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Chantry, Caroline J. MD*; Young, Sera L. PhD*; Rennie, Waverly MPH†; Ngonyani, Monica RN†; Mashio, Clara†; Israel-Ballard, Kiersten DrPH‡; Peerson, Janet MS§; Nyambo, Margaret MD†; Matee, Mecky MD, PhD‖; Ash, Deborah PhD¶; Dewey, Kathryn PhD§; Koniz-Booher, Peggy DrPH‡
Of the 430,000 pediatric HIV infections acquired in 2008, 90% were attributable to maternal-to-child transmission (MTCT)1; many of these were caused by breastfeeding.2,3 Yet replacement feedings have not improved HIV-free survival4 and have further resulted in poorer growth5 and greater diarrheal morbidity6,7 and mortality.6 Because of breastmilk's critical importance, current World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations for infants born to HIV-infected (HIV+) mothers in developing countries focus on making breastfeeding safer, for example, by encouraging exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), providing antiretroviral (ARV) prophylaxis, and heat-treating breastmilk.8
Heat-treating expressed breastmilk has been a WHO-recommended infant feeding option in the context of maternal HIV for the past decade.8,9 In the 2010 WHO guidelines, heat-treated breastmilk is recommended as an interim feeding strategy, for example, during mastitis, when prophylactic ARVs are unavailable, or to assist mothers to stop breastfeeding. The guidelines note that programmatic data are scarce and call for more research on the feasibility of implementing and sustaining heat-treatment of breastmilk as a strategy to reduce postnatal MTCT.8
Flash-heating (FH) is a simple method for in-home breastmilk pasteurization. Briefly, a glass jar containing the milk is placed in a pan with water 2 finger widths above the level of the milk. The water is heated over high heat and once the water reaches a rolling boil, the milk is removed from the water and cup-fed to the infant when cooled. Milk typically reaches a peak temperature of 72.9° C. Bacteriologic, virologic, immunologic, and nutritional studies have indicated that it can be a safe feeding method.10–13
The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of HIV-infected mothers FH expressed breastmilk to feed their infants upon introduction of complementary foods. Specifically, we measured the uptake, frequency, and duration of use and adherence to the Flash-heat protocol.
Subjects and Design
In this prospective longitudinal study, women older than 18 years who were currently breastfeeding infants aged between 6 weeks and 3 months and who were permanent local residents were recruited. Participants were from 4 community health center child immunization clinics in the Amana Municipal Hospital catchment area in the Ilala District of Dar es Salaam. The investigation, described as an infant feeding study, entailed weekly home visits by community health workers and monthly clinic visits. HIV status and CD4+ counts of mothers were confirmed by review of personal medical records. Women receiving or eligible for ARV therapy based on CD4+ ≤200 were excluded to target infants most likely to benefit from the intervention. Both HIV-infected mothers (n = 101) and those with indeterminate or negative status (n = 43) were enrolled to minimize stigma associated with study participation. HIV-infected participants were encouraged to disclose their status to a household member to gain support and facilitate open communication during home visits.
Written informed consent from all participating mothers was obtained. The study was approved by Institutional Review Boards at the National Institute of Medical Research and Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS) in Tanzania and the University of California Davis and was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (200513446).
Home-based infant feeding counseling was provided by “peer” counselors (11 females and 1 male) with previous experience as breastfeeding counselors in programs sponsored by the Tanzania Food and Nutrition Center but without biomedical training. For this study, they were provided with a 1-week course on HIV and infant feeding training, based on WHO recommendations and Tanzanian National Policy (2007), which included additional training and demonstrations on FH. Periodic “refresher” sessions were provided.
Peer counselors were asked to visit mothers weekly from 2 until 9 months postpartum. They encouraged EBF during the first 6 months of life and appropriate complementary feeding thereafter, instructed mothers on manual expression of breastmilk, and carried illustrated job aids supporting these messages. HIV-infected mothers were considered eligible for counseling on FH if they were breastfeeding an infant documented to be HIV negative at 5 months of age. As an additional safety precaution, mothers were instructed to not feed heated milk to their infant until the first heated sample tested negative for bacterial pathogens. FH was demonstrated to eligible women in their homes, unless the mother requested demonstration at the clinic. Mothers eligible and interested in FH were given a plastic bucket containing an aluminum pan, glass jar, and graduated plastic feeding cup. Those opting to use the method were encouraged to begin before introduction of complementary foods [to avoid mixed feeds (non-EBF)], to heat their milk after each expression and to express and heat their milk as frequently and for as long as possible.
