotten. | <urn:uuid:3d915bf4-1be5-4e66-9cc5-3a567a270f11> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://hubpages.com/education/The-Jim-Limber-Davis-Story | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947421.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20180424221730-20180425001730-00604.warc.gz | en | 0.988176 | 883 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Pre-school, Aftercare, Nursery School, Crèche as well as Pre-primary. In preparation for a child’s future we believe it is important to have some form of pre-school education. Learning starts at a very young age and exposure to other children in an organized learning environment. Therefore assisting in the development of a child. This can be a great foundation for a child to mature and grow into a competent adult.
Welcome to PreSchools And Aftercare.co.za –
Preschool – adjective – relating to the time before a child is old enough to go to school.
“a preschool playgroup”
Nursery School – noun – a school for young children, mainly between the ages of three and five.
“noun a nursery school”.
Preschool and Aftercare are words that first started been used in the English language during the early 1900’s.
noun: crèche; plural noun: crèches
a nursery where babies and young children are cared for during the working day.
Pre–primary education is defined as the initial stage of organised instruction, designed primarily to introduce very young children to a school-type environment, that is, to provide a bridge between home as well as a school-based atmosphere.
Early Childhood Development Centre
To establish or operate an ECD facility the facility must be:
- registered with the provincial government where the facility is situated
- managed and maintained according to the Guidelines for Early Childhood Development Centres
- in compliance with the following national norms and standards:
- a safe environment for children
- proper care for sick children or children that become ill
- adequate space and ventilation
- safe drinking water
- hygienic and equipped with toilet facilities
- safe storage of anything that may be harmful to children
- access to refuse disposal services or other adequate means of disposal of refuse generated at the facility
- a hygienic area for the preparation of food for children
- measures for the separation of children of different age groups
- the drawing up of action plans for emergencies, and
- the drawing up of policies and procedures regarding health care at the facility.
Core Developmental Areas
- Cognitive & Perceptual Development
- Social & Emotional Development
- Physical Development
Auxiliary Learning Areas
- Language & Literacy (Home Language)
- Language & Literacy (Additional Languages)
- Knowledge & Skills
- Creative Arts
(in Britain and Australia) an establishment where children below the age of compulsory education play and learn; a nursery school.
- (in North America) a class or school that prepares children, usually five- or six-year-old, for the first year of formal education.
Early Childhood Development Centre
(Crèches) is a facility that provides learning and support appropriate to the child’s developmental age and stage.
Finding the best option for your child takes time and research. We have a growing list of Preschools Aftercare and Nursery schools available in South Africa. Need to locate Daycare facility for your child.
The South African government has since 1994 prioritized early childhood development (ECD) as an integral part of addressing the legacy of apartheid education policies. ECD has been recognized as one of the most powerful tools of breaking the inter-generational cycle of poverty in South Africa.
Evidence based research conducted on ECD demonstrates that children who participate in well-conceived early childhood development programs (Preschool Aftercare Nursery School Crèche Pre-primary) tend to be more successful in school. The evidence gathered demonstrates children are also more competent socially and emotionally, and show higher verbal and intellectual development during early childhood than children who are not enrolled in high quality programs. Ensuring healthy child development, therefore, is an investment in a country’s future workforce and capacity to thrive economically and as a society.
Our world has changed and research shows that children need more than the traditional 3 Rs (reading, writing and arithmetic) to prepare for future 21st century careers. Globalisation means that children need to prepare academically for an increasingly competitive global landscape and at the same time learn to collaborate with others from all over the world. Technology has changed our access to information and knowledge. Children now need the skills to be able to sort, analyse and understand vast amounts of data. A dynamic world economy requires creativity and innovation. So how do we prepare children for tomorrow’s knowledge-based, highly competitive, highly innovative careers in an increasingly complex and globalised world?
Birth to Four Years
This period in a child’s life is generally characterised and described by the strands or domains relating to physical, emotional, cognitive, language and social development. What children do and are expected to do at different stages of growth within the above domains/strands can be used to characterise, understand and assess their growth and development.
Most children move through similar stages of development, but not all children do this at the same pace.
Each child is unique and different not only in their appearance, but also in how they develop and grow.
Department of Social Services
According to the Department of Social Services regulations on day care facilities, staff members must be in the age range of 18-60 years old. Additionally, medical clearance is required for any staff member to be eligible to work in a childcare facility regardless of their position. The Department of Social Services requires all staff members to be trained and skilled in first aide. It is required by social services that staff be “knowledgeable as well as respectful of culture of children.” There are ratios given by the Department of Social Services that require a teacher per number of children within an age group. For children 0-18 months there must be 1 teacher for every 6 children. | <urn:uuid:7a1efdfd-6330-4667-8199-787808c34a5f> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.preschoolsandaftercare.co.za/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371624083.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406102322-20200406132822-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.951141 | 1,198 | 3.53125 | 4 |
declination(redirected from Declinations)
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Legal.
declination,in astronomy, one of the coordinates in the equatorial coordinate systemequatorial coordinate system,
the most commonly used astronomical coordinate system for indicating the positions of stars or other celestial objects on the celestial sphere. The celestial sphere is an imaginary sphere with the observer at its center.
..... Click the link for more information. . The declination of a celestial body is its angular distance north or south of the celestial equator measured along its hour circlehour circle,
in astronomy, a secondary axis in the equatorial coordinate system. The hour circle of a celestial body is the great circle on the celestial sphere that passes through both the body and the north celestial pole.
..... Click the link for more information. .
declination(dek-lă-nay -shŏn) (dec) Symbol: δ. A coordinate used with right ascension in the equatorial coordinate system. The declination of a celestial body, etc., is its angular distance (from 0° to 90°) north (counted positive) or south (counted negative) of the celestial equator. It is measured along the hour circle passing through the body.
Declination(religion, spiritualism, and occult)
The solar system lies more or less in one geometric plane, which is why astrological charts can be drawn in two dimensions. If the celestial equator (which is the terrestrial equator extended out into space, and projected against the background of the stars) is used as a point of reference, it is found that, at any given time, most celestial bodies do not lie exactly in the same plane, but, rather, are located somewhat north or south of the celestial equator. The angular distance (distance expressed in degrees and minutes) of these bodies north or south of the celestial equator is their declination. Because some astrologers regard planets at the same declination as being in aspect with one another, planets’ declinations are often recorded in ephemerides.
ii. The angular distance of a celestial body from the celestial equator along the hour circle of the body. Measured in degrees, or radians, through 90°, and named north or south, depending on whether the body is north or south of the celestial equator. Declination on the celestial sphere is analogous to the latitude of the earth. The value of declination cannot exceed 90°. | <urn:uuid:797a70db-df89-48a1-ab2e-653d84ca026a> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Declinations | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823614.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20181211083052-20181211104552-00354.warc.gz | en | 0.886383 | 520 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Territorial A-ZA | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | 0-9
31 results for Slaves: ||
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Authors: No authors specified.
These three handwritten bills of sale outline the terms and conditions of the sale of three different slaves, in transactions taking place from 1852-1859.
Keywords: African Americans; Bills of sale; Cowherd family; Cowherd, David; Proslavery activities; Slave bills of sale; Slaveholders; Slavery; Slaves
Letter, Salmon Brown to Dear Father [John Brown]
Authors: Brown, Salmon
Date: June 22, 1855
From Osawatomie, son Salmon Brown wrote his to John Brown who had stopped in Rockford, Illinois, on his journey to Kansas Territory, where he was expected "before fall." Along with references to the provisions and clothing that might be needed, and the crops of corn, beans, turnips, and squash they expected to harvest, Salmon wrote "There are slaves owned within three miles of us."
Keywords: African Americans; Brown, John, 1800-1859; Brown, Salmon; Crops; Free state settlers; Osawatomie, Kansas Territory; Rockford, Illinois; Slaves; Slaves in Kansas Territory
An Act to Punish Offences Against Slave Property
Authors: Kansas Territory, Legislature
Date: August 14, 1855
This act was passed by the Legislative Assembly of Kansas Territory on August 14, 1855. It was to take effect on September 15, 1855. The Speaker of the House was J. H. Stringfellow and the President of the Council was Thomas Johnson. The act included a death penalty for persons causing or aiding in any "rebellion or insurrection of slaves, free negroes, or mulattoes" in Kansas Territory. Other provisions dealt with "speaking, writing, or printing" that encouraged slaves to rebel or that argued that the right to hold slaves did not exist in Kansas Territory. Several sections of the act contained penalities for encouraging or assisting slaves to escape and one stated that anyone opposed to the holding of slaves cound not serve on a jury.
