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Part 1 of 4 of the Documentary “Animated Soviet Propaganda” (The quality on Google video is better as they allow for bigger longer files to be uploaded)
From 1924 to perestroika the USSR produced more than 4 dozen animated propaganda films. They weren’t for export. Their target was the new nation and their goal was to win over the hearts and minds of the Soviet people. Anti-American, Anti-British, Anti-German, Anti-Capitalist, Anti-Fascist, some of these films are as artistically beautiful as the great political posters made after the 1917 revolution which inspired Soviet animation.
A unique series. With a unique perspective. Includes interviews with the directors of the animated films which are still alive and commentary by a leading Soviet film scholar.
Two hours of documentary and six hours of animated films | <urn:uuid:6793a78d-b237-401a-8ecf-cce935727ad1> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://vintage-political-advertising.noblogs.org/post/2007/01/23/propaganda-animated-soviet-propaganda-part-1-american-imperialists/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107881640.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20201024022853-20201024052853-00260.warc.gz | en | 0.971635 | 174 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Pope John Paul II was born Karol Józef Wojtyla on May 18, 1920, in Wadowice, Poland. He was ordained in 1946, became the bishop of Ombi in 1958, and became the archbishop of Krakow in 1964. He was made a cardinal by Pope Paul VI in 1967, and in 1978 became the first non-Italian pope in more than 400 years. He was a vocal advocate for human rights and used his influence to effect political change. He died in Italy in 2005. It was announced in July of 2013 that he would be declared a saint in April of the following year.
Born Karol Józef Wojtyla on May 18, 1920, in Wadowice, Poland, Pope John Paul II's early life was marked by great loss. His mother died when he was 9 years old, and his older brother Edmund died when he was 12.
Growing up, John Paul was athletic and enjoyed skiing and swimming. He went to Krakow's Jagiellonian University in 1938 where he showed an interest in theater and poetry. The school was closed the next year by Nazi troops during the German occupation of Poland. Wanting to become a priest, John Paul began studying at a secret seminary run by the archbishop of Krakow. After World War II ended, he finished his religious studies at a Krakow seminary and was ordained in 1946.
Rise Within the Church
John Paul spent two years in Rome where he finished his doctorate in theology. He returned to his native Poland in 1948 and served in several parishes in and around Krakow. John Paul became the bishop of Ombi in 1958 and then the archbishop of Krakow six years later. Considered one of the Catholic Church's leading thinkers, he participated in the Second Vatican Council—sometimes called Vatican II. The council began reviewing church doctrine in 1962, holding several sessions over the course of the next few years. As a member of the council, John Paul helped the church to examine its position in the world. Well regarded for his contributions to the church, John Paul was made a cardinal in 1967 by Pope Paul VI.
In 1978, John Paul made history by becoming the first non-Italian pope in more than four hundred years. As the leader of the Catholic Church, he traveled the world, visiting more than 100 countries to spread his message of faith and peace. But he was close to home when he faced the greatest threat to his life. In 1981, an assassin shot John Paul twice in St. Peter's Square in Vatican City. Fortunately, he was able to recover from his injuries and later forgave his attacker.
A vocal advocate for human rights, John Paul often spoke out about suffering in the world. He held strong positions on many topics, including his opposition to capital punishment. A charismatic figure, John Paul used his influence to bring about political change and is credited with the fall of communism in his native Poland. He was not without critics, however. Some have stated that he could be harsh with those who disagreed with him and that he would not compromise his hard-line stance on certain issues, such as contraception.
In his later years, John Paul's health appeared to be failing. At public appearances, he moved slowly and seemed unsteady on his feet. He also visibly trembled at times. One of his doctors also disclosed that John Paul had Parkinson's disease, a brain disorder often characterized by shaking, in 2001. But there was never any official announcement about his illness from the Vatican.
John Paul II died on April 2, 2005, at the age of 84, at his Vatican City residence. More than 3 million people waited in line to say good-bye to their beloved religious leader at St. Peter's Basilica before his funeral on April 8.
On July 5, 2013, waving the usual five-year waiting period, the Vatican announced that the Roman Catholic Church would declare Pope John Paul II a saint, and that the canonization ceremony would likely take place within the next 16 months. The Vatican also stated that Pope John XXIII, who headed the Catholic Church from 1958 until his death in 1963 and convened the Vatican II council, would also be declared a saint.
On September 30, 2013, Pope Francis announced that the canonizations of Pope John Paul II and Pope John XXIII would occur on April 27, 2014. The announcement of Pope John Paul II's canonization came after the Vatican revealed that two miracles were attributed to the late pope. After a dying French nun, Sister Marie Simon-Pierre Normand, prayed to Pope John Paul II for during her battle with Parkinson's disease—the same illness that killed the pope—she was cured. The second miracle involved a 50-year-old woman, who claimed that she was cured of a brain aneurysm after a photograph of Pope John Paul II spoke to her.
The official sainthood ceremony, held on April 27, 2014, brought together four popes. Pope Francis led the event to elevate Pope John Paul II and Pope John XXIII to sainthood, which was also attended by Francis's predecessor Emeritus Pope Benedict.
We strive for accuracy and fairness. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us! | <urn:uuid:c34ef2e1-ba05-4a11-bd2f-06579aa8f027> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.biography.com/people/john-paul-ii-9355652 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221212598.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20180817143416-20180817163416-00239.warc.gz | en | 0.991895 | 1,082 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Carbon removal from atmosphere unavoidable for 1.5 degree target
Several new MCC studies find significant differences in the potentials and risks of negative emissions technologies.
Limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees will make the world increasingly dependent on technologies that extract CO2 from the atmosphere. However, technology development and expansion, as well as the start of pilot projects, are considerably lagging behind deployment in climate mitigation scenarios. In order to remain below the two-degree mark, however, the extensive use of a broad portfolio of "negative emission technologies" (NETs), as these techniques for CO2 removal are called, can be reduced to a minimum. This is one result of several new studies by the Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC). The scientists led an international consortium that has now published the results in a special section of the journal Environmental Research Letters.
With these three comprehensive studies, the researchers point to a major gap in the dialogue between science and policy: With the Paris Agreement, the international community committed itself to limiting global warming to “well below two degrees Celsius.” However, the necessary deployment of NETs is currently hardly discussed in policy debates, although some of these technologies involve considerable conflicts for land use, water consumption or energy requirements among others. Negative emissions will likely be featured prominently in the Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) on the 1.5°C target, which will be published in autumn.
"Although policymakers like to set ever more ambitious targets in the climate negotiations, the concrete actions so far are lagging far behind. The result is a growing dependence on negative emissions," says Jan Minx, head of the MCC working group Applied Sustainability Science. "There is an urgent need for the international community not to further increase but reduce its dependence on technologies for carbon removal from the atmosphere. To achieve this, we need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions much more rapidly – also in Germany".
NETs aim to remove carbon dioxide (CO2), the major driver of man-made climate change, from the atmosphere. They include relatively simple options like planting more trees to lock up CO2 as they grow, or crushing rocks that naturally absorb CO2 and spreading them on soils so that they remove CO2 more rapidly. Another option includes using chemicals to sequester CO2 from the air (direct air capture). A further option involves burning plants for energy and capturing the CO2 that would otherwise be released, then storing it permanently deep below the ground. This is called bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS).
The three new studies represent the most comprehensive literature review to date. They were prepared by an international consortium of 20 researchers at six institutes. Overall, more than 6,000 documents were considered on seven groups of technologies: BECCS, afforestation and reforestation, direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS), enhanced weathering, ocean fertilization, biochar and carbon sequestration in soil. Through a systematic process and big data methods, 1000 studies were identified that provided relevant information on the potential, costs and side effects of the various technologies for CO2 removal.
Source: Fuss et al. (2018)
According to the studies, all technologies have relevant potential – except ocean fertilization. However, they differ in terms of costs, side effects, development status and long-term storage potential: Afforestation, for example, could already be carried out at large scale today, but the CO2 could be released more easily again by human or natural influence. BECCS could safely store large quantities of CO2, but the technology is still in the demonstration phase and faces opposition from the public.
"If negative emissions technologies are to be massively scaled up by mid-century in the way many IAM scenarios portray them, then the innovation literature implies that we should be seeing demonstrations, niche applications, and early adoption occurring imminently," says co-author Greg Nemet of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, who led the review on NETs innovation and upscaling. "However, the NETs literature we reviewed does not at all reflect this urgency, nor do existing policies."
Through their systematic literature analysis, the researchers have found that almost two-thirds of the literature focuses on the early phases of NET research and development. "The actual use of new technologies and their upscaling takes a lot of time. That makes it all the more important to support these steps through research," says Sabine Fuss, Head of the MCC working group Sustainable Resource Management and Global Change. "In order to clarify the opportunities and risks of negative emissions and to make them possible on an industrial scale, a roadmap for pilot projects must be developed. This will certainly have to cover several different technologies – a focus on just one technology at this scale would be too risky".
Minx, Jan C. et al. (2018): Negative emissions: Part 1—research landscape and synthesis. Environmental Research Letters 13, 063001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aabf9b
Fuss, Sabine et al. (2018): Negative emissions—Part 2: Costs, potentials and side effects. Environmental Research Letters 13, 063002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aabf9f
Nemet, Gregory F. et al. (2018): Negative emissions—Part 3: Innovation and upscaling. Environmental Research Letters 13, 063003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aabff4 | <urn:uuid:224e8565-a554-41e1-a810-d0d01324a6ad> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.mcc-berlin.net/en/news/information/information-detail/article/carbon-removal-from-atmosphere-unavoidable-for-15-degree-target.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195524254.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20190715215144-20190716001144-00530.warc.gz | en | 0.927435 | 1,160 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Evergreen pentas (Pentas lanceolata) produce clusters of tube-shaped flowers. Pentas prefer rich soil and morning sun with light afternoon shade. These tender plants grow in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 10 through 11, and because they are evergreen perennials, pentas grow and flower almost year-round within these zones. Elsewhere, you can treat pentas as summer annuals or grow them as houseplants.
Perennial Pentas Care
Pentas grown outdoors as perennials are heat-tolerant and grow in poor soil as long it drains well. Pinch the tips of young plants to encourage branching and deadhead them regularly to encourage more blooms. Space the plants 18 to 24 inches apart, because they can smother nearby plants in mid- to late summer if not allowed adequate space to grow. Outdoor pentas work well in borders and develop into mini-shrubs growing 1 to 3 feet tall with clusters of brightly colored flowers. Prune heavily each year before spring growth begins.
Treating Pentas As Annuals
Pentas treated as annuls bloom all summer. Plant them where they receive light shade part of the day and some sun. Space them 12 to 18 inches apart when you grow them as annuals. Overwinter pentas by bringing them indoors before the first frost and place them in a south-facing window. Indoor plants need temperatures between 55 and 60 degrees Fahrenheit.
When grown indoors, pentas require a temperature of at least 55 F and even young indoor plants can produce plentiful flowers in spring and continue to flower from many months. Indoor plants droop and the leaves turn yellow if the soil gets too dry. To prevent this, water the plants daily to keep the soil moist, but not wet. To encourage more blooms, pinch off flower clusters as they fade.
Sow seeds indoors in spring eight to 10 weeks before the last frost. You can transplant the seedlings once the soil has warmed to 50 F. The seeds need light and soil temperatures between 65 and 70 F for germination, which can take between seven and 40 days. Seeds planted in spring will reach maturity and begin blooming in summer. You can propagate pentas from 2- to 3-inch stem cuttings taken in late summer.
- The New Sunset Western Garden Book; Kathleen Norris, Editor
- The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of Gardening Volume 13; T.H Everett, Editor
- The Gardener's A-Z Guide to Growing Flowers From Seed to Bloom; Eileen Powell
- Missouri Botanical Garden: Pentas Laceloata
- Comstock Images/Stockbyte/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:39a21099-c84d-4204-bf20-2991036b7111> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://homeguides.sfgate.com/growing-season-pentas-92514.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542714.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00357-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.901955 | 550 | 3.03125 | 3 |
THERE’S MORE LIKE THIS ON OUR NEW SITE – POLANDIAN.COM
There are three or four images of the Podgórze Ghetto in Krakow that crop up time and again, but what do these places look like today?
First, a short history lesson. Between March 1941 and March 1943 a small section of the Podgórze district of Krakow was walled off and served as a holding pen, or ghetto, for about 15,000 Jewish residents of Krakow. Podgórze is a suburb of Krakow lying on the south side of the Vistula River while the main city lies on the north side. Podgórze is not very big and only part of it was walled off. You can walk from one side of the ghetto area to the other in less than five minutes. A dozen small streets that had been home to around 3,000 people suddenly became home to 15,000 people. The swinging of cats was not a major pastime.
Area of the Krakow Ghetto
For a couple of years our German friends had a fine old time marching people in and out of the ghetto gates to shovel snow, clean cobblestones, and occasionally line up against walls. Finally in 1943 they decided to cart everyone off to the Płaszów labor camp just a couple of kilometers down the road. Thickset chaps with short necks, big dogs, and machine guns started kicking in doors at 4:30 in the morning and inviting people to step outside. By the end of the second day about 8,000 people had been marched off to Płaszów (where the fun was just beginning), 3,000 people were sitting in cattle cars wondering what was so interesting about this Auschwitz place they kept hearing about, and 2,000 people had been laboriously converted into bullet-ridden corpses and scattered about the streets of Podgórze.
According to the plan, such as it was, none of these things should have mattered much because anyone who was there and might have felt inclined to complain should have been dead within a few months. Amazingly the Germans was so sure of this they even took pictures of the process. There aren’t many of these pictures and just a few of the most evocative ones crop up again and again on websites and in books. These were the scenes I wanted to look at through modern eyes, as it were.
The newly constructed gate to the Krakow Ghetto on Limanowskiego Street (c. March 1941)
The walls and gates are variously reported as having been built by forced Jewish labor or Polish contractors, probably a mixture of both. My understanding is that the writing above the gate reads “Jewish residential area” in German but rendered in Yiddish script. Tram and road traffic continued to flow through this gate and out the other side of the ghetto throughout its existence. Presumably the tram didn’t stop.
Limanowskiego Street today (May, 2008)
The gates are long gone, demolished by the Germans soon after the liquidation of the ghetto. Today there’s a pedestrian crossing almost exactly where the gates once stood, but no sign of the gates themselves. I looked pretty hard, and I’m famous for my ability to stare at walls, curbs, and cornices without pity or embarrassment, but I saw no trace.
Three Ghetto inmates hurry down the road towards Płaszów (March 13th or 14th, 1943)
Looks to me like a fairly young guy hurrying along his elderly parents, various box-heads are marching up and down or pointing at things in the background. This exit to the ghetto was at the junction of Lwowska and Jozefinska Street. The three, presumably Jewish, people on the left have just been ejected from their homes and are making for the Płaszów labor camp a couple of kilometers down the road. It seems highly unlikely that Mom and Pop will survive there for more than a few weeks, assuming they aren’t shot on arrival. Junior will probably do okay for a while but will still end up as a pile of ash in Auschwitz. This happened right on this corner 65 years ago.
Lwowska Street today (May, 2008)
Again, there is not a trace of the gate or the wall here. There is a large fragment of the ghetto wall on Lwowska Street more or less right behind where I was standing to take this photo. The buildings themselves seem to be in rather worse repair than they were 65 years ago, apart from the odd bit of PVC double glazing.
Surviving fragment of the Krakow Ghetto wall
Abandoned possessions of ghetto residents (March 13th or 14th, 1943)
This photo was taken about 50 meters up the road from the shot above, presumably by the same person a few hours later. It is described by more informed scholars than I as showing luggage and random goods dropped by people who had been marched out of the ghetto on their way to Płaszów. You’ve got to wonder who the uniformed guy standing on the extreme left side of the picture is. The tram tracks in the foreground were part of a line that split off from Limanowskiego Street at this corner and proceeded down Lwowska Street. The line is no longer in use, but I suspect the tracks are still there just beneath the tarmac and you can clearly see a trace of them on the the modern road surface in the photo below.
Corner of Limanowskiego and Lwowska today (May, 2008)
It’s a very strange experience to stand on this corner knowing you are standing exactly where the unknown photographer of the scene above once stood.
The Cyganeria Cafe
On December 22nd or 23rd, 1942 (three months before the liquidation of the Krakow Ghetto) members of the Jewish Fighting Organization and Polish communist partisans bombed the Cyganeria Cafe, a favored haunt of German military personnel in Krakow. The Cyganeria Cafe was well outside the ghetto on the other side of the city in Szpitalna Street, directly opposite the Juliusz Slowacki Theater. Eleven Germans were reportedly killed and thirteen wounded.
Location of the Cyganeria Cafe today
Astonishingly the Cyganeria Cafe is a Kefirek mini supermarket today. I’ve shopped in there dozens of times in complete ignorance of its infamous history. There is in fact a plaque on the wall, visible in the picture as a black rectangle to the left of the main shop entrance, but I had never noticed it. Despite returning to the location and hanging around two days in a row I wasn’t able to get a picture completely free of parked cars, vans, delivery trucks, or ridiculous SUV-type things.
Want to visit these sites?
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Read more about the Jewish experience in Second World War Krakow in Schindler’s List Death Camp: Krakow – Off the beaten track | <urn:uuid:4b3c2e94-df64-4a31-a0e9-62872530375f> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://polandian.wordpress.com/2008/05/29/podgorze-ghetto-krakow-off-the-beaten-track/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232259757.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20190526205447-20190526231447-00555.warc.gz | en | 0.965364 | 1,489 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Chromatography is a process in which the components of a liquid are separated by being passed through a solid medium. It works because each component will interact differently with the solid medium in different ways and will therefore travel at different speeds through the medium. This phenomenon has uses in many applications as diverse as drug testing, health screening, pharmaceutical manufacturing, specialist chemical manufacturing, the water industry, and scientific research.
HPLC. Image Credit: khawfangenvi16/Shutterstock.com
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, formerly known as High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography, is a process in which a liquid is passed through a column packed with a specified material to separate components of the liquid. The technique is relatively modern, first being used in the middle of the 20th century, but it has its roots in work done in the 19th century.
History of Chromatography
The earliest recognition of chromatography appears to be when Runge used blotting paper to separate the components of dyes in 1855, although it is not certain that he recognized this phenomenon as chromatography.
In the 1860s, Schonbein and Goppelsroeder attempted to study the speed at which various components moved through the blotting paper. They did not call the phenomenon chromatography, but capillary analysis, as they believed the movement was due to capillary action.
Between 1927 and 1943 Liesgange developed a method of separating discrete spots of samples. This method of paper chromatography was developed around the same time by Archer Martin and lead to the more common use of the technique.
The first use of column chromatography, using a calcium carbonate column to separate plant pigment was described by Mikhail Tsvet in 1901. It was not until the mid-20th century that Martin and Synge collaborated to combine the techniques of their predecessors to develop the process by using silica in the column whilst seeking to identify amino acids.
The first commercial HPLC machine was produced in 1969 by the Waters Corporation. Since then, there have been many developments in techniques and technology making HPLC an important tool in industry and laboratories. Today it is even possible to have a portable HPLC machine that links by USB or wireless connection to tablets or mobile phones.
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography requires high pressures to operate, typically up to 500 bar or over 493 atmospheres. In recent times, the development of Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography has extended the pressure range up to 1500bar. This means that the equipment required is specialized and requires good engineering design to make it work and to be safe. Typically containing and moving high-pressure liquid will require very high-quality components and materials of construction.
A typical HPLC column would be 2 – 5mm diameter and 30 to 250mm in length which means that very accurate manufacturing is required to produce relatively small components capable of handling very challenging conditions. Modern manufacturing techniques mean that the equipment continues to evolve and improve.
A typical HPLC system will include a reservoir for the sample (mobile phase), high-pressure pump, degasser, mixing valves, a column containing specified packing (stationary phase), detector or detectors, a recording device, and a collection reservoir for the treated sample.
The quantities of the sample analyzed in an HPLC system are often very small which means the equipment required must accurately handle very small volumes. These elements bring some complexity and challenge to linking the equipment together and making sure it all works as designed.
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Techniques
In addition to handling mixtures of liquids, different techniques can be applied to HPLC to achieve specific results. Typically, the sample or mobile phase is mixed with a solvent such as water or methanol to enhance the separation. The packing in the column can be varied as well depending on what kind of separation is required.
Normal phase chromatography is where the column, stationary phase, is more polar than the liquid mobile phase. Typical solvents would be hexane, heptane, dichloromethane, and acetone. A normal phase is not normally used in pharmaceutical applications as molecules are polar and take a long time to be eluted.
Reverse Phase chromatography is where the mobile phase is more polar than the stationary phase. Typical polar solvents are water, methanol, and acetonitrile. Reverse-phase chromatography is good for pharma as it results in rapid elution of samples.
In addition to varying the solvent identity, the solvent strength can be varied. A sample with a constant composition is known as isocratic. Analyzing a sample with a constant solvent content is known as isocratic elution. This method would be most likely used in a manufacturing process aiming to isolate a particular component.
It is possible to vary the amount of solvent present, which is known as a gradient elution. This would be used if a sample has a mixture of polar and non-polar components.
In addition to varying the mobile phase, the stationary phase can also be varied according to the process requirements. The stationary phase is usually more polar in normal phase chromatography. The converse is true generally in reverse phase chromatography the mobile phase is polar and the stationary phase less polar.
Ion Exchange Chromatography
An ionic stationary phase is used with an ionic mobile phase and the stronger the charge the faster the elution. The mobile phase is usually a buffered aqueous solution.
Size Exclusion Chromatography
In Size-exclusion HPLC the stationary phase has precisely sized pore sizes and it is used to separate large-sized molecules.
Applications for HPLC
HPLC can be used to analyze or separate many different mixtures. It is used as an analytical tool in research to qualitatively analyze samples, identifying what molecules are present, and quantitatively to identify how much of a compound is present. This means it can be used in chemical, biochemical, biological, and medical applications to identify and measure specific compounds in a laboratory setting. The advent of mobile units has meant that fieldwork can be carried out as well. For example, field analysis of hemoglobin in Africa to detect sickle cell anemia.
It is also a useful tool in testing for pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, pharmaceutical products, illegal food additives, toxins, and other organic contaminants. It can also be used to detect illegal or performance-enhancing drugs in humans.
With increasing developments in detection and recording equipment and the development of more sophisticated media columns, the potential uses for HPLC are likely to continue to grow.
- Today, C. (n.d.). Experience and Applications of a New Portable HPLC Machine. [online] Chromatography Today. Available at: https://www.chromatographytoday.com/article/hplc-uhplc/31/polylc-inc/experience-and-applications-of-a-new-portable-hplc-machine/2865 [Accessed 26 Mar. 2021].
- Today, C. (n.d.). 14 Years on from the Introduction of UHPLC. [online] Chromatography Today. Available at: https://www.chromatographytoday.com/article/hplc-uhplc/31/shimadzu-europa-gmbh/p14-years-on-from-thenbspintroduction-of-uhplcp/2377 [Accessed 26 Mar. 2021].
- Friday, July 5 and Tweet, 2013 (n.d.). Newer Developments in HPLC Impacting Pharmaceutical Analysis: A Brief Review. [online] www.americanpharmaceuticalreview.com. Available at: https://www.americanpharmaceuticalreview.com/Featured-Articles/140498-Newer-Developments-in-HPLC-Impacting-Pharmaceutical-Analysis-A-Brief-Review/#:~:text=High%20performance%20liquid%20chromatography%20(HPLC [Accessed 26 Mar. 2021].
- Lab Manager. (n.d.). Evolution Of HPLC Systems. [online] Available at: https://www.labmanager.com/laboratory-technology/evolution-of-hplc-systems-19579. | <urn:uuid:9d995c07-a270-4019-b6c7-e93e8fad8b88> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.azolifesciences.com/article/High-Performance-Liquid-Chromatography-(HPLC)-An-Overview.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949107.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20230330070451-20230330100451-00717.warc.gz | en | 0.927407 | 1,723 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Farès el-Dahdah and Alida C. Metcalf
ImagineRio is a searchable digital atlas that illustrates the social and urban evolution of Rio de Janeiro, as it existed and as it was imagined. Views, historical maps, and ground floor plans –from iconographic, cartographic, and architectural archives– are located in both time and space while their visual and spatial data are integrated across a number of databases and servers, including a public repository of images, a geographic information system, an open-source relational database, and a content delivery web system. The relationship between the various project elements produces a web environment where vector, spatial, and raster data are simultaneously probed, toggled, viewed, and/or queried in a system that supports multiple expressions of diverse data sources. It is an environment where, for example, historians can visualize specific sites both temporally and spatially, where architects and urbanists can see proposed design projects in situ, where literary scholars can map out novels while visualizing their contexts, and where archaeologists can reconstruct complex stratigraphies. Scaled down into a mobile version, the site allows tourists and residents to walk about town while visualizing the city as it once was as well as it was once projected. Rio de Janeiro’s urban history is particularly well suited to being captured diachronically considering how much the city’s natural environment, urban fabric, and self-representation have changed over time. To make Rio what it is today, hills were leveled, swamps drained, shorelines redrawn, and islands joined to the mainland, while its Tijuca Forest was first cleared due to the planting of coffee and charcoal extraction only to later be replanted for the protection of water sources. Such a changing physical and social landscape, with all its political consequences, lends itself to being spatially contextualized in a digital platform that illustrates the change of time. | <urn:uuid:c63d4fe8-f8da-4dd6-b3f3-d3aff9c04c69> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://nadl.tamu.edu/index.php/landscapes/american-landscapes/imaginerio-brazil/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107889651.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20201025183844-20201025213844-00647.warc.gz | en | 0.949805 | 394 | 2.921875 | 3 |
The unexpected March sunshine seemed to lift the mood of the nation. At lunchtimes the parks are filled with usually cooped-up office workers, with some are even relocating their meetings from boardroom to the boardwalk.
Given both anecdotal and scientific evidence about the benefits of sunshine, this is an entirely sensible idea:
- It is easier to generate ideas, solve problems and work creatively in an environment where the view is always changing.
- Sunlight on our skin helps us to produce vitamin D, which is not only responsible for good bone health but also boosts our immune system, and has been linked to healthy brain aging, maintaining a healthy body weight, protection against low levels of radiation, and in some instances protection against some cancers.
- Being outdoors improves our mental state – time spent being close to and observing nature is recognised as a remedy for depression.
- Natural light overcomes the winter blues known as SAD.
- Sunlight will stimulate the appetite, improving digestion and metabolism.
- Sunlight increases the production of endorphins and serotonin in the brain which will enhance your feelings of wellbeing.
- Getting enough sunlight during the day can improve your sleep by increasing melatonin output at night. Melatonin is a natural hormone which enhances sleep and slows down the aging process.
- The ultraviolet rays in sunshine act as a natural antiseptic which can kill viruses, bacteria, moulds, yeasts, fungi, and mites in air, water, and on different surfaces including your skin.
- Plus our circle of social connections expands as we reconnect with neighbours over the garden fence or opt to walk rather than drive to the shops.
These long bright days won’t last for ever, so if you would like to take your team off-site for an away day and bask in the glorious sunshine click here for some team activities to generate that feel good factor whatever the weather. | <urn:uuid:1117f97d-25e0-41bf-8666-b5b920f71279> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.freshtracks.co.uk/get-out-get-happy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583722261.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20190120143527-20190120165527-00242.warc.gz | en | 0.941849 | 388 | 2.546875 | 3 |
National Science Education Standards
National Research Council 1996 National Academy Press Washington, D.C.
The National Science Education Standards present a vision of a scientifically literate populace. They outline what students need to know, understand, and be able to do to be scientifically literate at different grade levels. They describe an educational system in which all students demonstrate high levels of performance, in which teachers are empowered to make the decisions essential for effective learning, in which interlocking communities of teachers and students are focused on learning science, and in which supportive educational programs and systems nurture achievement. | <urn:uuid:c0d84e65-062a-4002-85ce-741a612a035d> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.nagt.org/resources/1572.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931007607.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155647-00223-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9418 | 114 | 3.625 | 4 |
Documentation Networking Beat
This section contains information about networking changes in Fedora 10.
Wireless Connection Sharing
The 'NetworkManager applet
nm-applet has been updated to provide better connection sharing through the Create New Wireless Network menu item.
Connection sharing makes it possible to easily set up an ad-hoc WiFi network on a machine with a network connection and a spare wireless card. If the machine has a primary network connection (wired, 3G, second wireless card), routing is set up so that devices connected to the ad-hoc WiFi network can share the connection to the outside network.
When you create a new WiFi network, you have to specify the name of the network and what kind of wireless security to use. NetworkManager then sets up the wireless card to work as an ad-hoc WiFi node that others can join. The routing will be set up between the new network and the primary network connection, and DHCP is used for assigning IP addresses on the new shared WiFi network. DNS queries are also forwarded to upstream nameservers transparently. | <urn:uuid:8adc2cab-6c12-4ead-ad14-0e7322d763f3> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | https://fedoraproject.org/w/index.php?title=Documentation_Networking_Beat&oldid=57535 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049276305.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002116-00034-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.891913 | 218 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Last summer, I beheld my home state of Colorado on fire. Yet, as the media focused on record-setting property loss and devastated mountain communities, my mind was thousands of miles away, in Greenland. I wondered: How much could a growing supply of airborne wildfire soot be contributing to the decline of Greenland's ice reflectivity? How important is soot to amplifying Greenland's melt?
My colleague McKenzie Skiles and I need to travel to Greenland to take samples and put hard numbers on these questions, which is why we launched the Dark Snow crowdfunding campaign. Specifically, we aim to sample Greenland ice and snow to gauge the impact of light-absorbing impurities from increasing wildfire and industrial soot. The ice sheet has been darkening, doubling ice melt rates since year 2000.
The project has so far been like a first ascent, with no guarantee we’d reach our objective, to mount the first Internet crowd-funded Greenland science expedition. Would we inspire enough people to pledge a crowd fund total of $120,000? That question has had me losing sleep since launching Dark Snow Project 6 December, 2012. | <urn:uuid:2e608ac3-6c98-4c42-8b87-678ccc9e63f6> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.outsideonline.com/1916591/wildfires-are-melting-greenland-expedition-notes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860111868.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161511-00157-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95134 | 229 | 2.703125 | 3 |
In a study designed to illuminate distinctions by gender when making moral decisions, men were more likely than women to admit that they would go back in time -- if they could -- to kill Adolph Hitler.
According to Haaretz, the study, published in the Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, was based upon research conducted in the United States, Canada and Germany involving 6,100 participants who were asked various moral questions.
Among the questions asked was: “If a time machine was available, would it be right to kill a young Adolf Hitler to prevent World War II and save millions of lives?”
According to Rebecca Friesdorf, a graduate student in social psychology at Wilfrid Laurier University in Canada and the lead author of the study, women were more conflicted about killing, even it would save other lives.
"Women seem to be more likely to have this negative, emotional, gut-level reaction to causing harm to people in the dilemmas, to the one person, whereas men were less likely to express this strong emotional reaction to harm," she explained.
Participants were asked 20 questions about moral dilemmas on topics relating to murder, torture, lying, abortion, and conducting research on animals.
According to the study, when faced with certain dilemmas men are typically more willing to accept harmful actions for the sake of the greater good than women.
Women would be less likely to support the killing of a young Hitler or torturing a bombing suspect, even if doing so would ultimately save more lives.
The study pitted deontology -- the rightness or wrongness of actions based upon established rules -- against utilitarianism, which focuses on the consequences of actions and seeks the greatest good for the most people. | <urn:uuid:9b3c60da-a85e-4a60-8120-2d9517bf148d> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.rawstory.com/2015/04/men-would-be-more-likely-than-women-to-travel-back-in-time-to-kill-hitler-study/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704835901.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20210128040619-20210128070619-00232.warc.gz | en | 0.970548 | 355 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Chirpy "Early Learning Series"
Dolch Sight Words - 1st Grade
WHAT ARE DOLCH SIGHT WORDS ?
In 1948 Edward William Dolch, PhD, compiled a list of the most frequently used words in the English language. The list consists of 220 words and the 95 nouns. Many of the words could not be "sounded out" and had to be learnt by "sight". Sight words make up 50 to 70 percent of any general text.
Chirpy is a friendly cheeky, fun loving chicken who has been specially developed from valuable feedback from parents, educators and children all around the world.
Let Chirpy teach your child to recognize the 1st Grade set (41 words) of the 220 Dolch sight words through the use of our interactive flash card app.
• Rich colorful graphics
• Child friendly interface
• High quality professionally recorded audio featuring the amazing voice of Carole Richards
• Many changeable backgrounds
• Complete control of audio behavior
• SHAKE function for random words
after again an any as ask by could every fly from give going had has her him his how just know let live may of old once open over put round some stop take thank them then think walk were when
• Children who love and watch the Wiggles, Bananas in Pajamas, Little Einstein, Mickey Mouse Clubhouse, Disney channel, Thomas The Tank Engine, Dora the explorer, Barnie, Winnie the pooh, Blue's Clues or Sesame Street.
• People learning English or the ABC (alphabet)
• Parent home schooling
• Preschool teachers or parents who uses flashcards
• Children learning to read or recognize sightwords
• Kids wanting to learn on their own
OTHER TITLES FROM 22Moo
• The Greatest Paper Planes
• Dolch Sight Words Primer, 1st,2nd,3rd grade and nouns
• Video Origami
Please feel free to contact us with your feedback so that we are able to improve and produce the best possible application for you and your child. | <urn:uuid:72cb1f64-a865-4eb9-b1aa-40f0b2b5f758> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://www.apppicker.com/apps/312455681/chirpy--dolch-sight-words-1st-grade | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376826856.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20181215131038-20181215153038-00546.warc.gz | en | 0.919189 | 429 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Christians have long been called “People of the Book” and placed a great deal of importance upon the Bible. No matter the denomination, the Bible holds a place of reverence and authority (though, of course, the emphasis and interpretation vary). For some of us, how and why the Bible came to hold this place of importance as “scripture” and “authority” for followers of Christ remains a topic worthy of holding our attention. Questions abound: Who wrote the books of the Bible? How were they collected? How are they interpreted? How should they be interpreted? How did the writings of the Bible become considered authoritative? What does it mean if something is scriptural? How was the Bible transmitted? How do we translate the Bible? How do we know that we have the right books in the Bible? Is the Bible trustworthy? What is the relationship of the Bible to other institutions and authorities? And so on.
Christians (and non-Christians) approach and find varying answers to these questions. As someone who places a good deal of importance on the faith and practice of the early Church, it’s important for me to have an understanding of how the earliest followers of Jesus and, insofar as it is possible, Jesus Himself approached the scriptures. In my view, the theology of the early Church on this issue offers the starting point for a proper theology today; as a friend of mine recently noted, our presuppositions about what constitute “sources of authority” go a long way in shaping our worldview. One way in which I approach these issues comes through the lens of canon: how did the New Testament canon form and what are the implications of its formation?
To address this question, one must turn to the writings of the early Church: the writings of the New Testament, of course, but also the writings of Clement of Rome, Ignatius of Antioch, Polycarp of Smyrna, Irenaeus of Lyon, Justin Martyr, the Didache, and a host of others. Yet when these early Christians wrote, they very often did not explicitly express their theology of scripture. Indeed, they were generally concerned with more practical matters. Instead, they demonstrate their theology through their writings, drawing upon Jewish thought and practice, the practice of the Church, the writings of the LXX and Second Temple Judaism, Greco-Roman sources, and the writings of other Christians to make their cases and shape the theologies of their readers.
But it is not enough to note, for example, that the author of First Clement used the Gospel of Matthew in his letter; in order to understand his theology of scripture, we must understand how he conceived of Matthew’s Gospel and what it meant for him to recount the words of Jesus therein. As Franz Stuhlhofer once wrote, “The important question is not whether particular books were cited [in the early Church], but how they were cited.” Through the earliest Christian centuries these theologies of scripture and authority were refined, building upon these earliest sources and culminating in the creation of the formal Christian canon of the Old and New Testaments. And through these earliest Christian centuries I engage the canonization process as a means of ascertaining answers to the questions listed above.
This post stands as the “launch point” for my musings on the subject of early Christian authority here at Pursuing Veritas. This is a topic I have wrestled with for years and with which I continue to work. My engagement began during high school through Paul Maier’s A Skeleton in God’s Closet. My questions grew during my undergraduate years, especially during my time at Oxford studying early Christian doctrine. My MA thesis at Wake Forest University, Discerning Witnesses: First and Second Century Textual Studies in Christian Authority, explicitly engages these questions (in time, I’m sure portions of that work will find their way into posts here). And my current doctoral work at Saint Louis University will continue to develop these themes. Please feel free to pose questions, suggest resources or routes of study, or anything else you feel might contribute as I continue to investigate early Christian authority. I’m excited to see what we can learn.Two more technical notes: Posts on this topic will typically include an “ECA” label at the beginning. During the next several weeks we will be mixing in posts on the “Apostolic Fathers” that address these issues. | <urn:uuid:f02e281d-98a5-44ce-82f3-60745d49ce6a> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://pursuingveritas.com/2014/10/10/early-christian-authority-series/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314641.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20190819032136-20190819054136-00193.warc.gz | en | 0.964485 | 916 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Twenty years on
Deputy chairman Stewart McCormick warmly welcomed Mark Holling, Former President of the Scottish Ornithological Club and Secretary of the Rare Birds Breeding Panel to north Northumberland Bird Club.
His talk was entitled ‘Twenty Years On: The South- East Scotland Bird Atlas’ reflecting on his involvement with the first ever Bird Atlas for Lothian and the Borders 20 years ago and his current work on the new Bird Atlas, which will update and greatly expand the data.
The first atlas produced for SE Scotland (1988-94) drew on the BTO 1981-84 Atlas. Whereas Mark and his 10 colleagues did not have the vast resources of the BTO to hand, they did have expertise and local knowledge. The new local Atlas, like its predecessor, bases its methodology on that of the BTO (British Trust for Ornithology) Atlases, particularly the most recent BTO publication published in 2013, which combined both breeding and wintering birds in one volume.
This mighty tome mapped such information as breeding evidence, range, abundance, change and distribution of species.
The new local Atlas (2007-13) is based on data collected from 1770 ‘tetrads’(2km x2km squares), the area covered being the Lothian and Borders region, encompassing the Cheviots, the Moorfoot Hills, the Pentland Hills and the Lammermuirs.
Whilst advances in mapping through aerial surveys and satellite technology have revolutionised our understanding of habitat and terrain, the gathering of information on bird species and their abundance is still very labour intensive, requiring many volunteer birders on the ground. It took six years of fieldwork ( a staggering 13,852 hours) from 827 observers to gather the 456,808 records, which form the basis of this new study, a triumph of ‘Citizen Science’.
The habitats studied included everything from grasslands, river valleys, arable farmland, coniferous and deciduous woodlands, heather moors and the coastal environment to urban areas such as West Lothian and the city of Edinburgh. By overlaying the habitat maps with the abundance or scarcity of each species in each tetrad, a simple but clear correlation emerges of the birds most likely to inhabit these areas, eg Yellowhammers/arable land, Crossbills/ coniferous forests, Long-tailed Tits/ deciduous woods, Red Grouse/quality heather moorland, Dippers and Goosanders along river valleys, graphically illustrating the relationship between birds and habitat. Graphs further help to explain the correlation between altitude and species richness; it can clearly be seen on an altitude graph, overlaid with a Tree Pipit graph, for example, that this species is most abundant at between 100-450 metres (and never above 500 metres where there are no trees).
Comparing the original 1988-94 Atlas with the current one, there are clearly winners and losers. Among the former is the Great Spotted Woodpecker, now found in most tetrads and occurring at higher altitudes than previously. Nuthatch is another of the 54 species which has increased; first creeping over the Border to breed as recently 1988/9 it now occupies 458 tetrads, possibly due to warmer winters and the increased food source from garden feeders. Ospreys were non-breeders here 40 years ago, but now they nest in several areas. Other species increasing include Greylag Goose, Buzzard, Jay, Lesser Black-backed Gull, Sand Martin, Raven, Blackcap and Chiffchaff, this latter species moving north in response to climate change. Stonechat has also increased, although the very severe winter of 2010 saw a dramatic reverse in numbers. Barn Owls also suffer in severe winters or cold springs, but are generally increasing helped by nest box provision.
Seabirds form an important component of the area’s Avifauna due to its extensive coastline, including the Forth islands and the Bass Rock. Seabird numbers have remained fairly stable since the previous Atlas with some declines in Kittiwake, Shag and Herring Gull, but Gannets have increased massively from 39,800-75,300 to the point where they have been seen displaying around St Abbs Headland-the Bass Rock having no more room!
Ninety species have recorded losses including Pied Flycatcher, Wood Warbler, Marsh Tit and Corn Bunting. The decline in Kestrel numbers remains a puzzle. One study of Coot showed huge increase in the mid-1990s followed by a decrease around 2000 from which they have not recovered. Tufted Duck and Black-headed Gull showed similar decline. The resurgence of the Otter in the region has been suggested as a possible cause. Oystercatcher apart, most waders such as Redshank, Woodcock, Snipe and Golden Plover have declined in numbers as have Ringed Plover.
In conclusion, Mark emphasised that there are always winners and losers, with waders, waterfowl, and woodland bird numbers falling, possibly due to habitat change, loss of food and overgrazing whilst the winners benefit from warmer winters, and availability of more food due to human activity. Birds in South East Scotland 2007-2013, covering 150 species in depth, will be published later this year and will be available in book or DVD format.
Our next indoor meeting, following the summer break, will be held as usual in Bamburgh Pavilion on Friday, September 16, when Tim Dean will present an illustrated talk on The Birds of Peru. | <urn:uuid:fe89a5b2-96fc-44f2-97ce-a5900dacd514> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.northumberlandgazette.co.uk/news/northumberland-bird-club-1-7978555 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170708.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00345-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946132 | 1,165 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Coastal areas are favorite holiday destinations for many people. Why? The color blue has a lot to do with it. Research shows that the color blue has the most significant effect to reduce stress of all the colours. When a person is on a beach with a wide expanse of sea or lake in front of them and an endless blue sky above them, that's a double dose of the color blue for calming tension, reducing blood pressure and for relaxing troubling thoughts. This is visually accessible healing.