Trained clinic-based nursing staff collected baseline demographic and infant feeding information at study entry and data on infant feeding, growth, and morbidity during subsequent monthly clinic visits. Infant morbidity and FH data were also captured daily by mothers using pictorial logs designed for low literacy. For mothers who were FH breastmilk, peer counselors observed a FH episode biweekly if possible, measured the peak milk temperature, and collected preheat and postheat milk samples for bacterial cultures. Observation checklists of the procedure included noting hand washing, cleansing of jar and cup, appropriate water level in pan, removal of jar of milk from water upon water reaching a rolling boil, and procedure duration. Using a pictorial log, mothers were asked to record milk volume expressed and heated during each episode (estimated by use of graduated cup), length of time required, and whether time was estimated or measured. Biweekly, peer counselors surveyed the mothers in their homes about their FH experiences in the past 24 hours.
Infants with signs or symptoms of illness were referred to clinic staff. Infants testing HIV+ were referred to an HIV care and treatment center and their mothers encouraged to continue breastfeeding. Telephone numbers of study nurses were given to mothers to call with queries or concerns.
Qualitative HIV DNA polymerase chain reaction was performed on dried blood spots collected from infants 5 months old by the National HIV Reference Laboratory in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at MUHAS utilizing the Amplicor HIV-1 DNA polymerase chain reaction assay version 1.5 (Roche Diagnostics, Branchburg, NJ) according to manufacturer instructions.
Breastmilk aliquots were collected by the counselor in the mother's home using disposable sterile pipettes. The first sample was taken after the community health worker's FH demonstration; subsequent samples were taken after mothers heated their milk. Aliquots of milk (2.0 mL) were placed in sterile vials before heating and again after FH and transported to the bacteriology laboratory at MUHAS on ice within 3 hours of collection. Samples were stored at 2–8°C overnight and then placed at 37°C the following morning. At 0, 3, and 6 hours, aliquots of both unheated and flash-heated breastmilk were each plated on MacConkey's, mannitol salt and blood agars to detect coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus, and total colony counts, respectively.
We estimated a priori that a sample size of 100 HIV-infected women would be necessary to obtain approximately 30 women who were willing to trial FH of an anticipated 75 women who would be eligible for Flash-heat counseling. We hypothesized that at least one-third of women would be willing to try FH. A woman was defined as a “flash-heater” if she chose to use the method after the initial demonstration.
Student t test was used to compare means, and Fisher exact test was used to compare proportions. Growth was compared between groups with analysis of covariance, using change in Z scores at 9 months as the outcome and Z scores at 6 months as the covariate. Mean and median values were calculated for both an individual and by woman-day (unit of 1 woman heating milk for 1 day).
One hundred one HIV-infected Tanzanian women were enrolled between March 1, 2008, and March 31, 2009. Their mean (SD) age was 27.5 (4.8) years (range: 18–41), parity was 2.8 (1.1), and they were 2.4 (0.8) months postpartum (Table 1). Most were married or living with their partner (75.5%), had completed primary school (73.2%), and had disclosed their HIV status to a household member before study entry (75.3%). Most used charcoal for cooking fuel (89.7%), had pit latrines (86.7%), and used either a public tap (49.5%) or shallow well (32.0%) for water.
Eighty-six infants of mothers known to be HIV-infected were alive and in follow-up at 5 months of age when infants were tested for HIV (Fig. 1). Of these, 72 tested HIV negative, 13 tested HIV positive, and 1 infant had no record of testing. Fifty-four of the 72 (75%) mothers eligible for counseling on FH agreed to express milk and observe a flash-heat demonstration.