Keywords: Abolitionists; African Americans; Antislavery; Antislavery movements; Johnson, Thomas; Kansas Territory. Legislature; Kansas Territory. Legislature - Pawnee/Shawnee Mission; Laws; Shawnee Manual Labor School; Slave insurrections; Slavery; Slaves; Stringfellow, John H.
The Vote on the Constitution
Authors: No authors specified.
Date: c. December 15, 1855
This article, printed in the Kansas Freeman newspaper, gave a preliminary count of the votes cast in the election to ratify the Topeka Constitution. The other two issues on the ballot were whether or not slaves should be excluded from the territory, and whether or not the territory should have a general banking law. The returns from Lawrence, Topeka, and Tecumseh are all listed, but not all the returns had been tallied.
Keywords: African Americans; Banks and banking; Constitutions; Elections; Lawrence, Kansas Territory; Slaves; Tecumseh, Kansas Territory; Topeka Constitution; Topeka, Kansas
Narrative," A Twelve Months Practical Life in Kansas Territory, written by an actual settler"
Authors: Tovey, Robert Atkins
Date: ca. 1855
Robert Atkins Tovey wrote these pages so that "those who are going forth with their wives & children, their property, yea their all on earth should have the information covering the country to which they are making a Pilgrimage" from someone who has recently made the same journey. Broken up into chapters by subject, Tovey gave advice about the journey and settlement, provisions, land claims, soil, and weather, in addition to providing commentary about the current political situation and his disgust at the "Mob law" being imposed by the Missourians.
Keywords: African Americans; American Indians (see also Native Americans); Daily life; Election fraud; Free state perspective; Kansas Territory; Landscape; Missourians; Native Americans; Reeder, Andrew H. (Andrew Horatio), 1807-1864; Settlement; Shannon, Wilson, 1802-1877; Slavery; Slaves; Tovey, Robert Atkins; Transportation; Travel; Weather
|See results 6 - 10| | <urn:uuid:bc4bf95f-b2de-4c15-8e28-c7e6fecf2c36> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.territorialkansasonline.org/~imlskto/cgi-bin/index.php?SCREEN=keyword&selected_keyword=Slaves&sort_by=true&submit=Go&startsearchat=0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398447906.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205407-00304-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927449 | 962 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Dozens of kids mill around a sprawling field of grass, on a warm, fall day in Biloxi, Mississippi. They stare up at a man in his sixties, who is dressed in 19th-century clothing. There’s a table heaped with relics from the Civil War — satchels, binoculars, saddles, guns. And other adults, dressed in Civil War costumes, show the kids how to load a musket. One yells “Fire in the hole!” and a massive boom rings out.
There’s more musket fire to come.
The main event this weekend will be a mock Civil War battle, part of the annual Fall Muster.
But the real fireworks come in the words the kids hear from the reenactors, who talk about old times that are definitely not forgotten — but not accurately remembered. “You see, a Civil War is when one bunch of folks tries to overthrow the government, the sitting government,” says one reenactor, J.W. Binion. “We weren’t doing that.”
The kids here are on a school field trip. And they mainly look confused. Like they know something isn’t quite right here. You can especially see that in the faces of some of the African American students when a Confederate flag is unfurled and held up above them. “We wanted to establish our own country,” Binion continued. “We didn’t care that the North carried on and kept going the way they were going. That was fine with us, just leave us alone, let us build our own country.”
This alternative version of history is coming from a man dressed like Jefferson Davis — who was president of the Confederacy. This place is Davis’ former home, a vast estate called Beauvoir, one of the grandest Confederate historical sites in the South. Today, it has become a monument to everything he stood for.
In debates over Confederate sites like Beauvoir and memorials like the statue of Confederate commander Robert E. Lee in Charlottesville, site of the deadly Unite the Right rally in 2017, you’ll hear people defend them by saying they’re part of our heritage, part of our history.
But how is that history being told? And more importantly, who’s paying to keep it alive? We investigate these questions in this episode of Reveal. For more on this project, explore “The Costs of the Confederacy,” our partnership with Smithsonian Magazine.
Research assistance from Jasper Craven, Erin Hollaway Palmer, Richard Salame of The Investigative Fund, now known as Type Investigations. | <urn:uuid:b79e1e8f-75f7-4ed8-b1cc-2757a6779b14> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.typeinvestigations.org/investigation/2018/12/08/monumental-lies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104683683.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220707033101-20220707063101-00056.warc.gz | en | 0.955763 | 559 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Education is a vital part of your good dental health. For instance, understanding the dangers of dental plaque can motivate you to maintain a strict dental hygiene routine, improving your chances of preventing dental diseases. Also, knowing the components of your oral health and how they interact can help you better understand the diseases that afflict them and your options for treating them. In the first of a two-part series, your Des Moines dentist, Dr. Stephen Burds, begins an anatomical tour of your dental health by explaining the parts of healthy human tooth—the upper crown and lower root.
The Face of Your Smile
The top, visible part of your tooth is known as the crown and is protected by the strongest and most mineralized substance that your body produces, called enamel. Underneath the enamel lies your tooth’s main structure, dentin, which contains small tubules that lead to the nerves and blood vessels (pulp) housed in the center chamber of your tooth. Bacterial acid and poor oral hygiene can severely weaken your enamel, exposing the dentin to bacterial infection and decay. If left untreated, the decay will spread to the pulp, and in severe cases, extracting the tooth may be necessary to stop the infection from spreading. When your crown is severely weakened, a fabricated and aptly-named dental crown, often called a cap, can be placed over the tooth to protect it from further damage and restore its full function. If a tooth is lost or extracted, an implant-supported dental crown can restore the top part of your tooth as well as its root.
The Base of Your Smile
While your crown rests above the gum line, your tooth extends below your gums where its roots are embedded in your jawbone. Though tooth roots are not covered by enamel like their more elevated counterparts, your gums act as a seal that surround and protect them. Excessive plaque formation along your gums can cause them to separate from your teeth, exposing your tooth roots to food debris, plaque, and bacterial infection. If infection reaches your roots, the tooth may have to be extracted if the infection is too severe for a root canal procedure.
Dental Crowns and More with Your Des Moines Dentist
Next week, we describe the components that make your teeth useful by moving your jaw, and a common condition that can affect these joints and muscles, inhibiting your mouth’s proper function. To learn more about treating or restoring your oral health, such as with a dental crown or root canal procedure, schedule a consultation with your Des Moines dentist by calling Gateway Dental Group at (515) 244-9565. Located in the 50309 area, we proudly welcome patients from Des Moines, River Bend, Kirkwood Glen, East Village, and neighboring communities. | <urn:uuid:cc9d23a1-0471-4cf3-adc9-c5c3ae77c588> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://gatewaydentalgroup.org/2013/04/des-moines-dentist-tooth-crown-and-root/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703547333.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20210124044618-20210124074618-00721.warc.gz | en | 0.933268 | 564 | 3.46875 | 3 |
While countries like China and India have been known to selectively screen for male fetuses, doctors report in the U.S. a different kind of sex selection is taking place. Mothers are spending thousands of dollars on reproductive procedures to ensure they become pregnant with a girl, Slate.com reported.
Certain reproductive doctors call the practice “family balancing.” Early gender screening, which was originally intended to identify and prevent chromosome-linked genetic diseases, is officially known as pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). PGD for prenatal sex selection is still legal in the U.S., but has been outlawed for use for nonmedical reasons in Canada, the U.K. and Australia.
According to Slate, gender selection procedures rake in at least $100 million per year. The average cost of the procedure is $18,000, and experts estimate approximately 4,000 to 6,000 procedures are performed each year.