Keep reading to understand the healing effects of water and other coastal elements.
In addition to the color blue, the coastal areas provide a range of many other health benefits. The articles, videos and books below talk about beliefs about the healing effects of the sea from the past and more recent research.
“Nature is medicine — a walk on the beach; a surfing session; a stroll through the woods heals us. It fixes what is broken inside of us. Nature can reduce our stress, it can make us more creative and bring us together.” -- Dr. Wallace J. Nichols, Blue Mind | <urn:uuid:da146ec9-4068-4e62-b40f-8d69eaa33c17> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.david-schiesher.com/coastal | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141184870.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20201125213038-20201126003038-00587.warc.gz | en | 0.938418 | 223 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Lucky's Tic Tac Toe
Description: You and Lucky play Tic Tac Toe against Dot.
Instructions: Click on an empty square to make your move. Get three squares in a row to win.
Category: St. Patrick's Day Games
Note: This game requires Java. If game does not load, try installing the newest Java Runtime Environment. As of January 2014, you will need to modify the Java security settings to continue to play our Java Games. Please read more on our blog to learn how to make these changes.
Look at each picture math equation. Use the information from equation to solve for the question mark. What number should replace the question mark? | <urn:uuid:936fe772-a267-4837-b8dc-1412f85cd1df> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.primarygames.com/holidays/st.patricksday/games/tic_tac_toe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056711.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20210919035453-20210919065453-00464.warc.gz | en | 0.898898 | 141 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Of course, the boom in private investment after 1945 employed many men. But that is by no means the only reason.
Before 1945, about 14 million men served in the US armed forces, but by summer 1946 that number had been reduced to just over 2 million, although this decreased further in the course of the 1940s (Adams 1967: 161).
So, first, it can be seen that the creation of a standing army employed some 2 million men.
What about the other 12 million? Were they all just suddenly dropped into the labour market? The answer is no.
What happened is that – because of the G.I. Bill – many G.I.s undertook education and training programs after 1945 and did not seek full-time employment:
“While World War II was still being fought, the Department of Labor estimated that, after the war, 15 million men and women who had been serving in the armed services would be unemployed. To reduce the possibility of postwar depression brought on by widespread unemployment, the National Resources Planning Board, a White House agency, studied postwar manpower needs as early as 1942 and in June 1943 recommended a series of programs for education and training. The American Legion designed the main features of what became the Serviceman’s Readjustment Act and pushed it through Congress. The bill unanimously passed both chambers of Congress in the spring of 1944. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed it into law on June 22, 1944, just days after the D-day invasion of Normandy.So nearly 6 million returned G.I.s, in the 7 years following the passing of the G.I. Bill, received education in colleges, universities or schools, and this prevented a major supply shock in the labour market. And that means nearly half of returned servicemen (of course, it also inaugurated the era of mass, higher education).
American Legion publicist Jack Cejnar called it ‘the GI Bill of Rights,’ as it offered Federal aid to help veterans adjust to civilian life in the areas of hospitalization, purchase of homes and businesses, and especially, education. This act provided tuition, subsistence, books and supplies, equipment, and counseling services for veterans to continue their education in school or college. Within the following 7 years, approximately 8 million veterans received educational benefits. Under the act, approximately 2,300,000 attended colleges and universities, 3,500,000 received school training, and 3,400,000 received on-the-job training. The number of degrees awarded by U.S. colleges and universities more than doubled between 1940 and 1950, and the percentage of Americans with bachelor degrees, or advanced degrees, rose from 4.6 percent in 1945 to 25 percent a half-century later.”
Instead of some 12 million men looking for work, the figure was reduced to about 6 million, and the investment boom after 1945 was capable of absorbing this level of labour. But would the private economy after 1945 have been able to employ some 12 million men? I doubt it. I suspect there would have been an unemployment problem in the absence of the G.I. Bill.
Furthermore, the welfare provisions of the G.I. Bill had a significant effect on economic activity, not only in terms of placing a floor on the income of returned men, but also by maintaining demand for goods and services while they were undertaking education programs.
Adams, D. K. 1967. America in the Twentieth Century: A Study of the United States Since 1917. Cambridge U.P, London. | <urn:uuid:2b818ccd-9ce3-4cc1-8ba7-9bfb66eec76e> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://socialdemocracy21stcentury.blogspot.com/2013/01/why-was-there-no-mass-unemployment.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886120573.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20170823132736-20170823152736-00016.warc.gz | en | 0.974179 | 723 | 3.59375 | 4 |
A research study of relationships where one partner is HIV-positive and the other is HIV-negative
As HIV rates have stabilized, HIV-positive individuals are living longer lives. More and more people today are in relationships where only one of the two people has HIV (an HIV-serodiscordant relationship). While there has been research on living with HIV, far less is known about the issues faced by HIV-serodiscordant couples.
(click on image to enlarge)
Researchers from the Dalla Lana School of Public Health, in collaboration with physicians and AIDS Service organizations from across the country, are therefore undertaking a national study of people in serodiscordant relationships.
This study, named Positive Plus One, is unique, because we want to hear from both the HIV-positive and HIV-negative partner in a serodiscordant relationship. Each partner will complete the survey on their own, and not in the presence of each other. However, if only one of the two partners wants to participate, they can also be involved. If a person has recently (in the last 2 years) been in a serodiscordant relationship, they can also participate, but we will not ask them to invite their partner.
Positive Plus One is a mixed-methods study, meaning it includes both a survey, and an in-depth interview. Anyone who takes the survey can also volunteer for the interview. From the survey, we will obtain a broad understanding of serodiscordant couples’ relationships, as well as the characteristics of serodiscordant couples across Canada. From the interview, we will learn about how these relationships unfolded over time, and provide people with the opportunity to share their experience of living in a serodiscordant relationship.
Participants will receive a $20 gift card for participation in the survey, and an additional $40 gift card if they are selected for the qualitative interview.
In order to participate, you must meet the following five criteria:
1) They are currently in a relationship where one partner is HIV-positive and the other is HIV-negative and the relationship has lasted 3 months or longer, OR they were in one in the past 2 years, 2) They live in Canada, and lived in Canada during at least part of the relationship, 3) They are at least 18 years old, 4) They speak either English or French, 5) If they are HIV-positive, they have disclosed their status to their HIV-negative partner.
To learn more, and to take the survey, visit the study website at www.PositivePlusOne.ca, or call 1-888-740-1166
Written & Contributed by: | <urn:uuid:5679a951-6ffb-4795-ae03-f5970aaf4e41> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://cayrcc.org/positive-plus-one/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334974.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20220927002241-20220927032241-00410.warc.gz | en | 0.965802 | 555 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Brevard County, Florida|
Brevard County is a county located in the U.S. state of Florida, along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. As of 2006 U.S. Census Bureau estimates, the population is 534,359. The official county seat is Titusville, however nearly all county administration is performed from Viera. There has been no official change to the county seat since 1894.
Brevard County is where the last Naval battle of the Revolutionary war took place. The battle took place off the coast of Cape Canaveral in Brevard County in 1783.
Juan Ponce de León is said to have arrived in Florida at the shores of the future county in 1513. "Mosquito County" was formed while the state was still a territory, and on some maps is absorbed into an unofficial "Leigh Read" county between 1839 and 1845. "Saint Lucia County" was created in 1844: it was renamed Brevard County in 1855 after George Washington Brevard, who served as Florida State Controller from 1854 to 1860. | <urn:uuid:0fe7150b-51b0-4bb8-a63e-6987bdb725a9> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://floridacountiesmap.com/brevard_county.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423787.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721162430-20170721182430-00011.warc.gz | en | 0.976119 | 221 | 2.765625 | 3 |
What is Multimedia:People only remember 20 percent of what they see and 30 percent of what they hear. But they keep in mind 50 percent of what they see and hear and as much as 80 percent of what they notice, hear and do simultaneously. Computer Technology Research, in the year1993
Multimedia is any mixture of text, art, graphics, sound, animation and video along with links and tools that let the person navigate, interact and communicate along with the computer. While you permit the viewer to control what and when these parts are delivered, this is interactive multimedia. While you give a structure of linked elements via which the learner can navigate, interactive multimedia turns into hypermedia.
Although the definition of multimedia is easy, making it work can be very complex. Not only do you need to understand how to make each multimedia part work, although you also require knowing how to effectively blend the parts together by using educational multimedia computer tools. If completed properly, interactive multimedia excels in leaving lasting impressions in the learning method. Retention rates increase by 25 percent to 50 percent. | <urn:uuid:d5bd43b2-47eb-4141-b641-f7946d7f89d3> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.expertsmind.com/questions/what-is-multimedia-30151709.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541066.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00475-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948639 | 218 | 3.609375 | 4 |
“States”, as in contexts or situations in which any given element might be in. Let’s take a stroll.
Imagine a button. Gosh, I love buttons. So useful. We first think of a button in its default state. It looks nice and button-like, ready to be clicked. That’s one state. In CSS, we often think of more:
:visitedstate (if it’s a link)
The type of HTML element plays a role as well. Some are easy to style (
<a>), some require some extra finagling (
<input type=submit>), some are just plain hard (
A button might be disabled. Perhaps it’s been clicked, and disabling the button is a way to indicate this to the user. Or it’s a part of a form that can’t be used until a previous area is completed, but the disabled button is left on the page to show the user what’s coming next.
Variations of a button might have the same default state, and only the interactive states change. For instance, a “follow” button might have a default hover state. A “following” button could have the same normal state, but a different hover state (expressing: warning! clicking this will unfollow someone.)
Buttons are usually words, but they don’t have to be. The content of the button is like a state:
- Button is a word
- Button is an icon or symbol
- Button is purely a visual affordance
- A combination
We usually need different button states for various design reasons:
- A big button
- A very big button
- A small button
- Buttons that butt up right next to each other
- A button with a dropdown inside of it
- A button that turns into a spinner when clicked
- Buttons of different colors
If the button is a word, the length of that word matters. Designers need to plan around variable content:
- Button is a really short word
- Button is an average length word
- Button is a long word or string of words, potentially user-generated content
- Button is so long it is wider than its parent element
The purpose of a button could be like a state. It may affect how the button looks or behaves:
- Button is a submit button
- Button is a delete / cancel button
- Button is a glorified link
- Button launches nuclear missile
Where the button appears could be a state. If you move a button to another area, should the button appear differently?
- Button appears in modal window
- Button is call-to-action in hero banner
- Button appears in footer
- Button is at the end of a form
- Button is inside of navigation
Perhaps we need button states for how much contrast they need:
- Button needs to stand out
- Button needs to blend in
Context can be an important state. What situation is the button in?
- Is it alone?
- Is there another button next to it? If yes, how does that button relate?
- Is there a whole row of buttons?
Our websites are dynamic places. Perhaps your website offers accounts, or paid services, or community features. Any given page could have a different state based on those features:
- The user is logged in or logged out
- The user is an admin
- The user’s billing is current or past due
- The user has unread messages
As front end developers, we know there are a wide variety of devices out there used to access the web.
- The button on a low resolution display
- The button on a high pixel density display
- The button is on a tiny screen held up close
- The button is on a huge screen far away
Different devices have different capabilities. Sometimes those capabilities are influenced by the owners of those devices. Sometimes browsers with those capabilities fail because of network problems or other issues.
- The button when the CSS didn’t load
- The button when the icon inside the button didn’t show
The human beings using this site are likely very different, as well:
- The person seeing the button is color blind, has an astigmatism, or another visual impairment
- The person needing to activate the button can’t use a mouse
- The person needing to find the button is in a state of crisis
Perhaps different states are required for the type of page:
- A button that appears in the header of the homepage
- The same button in that same header, but on a blog post page, where the header is intentionally downplayed
- The same button in that same header, on a sales landing page
Many sites provide content in different languages, which means different language states for our button:
- The button in English
- The button in Spanish
- The button in Portuguese
- The button in a right-to-left language, like Arabic
- The button in a language with symbols, like Japanese
The context a button is in could even transcend the web itself!
- What time of day is it?
- What time zone is the user in?
- Is the restaurant open or not?
- Is it the day of the event or not? Has the event passed?
- Is the user geographically close to the laundromat?
- Did the Brewers win or lose?
So. Many. States. | <urn:uuid:7639fd24-3687-4a92-818c-435b378b664b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://css-tricks.com/so-many-states/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100057.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129073519-20231129103519-00014.warc.gz | en | 0.90109 | 1,155 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Depression can look very different in men and women. And many of its hallmarks — rage, risk-taking, substance abuse and even workaholism — can hide in plain sight.
Now researchers say that when these symptoms are factored into a diagnosis, the long-standing disparity between depression rates in men and women disappears.
That conclusion overturns long-accepted statistics indicating that, over their lifetimes, women are 70% more likely to have major depression than men. In fact, when its symptoms are properly recognized in men, major depression may be even more common in men than in women, according to a study published Wednesday by the journal JAMA Psychiatry.
The findings help unravel a mystery that has long puzzled mental health authorities: If men are so much less likely than women to be depressed, why are they four times more likely to commit suicide?
"When it comes to depression in men, to some extent we have blinders on," said Dr. Andrew Leuchter, a psychiatrist who studies depression at UCLA. "We have not been asking about and taking into account a range of symptoms that may be gender-specific." | <urn:uuid:63deb423-46e2-4c38-9f43-212bebed29b0> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://vipreventionnetworkco.com/2013/08/study-shows-men-just-as-likely-to-be.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371893683.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20200410075105-20200410105605-00019.warc.gz | en | 0.964865 | 233 | 2.53125 | 3 |
A reliability engineer may ensure or improve quality control in manufacturing processes, or in the performance of engineered products. Efficiency and reliability are key concerns for someone in this profession, and attention to small details is frequently expected. Engineers who work in this area of expertise often seek to balance production costs with consistent product performance. It is common for these engineers to work within a team. A reliability engineer may engage in activities that could have large-scale repercussions, should reliability concerns arise.
Ensuring ongoing quality control in the manufacture of goods is a key function of a reliability engineer. The manufacturing process is typically reviewed at regular intervals by the engineer to correct inefficiencies that may have crept into the process over time. Degradation of manufacturing processes may occur as a result of workers' tendencies to allow slippage in quality control processes over time.
A reliability engineer frequently makes recommendations in the design processes to improve reliability in manufacturing. He or she will likely apply engineering science to the manufacturing process, taking note of those production aspects that may be generating a higher rate of defects. Much as a detective seeks clues to solve a mystery, the reliability engineer will analyze design schematics and work flow processes, sometimes at an extremely detailed level. The engineer will do so with an eye toward uncovering and remedying those areas in which glitches may be occurring. He or she may also synchronize various requirements in the manufacturing process.
The science of engineering reliability is a profession in which aspects of failure and performance are subject to controlled testing. As a result, the reliability engineer is usually expected to know how to apply stress analysis. He or she will likely be familiar with other possible common and not-so-common contributors to mechanical failure. Someone working in this profession may also be familiar with financial data, as balancing production costs with performance generally requires a basic understanding of accounting knowledge.
Since there are potentially huge repercussions when defects or inefficiencies are present in a manufacturer's operations, a reliability engineer usually focuses his or her attention on averting problems. Recalling defective products is often very damaging to a company's reputation. When a product is reengineered, such as a new engine design in an automobile, those working in this capacity carry a huge responsibility to verify the reliability and performance of the new design.
Some reliability engineers may work extensively with computer-aided design programs to study mechanical properties before an item is manufactured. Those who work in this area often do so in cross-functional teams, with other workers in the company. Team members may include company personnel in the marketing department, or those who assist customers in product support, as well as company accountants and other engineers. | <urn:uuid:d22a4dbc-cc10-46a3-9d3f-b7879254d9f5> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.wisegeek.com/what-does-a-reliability-engineer-do.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107882102.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20201024051926-20201024081926-00517.warc.gz | en | 0.968924 | 535 | 2.671875 | 3 |
LEARN: Review of 'Music, Health and Wellbeing'
Review written by Caroline Roseman (PhD Student, University of Worcester, UK)
MacDonald, R., Kreutz, G., & Mitchell, L. (Eds.). (2013). Music, health, and wellbeing. Oxford University Press.
This comprehensive book examines in detail the role of music in relation to our health and wellbeing in many different contexts. Every conceivable angle of music is covered from neurology to music therapy. It is not necessarily a book to read from cover to cover but being well organised into 5 sections referencing different contexts is quick and easy.
The list of authors and their institutions (provided at the front of the book) is international, comprehensive and impressive, as well as all studies referenced within the text being listed in an author index at the back of the book. There is also a comprehensive index of topics. All these additions make the book very user friendly and provides a wide range of references which can be drawn upon.
Thanks to the wide variety of authors and disciplines it is a balanced and fascinating book, not only answering many questions but stimulating and pointing the way forward for further research. Both stimulating and informative, this book is a great reference source for anyone interested in what music can bring to our health and wellbeing.
What are the key topics covered?
Section 1: Setting the Scene consists of 4 chapters giving an overview of music’s role in health and wellbeing. The authors introduce music and why it is important and then go on to cover the biological, cultural and forms of music interventions giving the reader a sound grounding in what the book hopes to achieve.
Section 2: Community Music and Public Health covers music in many forms from singing to dancing and then explores social models for research and practice.
Section 3: Music as Therapy and Health Promotion examines (amongst others) neurology, pain, chronic illness and whether music is helpful or harmful in these contexts.
Section 4: Educational Contexts investigates autism and other cognitive impairments, the Mozart effect, intellectual development and lifelong development.
Finally, section 5 covers Everyday Uses of music, the most accessible part of the book to the lay-reader.
What disciplines are involved?
Each chapter is written by a different author(s) giving great breadth of perspective and balance. Disciplines include medicine, music therapy, neuroscience, psychology, psycho-physiology, education and more. Different methodological perspectives are explored from quantitative studies through qualitative research, clinical to non-clinical settings and research to practice.
Who is it aimed at?
One of the aims of the authors was to bring together different disciples within music and health and in this they have succeeded. Whilst it is designed for professionals, due to its easy to reference design it would be equally accessible to the lay-person due to the easy to reference layouts of the chapters.
Thank you to Caroline for taking the time to write this fantastic book review. If you are interested in reviewing a book for the AHECRN please get in touch with Robyn (Blog editor). | <urn:uuid:c2582c48-ef49-429b-b52c-46eb364cd5d2> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.artshealthecrn.com/post/learn-review-of-music-health-and-wellbeing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039617701.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20210423101141-20210423131141-00156.warc.gz | en | 0.937717 | 628 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Depression a Big Factor in Poor Health
World Health Organization Finds Depression Often Goes Untreated
Sept. 6, 2007 -- Depression has a greater impact on overall health than
arthritis, diabetes, angina, and asthma, but it all too often goes unrecognized
and untreated, a report from the World Health Organization (WHO) suggests.
Based on interviews with almost 250,000 people living in 60 countries, WHO
researchers found depression to be a greater predictor of poor health in
patients with these chronic conditions than having one or more chronic medical
conditions without depression.
People who had arthritis, diabetes, angina, or asthma were more likely to
suffer from depression than people without these conditions.
And consistent across different countries and cultures, people with
depression plus one or more of the chronic diseases included in the study had
the worst overall health scores.
The findings, which appear in the Sept. 8 issue of The Lancet,
illustrate the urgency of identifying and treating depression in patients with
other chronic health problems and in the population as a whole, the WHO
"We have to recognize that mental health is not a luxury. It is a
necessity for good overall health," researcher Somnath Chatterji, MD, tells
"Health care providers are so focused on the physical health of their
patients that they often miss the signs of depression. But treating depression
can have a big impact on overall health."
Depression Screening in New York City
Lloyd I. Sederer, MD, knows all too well the importance of identifying and
treating depression in patients who see doctors for other health issues. When
he was mental health commissioner in New York City, Sederer implemented a
routine depression screening program now used in the city's municipal
Prior to seeing their doctor, patients fill out a nine-question mental
health survey. Their answers are scored numerically, with a high score
suggestive of depression.
"When you go to the doctor they weigh you, take your blood pressure, and
you get other tests that result in numbers," Sederer tells WebMD.
"Patients and doctors understand numbers, so being able to talk about
depression in numbers is important."
Sederer says as few as one in eight depressed people receive care for their
condition that is considered minimally adequate.
"If this was cancer or tuberculosis or diabetes and one in eight people
were getting minimally adequate care, the public wouldn't stand for it,"
says Sederer, who now serves as medical director for the New York State Office
of Mental Health.
The hope, he adds, is that routine depression screening will become the norm
in New York City and across the country once doctors become convinced that the
self-reported test has value.
"Twenty one million adults in the United States suffer from depression
and half a million depressed people between the ages of 18 to 55 kill
themselves every year," he says. "This is a big problem."
Depression and Disease Connected
Mental health researcher Gavin Andrews, MD, says doctors must recognize the
integral nature of mental and physical ailments in their patients.
"They should put as much energy into screening and treating depression
as they put into treating angina, diabetes, arthritis, or any other chronic
condition," he tells WebMD.
Andrews is a professor of psychiatry at the University of New South Wales in
In an editorial accompanying the WHO report, he noted that less than 30% of
patients in Australia receive adequate treatment for depression, compared to
90% of patients with asthma and 80% of patients with arthritis.
"Treatment for depression should at least be on a par with that for
other chronic diseases," he wrote. | <urn:uuid:8cdeceec-8bb3-4a2a-a3d2-520b2d4e9a74> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.webmd.com/depression/news/20070906/depression-a-big-factor-in-poor-health?src=rsf_full-4030_pub_none_rltd | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703635016/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112715-00009-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946393 | 791 | 2.828125 | 3 |
The Carnegie Museum of Natural History’s collection of plant specimens is housed in rows of tall, dusty, metal filing cabinets on the building’s upper floors. When researchers want to study one of the collection’s specimens, they have to request it through the mail, sight unseen, and wait to see if it’s what they need.
“Currently, we have to mail the specimens to people, and they can be damaged in the mail,” says collection manager Bonnie Isaac. “If we image our specimens, then they’re more available to researchers around the world.”
LISTEN: “The Carnegie Museum Of Natural History’s Plant Collection Is Heading Online”
Now, portions of the herbarium’s over 500,000 specimens will be scanned, digitized and posted online thanks to a grant from the National Science Foundation.
The museum is adding images of its specimens to a massive search engine, which already contains data and images of plants from the collections of hundreds of organizations across North America.
About one-third of the museum’s plants will be digitized with high-resolution photographs. Post-doctoral research fellow Mason Heberling said they’re focusing on species collected in Pennsylvania and neighboring mid-Atlantic states.
“There are handfuls of plants that we know were found in a particular region or particular habitat in Allegheny County or the Pittsburgh region that are no longer here,” Heberling says. “And then also, the flip that there’s new plants showing up that were introduced from Europe or East Asia, that were not here 100 years ago, and are now pretty much embedded in the landscape.”
In addition to accessibility, Heberling says digitization brings new research opportunities. Computers can analyze the vast library of images and spot patterns not immediately obvious to the human eye, such as how leaf size has changed through time.
“[That] would be very difficult to do with this number of specimens with an old school ruler and calipers,” Heberling says.
The plant collections that herbariums hold are valuable resources for both researchers and the public, Isaac says.
“Any field guide that people might use, that data were all basically gathered from herbarium specimens,” she says.
Digitization of the museum’s specimens will take about three years in total; the first of the museum’s images will be available online in August. | <urn:uuid:7a5d51ef-de01-433a-9782-e3fc46b24a56> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.alleghenyfront.org/the-carnegie-museum-of-natural-historys-plant-collection-is-heading-online/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986682037.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20191018104351-20191018131851-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.941104 | 523 | 3.109375 | 3 |
|Language, philosophy: language is a set of phonetic or written coded forms fixed at a time for the exchange of information or distinctions within a community whose members are able to recognize and interpret these forms as signs or symbols. In a wider sense, language is also a sign system, which can be processed by machines. See also communication, language rules, meaning, meaning change, information, signs, symbols, words, sentences, syntax, semantics, grammar, pragmatics, translation, interpretation, radical interpretation, indeterminacy._____________Annotation: The above characterizations of concepts are neither definitions nor exhausting presentations of problems related to them. Instead, they are intended to give a short introduction to the contributions below. – Lexicon of Arguments. |
Books on Amazon
|Bubner I 194
Language/Hobbes/Bubner: language belongs, on its part, to the arbitrary inventions of civilization, with which the human frees himself from pre-legal existence.
If language is not a gift of nature, the question arises as to its utility.
Hobbes: threefold utilitas:
1. Counting, measuring.
2. People can teach each other linguistically.
3. Give commands and understand commands. Without these, there would be no community and no peace.
The welfare of the Leviathan is identical with the continuity of the legal system. This is, because of the contract, also never controversial. Not even the sovereign can question it._____________Explanation of symbols: Roman numerals indicate the source, arabic numerals indicate the page number. The corresponding books are indicated on the right hand side. ((s)…): Comment by the sender of the contribution.
Antike Themen und ihre moderne Verwandlung Frankfurt 1992 | <urn:uuid:49c36004-d010-4285-9d6c-49e012e7adea> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://www.philosophy-science-humanities-controversies.com/listview-details.php?id=412715&a=t&first_name=%20Th.&author=Hobbes&concept=Language | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934804976.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20171118151819-20171118171819-00429.warc.gz | en | 0.880506 | 374 | 3.390625 | 3 |
What I Learned in Class Today:
Aboriginal Issues in the Classroom
Classroom discussions of Aboriginal issues often leave students feeling alienated and angry. Though troubling, these situations often go unreported and unresolved, affecting students' abilities to function in classes and in their coursework. To make these situations visible and to find ways to have more professional and productive classroom discussions, two undergraduate students in the First Nations Studies Program at the University of British Columbia, Karrmen Crey and Amy Perreault, developed What I Learned in Class Today: Aboriginal Issues in the Classroom. This project asks students, instructors, and administrators at UBC, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal, to share in videotaped interviews their most memorable classroom experiences where the discussion of Aboriginal issues became difficult, and to share their reflections on the dynamics underpinning these situations.
Thank you for reading this story…
More people are reading rabble.ca than ever and unlike many news organizations, we have never put up a paywall – at rabble we’ve always believed in making our reporting and analysis free to all, while striving to make it sustainable as well. Media isn’t free to produce. rabble’s total budget is likely less than what big corporate media spend on photocopying (we kid you not!) and we do not have any major foundation, sponsor or angel investor. Our main supporters are people and organizations -- like you. This is why we need your help. You are what keep us sustainable.
rabble.ca has staked its existence on you. We live or die on community support -- your support! We get hundreds of thousands of visitors and we believe in them. We believe in you. We believe people will put in what they can for the greater good. We call that sustainable.
So what is the easy answer for us? Depend on a community of visitors who care passionately about media that amplifies the voices of people struggling for change and justice. It really is that simple. When the people who visit rabble care enough to contribute a bit then it works for everyone.
And so we’re asking you if you could make a donation, right now, to help us carry forward on our mission. Make a donation today. | <urn:uuid:23054cd7-5b9d-493b-974f-2c833f0deb4c> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://rabble.ca/whatsup/anti-colonial-workshop-social-location-and-indigenous-issues | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400205950.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200922094539-20200922124539-00761.warc.gz | en | 0.952555 | 464 | 2.890625 | 3 |
On account of the enormous growth of information on the Internet and the massive and discrete nature of the subject, a new trend has emerged from the two-way continuous communication between platform and audience of the Web 2.0 era to the de-platforming of Web 3.0. (Rizvi, 2022)
In this context, the metaverse was generated with the technical support of Web 3.0. The metaverse was the birthplace of the virtual image, originally from a novel called Snow Crash (1992), which depicted a 3D virtual reality world. (Lee & Kim, 2022) As the ‘post-reality universe’ emerges, such as virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) are both products of the convergence of technologies. The meta-world opens up new possibilities for humans to use the Internet for social and economic activities.(Lee & Kim, 2022) Despite the fact that, unlike Web 2.0, which merely deals with the management of platforms and databases, the challenges of technologies such as AR raise challenges in terms of business empowerment, ethics and personal data privacy. (Mystakidis, 2022)
Is metaverse data transparent ultimately? Does the essence of decentralisation remain a returning of power to a handful of business giants rather than ordinary people?
Antitrust and Privacy Security
Web 3.0 as an enhanced version of social networking in all likelihood is merely a front and not a step away from the platforming of Web 2.0 to authentic freedom of information and redemption. The Web 2.0-era platform giant Facebook is moving into the metaverse by avatar Meta introducing virtual world society. Zuckerberg’s interests prioritize mergers and acquisitions of software and application powerhouses under the leading trend of VR, but there are insufficient data protection laws in the United States to clearly state follow-up measures and clear regulations for cross-platform data misuse. (Heller, 2020)
The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) opened an antitrust investigation into Meta (SumOfUs, 2022), examining whether the cloak of a centralised platform remains in place in the process of de-platforming. The excessive censorship and cyber-hegemony from Web 2.0 further deteriorates into an alternative financial model of data concentration paradigm. (Rizvi, 2022)
The privacy issue of extracting biometric traits is a data intrusion brought about by technological innovation. Hidden data exchange services that are not alerted by as many recipients in the Web 2.0 era could be used for more serious access and control of information without a single benefit group. (Murray et al., 2022) The range of choices and preferences of users, such as the length of time spent browsing an item, are inferred in the VR world based on the wearable device’s collection of the user’s eye movements and changes in facial expressions. (Heller, 2020) As data collection in the metaverse will be more straightforward and specific than in social media, the intensity of regulation is necessary. (Riva & Wiederhold, 2022)
For privacy concerns such as online identity theft and online fraud using personal information, tampering with data, and hackers using wearable data to be able to eavesdrop and track users are all happening. The collaboration between Facebook and Ray-Ban smart glasses takes into account the rigour of biometric psychology to infer preferences. The user’s data access rights are protected in a relatively consumer-friendly design:
Ray-Ban’s Personal Data Protection. From Designed for privacy, controlled by you. [Screenshot], by Ray-Ban, 2022 (https://about.meta.com/reality-labs/ray-ban-stories/privacyutm_source=about.facebook.com&utm_medium=redirect).
Intellectual Property and Commodity Exchange
The metaverse’s sense of intellectual property and commodity protection was born out of the digital virtual marketplace that is part of its economic function. When the transparency and openness of socializing in the digital space have no clear boundary, users are at a loss as to the degree of control they have over information. Specifically, the improvements are made through computer-designed code. Second Life, for example, simply regulates certain actions and monitors incorrect conversations through a number of parameters and carries out automatic creation of incorrect object profiles for punishment, establishing Linden Law, which protects the intellectual property created by the user in the metaverse. Linden actually retains a sense of privacy protection from God’s perspective, but proper autonomy allows players to vote for more rules and rights. (Leenes, 2011)
This contains the paradox that benevolent dictatorship, which represents low democratic participation, and the false transparency of the invisible hand seem to coexist. Despite the protection of intellectual property rights, the sales and brand image of retail shops in the metaverse are more prone to counterfeiting and infringing appropriation of the real world and become commercially available in the virtual world. As an economy, the exchange of goods formed by the concept of online and offline can facilitate new business models for brands.
The jurisdiction of the metaverse is becoming increasingly broad and elusive as the boundaries of the Internet continue to blur. Unauthorised virtual goods draw out concerns about the inability of physical legal protection to protect the property rights in the metaverse. With information patterns becoming more fragmented, the potential for controversy can only be reduced by fashion protection for certain popular items and increased brand monitoring in the virtual marketplace. (Dews, 2022) In the broader Internet sphere, the problem of ambiguous trademark exploitation and potential damage to goodwill can be combated by filing trademark applications and applying for actual damages in court. (Khanijoun & Gardère, 2022)
The absence of a defined standard of censorship of content and space could lead to the emergence of a more discriminatory world, interspersed with the unease of sexual harassment. Studies show that nearly 60% of women choose genderless or male roles for their own protection. In Web 2.0 platforms, online hate speech can be contained and dismantled simply by searching for keywords, but metaverse is the equivalent of a different online community, and it becomes more challenging to pinpoint a crime.
Sexual Harassment and Toxic Gaming Environments
A female player is tactilely perceived to be severely and constantly sexually harassed in the multiplayer mode of a VR game QuiVR‘s fight against zombies.
VR Game Scene: QuiVr Player character image in game. From Steam [Screenshot], by Bluesteak, 2018 (http ://store.steampowered.com/app/489380/).
The anonymity of the internet and role-playing in virtual games encourages audacious bad behaviour. (Wiederhold, 2022) QuiVR has also developed a “power gesture” to prevent this, which can be used to make the player next to the subject disappear. The paradox is that the promotion of correct values and misogynistic war stories overlap, and the asymmetry of the digital space brings about an ethical debate. Games are not a vacuum, but are closely linked to external realities and social trends. (Sparrow et al., 2020)
There is a potential danger in the propensity for violence that people’s immersive and vivid experiences in VR provoke. Due to these concerns, the Chinese government has taken a conservative view on the design and popularisation of VR. For example, by changing the colour of blood from red to green to deduct the game’s violence rating, it contributes to a balanced gaming experience and psychological resistance rating. In addition, China has other regulations regarding the meta-border.
Horizon Worlds, owned by Meta, which Facebook pioneered in order to invade the meta world, is also a highly interactive game featuring virtual characters. The nightmare of female players confirms virtual world abuse. Similar to QuiVr, Meta‘s subsequent improvements to the metaverse include setting security boundaries and allocating $50 million to enhance the business of protecting digital worlds. (Milmo, 2022)
Personal Boundary in Horizon Worlds. From Introducing a Personal Boundary for Horizon Worlds and Venues [Screenshot], by Meta Quest, 2022 (https://www.oculus.com/blog/introducing-a-personal-boundary-for-horizon-worlds-and-venues/ )
Without a clear demarcation between private and public spaces in the metaverse, measures are only superficially symbolic. It remains unclear whether anonymous identities should be held accountable and whether they can be considered as data subjects. (Rizvi, 2022)
The emerging virtual space, which was originally intended to provide a more accessible and fun online environment, has allowed many criminal and harmful elements to take advantage of it. Not only women, but also black and LGBTQ+ communities suffer from varying degrees of racism and marginalization and have the right to make their voices heard.
The Digital Services Act (DSA) The landmark experience of the Digital Services Act (DSA) in Europe is a wake-up call to the metaverse environment under US domination resembling Meta, where joint regulatory initiatives resist the ambitions of a few large ambitions of platforms and a vision of mechanisms to consolidate algorithmic transparency. This allows for better control of hate speech and cyber threats. (Kshetri, 2022)
If the metaverse continues to evolve, it is possible that the cities and jobs of today will be replaced by virtual worlds. It is debatable whether tomorrow’s metaverse is a double-edged sword of data concentration and leakage crisis hidden under a decentralised façade, whether the development of science is irreversible, but whether it really turns out to be a space that is both inclusive and optimized for coexistence. In the future, a prayer for a combination of humanization and knowledge of the environment in which the meta-boundary is used makes the challenge concrete. (Riva & Wiederhold, 2022)
AR/VR And The Metaverse Will (Someday) Change Financial Services Regulation – Here’s How. (2022, February 17). Mondaq Business Briefing, NA. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A694050858/ITOF?u=usyd&sid=bookmark-ITOF&xid=31074975
Arts Law Centre of Australia. (2007, June 30). The facts of (Second) life: Your rights in the virtual world. Arts Law Centre of Australia. Retrieved November 4, 2022, from https://www.artslaw.com.au/article/the-facts-of-second-life-your-rights-in-the-virtual-world/
Basu, T. (2022, February 4). The metaverse has a groping problem already. MIT Technology Review. Retrieved October 29, 2022, from https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/12/16/1042516/the-metaverse-has-a-groping-problem/
Belamire, J. (2016, October 22). My first virtual reality groping. Medium. Retrieved October 30, 2022, from https://medium.com/athena-talks/my-first-virtual-reality-sexual-assault-2330410b62ee
Bluesteak. (2018). QuiVr, Steam, [Screenshot]. http://store.steampowered.com/app/489380/
Dews, A. (2022, February 16). Fashion disputes in the metaverse. The International Intellectual Property Experts. Retrieved November 4, 2022, from https://www.marks-clerk.com/insights/articles/fashion-disputes-in-the-metaverse/
Diehl, S. (n.d.). Web3 is Bullshit. Web3 is bullshit. Retrieved November 3, 2022, from https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/web3-bullshit.html
Egliston , B., & Carter, M. (2022, October 21). Ray-ban stories let you wear facebook on your face. but why would you want to? The Conversation. Retrieved November 4, 2022, from https://theconversation.com/ray-ban-stories-let-you-wear-facebook-on-your-face-but-why-would-you-want-to-167708
Fong, H. (2019, May 14). The future is bloodless! China bans blood in video games. Game Developer. Retrieved November 2, 2022, from https://www.gamedeveloper.com/design/the-future-is-bloodless-china-bans-blood-in-video-games
Heller, B. (2020). Reimagining Reality: Human Rights and Immersive Technology (dissertation). Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Retrieved November 3, 2022, from https://carrcenter.hks.harvard.edu/files/cchr/files/ccdp_2020-008_brittanheller.pdf.
Hunter, T. (2022, January 17). Surveillance will follow us into ‘the metaverse,’ and our bodies could be its new data source. The Washington Post. Retrieved November 5, 2022, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/01/13/privacy-vr-metaverse/
Identity Management Institute. (2022, August 11). Metaverse security and privacy threats. Identity Management Institute®. Retrieved November 4, 2022, from https://identitymanagementinstitute.org/metaverse-security-and-privacy-threats/
Khanijoun, H., & Gardère, S. (2022, April 28). The metaverse: A brief overview and certain trademark protection considerations for brand owners. Lexology. Retrieved November 4, 2022, from https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=600cc0e6-e80e-4c8f-aad6-d04a14564cd3
Kshetri, N. (2022). Metaverse and developing economies. IT Professional, 24(4), 66–69. https://doi.org/10.1109/mitp.2022.3174744
Lee, U.-K., & Kim, H. (2022). Utaut in metaverse: An “Ifland” case. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, 17(2), 613–635. https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer17020032
Leenes, R. (2011). Privacy regulation in the metaverse. Cyber Crime, 557–570. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61350-323-2.ch307
Linden Lab. (2017, July 31). Second life terms and conditions. Terms and Conditions | Linden Lab. Retrieved November 4, 2022, from https://www.lindenlab.com/legal/second-life-terms-and-conditions
Meta Quest. Horizon Worlds: Virtual Reality Worlds and communities. Meta Quest VR Headsets, Accessories & Equipment. Retrieved November 3, 2022, from https://www.oculus.com/horizon-worlds/
Meta Quest. (2022). Personal Boundary in Horizon Worlds, [Screenshot]. https://www.oculus.com/blog/introducing-a-personal-boundary-for-horizon-worlds-and-venues/
Milmo, D. (2022, February 4). Meta to bring in mandatory distances between virtual reality avatars. The Guardian. Retrieved November 3, 2022, from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/feb/04/meta-to-bring-in-mandatory-distances-between-virtual-reality-avatars
Morar, D. (2022, August 23). The Digital Services Act’s lesson for U.S. policymakers: Co-regulatory mechanisms. Brookings. Retrieved November 3, 2022, from https://www.brookings.edu/blog/techtank/2022/08/23/the-digital-services-acts-lesson-for-u-s-policymakers-co-regulatory-mechanisms/
Mulrow, J. (2021, December 7). Gaming is becoming accessible, but we need to keep asking for more. Gamers With Disabilities On Issues In Accessible Gaming. Retrieved November 3, 2022, from https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2021/12/10711964/gamers-with-disabilities-accessible-video-games
Murray, A., Kim, D., & Combs, J. (2022). The promise of a decentralized internet: What is web 3.0 and how can firms prepare? Business Horizons, 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2022.06.002
Mystakidis, S. (2022). Metaverse. Encyclopedia, 2(1), 486-497. https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.sydney.edu.au/10.3390/encyclopedia2010031
President, V., & Sharma, V. (2022, February 4). Introducing a personal boundary for Horizon Worlds and venues. Meta Quest VR Headsets, Accessories & Equipment. Retrieved November 3, 2022, from https://www.oculus.com/blog/introducing-a-personal-boundary-for-horizon-worlds-and-venues/
Reach3 Insights. (2021). Reach3 Insights’ new research reveals 59% of women surveyed use a non-gendered/male identity to avoid harassment while gaming. Reach3 Insights – Conversational Insights for global brands. Retrieved November 3, 2022, from https://www.reach3insights.com/women-gaming-study
Riva, G., & Wiederhold, B. K. (2022). What the metaverse is (really) and why we need to know about it, 25(6), 367–389. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/dvcmw
Rizvi, K. (2022, May 29). Regulating the metaverse: What should we do to protect consumer interest? New Delhi, pp. 1–2.
RoadtoVR. (2021, November 5). Facebook’s vision of the metaverse in 3 minutes. YouTube. Retrieved October 30, 2022, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6b_wpVNq1C8
Smith, N. (2022, September 23). Racism, misogyny, death threats: Why can’t the booming video-game industry curb toxicity? The Washington Post. Retrieved November 3, 2022, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/02/26/racism-misogyny-death-threats-why-cant-booming-video-game-industry-curb-toxicity/
Sparrow, L. A., Antonellos, M., Gibbs, M., & Arnold, M. (2020). From ‘Silly’ to
‘Scumbag’: Reddit Discussion of a Case of Groping in a Virtual Reality Game. Melbourne. Retrieved November 2, 2022, from http://www.digra.org/wp-content/uploads/digital-library/DiGRA_2020_paper_272.pdf.