The mean (SD) number of counselor visits before the infant reached 6 months was 4.5 (6.2). Mothers eligible for FH received 9.7 (5.4) visits. Of those, mothers who chose to flash-heat received 10.5 (5.7) visits versus 8.9 (4.9) for those who opted not to. After 6 months, flash-heaters received an additional 5.3 (4.4) visits for a total of 15.8 (8.1) visits between 2 and 9 months.
Uptake of Flash-Heat
Thirty-seven of the 72 eligible mothers (51.4%) chose FH after their infant reached 6 months (Fig. 1). One infant died at 6.0 months before the mother commenced FH. Mothers who elected to use FH did not differ in age, religion, parity, or education from those who chose not to use FH but may have had lower socioeconomic status as reflected by less use of kerosene stoves, P = 0.042 (Table 1) and anecdotal reports of the counselors. An increasing proportion of eligible mothers chose FH as the study progressed (P = 0.003), that is, 38.8% enrolled in the first 6 months of the study became flash-heaters compared with 78.2% of women enrolled in the subsequent 7 months.
Data on FH
Data on FH behaviors are reported from daily logs and 24-hour recalls and observations. Of the 36 women with FH experience, data are available from logs from 35 women covering 1566 days of FH, from recalled experiences of 27 mothers covering 83 24-hour periods (Table 2) and peer counselors' observations of 80 episodes among 30 mothers expressing and FH milk (Table 3).
Duration of FH
Median (range) duration of FH documented by daily log use during the study was 9.6 weeks (range 1 day to 15.6 weeks); mean (SD) duration of FH during the study was 8.7 (5.3) weeks. Notably, at least 4 women reported FH beyond the period of study follow-up (3 months), 1 of whom continued to do so for an additional 9 months, until her infant was 18 months old. Thus, the reported mean duration of FH during the study is shorter than mean duration of actual use.
In 24-hour recalls, all mothers reported cleansing the utensils. During FH sessions observed by counselors, mothers washed their hands with soap and water 100% of the time. Utensils were washed 95% of the time, with soap and/or boiling water in 78.8% of episodes, and with only running water 16.2% of the time.
During FH observations, milk was expressed into the jar used for heating (as recommended) 21.5% of the time and into a cup or glass during all other episodes. Mean time for expression was 16.7 (7.5) minutes.
The median frequency of milk expression was 3 times daily: daily mean (SD) was 2.6 (0.8) based on log results and 3.3 (1.5) times based on 24-hour recall.
Median milk volume per episode was 120 mL based on daily logs and 24-hour recall and 100 mL during observation. According to recall data, median volumes were higher for fourth and fifth daily expressions (180 mL) than for the first through third expressions (100 mL), that is, women who expressed more frequently also expressed greater volumes. The linear association between total daily milk volume and number of expressions daily was statistically significant, P = 0.006 (Fig. 2). Median (range) total daily volumes were 300 (25–1120) mL from logs and 360 (10–1200) mL from recalls. When controlling for differences between individuals, there was no significant within-individual relationship between age of infant and daily milk volume expressed.
Heating and Feeding Expressed Milk
Mothers heated and fed milk as frequently as they expressed, suggesting milk was not combined from more than 1 expression for heating. Reported time lapse between expressing and heating milk ranged from 10 minutes to 7.5 hours (79% of intervals were measured; 21% estimated).
During FH sessions observed by counselors, kerosene was the most frequently used fuel (42.3%), followed by charcoal. In all but 2 observations, the water in the pan was at the proper level; the milk was removed from the pan before the water boiling in only 1 episode. Observed mean time required for heating was 12.0 (4.6) minutes, and mean peak milk temperature was 79.3 (4.4)°C (range: 68.0–88.8).
Although most often mothers fed the heated milk to the infant immediately (71.6% of reports), heated milk was stored in the jar used for heating (9.9%), a cup (12.3%), or bottle (1.2%) anywhere from 5 minutes to 7.7 hours. Stored milk was reported to be covered 78.6% of the time. Mother reported reusing the water 95% of the time, most often for cooking (50.0%) or bathing (40.8%).
During observed FH sessions, infants were fed the milk with a cup in all cases except once each using a spoon and bottle; water was added to the milk in 3.8% of observations, always after heating the milk.