There is no official tracking on gender selection procedures, there is anecdotal evidence that Americans choose girls over boys, Slate reported. Google data shows that “how to have a girl” is searched three times more than “how to have a boy” in the U.S., and many fertility doctors say 80 percent of parents who undergo the procedure desire girls.
A study published in the online journal Reproductive Biomedicine Online in 2009 found Caucasian-Americans preferentially select females 70 percent of the time, while those of Indian or Chinese descent typically chose boys. Generally, women cite a “yearning for female bonding” as the reason for choosing girls, according to Slate.
The American Society for Reproductive Medicine has expressed concern that gender selection may lead women to undergo unnecessary procedures, and fertility doctors might lose focus on treating infertility in favor of a more lucrative specialty. | <urn:uuid:3b644659-0ed8-4a9d-9113-0aafa08f869f> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.foxnews.com/health/parents-choosing-girls-over-boys-in-sex-selection-procedures | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046151563.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20210725014052-20210725044052-00426.warc.gz | en | 0.945724 | 370 | 2.9375 | 3 |
In philosophy, empiricism is a theory which believes that all knowledge comes from experience.
'Experience' is sometimes translated as 'sense data', i.e. we cannot know anything except by information which comes through our senses.
The British philosophers John Locke, George Berkeley and David Hume, clarified some of its basic ideas in the 17th and 18th century, building on the ideas of classical philosopher Aristotle.
Empiricism is one of several competing views about how we know things, part of the branch of philosophy called epistemology, or "study of knowledge". Materialism and physicalism share some of attitudes of empiricism. | <urn:uuid:157dc163-a14e-4d29-b86d-96295bfa48ac> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiricism | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583705091.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20190120082608-20190120104608-00105.warc.gz | en | 0.951759 | 130 | 3.359375 | 3 |
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Painting in Ancient Greece .
There were several interconnected traditions of painting in ancient Greece. Due to their technical differences, they underwent somewhat differentiated developments. Not all painting techniques are equally well represented in the archaeological record. The most respected form of art, according to authors like Pliny or Pausanias, were individual, mobile paintings on wooden boards, technically described as panel paintings. The techniques used were encaustic (wax) painting and tempera. The tradition of wall painting in Greece goes back at least to the Minoan and Mycenaean Bronze Age, with the lavish fresco decoration of sites like Knossos, Tiryns and Mycenae. It is not clear, whether there is any continuity between these antecedents and later Greek wall paintings. Wall paintings are frequently described in Pausanias, and many appear to have been produced in the Classical and Hellenistic periods.Much of the figural or architectural sculpture of ancient Greece was painted colourfully.Painting was also used to enhance the visual aspects of architecture. Certain parts of the superstructure of Greek temples were habitually painted since the Archaic period.Most Greek sculptures were painted in strong and bright colors. | <urn:uuid:7989ad1c-e98c-48fe-9c83-03b1611372b7> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.ancient-greek-products.com/paintings.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371656216.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406164846-20200406195346-00409.warc.gz | en | 0.970668 | 282 | 3.25 | 3 |
The big idea was to study our state in detail for one full school year, learning its basic geography and all the state symbols. There was no pattern. We just designed it the way we wanted it as we journeyed through our study. We decided to spell C-A-L-I-F-O-R-N-I-A on little pillows to create a relief effect. Each letter was cut out of different fabrics that had Wonder Under applied to the back. Different embroidery stitches were used to embellish the ironed on letters. The pillows were then hung on little safety pins.
Along the left of the quilt are laminated hand drawn watercolored state symbols—state rock, flower, bird and so on. Our children were delighted to safety pin each symbol randomly.
The middle of our quilted California is made of muslin and is a quilt all it’s own with two sides and batting in the middle. Using a large state map as a guide, major features like deserts, mountain ranges, valleys and lakes were either applied using fabric or paints.
We had children bring in photos of themselves from different places in the state or just photos they had taken in different places. We cut them small, then laminated them and attached them with safety pins. All the quilters painted California poppies and signed their names.
For the finishing touch we used bright yarns to tie the quilt together at random spots. We entered our geography unit in the Mid-state fair and won a first prize ribbon!
It’s pretty obvious that a project like this takes hours and hours. Really, there was no rush… except the deadline for the fair! | <urn:uuid:b19e7b85-3cd1-45c8-9eea-98e61b6305c7> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://blackbirdandcompany.com/category/history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300805.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20220118062411-20220118092411-00702.warc.gz | en | 0.976364 | 354 | 2.984375 | 3 |
What is Lumber?
Lumber is wood in any form that’s cut from a tree(s) for use in construction or for paper. When lumber is cut from a tree the process is called 'felling'. Once the lumber is cut up is supplied as either ‘rough’ or ‘finished’ lumber.
Uses of Lumber
‘Finished lumber’ is cut to standard sizes e.g. 2x4 etc. It is primarily used in construction. The majority of finished lumber is cut from softwood trees such as cedar or pine, however there are some rough lumber that are hardwoods and used in high-end wood floors.
‘Rough lumber’ is lumber that is uncut to any standard specifications. It is used for furniture and other manufacturing where specific cuts or shaping is required. Typically rough lumber is cut from hardwood trees such as oak and is available in a variety of sizes ready for shipping. However there are several instances where rough lumber will still have its bark attached.
Risks of Lumber
Lumber futures are traded on the CME. Price movements in lumber futures can be very unpredictable, offering traders a chance to make money on the back of the volatility.
Trading lumber futures involves several risks that affect the underlying commodity. For example; supply of lumber can be affected by mills closing down, changes in environmental regulations and competition from other countries.
The price of lumber in the US is most affected by the demand from the home construction. The need for lumber is often determined by the number of new homes under construction at any time. Demand will also move very quickly if interest rates or other economic factors change and affect housing starts. Weather such as bushfires and the possibility of labour disputes make lumber trading very volatile. | <urn:uuid:f30a4bdc-806e-41d5-a366-ab79e68721b6> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://shareprices.com.au/futures/food-fibre-lumber/lumber | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549436316.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170728002503-20170728022503-00493.warc.gz | en | 0.961802 | 369 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Electric motors, running on both direct and alternating electrical current have made our lives much easier, ever since they were invented by such people as Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla. The use of sophisticated electric motors are also being incorporated to power automobiles and other vehicles, including high speed electric sports cars like the Tesla Motors $100,000 sports coups and roadsters.
Larger electric motors that are in use in factories, as well as those that power elevators and escalators in office buildings and shopping malls, are also heavy users of electricity, however. A new Israeli company InnoSave is finding solutions for electric motors, letting them run on less electricity and without the need to operate on a “combination” of both AC and DC current power. The WSJ blog mentions the company just landed an investment from Israel Cleantech Ventures.
The company has developed full performance AC electric motor drive which enables electric motors to run on less electricity and without the need to operate on a “combination” of both AC and DC current power. InnoSave’s technologies applies Variable Frequency Drive or VFD to run better and more economically.
Established in 2009, and headed by Ilan Atias, who was named Israel’s “Entrepreneur of the Year” in 2005; and together with his partner Arthur Naiman, InnoSave’s unique electric engine drives enable electric motors to operate at less speeds and with torque levels as less than 70% of those needed on other electric motor systems. The technology uses two systems known as InnoSafe Motor Drive (ISD) and Energy Saving Motor Drive (ESMD).
Both systems are intended to enable the motors to run on less speeds and with less engine torques, thereby using less energy. The systems also offers an option of a “soft start” thereby using less electricity, and to stop by means of “dynamic motor braking” that enable motors to stop operation by using less electrical current. The result is a 30% electricity savings over electric motors not using these concepts.
The real innovations behind much of these “new” technologies can be attributed, however to the genius of Nikola Tesla, whose concepts on using alternating electrical currents to power electric motors resulted in even Thomas Edison acknowledging that Tesla’s concepts are superior to his own.
Electric motors incorporating InnoSave’s energy saving systems emit less heat and result in less stress to the engines themselves. And InnoSave engine drives enable the use of smaller and lighter weight engines to perform the same functions; resulting in lower costs and longer engine life. All of these features result in a “greener’” use function to electric engines which still require electricity originating from fossil fuel fired powered plants.