SumOfUs. (2022). Metaverse: Another cesspool of toxic content – sumofus.org. SumOfUs. Retrieved November 3, 2022, from https://www.sumofus.org/images/Metaverse_report_May_2022.pdf?stream=top
The Facebook Company is now Meta. Meta. (2021, November 23). Retrieved November 2, 2022, from https://about.fb.com/news/2021/10/facebook-company-is-now-meta/
The Premerger Notification Office, & DPIP and CTO. (2022, July 27). FTC seeks to block virtual reality giant Meta’s acquisition of popular app creator within. Federal Trade Commission. Retrieved November 5, 2022, from https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2022/07/ftc-seeks-block-virtual-reality-giant-metas-acquisition-popular-app-creator-within
Twitch. (n.d.). Battling Ban Evasion with Machine Learning. Twitch Safety Center. Retrieved November 3, 2022, from https://safety.twitch.tv/s/article/Using-Machine-Learning-to-Curb-Ban-Evasion?language=en_US
Westby, J. (2021, October 11). ‘The great hack’: Cambridge Analytica is just the tip of the iceberg. Amnesty International. Retrieved November 4, 2022, from https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/07/the-great-hack-facebook-cambridge-analytica/
Wiederhold, B. K. (2022). Sexual harassment in the metaverse. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 25(8), 479–480. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2022.29253.editorial
Wilson, J. (2022, May 9). Web 3.0 to change the landscape of social media and online content. Forbes. Retrieved October 30, 2022, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/joshwilson/2022/05/08/web-30-to-change-the-landscape-of-social-media-and-online-content/?sh=5eda773163fe
Wipo Magzine. (2007, November). IP and Business: Second Life – Brand Promotion and Unauthorized Trademark Use in Virtual Worlds. IP and business: Second life – brand promotion and unauthorized trademark use in Virtual Worlds. Retrieved November 4, 2022, from https://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine/en/2007/06/article_0004.html
WSJDigitalNetwork. (2022, June 14). U.S. vs. China: A metaverse divided over design and rules | WSJ. YouTube. Retrieved November 2, 2022, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-LcfMAo3QoM | <urn:uuid:38c444a1-3454-49d9-94d2-ae0ab6713fb5> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.arin2610.net.au/2022/11/06/if-the-metaverse-is-to-follow-web-2-0-how-should-it-be-governed-17/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500215.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20230205032040-20230205062040-00255.warc.gz | en | 0.852952 | 4,782 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Automated or official letters are usually used for more serious or important messages than email. However, this doesn’t mean they have to be written in an overly formal tone. In fact, it’s even more important that serious messages are conveyed in a positive and supportive way.
|!||Students would like more information included within the communication. It is not always clear to them where to go or who to contact for more information.|
- Include a clear subject at the start of the letter, perhaps in bold type to make it stand out.
- Put the call to action or specific instructions at the top.
- Give detailed but concise information or instructions.
- Explain how they can find more information or support.
- Try to keep it to a single page.
- More formal than email, but still friendly.
- Letters should always use the official letter template, which has the Federation logo and contact details, or be printed on Federation letterhead.
- Letters should always have a signature. | <urn:uuid:da146ea5-459a-4eaf-a6c5-b804cd1f4dc7> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://federation.edu.au/staff/business-and-communication/communication-guidelines/methods-of-communication/letters | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178358033.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20210226234926-20210227024926-00105.warc.gz | en | 0.929968 | 209 | 2.796875 | 3 |
As January marks National Glaucoma Awareness Month, in this article we would like to emphasize the importance of early detection of this vision threatening disease. Glaucoma is a category of eye disorders that cause damage to the optic nerve, which may cause loss of central vision and eventual blindness. If untreated, the disease often initially causes vision loss in the periphery of the visual field and ultimately ends up causing a complete loss of vision. Glaucoma is considered to be the number one cause of preventable loss of vision and an estimated 60 million people around the world suffer from the vision threatening condition.
One of the leading causes of glaucoma is considered to be increased pressure in the eye. The increase in pressure around the eye damages the optic nerve which transmits messages from the eye to the brain. In instances where this system doesn't work normally, eyesight is impaired. Regrettably, optic nerve damage is usually irreversible.
Glaucoma is particularly threatening because unlike other forms of vision impairment, it is asymptomatic until irreparable damage is done.
It is for this reason that glaucoma has obtained the nickname the "sneak thief of sight." This may leave you asking: how does one safeguard against a disease which is asymptomatic?
Prompt diagnosis of the disease is the key to effective treatment. While glaucoma risk is universal, specific populations are at higher risk than others. Risk factors for glaucoma may include adults over 45, individuals having a family history of glaucoma, diabetes, or known eye conditions such as high intraocular pressure.
An effective way to detect glaucoma is to find a qualified eye doctor. There are a series of diagnostic eye evaluations relied on by doctors to assess intraocular pressure and the risk of glaucoma. Especially if you are over 45 or know that you are at risk, it's important to book a comprehensive eye examination at least once a year.
The fact is most types of glaucoma cannot be prevented. However the optic nerve damage and loss of vision may be halted by a reliable diagnosis and treatment. Don't delay! Contact North Reading Center Eye Care today, for annual screening for glaucoma. | <urn:uuid:57feb7ab-1b9a-46b6-9a06-7fd18fb5afaf> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.centereyecare.com/national-glaucoma-awareness-month/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154385.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20210802203434-20210802233434-00598.warc.gz | en | 0.944378 | 460 | 3.28125 | 3 |
- Historic Sites
Oklahoma’s “rightful capital” retains the tenacious spirit of its founders
September 1993 | Volume 44, Issue 5
“Miles of wagons; a welter of horsemen; random shots fired in the air … from the four corners of that land besieged by settlers one cry goes up, ‘Oklahoma! Oklahoma!’” wrote the Cuban revolutionary José Martí, who was on hand to see the first Oklahoma land rush just over a century ago. Although most of the downtown area’s nineteenth-century buildings still line the wide streets, it’s difficult to imagine Guthrie as the capital city during those frenzied times, for the pace and purpose of the town have changed so dramatically. Guthrie is chiefly remembered today as one of those towns that sprang to life overnight not because of oil or gold but because of the free land the federal government offered in one of five Oklahoma land runs a century ago.
During the 1880s a group of Boomers—as the farmers and the developers thirsting for new land were then known—pressed Congress to open the Indian Territory of Oklahoma. When they finally did get access to nearly two million acres, the last large block of Western land available under the Homestead Act, the Boomers dashed in (a good many of them jumped the gun, sneaked in illegally, and became known as Sooners, thereby giving Oklahoma a nickname that has stuck to this day).
The exuberant false fronts on Guthrie’s brick Victorian buildings suggest the residents’ confidence that their community would become the center of politics and culture for the new state. Indeed, Guthrie was named the territorial capital in 1889, but in 1910, after a hard-fought battle, the capital shifted to Oklahoma City, and Guthrie settled into its new existence as a small town—and an excellent example of turn-of-the-century prairie life.
Still, Guthrie was founded by speculators and entrepreneurs, and even now the visitor can feel some of that same energy being brought to bear as the town struggles to revitalize and restore itself.
Although Guthrie residents were bitterly disappointed by the loss of their capital status, today the town draws tourists who come to see current musical comedies and plays at the Pollard Theater and crowd the Saturday-night rodeos at the Lazy E Arena ten minutes outside town. But none of these modern distractions diminishes the sense of the old Guthrie that burst into being a century ago “like a lump of self-raising dough,” as O. Henry put it.
Guthrie lies thirty miles north of the present capital, along the Cottonwood Creek near its confluence with the Cimarron River. Driving toward town along Route 77, you pass acres of scrub trees and the Southwestern red marrow of the vibrant clay that was used to create most of the buildings in the town.
Many Oklahoma settlers came from Kansas, Texas, and Missouri, where they had been hard hit by the droughts of the early 1880s. Most of the roughly fifty thousand land seekers arrived by train, bringing their goods with them over relatively short distances and often hopping off when they saw a good spot. Fifteen trains carried at least twenty-five thousand people to Guthrie before the end of that first day on April 22, 1889. While most moved on, ten thousand set up in Guthrie.
Within just months after its founding Guthrie had the accouterments of cities long established, including sixteen barbers, six banks, seven hardware companies, fifteen hotels, nineteen druggists, thirty-nine doctors, forty restaurants, and eighty-one lawyers hanging their shingles. In the fall of 1889 Westinghouse installed an electrical station with a capacity for more than seven thousand “candles,” or light bulbs, the first municipal system west of the Mississippi.
Guthrie claims two thousand historic buildings and has the largest restored commercial district in the National Register of Historic Places. The town managed to attract its own world-class architect, Joseph Foucart, a Belgian who had worked on the Paris City Hall before coming to Oklahoma in the 189Os. Trees were scarce, but the abundant red clay made brick the obvious building material. The six of Foucart’s commercial buildings that still stand in Guthrie’s downtown area offer a full range of the popular styles of the day: a lively mixture of Romanesque, Gothic, and Queen Anne teeming with ornate cornices, arched windows, onion domes, and minarets—most of it in brick.
Guthrie is sometimes called the Fraternal Capital, because it contains the largest Scottish Rite Temple in the world, with 16 of the 150 rooms open to visitors year-round. The interior was designed in the early twenties by Marion and Kathryn Davidson, who later decorated the interior of Rockefeller Center.
The classic Greek facade of the Masonic temple is so imposing that it looks like a state government building, almost as if it were meant to replace the capitol Guthrie lost in 1910. No official has ever been inducted on its broad steps, but in 1907 the state’s first governor, Charles Haskell, was sworn in on the steps of the Carnegie Library on Oklahoma Avenue.
Haskell, a Democrat and no fan of the new capital, was constantly battling with Frank Greer, editor of the State Capital , the Republican newspaper. Finally, Haskell moved his offices to Oklahoma City, where he had generous campaign backers. He had his secretary of state steal to Guthrie to remove the state seal and bring it to Oklahoma City. After this indecorous start the capital officially moved the next year.
The Carnegie Library now serves as a wing of the state-run Oklahoma Territorial Museum, whose exhibits are devoted to life during territorial days and the railroad era. | <urn:uuid:6e8fc354-a055-4694-9448-0a16a8fead0b> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.americanheritage.com/content/boomer-town | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170914.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00488-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967037 | 1,206 | 3.125 | 3 |
Databases compiled from the Ministry of Primary Industries list of Tropical fish allowed to be imported into New Zealand.
Freshwater Fish A toH. Freshwater Fish I to Z. Tropical Marine Fish .
Killifish on list Marine Invertebrates. Exotic Reptiles and Amphibians
With a typical crayfish shape the Koura (Northern) is a sandy to dark brown colour, sometimes patterned especially on the tail. Some have orange or blue markings.
- Scientific Name: Paranephrops planifrons
- Habitat: Found in the North Island and the north of the South Island
- Tank Age/Maturity: Minimum recommended tank size footprint of 60cm x 30cm per fish..
- Threatened Species: 5. Gradual decline
- Special Requirements: P. zealandicus have high survivability (>80%) rates below 16 °C (61 °F) but temperatures above this correlate with lower rates of survivability. Higher death rates are thought to be associated with increased activity of koura at higher temperatures.
- Marine Stage: No | <urn:uuid:150c44f0-fdba-4806-a3c0-a8aef00fe42f> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://aquariumworld.nz/databases/2-new-zealand-native/277-Koura-(Northern) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943471.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20230320083513-20230320113513-00526.warc.gz | en | 0.825728 | 240 | 2.703125 | 3 |
9 Surprising Facts About Student Debt
Americans’ accumulated student debt has topped $1.4 trillion, an all-time high. While that debt came in the service of providing valuable education, it can be a formidable hurdle for individual workers to overcome as they transition from student life into their careers. Check out nine surprising facts about the past, present, and future of the academic loan industry.
1. SCHOOL WASN’T ALWAYS SO EXPENSIVE.
After World War II ended with an Allied victory, the U.S. government rewarded those who served with scholarships under the GI Bill. Millions of veterans got a free education, while millions more who didn’t serve could attend for extremely low tuition rates that could be covered by working a summer job. This kind of nearly unrestricted access continued for decades until the economy took a downturn in the 1970s. As oil embargoes and inflation led to a sharp increase in tuition, private lenders started to take the place of federal aid, and the debt boom began.
2. DEBT HAS SURGED 58 PERCENT IN THE PAST 10 YEARS.
It’s easy to blame inflation for the ballooning student debt balances of the past decade. Graduates in 2005 owed an average of $17,233, while those exiting school in 2012 owed an average of $27,253. But average debts in the auto and credit card industries have fallen in the same period. The difference? Economists believe students have become more likely to take on higher loan amounts in the belief they’ll be able to secure higher-paying jobs after graduation. Unfortunately, those jobs can fail to materialize, leading to growing amounts of debt.
3. …BUT MOST DEFAULTS ARE ON LOANS LESS THAN $10,000.
Economists say that it’s a misconception that enlarged debt amounts are responsible for many of the defaults. By some estimates, two-thirds of delinquent loans are for $10,000 or less. Surprisingly, totals of less than $5,000 make it eight times more likely a student will default than if they owed a greater amount. One possible explanation: These smaller debts belong to low-income employees who didn’t finish school. For workers in lower income brackets, these smaller debts can still be significant obstacles.
4. YOU CAN LOSE YOUR DRIVER’S LICENSE FOR NON-PAYMENT.
What could a student loan default have to do with your driver’s license? In some states, a lot. Residents of Montana and Iowa reported to have non-payment of loans can see their licenses revoked. Other states, like Tennessee, can also suspend professional licenses. In 2010, 42 nurses had to stop working when their loans became past due.
5. DELINQUENT? YOUR WAGES CAN BE GARNISHED.
It’s a vicious cycle for graduates trying to climb the career ladder. If an entry-level job isn’t paying enough to cover student debt, the lender—often backed by federal government protection—can garnish already thin wages in an attempt to recoup their money.
6. DEBT CAN AFFECT YOUR LOVE LIFE.
One prominent economist has tracked survey data that examined the correlation between student debt and lifestyle choices like marriage. For every $10,000 owed, the likelihood of getting married within seven years of graduation fell by 3 to 4 percent.
7. SOME EMPLOYERS WILL HELP EASE YOUR DEBT BURDEN.
Given the prevalence (and amount) of student debt today, some companies hoping to attract top talent are including loan repayment in their benefits packages. Before you sign up for the assistance, know that there will likely be a cap on how much you’re entitled to annually. Another factor to consider: The money your employer puts toward your student loan is counted as taxable income, which means the benefit could end up being a burden once tax time rolls around.
8. YOUR STUDENT LOAN INTEREST PAYMENTS MAY BE TAX DEDUCTIBLE.
If you make less than $80,000—or $160,000, if you’re filing jointly with a spouse—you can claim any interest payments you make on your student loans as a deduction. (According to the IRS’s website, you can claim this deduction even if you don’t itemize everything you’re claiming.) By claiming your interest payments, you may be able to decrease your amount of taxable income by up to $2500.
9. THE GOVERNMENT MAY OFFER SOME SUPPORT TOO.
In an attempt to help recent graduates avoid default, the federal government offers programs aimed at reducing monthly loan payments. One, known as the IBR (income-based repayment) program, will ensure payments comprise no more than 15 percent of an individual’s income. (It will also forgive any balances that exist after 25 years.) Surprisingly, only 14 percent of people with federal student loans take part in this and other programs. If you’re struggling with your payments every month, don’t despair: See if you qualify for an income-based repayment plan. | <urn:uuid:abd591ce-a1dd-4a98-99c6-17022b37b8f7> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://mentalfloss.com/article/90840/9-surprising-facts-about-student-debt | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247494741.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20190220105613-20190220131613-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.950536 | 1,070 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Sophie Scholl Memorial: tribute to White Rose student resistance
Sophie Scholl and the White Rose movement are a poignent reminder and example of the power of youthful resistance to the Nazi regime in Hitler’s Germany. The White Rose memorial commemorates the history of the students’ resistance.
Next time you are in Munich, be sure to visit the Sophie Scholl memorial. These days Munich is better known for the Oktoberfest (which actually starts in September, but that’s another story). The grand Bavarian city hides dark secrets of Hitler and his 3rd Reich behind all the oomp-pa-pas and ein-zwei-suffa clinking of huge beer steins.
One is in front of the Ludwig-Maximillians-University building on Ludwigstrasse in Munich’s Schwabing district. I have been in Munich more times than I have fingers and toes, but it wasn’t until a friend, who is a trained city guide, pointed out this amazing little “memorial” to Sophie and the White Rose movement that I was aware it was there.
Sophie Scholl memorial looks like papers
Easily missed, the Sophie Scholl memorial looks like loose pieces of paper scattered on the ground in front of the university building. In actuality, they are attached permanently to the ground in front of the main entrance on the so-called “Geschwister Scholl Platz.” “Geschwister Scholl” means basically “Scholl siblings.” Hans and Sophie Scholl were founding members of the student resistance movement to Hitler’s regime called “White Rose” (Weisse Rose). They bravely wrote and printed flyers denouncing the Nazi regime and distributed them in Munich at the university. They were in the end tracked down by the Nazis and put to death by guillotine, as were other members of the White Rose (All of this is depicted dramatically if not disturbingly in the 2005 Oscar-nominated film “Sophie Scholl: The Final Days”).
Hans and Sophie Scholl fliers
Read up a bit on the bravery of these Scholl siblings who were key in the ultimate downfall of Hitler, and then take a walk to the massive front doors of this university building. Stop to soak in the representation of the Hans and Sophie Scholl flyers on the stones in front. It was their sixth flyer in 1943 called “Ein Deutsches Flugblatt” (A German Flyer), depicted on the ground here, which resulted in their arrest.
Step inside the building and walk into the light-flooded center courtyard. Look up at the second floor gallery. That is where the siblings sent the papers flying so they would flutter down and be available for all the students to find. Also look at the statue of Sophie Scholl. Imagine this stark building filled with students in the 1940s as the flyers littered the stairwells and Hans and Sophie Scholl being tracked down by Nazi guards.
Unfortunately, the Munich visitors website only has information in German, but try an online translation tool to give you the gist.
The city office has however put together a so-called National Socialism historical “trail” that will help you navigate the city, visiting various 3rd Reich sites and memorials, including this Sophie Scholl memorial. Find information, maps and an audio version online by clicking here.
Want more? Memory Loops is an engrossing, award-winning art project and virtual memorial with175 English audio tracks (300 in German) with voices and music recalling historical events during the NS regime between 1933 and 1945.
Learn more about the dark Nazi history in Munich
Learn more about Munich’s dark past and its place in the birth of Nazi terror by visiting other Nazi historical sights and museums. Learn more by reading White Rose Museum a haunting memorial to anti-Nazi movement and Munich NS Documentation Center teaches terror of Nazi reign. To learn more about other places to see in Munich, be sure to read our What to do in Munich: The ultimate city guide for travelers with its downloadable Ultimate City Guide to Munich PDF, free for our Subscriber Club members. | <urn:uuid:011bbd82-7363-4cef-828a-8bc16c7eb518> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://hitraveltales.com/munich-sophie-scholl-memorial/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400206329.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200922161302-20200922191302-00751.warc.gz | en | 0.944051 | 884 | 2.9375 | 3 |
World Environment Day was observed on Monday to highlight hazards of plastic pollution imposing grave impacts on nature and human health.
This year's theme of the World Environment Day was solutions to plastic pollution under the campaign #BeatPlasticPollution.
More than 430 million tonnes of plastic is produced every year worldwide, half of which is designed to be used only once.
The civil society, government departments including Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency, non-governmental organisations and others will hold awareness walks, seminars and symposiums to sensitise masses on plastic pollution.
Meanwhile, Minister for Climate Change Sherry Rehman has said the consequences of plastic pollution are intense and long term, as it irreversibly damages our environment and threatens the very fabric of life on earth.
In her message on World Enviroment Day, the Minister urged a call for action as plastic production is set to triple by 2060 if ‘business-as-usual’ continues.
Naval Chief Admiral Muhammad Amjad Khan Niazi has said Pakistan Navy is taking steps for the protection of aquatic environment.
In his message on world environment day, he said these include cleaning of harbors, establishment of Reedbed plants in the areas under Pakistan Navy's precinct and extensive plantation drives. He said those associated with the industries must also adopt such methods that help effectively address the issue of plastic pollution.
United Nations Chief Antonio Guterres has stressed the importance of curbing the "catastrophic" consequences of waste plastics.
In his message for World Environment Day he said that Every year, over 400 million tons of plastic is produced worldwide - one-third of which is used just once.
He said that every day, the equivalent of over 2,000 garbage trucks full of plastic is dumped into our oceans, rivers, and lakes.
He noted that micro-plastics are finding their way into the food we eat, the water we drink, and even the air we breathe.
Source: Radio Pakistan | <urn:uuid:f90866ed-fa33-43b3-b454-104e254c4805> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://asianetpakistan.com/world-environment-day-observed/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510412.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928130936-20230928160936-00809.warc.gz | en | 0.949699 | 402 | 3.234375 | 3 |
A Brief History of Neapolitan Art
The Art Timeline
Art and humans have a connection since before we could speak. The earliest cave paintings from The Stone Age, are 30,000 years old, pre-dating writing by 27,000 years. Art as we refer to it, can be assorted into seven distinct periods for simplicity’s sake, as follows:
- Prehistoric Art
- Ancient Classical art
- Medieval art
- Modern art
Our focus on Neapolitan Art in particular and Italian Art in general for this article, shall be the Renaissance. The word itself means rebirth. The rebirth was of artistic and classical works, often reflecting classical themes, and Greek deities. After the stifling violence and brutality of medieval times highlighted by famines, war and pandemics and ignorance, the Renaissance swung the pendulum back to appreciation of the finer things in life. The movement began in Italy (Florence to be precise) which was then governed by powerful city-states, namely Florence, Milan, Venice, Naples, and Rome.
Famous Renaissance art such as the Mona Lisa, the Primavera and the Sistine chapel, along with The Last Supper, the Kiss of Judas, the Sistine Madonna inspire art lovers all over the world, and forever will.
This rebirth also asserted itself in the arts through painting, architecture, sculpture, literature, music, and philosophy, but also through science, technology, and exploration.
The Advent of the Renaissance in Naples
Naples was one of the last city-states to embrace the movement: though it ruled much of southern Italy at the time of the Renaissance. It is primarily in 1443 when Alfonso I (also known as Alfonso V, King of Argon) conquered the city that art began to flourish again.
Alfonso the Magnanimous foray into Naples began in 1421 upon the childless Queen Joanna II of Naples adopting him as heir to the Kingdom of Naples. He promoted and commissioned Mediterranean art especially through oil paintings, and this made the city-state a center for Renaissance art.
Under Giovanni Pontano, he instituted the Academy of Naples, and to commemorate his entrance into the city in 1443 had a magnificent triumphal arch added to the main gate of Castel Nuovo, a medieval castle in the center of Naples. The ancient Neapolitan art and architecture of the arch was based on Roman style and building techniques. Alfonso V supplied the theme of Renaissance sculptures over the west entrance, and artists such as Laurana, da Messina, Sannazzaro and Poliziano arrived in the city under his commision. He also helped found the Academy of Naples, and had a magnificent arch created. He establish museums and libraries throughout the city which furthered the Renaissance ideals of the time.
At his height of power, Alfonso controlled large portions of land, including all of southern Italy. This helped expand the influence of Naples throughout the region. His support of Renaissance artists, writers, and philosophers and other creative endeavors made Naples popular for its music and art. The mandolin was invented in Naples.
The end of the Renaissance
The Renaissance style caught on slowly in Naples but is displayed in its full potential through the work of Antonello da Messina, the greatest master of southern Italy of the fifteenth century, who also trained in Naples, near Colantonio. His initial works, such as the Salvator Mundi, adhere to the Flandro-Burgundian principles of iconography, technique of execution and character features, however the setting of the figures and the spatials are typically Italian. Naples was captured by Spain in 1504. Possibly the last Renaissance project would be by Giovanni Cola di Franco on the church of Santa Maria la Nova. | <urn:uuid:fa14c17b-0c96-4152-be8e-d1058233a2a5> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.napulitanamente.com/art/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587794.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20211026011138-20211026041138-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.954688 | 773 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Babies Born With Prescription Drug Addiction
Thirty years ago, the nation was witnessing a generation of babies who were being born addicted to crack cocaine. Mothers who had been hooked on cocaine during their pregnancy were passing it on to their unborn children. Today, babies are being subjected to drugs at an even higher rate, but by different drugs. A new study shows that prescription painkillers, known to be highly addictive in adults, are now causing addiction in unborn babies.
A recent study in The Journal of the American Medical Association reported that one baby every hour is born with an addiction to painkillers. Sadly, many mothers don’t even realize they are harming their children. They believe that if a doctor prescribed their medicine then it must be safe.
A Different Kind of Drug Addiction
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states that more people each year die from a drug overdose of prescription drugs than from heroin and cocaine combined. The drugs that were once thought of as safe are only safe if used properly.
Lead author of the study, Stephen Patrick, a fellow in neonatal-perinatal medicine at the University of Michigan, found that 13,539 infants a year were born addicted to the drugs found in prescription painkillers. Records from 2009 reveal that 3.4 of every 1,000 babies were born with the same withdrawal symptoms as adults who used narcotic painkillers.
Vicodin and OxyContin were the most common drugs found to ignite the addictions. Expectant mothers were often taking these drugs to manage pain that had been caused by an injury or an illness.
Patrick emphasizes that the prescription drug epidemic is now reaching beyond senior citizens, adults, and children, all the way into the womb of America. Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) is attacking children who have not even developed a voice to say no to drugs.
Doctors and nurses have claimed that they can tell a child who has been born with NAS just by hearing their cries. Their cries are different than a healthy baby’s. Their cries are of pain, respiratory distress, and irritability, and often their cries are constant and inconsolable.
Most of these babies are born underweight and have feeding problems. In addition to the problems mentioned above, common withdrawal symptoms seen in these babies are the following:
- Tense muscles
Treating an Infant Addicted to Drugs
Doctors are still searching for the best ways to treat an infant who, upon birth, is immediately plunged into withdrawal. Being taken from the womb of a mother who is addicted to pain medication is the same as an adult quitting narcotics "cold turkey." To ease the baby out of withdrawal, some babies are given smaller and smaller amounts of methadone or morphine, over time.
Other babies are slightly calmed by being swaddled tightly or by being fed. But Patrick says that most babies are inconsolable.
To be born into the world in such a way is unfair. Patrick stresses that although there are some methods to help comfort the children and ease them out of their distress, there needs to be much more research. | <urn:uuid:27cc322b-4ce0-4f37-91c9-941772c3a57c> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.drugaddictiontreatment.com/addiction-in-the-news/addiction-news/babies-born-with-prescription-drug-addiction/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170992.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00097-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978621 | 634 | 2.75 | 3 |
Feature | November 26, 2013| Mats Björnemo
Considerations When Creating a Radiation Dose Management Program
How hospitals can better track the radiation doses delivered to patients
Radiation dose continues to rise as the number of computed tomography (CT), nuclear, angiography, and fluoroscopy examinations grow, leading to a greater risk of patient overexposure to radiation. Healthcare providers must reinforce their efforts to monitor and visualize dose levels from radiology examinations to enhance patient safety and meet new regulatory demands. There is also a need to justify and optimize the usage of radiation dose to find a balance between safer practice, image quality and lower dose – all for the benefit of the patient. Implementing tools for automatic and continuous follow up of radiation dose is at the forefront of meeting these challenges.
Gathering Radiation Dose Data
Gathering dose data is the first step in the optimization process. This is already done at many hospitals by the physics department, but it is often not an automated or a continuous process. Typically, dose data is collected when a cause for concern is raised for some reason or as a recurring quality control measure. A more systematic approach is implementing a permanent solution for automated collection of dose data from all modalities.
Newer modalities support the Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE) profile Radiation Exposure Monitoring and/or the DICOM MPPS standard. This functionality allows dose to be collected automatically from the modality in real time and without human intervention.
But even with a dose monitoring solution in place, challenges in gathering data may persist. Mats Nilsson, professor in the Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Malmo University Hospital, Region Skane, Sweden, who has years of experience working with region-wide dose monitoring, shares some advice.
“When working across an entire region with several hospitals as we do, standardization is crucial for efficient followup,” he explains. “You must have clear routines in place. Which exams can be reported together? Which should have separate exam codes? How do you name modalities and how, and in which, DICOM tag should the exam code be stored?”
Monitoring, Analyzing and Finding Best Practice
A dose monitoring solution can provide both the quick overview needed in day-to-day operations as well as the in-depth analysis required to implement ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) principals. The standard dashboards include automatic alerts indicating when a patient has received an abnormal dose level or signals that show when a modality for some reason is not sending correct dose data, for example, following an upgrade.
The in-depth analysis enables benchmarking between different modalities, different hospitals, or even different technologists and doctors to develop best practices.
Visualizing Radiation Dose Data
It is important to increase awareness about the dose levels attached to different examinations throughout the entire healthcare chain. The interest in dose monitoring needs to spread from the physicists to radiologists, technologists and clinicians. With the dose information at hand, better decisions can be made, answering such questions as: Which type of follow-up examination is optimal? Given the higher dose level, is the CT exam really necessary or is a regular X-ray sufficient?
“Showing the dose level for each examination will create a curiosity about dose. That is an important first step in raising the discussion and finding the optimal balance between dose and diagnostic quality,” says Peter Leander, regional chief medical officer at Malmo University Hospital, who has CT dose optimization on the very top of his priority list.
Dose Data that Follows the Patient
The risk of over-radiation is normally not the dose given in a specific examination, but the cumulative dose given to a patient over time. This means that the dose data should not only be gathered and kept at a specific hospital or clinic, but it needs to follow the patient throughout their life. The solution to this challenge will differ between countries. This varies from national registries and patient portals to a patient owning the data in their personal record.
Efficient Reporting to Authorities
Given the focus that is put on radiation dose levels, it is just a matter of time before authorities will demand continuous reporting on radiation dose from healthcare providers. This is not only for control purposes, but also to build up a reference database. By comparing radiation dose levels not only in a single hospital but in a region or even in an entire country, broader guidelines and improvements can be implemented.
“With the dose at hand, a flexible dose monitoring solution will enable the necessary reports to be created with just a few clicks,” says Ian Judd, product manager for Sectra’s dose monitoring solution. “I have met several healthcare providers who do this manually today spending days or even weeks to collect and summarize the data. With the increased demands from authorities, that will simply not cut it.”
Healthcare providers need to implement efficient means of collecting radiation dose statistics, reporting to authorities and visualizing dose data throughout the healthcare chain. This is the foundation that can enable an optimization of dose levels – all for the benefit of the patient. It is a natural next step to increase patient safety and inevitably, a necessary demand being put forward by authorities.
Editor's note: The article author Mats Björnemo is director of product marketing at Sectra. The company released its DoseTrack software in the United States in 2013, and first demonstrated it at RSNA 2012. | <urn:uuid:fdb948b5-72ba-47c2-9ac9-7fa7496cc732> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.dicardiology.com/article/considerations-when-creating-radiation-dose-management-program | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398471441.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205431-00118-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927369 | 1,121 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The Amazon, the largest tropical forest in the world, extends through 9 countries in South America, with a large part, about 60%, located in Brazilian territory. Its socio-environmental relevance can be evidenced by its diverse ecosystem services, including climate and water regulation, as well as hosting vast biodiversity and ethnic diversity.
On the other hand, facing the increasing deforestation rates in recent years (+20% between 2020 and 2022), the Amazon is already experiencing growing impacts on local climate patterns, such as temperature and rainfall, jeopardizing Brazil’s goals under the Paris Agreement.
In this context, combined with the expectation of the COP30 taking place in Pará (2025), the region faces increased scrutiny. Therefore, it is key to promote solutions aimed at preserving the forest, developing a new local economy based on forest products, and fostering innovation and technology.
These and other elements are explored in Catavento’s Factsheet #13, available through the link or at the image below.
Photo: Christian Vinces, via Unsplash | <urn:uuid:dc2f748f-fa19-401f-9eff-09a9a5493ecc> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://catavento.biz/en/catavento-publishes-factsheet-13-on-the-amazon-and-its-implications-for-the-climate-future/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510941.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001205332-20231001235332-00713.warc.gz | en | 0.930837 | 213 | 3.265625 | 3 |
On today’s date in 2005, about 300,000 worshippers and more than 100 world leaders flooded St. Peter’s Basilica in Vatican City for the funeral of Pope John Paul II.
Held six days after John Paul II’s death on April 2, it was the largest funeral in the history of the Roman Catholic Church and brought together an array of world leaders, surpassing the funeral of Winston Churchill in 1965. Four kings, five queens, more than a dozen leaders of other religions and at least 70 presidents and prime ministers attended the solemn gathering. Canadian dignitaries included then Prime Minister Paul Martin and his wife Sheila, then leader of the opposition Stephen Harper and Head of the Assembly of First Nations Phil Fontaine.
John Paul II’s funeral is believed to be one of the largest gatherings of Christianity ever with an estimate of more than four million mourners gathering in Rome. Memorial masses were held by various religions around the world to coincide with the funeral.
Pope John Paul II was buried in the grotto under St. Peter’s Basilica.
2014 POPE COINS
In 2014, the Royal Canadian Mint featured the former pope on two coins—a $25 gold coin and a $10 silver coin—in commemoration of his achievements and canonization on April 27, 2014.
The coins’ designs are based on a photograph of John Paul II offering Mass during his first visit to Canada in 1984. The image captures the pope as he raises the consecrated host. With a mintage of 1,500 pieces, the gold coin weighs 7.8 grams and has a diameter of 20 mm. The silver coin has a mintage of 8,500 pieces, a weight of 23.17 grams and a diameter of 36.07 mm. | <urn:uuid:2713dfad-353a-48c9-bb2c-2afbee7c07b4> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://canadiancoinnews.com/otd-funeral-pope-john-paul-ii/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315174.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20190820003509-20190820025509-00108.warc.gz | en | 0.948759 | 366 | 2.59375 | 3 |
What is Chemiluminescence...
Chemiluminescence (CL) is defined as the production of electromagnetic radiation (ultraviolet, visible or infrared) observed when a chemical reaction yields an electronically excited intermediate or product, which either luminesces (direct CL) or donates its energy to another molecule responsible for the emission (indirect or sensitized CL).
When a Nitrogen containing sample is combusted at 1000 ℃, Nitrogen Oxide (NO) is formed: R-N + O2 –> NO + H2O + CO2
After conditioning of the combusted sample, the formed NO is led into a reaction chamber, where electronically generated Ozone is added which reacts with the Nitric Oxide which forms Nitrogen Dioxide in an excited state (NO2*). The excited NO2 emits light as it reverts to a lower level energy state. The emitted light is detected by a Photomultiplier Tube (PMT).
The amount of the emitted light which is detected, corresponds with the amount of NO. This represents the amount of Total Nitrogen present in the sample and is so-called the reduced pressure Chemiluminescence detection technique. Surplus of Ozone is converted to oxygen by a heated tube to avoid this will lead to the environment.
The equations for these reactions are:
NO + O3 –> NO2*
NO2* –> NO2 + hv
Elemental combustion analyzers that make use of this detection technique: NEXIS TN, NEXIS VP TN
International methods carried out by using this technique: ASTM D4629, ASTM D5762, ASTM D6069, ASTM D7184, SHT 0657 | <urn:uuid:17f493e7-09d2-4a48-a89a-314cd4604cfe> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://estanalytical.com/what-is-chemiluminescence/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224657720.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20230610131939-20230610161939-00004.warc.gz | en | 0.90666 | 359 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Women’s Health West is the lead agency for the prevention of violence against women in the western metropolitan region of Melbourne.
What is ‘violence against women’?
Violence against women affects all communities regardless of class, race or culture.
Violence against women refers to any act of gender-based violence that results in physical, sexual or mental harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life (United Nations General Assembly 1993).
Violence against women includes a range of violent behaviours that may be criminal or non-criminal in nature, and that intend to express and maintain power and control over women.
What causes violence against women?
According to Our Watch’s ‘Change the story: A shared framework for the primary prevention of violence‘, there are four key drivers of men’s violence against women:
- Condoning of violence against women
- Men’s control of decision-making and limits to women’s independence in public and private life
- Rigid gender roles and stereotyped constructions of masculinity and femininity
- Male peer relations that emphasise aggression and disrespect towards women
Our Watch have also produced this short video that explains the link between gender inequity and violence against women.
Is it possible to prevent violence against women?
Research from VicHealth and the World Health Organization shows that violence can be prevented: it’s a matter of changing the unequal power relations and cultural norms that cause men to perpetrate violence against women in the first place, and the social structures that excuse it.
What is WHW doing to prevent violence against women?
We coordinate projects that include:
- Implementing Preventing Violence Together 2030: The Western Region Strategy to Prevent Violence Against Women
- Capacity building activities to strengthen prevention work within community groups, health agencies, local and state government, and other key organisations in Melbourne’s west (such as the Western Bulldogs and Victoria University).
Community champions for primary prevention action in Melbourne’s west
This project produced a resource called ‘Act to Prevent Men’s Violence Against Women’. It is designed to support community groups to plan and undertake actions to prevent men’s violence against women. | <urn:uuid:4fef9cd4-d399-476d-9278-3df724676b3d> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://whwest.org.au/health-promotion/prevent-violence/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376825495.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20181214070839-20181214092339-00245.warc.gz | en | 0.93261 | 473 | 3.078125 | 3 |
The Altar Stone lies at 80° to the main solstitial axis beneath the collapsed upright of the Great Trilithon (Stone 55b) and its lintel (Stone 156), sunk into the grass. The stone itself was broken by the fall of the Great Trilithon's upright and is in two pieces.
In the first photo the eastern end of the Altar Stone is seen to the left of Stone 55b, the middle section is visible between Stone 55b and Stone 156 and the western end is out of shot to the right of Stone 156.
The eastern end:
The middle section between Stone 55b and Stone 156:
The western end beneath Stone 156: | <urn:uuid:797b3dac-3f8d-43cb-84fc-f81ab769a479> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.stonesofstonehenge.org.uk/2015/02/altar-stone-stone-80.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251669967.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125041318-20200125070318-00294.warc.gz | en | 0.908047 | 141 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Taylor, R. (2007, December 20). Australia Sends Patrols to Shadow Japan Whalers. Reuters. [Online]. Available: http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/46126/story.htm [2008, May 15].
Australia; patrol; Japan; whaling; humpbacks
Australia will send a fisheries patrol ship to shadow Japan's whaling fleet near Antarctica and gather evidence for a possible international court challenge to halt the yearly slaughter, the government said on Wednesday.
The icebreaker Oceanic Viking, used for customs and fisheries policing, would leave for the Southern Ocean in days to follow the Japanese fleet, Foreign Minister Stephen Smith and Environment Minister Peter Garrett told journalists.
But to avoid a high-seas incident and ease concern in Tokyo, heavy machine guns on the ship and sidearms used by boarding crews would be locked in storage below decks, they said.
Separately, Greenpeace sent a ship on Wednesday to try and stop the Japanese fleet hunting whales.
Japan's whaling fleet plans to hunt 935 minke whales, 50 fin whales and, for the first time in 40 years, 50 humpback whales for research over the Antarctic summer.
Humpbacks were hunted to near extinction until the International Whaling Commiss... | <urn:uuid:0597db45-d08c-4166-ac5c-d96d10f4c572> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.bushmeat.org/node/3176 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802772751.143/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075252-00060-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.882809 | 269 | 2.625 | 3 |
Sources: The Library of Congress Country Studies; CIA World Factbook
Germany has one of the world's largest and most sophisticated transportation systems. This reflects the intensely mobile nature of the German population, who are among the world's most active drivers, tourists, and travelers. It also reflects Germany's location in the center of Europe and the many far-reaching industrial and commercial relationships developed over centuries. Because of the density of the network, many towns, but especially such major cities as Berlin, Frankfurt am Main, Munich, and Hamburg, function as transportation and communications centers, lying either at the intersections of major east-west and north-south routes or on transshipment points of ship, barge, road, and railroad traffic. With Europe again uniting from the Atlantic to the Urals, Germany's position as a transportation and communications hub for the continent will become ever more important.
To cope with the additional demands caused by German and European unification, the German government has designated seventeen major transport routes to be either completed or rebuilt as soon as possible during the last decade of the twentieth century and the first decade of the twenty-first century. The first transport plan for newly united Germany was adopted in 1993 and will cost DM453 billion by the year 2012. More than half of the investment will be dedicated to rail and waterway travel, not road travel (see fig. 11).
Trucks have been the most important instrument for freight transport throughout Germany for decades. They carried 203 billion ton-kilometers of freight in 1992, with railroads second (83 billion ton-kilometers) and inland shipping (55 billion ton-kilometers) third. But the railroad system is also perceived as very important, and it will be extensively modernized. The Deutsche Bahn railroad company, formed in January 1994 from the East German and West German railroad systems and to be gradually privatized, has a network of over 40,000 kilometers at standard 1.435 meter gauge, of which 16,000 kilometers are electrified. Perhaps 8,000 kilometers of German railroad tracks will be eliminated through rationalization. To speed traffic, new high-speed railroad tracks have been designed to permit special trains to move at up to 250 kilometers per hour between such principal cities as Hamburg and Munich, with more tracks to follow. The purpose of these new trains is to relieve some of the pressure on airports by making surface transportation fast and attractive for distances of fewer than 500 kilometers.
Germany has one of the densest road networks in the world and the largest after the United States. There were a total of 226,000 kilometers of roads in 1992, including more than 11,000 kilometers of four-or-more-lane superhighways. Nonetheless, especially in crowded areas and for the long routes toward southern Europe, many trucks are carried piggyback on trains to increase speed and to reduce pollution. The former East German system required several years of rebuilding after unification to enable it to serve the infrastructural requirements of modern business travel.
Germany had 45 million motor vehicles in 1992, with 39 million automobiles. Automobiles accounted for some 685 billion passenger-kilometers in 1990, a number that could be expected to rise rapidly by the mid-1990s as the eastern German population begins to acquire automobiles at a rate similar to that of their compatriots in the west.
The German inland shipping system is one of the world's most highly developed, especially because of the large flat areas in northern and western Germany. Duisburg, located in northwestern Germany on the Rhine, is the largest inland port in the world. Germany has 6,900 kilometers of navigable inland waterways, including such principal canals as the Kiel Canal, the Mittelland Canal, and the Dortmund-Ems Canal. The Rhine-Main-Danube Canal, completed in 1992, joins the Main and the Danube rivers in northern Bavaria and for the first time permits river transport between the North Sea and the Black Sea (see fig. 12).
The main German seaports are those of the old Hanseatic League, with the best-known being Hamburg, Bremen-Bremerhaven, Wilhelmshaven, Lübeck, and Rostock. To compensate for their greater distance from the Atlantic Ocean (in comparison with Rotterdam), German ports have invested heavily in technology, equipment, and training that permit fast and economical loading and unloading.