Bacterial cultures were performed on 105 preheated and postheated samples from 61 mothers. Of the 105 samples collected before heating, 44 (41.9%) samples had bacterial growth with a median colony-forming units (CFU)/mL of 2.4 × 103 (range 80- too many too count). All but 1 of the contaminated samples were positive for coliforms; median coliform count was 2.0 × 103 CFU/mL (range 50- too many too count). Thirty-two samples (30.5%) contained pathogens. Twenty-six samples (24.8%) were positive for S. aureus [median concentration 3.0 × 103 (range: 90–7.8 × 103)]; additional pathogens isolated included Escherichia coli and Klebsiella and Bacillus species. One sample was negative before heating and positive for Staphylococcus epidermedis and coliforms after heating, (total colony count 3.4 × 103 CFU/mL). All other 104 heated samples yielded negative bacterial cultures. Of the 44 mothers who provided more than 1 sample, 3 mothers' samples were contaminated on multiple occasions.
To evaluate the risk for staphylococcal food poisoning if unheated samples were stored before heating, the growth rate of S. aureus was calculated over 6 hours at 37°C. Mean (SD) log CFU/mL of those samples testing positive for S. aureus was 3.22 (0.04) at 0 hours; and at 6 hours, it was 3.44 (0.26), P < 0.003. No samples reached a concentration of 104 CFU/mL.
Mothers reported hiding milk expression in 78.3% of the time and FH in 76.0% of the time; 92.6% of mothers hid these practices at some point—usually from neighbors (78.5% of reports of hiding expression and 65.0% of those hiding FH), with fewer reports of hiding from family (21.5%, 26.6%) or friends (7.7%, 16.7%). Most (71.2%) mothers reported that someone in their family or household knew they were FH; most often this was the infant's father (64.9%) with the most common reactions being “supportive” (41.1%), “neutral” (35.7%), and “curious” (21.4%). Forty-six percent of mothers surveyed explained to others why they FH milk; half of these mothers gave the reason of killing HIV and one-third said it was because of a breast infection or problem. Ten percent of mothers reported newly disclosing their HIV status during the study.
There was no statistically significant difference in number of morbidities (number of days ill with each symptoms as follows: diarrhea, cough, runny nose, fever, vomiting, rash, or ear infection) between 6 and 9 months in infants who received versus those who did not receive flash-heated breastmilk, but there was a trend toward fewer ear infections in those receiving heated breastmilk, P = 0.08. Growth was also not significantly different between the 2 groups of infants.
Breast and Nipple Pain
After 6 months postpartum, there were 4 reports of breast or nipple pain within the past 2 weeks from 3 mothers; 2 who did not flash-heat compared with 1 flash-heater P = 0.58.
Dietary data from 24-hour recalls (n = 217) after 6 months of age for the 34 infants fed heated breastmilk versus the 28 who were not revealed no difference in the mean daily number of servings of meat [0.46 (0.39) vs. 0.45 (0.49), P = 0.56], meat stew [0.05 (0.18) vs. 0.11 (0.27), P = 0.46] or eggs [0.01 (0.09) vs. 0.06 (0.20), P = 0.24]. However, infants not receiving expressed heated breastmilk received a slightly greater mean (SD) number of daily servings of other animal milks than did those receiving human milk, 1.5 (0.9) versus 1.0 (0.7), P = 0.03.
In 3 of 83 (3.6%) surveys of flash-heaters, the infant was fed directly at the breast in the last week, from 2 to 10 times.
This study has several important findings. Foremost, a substantial percent (51.4%) of HIV-infected mothers whose infants tested HIV negative at 5 months were willing to express and flash-heat their breastmilk upon introduction of complementary foods. This was a greater proportion than the 33% we anticipated. It is notable that the percentage of mothers that chose to flash-heat dramatically increased over the course of the study, possibly as a result of the counselors' greater experience. Second, we observed that mothers were able to successfully follow the FH protocol, and the heated milk was bacteriologically safe. Third, the amount of breastmilk provided to these infants substantially contributed to their diet. The mean daily volume of 322 mL constitutes approximately 34% of caloric needs for an average 6 month infant (weight 7.6 kg)14 and increased by 2-fold to 3-fold the mean amount of animal milk they otherwise received (1 serving daily). Fourth, most mothers sustained this practice for at least 2 months, with duration varying widely from 1 day to 1 year. Last, these mothers succeeded in FH with only modest support from trained peer counselors rather than healthcare providers, suggesting this counseling could be sustainable in terms of costs and workforce capacity at a larger scale in resource-limited settings.