More about electrical motor innovations: | <urn:uuid:b68b37e0-740b-4140-b0a0-639e87459b7e> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.greenprophet.com/2011/05/innosave-motors-energy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997893881.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025813-00202-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951608 | 574 | 2.828125 | 3 |
If you are looking to achieve a great tasting wine (which Im sure you are), you must first select a quality grape to grow in your grapevine. Good grape planting is the first step on the road to great wine making.
Exactly like in real estate, grape quality principally abides by one factor : Location, location, location!
Location, Location, Location!
In order to achieve a sweet, small fruit that is suitable for wine making and fermentation, its vital to find the best spot possible in your growing area to plant your first grapevines. The prime spot needs to receive high sunlight exposure in order to develop the sugars in the fruit that will later lead the fermentation process. In addition, not only should sunlight be plentiful, but it should also be exposed evenly on each side of the vine.
Apart from daylight levels, the kind of soil your plants will sit in is another important factor to take in consideration when picking the destination of your grapevines during planting. Grapevines flourish in nutrient-poor soils, since the lack on vitamins and minerals forces the fruit to grow smaller. A smaller fruit not only implies more flavor-providing skin, but also higher sugar concentration aspects that are optimum for wine making.
If the soil were fertilized with nutrient elements, the ensuing fruit in your vine would be bigger, tangier and juicier. This type of fruit is barely suitable for the wine process since the bonus juice would add too much liquid into the fermentation mix, weakening the already frail process that is slowed down due to low sugar concentrations.
Drainage is another crucial aspect to consider before planting your grape vines. The area where you will plant must be dry, in contrast to wet and puddly. Spacing your vines 6ft apart when you plant them will ensure drainage is maximized, with an average yield of 1 gallon of wine per grapevine.
Vines are characterized for their climbing, which is why grapes are planted with the use of a trellis that assists the vines mounting. The use of a trellis also aids the drainage of the crop, loosening the soil beneath the vine.
There are always probabilities of losing some of your crops to pests like plant illnesses, insects and other larger animals like birds and deer. Its crucial to make up for these loses ahead by planting additional vines which will make up for the lost plants.
The Planting Method
During the first year of growth, you will tie the strongest shoot in each vine to the trellis using string, and clipping off any extra shoots growing on the roots. During the vines dormant season, another pruning will be necessary, you need to make sure that the plantation gets enough water, we suggest using well drilling services show in low az to always have water available.
In the spring, once the buds grow again, you’ll again pick from the strongest shoots, and tie them together loosely as they grow. Overtime, these will be the extremities were the fruits will grow.
In order to determine the ripeness of your fruits and know when to harvest, the use of a hydrometer is essential. Hydrometers measure the gravity of individual liquids, calculating the sugar concentrations in your grapes. Once you begin using a hydrometer, you will find that optimum gravity levels for a perfectly ripe fruit that is ready to harvest varies between 1.095 and 1.105.
Growing grapes does take an average of three years before your first harvest, but simple details in the grape planting and growing process will make a rewarding difference in the taste of the wine you will be making them.
Pierre Duponte is a grape growing & wine making enthusiast. He spends his time teaching others how to make fine wines. For more great tips on Grape Planting andhow to make wine visit http://www.grapegrowingwinemakingtips.com/.
Permalink to ‘Grape Planting-What You Need To Know’
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1.6 Biotransformation and elimination of toxicants : 1.6 Biotransformation and elimination of toxicants Limiting the impact of a toxicant Slide 2: COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA
Copyright Regulations 1969
This material has been copied and communicated to you by or on behalf of the University of New South Wales pursuant to Part VA of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act).
The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further copying or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright or performers’ protection under the Act.
Do not remove this notice. 2 Advance Reading : Advance Reading Shibamoto, pp 35-47; pp 13-17
Hughes, pp 72-82
NLM Toxicology Tutor Biotransformation and Excretion
The Liver and Liver Disease - American Liver Foundation
TOXIC CHARACTERISTICS OF FLUOROCITRATE, THE TOXIC METABOLITE OF COMPOUND 1080 Peter J. Savarie Denver Wildlife Research Center, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1032&context=vpc11 3 Keywords : Keywords Anabolism
Biological half-life (t1/2)
Phase I biotransformation
Phase II biotransformation
Toxication 4 Learning Objectives : Learning Objectives Eplain the role of biotransformation in toxicokinetics.
Describe how biotransformation facilitates elimination of toxicants.
Distinguish between Phase I and Phase II reactions.
Define bioactivation or toxication.
Identify tissues and factors involved in biotransformation.
Summarize the role of elimination in toxicokinetics.
Describe processes occurring in the kidney, liver and lung related to the elimination of toxicants. 5 Metabolism : Metabolism Sum of biochemical reactions occurring to a molecule within the body.
Anabolism - build-up
Catabolism - break-down
Occurs in the cytoplasm or at specific organelles within the cell.
Storage affects the body’s ability to biotransform and eliminate.
Sequestration in bone, lipid reduces biotransformation; may keep toxicant away from other tissues. 6 Biotransformation : Biotransformation Phase 1 reactions
Phase 2 reactions
Examples 7 Biotransformation : Biotransformation Process that changes substances from hydrophobic to hydrophilic to aid in elimination (grease to salt).
Hydrophilic molecules are less able to cross cellular membranes, hence fluid filterable (kidneys).
Major elimination routes are fæces (biliary) and urine.
Biological half-life, T½ , allows comparison of rates of removal of toxicants, nutrients or pharmaceuticals 8 Biotransformation reactions : Biotransformation reactions Grouped as Phase I (functional group modification) and Phase II (conjugation).
Produce water soluble metabolites.
Activate natural/endogenous compounds for normal function.
Some compounds undergo bioactivation.
The biotransformed metabolite is more toxic than the original compound. 9 Results of biotransformation : Results of biotransformation Increase toxicity via a toxic metabolite.
Decrease toxicity via metabolism of a toxic parent compound.
No effect on toxicity.
Metabolized endogenous compounds may produce toxins.
When chemicals such as food additives are tested for toxicity, the metabolites as well as the original compound are identified and tested. 10 Slide 11: Major Categories/Reactions Phase I Phase II Elimination oxidation
synthesis polar very
polar 11 Enzymes of Biotransformation: Phase I enzymes : Enzymes of Biotransformation: Phase I enzymes Oxidation (most important).
Add O, remove H, increase valence.
Cytochrome P450, mixed function oxidase (MFO), alcohol dehydrogenase, oxidases, others.
Reduction (less important).
Remove O, add H, decrease valence.
Esterases, phosphatases, others. 12 Cytochrome P450 : Cytochrome P450 NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) is the electron donor protein for several oxygenase enzymes found on the endoplasmic reticulum of most eukaryotic cells.
These oxygenases include the cytochromes P450, a family of enzymes involved in the metabolism of many drugs and dietary substances, and in the synthesis of steroid hormones and other extracellular lipid signaling molecules as well as Phase I detoxification. 13 Herbicide resistance in plants : Herbicide resistance in plants Cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenases in plant microsomes is related to some herbicide resistance http://www.agnet.org/library/tb/159/ 14 Slide 15: Phase I Reactions Hughes 15 Enzymes of Biotransformation: Phase II enzymes : Enzymes of Biotransformation: Phase II enzymes Conjugation reactions.
Enzymes (tranferases) + cofactor.
Cofactor donates group.
Glucuronic acid, glutathione, sulphate, acetyl group, methyl group.
Tends to increase molecular size and polarity for excretion. 16 Slide 17: Phase II Cofactors: GSH Glutathione 17 Slide 18: Food Toxicology Phase II Cofactors: Acetyl-CoA Acetyl Coenzyme A Acetyl 18 Slide 19: Food Toxicology Phase II Cofactors: PAPS 3’-Phosphoadenosine
5”-phosphosulfate 19 Slide 20: Phase II Cofactors: UDPGA acid Uridine-5’-
diphosphoglucuronic acid 20 Slide 21: Benzene Metabolism 21 Slide 22: Food Toxicology Aniline 22 Slide 23: De-Alkylation 23 Slide 24: Free Radical Generation A solvent 24 Case Study: Fluorocitrate and Kangaroos : Case Study: Fluorocitrate and Kangaroos Fluorocitrate found in legume pasture plants of Western Australia.