Germany also has a large system of inland and international air travel. Lufthansa, the national airline, has an extensive domestic and global route system. In 1992 approximately 87.5 million passengers were registered at Germany's airports, and 1.5 million tons of air freight were carried from those airports. The largest international airport is Frankfurt-Rhein Main, located near Frankfurt am Main and one of the world's most important centers for both passengers and air freight. Other important airports are those at Düsseldorf, Munich, the three serving Berlin (Berlin-Tegel, Berlin-Schönefeld, and Berlin-Tempelhof), Hamburg, Stuttgart, and Cologne-Bonn. Berlin-Schönefeld, located to the south of Berlin, will be expanded to reestablish it as a major international air center.
The German postal services are among the oldest in Europe. In 1990 Germany celebrated 500 years of organized mail service. At the same time, the German government broke up the Bundespost monopoly over all forms of communications and created three new structures to handle the services formerly handled by the Bundespost.
The largest of the new services is the Postdienst, with 390,000 employees. It is Germany's largest service enterprise, handling over 15 billion pieces of mail every year. The second largest is Telekom, the telephone/telex service, with a total of 260,000 employees. Telekom is intended to keep the German telecommunications system competitive with the new systems being developed in the United States and Asia. Germany has 35 million telephones, but service in eastern Germany took a long time to come up to western German standards. The third is the Postbank, with 24,000 employees, which manages the postal savings bank system in which about 30 million Germans have accounts (see Banking and Its Role in the Economy, this ch.).
Data as of August 1995
NOTE: The information regarding Germany on this page is re-published from The Library of Congress Country Studies and the CIA World Factbook. No claims are made regarding the accuracy of Germany Transportation information contained here. All suggestions for corrections of any errors about Germany Transportation should be addressed to the Library of Congress and the CIA. | <urn:uuid:815a20e6-a8c5-481f-9c87-449e672ab830> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.photius.com/countries/germany/economy/germany_economy_transportation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931006716.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155646-00022-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955895 | 1,356 | 3.59375 | 4 |
by Associate Clinician Felicia Pasquale
I frequently have new clients tell me they just got their blood test results back from their doctor and their vitamin D levels are low, even though they have been taking a vitamin D supplement for months, or even years.
There is a good explanation for this! In order for your body to absorb vitamin D, you must be able to digest fats, have proper kidney and liver function, and have adequate calcium and vitamin K.
Vitamin D is a fat soluble vitamin. Therefore, you must have optimal digestion in order to absorb vitamin D. That means your body must produce enough enzymes and hydrochloric acid in order to digest carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Enzymes and HCL are only the start of the digestive process. The digestive system works in a synchronized fashion; each metabolic action is a precursor for the next. Everyone needs to be on their game.
Optimal liver function is also essential to digestion. The liver makes bile. Bile breaks down fats. The liver sends bile to the gallbladder for storage. The gallbladder concentrates the bile and secretes it into the small intestines when needed. Bile breaks down large fat molecules into smaller ones, allowing the small intestines to absorb the nutrient. Vitamin D is dissolved in fat molecules.
Not only does the liver produce bile that aids vitamin D absorption, but the liver also converts the inactive form of vitamin D to the active form, 25-Hydroxyvitamin D. The kidneys then convert 25-Hydroxyvitamin D to the most potent form of vitamin D, 1.25 dihydroxyvitamin D. This form of vitamin D encourages calcium absorption in the intestines as well.
Vitamin D is essential for bone health, optimal mood, and immune function. Vitamin D enables the building of calcium in the bone. A process called bone remodeling allows the body to have access to calcium when needed. During this process, osteoclasts break down the old bone, allowing it to re-absorb into the tissues of the body, while osteoblasts allow the bone to rebuild, taking calcium from the tissues. Without proper vitamin D, bone remodeling is not optimal, causing weak bones.
In addition to vitamin D, vitamin K2 actives osteocalcin, which is produced by the osteoblast (bone building) activity. Osteocalcin is needed to bind calcium into the matrix of the bone. This is another reason why I have my clients bring in their vitamin D supplement that they are taking, to make sure it has all the co-factors needed to absorb the vitamin D in the supplement. Not all supplements are created equal. In addition to lacking ideal digestion, kidney or liver function, clients can actually be taking a vitamin D supplement that their body cannot absorb. This can cause problems. If the body can’t absorb the supplement, it will cause undue stress on the body in its efforts to eliminate it. If it cannot be eliminated, it will store the excess in an organ. That’s why it is very important to have a supplement tested on each individual to see if it is appropriate.
It is not always necessary to take a vitamin D supplement to absorb what is necessary. You can acquire vitamin D through exposure to the sun. The ultraviolet rays in the sun activate a cholesterol-like substance in the skin, which, through a few metabolic processes, converts to vitamin D3. We know the liver and kidneys secrete an enzyme that converts vitamin D3 to an active version that our body can assimilate.
Ideal exposure to the sun would be 15 to 20 minutes per day, 3 to 4 times per week, mostly on the face. Every person has bio-individual needs. A good rule of thumb is to stay out in the sun half the time it would take for the skin to burn. No sunscreen or sunblock should be worn, as this will prevent the vitamin D absorption. For individuals who are prone to burning, stay in the sun 5 minutes, then 10 minutes, then 15 minutes, continuing to work their way up until they can manage the sun without getting burnt.
Between 10 a.m. and 2 p.m. is the best time to be exposed to the sun. Ultraviolet rays are the greatest between these times. Summer is the most ideal time to get maximum exposure to ultraviolet rays, although getting sun on your face during spring, fall, and winter can definitely help. The sun will not only help vitamin D absorption, but also will improve mood. Increased sunlight exposure activates a brain hormone called serotonin. Serotonin produces feelings of well-being.
Vitamin D strengthens the immune system by providing nourishment to tissues and cells in the body, allowing optimal cellular function. Cells are like little cities. The DNA of a cell is the mayor of the city. It gives the cell instructions on how it is to function. Other functions of the cell include the garbage man, the lysosome. They remove waste from the cell. The cellular membrane is the wall of the city with guards. They let good guys (nutrients) in and prevent bad guys (toxins and pathogens) from coming in. Without a properly running city or cell, there is chaos and dysfunction, which ultimately leads to disease.
Increasing vitamin D to proper levels involves more than just taking a random vitamin D supplement. Digestion must be corrected. Stressors must be removed from the liver and kidneys so they can detoxify. Proper nutrition must be taken to allow the liver and the kidneys to function optimally. Lastly, every effort needs to be made to get some type of sun exposure, as well as eating a whole food diet rich in vital nutrients. | <urn:uuid:0ca2f011-1caf-4c3c-9ddc-474613086a27> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://welloflifecenter.com/2016/04/the-scoop-on-vitamin-d/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247491141.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20190219183054-20190219205054-00215.warc.gz | en | 0.932842 | 1,173 | 2.84375 | 3 |
In my rocket game, it is difficult to know when to begin a braking burn in order to land at a given target. I've been working on the math for a trajectory that lands at the nearest possible point. (To clarify: I want the nearest point that doesn't involve backtracking or waiting for the next orbit. Given unlimited fuel and time you can land anywhere.)
To start with I'm making some simplifying assumptions. These boil down to assuming you're close to the ground. Gravity is constant; it doesn't vary with position. The ground is a flat plane at y=0, and the gravity vector is pointed in the -y direction. With the constant-gravity assumption, the rocket's trajectory becomes a parabola and can be solved easily.
If the rocket starts out high enough, the trajectory is simple. The rocket is pointed completely sideways and fired until the horizontal velocity is zero. After that it is turned upright, falls a bit if necessary, and then fires vertically to brake to a soft landing.
A sample rocket trajectory of this type is plotted below. For this graph, the rocket's acceleration is 2 and its initial velocity is (4, 0). Gravity acceleration is -1. The graphs end when horizontal velocity reaches zero; they do not show the vertical braking component (if any).
Sometimes, though, canceling all horizontal velocity before addressing vertical velocity doesn't work because the rocket falls too far and hits the ground before it's done, or else there isn't enough altitude, given its vertical velocity, to complete the vertical braking. In these cases the rocket has to be tilted upward somewhat, diverting some acceleration toward staying above ground. We want to divert the minimum necessary, so as to extend the braking distance as little as possible.
In the example below, the rocket acceleration is still 2, but the initial velocity is increased to (6, 0). As a result, the rocket has to be tilted at an angle of 76.86 degrees from vertical in order to have space for the vertical descent:
Finally, sometimes the initial velocity is such that the rocket has to actually gain altitude in order to make a soft landing. Here, I've reduced the rocket's acceleration to 1.25, set the initial velocity to (6, -0.5), and put the initial rocket altitude at 1. The rocket angle is 25.84 degrees from vertical:
I've let the rocket graze the ground in the trajectory above. In reality you'd pick a safe minimum altitude and adjust the angle to keep it above that.
Thus, the rocket's trajectory consists of one or two pieces. If the horizontal velocity is nonzero, the rocket will execute a burn while tilted to the side by some amount. Once the horizontal velocity is zero, if there is remaining elevation, there will be a vertical burn to cancel that. (There may be a coasting period in between the two burns.) For simplicity I'm assuming that the rocket can change heading instantly. Time for turning could be added to the problem without too much trouble.
I've covered the coast-and-vertical-braking phase in a previous entry. The remaining problem is to find the angle for the first burn. The general approach is as follows:
For a given angle of the rocket, we can compute when it will cancel its horizontal velocity (divide horizontal velocity by horizontal acceleration). We plug this time into the equations for vertical motion to find out the rocket's elevation and vertical velocity at that time. This elevation and velocity can then be plugged into the equation for the altitude at which to begin vertical braking, developed in the above-mentioned blog entry. If the braking altitude is at or below us, we're good. If it's above us, we can't do it, and this angle is not usable.
Since we're comparing two altitudes, the natural thing to do is to make an equation which says that their difference equals zero. By solving this we get the minimum angle which will result in a successful landing. The minimum angle equals minimum distance traveled since we put as much thrust as possible toward horizontal braking.
Unfortunately since the variable we're solving for is encased in sines and cosines I don't know if there's an analytical way to solve for it. However, it should be easy to search for the value. Here's a sample plot illustrating the type of curve it is:
The curve above corresponds to the second case given earlier. It crosses the x axis at around 76.86 degrees.
The only remaining wrinkle (that I know of) is presented in the third case above. We can't ever let the rocket's elevation dip below zero. We need to determine when its vertical velocity reaches zero (this is a possible point of minimum altitude). If this time is earlier than the time for zero horizontal velocity (and greater than zero), then we need to check the rocket's elevation at that time. If it's less than zero (or whatever safe altitude we choose), then we need to search for a rocket angle closer to vertical that keeps the rocket above-ground.
I've been working this out in Excel; the next thing to do is to implement it in-game. There are a variety of ways it could be used: I could plot the earliest-landing point on the ground, or plot the trajectory to it, or have an attitude indicator showing which direction to burn. Once it's in I'll see how valid the flat-earth assumptions are. They do become more correct as the rocket approaches the ground so they may not be a problem.
Another thing this could be useful for is the beginning of a rocket AI. Computer-controlled rockets will probably have slightly different trajectory needs. They'll be wanting to land at a specific spot, rather than at the earliest possible spot. It shouldn't be too different, though. | <urn:uuid:9450ac28-8ecc-4780-af55-bdd1eb876af4> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://playtechs.blogspot.com/2007/11/soonest-landing-trajectory.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320869.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626221252-20170627001252-00243.warc.gz | en | 0.944811 | 1,194 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Central Excise Day is observed on February 24th every year across India to encourage the employees of the excise department to carry out the central excise duty all over India in a better way. Central Excise Day aims to prevent the corruption in goods manufacturing business as well as implement other rules to carry out the best possible excise services. The Central Excise department reformed the tax system to facilitate payment of taxes and increased the use of techniques. The Board of Excise and Customs (CBEC) organize seminars, workshops, trade interactions, educational and cultural events, awareness programs, competitions, and award ceremonies all over the country to celebrate this day.
History of Central Excise Day
The Central Excise Day is celebrated every year to commemorate the Central Excise and Salt Act which was enacted on 24th February 1944. The day was also historic for the reason that the 14th Finance Commission had recommended an unprecedented hike in the States’ share of Central taxes by 10 percentage points from 32% to 42%, which is a move in the direction of “cooperative federalism”. Central Excise Department plays a stellar role in contributing to nation-building and economic development of the country.
Purpose of Central Excise Day
The Central Excise Board is a government agency responsible for administering matters relating to customs, central excise, service tax, and narcotics. Central Excise Department collects maximum tax at minimum cost and the main purpose of celebrating this day is to tell the people about the importance of excise and service tax. “Excise duty” is an indirect tax levied on goods manufactured in India for domestic consumption. The tax is levied on manufacturing and Central excise becomes payable as soon as the goods are manufactured. It is a tax levied on manufacturing which is paid by the manufacturers who pass on their tax burden to the customers.
The Central Board of Excise and Customs (CBEC) is a part of the Department of Revenue under the Ministry of Finance, Government of India. It formulates policies related to levy and collection of Central excise and Customs duties. It also handles cases related to smuggling prevention and customs, central excise and narcotics-related to administration failing within the jurisdiction of CBEC. The board is the administrative authority of its subordinate organizations including Custom Houses, Central Excise Commissionerate and Central Revenue Control Laboratory. The chairman, who is the ex-officio special secretary to the Government of India, heads the CBEC. In addition, CBEC consist of five members, who are ex-officio Additional Secretaries of the Government of India. The chairmen and members of CBEC are selected from the Indian Revenue Service (IRS), the premier civil service of India. These members constitute the top management of the Central Excise and Customs Department. The CBEC’s support members are chosen from the IRS and other major civil services in the country and are assisted by several offices affiliated to it.
Important facts related to Central Excise Day
1. Central Excise is one of the oldest Department of India, established by Britishers in 1855.
2. “The Central Excise Act 1944” was known as “The Central Excise & Salt Act, 1944” before the year 1996.
3. Earlier there were only 67 items mentioned in the original act on which Excise Duty was levied, but now the number is in thousands.
4. At present Central Excise Department has 23 Zones, 100 Commissionerates, 460 Divisions & 2614 Ranges for Tax Collection & Law Enforcement Activities across India.
5. “Power to Arrest” was given to Central Excise Officers in 1973 by Union Govt, whereas “Power to Arrest” in Service tax matters was given in 2013.
6. Central Excise Department has won the “Best Anti-Smuggling Agency of India” prize maximum times beating other Govt. agencies like BSF, ED, NCB, Income Tax, ITBP, etc.
7. Intelligence Agency of Central Excise, ‘Directorate General of Central Excise Intelligence’ (DGCEI) was established in the year 1979 & till the year 2000 it was known as ‘Directorate General of Anti Evasion’. With only 300 officers across India, DGCEI detects more Revenue Evasions cases than heavily staffed agencies like Enforcement Directorate & Income Tax Investigation.
8. The term ‘Excise’ means “to cut” and is a Latin word which means Inland Tax.
9. Till the early 1954 Central Excise Department was known as “Customs, Excise & Tobacco Department”. But after the Union Budget of 1954, the Department was renamed as “Indian Customs & Central Excise Department” & the production tax on Alcohol was transferred to State Government.
10. Central excise has turned into the crucial wellspring of the budgetary advancement of the nation for better financial improvement in India. | <urn:uuid:8f55f212-47c0-4cde-a301-b2865af75125> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.ritiriwaz.com/central-excise-day-february-24/?utm_medium=referral&utm_source=IndiBlogHub | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370497301.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20200330181842-20200330211842-00082.warc.gz | en | 0.957052 | 1,010 | 3.046875 | 3 |
A study conducted by Avast, a company which provides digital security products, revealed the average age for a PC in 2018 is 6 years-old. In 2017, Avast reported the average age of a PC was five and a half years old.
PC Components Haven't Aged well
Today, half of all PCs have 4GB of RAM. Also known as, Random Access Memory. 22% of computers have 2GB of RAM or less, while Just 30% of devices have more than 8GB of RAM.
The minimum requirements to run the new, Resident Evil 2, is 8GB of RAM.
Only 22% of computers can run a game like Resident Evil 2 with the minimum settings based on RAM statistics.
RAM is just one component of a computer needing upgrades to stay current in the always-improving gaming industry. You also have to keep your CPU and graphics card up to date, for example.
Even though Solid-State-Drives(SSD) are superior to Hard-Disk-Drives(HDD), only 15% of PC owners own a solid state drive. The other 85% of PC owners are stuck with outdated technology.
More Consumers are opting for Laptops & Tablets
More U.S. consumers are opting for Laptops, 2-1 computers, and tablets; as opposed to traditional desktop computers. However, laptops are nowhere near as powerful as a fully-built gaming rig, capable of playing AAA titles in 4k resolution with little to no latency.
Try playing a game like The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt on a regular laptop, and you'll soon be lagging and skipping like watching the original Star Wars movie on a scratched-to-pieces VHS tape.
Being a PC Gamer is expensive
As time continues, the average age of a PC will continue to rise. The hardware requirements you need to play new games, and run new programs increases at the same rate.
While improvements in tech allows gamers to play better, faster and stronger games, technological improvements also increase costs for gamers. And, costs will only increase as games move towards bigger & better realities.
Why buy a new computer when you can buy Shadow?
With Shadow, you never have to worry about buying new components for your computer again. With a Shadow subscription, you can play any game you own--not a library of games we pick--at max settings with little to no latency. You also get the benefit of playing on all of your devices, wherever you are.
As technology becomes more powerful and PC's become older, Shadow adapts to play any game on the market. | <urn:uuid:8b6ff99e-9b99-48eb-bdbc-3601b61f407a> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://shadow.tech/usen/community/news/out-of-date-computer-study | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578544449.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20190422055611-20190422081611-00120.warc.gz | en | 0.954063 | 536 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Human use and alteration of land has profound effects on the environment, both locally where it takes place, and at the planetary scale via climate change and other mechanisms.
This building block explains what is meant by land use and land use change, both direct and indirect.
Last update: 06 February, 2018
Land use (direct). The purpose for which an area of land is used by humans: e.g. cropland, urban settlements, forests. Wild or natural land, by contrast, is that not used by humans.
Land use (indirect). Land that is indirectly used via the consumption of goods which require an area of land in order to make them. For example, pork production uses land indirectly via the consumption of animal feed in the process.
Land use change (direct). The process, whereby a specific area of land is converted from one use to another – including from ‘wild’ to human centric uses. This describes the immediate, local, cause of the change (e.g. cropland replacing grassland).
Land use change (indirect). The process whereby a change in the availability of land in one location, causes the conversion of land from on use to another in another location, in order to meet demand – mediated by local or international markets for agricultural goods.
Over the last three centuries, human uses have come to dominate the earth’s land surface, progressively eroding the area that can be said to be in a ‘natural’ or ‘semi-natural’ state. Of these uses, agricultural production is by far the most extensive user of land globally (Figure 1).1
Figure 1: Anthropogenic transformation of the Biomes: 1700 to 2000. Over this period, areas of wild and semi-natural land have increasingly become managed for human uses. Reproduced from Ellis et al., 2010.1
What land is used for and how this changes over time is a fundamental driver of changes in local and global climate, ecosystems, watercourses, infectious diseases, and more. Understanding and managing these interactions, is a central challenge for food systems sustainability.
The word ‘use’ in the term ‘land use’ refers specifically the purposes for which land is occupied or managed for human ends. How land use is categorised varies according what it is being categorised for, but common examples include type of cropland, pasture, and settlements.
Under this typology, land that is not being used by humans for any purpose is often designated as being ‘wild’ or ‘natural’ land. Land that is only lightly used by humans, with little disturbance of the natural processes that take place on it is often designated as ‘semi-natural’.
The causes of land use within food systems can be looked at from multiple perspectives.
The direct cause of land use refers to a specific piece of land and how it is being used at a specific moment in time.
Indirect land use differs from direct land use, in that the point at which the 'use' happens takes place later in the value chain, when a product that has required the use of land in order to produce it, is consumed or used by some other process.
The example of cows being fed on both pasture and animal feed to produce milk, provides an illustration of the difference. In this case, cows directly use the pasture land in order to obtain sustenance and to produce milk. At the same time, cows indirectly use cropland to produce milk, via the supplemental feed that they consume.
Land use change simply refers to the conversion of a piece of land's use by humans, from one purpose to another. For example, land may be converted from cropland to grassland, or from wild land (e.g. tropical forests) to human-specific land uses (e.g. palm oil plantations). Certain types of land use change have well known words associated with them, such as deforestation. afforestation, or rewilding.
As with direct land use, direct land use change refers to a specific piece of land, whose use has been converted by humans from one purpose to another. For example, a piece of land used for forestry might be deforested and then replaced by new cropland.
Figure 2 below illustrates the concepts of both direct and indirect land use change. Direct land use change is shown in the middle column, which shows new cropland for bioenergy replacing forest and rangeland in Region 1.
Note that in this scenario, because the cropland used to grow biofuels is entirely new cropland, if doesn’t conflict with land used for food production in Region 1, and so there is no connected change in cropland area in Region 2.
Figure 2: Direct verses indirect land use change from biofuel production. Reproduced from Taylor, 2013.2.
Indirect land use change takes place when a direct change in land use in one location, is causally connected to a corresponding change in land use in another location. The causal mechanism behind this shift in land use from one location to another is the influence of agricultural markets on regional or global land use.
The case of indirect land use change as a result of biofuel production is illustrated in the rightmost column of Figure 2.
In this scenario, cropland in Region 1 is converted from food production to biofuel production, leaving forest and rangeland areas intact. In a real world situation, this may reflect strong governance in the region preventing the conversion of forests or rangelands, or simply a lack of land suitable for conversion into new cropland.
If the reduced area of cropland lowers the total amount of food crop production in Region 1, yet total demand for that food crop remains the same, the theory behind indirect land use change predicts that market prices will incentivise an increase in food production somewhere else in order to fill the gap between demand and supply. This can happen through:
- Intensification of food production on existing farmland, thereby increasing total output; or
- The creation of new agricultural land area on which to grow additional food.
Often this can lead to production shifting from one region to another (i.e. to Region 2 in the rightmost column of Figure 2). In practice, this means that land use change is exported to locations where there is land with the potential to be converted into new agricultural land, and where the conversion of land is incentivised by weak laws and law enforcement; taxes and subsidies promoting land conversion; and many other factors.3
As a result, a change in land use in one location (e.g. Europe) can potentially lead (indirectly) to changes in land use on the other side of the world, often in lower income countries where the ecological cost of land conversion is often high, because of the richness and unique character of biodiversity on the land being converted. 4
Indirect land use change is an important and useful concept for understanding the drivers of phenomena such as habitat destruction and associated greenhouse gas emissions 5, but has important limitations.
Attributing land use change (e.g. deforestation) in any one location to a specific change in land use elsewhere is often extremely difficult, due to the need to analyse and track how markets respond to direct land use change in one location, and in turn, the need to explain how the decisions and actions of local people in relation to the management of land in other world regions, will respond to the market change.
The indirect land use change concept is therefore not of much use in explaining specific cases of land use change in specific locations. Rather, it represents one of the many general driving forces incentivising land use change in a specific place and at a specific time.
Where the concept is better put to use is in understanding unintended impacts of land use policies. Here, modelling can combine the effects of land use dynamics and agricultural markets to estimate the amount of land that will been displace from one region to others, as a result of a proposed or actual land use change in a specific location.
However, due to the many variables involved and large degrees of uncertainty, estimates of indirect land use change are also highly uncertain.6 Estimates should, therefore, be treated as a useful but imprecise heuristic for estimating the total environmental impact of land use change.
To learn more about this topic we recommend:
Note: many paywall articles linked to below can also be found online as PDFs.
Review article (paywall): Global consequences of land use
Review article (paywall): The causes of land-use and land-cover change: moving beyond the myths
Book chapter (paywall): Systemic feedbacks in global land use
Video lecture (open access): Land-use change through time
Research article (paywall): Anthropogenic transformation of the biomes, 1700 to 2000
1. Ellis, E. C., Klein Goldewijk, K., Siebert, S., Lightman, D., & Ramankutty, N. (2010). Anthropogenic transformation of the biomes, 1700 to 2000. Global ecology and biogeography, 19(5), 589-606.
2. Taylor, C. (2015, Fall Issue). Life cycle thinking is increasingly popular for policy uses, especially in the field of bioenergy. Bioenergy Connection. Retrieved from http://www.bioenergyconnection.org/article/life-cycle-analysis-bioenergy-policy
3. Lambin, E. F., Turner, B. L., Geist, H. J., Agbola, S. B., Angelsen, A., Bruce, J. W., ... & George, P. (2001). The causes of land-use and land-cover change: moving beyond the myths. Global environmental change, 11(4), 261-269.
4. Haberl, H., Erb, K. H., Kastner, T., Lauk, C., & Mayer, A. (2016). Systemic Feedbacks in Global Land Use. In Social Ecology (pp. 315-334). Springer International Publishing
5. Foley, J. A., DeFries, R., Asner, G. P., Barford, C., Bonan, G., Carpenter, S. R., ... & Helkowski, J. H. (2005). Global consequences of land use. science, 309(5734), 570-574.
6. Meyfroidt, P., Lambin, E. F., Erb, K. H., & Hertel, T. W. (2013). Globalization of land use: distant drivers of land change and geographic displacement of land use. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 5(5), 438-444.
Samuel Lee-Gammage, FCRN, University of Oxford
Tara Garnett, FCRN, University of Oxford
Reviewers are currently being identified for this resource. Once reviewed, this resource will be updated to reflect feedback and their contributions to this resource.
If you have specific feedback on how to improve the resource, please get in touch with the FCRN team.
The Daniel and Nina Carasso Foundation
The Esmée Fairbairn Foundation
The Oxford Martin Programme on the Future of Food | <urn:uuid:b930c9ac-54b4-49c5-a4cb-053fea1991a2> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://foodsource.org.uk/building-blocks/what-land-use-and-land-use-change | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348496026.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200605080742-20200605110742-00337.warc.gz | en | 0.896441 | 2,342 | 3.859375 | 4 |
- Mechanisms of the immune system
- Nonspecific, innate immunity
- Chemical barriers to infection
- Specific, acquired immunity
- The nature of lymphocytes
- B-cell antigen receptors and antibodies
- Activation of T and B lymphocytes
- Antibody-mediated immune mechanisms
- Nonspecific, innate immunity
- Evolution of the immune system
- The development of immunity in major animal groups
The nature of lymphocytes
Location in the lymphatic system
Lymphocytes are the cells responsible for the body’s ability to distinguish and react to an almost infinite number of different foreign substances, including those of which microbes are composed. Lymphocytes are mainly a dormant population, awaiting the appropriate signals to be stirred to action. The inactive lymphocytes are small, round cells filled largely by a nucleus. Although they have only a small amount of cytoplasm compared with other cells, each lymphocyte has sufficient cytoplasmic organelles (small functional units such as mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum, and a Golgi apparatus) to keep the cell alive. Lymphocytes move only sluggishly on their own, but they can travel swiftly around the body when carried along in the blood or lymph. At any one time an adult human has approximately 2 × 1012 lymphocytes, about 1 percent of which are in the bloodstream. The majority are concentrated in various tissues scattered throughout the body, particularly the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils, and lining of the intestines, which make up the lymphatic system. Organs or tissues containing such concentrations of lymphocytes are described as lymphoid. The lymphocytes in lymphoid structures are free to move, although they are not lying loose; rather, they are confined within a delicate network of lymph capillaries located in connective tissues that channel the lymphocytes so that they come into contact with other cells, especially macrophages, that line the meshes of the network. This ensures that the lymphocytes interact with each other and with foreign materials trapped by the macrophages in an ordered manner.
T and B cells
Lymphocytes originate from stem cells in the bone marrow; these stem cells divide continuously, releasing immature lymphocytes into the bloodstream. Some of these cells travel to the thymus, where they multiply and differentiate into T lymphocytes, or T cells. The T stands for thymus-derived, referring to the fact that these cells mature in the thymus. Once they have left the thymus, T cells enter the bloodstream and circulate to and within the rest of the lymphoid organs, where they can multiply further in response to appropriate stimulation. About half of all lymphocytes are T cells.
Some lymphocytes remain in the bone marrow, where they differentiate and then pass directly to the lymphoid organs. They are termed B lymphocytes, or B cells, and they, like T cells, can mature and multiply further in the lymphoid organs when suitably stimulated. Although it is appropriate to refer to them as B cells in humans and other mammals, because they are bone-marrow derived, the B actually stands for the bursa of Fabricius, a lymphoid organ found only in birds, the organisms in which B cells were first discovered.
B and T cells both recognize and help eliminate foreign molecules (antigens), such as those that are part of invading organisms, but they do so in different ways. B cells secrete antibodies, proteins that bind to antigens. Since antibodies circulate through the humours (i.e., body fluids), the protection afforded by B cells is called humoral immunity. T cells, in contrast, do not produce antibodies but instead directly attack invaders. Because this second type of acquired immunity depends on the direct involvement of cells rather than antibodies, it is called cell-mediated immunity. T cells recognize only infectious agents that have entered into cells of the body, whereas B cells and antibodies interact with invaders that remain outside the body’s cells. These two types of specific, acquired immunity, however, are not as distinct as might be inferred from this description, since T cells also play a major role in regulating the function of B cells. In many cases an immune response involves both humoral and cell-mediated assaults on the foreign substance. Furthermore, both classes of lymphocytes can activate or enhance a variety of nonspecific immune responses.
Ability to recognize foreign molecules
Lymphocytes are distinguished from other cells by their capacity to recognize foreign molecules. Recognition is accomplished by means of receptor molecules. A receptor molecule is a special protein whose shape is complementary to a portion of a foreign molecule. This complementarity of shape allows the receptor and the foreign molecule to conform to each other in a fashion roughly analogous to the way a key fits into a lock.
Receptor molecules are either attached to the surface of the lymphocyte or secreted into fluids of the body. B and T lymphocytes both have receptor molecules on their cell surfaces, but only B cells manufacture and secrete large numbers of unattached receptor molecules, called antibodies. Antibodies correspond in structure to the receptor molecules on the surface of the B cell. | <urn:uuid:13dafc5f-0302-4b1e-90b7-b369854c8c7f> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.britannica.com/science/immune-system/The-nature-of-lymphocytes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107892062.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20201026204531-20201026234531-00324.warc.gz | en | 0.950043 | 1,071 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Jul. 09, 2021
[Press Release] Songbirds like it sweet: Songbird ancestors evolved a new way to taste sugar
Jul. 09, 2021
Photo source: Yasuka Toda
Bitter, salty, sweet, sour and umami are the five basic tastes that we humans perceive. The sense of taste has an enormous influence on our diet — what we think tastes good often ends up on our plates. The rest of the animal kingdom is no different, as taste reliably helps to distinguish what is nutritious from what is poisonous. But what exactly do other animals taste?
It is well known that the sweet taste receptor is widespread among mammals. Birds, however, descend from carnivorous dinosaurs and lack an essential subunit of this receptor — presumably leaving most unable to detect sugar. The only known exception are the hummingbirds, who re-purposed their umami taste receptor to recognize carbohydrates.
But are all other birds unable to taste sugars? An international team led by evolutionary biologist Yasuka Toda from Meiji University in Japan and Maude Baldwin of the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology in Germany investigated this question.
First, the researchers systematically studied the diets of birds. Certain songbird lineages, such as sunbirds, sugarbirds, and honeycreepers, are known to regularly consume large quantities of nectar. However, Baldwin and colleagues found an above-average number of other songbird species across the entire radiation that occasionally consume nectar or fruit. "This was the first hint that we should concentrate on a range of songbirds, not only the nectar-specialized ones, when searching for the origins of avian sweet taste," explains Dr. Baldwin. Indeed, their behavioral experiments showed that both a nectar specialist as well as a grain-eating songbird preferred sugar water to normal water.
Baldwin and Toda dug deeper and found that the umami receptors of nectar specialist honeyeaters, as well as those of other songbirds with varying diets, also respond to sugar. They concluded that songbirds really do sense sweet and, like hummingbirds, use the umami receptor to do so.
To identify the origin of this ability, the researchers reconstructed ancestral umami receptors at different locations on the songbird family tree. It turned out that the early ancestors of songbirds evolved the ability to sense sugar, even before they radiated out of Australia and spread across the planet. "We were very surprised by this result. Sweet perception emerged very early within the songbird radiation and then persisted even in species that do not rely primarily on sugary food," says Baldwin.
In addition to the timing of the sensory change, the researchers were able to uncover its molecular basis. By comparing the sugar-indifferent and sugar-responding receptor sequences, they identified the modifications enabling sweet perception. "Because many amino acid residues are involved in sugar detection, we needed to analyze more than one hundred chimeric receptors to reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying the sugar responses," says Toda. Interestingly, these exact changes coincide only slightly with those seen in the distantly-related hummingbirds, even though similar areas of the receptor are modified. So, over evolutionary time, these distant bird groups converged on the same solution of re-purposing their umami taste receptors to sense sugar. However, each group modified the receptors in distinct ways to achieve the same outcome.
Based on their findings, the scientists suspect that the new sensory percept of ancestral songbirds had far-reaching effects on their subsequent evolution. In Australia, where songbirds evolved, many different sugar sources are common, including insect secretions and tree sap. Sugary food sources may have helped songbirds to spread to other continents and successfully occupy a variety of ecological niches.
Future studies now aim to learn how sweet perception has coevolved with other physiological traits, such as changes in digestion and metabolism, across bird evolution.
Yasuka Toda, Meng-Ching Ko, Qiaoyi Liang, Eliot T. Miller, Alejandro Rico-Guevara, Tomoya Nakagita, Ayano Sakakibara, Kana Uemura, Timothy Sackton, Takashi Hayakawa, Simon Yung Wa Sin, Yoshiro Ishimaru, Takumi Misaka, Pablo Oteiza, James Crall, Scott V. Edwards, William Buttemer, Shuichi Matsumura and Maude W. Baldwin (2021). Early origin of sweet perception in the songbird radiation. Science (DOI: 10.1126/science.abf6505)
Food Functional Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture,
Public Relations Office, Meiji University
Joint press release with Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, in Germany | <urn:uuid:8f02af61-7d52-4d5b-bbac-4184cfa15dff> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.meiji.ac.jp/cip/english/news/2021/songbirds.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046155322.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20210805032134-20210805062134-00048.warc.gz | en | 0.9288 | 977 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Cool season grasses like tall fescues, and some Kentucky bluegrasses are the most common grasses found throughout Kansas with the exception of the southern and western regions of the state, where bermuda grass, zoysia grass, and native grasses like Buffalo grass are most common.
Tall fescue is the most popular grass that you will find throughout Kansas lawns. It is a cool season grass that greens up in the early spring and stays green until late fall. Tall fescue is shade and drought tolerant and does not submit easily to disease pressure making it an attractive lawn in Kansas when seeded at the correct rate, mowed, watered and fertilized correctly. Fine fescue varieties are more shade and cold tolerant and may be a better fit for colder areas of the state.
The best time for planting tall fescue seed in Kansas is between Aug. 25 and Oct. 10. Keep in mind that lawns seeded within a week of Labor Day are more likely to fill in completely for winter and produce a thicker, denser turf appearance for the following spring compared to lawns seeded in October. You want to seed in the late summer because the warmer temperatures accompanied with adequate water will promote good grass seed germination. Seed at 6 to 8 pounds per 1,000 square feet under a well prepared soil.
Tall fescue grows rapidly and needs frequent mowing, especially during the summer. Mow frequently making sure not to cut off more than one third of the grass height which will prevent unsightly scalping of your grass. Apply 1-1.5 lbs/1,000 sq ft of nitrogen in September and November and in May only apply one pound of nitrogen per 1,000 square feet.
This grass spreads by underground rhizomes and comes in many various forms with varieties that differ in color, texture, density, disease resistance and mowing heights. Kentucky bluegrass grows best in well-drained, moist, fertile soils, and in full sun but will tolerate some shade. With proper management, bluegrass can produce and lush, green beautiful lawn and that is why it is widely used in the northern half of the United States. However, bluegrass is not as drought and heat tolerant as your tall fescues and warm season grasses and therefore does not grow as well during Kansas summers.
Good soil preparation is very important when planting Kentucky bluegrass seed. (Visit the soil preparation and planting grass seed page for detailed instructions.) September is the best time to plant bluegrass seed because of warm soil temperatures and low weed competition.
Plant at 3 pounds per 1,000 square feet or 1.5 pounds per 1,000 square feet for over-seeding projects. Kentucky bluegrass grows best when mowed at a height of 2 to 3 inches and for low maintenance lawns should be fertilized twice a year. One pound nitrogen per 1,000 square feet in September and another application at the same rate in November. One more pound of nitrogen in late April or early May is recommended. (Click here for more information on grass fertilizer.)
This is a fine-bladed grass that grows aggressively and strongly bonds to the soil surface via surface runners with stolons and underground rhizomes. All varieties require sun and should be cut as low as possible (Some hybrid Bermudas can be mowed at very low heights). Bermuda grass looks best when thatch growth is managed well. Because of its vigorous growth, bermuda grass is extremely drought, heat, salt, and traffic tolerant. There are many seeded varieties of bermuda but all hybrid varieties must be established from vegetative plant parts (sod, stolons, and plugs), and not from seed.
If using a seeded variety, bermuda grass should be planted starting in mid-May and can be continued all the way up to July. Seeding rate should be planted at 1.5 – 2.0 pounds per 1,000 square feet. During the summer growing season, apply 2 pounds nitrogen per 1,000 square for low maintenance lawns and for a darker and greener bermuda lawn, apply up to 4 pounds nitrogen per 1,000 square feet. (Keep in mind that the more nitrogen applied, the faster bermuda grass will grow and the more it will need to be mowed.)
Zoysia grass may be hard to establish because of it slow growth and having a long dormant season, but once established, it can make a wonderful fine-textured turf cover. It can be established by vegetative parts and by seeds. The most common zoysia grass is a low maintenance turf grass whose leaf texture is like that of bermuda grass and like bermuda grass, forms stolons and rhizomes. Mow at ¾ to 1 ¼ inch. Zoysia leaves and stems are strong and rigid which enables it to handle a good deal of traffic when it is growing well during the hot summer season. With little water required, zoysia grass can grow well during the summer because of it’s heat and drought tolerance. It is more shade tolerant than bermuda grass but only in areas where it is warm year round. Zoysia grass suits well with low maintenance lawns where slow establishment is not a concern.
A true prairie grass with good heat and drought tolerance that is mostly established by vegetative plant parts but can be established by seed which are collected from female plants. Buffalograss is a fine textured grass that forms a dense turf with a light green color. It is not tolerant to sandy or salty soils and will not grow in shade. Buffalograss can be used for low maintenance lawns at 2500 to 7000 ft elevation and does not require a large amount of nitrogen or water. If plenty of water is supplied, buffalo grass can be cut at 1 ½ inches but for a truly low maintenance lawn, mow at 2 ½ to 3 inches during summer months. | <urn:uuid:debff306-3140-4c1e-abdf-1ad43eda18d0> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.plantinggrassseedcenter.com/planting-grass-seed-in-kansas/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500830074.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021350-00146-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947864 | 1,222 | 2.921875 | 3 |
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It is very natural for us to get caught up in our thoughts. Despite this, we must remember—our thoughts make us who we are and it’s our perception of life that ultimately shapes our attitude.
Unfortunately, many of us build our lives on negative thoughts. By doing so, there is a high chance that the cycle is going to continue and it will affect our actions, our lives, our families and those we love.
Rewire Your Brain
The fascinating thing about the brain and the mind is that most of the time we can train and rewire it however we desire. All it requires is a little willpower. Here is an exercise that you can practice to bring positive changes to your life by feeling good about yourself.
According to an article published by Psychology Today, this cognitive exercise will help to re-engage your sense of well-being and is really simple to carry out.
Every night, before you got to sleep, keep a little diary near your bed. Take a few minutes to think of and write down at least three things that you liked about yourself that day. Now, write those things down. The next morning, read the list before you get out of bed. Keep doing this for a period of at least 30 days. You will see that you have a pretty long list about the good things you have done.
Remember that you don’t have to stress out about doing something major. For example, it can be a gesture such as a smile to a stranger or leaving the seat for someone else in need in a bus. Just write down: I smiled at a stranger today and that made me feel really warm inside.
How does it work?
For someone who is depressed, this activity can be very arduous because they have attentional bias and an impaired attentional control. What does this mean? Well, they will negatively relate to things and secondly, they will go on dwelling on the negative aspects rather than the positive ones. Like in a day, even if ten people have been really good to them and just one person was rude, they are going to think about the rude person continuously without being able to shift their attention elsewhere. In other words, they tend to focus on negativity.
This is self-destructive rather than constructive and has damaging consequences on our psychological health.
The Shift to Positivity
It’s really essential to disengage from negativity and make the effort by going through this exercise. It WILL help to shift our negative thoughts towards positive ones.
When we go on repeating to ourselves our positive attributes, we make a space in our minds that we can easily refer back to whenever we want. In time, this leads us to become more aligned with a positive attitude and compliments, avoiding the negative spiral.
Continuing it will resonate in our lives and our attitudes. Before we know it, we will be uplifting our sense of self-worth and be inspired to be better versions of ourselves.
But remember, all this is a question of faith and takes time and patience in order to see the results completely. Most importantly, be kind and compassionate to yourself.
Share this article with your loved ones.
Also, see 10 Things Happy People Never Do
Please note: Articles you read here at FeedFond are genuinely for education or entertainment purpose only. We may earn commissions from the referral link to the products we review. However, this does not influence our judgment, but we strive to help people make an informed decision with positive and negative evaluations. We withhold any responsibility for any loss, risk, and personal or otherwise, experienced as a result, directly or indirectly, from any information or guidance given here. | <urn:uuid:fb99f61c-b71a-4eb9-9dcb-8e83cd3f2583> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.feedfond.com/mindfulness-exercise/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578528433.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20190420000959-20190420022959-00212.warc.gz | en | 0.962715 | 755 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Why are my Kimberly Ferns turning brown? Crispy brown fronds, especially in the center of the fern, mean the plant is over-watered. Avoid watering with “hard water,” or water that has a lot of salt, fluorine, or chlorine in it. Feed monthly with a balanced liquid plant food when a Kimberly Queen fern is actively growing.