In addition to the wide variation in duration of method use, mothers in our study reported a huge range of milk volume expressed daily, from a mean of only 46 mL to nearly a liter. Anti-infective effects of breastmilk are dose responsive, and even partial breastfeeding has been documented to decrease infections in infants.15,16 There may be a threshold effect, however, and the lower amounts of daily breastmilk expressed by some mothers in this study may not provide significant immunoprotection although the greater amounts almost certainly would.15 Of note, this feasibility study was not powered to detect differences in growth and morbidity and should not be used to infer that clinically significant differences would not occur in a larger trial.
Milk volumes at the lower end of the range expressed by mothers in our study likely relate, in part, to relatively infrequent expression (mean 2.3 episodes recorded daily) as milk production declines if the breasts are not emptied regularly and thoroughly.17,18 Accordingly, we expect that mothers with more frequent expression would be better able to maintain a robust milk supply, producing greater mean milk volumes, and sustaining milk production for longer durations. This expectation is supported by our data whereby mean reported volumes of milk expression for the fourth and fifth episodes in the previous day were greater than mean reported volumes for the first through third episodes, that is, women expressing more frequently had both larger volumes per expression and larger daily volumes.
One possible strategy that may enable mothers to express milk more frequently would be for them to “batch heat” milk from 2 or more expressions. This method, involving heating more than 1 jar of milk in a pan simultaneously, is currently under investigation (K. Israel-Ballard, DrPh, personal communication March 15, 2011). However, it will be necessary to document if peak milk temperatures with “batch heating” are similar to those attained when heating a single jar (the method used during virologic safety studies) before recommending this method.
In all contaminated specimens that we tested, bacterial growth that occurred during 6 hours of storage was minimal, albeit statistically significant, and did not result in bacterial counts considered potentially unsafe (105 CFU/mL)17; heating eliminated all pathogens. We surmise that the 1 sample that was positive for bacteria after heating was contaminated after heating, as the preheated sample was bacteriologically negative. Nevertheless, if milk is to be stored, we recommend that milk be heated before storage, when possible, to further minimize the “theoretical” risk of staphylococcal food poisoning. It is also important to note that current recommendations are that expressed human milk may be stored for 6–8 hours at ambient temperatures up to 25°C,19 with conflicting evidence regarding storage safety at higher temperatures.20–22 We have previously demonstrated that FH breastmilk does not significantly impact the antimicrobial properties of the milk23 but note the need for more work to determine the “shelf-life” of expressed breastmilk, heated or unheated, at ambient temperatures above 25°C.
The proportion of mothers who chose to express and heat treat their milk was somewhat less than the 66% of 30 eligible mothers who did so in a similar study in rural Zimbabwe.24 The high rate of uptake in the Zimbabwean study may have been due, in part, to a social marketing campaign that promoted expression and heat-treatment of breastmilk for any mother (even those who are HIV-negative). Our study was performed in the absence of such generalized messages. Although that approach likely decreases stigma, such messages may have unintended consequences, eg, creating a barrier for HIV-negative women who might otherwise leave fresh expressed breastmilk for their infant when separated. Another salient difference between our study and that of Mbuya et al24 is that in our study, education and support about FH was provided by lay counselors with a much less intensive home visit schedule (mean of 15.8 visits over 7 m) than did the nurse counselors in Zimbabwe (21 visits over 8 weeks). Use of lay counselors could be a more cost-effective and sustainable practice given the dearth of health care workers in countries hardest hit by HIV/AIDS25 and where limited resources make breastfeeding imperative.26
There are several limitations to this study. This population was self-selected as we enrolled willing participants in a research study on infant feeding, and therefore does not necessarily represent the population of all HIV-infected mothers in the area. Women with the most supportive home environments may have enrolled, potentially resulting in a greater proportion of mothers opting to try FH. Alternatively, the burden of study participation may have deterred mothers who would otherwise have chosen to provide Flash-heated breastmilk to their uninfected infants. Further, some of the questionnaires were administered by the counselors who were supporting EBF and FH, possibly resulting in reporting bias.