Gastrolobium and Oxylobium.
Leaf concentrations can be 2.6 g/kg.
Highly lethal (TD 1 mg/kg) variable
Inhibits TCA cycle by inhibiting aconitase - causes depletion of ATP and accumulation of citrate in the liver. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1032&context=vpc11
Occurs in the rabbit poison 1080. The gray kangaroo of Western Australia has evolved resistance.
In vivo defluorination with glutathione.
Other kangaroos from areas without these plants are not tolerant. 25 Fluoroacetate and fluorocitrate : Fluoroacetate and fluorocitrate Diagram of the metabolism of fluoroacetate to fluorocitrate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and inhibition of the enzyme aconitase by fluorocitrate (adapted from Egekeze and Oehme 1979). http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1032&context=vpc11 26 Slide 27: Rodenticide: Fluoroacetic Acid Fluoroacetate Fluoroacetyl CoA Sodium Fluoroacetate
predator control 27 Slide 28: Deoxynivalenol, Vomitoxin Fusarium trichothecene mycotoxin found on corn and barley 28 Slide 29: Aflatoxin B1 B1 Q1 = hepatic metabolite Aspergillus mycotoxin found on corn, peanuts and cottonseed 29 Slide 30: Benzo[a]pyrene Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.
Cell cultures from rodents, fish and humans 30 Heavy Metal Toxicity 1: Pb : Heavy Metal Toxicity 1: Pb Absorbed via Ca channels as divalent ion.
Capable of reacting with a variety of binding sites.
Protein precipitation damages hormones, enzymes.
Specific toxic effect depends on reactions with ligands that are essential for the living system.
Metal ligands are formed with sulfhydryl groups, as well as amino, phosphate, imidazole, and hydroxyl groups of enzymes and essential proteins – variable effect. 31 Heavy metal toxicity 2: Pb : Heavy metal toxicity 2: Pb Sensitivity of a system and degree of interference determines clinical effects.
Antidotes compete as ligands EDTA 32 Heavy Metal Toxicity 3: Pb : Heavy Metal Toxicity 3: Pb Metallic lead absorbed most efficiently by the respiratory tract.
Pb dust, leaded petrol exhaust products
10% of ingested lead is absorbed.
Lead salts are soluble in gastric juices; easily absorbed.
Plasma to blood cells – erythrocytes – affects oxygen transport.
After oral ingestion:
60% bone (also hair, teeth).
25% liver (hepatocytes).
4% kidney (renal tubules).
3% intestinal wall. 33 Heavy Metal Toxicity 4: Pb : Heavy Metal Toxicity 4: Pb Some endpoints.
Sulfhydral enzyme inhibition.
K transport in red blood cells inhibited
Excreted chiefly in fæces and urine.
Ca - EDTA.
Dimercaptrol (BAL). 34 Case Study: Elevated PbB Associated with Illicitly Distilled Alcohol, Alabama 1991 : Case Study: Elevated PbB Associated with Illicitly Distilled Alcohol, Alabama 1991 Food Toxicology The use of automobile radiators containing lead-soldered parts in the illicit distillation of alcohol ("moonshine") is an important source of lead poisoning among persons insome rural Alabama counties.
In 1991, eight persons were diagnosed with elevated blood lead levels (BLLs) at a local hospital.
9 patients had been evaluated for alcohol-related medical conditions at the hospital. Manifestations included generalized tonic-clonic seizures (six), microcytic anemia (five) (hematocrit mean: 32.1%), encephalopathy (two), upper extremity weakness (one), and abdominal colic (one). BLLs ranged from 16 μg/dL to 259 μg/dL (median: 67 μg/dL ). MMWR (1992) 41(17);294-295 35 Case Study: “Moonshine” Lead Toxicity : Case Study: “Moonshine” Lead Toxicity Seven patients required hospitalization for 48 hours or longer (range: 2-18 days). Three of these received chelation therapy; initial BLLs were 67, 228, and 259 μg/dL . One patient, whose BLL was 67 μg/dL , died during hospitalization from alcohol-withdrawal syndrome complicated by aspiration pneumonia.
Patients reported moonshine ingestion ranging from 0.2 L per day to 1.5 L per day.
The lead contents of specimens of moonshine confiscated from two radiator-containing stills in the county in 1991 were 7400 μg/L and 9700 μg/L, compared with nondetectable amounts (less than 1.0 μg/L) in municipal water from the county.
Consumption of 0.5 L per day of moonshine containing 9700 μg/L lead would result in a steady state BLL of approximately 190 μg/dL. 36 Elimination of toxicants : Elimination of toxicants Removing toxins and metabolites from the body 37 Elimination of Toxicants : Elimination of Toxicants Urinary.
Milk (transfer to child).
Nails, Hair, Skin.
Cerebrospinal fluid. 38 Kidney : Kidney Artery: blood away from heart
Vein: blood towards heart
Passive or active Food Toxicology 39 Renal macrostructure : Renal macrostructure 40 Renal filtration microstructure : Renal filtration microstructure Red arterial blood into kidney
Filtered in glomerulus. Small molecules pass membrane
Water, some salts reabsorbed to blood in tubules
Urine collects in medulla to ureter and bladder A nephron 41 Renal histology : Renal histology Tubules Glomerulus Microscopic 42 Urinary excretion : Urinary excretion Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption 43 Fæcal elimination : Fæcal elimination Excretion in bile to intestine.
Active transport of toxicant parent and metabolites.
Highly soluble Phase II metabolites (large, ionized)
Excretion into the lumen of the GI tract.
Direct diffusion from capillaries.
Bile emulsifies fat in intestine 44 Exhaled air : Exhaled air Gas phase xenobiotics.
Passive diffusion from blood to alveolus via concentration gradient.
The total alveolar epithelial surface area within an average adult human lung has been estimated to be as large as 100-140 m2. http://www.odec.ca/projects/2005/thog5n0/public_html/whatarelungs.html 45 Acknowledgement : Acknowledgement Professor Greg Möller
University of Idaho 46 | <urn:uuid:3c16f9f7-c18c-44d5-b981-51de43e7c01d> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/aSGuest55835-445060-1-6-biotransformation-of-toxicants/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510274289.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011754-00316-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.768364 | 2,823 | 2.625 | 3 |
This topic requires you to understand and debate two views of Jesus:
- Jesus was both God and human; second person of trinity, Son of God the Father.
- Jesus was only human.
You then need to understand & debate the implications of these two views including Jesus’ value as a role model, with reference to his teachings on non-violence in the sermon on the mount.
The sermon on the mount, Mathew 5:
“You have heard that it was said, ‘An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.’ 39 But I say to you, Do not resist the one who is evil. But if anyone slaps you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also. 40 And if anyone would sue you and take your tunic,[h] let him have your cloak as well. 41 And if anyone forces you to go one mile, go with him two miles. 42 Give to the one who begs from you, and do not refuse the one who would borrow from you.
43 “You have heard that it was said, ‘You shall love your neighbor and hate your enemy.’ 44 But I say to you, Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you, 45 so that you may be sons of your Father who is in heaven. For he makes his sun rise on the evil and on the good, and sends rain on the just and on the unjust. 46 For if you love those who love you, what reward do you have? Do not even the tax collectors do the same? 47 And if you greet only your brothers,[i] what more are you doing than others? Do not even the Gentiles do the same? 48 You therefore must be perfect, as your heavenly Father is perfect.”
The traditional/conservative view of Jesus is that his authority derives from God’s authority because as part of the trinity Jesus is God, he is the son of God in a literal sense. Some early Christian sects, denounced as heretical, and contemporary liberal Christians however deny that Jesus is the son of God in a literal sense and see his authority instead as similar to the prophets, derived from their special relationship with God, or they might simply see Jesus as just as a teacher of wisdom, like a moral philosopher, and therefore a good role model.
The conservative view: Jesus’ authority as God’s authority
The traditional/conservative view of Jesus’s authority is that it is God’s authority because, according to the trinitarian doctrine, Jesus is God. He is the Son, second person of the holy trinity: Father, Son and Holy Spirit.