How often do you water a Kimberly fern? Your watering routine will depend on the temperature and other environmental conditions such as wind, but watering once every five to seven days should be fine. During the heat of the summer they may need watering every other day or so. It is best to test the soil before watering.
What to do with ferns turning brown? Without adequate humidity, the fronds turn brown and dry. Once this happens, clip out the damaged fronds – they won’t recover – and keep the air around the fern as moist as possible. You may also see brown, dry fronds when ferns don’t get the right amount of light or when you don’t water or fertilize properly.
Should I mist a Kimberly Queen fern? Kimberly Queen Fern
Your Fern requires an environment with higher humidity, making it the perfect bathroom or kitchen plant. Throughout the dryer times of the year, use a pebble tray, a humidifier, or frequent misting to help boost humidity. Never feed a fern when the soil is dry, it will burn the fronds.
Why are my Kimberly Ferns turning brown? – Related Questions
Can Kimberly ferns take full sun?
This plant performs well in both full sun and full shade. It does best in average to evenly moist conditions, but will not tolerate standing water. Kimberly Queen Fern is a fine choice for the garden, but it is also a good selection for planting in outdoor containers and hanging baskets.
Can you overwater ferns?
Overwatering causes the fronds to yellow and wilt and may eventually lead to root rot and fungal diseases, especially if the pot is allowed to sit in water. Too little water also causes wilt. But you also can increase humidity around the ferns by placing the pots on a pebble-lined tray.
Will Kimberly Queen ferns come back?
Kimberly Queen Cutting
Like other houseplants, the Kimberly Queen fern responds well to pruning. It should grow back fast, and it should grow back bigger and healthier than before. It’s usually time to cut back the plant when it begins to look unruly, or you notice a cluster of brown fronds.
How often should you mist a fern?
Using a mist spray three or four times a day will help to maintain luxuriant growth. Misting is good for broad-leaf ferns and those of simple-leaf forms.
How do you rejuvenate ferns?
Dig up your fern and add organic material or compost to the hole if you have clay soil that that doesn’t drain well. Replace the fern, water it well and give it a few weeks to bounce back. Transplant the fern if it currently grows in direct sunlight and has browned leaflets or fronds.
How do I know if my fern is dying?
Dig up the roots and examine them if the fern still fails to produce new growth. If the roots appear healthy and living, then the fern may need more time to put forth a new flush of fronds. Roots that are either rotten and soft or dry and brittle indicate the fern has died.
Do ferns grow back if you cut them?
Cut back to the base if desired.
If you are not liking the look of your plant at all, you can cut it down to just above the crown, much as you do with an outdoor fern. Use sharp, clean scissors to cut off the fronds. The fern will grow back from the crown, if you let it remain.
Should I cut off brown fern leaves?
Clip away any brown leaves or fronds with a pair of sharp garden clippers. Removing the dead, brown leaves makes the plant grow more quickly as it encourages new growth. Do this in late winter to early spring, before new growth begins.
How do I keep my ferns from turning brown?
other than watering only when the dirt is getting a little dry, you need to spray the fern fronds with water every few days to keep them moist as well! Just a few spritzes of water will keep your ferns happy and healthy!
Why is my fern turning brown and crispy?
Sunlight issues can cause ferns to change color as well; most commonly, you’ll find that too much direct sunlight will turn ferns brown. When ferns get scorched by hot direct sunlight, the fronds are going to start to look crispy and brown.
Can macho ferns take full sun?
Light: A Macho fern needs light shade for best growth; too much sun can scorch the fronds and slow overall growth. Indoors, give it a spot that gets bright, filtered light– a few feet from a lightly curtained, west- or south-facing window is ideal.
Can Boston ferns take full sun?
Boston ferns are the perfect porch plant, as they thrive in lots of indirect light. Morning sun is ideal, as full afternoon sun can burn the fronds. Boston ferns grown indoors should be placed near a window, but not in direct sunlight.
What is the difference between a Kimberly fern and a Boston fern?
Boston fern leaves’ softness makes them less durable, and they fall off faster than Kimberly Queen fern. As a result, Boston fern is much messier than its competitor. Another difference is the color of the leaves. Boston fern has bright green leaves, while Kimberly Queen fern is slightly darker green.
What kind of ferns take full sun?
Sun-tolerant ferns include cinnamon fern (Osmunda cinnamomea) which reaches heights of 24 to 36 inches and grows in USDA zones 2 through 10. Royal fern (Osmunda regalis), a large fern that grows to mature heights of 3 to 4 feet, is suitable for USDA zones 2 through 10.
Can a Kimberly fern be a houseplant?
Kimberly Queen Ferns are easy-to-grow and thrive outdoors or as a houseplant.
Should you water ferns everyday?
A large fern may require watering daily, while a small fern in the bathroom – where the humidity is high – may require less frequent watering. The key is to water the fern before the soil dries, but to avoid soggy soil. This means good drainage is vital to the health of indoor ferns.
Should you mist outdoor ferns?
Provide enough water to keep the soil consistently moist, but never allow the soil to remain soggy or waterlogged. If you live in a dry climate, mist the plant lightly on hot days. If your outdoor Boston fern is growing in a container, it will probably need water every day during the summer.
What does Epsom salt do for ferns?
However, if your ferns are not thriving and the leaves are turning yellow, then it’s possible that the soil of your ferns could be deficient in magnesium or sulfur. Epsom salt is approximately 13 percent sulfur and 10 percent magnesium, so it provides both of these nutrients and works as a fertilizer.
How do you propagate Kimberly Queen ferns?
Propagation: Nephrolepis obliterata reproduces by spores or is easily divided to form new plants. Propagate whatever desirable by potting up a new plantlet taken from any point where the tip of a runner has rooted down.
Do ferns need sunlight?
Most ferns prefer indirect light, which means you should avoid placing them where sunlight will hit them—their leaves can get scorched if you do, resulting in a dry, crispy plant. Usually, the amount of light they would get near a north- or east-facing window is perfect.
How often should ferns be watered?
This mature staghorn fern only requires low light and watering about once a week to thrive. | <urn:uuid:39bc6a71-c431-4621-85a4-c19f6e387a13> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://cementanswers.com/why-are-my-kimberly-ferns-turning-brown/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304309.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220123172206-20220123202206-00186.warc.gz | en | 0.930905 | 1,763 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Cleaning and disinfection are two separate but equal processes in cleanroom compliance. Know these 8 steps.
Our last two posts addressed some common concerns and issues in choosing cleanroom disinfectants. Achieving the appropriate microbiological cleanliness levels for a class of cleanroom is paramount to industries like medical device assembly and pharmaceutical manufacturing. Disinfectants and applicators are only two pieces of the puzzle. Here are 8 steps to keep in mind when ensuring your cleanroom is kept clean.
- Know the difference between cleaning and disinfection. Cleaning surfaces is basically removing soil, like dirt, dust, and grease. Detergents are typically used in this process, and it must be completed before disinfection. Chemical germicides used to disinfect eliminate vegetative microorganisms. Both steps are important, and they must be done in the right order.
- Choose the right agents. Between class, purpose, and equipment, cleanrooms differ in the kind of cleaning and disinfectant agents that are most appropriate for compliance and validation. We wrote this article about considerations for disinfectants. For your cleaning detergent, make sure:
- It is neutral and non-ionic
- It does not foam
- It’s compatible with the disinfectant
- Understand the difference among disinfectants. Specifically, you need to know how the agent acts against parts of the microbial cell. You need to know how to choose between non-sporicidal and sporicidal disinfectants, or non-oxidizing and oxidizing chemicals.
- Validate your disinfectants. This is especially important for pharmaceutical facilities. You need to challenge the disinfectant solution as well as different surface materials and ranges of microorganisms. The manufacturer can perform some testing, but some should be performed in-house.
- Know the factors affecting disinfection efficacy. There are a number of things that will challenge efficacy:
- Number and type of microorganisms
- Temperature and pH
- Cleaning materials. We discussed applicators in this post.
- Cleaning techniques. Whether it is the direction you sweep/mop, method of application, allowing product to dry, or any other protocol, be certain that you clean/apply exactly as is specified.
- Monitoring efficiency. As with any protocol for a cleanroom, test and monitor your method with microbiological sampling of surfaces.
If you need validation or certification, or if you have questions about these processes, consult Gerbig Engineering Company. Our 30 years of experience makes us experts at cleanroom construction, certification, and validation. Contact us at 888-628-0056 or email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:c86d2237-f1e0-4087-87be-5c67d045c598> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.gerbig.com/8-steps-to-successful-cleaning-and-cleanroom-disinfection/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649439.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20230604025306-20230604055306-00796.warc.gz | en | 0.914864 | 543 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The Millennium Summit follow-up report of the U.N. secretary-general proclaims that “there can be no peace without development and no development without peace.”
The report also identifies effective governance based on the rule of law and sound institutions as both a key outcome and enabler under a sustainable development framework by linking economic growth, social justice and environmental stewardship into a post-2015 framework.
Numerous mentions of land and land-related priorities are contained in the report including: agriculture, distribution, degradation, use, farming, food, nutrition, forests, natural resource management, urbanization, rural areas, slums and small-holder farmers. It also observes that “conflicts and instability have halted or reversed progress in many countries.”
For the post-2015 period, the Overseas Development Institute reports that both old and new forms of development finance are demonstrating a congruence of interests around private sector, infrastructure, agriculture, climate change, health and growth.
Secure land rights are related to each of these interests, yet few donors include land rights in their assistance portfolios. Given the number of conflicts related to land and land-related issues, if peace and development are closely linked “enablers” of human security, then greater attention must be paid by donors to develop a comprehensive approach to examining and mitigating land-based conflicts.
A fascinating 2006 policy study on land rights and land conflicts in Africa by the Danish Institute for International Studies explored the vital importance of land issues to social and economic development, finding that land is a conflict-ridden resource and that disputes about land occur at all levels.
More recently, the Institute for Economics & Peace studied why conflict occurs and identified pillars of peace. Land and property rights, fall under both the pillars of a well-functioning government — effectiveness and the rule of law — and the equitable distribution of resources. The study explores peace drivers and finds that countries with better property rights tend to be more peaceful and that inequality in land ownership is associated with greater reductions in peace. Positive peace, the study notes, can be defined as “the attitudes, institutions and structures that, when strengthened, lead to a more peaceful society.”
The U.N. General Assembly’s new president on Sept. 17 provided a wonderful opportunity to further explore the link between land, human rights and the rule of law as part of a post-2015 sustainable development framework.
Due to the limited support by donors for land tenure and property rights efforts, many countries have been increasingly driving their own efforts to respond to local conflict. Countries such as India have made great progress strengthening land rights and developing modern land administration systems by budgeting $200 million to purchase homesteads for the poor and in the process, improved land tenure security and expanded their domestic tax revenue. As poor citizens slowly become taxpayers, there will be more scope for such initiatives to be funded domestically.
At the same time, the dedication of such funds by countries such as India should encourage the world donor community to more closely focus on the 4.5 billion of the world’s estimated 6 billion land parcels which are “held informally and are susceptible to disputes, land grabs, environmental degradation, food insecurity and social unrest.” An estimated 90 percent of the land in Africa falls into this category.
With support from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, World Resources Institute and Landesa recently launched its Focus on Land in Africa website which focuses on both key land development themes and property rights issues to elevate land rights as an urgent priority for development and conflict mitigation in Africa. The site contains example after example of the interconnected nature of land rights and conflict.
If land and property rights are “enablers” and “pillars” of peace, greater emphasis and targeted funding must be placed on efforts to provide secure land rights to the world’s poor if we are to meet both our post-2015 challenges and contribute to conflict mitigation. The 2012 report on multilateral aid by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development reports that of the 55 percent of aid that goes to countries, 83 percent is disbursed to fragile and conflict-affected low-income countries. What if 50 percent of that aid were directed toward the attitudes, institutions and structures related to the rule of law, secure land tenure and property rights? | <urn:uuid:34b3ad3e-a9ff-4695-b821-47be3da66370> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.landesa.org/peace-land-and-the-development-challenge-blog/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711150.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20221207053157-20221207083157-00228.warc.gz | en | 0.938144 | 888 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Writing database code can be tricky. Unless you really know what you're doing, it's a bad idea to paste raw SQL query strings into your application code. An object-relational mapper (ORM) makes it easier to write code that interacts with a database by adding a layer of abstraction between your code and the database itself. Hibernate in Java and ActiveRecord in Ruby are two well-known ORMs.
There are a number of ORMs for .NET, including one built by Microsoft and included in ASP.NET Core by default: Entity Framework Core. Entity Framework Core makes it easy to connect to a number of different database types, and lets you use C# code to create database queries that are mapped back into C# models (POCOs).
Remember how creating a service interface decoupled the controller code from the actual service class? Entity Framework Core is like a big interface over your database. Your C# code can stay database-agnostic, and you can swap out different providers depending on the underlying database technology.
Entity Framework Core can connect to relational databases like SQL Server, PostgreSQL, and MySQL, and also works with NoSQL (document) databases like Mongo. During development, you'll use SQLite in this project to make things easy to set up. | <urn:uuid:99c5dd23-e012-4d96-8d76-58f7f3025675> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://nbarbettini.gitbooks.io/little-asp-net-core-book/content/chapters/use-a-database/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267861752.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619021643-20180619041643-00616.warc.gz | en | 0.892634 | 265 | 2.96875 | 3 |
The secondary survivor group, the wives of the primary victims of torture, rape, family members of the disappeared and the family members of the prisoners of Human Rights Office Kandy, in their path towards recovery evolved themselves as the “Women’s Unit” by 2011. Remer and Ferguson (1995) said that victimization can have a “ripple effect”. That the damage to the primary victim can spread out in waves and have an effect on those with whom they have intimate contact, resulting in stress and trauma related symptoms in the person trying to help. Dealing with the primary victim can awaken emotions in the secondary victim that need to be dealt with, and it can also be emotionally draining for the person, resulting in “compassion fatigue”.
At the end of the three day workshop was the talent show. The participants looked forward to the Talent show with eager and enthusiasm to relax, enjoy together and to strengthen their bond of love and affection as a group. The two day program was geared towards creating an awareness of a holistic view point on life, to strengthen their togetherness as a group, with unique experiences of loss and violence and to provide space to relax, and enjoyment for the women who work all through the day in family chores from morning till evening.
The foundation of such a method is love”.
Martin Luther King | <urn:uuid:5f7ff17d-e421-47c7-bf8e-ca8de0d8a883> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.humanrightsofficekandy.org/rehabilitation/striking-out-on-a-new-pathway | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540488870.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20191206145958-20191206173958-00087.warc.gz | en | 0.964725 | 278 | 2.5625 | 3 |
As the recession fades into the past, Hispanic income has been rising. However, it remains well below the average for total US households. For our latest report on the Hispanic cohort in America, we took a look at their attitudes on finances, finding that they are less upbeat than US consumers in general about their current economic situation. But a sense of upward mobility is an important part of their outlook.
According to the Fed’s “Report on the Economic Well-Being of US Households in 2018” report, 67% of Hispanics said they’re “at least doing OK financially,” compared with 75% of total respondents. The figure was higher—at 81%—among Hispanics with a bachelor’s degree or more. But even among those with a high school diploma or less, 58% put themselves in the “at least OK” category.
More recent surveys probed Hispanics’ sense of the economic class they inhabit. In NBC News/Wall Street Journal/Telemundo polling from September 2018, 41% of US Hispanics characterized themselves as “middle class.” The rest were more likely to classify themselves as “poor” (13%) or “working class” (34%) than as “upper middle class” (7%) or “well-to-do” (3%). In February 2019 Gallup polling, 34% of Hispanics identified themselves as “haves” and 57% as “have-nots.”
Young Hispanic adults appear to be a bit more upbeat about their financial outlook, according to polling. When the Harvard Institute of Politics surveyed 18- to 29-year-olds in March 2019, about two-thirds of Hispanic respondents rated their financial situation either “fairly good” (56%) or “very good” (12%). Just 8% called their outlook “very bad,” while 21% rated it “fairly bad.” Along the same lines, February 2019 polling by GenForward found 18% of Hispanics ages 18 to 34 “very optimistic” and 33% “somewhat optimistic” about their financial future. Just 23% were pessimistic, including 7% as “very” pessimistic.
While many Hispanics have misgivings about their current finances, that sentiment coexists with satisfaction about the trajectory. This latter element was evident in the Fed’s “Well-Being” survey when it asked respondents whether they are better off financially than their parents were at the same age. Across levels of education, Hispanic respondents were more than twice as likely to say “better off” than “worse off.” The gap was widest among those with a bachelor’s degree or more, with 61% picking “better” and 19% “worse.”
This sense of upward mobility is especially strong among Hispanic young adults. The Harvard Institute of Politics polling asked 18- to 29-year-olds whether they expected to be better off, about the same, or worse off financially than their parents are now when they reach that age. Hispanics were about four times more likely to say “better off” than “worse off,” at 42% vs. 10%.
In looking at millennial research from his firm, Mario X. Carrasco, co-founder and principal of ThinkNow Research, has seen this optimism among young Hispanics. “We looked at key markers of the American dream: home ownership, education, kids. Across the board, Hispanics still believe in those traditional markers, and they’re really the last leg holding up this dying 'idea' of the American dream. Hispanics are still driving that for this country.”
Jose Villa, president of marketing agency Sensis, noted that this belief is strongest among immigrants—people who “came to this country for a better life”—and their kids. “We do see that the closer they are to being immigrants, the more optimistic and the stronger their belief in the American dream is,” he said. “As you become more acculturated, you become a little less optimistic and positive.”
Not sure if your company subscribes? You can find out here. | <urn:uuid:12f3154c-0d8c-4f07-857a-dbaec4db787d> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://content-na1.emarketer.com/hispanics-are-less-upbeat-about-their-finances-but-younger-hispanics-have-a-rosier-outlook | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540510336.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20191208122818-20191208150818-00527.warc.gz | en | 0.975853 | 892 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The American Glass Bead Manufacturers' Association has applauded the recent passage of New Jersey legislation which limits the use of heavy metals in glass beads for highway markings. New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie recently signed the new law into effect after unanimous approval by the state Assembly and Senate.
New Jersey joins Louisiana and North Carolina in establishing state law which limits the levels of heavy metals (arsenic and/or lead) in glass bead products which are used for highway safety markings throughout the world, according to the association. New Jersey Bill A1448 prohibits the manufacture or sale of reflective glass beads with high arsenic content and prohibits the state's Department of Transportation and state's toll road authorities from using paint mixed with reflective glass beads for roadway markings. Meanwhile, a total of 22 other states have adopted bid specification requirements which also prohibit use of heavy metals in glass beads.
"We're thrilled with New Jersey's leadership and bold action in limiting heavy metals in glass beads," said Bob McClune, president of AGBMA. "Their foresight and legislative work will ensure the protection of the environment, state highway workers, and the public at large."
McClune added that the New Jersey legislation was directly impacted by the findings of the New Jersey Institute of Technology/Rowan University study, funded by the New Jersey Department of Transportation. That study revealed that a growing number of imported glass bead products for highway markings exhibit high concentrations of heavy metals, including arsenic and lead.
Prior research work has shown that imported glass beads do have high levels of arsenic and lead and were quickly susceptible to leaching with exposure to ground water and normal environmental conditions. The high levels of these heavy metal substances pose a hazard to highway worker safety and an environmental threat in terms of runoff into the soil, surface water, and drinking water, according to the association.
Over the past several years, the association has worked diligently to raise awareness of the issue, citing the need to hold all manufacturers to higher quality standards that protect the environment and highway worker safety by avoiding the use of products that contain hazardous materials. Setting a heavy metals standard for glass beads has gained strong support from environmental groups like the Sierra Club, state and federal lawmakers, and unions like the International Union of Operating Engineers.
The focus on avoiding the utilization of glass beads containing hazardous materials is intensifying globally with the European Union, Australia, New Zealand, and several Canadian provinces already setting similar standards. China, a major source of these questionable glass beads, has also set strict heavy metal standards for internal use but continues to export contaminated glass bead products to other nations, including the U.S., according to the association. | <urn:uuid:69a7cea2-6da6-42c6-98e5-610e36959226> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.forconstructionpros.com/news/10617075/american-glass-bead-manufacturers-association-applauds-passage-of-glass-bead-legislation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400380358.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123300-00037-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947319 | 531 | 2.546875 | 3 |
"small, keyed, bellows-like wind instrument," 1830, from German Akkordion, from Akkord "musical chord, concord of sounds," from a verb similar to Old French acorder "agree, be in harmony," from Vulgar Latin *accordare (compare Italian accordare "to attune a musical instrument;" see accord (v.)), with suffix on analogy of clarion, etc. Invented 1829 by piano-maker Cyrill Demian of Vienna. The type with a keyboard instead of buttons is a piano accordion. Related: Accordionist.
updated on February 13, 2021 | <urn:uuid:76ea2ffd-3f61-4e0a-86af-eb3cfaea30b3> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.etymonline.com/word/accordion?utm_source=related_entries | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334332.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220925004536-20220925034536-00712.warc.gz | en | 0.916551 | 140 | 2.9375 | 3 |
On March 11, 1811, the Luddite movement began in Arnold, Nottingham, England, when textile workers destroyed the machines where they worked as a protest against the oppression they felt as workers. This highly misunderstood early movement of workers is primarily used today by technological futurists to justify their own positions and attack those who aren’t true believers in technology’s ability to do whatever its purveyors claim, regardless of the cost. This is ahistorical and incorrect. We need to take these people seriously today. Or at the very least, understand who they actually were.
The story goes that an apprentice named Ned Ludd smashed two stocking frames in a protest against the conditions of his life in 1779. This is apocryphal and Ludd never existed. He’s a Robin Hood character created by actual Luddites in 1811, who even wrote documents placing his office in Sherwood Forest. But the British army and industrialists believed he was real for awhile, leading shady armies drilling at night for revolution. This was a massive freakout by the forces of order, not a real person.
The Industrial Revolution began in England in the mid-18th century and completely transformed life in that nation. Small towns became enormous filthy cities of degraded workers. People, impoverished but used to hard work on the farms, entered an entirely new era of hard labor. But once the textile economy was established, there were few other options for these workers. Conditions were literally Dickensian, but what else were you going to do? By the early 19th century, the growth in class consciousness combined with growing hard times for workers during the Napoleonic Wars and technological advancements to threaten the few skilled workers making decent money. Workers had significant control over their work lives and leisure and this was being stripped by employers after 1800. It wasn’t so much that workers were opposed to machines as that they felt they were being turned into machines. They worked 14-hour days while facing merchants seeking to cut costs through automation. Those machines produced shoddy stockings, but as stockings were beginning to go out of fashion anyway, workers feared that people would stop buying their products period if the overall quality of stockings went down.
The attacks on machinery were not about being anti-technology. Many of the participants in this movement in fact were fluent in the most advanced industrial technologies which with they worked. As historians have argued, the machines were just something owned by employers that could be targeted. Workers didn’t have unions yet and the notions of working-class solidarity was in its nascent state. The better analogy to Luddites are perhaps late 19th and early 20th century miners who blew up the mines in their labor actions than people who oppose technology. In fact, being anti-technology had little or nothing to do with the Luddites at all. These were acts about declining livelihoods of already poor people. Yes, they attacked some technological innovations, but they made a sharp line between reasonable innovations and employers who used them in “a fraudulent and deceitful manner” to undermine workers. In fact, according to Kevin Binfield, who edited a 2004 collection of Luddite writings, ““They just wanted machines that made high-quality goods and they wanted these machines to be run by workers who had gone through an apprenticeship and got paid decent wages. Those were their only concerns.”
The first acts of machine breaking seem to have been in the late 18th century, leading to Parliament passing the Protection of Stocking Frames Act in 1788. But from 1811-1817, there were several actions, beginning on this date in 1811. Over the next couple of years, they spread around industrial England, not just with machinists destroying their frames but hand weavers burning their looms. They didn’t have a broader political agenda but these actions were still seen as treason against the state by the British elite. Moreover, they were effective, as at their peak, they broke about 200 machines a week at a cost of about $2 million in today’s money, as best as that can be calculated for such a long time ago. Thus, the military was sent out against them and there were at least two battles in Lancashire. There were definitely acts of real violence by Luddites, including the murder of mill owner William Horsfall. But even this was in response to two Luddites being killed at his mill. Moreover, Horsfall had bragged that he would “ride up to his britches in Luddite blood.” In April 1812, a mill owner near Manchester ordered the security forces he put together to open fire on 2,000 workers threatening his factory. They killed at least 3 and injured 18. Soldiers killed five more the next day.
Some British elites saw this for what it was–the acts of desperate workers leading miserable lives. Lord Byron said “I have been in some of the most oppressed provinces of Turkey; but never, under the most despotic of infidel governments, did I behold such squalid wretchedness as I have seen since my return, in the very heart of a Christian country.” But the government commenced a mass trial of Luddites in 1813, when around 60 men were charged with crimes. Some were actual Luddites, such as Horsfall’s killers. Others were workers who had nothing to do with the movement. They were show trials, intended to dissuade other workers from rising up. But the trials were also a farce and lacked evidence. About half had all charges dismissed. But others were executed and others sent to penal colonies such as Australia. Parliament made machine breaking, or “industrial sabotage” as it was called, a capital crime in 1812. Overall, 24 Luddites were publicly hanged. This effectively ended the active Luddite movement. It also went far to create the triumph of the free market economy in Britain, where workers had no rights to speak of, particularly when they competed with their employers’ privileges.
The last Luddite act took place in 1817, when Jeremiah Brandreth led a worker rebellion known as the Pentrich Rising. He was probably someone who had previously been an active Luddite and while this action included no machine smashing, it’s usually considered part of the same broader movement.
The use of the term “Luddite” to mean anti-technology seems to have be a recent phenomenon. In 1956, a member of Parliament defended unions by saying they were not “wedded to a Luddite philosophy” while a few anti-technology cranks began embracing the term in the 1990s. You can contribute to stopping idiocy by not defaming the name of a workers’ movement to serve your own technological futurism.
This is 260th post in this series. Previous posts in this series are archived here. | <urn:uuid:399318bb-5bb6-472b-9b6b-f1bd14300c34> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://www.lawyersgunsmoneyblog.com/2018/03/day-labor-history-march-11-1811 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514571506.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20190915134729-20190915160729-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.99 | 1,426 | 3.5 | 4 |
The New Yorker, September 23, 1991 P. 40
REPORTER AT LARGE about Quebec & the efforts to preserve French as the only language in the province although Canada is a country with two official languages: English & French. In 1990 4 provincial agencies with an annual budget of 24 million dollars, were in place to deal with their linguistic conundrums. Quebecois nationalists are convinced that they are a nation & the rest of Canada comprises pseudo--American drifters. Tells how the country originated as a confederation authorized by the British North America Act, passed by Parliament in faraway Westminster. There have been several recent bills providing for French as the only official language in Quebec. Premier Robert Bourassa introduced Bill 178 which would ban English on outdoor signs but allow it & other languages indoors provided that French was predominant. There were also other restrictive rules. In 1842 half the people in Canada were of French origin but by 1990 the half had been reduced to a quarter. Over the past 30 years there has been a precipitous drop in Quebec's birth rate. By 1990 it was 1.5, the lowest in the Western world except for W. Germany'sQuebec's strictures on education have begun to annoy French parents. Young Francophones are being forced to revert to unilingualism which will deny them most jobs. Tells about anti-Semitism in Montreal. Discussion of plans for independence. On Mar. 27, 1991 a commission recommended that by Oct. 26, 1992 the National Assembly pass a bill calling for a state within a year. Tells how there is a built-in escape hatch to this. | <urn:uuid:eb306a07-27dd-421e-b272-1186dae2ac8e> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1991/09/23/insideoutside | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027330233.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20190825130849-20190825152849-00534.warc.gz | en | 0.977919 | 329 | 2.625 | 3 |
This pilot project uses a method of naïve interviewing with tribal youths to gather narrative “micro stories” from elders and key tribal members and then answering a series of carefully constructed questions that allow participants to apply context and meaning to their stories. These questions can then be analyzed quantitatively using correlational statistics to identify key themes and patterns across the narrative dataset.
This approach has several advantages including:
- It uses tribal members to gather the data.
- It provides a link between the generations to raise awareness about environmental concerns and TEK.
One Year Project Update
The project will begin collecting stories at the World Water Day Celebration in Bishop, CA on March 22, 2016 and at the Bishop Earth Day Celebration on April 17, 2016. Additionally, the team will begin working with students in Bishop this semester to interview their family members about their stories surrounding the concepts of traditional ecological knowledge. Data collection will be completed this year with a final report in December 2016.
Theme: Cultural Resources
Project start date: 1/1/2015
Fiscal year funded: 2014
Project status: Active
Project managers: Dr. Tamara Wall, Desert Research Institute | <urn:uuid:48ad8d48-08d6-49d3-b3dd-64cdeaf38b78> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://greatbasinlcc.org/project/using-narrative-stories-to-understand-traditional-ecological-knowledge-in-the-great-basin | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917120844.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031200-00172-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921116 | 233 | 2.875 | 3 |
A team of scientists, led by British Antarctic Survey (BAS), heads to Antarctica this week (14 February) to investigate a mysterious marine ecosystem that’s been hidden beneath an Antarctic ice shelf for up to 120,000 years.
The iceberg known as A-68, which is four times of London, calved off from the Larsen Ice Shelf in July 2017. The scientists will travel by ship to collect samples from the newly exposed seabed, which covers an area of around 5,818 km2. It is an urgent mission. The ecosystem that’s likely been hidden beneath the ice for thousands of years may change as sunlight starts to alter the surface layers of the sea.
The international team, from nine research institutes, leaves Stanley in the Falkland Islands on 21 February to spend 3 weeks in February-March 2018 on board the BAS research ship RRS James Clark Ross. Satellite monitoring is critical for the ship to navigate through the ice-infested waters to reach this remote location.
Marine biologist Dr Katrin Linse from British Antarctic Survey is leading the mission. She says:
“The calving of A-68 provides us with a unique opportunity to study marine life as it responds to a dramatic environmental change. It’s important we get there quickly before the undersea environment changes as sunlight enters the water and new species begin to colonise. We’ve put together a team with a wide range of scientific skills so that we can collect as much information as possible in a short time. It’s very exciting.”
The team will investigate the area previously under the ice shelf by collecting seafloor animals, microbes, plankton, sediments and water samples using a range of equipment including video cameras and a special sledge pulled along the seafloor to collect tiny animals. They will also record any marine mammals and birds that might have moved into the area. Their findings will provide a picture of what life under the ice shelf was like so changes to the ecosystem can be tracked.
This newly exposed marine area is the first to benefit from an international agreement made in 2016 by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR). This agreement designates Special Areas for Scientific Study in newly exposed marine areas following the collapse or retreat of ice shelves across the Antarctic Peninsula region. The agreement came following a European Union proposal to CCAMLR, led by British Antarctic Survey (BAS) scientists.
Professor David Vaughan, Science Director at BAS says:
“The calving of A-68 offers a new and unprecedented opportunity to establish an interdisciplinary scientific research programme in this climate sensitive region. Now is the time to address fundamental questions about the sustainability of polar continental shelves under climate change.
“We need to be bold on this one. Larsen C is a long way south and there’s lots of sea ice in the area, but this is important science, so we will try our best to get the team where they need to be.”
While the team mobilises for the expedition, glaciologists and remote sensing specialists continue to monitor the movement of the Larsen C Ice Shelf. In December 2017, a team from University of Leeds worked on the remaining ice shelf to investigate changes in ice structure after the calving event, to be able to predict shelf stability in the future.
Read more about the Larsen C Ice Shelf here.
The research expedition to the Larsen C Ice Shelf is funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC).
The Larsen C research expedition is led by British Antarctic Survey and involves scientists from the following research institutes: University of Aberdeen, University of Newcastle, Natural History Museum, University of Southampton, Alfred Wegener Institute in Germany, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum in Germany, University of Gothenburg in Sweden, University of Ghent in Belgium and Museums Victoria in Australia. | <urn:uuid:fc3ef673-4ae6-4aae-8018-a1b6372f345e> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://www.bas.ac.uk/media-post/first-scientific-expedition-to-newly-exposed-antarctic-ecosystem/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987836368.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20191023225038-20191024012538-00284.warc.gz | en | 0.929849 | 806 | 3.953125 | 4 |
Bruxism is a Real Grind
Bruxism is the technical name for grinding, gnashing, and/or clenching your teeth. It is considered a para-functional activity, which means an abnormal or deviated dental function or habit that is subconscious. The term Bruxism comes from the Greek word “brygmós” which means “to grind or gnash the opposing rows of upper and lower molar teeth”.
On average, your upper and lower teeth come into direct contact for about 20 minutes a day, with only 20-40 pounds of pressure. People who suffer with Bruxism’s upper and lower teeth come into direct contact for as long as 40 minutes per hour, with a force of about 250 pounds!
The grinding, gnashing and/or clenching mainly occur unconsciously; in most cases while you’re asleep. In more severe cases, some people find themselves clenching during the day as well. If you catch yourself clenching be sure to stop and stretch your jaw – move your lower jaw back and forth in a circular motion, changing rotation. Hearing popping or clicking noises is fairly common in people with Bruxism, so be sure to inform us if this occurs as it can indicate Temporomandibular Joint Disorder (TMJ) as well as Bruxism.
Bruxism can cause your teeth to become worn down, fractured, and/or chipped. It can also wear down your tooth enamel, leading to increased tooth sensitivity and susceptibility to cavities. Not only does it deteriorate your teeth, it can also cause headaches, earaches, chronic facial pain, and jaw tension.
You should make an appointment with us if you’re experiencing a combination of any of the following issues:
Symptoms of Bruxism
- Grinding sound at night
- Dull headache in the morning
- Facial Pain
- Tight or painful jaw muscles, especially in the morning
- Worn down, flattened, fractured, or chipped teeth
- Tired jaw muscles
- Anxiety, stress and tension
- Eating disorders
- Hot, cold, and/or sweet tooth sensitivity
- Painful, sore jaw
Possible Causes of Bruxism
Because the origin of Bruxism is not completely understood, any number of the following items may be possible causes:
- Experienced and anticipated stressors are considered a main factor. People who are stressed often carry tension with them to bed, causing them to grind, gnash and clench at night
- Suppressed anger, frustration, and aggression
- Misaligned upper and lower teeth (malocclusion). The verdict is still out as to why malocclusion is such a common component with Bruxism, but doctors have found that it is prevalent amongst sufferers
- People with depressive and anxiety disorders are more likely to suffer from Bruxism
- Bruxism is an uncommon side effect of certain psychiatric medications, such as antidepressants
- Often Bruxism is partnered with other sleeping disorders, such as insomnia, sleep walking, and nightmares
- Bruxism can be a result of complications from a disorder such as Huntington’s disease or Parkinson’s disease
- Stimulating substances such as smoking tobacco, drinking caffeinated beverages and/or alcohol, taking illegal drugs such as methamphetamines and ecstasy also increases the risk of Bruxism
- Age – Bruxism is common in children, but typically goes away by adolescence (See below for Bruxism in Children)
Other things such as diet, your ability to relax, low pH levels (high acidity), posture, and sleeping habits may also be contributors
It is best to speak with Dr. Perry to determine the possible causes of Bruxism for you, and the best way to treat it.
Children with Bruxism
According to experts, two to three out of every ten children will grind or clench their teeth. While most children will outgrow this, it is important to cover both the physical and potentially psychological factors that can cause Bruxism.
Bruxism in children is often a response to the pain caused by teething or an earache. As with adults, it is also linked to the abnormal alignment of the top and bottom teeth.
With children, Bruxism can be an early warning sign of both experienced and anticipated stress. It has become more common for children with Bruxism to regularly see their doctor, as well as to receive psychological treatment, such as counseling, to help alleviate stressors.
Medical conditions such as cerebral palsy and Parkinson’s disease can also cause a child to clench and/or grind. Hyperactive children (ADHD) commonly experience Bruxism as well.
Working with Dr. Perry to establish care for your child with Bruxism will help create better habits and give you practical solutions so that your child can live clench/grind free. Please feel free to call our office to make an appointment if you think you or your child might be experiencing Bruxism. | <urn:uuid:b0479374-2a41-4775-8119-587e16c0c3f4> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.frankcperrydds.com/bruxism-is-a-real-grind/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812913.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220070423-20180220090423-00013.warc.gz | en | 0.951533 | 1,051 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Thousands of women are victims of these cancers every year. Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers among women worldwide, with 570,000 new cases in 2018, and almost 90% of deaths occurring in low and middle income countries. In Africa, it is the second most common type of cancer among women, but there is little knowledge about the initial symptoms, and it is often diagnosed in an advanced stage when it is already difficult to treat. This makes it key to promote prevention and early diagnosis.
In Mozambique, the Minister of Health, Nazira Vali Abdula, launched the Pink October campaign, and Doctors with Africa CUAMM joined by taking part in awareness raising and screening initiatives organized by the Xipamanine health center in Maputo to help inform the community of available services and educate about women’s cancers and non-communicable diseases.
Giselle Daiana Genna, assistant for the non-communicable disease project, tells us more:
“We put up a stand in the Xipamanine health center as part of our prevention and treatment of non-communicable diseases with the Mozambican Ministry of Health and the Health Directorate of Maputo. Giselle adds, “We made some materials for the occasion, a banner and two roll-ups, to show people what the program is about. During the day, we distributed informational materials and offered the community services, such as calculating body mass index (BMI), measuring blood pressure and blood glucose, and giving nutritional advice to follow a balanced diet and lead a healthier lifestyle. As we did last year, we saw a lot of interest in our services. We did 172 tests, including blood glucose for diabetes and blood pressure“.
This is part of a daily challenge to consistently promote the importance of prevention and healthy lifestyles because taking care of yourself and your health means improving the health of the entire community. | <urn:uuid:672463e4-ffb2-43ac-a1e2-7e0686253eb7> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://doctorswithafrica.org/en/whats-new/news/pinkday/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107910204.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20201030093118-20201030123118-00167.warc.gz | en | 0.961684 | 391 | 2.625 | 3 |
Jan. 18 2021, Published 12:32 p.m. ET
There are a number of household items that many Americans just don’t seem to know how to dispose of properly — for instance, many folks are unsure of the best way to dispose of paint. They think that putting it in the bottom of a black garbage bag is the easiest way to surreptitiously get sanitation to take it off their hands. Such behavior isn’t just bad for the environment, it’s also unnecessary, especially when disposing of paint the proper way is so easy.Article continues below advertisement
Can you throw away paint?
The term “throw away” carries a number of different meanings in this context. Essentially, the ability to throw paint in the garbage like so much other trash depends entirely on the type of paint in question. After reviewing several studies, TIME concluded that all paint is potentially toxic — especially oil-based paints, and especially to vulnerable groups of people, like babies, young children, pregnant people, and the elderly.
Not only are the chemicals and metals in certain paints potentially harmful to the environment, but these compounds can also contaminate soil and water. These paints should never be thrown in the garbage and to do so, in most states, is considered illegal.Article continues below advertisement
Latex-based paints are a bit different. According to Hunker, latex-based paints are generally considered a less toxic option than oil-based paint, though they still can contain some toxic compounds.
Because of that, latex paints are not considered hazardous and can be thrown away in the trash, provided that you follow the guidelines for their disposal. That said, throwing away paint cans isn’t always the most eco-friendly way to get rid of them. There are other options, after all.
How to dispose of paint:
Paint disposal techniques vary depending on the type of paint being thrown away. Here are our recommendations for disposing of both oil- and latex-based paints.Article continues below advertisement
How to dispose of oil-based paints:
If you have oil-based paints lying around, you’re not going to be able to just toss them in the bin. You’ll need to take them down to your city or county’s household hazardous waste facility. These facilities might only accept specific items on specific days and times, so you’ll need to contact your local municipality to find out when and where this might be happening.
If you live in California, Colorado, Connecticut, Maine, Minnesota, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, or Washington D.C., you can visit PaintCare.org to find out what take-back programs are available in your state.Article continues below advertisement
How to dispose of latex-based paint:
When disposing of latex-based paint, first, remove the lid and recycle or discard it accordingly. Then, allow the remaining paint to dry out completely. You can hasten this process by mixing cat litter into the paint. Once it is completely dry, you can throw the can in your trash. Most municipalities should not have a problem with this, but be sure to check with your local sanitation department to be sure that they do accept dried, latex paint cans.Article continues below advertisement
Can paint cans be recycled?
Paint cans can indeed be recycled, but only those that contained latex-based paint. This is because those paints can dry out entirely and be disposed of with normal trash if need be. To recycle latex-based paint cans, simply pour the remaining paint into another vessel and let dry completely before discarding. Then, clean out and place the empty cans in your recycling bin. Again, not all curbside recycling programs readily accept paint cans, so call your town or local sanitation department or municipality to find out what rules or regulations might be in place.Article continues below advertisement
How to tell if my paint has gone bad?
As a rule, most latex or water-based paints have a shelf life of about 10 years. Oil-based paints last longer, around 15 years, but there are certain ways to tell if your paint has gone bad ahead of that rule of thumb. With latex paint, smell it. If it smells rancid, it’s gone bad. If it’s separated or has a thick layer of skin on top with a thin layer of liquid underneath, stir it. As long as it doesn’t smell and blends together smoothly, you should be good.
Oil-based paint that has been sealed properly and has not been exposed to extreme hot or cold temperatures isn’t really going to go bad the same way latex paint does. With oil-based paints, open them up and remove the top layer of film before stirring it into a homogenous color once more. If it blends well, it will be fine for painting.Article continues below advertisement
Can I donate my old paint?
Just because you’re done with one particular shade of paint does not mean that the paint is necessarily garbage. So long as the paint has been kept fresh, it might still be useful to someone. There are several charities out there that accept paint donations for families in need or for use in schools and community centers.