The Trinity. Christianity is a monotheistic religion, meaning belief in only one God. However, the doctrine of the Trinity is that there is one God in three persons; Father, Son and the Holy Spirit. It holds that:
- The Father, Son and Holy Spirit are three distinct Persons (hypostases)
- Each Person is fully God; the three are coexistent, coeternal and coequal
- There is one God; the doctrine does not split God into three parts
This means Jesus was the Son of God in a unique sense. The traditional Jewish view of a messiah was equivalent in meaning to ‘Son of God’ in the sense of someone chosen by God to perform certain deeds. However in Jesus’ time the meaning in Greek changed to a human who was elevated to the divine. The Church fused the two meanings in the Council of Chalcedon in 451 so that Jesus was thought of as both fully God and fully human. The God of Christian monotheism was thereby declared a triune God. He is one Substance (‘ousia’) yet three Persons (‘hypostasis’). Jesus has two natures (human and divine). He is Fully God and Fully Man, joined in hypostatic union. The Father, Son and Holy Spirit are co-equal and co-eternal.
The Incoherence of the trinity. The Unitarian liberal theologian Channing argued that the Trinitarian view of Jesus is one of “infinite confusion”. How could one being be both human and divine, weak and almighty, ignorant and omniscient? Something could be either human or divine, but not both. These are two different incompatible states. Divinity is infinite, humanity is finite; something cannot be both infinite and finite. John Hick agrees and illustrates this argument; to say Jesus is God is like saying that a circle is also a square. Hick goes on to conclude that Christ being a mere human solves the paradoxical implications of the trinity.
The trinity is a mystery to be taken on faith. Theologians like Augustine and Karl Barth admit that the trinity is a mystery which must be taken on faith and that all human attempts to fully understand the trinity through reason are misguided. Barth said he was ‘relieved’ that Augustine admitted that his word “person” was just a manner of speaking for the mystery of the trinity, and Barth claims “A really suitable term for it just does not exist”.
Biblical evidence for Jesus being God (the trinity)
John 10:30. Jesus said, “The Father and I are one”. This quote seems to suggest that The Father and The Son are one being which would entail co-equal and co-eternal. This provides biblical evidence for the trinitarian view.
Arians respond with a different interpretation – that Jesus did not mean that he and the Father were of one substance, but of one purpose. They think the context of the quote shows that Jesus was referring to being of one in their pastoral work and purpose. They point out that in John 17:21 Jesus prays that his disciples “may all be one”, where “one” is the same Greek word used in John 10:30. This suggests that the use of ‘one’ does not refer to substance or being, but something like purpose.
John 1:1-3. “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. The same was in the beginning with God. All things were made by him; and without him was not any thing made that was made”.
John 1:14. “the Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us”.
“The Word” refers to Christ. These verses from John suggest that Christ The Son is co-eternal with The Father, because he pre-existed the creation of the world, and co-equal with The Father, because through him all things were made.
Many scholars, including Hick, make a development argument regarding Jesus’ divinity. John was the latest Gospel written and clear statements of Jesus’ divinity do not exist in the earlier Gospels, which casts doubt on the authenticity of John. The earliest gospel is thought to be Mark, which begins with Jesus’ baptism making no mention of a divine birth and Jesus is depicted as a prophet. Matthew and Luke were written next and mention Jesus’ divine birth. John was written last and presents the son (The Word) as having existed even before the incarnation. Hick’s argument is that Jesus being the son of God in a unique sense was a later invention and thus an idea of human origin. Hick applies demythologisation to the idea of the incarnation, concluding that it conveyed the idea of embodying a conviction in life. Jesus embodied ‘the goodness and love of God’.
However, even in Mark, often thought by New Testament scholars to be the first gospel written, there are presentations of Jesus that seem to suggest his divinity. During Jesus’ baptism God speaks and says: “you are my beloved son, with you I am well pleased” (Mark 1:11). Jesus quiets a storm like God does in the story of Jonah and walks on water like God does in the book of Job.
Bart Ehrman claims that the argument of development should be taken to apply to what Jesus said about himself, rather than merely what the narrative features of the gospels suggest about Jesus. Ehrman accepts that such features of Mark’s gospel show that Mark understands Jesus to be divine, but argues that this does not show that Jesus himself thought of himself as divine. It is only in gospel of John that Jesus makes clear statements of divine self-identification and although there is dispute over the dating of the first gospels there is considerable agreement that John was written last and is therefore subject to this development criticism focused on what Jesus said about himself.
Implications of the view that Jesus’ authority as God’s authority & his value as a role model (e.g. sermon on the mount)
- Jesus’ authority is absolute and the ultimate authority.
- Since Jesus was God, the full extent of his moral goodness is probably beyond our ability to live up to.
- Christians would follow the example of Jesus as best they could.
- Jesus’ life is a very important way that Christians can learn how to live for God since having a real-life example of a human life lived by God is much more relatable and actionable than having a list of commandments to follow.
- Jesus himself in his actions as a role model always turned the cheek – he never did violence and he allowed himself to be crucified.
The Liberal view: Jesus’ authority as only human
Liberal subjective views of inspiration began during the enlightenment period and accepted the scientific, historical and literary evidence of human influence on the Bible, which is thus not considered the perfect word of God but a product of the human mind.
This suggests that the scriptures were written by witnesses of God’s divine events in history like the incarnation, or times when God communicated or revealed himself. What came to be written down as a result however was merely what those people took away from such events, or from hearing about such events from the testimony of those who witnessed them. The words of the Bible are therefore just human interpretations of what the authors felt and understood of God’s revelation. The bible thus reflects the cultural and historical context of its human authors and requires continual re-interpretation to ensure its relevance. Liberal Christians will point out that Jesus himself seemed to be progressive in that in the sermon on the mount he modified some of the old testament laws.
There are many varieties of liberal theology which often disagree with each other. The one thing they have in common is the rejection of the Bible as the perfect word of God.
John Hick thought that we should view the Bible as a record of how ancient humans interpreted events like the life of Jesus. They wrote it down not as a set of historical facts but as stories which had a symbolic meaning. For example, the resurrection symbolises God’s gift of renewal and the possibility of life after death. Hick does not believe the resurrection actually happened. He views Jesus as a ‘guru’.
Hick, inspired by Bultmann, thought that the Bible contains ‘true myths’ meaning ‘not literally true’ but inspiring us spiritually and morally. Hick claimed the resurrection was a myth not a historical fact because of the discrepancies in the gospel accounts of it, the fact that Jesus appeared in a locked room with his disciples making the rolling away of the stone covering his tomb confusingly pointless and the fact that his disciples didn’t recognize Jesus at first. Instead, the resurrection story should be demythologized and viewed as symbolising ‘God’s gift of renewal’ and ‘life transcending death’.
Hick ultimately argued for the teacher of wisdom view, that Jesus was just a human ‘guru’ and moral ‘role model’.
Hick argued that the historical Jesus did not teach nor ‘apparently believe that he was God, or God the Son, Second person of a Holy Trinity, incarnate, or the son of God in a unique sense.’ The label ‘son of God’ was a common metaphor in Judaism referring to the messiah being a merely very special person chosen by God, not a truly unique divine person. For example, Adam was called the son of God. The incarnation was therefore metaphorical, conveying the idea of embodying a conviction in life. Jesus embodied ‘the goodness and love of God’. Hick argues the benefit is this avoids the paradoxes of the previous paragraph regarding the duality of Christ and the trinity.
Jesus’ role in our salvation shows he was divine. Jesus’ sacrifice of his own life to save us from our sins is called the atonement and is something only a divine being could do. A mere human’s death would not have the significance nor power to save us from our sins. Christians believe that Christ’s defeat of death when he was resurrected was an offer of eternal life to all who have faith in him. So, the resurrection story must have been true in order to make sense of the purpose of Jesus’ life in saving us from our sins, which is a prevalent biblical theme.