Habitat for Humanity Restores, Global Paint for Charity, various homeless or domestic violence shelters, children's charities, scout troops, and drama clubs all have need of paint now and then. So long as your paints are still good, most will happily accept them. You can also post about your leftover paint on Freecycle, a Buy Nothing Facebook group, Facebook Marketplace, or Craigslist. | <urn:uuid:493b22b9-0798-4f3a-a2b5-5ecc05fec0b2> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.homeshoppingguide.net/buy-latex-paint/how-to-dispose-of-paint-safely/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335350.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220929100506-20220929130506-00430.warc.gz | en | 0.941029 | 1,158 | 2.625 | 3 |
The tradition of Rangoli for Diwali goes back around 5000 years as a decorative folk art in India. Not only is it a beautiful way to decorate courtyards, floors and entrances of houses, but also has religious and cultural meanings. Rangoli art mainly serves the purpose to welcome the Hindu deities such as Lakshmi, to bring good luck, but it is also said to control the ants in people’s houses. Traditionally done by women, the typical Rangoli designs have a round shape, but can be square or rectangular as well. First the outer Rangoli pattern is drawn on a flat, smooth surface (i.e. using sidewalk chalk). Later this line drawing can be filled with various powders of different colors. These powders can consist of colored rice grains, dry flour or fine sands. Instead of colored powders or sands, flowers or petals can be used as well (Flower Rangoli). Oil lamps (Diyas) are often placed inside the Rangolis. Professional Rangoli artists will not need any preparing line drawings, producing wonderful Rangoli pictures in just about 20-30 minutes from their memory without any form of help.
Amongst the various Rangoli patterns Deepvali Images,Deepvali Rangoli Design,Deepvali pattern,Deepvali ideas,Deepvali Ganesha Rangoli,Diwali Rangoli Design,Diwali Rangoli pattern,Diwali rangoli ideas and designs, the most popular being Rangoli with flowers, petals, lotus blossom or having other simple geometric shapes. Rangolis often depict peacocks or Hindu deities such as Ganesha, Laxmi or Rama. Diya Lamps and religious symbols of Hinduism such as Swastika and Om can be found inside the Rangoli images as well. In many cities of India, Rangoli competitions take place around the time of Diwali. | <urn:uuid:f0c71649-e0e4-4928-8789-716e76bc9b12> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://happy-newyear.in/deepvali-ganesha-rangoli-design-pattern-ideas/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281424.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00130-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9359 | 409 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Coomassie dyes (also known as Coomassie Brilliant Dyes) are a family of dyes commonly used to stain proteins in sodium dodecyl sulfate and blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE and BN-PAGE, respectively) gels. The gels are soaked in dye and excess stain is then eluted with a solvent (“destaining”). This treatment allows the visualization of protein bands. The gel usually contains a set of molecular weight marker (proteins of pre-determined weight) so that protein molecular weight can be estimated in an unknown solution during the visualization.
Alternatively, Coomassie may be added to undenatured protein in PAGE in place of SDS, in a technique called BN-PAGE; both SDS and CBB have the effect of imparting a net negative charge upon the proteins. Without the Coomassie, the technique is known as CN-PAGE (colorless native), and will only separate negatively-charged proteins.
The original Coomassie dye was developed as a wool dye and named to commemorate the 1896 British occupation of Coommassie (now Kumasi) in Ghana. The first of the Coomassie series was Coommassie Blue R-250 (“R” standing for “reddish” and “250” being the dye strength indicator). Coommassie Blue G-250 (“G” for “greenish”) and Coomassie Violet R-150 later followed. The most commonly used dyes in the laboratory for staining PAGE gels are Coomassie Blue R-250 and G-250. Although G-250 is more sensitive, R-250 affords better resolution, and is often used instead.
Brilliant Blue G (BBG) has recently been used in scientific experiments to treat spinal injuries in laboratory rats. It acts by reducing the body’s natural swelling response, which can cause neurons in the area to die of metabolic stress. Testing is still in progress to determine if this treatment can be used effectively in humans. The recent tests have administered the dye within 15 minutes of injury, but to be effective in a real-life setting, where it may take time for a patient to reach the emergency room, the treatment should be effective even when administered up to two hours after injury. The only reported side effect was that the rats turned blue.
The Coomassie dyes (R-250 and G-250) are used for quantification of protein, and work by binding to proteins through Van der Waals attractions and through ionic interactions between dye sulfonic acid groups and positive protein amine groups . Coomassie R-250, is the most commonly used variant for detection of protein, allowing for detection of as little as 0.1 ug protein. The coomassie G-250 dyes is less sensitive, with a lower limit of around 0.5 µg for most proteins, but this is somewhat offset by the speed of destaining offered by this dye compared to R-250. Although R-250 is typically color invariant, Coomassie G-250 undergoes a color shift where the dye changes from dark blue black at pH 7 to a light tan below pH 2. The leuco form recovers its blue color upon binding to protein, apparently due to a neutral pH environment surrounding the the protein molecule. Consequently, a gel placed in an acidified solution of Coomassie G-250 will manifest blue protein bands on a light amber background. The bands develop rapidly and there is no need to destain, for the background color is so light as to be essentially clear. Consequently, the loss in sensitivity of G-250 can offset by the speed and convenience of the protocol, which saves up to 11 hours versus the most sensitive R-250 procedures.
In addition to their use in gels, Coomassie dyes are an integral component of the Bradford Method for determining protein concentration in a solution. When Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 binds to proteins in acid solution, it has an absorbance shift from 465 nm to 595 nm. The absorbance data can then be used in Beer’s law to determine protein concentration and ultimately the actual amount of protein in a given solution.
Standard protocol – Coomassie Blue R-250
- Gel may be prefixed in 50% MeOH, 10% HoAC, 40% H2O for 30 minutes to overnight.
- Stain gel in the above solution, with 0.25% Coomassie Blue R-250, for 2 – 4 hours, until the gel is a uniform blue color. Staining is complete when the gel is no longer visible in the dye solution. Prior to complete staining, the gel will appear as a lighter area against the dark staining solution. This method will detect as little as 0.1µg/band.
- Destain for 4 – 24 hours in 5% MeOH, 7.5% HoAC, 87.5% H2O. Bands will begin to appear in 1 – 2 hours. Destain until background is clear
- Store gels in 7% HoAC.
Rapid protocol – Coomassie Blue R-250
- Fix gel in 25% IPA, 10% HoAC in water, 30 – 60 minutes.
- Stain gel in 10% Acetic Acid in water, containing 60 mg/L of Coomassie Blue R-250. Bands will appear in 30 minutes. Allow staining to proceed until desired band intensity is reached. In this protocol, background staining is low due to the very low dye concentration used.
- Destain gel in 10% Acetic Acid for 2 hours or more. Store gels in 7% HoAC.
Rapid protocol – Coomassie Blue G-250
- To make the Coomassie Blue G-250 staining reagent, dissolve 0.2g dye in 100 ml H2O (this will require warming to approximately 50°C). Cool and add 100 ml 2N H2S04. Incubate at room temperature 3 hours to overnight, then filter. To filtered solution, CAREFULLY add 22.2 ml 10N KOH, then add 28.7g TCA. Allow to stand > 3 hours, then filter again if necessary to obtain an amber-brown solution without blue precipitate.
- To stain, immerse gel in above solution. Bands will begin to appear within 15 minutes. Intensity and sensitivity will continue to improve for several hours.
- Staining solution is stable for 2 – 3 weeks @ 25°C.
- Merril CR (1990) “Gel-staining techniques” In Deutscher MP (Ed) Guide to protein purification. Methods in Enzymology volume 182. Academic press Inc.
- Peng, Weiguo; Maria L. Cotrina, Xiaoning Han, Hongmei Yu, Lane Bekar, Livnat Blum, Takahiro Takano, Guo-Feng Tian, Steven A. Goldman, Maiken Nedergaard (2009-07-28). “Systemic administration of an antagonist of the ATP-sensitive receptor P2X7 improves recovery after spinal cord injury”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences106 (30): 12489–12493. doi:10.1073/pnas.0902531106. http://www.pnas.org/content/106/30/12489.abstract. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
- Published: 7:00AM BST 28 Jul 2009 (2009-07-28). “Blue M&Ms ‘mend spinal injuries'”. Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/5921266/Blue-MandMs-mend-spinal-injuries.html. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
- “Blue Food Dye Treats Spine Injury in Rats | Wired Science”. Wired.com. 2009-07-27. http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2009/07/bluerats/. Retrieved 2010-01-19. | <urn:uuid:e988457c-2783-41f1-9af7-9e2ab76679fa> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.protocolsonline.com/protein-science/coomassie/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669755.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20191118104047-20191118132047-00390.warc.gz | en | 0.876453 | 1,743 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Published on Jan 26, 2016
The purpose of this experiment is to find out what amount of pressure will create the farthest flight. Our hypothesis was that the more pressure there was in the bottle the further it would fly.
We also thought that at a certain point, the bottle would not fly any further, no matter how much pressure was applied. We thought this because after a certain point, the bottle would lose control and spin out or not go any further.
Launcher, bottle rocket, and bicycle pump. Fill the bottle 1/3 full of water. Tip the launcher so that the end is 1.5 m above the ground. Place the bottle on the launcher and lock the mechanism.
Attach the bicycle pump and insert the desired amount of pressure. Unravel the release cord, stand back, and pull the trigger.
After the experiment, we found that the distance changes depending on the amount of pounds per square inch. After about 40 PSI the distance has no correlation.
We found when you place the bottle on the launcher, you must tip the launcher to keep the water from going inside the PVC pipe.
The wind speed also was a big factor of in its overall flight pattern and distance. Sometimes there would be a downburst of wind which would decrease the distance the bottle flew.
Our science project helped us learn more about pressure. We also learned that pressure has more power than we anticipated. We learned how to make a successful experiment and how to organize data. This project helped us be able to have more fun while being safe.
We learned that if your pressure is too high, the bottle will spin out of control. Pascal's principle is used in the bottle. This states that pressure is transmitted undiminished in an enclosed static fluid.
Newton's second law - the more massive an object is, the more force is required to move it - helped us formulate our hypothesis.
This project tested the effects of pressure and fuel on the flight of a bottle rocket.
Science Fair Project done By Robert P. Hasen | <urn:uuid:1aeea77d-11b3-45ad-9d14-b87e42fc8617> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.1000sciencefairprojects.com/Aerodynamics/How-Does-Pressure-Affect.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912201996.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20190319143502-20190319165502-00106.warc.gz | en | 0.953589 | 417 | 3.65625 | 4 |
|Precedents Set by George Washington as 1st President
As the First President of the newly created United States of America, much of what George Washington did, would set the stage for future presidents. Here are some of the precedents set by George Washington during his time in office
Established the Cabinet within the Executive Branch by appointing Thomas Jefferson Secretary of State and Alexander Hamilton Secretary of Treasury, a body that was not outlined within the Constitution.
Supported innovative fiscal concepts such as the Bank of America and a national debt , which would be later adopted
Introduced a policy of neutrality pertaining to foreign wars that was followed up until WWI
Set the precedent for a two term limit of Presidents that was followed until Franklin Delano Roosevelt and then turned into the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution
Established relations with Great Britain with Jay’s Treaty. To this day England remains one of our closest and strongest allies
Established the tradition of a Presidential farewell address , An excerpt from his in 1796 can be found below
“…In looking forward to the moment which is intended to terminate the career of my public life, my feelings do not permit me to suspend the deep acknowledgment of that debt of gratitude which I owe to my beloved country for the many honors it has conferred upon me; still more for the steadfast confidence with which it has supported me; and for the opportunities I have thence enjoyed of manifesting my inviolable attachment, by services faithful and persevering, though in usefulness unequal to my zeal. If benefits have resulted to our country from these services, let it always be remembered to your praise, and as an instructive example in our annals, that under circumstances in which the passions, agitated in every direction, were liable to mislead, amidst appearances sometimes dubious, vicissitudes of fortune often discouraging, in situations in which not unfrequently want of success has countenanced the spirit of criticism, the constancy of your support was the essential prop of the efforts, and a guarantee of the plans by which they were effected. Profoundly penetrated with this idea, I shall carry it with me to my grave, as a strong incitement to unceasing vows that heaven may continue to you the choicest tokens of its beneficence; that your union and brotherly affection may be perpetual; that the free Constitution, which is the work of your hands, may be sacredly maintained; that its administration in every department may be stamped with wisdom and virtue; that, in fine, the happiness of the people of these States, under the auspices of liberty, may be made complete by so careful a preservation and so prudent a use of this blessing as will acquire to them the glory of recommending it to the applause, the affection, and adoption of every nation which is yet a stranger to it.” (Credit http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/washing.htm for the text)
Over 200 years after Washington’s presidency he remains beloved and exalted amongst great Americans. Many people every year visit Mount Vernon or the Washington Monument every year to get closer to our first president. No matter how many years pass by, George Washington will be remembered as a father, husband, general and perhaps above all our First President. | <urn:uuid:0506a0bc-87f2-42b4-b475-eb2047d990df> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://essaydocs.org/precedents-set-by-george-washington-as-1st-president.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549428300.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20170727142514-20170727162514-00233.warc.gz | en | 0.968654 | 663 | 3.46875 | 3 |
By Jo McConville, Project Archivist
Please be aware that this post covers topics that may be distressing. The original 18th century documents discussed here also contain archaic racial language and terminology which is now considered unacceptable.
If you’re reading this on Saturday (19th), today marks Juneteenth, a celebration of the emancipation of enslaved peoples in the United States following the end of the American Civil War and the victory of the Union armies in 1865. It’s a hugely significant event in the American calendar (with activists currently pushing for its recognition as a national holiday by the US government), reflecting the presence of slavery as a central, and inescapable part of the history of the United States. As such, it’s also a key theme we’ve been exploring through our Transatlantic Ties project.
Documents held at WSRO such as the extraordinary (and harrowing) Inventory and valuation of the estate of Doctor John Channing of South Carolina, 1817 (Acc 15714) bear witness to the horrific commodification of enslaved people suffering on Southern plantations. At the same time, the fuller history of slavery and the slave trade is decidedly not one isolated to the United States. As the name suggests, the Transatlantic (or ‘triangular’ slave trade) spanned oceans and continents with enslaved Africans transported by European traders across the Atlantic (the notorious ‘Middle Passage’) to labour in plantations in the Americas producing goods such as cotton, sugar and tobacco which were then shipped back to Europe. Within this history are multiple narratives, tying together America, Africa and Europe and their dealings over the centuries, and records in the archives at WSRO shed an unexpected light on facets of this history. Mindful of a quotation I came across, that ‘celebrations of the end of slavery should have three goals: to celebrate, to educate, and to agitate’, I’m hoping it’s fitting on this Juneteenth to make a modest attempt at least at the middle of those three by dipping into some of these perhaps less familiar narratives.
With which preamble, today’s Transatlantic Ties post will take us, not to America but to the west coast of Africa, in the company of Matthew Buckle, captain of His Majesty’s ship Assistance (later an Admiral). The records of the Buckle family of Sussex and Surrey, who had a long association with the Royal Navy, are a surprisingly rich resource on this topic: diaries, log books and other documents belonging to serving members of the Buckle clan over the 18th and 19th centuries provide substantial insight into the Royal Navy’s activities over this time – and into Britain’s complex and changing role in the transatlantic slave trade. Two contrasting roles in particular are revealed through the papers of the aforementioned Matthew Buckle (1718-1784) and Claude Henry Mason Buckle (1803-1894) – both serving in the Royal Navy, one before and one after Britain’s abolition of the slave trade in 1807. I hope to follow up on Claude Buckle’s activities in a later post, but for today will focus on a couple of fascinating documents which provide a detailed and revealing record of the commission undertaken by Captain Matthew Buckle in 1751-1752 to the coast of modern day Ghana (then known as the Gold Coast): a set of orders and instructions from the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty (Buckle Mss 108), and an account by Buckle himself describing the events of the voyage (Buckle Mss 460).
Captain Buckle and the ship Assistance, with companion ships the St Albans and Sphinx and the sloop Badger ‘Sail’d from Plymouth Sound’ on the evening of Thursday 5th December 1751. With various stops planned for the route, (notably in Madeira to ‘Procure Seven Months Wine’…), the ships’ destination is Cape Coast Castle on the South Coast of Ghana – at that time the centre of British trading operations in West Africa. This name wasn’t familiar to me but it turns out that Cape Coast Castle had (and has) quite a reputation – and a disturbing one at that.
The original ‘Castle’ on the site was built for the Swedish Africa Company in 1653 and named Carolusborg for King Charles X of Sweden. After changing hands several times in the ensuing years, as the various European powers jostled for control of trade and territory, the castle was captured by the British in 1664. At the time of Matthew Buckle’s expedition in the mid 18th century, the British slave trade was in full flow; Cape Coast Castle was one of over 50 ‘slave castles’ (of which over 25 still remain) lining Ghana’s coast. In Buckle’s orders from the Admiralty, it is also referred to, disturbingly, as a ‘Factory’ – and its business was as a holding place for the enslaved, who were housed in the squalid dungeons before being shipped across the ocean to be sold in America and the Caribbean.
Buckle’s own mission was not direct engagement in this trade – in fact the orders given by the Admiralty, and issued by Buckle to his crew, forbade naval personnel from the practice in no uncertain terms. Illicit trading by naval officers, whilst theoretically banned since the late 17th century, was a significant occurrence in the years preceding the Buckle voyage. The practice was damaging to British trade; as naval ships were not subject to any of the same costs and taxes as merchant ships, they were able to undercut these ‘legal’ traders which affected market prices for goods (including enslaved people) and ultimately cost the British Treasury. The ‘Act of Parliament’ cited in both Buckle documents was the Navy Act of 1749, which consolidated the laws regarding naval discipline and imposed stricter penalties (often death) for violations.
Matthew Buckle’s task in his voyage to the African coast was ‘the Protection and Security of the Trade of His Majesty’s Subjects in those parts’ and to establish, ‘…whether the Possessions of this Nation, or the Trade of His Majesty’s Subjects in those Parts, have been Incroached on, or Interrupted by the Ships or Subjects of any Other Nation…’
The main source of concern for Buckle and his crew is the threat posed by the French. The admiralty report that French ships are known to have travelled to Anomabu, a few miles east of Cape Coast and the site of a British ‘Fort and Factory’ for a number of years. As suspected by the admiralty, on Buckle’s arrival at Cape Coast, he receives confirmation of the French presence and reports that the local Fante people may be about to hold a meeting with the French crews to ‘Sign a Paper, to give the French Liberty for a Piece of Ground to Build a Fort upon’, the French having been attempting to gain the allyship of the Fante through ‘making Presents from the Highest to the Lowest Sort of People.’
The series of negotiations which follows is a fascinating insight into the rivalries of the European powers in the drive to colonise territory and gain the upper hand in trade, as well as the complex power dynamics at play in their interactions with the local chiefs or caboceers, most notably John Currantee, chief of the Fante people. Captain Buckle and his men offer lavish gifts, and attempt to appeal to Fante loyalty to the British crown. The Fante concede this, but air their grievances over the disrepair of the existing fort and their dissatisfaction with the Chief agent of Cape Coast. This meeting ends in something of an impasse, with Buckle recording:
‘…they acknowledged themselves to be English, but…they was for having the French & English both Build there. And this was all the Satisfaction we could get from them.’
Buckle then turns his attention to the French ‘Commodore’, with a meeting on board ship ending in an explicit warning: ‘…we acquainted him, that if he did attempt to Erect a Fort, or offer to make a Settlement, or hoist French Colours, we should look upon it as a Breach of the Peace Subsisting between the two Nations & should be obliged to Fire upon him…’
A further meeting with John Currantee and other caboceers underlines the Fante’s own interest in proceedings: ‘…if we would fulfil our Promise in Building the Fort, they would all stand by the English.’ Ultimately, it seems that this aim was fulfilled. Buckle sailed home and the following year (1753), the British began construction of a new Fort at Anomabu, continuing the trade in enslaved Africans until its abolition in 1807. Like Cape Coast Castle, this Fort, renamed Fort William in the 19th century, still stands today as a monument to a complex and troubling past.
From historian Mitch Kachun
Mewett, R E. ˜To the Very Great Prejudice of the Fair Trader: Merchants and Illicit Naval Trading in the 1730s.Historical Research 93, no. 262 (October 28, 2020): doi:10.1093/hisres/htaa016.
spelt ‘Anamaboe’ or ‘Annamoboe’ in the Buckle records
This appears to be spelt ‘Capuchiers’ in Buckle’s account
It appears that Currantee was strongly in support of the existence of a fort on Fante land,and a likely beneficiary of the European trade in enslaved Africans | <urn:uuid:1d8f244b-4d9e-4bcf-89d7-78eed4b62818> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://westsussexrecordofficeblog.com/2021/06/19/transatlantic-ties-a-juneteenth-voyage-to-ghana/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363465.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20211208083545-20211208113545-00603.warc.gz | en | 0.95709 | 2,066 | 3.375 | 3 |
HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus, which is the virus that, if not treated, can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, or AIDS. Unlike with other viruses, you can never get rid of it completely, so once you contract HIV, you have it for life. That’s one important reason why it’s considered such a big deal. Because HIV is spread through bodily fluids, it is most commonly contracted via sex.
What does HIV do to you?
HIV attacks the body’s immune system, specifically the CD4 cells, which help the immune system fight off infections. Left untreated, HIV reduces the number of CD4 cells in the body, which makes the person more susceptible to other infections, or infection-related cancers. Over time, HIV can destroy so many of these cells, and such a weakened immune system, that the body can’t fight off infections and disease. This can lead to full blown AIDS, which is the last stage of HIV infection.
What does Michigan law say about HIV?
That’s why many states in the U.S. have laws governing whether or not someone is legally responsible for telling a potential sexual partner is they have HIV or AIDS. In 1989 Michigan passed a law making it a felony for HIV-positive people to engage in sexual penetration without disclosing their HIV-positive status to their partner. However, that law is now being questioned, and in some cases called “archaic” and “inappropriate.”
Is Michigan’s HIV disclosure law going to change?
House Representative Jon Hoadley has sponsored a bill that would alter Michigan’s HIV disclosure laws. House Bill 6020 would reduce the severity of the punishments for people accused of concealing their HIV status from sexual partners. Currently under Michigan law, having sex with someone when you know you’re HIV positive, but not telling your sexual partner so that they contract the disease without knowing, is a felony. This bill hopes to change that crime to a misdemeanor.
Why would anyone want to change the law?
According to Representative Hoadley, treating people like criminals for passing on a virus to their sexual partners isn’t fair to those people. The reasons, he says, is because the situation is rarely as clear cut as this. Too many have been blackmailed by previous partners who claimed they’ll report HIV positive former partners to police if they don’t pay up. And because Michigan doesn’t require proof that anyone actually be harmed, this can mean innocent people being prosecuted when no one was put at risk, and no one was harmed.
Has someone falsely accused you of intentionally spreading an STD?
If you’ve been accused of intentionally spreading an STD or HIV virus by not disclosing your HIV status to a partner, you could be looking at years of prison time and a criminal record under current law. Don’t let a misunderstanding, or worse – a blackmailer – ruin your future. Call The Kronzek Firm today at 866 766 5245 (866 7No Jail) and talk to one of our skilled criminal defense attorneys. You have enough on your hands already. Let us help you defend your future. | <urn:uuid:87fa995b-21de-4347-a28c-494f87dd177b> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://aggressivecriminaldefense.com/is-it-a-crime-to-spread-hiv-on-purpose-in-michigan.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823872.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20181212112626-20181212134126-00041.warc.gz | en | 0.962921 | 667 | 2.75 | 3 |
If you have diabetes, you need to know a few things about how to live in spite or your disease. Here are some tips to help you.
Do something every day that makes you happy. Stop spending all your time thinking about diabetes. Make a conscious effort every day to do an activity you enjoy.
See your doctor when you should. It is important that you keep your doctor appointments. A lot of people think that they can simply test their blood at home, but the truth is that your doctor has more knowledge and better tools to track your diabetes. Not only that, but your doctor can help you monitor yourself for complications of diabetes. You may need to see other doctors as well. For example, it’s a good idea to see an eye doctor regularly, as diabetes can sometimes lead to eye problems. Regular doctor visits help you to catch complications early.
Talk to people who have diabetes. Other people have diabetes and are living life too. You aren’t the only one. Joining a community of diabetics can keep you up to date on the latest medications, give you moral support when you need it, and can help you feel better about living life with this disease. You can get ideas and tips about things you can do to make life better, and when you feel better, you can help others to feel as good as you do. You can join an online forum if you are uncomfortable at first going to a local support group.
Tell your family and friends what you are going through. People who don’t have diabetes may try to understand what you are going through, but they do not know what you are going through unless you tell them. Explain to them why holiday meals are a challenge, for example, or why you don’t want to go out drinking with them. They may be willing to make adjustments for you so that you feel more comfortable and are happier with them.
Take up a new hobby. A new hobby occupies your mind and makes you feel excited. When you have diabetes, it can seem like your day revolves around your disease. Don’t let that happen. Take up something new so that you can spend your free time learning about it and focusing on that.
Look for role models with diabetes. As an adult you may think you are too old to have role models, but that is not true. When you feel like your life is too hectic and that taking care of your disease is too much of a problem, look around to find people who are dealing with diabetes and still having a great life, such as Oscar winner Halle Berry.
There are many challenges when you have diabetes. However, you must decide to be bigger than those challenges. You must step up to the plate and take charge of your life. Diabetes is just one part of you. You have to make sure you don’t let it become all of you. | <urn:uuid:7b176e6c-bfd9-4651-bdc4-d7c64112556b> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://weightlossallinvited.com/living-a-full-life-as-a-diabetic/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823348.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20181210144632-20181210170132-00486.warc.gz | en | 0.975407 | 593 | 2.546875 | 3 |
2015 essay contest honorable mention
by Abdullah Iftikhar
11th grader, Beaconhouse School, Pakistan
For a nation to prosper, its women’s rights need to be protected and the obstacles they face need to be removed, perhaps that is why Pakistan is not what it should be today. The reason women in Pakistan have been oppressed is the hypocritical attitude towards their progress by men, which is also the biggest challenge they face today.
The way this slanted standpoint bedevils women empowerment and their liberties is menacing to the basic elements of morality. Because of this problem, it would be implied that women are progressing, their rights are being granted and women empowerment is depicted as a process that takes place gradually. But this ‘process’ resulting from the stated problem has pushed our women back when they should’ve walked by us or have led us.
To make things easier, we will suppose this problem exists because of the ‘hypocrite’. This hypocrite boasts of the achievements of women in Pakistan and is superficially more feminist than women who stand for their rights, but fails to apply this feminism and these ideals in practicality. He convinces fellows that the progress of women is the only way forward for the country in a coffee shop and comes back home to disapprove of his wife’s request to learn a new language or his daughter’s demand of studying what she wants (or studying at all).This hypocrite in Pakistani society is who has imperiled the actual potential and advancement of women and is now the biggest challenge they face, although only a few recognize this.
The reason this hypocrite exists is because of the way we’re brought up. By the time our children enter their teenage; they are cognizant of the patriarchal structure of our society and conform to it. This is because the patriarchal structure in Pakistan functions on the power of taboo and therefore, women do not defy this norm because they know they will be mocked and derided. In augmentation, similarly, men refuse to be associated to women who are shunned. This way both the parents end up raising a hypocrite who observes this structure, and ultimately the hypocrite raises another conformist to the structure, reinforcing the infinitely vicious cycle.
This raises the peculiar question of why this hypocrite never chooses a side. To get an answer we have to realize that for this hypocrite, his conformist values are practically effectuating but the global trends and progressive values are concurrently appealing. This way, the idea of following both these values simultaneously becomes appealing and the hypocrite adheres to them. This adherence essentially results in the hypocrite’s double standards because although progressive ideas are appealing, social reverence stems from social acceptance and defying norms does not earn you social reverence, thus making his progressiveness empty rhetoric.
Two other reasons for the existence of the hypocrite are religious misinterpretation and the practice of ludicrous traditions. The hypocrite follows misguided self-‐proclaimed scholars and binds his meaningless sexist teachings (divorced from Islam) upon everyone, getting himself a pseudo religious cover too. The ludicrous traditions, specifically those of the tribal and feudal areas, restrict women to a reserved source of making children. Ironically when some women rebel and are ultimately renowned, these tribal andfeudal lords express their ‘pride’ in them. This proves that this hypocrite has many forms and is present across the country.
To get to a solution, we must recognize that gender inequality is a problem and openly address it. The formation of a Women’s Rights Commission will not only imply that the problem is recognized but viable schemes like scholarships for women and parental leave models, otherwise alien ideas, will be implemented.
To reform this hypocrite, we must introduce a custom against hypocrisy and reform this patriarchal structure and the surest way to do so is to introduce educational reform. Awareness needs to be kindled in adolescent children about the patriarchal social structure and they should be encouraged to question and defy it. This new component needs to be incorporated into the syllabi for grades 8-‐12 by the Education Ministries.
A more short-‐term solution would be government-‐sponsored consultation centers at a residential level to discuss their problems and provide them with psychiatric help and moral support if needed. These centers will also provide women guidelines to tackle the problems they face as well as legal and financial support. The inclusion of experts in them would also help in organizing seminars for men in which the primary objective will be the distinction between cultural, religious and humanitarian demands. This will empower women at a level which will initiate a tide against their challenge; the hypocrite. | <urn:uuid:22c37e40-17e3-4569-9829-7cdeab59e444> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://www.harvardglobalwe.org/article.html?aid=119 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583662690.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20190119054606-20190119080606-00598.warc.gz | en | 0.961967 | 951 | 2.53125 | 3 |
An Athenian cultural association has brought a claim before the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg seeking the return of the Parthenon Sculptures held by the British Museum. This year marks the 200th anniversary of Parliament’s decision to purchase sculptures stripped from the Parthenon from Lord Elgin. At present most of the surviving sculptures rest in London at the British Museum.
Alexander Herman for the Institute of Art & Law blog summarizes the allegations:
The claim is aimed at the United Kingdom and alleges violations of the following rights under the European Convention on Human Rights:
cultural identity as an aspect of «the right to respect for private life» (Article 8 of ECHR);
cultural identity as an aspect of «the freedom of conscience» (Article 9 of ECHR);
the right to access cultural information, as an aspect of «the freedom of expression» (Article 10 of ECHR);
the «right to an effective remedy» (Article 13 of ECHR); and
the right to property, in the sense of integral public access to the monument (Article 1 of the Additional Protocol to ECHR).
The Athenians’ Association, which has existed since 1895, argues in a statement that it hopes to “raise international public awareness and to have justice rendered” and “hopes that the truth will prevail, that the monument will be restored and that history and tradition will shine forth for the good of mankind”.
I’ve laid out my argument as well, that cultural justice demands the reunification of this work of art.
- APPEAL OF THE «ATHENIANS’ ASSOCIATION» BEFORE THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS FOR THE ACROPOLIS SCULPTURES, Σύλλογος των Αθηναίων (Feb. 18, 2016), http://www.syllogostonathinaion.gr/prosfigi-gia-ta-glypta-tis-akropoleos/appeal-of-the-athenians-association-before-the-european-court-of-human-rights-for-the-acropolis-sculptures/.
Derek Fincham, The Parthenon Sculptures and Cultural Justice, 23 Fordham Intellectual Property, Media & Entertainment Law Journal 943 (2013). | <urn:uuid:80fde17a-c448-49ab-b2e9-878ddb039166> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://illicitculturalproperty.com/athenians-group-seeks-justice-for-the-parthenon-sculptures/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195529007.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20190723064353-20190723090353-00337.warc.gz | en | 0.801072 | 504 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Say No to Slavery
The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass details the hardships Frederick Douglass went through as a slave before his escape to freedom. Douglass wrote the autobiography of his life to persuade people that the abolition of slavery was necessary, and this book served as a catalyst for a fundamental change in society during the antebellum period. As a slave, Frederick Douglass witnessed the dehumanization of slavery that the only crime was to be born of the wrong color. In his narrative, Douglass offered the readers with abundant information of the pain, sufferings the slaves went through, the brutality, immorality and evil of the slave-owners, and how he fought for his future through obtaining an education by himself. Although some arguments suggest that the slavery system produced enormous wealth for the world, generated prosperous economies, and accelerated scientific and technological developments, the terrifying physical abuses, the destructive psychological damages it brought to African American people, and the lingering racial prejudice as a result of slavery far outweigh any benefits realized.
First, the life of slaves was not easy. The physical destruction caused by both living condition and slaveowners was deplorable. They were treated badly by the plantation owners: whipped, beaten, sometimes starved and even murdered. Slaves got very few clothes through the years, and these garments were especially not warm enough for winter. As Douglass described, in the winter, he was kept almost naked - “no shoes, no stockings, no jacket, no trousers, nothing on but a coarse two linen shirts, reaching only to my knees… My feet had been so cracked with the frost…” (230). According to Douglass, this entire apparel could not have cost more than seven dollars per year. However, children got even less. Since they did not work in the field, they did not get shoes, stockings, jackets or trousers. They were only given two linen shirts per year, and if these failed to last the entire year, they ran around naked. This awful description creates empathy for mistreated children whose only “crime” results from birth to mothers with black color. Furthermore, in the most dehumanizing comparison, Douglass used animal imagery to reveal the conditions in which the children were fed. Douglass wrote: “The children were then called, like so many pigs, and like so many pigs they would come and devour the mush; some with oyster shells, others with pieces of shingle, some with naked hands, and none with spoons” (230). Essentially, the slave children were fed in the same manner as animals. These descriptions create vivid pictures of the inhumane treatment of slave children and the slave-owners made them perform the animal-like behaviors in order to survive in the cruel plantation life.
Second, slavery also caused psychological damage on slaves which will last for a lifetime, such as the brake... | <urn:uuid:50eb1fc3-203f-4f69-88af-d37f02513153> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://ostatic.com/essays/the-narrative-of-the-life-of-frederick-douglass-baruch-eng2850-essay | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500074.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20230203185547-20230203215547-00570.warc.gz | en | 0.975868 | 609 | 3.875 | 4 |
Fetal alcohol syndrome is a condition in a child that results from alcohol exposure during the mother's pregnancy. Fetal alcohol syndrome causes brain damage and growth problems. The problems caused by fetal alcohol syndrome vary from child to child, but defects caused by fetal alcohol syndrome are not reversible.
There is no amount of alcohol that's known to be safe to consume during pregnancy. If you drink during pregnancy, you place your baby at risk of fetal alcohol syndrome.
If you suspect your child has fetal alcohol syndrome, talk to your doctor as soon as possible. Early diagnosis may help to reduce problems such as learning difficulties and behavioral issues.
The severity of fetal alcohol syndrome symptoms varies, with some children experiencing them to a far greater degree than others. Signs and symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome may include any mix of physical defects, intellectual or cognitive disabilities, and problems functioning and coping with daily life.
Physical defects may include:
- Distinctive facial features, including small eyes, an exceptionally thin upper lip, a short, upturned nose, and a smooth skin surface between the nose and upper lip
- Deformities of joints, limbs and fingers
- Slow physical growth before and after birth
- Vision difficulties or hearing problems
- Small head circumference and brain size
- Heart defects and problems with kidneys and bones
Brain and central nervous system problems
Problems with the brain and central nervous system may include:
- Poor coordination or balance
- Intellectual disability, learning disorders and delayed development
- Poor memory
- Trouble with attention and with processing information
- Difficulty with reasoning and problem-solving
- Difficulty identifying consequences of choices
- Poor judgment skills
- Jitteriness or hyperactivity
- Rapidly changing moods
Social and behavioral issues
Problems in functioning, coping and interacting with others may include:
- Difficulty in school
- Trouble getting along with others
- Poor social skills
- Trouble adapting to change or switching from one task to another
- Problems with behavior and impulse control
- Poor concept of time
- Problems staying on task
- Difficulty planning or working toward a goal
When to see a doctor
If you're pregnant and can't stop drinking, ask your obstetrician, primary care doctor or mental health professional for help.
Because early diagnosis may help reduce the risk of long-term problems for children with fetal alcohol syndrome, let your child's doctor know if you drank alcohol while you were pregnant. Don't wait for problems to arise before seeking help.
If you have adopted a child or are providing foster care, you may not know if the biological mother drank alcohol while pregnant — and it may not initially occur to you that your child may have fetal alcohol syndrome. However, if your child has problems with learning and behavior, talk with his or her doctor so that the underlying cause might be identified.
When you're pregnant and you drink alcohol:
- Alcohol enters your bloodstream and reaches your developing fetus by crossing the placenta
- Alcohol causes higher blood alcohol concentrations in your developing baby than in your body because a fetus metabolizes alcohol slower than an adult does
- Alcohol interferes with the delivery of oxygen and optimal nutrition to your developing baby
- Exposure to alcohol before birth can harm the development of tissues and organs and cause permanent brain damage in your baby
The more you drink while pregnant, the greater the risk to your unborn baby. However, any amount of alcohol puts your baby at risk. Your baby's brain, heart and blood vessels begin to develop in the early weeks of pregnancy, before you may know you're pregnant.
Impairment of facial features, the heart and other organs, including the bones, and the central nervous system may occur as a result of drinking alcohol during the first trimester. That's when these parts of the fetus are in key stages of development. However, the risk is present at any time during pregnancy.
The more alcohol you drink during pregnancy, the greater the chance of problems in your baby. There's no known safe amount of alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
You could put your baby at risk even before you realize you're pregnant. Don't drink alcohol if:
- You're pregnant
- You think you might be pregnant
- You're trying to become pregnant
Problem behaviors not present at birth that can result from having fetal alcohol syndrome (secondary disabilities) may include:
- Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
- Aggression, inappropriate social conduct, and breaking rules and laws
- Alcohol or drug misuse
- Mental health disorders, such as depression, anxiety or eating disorders
- Problems staying in or completing school
- Problems with independent living and with employment
- Inappropriate sexual behaviors
- Early death by accident, homicide or suicide
Experts know that fetal alcohol syndrome is completely preventable if women don't drink alcohol at all during pregnancy.
These guidelines can help prevent fetal alcohol syndrome:
- Don't drink alcohol if you're trying to get pregnant. If you haven't already stopped drinking, stop as soon as you know you're pregnant or if you even think you might be pregnant. It's never too late to stop drinking during your pregnancy, but the sooner you stop, the better it is for your baby.
- Continue to avoid alcohol throughout your pregnancy. Fetal alcohol syndrome is completely preventable in children whose mothers don't drink during pregnancy.
- Consider giving up alcohol during your childbearing years if you're sexually active and you're having unprotected sex. Many pregnancies are unplanned, and damage can occur in the earliest weeks of pregnancy.
- If you have an alcohol problem, get help before you get pregnant. Get professional help to determine your level of dependence on alcohol and to develop a treatment plan.
Jan. 10, 2018 | <urn:uuid:b92c2959-1635-4e33-995e-b7681c41738a> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fetal-alcohol-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20352901 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540515344.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20191208230118-20191209014118-00123.warc.gz | en | 0.9513 | 1,177 | 3.25 | 3 |
At least seven species of marine algae previously restricted to more tropical waters have expanded their range northward to the temperate reefs off North Carolina. Reports of seven other new algae species are under investigation to determine if they also represent a tropical shift in North Carolina's algal flora.
Researchers from the National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science and the University of North Carolina -Wilmington made these discoveries, as well as three species new to science, during an ecological characterization of the marine communities on North Carolina's rocky reefs.
These reefs lie within a temperate-tropical transition zone. Globally, these reefs are becoming more tropical, making them important regions for detecting the effects of climate change. Algal distributions on these reefs are largely influenced by winter bottom water temperature and depth, and, as a result, will be critical in developing a better, more predictive, understanding of climate-associated responses in marine communities. This work included the most spatially comprehensive marine algal collections since the 1970s.
For more information, contact email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:08e87db7-f012-4d92-84e6-3c7246c09b71> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://coastalscience.noaa.gov/news/evidence-climate-related-algal-community-shifts-north-carolina/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103037089.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220626040948-20220626070948-00193.warc.gz | en | 0.920818 | 215 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Honey is a delicious ingredient in sweets, deserts and even in the morning tea. However, it also has a long medicinal history. Since Ancient Egyptian times, honey has been considered a gift from the gods, being used as an embalming fluid and for curing wounds.
Nowadays, it is still used for its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. It is included in numerous skin care products, as well as in various remedies.
When used in foods, honey is considered to be much healthier than any other sweeteners. It is a natural sugar, so it can be consumed with no health concerns. It actually is recommended in weight loss diets.
Several studies have shown that this ingredient has extremely powerful anti-bacterial activity.
Numerous minerals are contained by honey. They are extremely beneficial for the patient’s health. They include calcium, iron, magnesium, as well as potassium, sodium, zinc, copper and manganese. It may also contain fluoride and phosphorus.
This is one of the most efficient remedies for improving immunity. It works in an excellent manner against conditions such as asthma and also for allergies.
Honey, in combination with cinnamon, has been used in the cure of many diseases since ancient times. Recent studies have shown that honey has anti-cancer and anti-tumor properties, as well.
Not only that honey has great effects when it comes to health, but it also works amazingly in beauty rituals. Honey can be used for hair masks, facial scrubs, in home based wax kits, as well as for pimples and acne. It works miracles on your skin, making your hair more beautiful, too. It also is very efficient in internal cleansing and chapped lips.
Honey can be used in bath treatments, too. This has actually been something Cleopatra had done on daily basis. The Egyptian Queen was rumored to take luxurious baths in milk and honey. This is an anti-aging ingredient for numerous products, as it contains antioxidants, it has the ability to reverse aging.
Honey is also good for eyesight. Consuming a teaspoon of honey each day is believed to be one of the healthiest habits you can have. Honey can also make miracles when having a hangover from too much alcohol.
Honey is a natural energy booster. It can help stomach-aches and dehydration, being an important component in immunity system boosters. It can help you enjoy a resting night sleep, but it may also prevent hair loss and baldness. It rejuvenates your entire body, making you healthier and more beautiful. Have you ever used honey in home remedies?
Top incoming search terms:
- teaspoon of honey | <urn:uuid:a589c70d-9d5f-49b9-a2e8-4cd337a8c924> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://impressivemagazine.com/2013/08/02/surprising-health-benefits-of-honey/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891750.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123052242-20180123072242-00186.warc.gz | en | 0.97064 | 545 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Benedicto Kagima Mugumba Kiwanuka Facts
The Ugandan politician Benedicto Kagima Mugumba Kiwanuka (1922-1972) was one of the early leaders in the independence movement of Uganda and led the country in the transition stage between colonial British rule and independence. He was murdered by Idi Amin in the early 1970s.
Benedicto Kiwanuka was born in May of 1922 in Kisabwa in the Buganda kingdom of Uganda, the son of a minor but wealthy Roman Catholic Buganda chief. Kiwanuka received his early education in mission schools, and his career must be seen in relation to a continuing relationship with the Catholic groups of Uganda. During World War II Kiwanuka served in the African Pioneer Corps, with duty in Kenya, Egypt, and Palestine, completing his military career with the rank of sergeant major.
After the war Kiwanuka returned to Uganda and took employment in the Judicial Department as a clerk and interpreter. Wanting to study law, he prepared by attending Pius XII University College in Basutoland (now Lesotho) from 1950 to 1952, before proceeding to Britain to attend University College, London (1952-1956). He was admitted to the bar at Gray's Inn in February of 1956. Returning to Uganda. he practiced law privately from 1956 to 1959.
Entry into Politics
At this time, Uganda was moving to gain independence. But it had special problems due to its complicated administrative structure, especially with the highly organized kingdom of Buganda, which was also the most economically advanced section of the country. Many of its leaders were little disposed to diminish their state's special position by submerging it in a greater union. Among the various political organizations formed in this time of flux was the Democratic Party, the result of pressure from Roman Catholic groups, who thought that members of their religion did not have sufficient representation—in relation to their numbers—in the Ugandan political arena. Efforts were made to draw non-Catholic support as well, but the Democratic Party always kept a damaging reputation as being too closely tied to one religious body. Kiwanuka became its leader in 1958 and subsequently relinquished his law practice so that he could devote his time to politics.
Ugandan Leadership in the 1960s
When the first important elections were held in Uganda in 1961 to determine the country's future, there were only two important political parties: the Democratic Party and the Uganda People's Congress. The kingdom of Buganda decided to boycott the election. The Democratic Party swept the Buganda elections and won enough votes in the rest of Uganda to secure the largest representation in the legislature. Kiwanuka was asked to form a government, and on July 1, 1961 he became the first chief minister of Uganda. On March 1, 1962 he was appointed Uganda's first prime minister.
Kiwanuka's time as prime minister was fleeting. New elections were held in April of 1962 and Kiwanuka failed to gain reelection to the National Assembly. This time the Buganda participated by allying with the United People's Congress; their joint forces triumphed, and Milton Obote replaced Kiwanuka as prime minister. Obote then presided over Uganda's independence. The Democratic Party became the main opposition party, with Kiwanuka as their leader, despite losing his seat in the election. In the mid 1960s he focused on Uganda's Muslim population and their neglected needs.
Amin and Crisis
In the late 1960s Uganda was in a state of instability. After strengthening his military base, Idi Amin overthrew Obote's government and forcibly took control in 1971. Amin plunged Uganda into a deep crisis and an era of ruthless persecution.
Confusion surrounded Kiwanuka's arrest in September of 1972. Witnesses reported that armed men seized him, although a military spokesman denied the arrest and suggested that government impostors may have been responsible for the capture of several important officials. Shortly after, Amin's forces murdered him. Kiwanuka was one of many people slaughtered during Amin's reigning years of chaos and terror. In his book Uganda Since Independence: A Story of Unfulfilled Hopes, Phares Mutibwa asserted that Amin murdered Kiwanuka because he perceived him to be a potential rival leader.
Further Reading on Benedicto Kagima Mugumba Kiwanuka
Kiwanuka's career can be followed in Ronald Segal, Political Africa: A Who's Who of Personalities and Parties, Stevens and Sons Limited (1961); Ali Mazrui, Violence and Thought: Essays on Social Tensions in Africa (1968); A. J. Hughes, East Africa: Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania (1969); and Phares Mutibwa, Uganda Since Independence: A Story of Unfulfilled Hopes, Hurst and Company (1992). The most comprehensive source on Kiwanuka is Albert Bade's Benedicto Kiwanuka: the Man and His Politics, Fountain Publishers, Uganda (1996). □ | <urn:uuid:9d9e5c29-f843-4fd9-a876-d4743f05f820> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://biography.yourdictionary.com/benedicto-kagima-mugumba-kiwanuka | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163049455/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131729-00052-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978675 | 1,017 | 3.046875 | 3 |
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The account of the Tower of Babel is under attack like the rest of Genesis 1–11.
The account of the Tower of Babel is under attack like the rest of Genesis 1–11. But do you understand why an ancient “skyscraper” is so important even today? Do you know the gospel connection?
While many Bible-believing Christians study to defend Creation or the Flood, few take time to research and defend Genesis 10 and 11. Those who do will find overwhelming evidence that confirms the event and people listed there and underscores the trustworthiness of the Bible’s historical record.
Bodie Hodge’s new book, Tower of Babel—The Cultural History of Our Ancestors, is an exciting and invaluable tool for Christians who support the biblical foundations of truth that have been undermined by humanist thinking.
Hodge tackles the challenges to the Tower of Babel account head-on and reveals amazing facts of history along the way. For example, doubters claim that chapters 10 and 11 contradict each other because chapter 10 says that people were separated into their lands according to their languages, and chapter 11 says they all spoke one language.
Hebrew narratives often give the summary or significance of an account before going into the details separately.This is similar to the argument that Genesis 1 and 2 contradict each other, and the solution is the same in both cases: Hebrew narratives often give the summary or significance of an account before going into the details separately.
Within the church, confusion abounds about certain aspects of the Tower of Babel. This book discusses the possible reasons the tower was built, the shape of the tower, its location, the role of Nimrod (if any), and much more.
Many are confused by the statement in Genesis 10:25 that in Peleg’s days “the earth was divided.” Some believe this verse refers to continental drift, but that is unlikely because the movement of the continents into their present positions would have caused huge tsunamis to wash over them—another worldwide Flood, contrary to God’s promise. The context of Genesis 10 clearly concerns the division of Noah’s descendants (the people of the earth) according to their languages.
Tower of Babel is packed with fascinating information, charts, and illustrations that honor God’s Word while exploring many likely answers to questions about this event. Hodge shows how the number of language families in the world today can easily be explained by the dispersion at Babel. He also pulls together people’s names from extrabiblical historical records, making many possible connections to the names listed in the Bible. This book would be an excellent reference for anyone who wants to be prepared to defend the true account of the Tower of Babel and its place in understanding the high intelligence and key role of ancient man. | <urn:uuid:70f36132-356a-4b12-9f45-bbaa5f92d5b9> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | https://answersingenesis.org/tower-of-babel/tower-of-babel-clearing-up-the-confusion/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701166739.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193926-00306-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947861 | 593 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Tim Grove is chief of museum learning at the National Air and Space Museum and the author of the new book A Grizzly in the Mail and Other Adventures in American History (University of Nebraska Press, 2014). In the book, he writes about the Museum’s process of updating the Pioneers of Flight gallery. While the curator decides which artifacts to include, Grove’s role, as the audience expert, is to help curators tailor the exhibit “story” to a specific audience. The updated Pioneers of Flight gallery would include artifacts from Charles and Anne Morrow Lindberghs’ 1931 and 1933 Far East flights, including their Lockheed Sirius monoplane, nicknamed “Tingmissartoq,” or “One who flies like a big bird.” (With these flights, the Lindberghs wanted to prove it was feasible to reach the Far East using Great Circle route to the North.)
The exhibition team decided to display the Lindberghs’ seaplane in a wooden dock, surrounding the aircraft with supplies and equipment they took on their trip. The couple had to pack for extreme climates, but had to keep in mind weight restrictions for their gear.
Grove explains how the team decided which objects should go in the exhibit:
With every exhibition I work on, I become fascinated with specific artifacts. This time it was the armbrust cup. This strange cloth-covered oval object, worn over the face, converted condensation from breath into drinking water—for use in emergency landings at sea. Since weight restrictions were an ever-present challenge, the Lindberghs could take only a limited supply of water. Lindbergh had read about this new invention before his solo flight across the Atlantic and, not willing to wait until the product went into production, had paid inventor C.W. Armbrust $50 for one of his handmade prototypes to take on the journey. He also took several along on the trips in the Tingmissartoq.
The correct name of the artifact proved a point of confusion for the team. We encountered several spellings. In her books, Anne listed it as an “armburst” cup. Finally we found an official answer. Our curator did some sleuthing and found the original patent in 1926, the year before Lindbergh’s solo flight.
Ultimately, just like the Lindberghs, we had to make some tough choices because we simply didn’t have the space to display all of the items in this collection. We based our final decisions on several factors. Was the artifact in good condition? How much conservation work would it require? Some items, due to their materials, had unfortunately deteriorated over the years and were in poor condition. A second factor was the story we planned to tell. We wanted to display a variety of items and to convey the different emergency scenarios that Lindbergh had tried to anticipate. There was a sail and a mast from the rubber boat in case of emergency landing at sea, but no boat. There were wool-covered canteens, flying caps and goggles, mosquito netting, pith helmets, flashlights, matches, a tent, blankets, navigational equipment, heated flight suits, stocking boots, gloves, mittens, parkas, raincoats, ice crampons, thread, needles, insect repellant...
Today, the Tingmissartoq stands restored to its former glory in the new “Pioneers of Flight” exhibition. The dock next to it is filled with provisions representative of the attempted anticipation of all that was possible. It’s a silent testament to Charles and Anne Lindbergh and their two incredible flights in the black-and-red plane. I never tire of watching visitors explore the collection of artifacts that Charles Lindbergh had the foresight to save.
Text reprinted with the permission of the publisher. | <urn:uuid:0548da13-8295-4663-88e4-5630308b578d> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.airspacemag.com/daily-planet/how-we-choose-what-exhibit-180951639/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156690.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20180920234305-20180921014705-00353.warc.gz | en | 0.970805 | 804 | 2.75 | 3 |
CHICAGO (Reuters) – U.S. researchers said on Tuesday they have made the darkest material on Earth, a substance so black it absorbs more than 99.9 percent of light.
Made from tiny tubes of carbon standing on end, this material is almost 30 times darker than a carbon substance used by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology as the current benchmark of blackness.
And the material is close to the long-sought ideal black, which could absorb all colors of light and reflect none.
“All the light that goes in is basically absorbed,” Pulickel Ajayan, who led the research team at Rice University in Houston, said in a telephone interview. “It is almost pushing the limit of how much light can be absorbed into one material.”
The substance has a total reflective index of 0.045 percentwhich is more than three times darker than the nickel-phosphorous alloy that now holds the record as the world’s darkest material.
Basic black paint, by comparison, has a reflective index of 5 percent to 10 percent.
The researchers are seeking a world’s darkest material designation by Guinness World Records. But their work will likely yield more than just bragging rights.
Ajayan said the material could be used in solar energy conversion. “You could think of a material that basically collects all the light that falls into it,” he said.
It could also could be used in infrared detection or astronomical observation.
Ajayan, who worked with a team at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York, said the material gets its blackness from three things.
It is composed of carbon nano-tubes, tiny tubes of tightly rolled carbon that are 400 hundred times smaller than the diameter of a strand of hair. The carbon helps absorb some of the light.
These tubes are standing on end, much like a patch of grass. This arrangement traps light in the tiny gaps between the “blades.”
The researchers have also made the surface of this carbon nano-tube carpet irregular and rough to cut down on reflectivity.
“Such a nano-tube array not only reflects light weakly, but also absorbs light strongly,” said Shawn-Yu Lin, a professor of physics at Rensselaer, who helped make the substance.
The researchers have tested the material on visible light only. Now they want to see how it fares against infrared and ultraviolet light, and other wavelengths such as radiation used in communications systems.
“If you could make materials that would block these radiations, it could have serious applications for stealth and defense,” Ajayan said.
The work was released online last week and will be published in an upcoming issue of the journal Nano Letters. The Indian-born Ajayan holds the 2006 Guinness World Record as co-inventor of the smallest brush in the world.
(Editing by Maggie Fox and Xavier Briand)
Copyright Reuters 2007. All rights reserved. Users may download and print extracts of content from this website for their own personal and non-commercial use only. Republication or redistribution of Reuters content, including by framing or similar means, is expressly prohibited without the prior written consent of Reuters. Reuters and the Reuters sphere logo are registered trademarks or trademarks of the Reuters group of companies around the world. | <urn:uuid:0b667c53-5216-417b-8622-a008deaed17e> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/80952-researchers-make-none-more-black-material | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501169769.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104609-00546-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946429 | 698 | 3.578125 | 4 |
The revelation this week that the part of Mars being explored by the rover Opportunity was soaking wet in the past is a “significant step forward in our understanding of solar system evolution and the fact that the red planet may have once been blue,” said Clive Neal, an associate professor of civil engineering and geological sciences at the University of Notre Dame. “Stabilization of liquid water on Mars requires a thicker, warmer atmosphereconditions suitable for developing life as we know it.”p. "Clues of “life” may be direct (preservation of fossils) or indirect (chemical signatures). We now need to study similar deposits here on Earth with an intensity heretofore unseen. We at Notre Dame are planning to do this."
Neal’s research uses petrology and geochemistry to investigate the environment from planetary differentiation to heavy metal pollution. He is studying Martian meteorites in an effort to understand the evolution of the planet. | <urn:uuid:3ef108f6-bbd8-4a30-ae57-256d4ceabe43> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://news.nd.edu/news/notre-dame-resource-mars-finding-a-significant-step/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107905777.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20201029184716-20201029214716-00693.warc.gz | en | 0.921883 | 194 | 3.734375 | 4 |
No other issue has been of intense debate like the duties of a man in Islam. A responsible Muslim man is a man that is willing to take up all the responsibility Allah has assigned to him. The best example of a responsible Muslim man is the Prophet Muhammad (SAW). The duty of a Muslim man is towards his mother, father, brother, sisters, wife and children. As soon as a man is of age, he is expected to care for all of the above mentioned relatives.
“Prophet Muhammad (SAW): ‘Whoever is better-behaved is whole in his faith. The best among you (humans) is one who does well to his family’.
Many years ago, Arabia men were known to be promiscuous, carefree and adventurous. They were the diehard party types before the advancement of Islam. We should also note that the Arabs had little value for their female folks especially the Quraish. The Quraish were aggressive industrious people who lavished their wealth extensively. They were also idolaters and sacrificed their female babies to their gods; the women were also easily gambled away. Many women were victims of these sets of irresponsible men; women had to take up hard roles of caring for themselves and children. Yet, their survival was a risky business; many women while traveling through the dessert were raped and murdered. Many other women also resorted to prostitution. The dignity of women was not respected. Only women who come from wealthy nobility experienced a better life. Even those noble women were used as political tools for political marriages and espionage.
It is against the above background that one will appreciate the roles Allah ordained men to play over women.
“Prophet Muhammad (SAW): ‘Man is the guardian of his family, and every guardian has responsibilities towards those under his guardianship’.”
The Roles of a Responsible Muslim Man
- Salat: he is obligated as the
leader ofthe house to lead his family in prayer. Even when he observes , he is still expected to wake his family up and perform jamaahelsewhere Subhi withthem. He is to lead his family in faith and guard them towards the teachingof Islam. So a Muslim man is expected to have immense knowledge ofIslam.
- Security: he is expected to be a strong man who can defend his family both physically and monetarily. Women were hardly permitted to go to war because of the danger; they were expected to be at home to ensure the education and nurturing of the future generation. For the security of the house, the man must provide guards if he cannot do that himself. He is expected
to travelwith his wife and other female members of his family to safeguard them from harms. Before the arrivals of modern vehicles, people moved across the desert on horses and wagons. A journey could last for months even years depending on the distance. The desert has its own dangers with respect to the desert dwellers and marauders who organize robbery and hijacked wagons. During these encounters, properties were stolen, women were usually raped or kidnapped, and people were injured and murdered. So it is essential for the man to be physically fit to defend his family and wards. In modern times, while some of the dangers have moved from the desert to the highways, the man should ensure the safetyof the vehicles his family travels in. He is expected to house the family in a secure environment and provide theirnatural movement to their daily activities.
- Marriage: a Muslim man is expected
to marrywhen he is financially capable, and if he is not, he is expected to fastto prevent himself from fornication.
And one of Allah signs is that Allah created mates for you from yourselves that you may find rest in them and Allah put between you love and compassion; most surely there are signs in this for a people who reflect.”(30:21),
He is also expected to be compassionate towards his wife “Prophet Muhammad (SAW) stated: ‘the words of a man who says to his wife, ‘I love you truly’, should never desert her heart.’
A responsible Muslim man abstains from adultery and suspicion. The punishment for adultery is death. However, we are warned against making suspicions.
“Prophet Muhammad (SAW) stated: ‘Whoever is better-behaved is complete in his faith. The best among you (humans) is one who does well to his family’.
4. Shelter: a man is expected to provide housing for his family. He is supposed to offer different quarters for his parents and wife or wives; children are to be given different rooms as gender permits when they attain puberty. His brother is not permitted to share the same quarter with his wife. Housing is essential for humans since it protects against harsh weather condition and it is also a source of security
5. Food: the man is to ensure that
6. Chores: he is to assist his
7. Finance: a Muslim man is expected to be hardworking and financially capable. The people depending on him are many, so he is expected to provide the financial security of the home. In fact, all the above responsibility will be more comfortable if he is financially sufficient. Ideally, he should bear the full financial burden of the house. However, if he permits the wife to work, he is only allowed to reach a mutual agreement with her on what she should remits. Nevertheless, such an amount cannot exceed ¼
8. Contentment: a Muslim man must
And give to the orphans their belongings and do not substitute the defective [of your own] for the good [of theirs]. And do not consume their properties into your own. Indeed, that is ever a great sin. Quran 4:2
9. Parents: like earlier said a
10. Divorce: it is the duty of a man
11. Inheritance: since death is the ultimate. A Muslim man must know that the end will come.
Allah has commanded you regarding your children: for the male, what is equal to the portion of two females. But if there are [only] daughters, two or more, for them is two thirds of one’s estate. And if there is only one, for her is half. And for one’s parents, to each one of them is a sixth of his estate if he left children. But if he had no children and the parents [sole survival] inherit from him, then for his mother is one third. And if he had brothers [or sisters], for his mother is a sixth, after any bequest he [may have] made or debt. Your parents or your children – you know not which of them are nearest to you in benefit. [These portions are] an obligation [enforced] by Allah. Indeed, Allah is ever knowing and Wise (Quran 4:11)
It is ironic to see the modern man derail from his responsibilities. It is equally disheartening to see Muslim men participate in many acts of irresponsibility. A Muslim should know that Allah enriched the giver. In many situations we see and hear about how men neglect their responsibility to their family. They have derailed back to the Jaliyah period (the era before Islam) were such abominable mass conduct of irresponsibility was fashionable. This is a reminder for the Muslim Ummah that the path to Jannah carries with it lots of responsibilities.
When a man fulfils all his duties as lay down by Allah, and he follows the sunnah of the Prophet (SAW). It will be easy for him to earn the respect of his household. It is only a responsible man that can lead his wife and family to Jannah. A man cannot choose at whims one aspect of the teaching of the prophet and Quran and neglects the others. If a man is responsible for his household, leadership will be natural for him. The people that are being lead are not blind to his faults. No human will willingly allow another to lead to hell. If a man wants respect from his household, he should be fair and practice love.
Worship Allah and associate nothing with Allah, and to parents do good, and to relatives, orphans, the needy, the near neighbour, the neighbour farther away, the companion at your side, the traveller, and those whom your right hands possess. Truly, Allah does not like those who are self-deluding and boastful. (Quran 4:36)
- The Duties Of Men | Principles Of Marriage .., https://www.al-islam.org/principles-marriage-family-ethics-ayatullah-ibrahim-ami (accessed April 01, 2019). | <urn:uuid:8686cdda-c9c3-456b-9879-65aa927ae0a4> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://muslimahsvoice.com/a-responsible-muslim-man/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578527720.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419121234-20190419143234-00105.warc.gz | en | 0.985399 | 1,799 | 2.671875 | 3 |
This article is reposted from the old WordPress incarnation of Not Exactly Rocket Science.
Getting excited when fish produce sperm would usually get you strange looks. But for Tomoyuki Okutsu and colleagues at the Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, it’s all part of a day’s work. They are trying to use one species of fish as surrogate parents for another, a technique that could help to preserve species that are headed for extinction.
Okutsu works on salmonids, a group of fish that includes salmon and trout. Many members of this tasty clan have suffered greatly from over-fishing in the last few decades, and their populations are dwindling their way to extinction.
If stocks fall below a critical level, they may need a jump-start. One strategy is to freeze some eggs to be fertilised artificially, in the way that many human eggs are in fertility clinics. But it’s much harder for fish eggs – they are large and have lots of fat, which makes them difficult to freeze effectively.
Okutsu’s group have hit on a more effective solution. They use transplanted sexual stem cells to turn another species of fish into surrogate parents for the endangered ones.
The technique revolves around special cells called spermatogonia. In humans, these eventually become sperm. But in an earlier study, Okutsu found that the spermatogonia of fish are like sex stem cells, with the ability to become either sperm or eggs. When transplanted into a host species, they should develop into both types of sex cell.
But that wasn’t to be. The transplanted cells only produced a very small number of donor sperm cells, which would have needed to be sorted from the host’s far greater supply of its own sperm. The transplanted cells also never produced viable eggs, putting the kibosh on any breeding attempts.
Undeterred, Okutsu’s group found a solution for this too and it was a remarkably simple one. They used sterile hosts that couldn’t produce their own sex cells – if they made any, it must have been because the transplants had taken.
As hosts, they chose masu salmon that suffered from a condition called triploidy. Rather than pairs of chromosomes, their cells carried triplets, and the extra set rendered them infertile.
Okutsu took spermatogonia from rainbow trout and implanted them in the newly hatched salmon. Normally, the male triploid salmon never develop proper testes and the females never produce viable eggs. But not so for the transplant recipients – most of them developed normal sets of both sex organs and sex cells.
Ten of the 29 males produced milt, the fish equivalent of seminal fluid and five of the 50 females released mature eggs.The group used sperm from the surrogate males to fertilise eggs from the surrogate females and to their relief, the resulting embryos did very well. The vast majority hatched and developed normally.
When he checked the DNA fingerprints of this new generation, he saw that they were all 100% trout. Even their mitochondria were trout mitrochondria. The team had successfully bred baby trout from surrogate salmon parents. The newborns even grew up to become fertile adults, capable of producing young trout of their own.
Best of all, the team found that 45% of frozen spermatogonia survive the thawing process intact. That means that their technique is not only feasible but practical. Even if rainbow trout went extinct, Okutsu could breed new ones if he had enough of these cells in cold storage.
Update: This piece has been kindly reposted on the Reef Tank. Check them out for more marine morsels.
Reference: Okutsu, Shikina, Kanno, Takeuchi & Yoshizaki. 2007. Production of trout offspring from triploid salmon parents. Science 317: 1517. | <urn:uuid:b225d4b3-902b-43f0-9550-5d24e65d1a66> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2009/08/28/trout-with-salmon-parents-could-help-to-revive-endangered-fish-species/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163054096/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131734-00094-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961937 | 804 | 3.734375 | 4 |
When setting up a quality work zone, the focus should be on meeting or exceeding state guidelines in order to keep your crew and the traveling public safe. While work zones vary from job to job, one aspect that never changes is the necessity to maintain a clear and adequate buffer space. Not only are these included in each state’s Department of Transportation legislation, but they also increase the safety in work zones for traffic, construction laborers and our traffic control flagmen and guides.
That’s why we take buffer zones and traffic control taper length seriously here at Flagger Force.
WHAT IS A BUFFER SPACE?
A buffer space is an open area behind the cone taper that protects workers by providing motorists a place to slow down and stop if they accidentally drive through the cones (or other devices) and intrude into the work zone. This essential space dramatically reduces the risk of a motorist striking workers or work zone equipment.
Without a work zone buffer space, there is no room for error. Experience has shown that, despite our best efforts at slowing and stopping traffic as planned, some drivers lose control and enter the construction zone. This can happen if they:
- Are driving too fast and don’t slow down in time
- Are distracted by their radio, mobile phone or passengers in their vehicle
- Get impatient and attempt to move around stopped traffic or equipment
- Lose control due to inclement weather or gravel or other debris on the road
Planning ahead for all potential situations is an important key to work zone safety, and is why our team at Flagger Force always includes adequate buffer space.
COMMON BUFFER SPACE ERRORS
When setting up a work zone, common errors include not including a buffer space, setting up a buffer space that’s too short or not recognizing the importance of the open space and wrongly utilizing it to park vehicles and equipment.
A buffer space shouldn’t be considered “regular” working space. It can be tempting for construction crews to absorb buffer space into their working space. The problem is that this removes the buffer required in case of an emergency such as a runaway vehicle or accident avoidance.
At Flagger Force, not only do we plan adequate buffer space, but we also communicate the importance of maintaining this space with construction zone project managers and construction laborers. Our crew members watch for vehicles and equipment parked in buffer zones, and ensure these areas are kept clear and safe.
TIPS FOR A QUALITY BUFFER SPACE
To ensure safe buffer space and traffic control taper length at all work zones, we take into account our own best practices and federal and state guidelines:
- Every work zone should include a buffer space.
- The length of a buffer space is determined by the speed of the roadway (see chart below).
- Do not park any vehicles or equipment in the buffer space.
- If a vehicle is not working in the work zone, park it a safe distance away (e.g. side road, parking lot).
We teach the importance of traffic control taper length and buffer space as part of our Flagger Force Academy. Instead of leaving these aspects of temporary traffic control at work zones to chance, we apply the same systematic approach to every work zone. Together with your project manager, we’ll measure out and mark your buffer zones and help your construction crews understand the importance of respecting these zones.
Ideally, buffer zones wouldn’t be required, but our experience shows us that including this extra space for safety results in fewer accidents when drivers aren’t paying attention. Let us help you secure your road construction work zone and apply our best practices for putting in place work zone taper lengths for lane deviations and buffer zones around construction crews and equipment. | <urn:uuid:499047a4-5e8f-4f46-bb8c-fed28d8f7163> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://flaggerforce.com/blog/best-practices-buffer-space/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986660067.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20191015155056-20191015182556-00156.warc.gz | en | 0.913373 | 770 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Publication: Contr. W. Bot. 14: 20. 1912.
selected vouchers: WTU
Notes: FNA24: "Elymus scribneri grows in rocky areas in open subalpine and alpine regions, at 2500–3200 m, often in windswept locations, in southwestern Alberta and the western United States. It is often confused with E. elymoides, but differs from that species in having only one spikelet per node, wider glumes, and more tardily disarticulating rachises. It also resembles E. sierrae, from which it differs in its disarticulating rachises, denser spikes, and shorter anthers.
Several taxonomists have suggested that Elymus scribneri consists of fertile hybrids between E. violaceus and E. elymoides. This suggestion is supported by the frequency with which the three taxa are sympatric, the morphological variation exhibited by E. scribneri, and cytogenetic data (Dewey 1967)." | <urn:uuid:52342a48-660c-4f79-9011-2cabdb40d923> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/waflora/checklist.php?Taxon=Elymus%20scribneri | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141750841.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20201205211729-20201206001729-00686.warc.gz | en | 0.938055 | 221 | 2.625 | 3 |
Why language skills are important...
More about Germany: Germany (German: Deutschland), officially the Federal Republic of Germany is a country in central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea, to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic, to the south by Austria and Switzerland, and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands. Within its borders are a portion of the Alps, the famous Rhine and Danube rivers, and the Black Forest. Its capital is Berlin; some of the governmental institutions, ministries as well as some embassies will remain in the former capital Bonn (now Federal City of Bonn).
Germany is a democratic parliamentary federal republic, made up of 16 states (Länder), which in certain spheres act independently of the federation. Historically consisting of several sovereign states with their own history, distinct German tribe dialects, culture and religious beliefs, Germany was unified as a nation state during the Franco-Prussian War in 1870/1871.
The Federal Republic of Germany is a member state of the United Nations, NATO, the G8 and the G4 nations, and is a founding member of the European Union. It is the European Union's most populous and most economically powerful member state. | <urn:uuid:4bc0e6ce-9ee6-4302-85d1-524512b35b01> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://hubertheller.commercialfreevideos.com/german_coast_guard | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591543.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720061052-20180720081052-00560.warc.gz | en | 0.97063 | 262 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Edinburgh to Salvador: Twentieth Century Ecumenical Missiology by T.V. Philip
T. V. Philip, born in India and a lay member of the Mar Thoma Church, has worked and taught in India, Europe, USA and Australia. He is a church historian, and a former Professor at the United Theological College, Bangalore, India. This book was published jointly by CSS and ISPCK, 1999, Kashmere Gate, Delhi, India. This material was prepared for Religion Online by Ted and Winnie Brock.
Chapter 1: The Missionary Background of the Modern Ecumenical Movement
Evangelical Awakening and the Missionary Movement
The immediate background of the modern Protestant missionary movement was the evangelical awakening in the protestant churches in the West in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The evangelical awakening had its roots in the earlier German Pietism. Pietism was a movement in the Lutheran church in Germany which arose towards the end of the 17th century and continued in the first half of the 18th century as a reaction to the sterility of the then prevailing Lutheran Orthodoxy. Philip Jacob Spener (1635-1705) and Herman Franke (1663-1727) were progenitors of the movement and for them, Christianity was far more a life than an intellectual assent to a doctrine. An insistence upon the personal, individualistic and subjective element in religion was characteristic of their teaching. Because they believed that the much needed reforms of the Lutheran church could not come from those in authority, they recommended that in every congregation those who were earnest about the soul’s salvation should form cells within the church (ecclesiola in ecclesia) for Bible study, for fellowship and Christian experience.
One of the notable features of Pietism was the zeal for mission It aroused. Franke made the University of Halle in Germany the centre for missionary zeal and training. When Frederick IV of Denmark wanted to send the first protestant missionaries to India in 1705, he found them among the students in Halle. The Moravian Brethren provided Pietism’s most effective missionary outreach. The remnants of the persecuted Moravians built a village in Herrenhurt and Zinzendorf (1700-1760), a Lutheran pietist, who was educated at Halle, became their leader. Under his leadership Herrenhurt became a hive of missionary activity. The Moravian church was the first among the protestant churches to accept missionary work as being a responsibility of the church as a whole, instead of leaving it to the societies of especially interested persons.
The Moravians were willing to go to any place in the world in the service of Christ. Their foreign mission was started in 1732. Together with their families, they went abroad as self-supporting units and within a decade the Moravian missionaries could be found from Greenland to the Cape of Good Hope.1
The Moravians were noted not only for their dedication to Christian mission, but also for their concern to foster Christian unity. W. A. Visser’t Hooft points out that it was Zinzendorf who first used the word Oikoumene in the sense of the world-wide Christian church.2 The unity he envisaged was not the organic unity of various denominations, but the spiritual unity of all those who had been "washed in the blood of Christ", and who were dispersed throughout the world. The true church of Christ remains invisible. Unity for him was not a matter of the intellect, creed, ritual, or of order, but of the heart. To be a member of a Christian denomination was not the same thing as being one "of the flock of the lamb".3 Pietism exerted a powerful force in the modern missionary movement and many of the nineteenth century missionaries were pietists. Speaking of the influence of Pietism on the missionary movement, Keith R. Bridston observes:
The Pietist movement, one of the most dynamic and creative movements in modem Church history, with its strong emphasis on the inner life and personal commitment, was the source of renewal in many churches, not least in arousing missionary concern within them. The powerful impact of Pietism on the missionary movement, as both an energizing force and a continuing ideological influence, is well known. In a real sense, Pietism made the protestant missionary enterprise.4
The origins of the evangelical revival differed in different countries. In Germany, as mentioned earlier, the evangelical revival can be traced to Pietism. In Britain, its impulse came largely through the evangelical efforts of the Wesleys and Whitefield, the rise of Methodism and the creation of the evangelical party in the Church of England. The first outstanding leader of the awakening in the USA was Jonathan Edwards. The awakening continued throughout the nineteenth century. The form of Christianity practiced and preached by the founding fathers of the evangelical revival was intensely personal and experiential; they described it as ‘vital religion’. The important characteristics of the religious revival as a whole were a concern for vital religion and a large number of philanthropic and charitable activities. They fought against vices, moral and social, in their efforts to convert the nation. There was also an intense concern for mission to the heathens.
According to Ian Bradley5, most important of the humanitarian ventures of nineteenth century England had evangelical inspiration and leadership. Their evangelizing interest took them naturally into those places where humanity was least regenerate - into prisons, brothels, the factories and slums. The cruelty and misery they saw there angered and appalled them and made them devote themselves to fighting for reforms and improvements. The basis of their response to poverty and suffering was emotional rather than ideological. The sight of a half-starved child brought tears of compassion and led them to dig deep in their pockets, not to ponder over the economic and social order, which had brought it about. Elizabeth Fry’s work in prisons, Josephine Butler’s crusade on behalf of the prostitutes, Barnardo’s mission to deprived children, Edward Rudolf’s establishment of the Society for Waifs and Strays, Shaftesbury’s movement for the reform of factory system, and the efforts to uplift the condition of the working class, all had evangelical inspiration and leadership. It is said that the evangelical movement made philanthropy a major industry in Victorian England.
The Evangelicals were drawn to philanthropic activities by a variety of motives. In part they were simply obeying Christ’s command to feed the hungry and clothe the naked. In part, they also undertook it as preliminary to attempts at conversion. Above all they were devoted to good works because they were profoundly moved by human want and suffering. However, all of them agreed that sin was at the root of human misery and that religion alone offered a lasting remedy to it.6
The Nineteenth Century Missionary Movement
The chief outcome of the evangelical awakening was the rise of the modern missionary movement. The great passion of the Evangelicals was evangelism, both at home and to the ends of the earth. This resulted in the birth of a number of societies, voluntary movements, and organizations in which Christians of different denominations and nations banded together to win the world for Christ. The evangelical awakening both caused, and decisively influenced, the character and course of the missionary movement.
The missionary societies, which came into being during this period, sent out a large number of missionaries to different parts of the world. The upsurge of the missionary interest that developed in the latter part of the eighteenth century continued to grow throughout the nineteenth century. The colonial outreach of Protestant European powers broadened the horizons of the people just as the colonial expansion of Spain and Portugal had done for the Roman Catholics of Europe in the sixteenth century. The political and cultural power of European nations aided the missionaries in penetrating all parts of the globe, as did also the development of communication and the relative prevalence of peace.
The missionary movement in its early period was led by a number of famous missionary pioneers who followed the example of William Carey, the first Baptist missionary in India. Carey is often spoken of as the ‘father of modern missions’. His pamphlet, "An enquiry into the obligation of Christians to use the means for conversion of the natives", (1972) is considered to be the ‘charter to modern missions’.
Apart from the evangelical awakenings, there were other forces that influenced the missionary movement. The French Revolution in 1789 had a part in molding the character and outlook of many of the missionaries. The spirit of liberty, fraternity and equality which found expression in the French Revolution had a profound influence on many people in England. William Carey was one of those who watched the French Revolution with sympathy. Pearce Carey, his biographer, points out that William Carey greeted the revolution as "God’s answer to the recent concerted praying of his people". For Carey, the French Revolution was "a glorious door opened, and likely to be opened much wider, for the Gospel, by the spread of civil and religious liberty, and by the diminution of papal power". According to Fuller, the secretary of the Baptist Missionary Society at that time, Carey’s mind was very much pre-occupied with the ideals of the French Revolution. "Indeed, like other young bloods, he hotly became republican - not drinking to the king’s health". Rousseau’s doctrine of the people’s sovereignty and their equal rights had a powerful effect on the missionary conception of other peoples and races who were thought to be backward and barbarous. Max Warren observes that Carey’s world-mission programme was Rousseau ‘made practical’ .7 Convinced about every truth of ‘common and equal rights of all men’, Carey yearned to share with every man his affluent inheritance in Christ. As we noted earlier, the Evangelicals were social reformers, and Carey, like Wilberforce and others of the Clapham sect, was an emancipationist and fought against the slave trade. Among the British Evangelicals there arose a feeling of the moral responsibility of the British towards the people in their colonies and the need to compensate for the wrong done to them by colonial exploitation.
The Separation of Church and Mission
The great missionary enterprise of the twentieth century created its own instruments and organizations. Most of the missionary agencies that developed during this period, with the exception of some societies in the USA, were voluntary societies, independent of the ecclesiastical machinery of the church. Speaking of the separation of Church and Mission in the early period of the missionary movement, Wilhelm Anderson observes:
The missionary enterprise regarded itself as a separate institution concerned with Christian operations overseas within, on the fringe of, in certain cases even outside, the existing Christian bodies; and, in accordance with its understanding of its nature, it developed its own independent organizational structure within or alongside of the organised churches.8
As a result, the missionary movement remained, to a large extent, marginal to the life of most of the churches. How did this separation between church and mission come about? What were the consequences of this separation? Some historians have located the reason in the theology of the evangelical movement which largely disregarded the denominational and ecclesiastical lines and emphasised the salvation of the individuals. For Evangelicals who were really influenced by pietism, the true church of Christ remained invisible; and when they spoke of Christian unity, the unity they envisaged was not the organic unity of the various denominations, but the spiritual unity of all those who had been "washed in the blood of Christ".
The individualist bent in evangelical theology was characteristic of nineteenth century thinking in general. According to K.S. Latourette,
The prominence of private enterprise in the spread of the faith was closely associated with the outstanding features of the nineteenth century private initiative in business, laissez faire economics with a minimum of government control and growth of democracy.9
Protestantism, especially Anglo-Saxon Protestantism, had strong kinship with democratic movements and the individual enterprise of the nineteenth century. It was not surprising, therefore, that the surging new life in Protestantism found expression in multitudes of associations for the propagation of the faith. Latourette points out that the prominence of private enterprise in the propagation of Christianity in the nineteenth century was only a phase of the multiplicity of organizations privately organised to attack the evils of society.10 Evangelical theology and the emphasis on private initiative in the nineteenth century were two contributory factors to the separation of Church and Mission. But they were not the main reasons.
Stephen Neill is certainly right when he says that it was the failure of the established churches to develop a missionary spirit that drove certain missionary societies to adopt positions and policies which were unrelated to the church.11 According to Alec. A. Vidler, in eighteenth century England, the spirit of religion, in general, was one of formality and coldness. Churchmen were more interested in rationalistic thought than in the spiritual life of its members. The principal effect of the French Revolution in the latter part of the century was to stiffen the conservatism of the church and so postpone the pressure for reform within the church. "Bishops rivaled one another in denouncing subversive teaching, the spirit of democracy, and the blasphemous character of the evangelical movement".12 In such a situation, any evangelical movement or missionary enthusiasm was suspect. Moreover, the churches in England and Europe were the immediate heirs of a vast fatigue resulting from the religious conflicts of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and had no energy or spiritual resources left for missions.13 In 1796, a speaker in the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland said that, "to spread abroad the knowledge of the Gospel among barbarians and the heathen nations seems highly preposterous, so far as it anticipates, it even reverses, the order of nature"14
The evangelical revival when it took place was largely a layman’s movement. The laymen who were awakened by the revival expressed their life and faith in organising voluntary societies for service and mission both at home and abroad. Max Warren points out that the missionaries from England in the first part of the 19th century belonged, in a large measure, to a distinctive class in society, that of the skilled mechanics. They were skilled craftsmen, small traders, shoe makers, printers, shipbuilders and school teachers. Many of them were ‘inner directed’ men. To be inner directed is to feel an overwhelming compulsion to follow some course of action which, to others, seems inappropriate. There was no search for an authority to tell a person what he ought to do. "The LMS sent its first mechanics primarily as evangelists and as such accepted their sending as ordination.15
Not only were churches indifferent to mission, but in several cases they opposed it. In England, the Church Missionary Society (CMS) was confronted with opposition from the bishops of the Anglican church. There were instances when bishops refused to ordain candidates presented by the society.16 The result was that almost all the early missionaries of the Society were Germans, who had come through the mission houses in Basel or Berlin and who were not sufficiently conscious of the denominational differences to be troubled by working for an Anglican Society. As missionaries they had no connection with the Church of England.17
The separation between the institutional church and its missionary agency was perhaps even greater on the continent of Europe. In Germany, Holland, and Switzerland, the care of missions was left to the circles of ‘ friends of missions’, privately organised missionary societies for which the churches took no responsibility and with which, in many cases, they had little contact. In most cases the missionary had been trained in a special institution which was not officially recognized by the church. He was then ordained, not by the church but by the missionary society. When on leave he could not preach in any church as his ordination did not carry with it any right of ministry in his home country. Stephen Neill observes that such a missionary was simply the employee of a large concern in Europe, submissive to its directors, dependent on it for financial support, responsible to it alone, without direct dependence on, or responsibility to, any church body. Naturally, "the mission filled his thoughts and his horizon, and ‘the Church’ seemed to be a distant and not very important problem of the future."18
The separation of the church and mission was unfortunate and had serious consequences. A built-in mutual suspicion and opposition developed between the two. When, in 1876, Reginald Stephen Copleston arrived in Ceylon as the Anglican bishop, he set himself to re-organise the work of missionaries, chaplains and others in relation to the church. His proposals were immediately resisted by the missionaries; their resistance was so strong that the bishop withdrew from them all the Episcopal license without which they could not officiate as clergy men. This created great problems in the Anglican church in Ceylon till l880.19 This controversy makes clear the kind of difficulties that can arise when a mission is not recognized from the beginning as being an instrument of the church. However it was in the relationship between the missionary societies (and their missionaries) and the churches in the mission field that this separation became a serious issue.