The moral exemplar theory of the atonement, such as the version proposed by Hick, doesn’t require that Jesus’ death had a literal and direct effect on our sinful state, so his theory of the atonement undercuts the importance of the trinity for salvation. Hick claims that Jesus was just a human and so certainly died, but that the power of his sacrifice was merely as an example of moral life so inspiring that it influences us to be better and thereby saves us from our sins in that sense. So, Jesus didn’t have to be a divine being to save us from our sins.
Subjectivity issue for Myth: Aren’t the ‘deep truth’ Myths intend to convey down to interpretation and therefore subjective? How could we ever know we had ascertained the ‘true’ meaning?
Unitarianism. W. E. Channing defended the unitarian view. He argued:
- The scriptures are in limited human language and thus require reason to interpret.
- Reason is a God-given faculty and thus it cannot be contrary to faith and we must use it. Although using human reason in theology is dangerous, it is more dangerous not to use it.
- “We object to the doctrine of the Trinity” because it subverts “the unity of God”.
- The trinity implies three persons who love and converse with each other and have different roles in our salvation. “if these things do not imply … three minds … we are at a loss to know how three minds [are to be formed]”
- The trinity is “unscriptural” because the idea that God is three persons is never found in the New Testament.
- If the Trinity were true, it would be important and expressed in scripture with “all possible precision” and yet it is simply not. “We ask for one [passage], one only, in which we are told, that [God] is a threefold being”.
- The Trinitarian view of Jesus is one of “infinite confusion”. How could one being be both human and divine, weak and almighty, ignorant and omniscient?
Implications of the view of Jesus’ authority as only human & his value as a role model (e.g. sermon on the mount)
- Hick still thought that Jesus had great impact as a role model. However he was not divine and thus not to be taken as an absolutely perfect role model.
- Hick still thought Jesus life as a role model was so inspirational that it encourages us to be less sinful and so saves us from our sins in that sense.
- In general, viewing Jesus as only human suggests that as a role model he should be regarded like a moral philosopher, or like great literature such as Shakespeare. These can be useful inspiriting sources of guidance and insight about human life, but they do not have ultimate authority. | <urn:uuid:9e86d4be-40af-4869-ab94-90cdfa03f365> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://alevelphilosophyandreligion.com/aqa-religious-studies/aqa-christianity/the-authority-of-jesus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510219.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926175325-20230926205325-00165.warc.gz | en | 0.97423 | 3,370 | 2.875 | 3 |
IoT, The Oppressed Project
We are now in the era of IoT “Internet of Things”. It’s a concept that not only has the potential to impact how we live but also how we work. And as things become more connected, people become more concerned about their security and privacy. I have gone through a lot of technical conversation about IoT and realized how paranoid people are about their connected devices and appliances.
The future Internet will be an IPv6 network interconnecting traditional computers and a large number of smart objects or networks such as Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). By 2020 there will be over 26 Billion connected devices and some estimate this number to be more than 100 Billion connected devices. This includes mobile phones, Smart TVs, washing machines, wearable devices, Microwave, Fridges, headphones, door locks, garage door openers, scales, home alarms, hubs for multiple devices, remote power outlets and almost anything else you can think of like your car and airplane jet engines.
Ways of securing the traditional Internet networks have been established and tested. The IoT is a hybrid network of the Internet and resource-constrained networks, and it is, therefore, reasonable to explore the options of using security mechanisms standardized for the Internet in the IoT.
What will we do about managing the usernames and passwords of every single connected device? What about our privacy? What if some hacker was able to control our video cameras? More and more questions are being asked and more security concerns are being escalated. Do we really have to be paranoid about IoT?
IoT was already there
Most of us have Computers, Laptops, Tablets, Mobile phones, Printers, Game consoles, Media players, Storage device, Video Cameras and Satellite Receivers which are already connected to our home networks. Those are some of the Internet of Things devices and we were OK with that although if some hacker could hack into one of the cameras connected to one of the Laptops or even to one of the Smart TVs, he could see what’s going on inside the home
So what is the problem?
The problem is not with IoT, the problem is with how we understand IoT. IoT not only means the interconnectedness of appliances, computers, microprocessors and machines, all of which have IP addresses or some form of digital identification, it also means the interconnectedness of devices coupled with automated and centralized data collection and analysis capabilities from those devices or processors linked to them. This leads to tremendous possibilities to develop new applications for the IoT, such as home automation and home security management, smart energy monitoring and management, item and shipment tracking, surveillance and military, smart cities, health monitoring, logistics monitoring and management. Due to the global connectivity and sensitivity of applications, security in real deployments in the IoT is a requirement.
Cisco is very clear about IoT Security:
“IoT security requires a new approach that combines physical and cyber security components.”
Learn how Cisco can help you more securely implement the opportunities and benefits the IoT can bring. IoT Security
Please watch this video, where Dan O’Malley and “Rick the Radio Guy” give an overview about how Cisco IPICS open standards and integrated technologies enable Internet of Things Secure Mobile Communications and Communications Interoperability to support mission needs for Public Safety, Defense, Manufacturing, Utilities, Transportation, Mining, and more.
What to do?
“#security should be the #1 thing companies focus on in the wake of #IoT” – CEO John Chambershttp://cscoengs.co.vu/1ucx8GY
“It is not often that companies learn from the past, even rarer that they draw the correct conclusions from it.” – Henry Kissinger
I hope companies will break this trend when it comes to security in the Internet of Things (IoT). Here, I will give some tips for both end users and service providers to secure IoT.
- Change the Default Username and Password. Do not ever use the default username/password of any device not only your router.
- Hide your SSID and choose something clever. Never use something related to your location like “Maher’s office room”
- Encrypt Your Wireless Network. If you’re using WEP encryption, get that changed as soon as you can, then move on to some of the other methods.
- Segmenting the network. Set up one network for each group of devices, by this, if one segment is hacked, all the other devices are not accessible and remain safe.
- Use MAC address filter so the router assign only an IP for each device that’s in the MAC address list and all unknown devices will be blocked from accessing the network.
- Disable guest network access.
- Use a firewall, whether it’s a stand-alone device or one turned on inside the router.
2. Keep your Network devices up-to-dateIt is very easy to gain access to your computer/devices if there are security holes in any software that you have installed. NBC news reported of a family that had an Internet enabled baby monitor that was hacked by an intruder. The intruder likely used a program that scans IP addresses for open ports that have security and web cameras connected to them. They had a three years old camera with outdated firmware that enabled the intruder access.For this reason it is critical that you keep your software up-to-date. This rule applies to all devices in your home network, like smart phones and even Wi-Fi devices such as your baby monitor. But ensure that devices receiving updates over the web are doing so over secure systems. Ensure that connectivity is secure and use devices that provide for two-factor authentication.3. Use OOB systemsGovernmental departments and Banks use IoT linked devices, but they are mainly out of reach from hackers because they are OOB (Out Of Band). But keep in mind that these OOB systems are subject to insider attacks.4. Stay informedInformation about managing and securing IoT devices can be obtained from some organizations such as FIPS and National Institute of Standards and Technology. These organizations address critical steps that are needed to secure and protect information and critical systems.5. Secure the location of your IoT linked devicesData should be protected physically and virtually and this should be done by your IoT service provider. Be sure to have a contract that outlines the provider’s responsibilities if there is a breach of its system.Service ProvidersIn this section, I will point some tips without going deep in Details.1. The communication in IoT should be secured with:
- Authentication services
This can be achieved at different layers:
- At the link layer, with IEEE 802.15.4 security.
- At the network layer with IP security (Ipsec).
- At the transport layer with Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS).
Even if the IoT is secured with encryption and authentication, the sensor nodes are vulnerable to wireless attacks, Therefore, an IDS and firewalls are needed.2. Network SecurityThe Network can be attacked even if there is a communication security that protects messages. Such attacks are aimed to disrupt networks by interrupting the routing topology or by launching DoS attacks. IDS, therefor, are required to detect any malicious activities in the network. Firewalls are required as well to block any unauthorized access to the network.6LoWPAN networks in IoT are vulnerable to a number of attacks from the Internet and from inside the network and are easier to compromise a resource-constrained wireless node than a typical Internet host. Considering the novel characteristics of the IoT it is worth investigating the applicability of current IDS and firewall techniques in the IoT, or designing a novel IDS and firewall exploiting the contemporary IoT features and protocols.3. Data SecurityIt is very important to protect sensitive data stored on any IoT device. As we know, most of the IoT devices are wirelessly connected and it is hard to protect each connected node with smart cards or TPM. Software based solutions can be used to secure such sensitive stored data.4. The following security services are necessary in the IoT:
- Confidentiality: Any attacker can intercept messages between the source and destination, therefore E2E message secrecy is required in the IoT.