The nineteenth century missionary movement manifested itself not only in the missionary societies, but also in individual missions. The individual mission was represented in two forms. The primary form was an independent missionary, with perhaps a few collaborators who looked to him for leadership; the second form was a number of independent missions banded together. William Norman Heggoy, a missionary scholar who studied the evangelical missionary movement in North Africa from 1881-1931 says that the ‘individual mission’ remained the only type of mission among the Muslims in North Africa until 1908. He points out that the looseness of organization became laxity and cites instances of missionaries who reported converts here and there, and then suddenly packed up and moved away in the hope of finding greener pastures elsewhere, seemingly leaving these converts as lambs among wolves.20 The sad part, of course, was that there was nobody to carry on the abandoned work. Heggoy writes:
It may be questioned whether the fragmentary character of the church of Christ represented by the individual type could convey any correct picture of the church to the Muslim mind. As the individual mission represented the most subjective form of Christianity, it may be questioned whether the Muslims could understand that Christianity was much more than individual salvation. It may further be questioned whether faithfulness in witnessing the Gospel of Christ is faithfulness to the complete Gospel where elements like the Church and the Sacraments are neglected. 21
The question of the relation between church and mission was seriously faced only in the 20th century. This was a central concern in the International Missionary Conferences, especially from Edinburgh 1910 to Madras 1938.
The Ecumenical Results of the Missionary Movement
The separation of church and mission in the thinking of Protestant missionary movement at its beginning led to theological and practical problems in the sending centers as well as in the mission field. However, there were positive results of the evangelical, and resultant, missionary movements. The movements that arose out of the evangelical awakening -- both missionary and lay -- were unconscious pioneers of the movement for Christian unity which was to come.
They were not ecumenical in objective. Each had some specific aim of its own - missionary or social reform - but, though not ecumenical in aim, they were ecumenical in result. They were not called into existence to promote Christian unity as such, they were built on no theory of Christian unity, but they created a consciousness of that unity, ‘a sense of togetherness’ amongst Christians of different Churches. Christians of different nations as well as of different Churches found fellowship with each other in the service of Christ and became conscious of their oneness in him.22
Co-operation in Mission
The missionary movement came out of the evangelical awakening. In its first exhilarating phase, the suddenness of the awakening, the sense of millennial expectation it aroused, the freshness of the evangelical experience, the revival movement, all served to create a powerful sense of fraternity among those who were awakened. Armenians and Calvinists, Churchmen and Dissenters, achieved an unprecedented level of unity. The distinctions between theologies, parties or even between social classes seemed trivial compared to those between the regenerate and damned. As Joseph Miller, the great Evangelical Anglican remarked, "Insignificant indeed are all the distinctions of another kind compared with these, converted or unconverted... heirs of heaven or heirs of hell".23 The ecumenical spirit of the Evangelicals is seen clearly in the following statement of an Anglican priest:
I confess, though a clergy man of the Establishment, I see no evil in joining in public worship or social intercourse, with any of the denominations of Christians. I hear what passes with candor, join where I approve, and reject whatever appears contrary to Scripture, and the plain dictates of sound reason and common sense. I am well aware this comes not up to the full standard of orthodoxy. But if such conduct constitutes a bad churchman, I feel not anxious to be accounted a good one?24
Evangelicals realized that they shared an experience that marked them off decisively from all others and gathered them together in the fellowship of an invisible church of Christ to which all ‘vital’ Christians belonged. The evangelical experience was not a matter of theological reflection, but rather a general experiential crisis rooted in a deep seated sense of sinfulness and spiritual insufficiency and a thirst for assurance of personal salvation. Non-conformists and churchmen alike rejoiced to find that others had fought through the same spiritual and temporal conflicts as themselves. For them, "If the theologies could divide, experience could unite". 25
Even in doctrine, the Evangelicals sensed that they were chosen together. They held in common not only the Bible but also the leading doctrine they believed it contained, including original sin, justification by faith, and illumination and sanctification by the Holy Spirit. The central doctrine that transcended in importance all the others, was justification by faith. Here the Anglican Evangelicals felt more in common with the Methodists or the Dissenters than with the High Church Anglicans. They had experienced the same salvation as the others. Though Episcopalians, they did not hold with the high church Anglicans that episcopacy was the esse of the church. It was ancient, apostolical and beneficial, but not of dominical authority. Many of the Evangelical Anglicans experienced a conflict of mind and heart. They knew in their hearts and minds that they were respectable and loyal members of the national church; but they also knew in their hearts that they were Evangelicals sharing with other Evangelicals a common faith and experience that transcended denominational boundaries and theological parties.
The most important area in which the Evangelicals co-operated was in the area of mission. For the Evangelicals, the principal task was to preach the Gospel to the heathen; and one of the greatest evils of the time was denominational bigotry that needed to be destroyed. Roger Martin mentions that in 1794, Melville Home, in his letter on Missions addressed to the Protestant ministers of British churches, observed that a missionary should be far removed from narrow bigotry and possess a spirit that was truly catholic. He said:
It is not Calvinism, it is not Arminianism, but Christianity that he is to teach. It is not the hierarchy of the Church of England, it is not the principle of Protestant Dissenters that he has in view to propagate. His object is to serve the Church Universal.26
Unfortunately, this dream of the Evangelicals did not materialize in the mission field and hence, a major concern of the ecumenical movement today remains the issues of faith and order.
The protestant missionary enterprise was characterized in the beginning by co-operation across national and denominational lines. In certain cases people from different denominations co-operated in founding missionary societies. The London Missionary Society (LMS) was a common effort of British Evangelicals from four or more denominations. At the general meeting of the Society in 1795, David Bogue declared:
We have now before us a pleasing spectacle. Christians of different denominations, although differing in points of Church government, united in forming a society for propagating the Gospel among the heathen. This is a new thing in the Christian Church ... Here are Episcopalians, Methodists, Presbyterians, and Independents all united in one society, all going to form its law, to regulate its institutions, and manage its various concerns. Behold us here assembled with one accord to attend the funeral of bigotry. And may she be buried so deep that a particle of her dust may ever be thrown up on the face of the earth. 27
In the ‘fundamental principles’ of the society, adopted in 1796, it was stated:
That its design is not to send Presbyterianism, Independency, Episcopacy, or any other forms of Church order and government (about which there may be difference of opinion among senior persons), but the glorious Gospel of the blessed God, to the heathen; and that it shall be left (as it ought to be left) to the minds of the persons whom God may call into the fellowship of 1-us Son for them, to assume for themselves such forms of Church government as to them shall appear most acceptable to the word of God. 28
There was also co-operation between different societies in the early period of the missionary movement. R. Pierce Beaver in his book, The Ecumenical Beginnings, gives a detailed account of the early efforts in co-operation.29 The Church Missionary Society (CMS) and the London Missionary Society (LMS) employed Germans, Swiss and Swedes, both Lutheran and Reformed. Janikes’ Seminary in Germany supplied missionaries for British and Dutch societies. The Basel Missionary Society (1815) not only sent its people directly, but also supplied missionaries for the CMS and LMS and pastors for Reformed, Lutheran and Evangelical Churches in the USA. The Swedish Missionary Society despite its solidly Lutheran constituency, appointed Moravian and English Wesleyans to its governing board and for more than a decade made grants to the Basel, London, Wesleyan and Moravian societies. 30 The SPCK (the Anglican society) supported German Lutheran clergy in several missions in India.31 Each missionary society published news about the activities of others in its magazine.
Thus according to Beaver, the early Protestant missionary enterprise was drawn together, influenced and supported one another, and felt a sense of unity and fellowship not known to many in the Church in a time of denominational loyalty and exclusiveness. The very battle against indifference, inertia, and official opposition, which they had to wage for the recognition of missionary privilege and obligation, sharpened their sense of unity and common purpose.32
But as years passed, as mission boards grew in strength, and as denominationalism asserted itself, this noteworthy development almost wholly disappeared. The LMS, which was started as a non-denominational society, eventually became principally a Congregationalist Board. Similarly, in America. the American Board of Commissonaries for Foreign Missions, at first a non-denominational agency, later became an organ of the Congregational Church.33 Questions were raised in the mission field regarding the creed, ministry and order that should be given to a congregation in Africa or Asia. The answer was the creed or the ministry of the missionary’s ‘home church’. Thus denominational churches arose in the mission field. In several instances, this slowed down the early co-operation in mission. The period between 1820 and 1830 was to be a turning point for Anglo-Lutheran collaboration in India. In those years an almost full anglicanization was carried out throughout the South Indian missions of the SPCK and CMS. Bishop Middleton of Calcutta insisted that Anglican societies should send out to India only men with Anglican ordination. In 1825, Bishop Heber in India re-ordained three German Lutheran missionaries.34 From the history of the missionary movement of this period we must note that mission certainly raises the question of unity, but unity cannot avoid serious consideration of ecclesiological issues. That is, unity, if it is to last, cannot be kept at the pragmatic and practical level of co-operation and comity in missions.
By the middle of the nineteenth century, Protestant missionary organizations in most countries were pursuing their own courses independently of other societies. Earlier examples of co-operation largely disappeared as each missionary society advanced its own program and sent its own denominational missionaries. The missionaries in the field were the first to feel the tragedy of division among the churches.
Even as early as 1906, Gustav Warneck, the German mission historian had suggested that instead of establishing new missionary societies, an endeavor should be made towards the union of missionary societies. "We have diffusion more than enough," he wrote, "If it is still carried further upon principle, it must ultimately lead to the breaking up of the evangelical missions to atoms ... separation is weakness, conciliation is strength."35
The Serampore missionaries in India were strict Baptists. When the Baptist society was formed in England, it was a denominational society; William Carey himself felt that it should be so considering the denominational situation of the time. They had kept the non-Baptist away from the Lord’s table. However, in India, under the insistence of William Ward who was one of the three original missionaries, they resolved to be ‘Catholic’. "We could not doubt," wrote Ward, "that Watts, Edwards, Brainard, Dodridge, and Whitefield, although not Baptists, had been welcomed to His table by our Lord. On what grounds should we exclude such? Rather than engage in a furious controversy about baptism, to the gratification of Satan, while people perish, we rejoice to shake off this apparent moroseness that has made us unlovely to our fellow Christians."36
Thus, the resolution of the Serampore missionaries was to be ‘Catholic’. The word ‘Catholic’ is very often a misunderstood and misused term. Unfortunately it has been claimed and used by racial, denominational and sectarian churches. The word really speaks of openness, wholeness and ecumenism rather than a quality of separation. It has nothing to do with the structure of ministry in the church, or the practice of baptism. The Serampore missionaries also raised a very fundamental question. What right have we to prevent people from the Lord’s table, when the Lord welcomes them. It must be stressed that in the history of the Church, it has been the people engaged in mission in the world who have often raised fundamental questions about the nature of the church, its catholicity and unity. This was so in the case of the early church. It is in this sense that mission was the originator of the modern ecumenical movement.
Conferences in the Mission Fields
In 1806, William Carey proposed to the Baptist Missionary Society in England that a World Missionary Conference be held in the Cape of Good Hope in 1810, to be repeated every ten years. He pointed out that, "We should understand better in two hours than by two years of letters". To this proposal, Fuller, the Secretary of the society replied:
I admire Carey’s proposal, though I can not say that I approve. It shows an enlarged mind, and, I have heard them say that great men dream differently from others. This is one of Carey’s pleasing dreams. But, seriously, I see no important object to be attained by such a meeting, which might not quite well be realized without. And in the gatherings of all denominations there would be no unity, without which we had better stay at home.37
If William Carey’s dream was not realized immediately on a world scale, it found partial and significant fulfillment on a national, regional and /or local basis. From 1825 onwards gatherings of missionaries of various nationalities and denominational allegiances were held in India, Japan, China and Latin America. They were concerned with the needs and problems of the missionary enterprise in their particular areas. They did much to foster, as well as express, a unity which over arched denominational differences.38 Japan’s first Missionary Conference was held in 1872 in Yokohama. Recognizing that denominational divisions ‘obscure the oneness of the church’, the Conference unanimously resolved to work for the advent in Japan of a United Church of Christ. There were several missionary conferences in Shanghai, China, from 1877. At the third conference held in Shanghai in 1907, Christian Unity was an important consideration. The missionaries urged that the most immediate pressing step was the unification of the Chinese churches holding the same ecclesiastical order.
The most prominent motif running through all these regional and national conferences was co-operation in mission. Theirs was a pragmatic approach to Christian co-operation for the sake of evangelistic efficiency. The central purpose of such meetings was the exposition and discussions of the facts and problems of missionary work. The meetings also provided opportunity for special fellowship and social intercourse. It helped dissipate suspicion, prevent misunderstandings and create an atmosphere of friendliness and co-operation. There was no questioning of denominational ecclesiology as such, instead they felt that there was sufficient spiritual unity among them to co-operate in missions. However in grappling with missions and co-operation, it began to dawn on many of them that disunity was a source of weakness for the spread of the Gospel and some expressed the need for church unity. The result of such conferences was the establishment of several union institutions such as colleges and hospitals. Another result was the acceptance of ‘comity’ in missionary work. Comity meant basically the division of territory and assignment of spheres of occupation including delineation of boundaries on the one hand, and non-interference in another mission’s affairs on the other. Non-interference involved more than avoidance of competition; it also involved mutual recognition and common agreement in the employment of workers, their salaries, standards of membership in the churches, transfer of membership, the adoption of similar standards of discipline and respect for each other’s discipline.
The missionary conferences in the mission field not only acknowledged that disunity was a source of weakness for the spread of the Gospel, but also asked whether or not it was the aim of all missionary work to plant, in each non-Christian nation, one undivided Church of Christ. The World Missionary Conference in Edinburgh stated that throughout the mission field there was an earnest and growing desire for closer fellowship, and for the unity of the broken Church of Christ. It said:
While we may differ from one another in our conception of what unity involves and requires, we agree in believing that our Lord intended that we should be one in a visible fellowship, and we desire to express our whole hearted agreement with those who took part in the great conference of Shanghai, in holding that the ideal object of missionary work is to plant in every non-Christian nation one united Church of Christ. ... The Church in Western lands will reap a glorious reward from its missionary labours, if the church in the mission field points the way to a healing of its divisions and to the attainment of that unity for which our Lord prayed.39
Behind all practical schemes of union in the mission field, there were two divergent approaches to union. One approach emphasized the things which are common to all Christians. Those who believed in God the Father of Jesus Christ, who worshiped and obeyed Jesus Christ as their Lord and Savior, who believed in the Holy Spirit, in the forgiveness of sins, and the life everlasting, and who accepted the Christian Scriptures as their authority and guide, appeared to be already united by their own faith and experience in a fellowship so intimate and real that the matters on which they differed must sink to a subordinate place. In the face of non-Christian systems of life and thought, the things which separated Christians from one another were nothing when compared with those which separated Christians from those who had not apprehended God in Christ. Those who held this view were inclined towards forming a federation of Christian churches. The other approach placed greater emphasis on those things which divided Christians. According to them some of the things which divided Christians were essential aspects of divine revelation or essential means of Grace. To surrender them would equate with being unfaithful to a sacred trust, a failure to pass on unimpaired to future generation of Christians, great necessaries of faith and life which have been committed to their safekeeping. Their approach was one of organic unity of the church. To achieve such a unity, agreement on ecclesiological issues would be necessary.40 The discussions of unity in the missionary conferences in the mission fields rightly anticipated the future discussions in the Faith and Order Movement in the twentieth century.
There were also efforts to unite, in a close and organic union, churches belonging to the same ecclesiastical polity. The first instance of a union of Presbyterian churches in the mission field took place in Japan in 1877. Similar unions took place in China, India, Korea, British Central Africa and several other countries. In 1907, the Congregational and Presbyterian churches in South India came together to form the South India United Church. and the Centenary Missionary Conference in Shanghai in 1907 resolved to work towards the formation of a Christian Federation of China.
Contribution of ‘Younger’ Churches
Although the missionary conferences were mainly concerned with the co-operation of missionaries and societies in the mission field, their discussions led to the wider question of the unity of the church. One of the most important reasons for such a development was the pressure exerted by ‘younger’ churches for unity. The Edinburgh report made this clear.
Not only is the ideal of a United Church taking more and more definite shape and color in the minds of foreign missionaries at work in non-Christian lands, but it is also beginning under the influence of the growing national consciousness in some of these countries, to capture the imagination of the indigenous Christian communities; for whom the sense of a common national life and a common Christianity is stronger than the appreciation of the differences which had their origin in controversies remote from the circumstances of the Church in mission lands. The influence of the national feeling is most powerful in China. 41
The Edinburgh Conference was certainly right when it said that it was under the instigation of the national movement that Christians from the younger churches, especially Christians from Asia, began to develop a sense of a common national life and a common Christianity. "The first impulse for ecumenism in Asia had its origin in Asian nationalism in the second half of the 19th century. In its origin, the Asian ecumenical movement arose as a protest movement against missionary paternalism and Western denominationalism."42 From the middle of the 19th century, when nationalism developed in China, India, and in other places in Asia, Christianity came to be suspected as a denationalizing influence and the acceptance of Christianity as a surrender to colonialism. Under the impact of nationalism there was a growth of several indigenous movements within the churches protesting against western denominationalism and trying to build up indigenous and united churches.
With regard to the unity of the church, the Chinese Christians were much ahead of the foreign missionaries. "The best and most intelligent Chinese leaders are ahead of the average missionary in desiring one Church of Christ in China", wrote E. W. Bert of the English Baptist Mission in China.43 J.C. Garritt of the American Presbyterian Mission in Nanking pointed out, "If the missionaries fail to come up to the mark, I believe the Chinese will speak out for union with no uncertain sound."44 Bishop Roots, who, after referring to the resolution of the Shanghai Conference regarding the desire to plant on Chinese soil one undivided Church, wrote:
The alternative to this requirement seems to be that we forfeit our position of leadership among the Christian faces of China; because the rising national spirit is largely imbued with a kind of religious enthusiasm, and the most serious patriots among the Chinese undoubtedly look to the Christians of China as furnishing a strong support to their efforts for the development of the Chinese national unity. On the other hand, the leading Christians of China undoubtedly believe that one reason why they should be Christians and propagate Christianity in China is that they will thereby render the greatest service to their country; and therefore Christian zeal has come to many as a matter of patriotic obligation. These two forces work together irresistibly, demanding one Church for China which the missionaries of the Centenary Conference declared it their purpose to establish. And if the missionaries can not supply this demand for leadership in the practical development of Christian unity amongst the Chinese Christians, that leadership will undoubtedly arise outside the rank of the missionaries, and perhaps even outside the ranks of the duly authorised ministers of the Christian Church in China.45
What is said of China is also true of India. About the situation in India, J.N. Faraquhar wrote in 1906, that "the rise of national feeling throughout India and the desire to prove the capacity of the Indians as such is one of the most remarkable features of public life today. Passions and convictions are quite as strong within the Church as outside."46 It was not surprising that the initiative for church union in India came from Bengal where national stirrings were felt more strongly than in other places. In Bengal, a group of Christians, under the leadership of Kali Charan Banerjea (who was very active in the Indian National Congress) formed the Christo Samaj in 1887. The purpose of Christo Samaj was to propagate Christian truth and promote Christian unity. They hoped to gather all Indian Christians within it, thereby eliminating denominationalism. They accepted only the Apostle’s creed as a doctrinal basis, which for the organizers provided the broadest basis possible. They were critical of the Western missions for transplanting the theological and ecclesiastical differences of the West to India, thereby dividing the Indian Christians into numerous groups. At the Bombay Missionary Conference in 1892, K.C. Banerjea said that the Indian Church should be one, not divided, native not foreign. He made a distinction between substantive and adjective Christianity. Substantive Christianity consisted of the essentials of Christian faith as expressed in the Apostle’s creed. The essential should never be changed. Adjective Christianity was all that developed in the course of time for the purpose of protecting and conserving the basic truths such as confessional statements and organizational forms. It could change from place to place.47
Not only in Bengal but also in other places there were protest movements against Western denominationalism. A Western India Native Christian Alliance was founded in Bombay in 1871, with the same objective in view as Christo Samaj. In 1886. a group of Christians in Madras, under the leadership of Parani Andy formed a Native Church of India. Their intention was to build up a national church comprising all Christian denominations and sects. For them, since Christianity was Asiatic in origin, it was unreasonable for Indian Christians to adhere to different Western denominations which were the products of political revolution and dissentions in Europe. The extent to which the tragedy of Western denominationalism occupied the minds of the Indian Christians was shown in 1879 when the Synods of the Church Missionary Society and the American Presbyterian Church in India met in Amritsar and Lahore respectively. At both these Synods, the Indian clergy frankly expressed the opinion that the difficulties which stood in the way of the establishment of a national church, were caused solely by Western missionaries.
The Western missionary historians have often forgotten the contributions made by the ‘younger churches’ in Asia to unity movements. They speak almost exclusively of the Western missionary movement in the 19th century as the originator of the modern ecumenical movement and ignore, or forget, the contributions made by Asian Christians. As noted earlier, the missionary conferences in the mission field were concerned mainly with the co-operation in mission for the sake of evangelistic efficiency and not with unity as such. The real impetus for unity came from the Asian Christians who, under the inspiration of the national movement, took the Initiative for Christian unity and for the building up of indigenous churches. In fact it was the protest of the Asian Christians against Western denominationalism and missionary paternalism which led to church unity discussions in some of the missionary conferences. The Asians not only initiated ecumenical ventures in Asia, but also contributed, through the missionary movement, to the ecumenical developments in the West. It is this contribution of Asian Christians to the emergence of the 20th century ecumenical movement that is often ignored by western ecumenical historians. About this Kaj Baago writes:
It has often been pointed out that it was first and foremost the situation in the ‘mission fields’ in Asia and Africa which gave rise to the ecumenical movement, also in the West. Transplanted to another soil outside Europe, the denominational differences suddenly seemed not only absurd, but harmful. Generally the missionaries at the end of the 19th century have been given credit for seeing this and having started the discussion which led to the Ecumenical Movement. It is a question, however, whether the credit should not go to the Indian, Chinese, and Japanese Christians who started the protest movements against western denominationalism. Seen in that perspective, the Christo Samaj in Calcutta and the National Church in Madras are not without historical significance.48
The Chinese and the Indian Christians were eager to establish one united indigenous Church in their respective countries, but not in opposition to the Western Churches. Nor were they interested in the unity of the church for its own sake. Their ecumenical efforts were directed towards two objectives: to help in the unity of their nation and to help in the spread of the Gospel. As we noted earlier, many Chinese undoubtedly looked to the Christians of China to furnish support for their efforts in developing Chinese national unity. Many Christians in China wanted to propagate Christianity because that would render the greatest service to their country. Ecumenism in Asia, in its origin, was a search to discover Asia and the Christian Gospel for each other.
Missionary Conferences In The West
The conferences in the mission field, the criticism raised against western denominationalism, and the attempts made to organize united churches by the Christians of ‘younger churches’, had their repercussions on the missionary societies and churches in the West. The Edinburgh Conference noted:
It is evident that the growth of the Christian Church in Japan and China and India and Africa is producing a profound change in the religious situation, and is presenting problems of great complexity and gravity. The burden of these problems presses with special weight on those who are in the most immediate contact with the new situation. But they are problems which deeply concern also the Home Church. ...The Churches in the mission field may lead the way to unity; but they cannot move far and move safely without the co-operation of the Church at home. The great issues which confront us in the modern situation are the concern of the whole Church of Christ; the spiritual resources of the whole Church will be required to deal with them. 49
The missionary societies and the churches in the West were frightened of the new developments for unity in the mission field. They saw the possibility of churches in the mission field cutting off relations with the sending societies and churches in the West. They were also afraid of the possibility of younger churches rejecting the ecclesiastical traditions and polity of the western churches. The World Missionary Conference at Edinburgh expressed it thus:
It is true that, in the matter of unity, the mission field is leading the way; but it does not seem that the movement can advance far with safety, apart from the co-operation of the Church at home. It is undesirable that the links that bind the Churches in the mission field to their parent Churches should be severed at too early a date, or that a Church should grow up in Japan or China or India that has not intimate relations with the Church at home, to which it owes its origin. It is surely the duty of the home Church to study carefully the developments that are taking place in the mission field, to guard jealously against placing any obstacle in the way of attaining that unity which is being sought, and to watch carefully that it does not fall too far behind in leading the way It is hardly possible to secure these results unless the societies having their head quarters in Europe and America are more closely linked together than they are at present. It is essential, therefore, that there should be hearty and effective cooperation between Missionary societies at home. 50
This fear of the developments in the younger churches was a strong factor in pushing the missionary societies in the West to consider the question of co-operation and unity. Thus, as a result of the criticism of western denominations by the younger churches, their efforts to organize united churches, the discussions of church unity at missionary conferences in the mission field and the fear of the missionary societies and the churches in the West of the possibility of younger churches breaking away from the western traditions and western control, led the way to a number of conferences in the West to discuss ‘hearty and effective co-operation between missionary societies’. These conferences were forerunners of the first World Missionary Conference at Edinburgh, 1910.51
There was a series of international conferences and consultations on missions in the United States, England and Europe, beginning in Germany in 1846 and culminating in New York in 1900. Questions such as the scriptural basis of mission, co-operation and unity in the mission field and missionary training were discussed at these meetings. The Conference in New York in 1900 was called an ecumenical conference, thus introducing the term ‘ecumenical’ to its contemporary usage.
The World Missionary Conference at Edinburgh 1910 was the logical conclusion of missionary conferences in the mission field and in the West. It was also a new beginning. The Edinburgh Conference was of decisive importance in the coming into being of the modern ecumenical movement. Historians often speak of Edinburgh as the beginning of the ecumenical movement. The period after Edinburgh saw the development of three major streams of the 20th century ecumenical movement, which later joined to form the World Council of Churches: The International Missionary Council, the Life and Work Movement, and the Faith and Order Movement. If the 19th century is known as the missionary century, then the 20th century must be called the ecumenical century.
1. See A.J. Lewis, Zinzendorf, The Ecumenical Pioneer, London, SCM Press, 1962 p. 79.
2. W.A. Vissert Hooft, The Meaning of the Ecumenical Movement, London, SCM Press, 1953. p. 18.
3. A.J. Lewis, Op. cit., p.99
4. Keith R. Bridston, Mission, Myth and Reality, New York, Friendship Press, 1965. p.43.
5. Ian Bradley, The Call to Seriousness, London, 1976.
6. Ibid. p. 120.
7. S.P.Carey, William Carey, London 1926, p.7.
8. Wilhelm Andersen, Towards a Theology of Mission, London, SCM Press, 1955. p. 15.
9. K.S. Latorette, The Unquenchable Light, New York, Harper & Brothers, 1941. p. 118.
10. Ibid., p.119.
11. Stephen Neill, Creative Tension, London, Edinburgh House Press, 1959. p. 84.
12. Alec H. Vidler, The Church in the Age of Revolution, Baltimore, Penguin Books. 1965. p. 34.
13. M.A.C. Warren, "Why Missionary Societies and not Missionary Churches"?. History’s Lessons for Tomorrow’s Mission, Geneva, WSCF, 1960. p. 152.
14. Vidler, Op. cit., p. 248.
15. Max Warren, Op. cit., p. 37.
16. Eugene Stock, The History of the Church Missionary Society, London, Church Missionary Society, 1899, vol.1. p.90. At an earlier period, John Wesley was compelled to ordain ministers for the mission field in America, when the Anglican bishop of England refused to ordain candidates presented by him..
17. Stephen Neill, Op. cit., p. 84.
18. Ibid., p. 84.
19. One Hundred Years: Short History of the Church Missionary Society, London, CMS, 1899. pp. 122-123.
20. William Norman Hoggoy, Fifty Years of Evangelical Missionary Movement in North Africa 1881-1931. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Hartford Seminary Foundation, pp. 273-274.
21. Ibid., p. 151.
22. Ruth Rouse, "Voluntary Movements and the Changing Ecumenical Climate" in A History of the Ecumenical Movement, p. 310.
23. Roger H. Martin, Evangelicals United: Ecumenical Stirrings in Pre-Victorian Britain 1775-1830.
26. Roger H. Martin, Op. cit., p. 31.
27. Richard Lovett, The History of London Missionary Society, London, Oxford University Press 1899 vol. 1. p. 35.
28. Ibid. Vol. II. pp. 747-748.
29. Pierce Beaver, The Ecumenical Beginnings in Protestant World Mission, New York, Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1962.
30. Ibid., p. 51.
31. Richy Hogg, Ecumenical Foundation, New York, Harper & Brothers, 1952, p.3.
32. Beaver, Op. cit., p. 22.
33. See Fred Field Goodsell, You Shall be My Witness, Boston, American Commissioners for Foreign Mission, 1959. The denominations who had co-operated with the Congregationalists established their own missionary societies.
34. Hans Cnattingus, Bishops and Societies, London, SPCK, 1952, pp. 122-130.
35. Gustav Warneck, Outline of a History of Protestant Missions, New York, Flemington H. Revell Co., 1906. p. 151.
36. S.P. Carey, William Carey, p. 249.
38. Not all missions co-operated in these meetings. From most of these conferences the Anglican Society for the Propagation of the Gospel remained aloof. Similarly some of the so-called ‘faith missions’ and strongly individualistic societies did not join.
39. The Report of the Commission VIII on Co-operation and Promotion of Unity of the Edinburgh Conference 1910. p. 131.
40. Ibid., pp. 133-137.
41. Ibid.. p. 84.
42. T.V. Philip, Ecumenism in Asia, Delhi ISPCK 1994, p. 139.
43. Report of the Commission VIII, Op. cit., p. 84.
45. Ibid., pp. 84-85.
46. Harvest Field (New series), 17, 1906. p. 59.
47. Kaj Baago, Pioneers of Indigenous Christianity, Madras, CLS, 1960. pp. 1-12.
48. Kaj Baago, "First Independence Movements", Indian Church History Review, 1 (1967), p. 78.
49. Report of the Commission VIII., Op. cit. p. 138.
50. Ibid., p. 143.
51. Apart from missionary movement, there were other areas of Christian activity in which a sense of unity in fellowship and purpose was being experienced, such as the Evangelical Alliance(formed in 1846), the Bible Society, the YMCA, the YWCA and the Student Christian Movement. The youth movements not only supplied future missionaries but they also provided a training ground for the leaders of the ecumenical movement. | <urn:uuid:6448e48e-fe58-4b35-923f-b2256aa3be07> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=1573&C=1518 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403825.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00187-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96968 | 11,636 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Perception is one of the oldest fields within scientific psychology and is the mental process of gathering, interpreting, selecting and storing information through stimulation of one or more of the senses by a physical object. There are many theories about how this process works and in this course we will look at Gregory's top and Gibson's bottom up theories of perception.
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Language of instruction: English | <urn:uuid:4583745b-8d34-4b2b-b99b-a053607c16cb> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | http://alevelpsychology.wiziq.com/course/148465-aqa-psychology-unit-3-perception | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487621627.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20210615211046-20210616001046-00216.warc.gz | en | 0.967112 | 274 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Bible verse games are great for preschoolers too! Here is one on Nehemiah 8:10 called “The JOY Box.”
Preschoolers are generally happy little souls. They’re always looking for a chance to giggle and have fun. Nehemiah 8:10 says this: “For the joy of the Lord is (my) strength.” Here’s a fun and happy Bible verse game to help your little ones memorize this great verse. It’s called “The JOY Box”.
Here’s what you do: Bible verse games are fun and for this one you will need to create a large die from a 6 to 8-inch box. This becomes the “JOY Box”. I got mine at a local box store in my neighborhood. Decorate each side with a different color such as red, yellow, blue, green, black and white. In addition, add to each side a picture of one of the following body parts: nose, ear, head, elbows, waist and hips. I suggest you laminate all the sides of the box for long-term use.
How to play: After introducing Nehemiah 8:10 and reciting it together several times, show your children “The JOY Box”. Explain that you are going to look around the room for someone who is happy or joyful. The child you pick will get to roll the “JOY Box”. If the box lands on the red side, then all the children who are wearing red will place both their hands on the body part shown on the red side. Finally, all those children are to turn around while saying the Bible verse together while having their hands on the chosen body part. At this point, you should start to hear lots of giggles. You won’t have any trouble finding your next joyful child to roll the “Joy Box.”
Before playing this Bible school activity for preschoolers, you might want to introduce this lesson in the following way: Pick different children and ask them what makes them happy. (Wait for responses.) Continue by saying, “Those are all great reasons for being happy! Did you guys know that God wants us to be so happy that we are joyful know matter what? It’s true! God also says that when we are joyful, we will be strong – our insides and our outsides. For example, when I am joyful, my nose is happy! (Point to your nose and make it wiggle around and invite the children to do the same.) When I am joyful, my elbows are happy!” (Flap your elbows up and down. Continue with this line of talking. After each body part is discussed, you may want to recite Nehemiah 8:10 together to help them begin memorizing the verse. After your introduction is over, explain the rules of the game and have fun!)
Just in case you’re interested, you might want to check out this book with even more Bible lessons for your kids: Explore Bible People: 52 Bible Lessons for Ages 4-6 (Route 52)
If you liked this Sunday School/Homeschooling idea, then sign up to receive Scripture Lady’s Free Email Kid Tips packed full with creative ideas and receive 6 FREE Bible Review Games to help get the kids you minister to excited about the Bible! Just go to www.MyFreeBibleGames.com to fully subscribe.
Also, don’t forget to “LIKE” me on Facebook. Just click on my Facebook logo to the right. Thank you! If you’re into Twitter, click on the cute little bird! | <urn:uuid:9f007a71-f883-4a69-8757-732efe0e4e5b> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://scripturelady.com/the-joy-box/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189525.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00371-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938708 | 772 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Evolutionary science needs debugging. Apparently, there are a few issues that cannot be resolved with any precision when one asks questions like: What makes a human different from a chimp? Apparently, at the level of genetic sequences, systematic errors creep into any analysis, distorting our ancestry.
Now, researchers from the European Molecular Biology Laboratory’s European Bioinformatics Institute have revealed the source of these systematic errors in comparative genetic sequencing and have devised a new computational tool that avoids these errors and provides accurate insights into the evolution of DNA and protein sequences. Their work suggests that sequence turnover is much more common than assumed.
“Evolution is happening so slowly that we cannot study it by simply watching it,” explains Nick Goldman, group leader at EMBL-EBI, “we learn about the relationships between species and the course and mechanism of evolution by comparing genetic sequences.”
At the core of the evolutionary process are random changes in the DNA of all living things, incorrect copying of a single DNA base, or substitution, the loss of a base by deletion, and the inadvertent insertion of a new base. Such changes can lead to functional and structural changes in genes and proteins. If those mutations confer a reproductive advantage on the individual concerned then they will be carried on to the next generation. The accumulation of enough mutations over the course of many generations leads to the formation of new species. Reconstructing the history of these mutation events reveals the course of evolution.
To compare two DNA sequences, researchers first align them by matching different sequences that share common ancestry. Insertions and deletions are then marked as gaps. This computationally draining process, originally designed for analysing proteins hence its limitations, is usually carried out progressively from several pairwise alignments. However, scientists cannot judge whether a particular length difference between two sequences is a deletion in one or an insertion in the other sequence. For correct alignment of multiple sequences, distinguishing between these two events is crucial, which is where those systematic errors creep in.
“Our new method gets around these errors by taking into account what we already know about evolutionary relationships,” explains Ari Löytynoja, who developed the new computational tool in Goldman’s lab. “Say we are comparing the DNA of human and chimp and cannot tell if a deletion or an insertion happened. To solve this our tool automatically invokes information about the corresponding sequences in closely related species, such as gorilla or macaque. If they show the same gap as the chimp, this suggests an insertion in humans.”
The team’s work (published in the June 20 issue of Science) suggests that insertions are much more common than previously assumed, while deletion numbers have been overestimated. Now, that tools are being developed to reveal such issues our understanding of evolution can only become clearer. | <urn:uuid:ddba0b34-676e-48bf-bacf-86d3c06ad500> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.sciencebase.com/science-blog/new-theory-of-evolution.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501173872.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104613-00518-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941061 | 582 | 3.75 | 4 |
See also: NIM 2
Introduction: This activity is a great way to enhance and reinforce high-level reading skills in new readers. The proximity and voice of the therapist also provides a safety net that can allow the child the challenge himself and take some risks.
Purpose: To provide multisensory (auditory-speech and visual) reinforcement to the reading process.
Material/Equipment: A new and ability-appropriate book of interest to the child. Try to choose a story that is within the child’s ability, but one that will challenge and engage them; while it is appropriate for the parent/therapist to select reading material, it is highly motivating and empowering to allow children to have a say in what is selected. There should be at least a few new words in each book chosen.
Bookstores often have children’s book sections with ability levels represented by age. Don’t be influenced by the age rating – you should never feel like your child is not reading at an appropriate level based on these ratings. Some parents will even search for books that are labeled for an older reader than their child out of a desire to have the child read at a more advanced level (without necessarily working up to that level). This can be appropriate if the child is ready for it, but a text that too arduous and intimidating can turn a child off of reading. Use the age rating system as a guide and not an absolute scale. If, for example, the child is reading at a Grade 3 level, then work towards Gr 4, and so on. The actual age of the child is irrelevant vis-à-vis reading level, so long as they are moving forward.
This is essentially a strategy for reading to and with a child in close proximity. In general, the goal is to position yourself and the child so that they are leaning backwards towards/into you. They are leaning back into you in such a fashion as you can speak softly into their left then right ears while you both read the same book. You are seated so that you can relax and both look at the book at the same time. The text below describes one such arrangement. You could easily do this side-by-side as well, but remember to change sides occasionally. When speaking, do not whisper, rather, speak in a normal but softer voice than you would usually employ for day-to-day conversation.
1. Sit comfortably on a carpeted floor with your back to the wall. Your child is sitting on your lap, or on the floor between your legs. He is leaning into you and both are holding the same book.
2. Start reading the book in unison. This will feel odd at first, maybe even silly. Acknowledge this, and encourage the child to relax and try to match perfectly the words you say. Start slowly then build a rhythm. You will also have to moderate how you speak, remembering that the goal is to have both you and the child speak at the same time, and NOT have the child speak as YOU do. Make sure this is clear – if they feel they must match your speech, then they will not pay attention to the story and focus more on anticipating your timing.
3. Use your finger as a pointer, unless the child is ready to do this herself. If she cannot point to the words, you should show her how it works, that is, that each word comes in sequence, and that sometimes the punctuation marks make you slow down or stop briefly (periods). Always ask her if she’s ready and have her point at least once per session. Tell her that this is a skill that can take time to develop, so not to worry if she’s unsure, that this is natural.
4. Load it: You set the pace and the child must try to keep up. If he makes a mistake or fumbles, he should keep on going and try to jump in again wherever you are. If he stumbles, slow down a little bit, but don’t stop, and keep on pointing to the words to help along. Read steadily at a slower pace (initially) but then gradually speed up.
5. Load it: Stop every now and then, perhaps every few minutes at first. Ask the child about what he has read. If he cannot answer the questions, allow him to search back through the text to find the answers. As skill increases, increase the time between pauses to 6 to 10 minutes.
6. Continue like this for a set time and try to increase this time at each sitting. Pause only when the voice tires or there are signs of fatigue. Quit before the session becomes a chore or fatigue sets in.
- Be sure to encourage tracking of text with the eyes only.
- Remember to coordinate reading, rather than have them match YOUR speech in 2. above.
- In 4. above, be sure to keep a steady pace even if the child stumbles. Try to not modulate your tone or speed too much from what you normally do.
- Ensure good lighting and a comfortable position. If glasses are required, be sure they are worn.
- When reading, keep a smooth and steady pace.
- Alternate reading in the left then the right ear. | <urn:uuid:f0d35841-f2af-4aa9-8a49-a02ed19b5dc2> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://visionmechanic.net/neurological-impress/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475757.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302052634-20240302082634-00403.warc.gz | en | 0.961757 | 1,083 | 3.65625 | 4 |
So far, there are no preconditions for computers to fully replace school teachers, said Matthew Shea, a famous American expert in personalized learning and Director of Student Achievement at the Regional School Unit 2 in Maine, USA, during an interview with Sputnik.
Shea took part in a panel discussion held within the framework of the 5th Global Conference on Educational Technology #EdCrunch2018, organized by the National University of Science and Technology MISiS (NUST MISiS) and the National Technology Initiative University 20.35.
Artificial intelligence is now actively developing; we can observe this process in various spheres of life. However, so far it has failed to make any considerable progress in the field of education, Shea said, noting that, teachers will remain an integral part of the educational process in the future. Computers can perform many jobs, but they cannot fully replace a teacher by just introducing adaptive learning to the students.
Shea believes that in practice, any ordinary school can efficiently introduce Big Data to the educational process. He noted that at the school where he is working, all the educational programs are personalized, and good results are achieved by using Big Data content for the benefit of education. He also noted that in this case, the use of such content in the educational process is a means of development rather than a final goal, and that this development must take place not only at schools, but outside of them as well. This helps teach children to be conscientious citizens and wholesome people. We are trying to make this content a conductor between what we have here at school and what happens beyond it, he added.
Matthew Shea, Director of Student Achievement at the Regional School Unit 2 in Maine
School students, teachers and computers participate equally in the educational process. Every student has a computer, while every class has one teacher. Shea believes that computers free teachers from explaining certain things that can easily be done by a computer (such as, for instance, a spelling dictionary or mathematical data). If a computer can explain it, it should be doing that. But the teacher must coordinate the entire process.
Shea believes that digital schools have both advantages and disadvantages. We have a great number of positive reviews from our former students. Young people say that this way of learning made them more organized, made the process of choosing a further education trajectory significantly easier plus taught them time management.
However, there are certain disadvantages as well, Shea explained. Some students fail to keep up with the program and then choose to leave the school. The number of such children is declining, but this happens, and we still cannot fully figure out the reasons for their failing, he said. Shea pointed out that computers can show results, but cannot identify the reason behind the students’ poor results. When there is a problem with someone’s academic performance, computers can, of course, solve this problem, but only in terms of presenting information rather than evaluating the student, he said, adding that this problem cannot be solved without teachers’ help.
The American expert also noted that schools in his district have completely abandoned the grade system, switching over to a goal system instead: in order to achieve a certain goal, a student must first perform a certain amount of assignments with every next assignment becoming more difficult than the previous one. As soon as the students achieve these goals, they start preparing themselves for the next ones. Shea states that the abandonment of the grade system positively affected the students’ academic performance. He is convinced that the goal system is more effective than the grade system. | <urn:uuid:064cde81-0102-41fc-a578-10715881fe23> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://1newsday.com/science-amp-health/robot-or-teacher-american-expert-puts-faith-in-combining-both.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376826800.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20181215061532-20181215083532-00312.warc.gz | en | 0.970338 | 721 | 2.765625 | 3 |
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