- Data Integrity: Message Integrity Codes (MIC) are mostly used to provide this service
- Source Integrity or Authentication: communication between end points should be verified
- Availability: Services that applications offer should be always available and work properly.
- Replay Protection: There should be mechanisms to detect duplicate or replayed messages.
In the end, I want to say “As long as there is a mind to invent, there is a mind to crack. Just do what you have to do”.
I hope this has been informative for you and I would like to thank you for reading. | <urn:uuid:1f801418-539e-4581-9307-aa207daba95f> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://ciscomarketing.jiveon.com/people/Unix1511974/blog/2015/03/12/iot-the-oppressed-project | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084888041.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119144931-20180119164931-00745.warc.gz | en | 0.933799 | 1,839 | 2.671875 | 3 |
When the baby is small, it is prone to indigestion, bloating, and diarrhea. This is especially true for babies who are just weaned. As a parent, watching the child not digest, eating without appetite, trying to find a way to buy a digestive oral liquid for the child, granules, is a drug three-point poison. Parents who love their baby, why not take care of it from the diet, give the baby at home a bowl of appetizing millet yam porridge.
Add one foot to the pot and hear the rice when the water is not open. (Millet is harder to cook than yam, it should be cooked for a while)
After the millet is boiled for 30 minutes, put it into the yam and cook for 15 minutes. It can be seasoned with a proper amount of white sugar.
Tips 1. This millet yam porridge has the effect of treating baby's indigestion. The baby usually eats yam to strengthen the body. 2. Itching when cutting yam is good: before cutting, soak the handle in diluted vinegar, and it will not itch when cutting yam. 3. Millet porridge should not be too thin; don't use hand rubbing when scouring rice, avoid soaking for a long time or using hot water to wash rice. | <urn:uuid:adae9aea-e0b5-410b-93b9-82274f4db517> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | http://www.home-cooking-recipes.com/recipe-baby-food-supplement-appetizer-to-help-digestion-millet-yam-porridge-73923/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178355937.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20210225211435-20210226001435-00523.warc.gz | en | 0.923932 | 279 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Critiques of Darwinism
- Hits: 16872 16872
According to the Modern Synthesis, the evolution of a complex organ such as an elephant’s trunk arises through a series of logical steps. Could there be an error hidden in these steps? Let's review them.
1. Living creatures are defined by a set of blueprints--genes--configured precisely enough to specify how a living creature grows from a single egg cell into an adult. At least tens of thousands of those genes are required to specify how an elephant sustains, grows and reproduces itself.
2. Genes are complicated molecules subject, like most complicated functional structures in this world, to spontaneous decay. A characteristic of such decay is, the great majority of the changes that make any functional difference will be harmful.
3. Occasionally, just by the laws of chance, an instance of the decay will actually be beneficial and be available to processes of evolution.
4. Genes are selected for independently one by one, so natural selection can eliminate all those that are harmful while retaining all those that are beneficial. The net result in each generation will be a net benefit.
5. As a result of each beneficial genes being selected for in every generation over many thousands of years, it will spread to become its gene’s dominant allele.
6. Once enough of these genes have accumulated they can be further selected to code for a new feature such as an elephant’s trunk.
7. Once they do, all these genes get selected together for the benefit this major new feature brings.
Did you notice “the flaw.” In case you didn’t, I point it out below
Genes are either selected for individually, or they are not. Step 7 says that once a number of mutations begin coding for something new, such as an elephant’s trunk, they get selected together without fail or else few elephants would have all the genes needed for a functional trunk. If gene selection is not random, though, then step 4 won’t work. And we know selection is not always random, that many genes are essential and "conserved"--protected from recombination etc. If those may not be mutated and selected for at random then maybe there's no purely random mutation at all.
Step 3 assumes that periods of mere millions of years are enough to guarantee the beneficial genes needed for the coding of an elephant's trunk appearing through random decay. But that is not guaranteed. No matter how great a finite number of monkeys you have typing at random, mathematicians express doubts that you would get improvements in a Shakespeare sonnet in a time less than the lifetime of the universe. So step 3 cannot be accepted without proof that the hundreds or thousands of beneficial mutations required for construction of a trunk are likely to appear within, say, 10 million years. And even if random decay of genes could generate improvements among simple creatures with few genes and no very advanced functions, wouldn’t this process slow down greatly as creatures’ genomes got more complex, and honed to greater perfection through longer periods of evolution. Yet more complex creatures seem to evolve complex new functions relatively rapidly (without horizontal gene flow, as in microbes). Evolution does not seem to be paced according to the likelihood of all the beneficial genes needed for a complex 3D-organ having to be produced by random decay of chromosomes.
Step 4 assumes natural selection is 100% efficient. Suppose each generation begins with 1000 times as many harmful as beneficial mutations entering it, and natural selection is 50% efficient. Then 500 times as many harmful as beneficial genes enter the gene pool in each generation, and extinction swiftly ensues. Yet natural selection is usually quoted as having an efficiency of from 1-3%. Step 3 isn’t just flawed, it’s purely wishful thinking, along the lines of Jack getting back down to the Earth without being caught by the giant.
Step 4 assumes that same 100% efficiency. If instead it’s nearer 1%, and in each generation there are 100 times as many progeny conceived as survive to adulthood, any slightly beneficial gene has only a slightly better than 1% chance of appearing in the next generation. You’d need 50 instances of this identical mutation occurring in one generation for one instance to survive into a second generation, with similar odds preventing its appearance for quite a few generations.
Step 5 makes demands on plausibility greater than Jack’s getting back safely home, beyond the point I made above (all the genes involved in the creation of an elephant’s truck all getting selected for together in every meiosis). Somehow, hundreds of genes have to come to collaborate to not only fashion a trunk in the adult but conspire to collaborate on every stage of its development in the embryo. How likely is that! And does the process of working on this collaboration have to wait until the last one required is generated at random and selected until it becomes the major allele at its location?
One way of the other, from the existence of elephants with trunks we know that, if the Modern Synthesis is valid, there must be in the cell sufficient engineering talent for all those beneficial mutations to be retooled so they no longer code for the benefits for which they were originally selected but now work together to code for the development of a trunk. If that much engineering talent is available, why does the cell need to wait for all the genes to be damaged at random? If they have to be damaged first why can’t it damage the required genes itself, all at once, so work of making a trunk can begin immediately? Of course the cell doesn't need the genes to be damaged first! It could work with the same genes the way they are before they got damaged. Mutation would not be required for evolution to proceed. And even if it were, natural selection doesn't have the horse-power to change a great predominance of harmful mutations to a total predominance of beneficial mutations.
Ergo, only steps 1 and 2 as not flawed. Step 3 may not in practice be true. The rest are wrong. There is precious little of the Modern Synthesis left; it is not merely flawed, it is a fairy story along the lines of Jack and Beanstalk.
Did you get that right?
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Delirium is an acute disturbance of consciousness, attention and cognition that tends to fluctuate during the course of the day.
Dementia causes progressive cognitive impairment, affecting memory, judgement, language and everyday tasks. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common type of dementia.
This infographic is targeted at reducing inappropriate use of antipsychotics. It summarises why this is such an important issue for people with behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) across multiple healthcare settings. | <urn:uuid:e42b0342-a68e-4257-a133-e2aad08219a3> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/publications-and-resources/resource-library?f%5B0%5D=resource_type%3A68&f%5B1%5D=resource_type%3A69&f%5B2%5D=topics%3A40&f%5B3%5D=topics%3A43&f%5B4%5D=topics%3A47&f%5B5%5D=topics%3A103 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141211510.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20201130065516-20201130095516-00455.warc.gz | en | 0.905605 | 115 | 2.65625 | 3 |
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