In summary, our findings add significantly to understanding the feasibility of heat-treatment of breastmilk and reinforce those from Zimbabwe that suggest FH is feasible for many HIV-infected women. Although extended ARV prophylaxis for either the breastfeeding mother or her breastfed child is currently considered to be the optimal strategy for prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT),8 the low coverage of ARV prophylaxis in sub-Saharan Africa27 suggests the need for complementary PMTCT strategies. As with all medical interventions in resource-limited settings, ARV agents are sometimes temporarily unavailable due to “stock-outs”; it will be important for mothers to be aware of the WHO-recommended option to express and heat treat their breastmilk during this time of increased transmission risk. In addition to the 4 scenarios for which use of heat-treated breastmilk is currently recommended by WHO,8 Flash-heated breastmilk could also be provided after ARV cessation at 12 months to further prolong provision of safe breastmilk to these vulnerable infants. Indeed, breastmilk continues to have dual nutritional and immunoprotective importance beyond the first year, the latter evidenced by the 1.6-fold increase in mortality from infectious causes amongst nonbreastfed infants in resource-poor settings compared with their breastfed counterparts in the second year of life.28
Based on the feasibility data to date, a clinical trial of the effects of flash-heated breastmilk on infant health outcomes is warranted. Only with such information will it be possible to provide both PMTCT programs and the families they serve with evidence-based recommendations. Finally, as countries seek to implement the 2010 WHO guidance, rigorous monitoring and evaluation around their inclusion of heat-treatment within PMTCT programs is necessary to appropriately guide scale-up of such strategies.
The authors gratefully acknowledge funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH R01HD057602) and the Thrasher Research Fund. The authors warmly thank Makilika study staff and the mothers and babies who participated in the study.
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2. Horvath T, Madi BC, Iuppa IM, et al.. Interventions for preventing late postnatal mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009; CD006734.
3. Kourtis AP, Lee FK, Abrams EJ, et al.. Mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1: timing and implications for prevention. Lancet Infect Dis. 2006;6:726–732.
4. Kuhn L, Sinkala M, Semrau K, et al.. Elevations in mortality associated with weaning persist into the second year of life among uninfected children born to HIV-infected mothers. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:437–444.
5. Arpadi S, Fawzy A, Aldrovandi GM, et al.. Growth faltering due to breastfeeding cessation in uninfected children born to HIV-infected mothers in Zambia. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90:344–353.
6. Kafulafula G, Hoover DR, Taha TE, et al.. Frequency of gastroenteritis and gastroenteritis-associated mortality with early weaning in HIV-1-uninfected children born to HIV-infected women in Malawi. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;53:6–13.
7. Onyango-Makumbi C, Bagenda D, Mwatha A, et al.. Early weaning of HIV-exposed uninfected infants and risk of serious gastroenteritis: findings from two perinatal HIV prevention trials in Kampala, Uganda. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;53:20–27.
10. Israel-Ballard K, Coutsoudis A, Chantry CJ, et al.. Bacterial safety of flash-heated and unheated expressed breastmilk during storage. J Trop Pediatr. 2006;52:399–405.
11. Israel-Ballard K, Donovan R, Chantry C, et al.. Flash-heat inactivation of HIV-1 in human milk: a potential method to reduce postnatal transmission in developing countries. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007;45:318–323.
12. Chantry CJ, Israel-Ballard K, Moldoveanu Z, et al.. Effect of flash-heat treatment on immunoglobulins in breast milk. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;51:264–267.
13. Israel-Ballard KA, Abrams BF, Coutsoudis A, et al.. Vitamin content of breast milk from HIV-1-infected mothers before and after flash-heat treatment. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008;48:444–449.
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. Accessed June 13, 2011.
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18. Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Protocol Committee. ABM Clinical Protocol #9: Use of Galactogogues in Initiating or Augmenting the Rate of Maternal Milk Secretion (First Revision January 2011). Breastfeed Med. 2011;6:41–49.
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20. Hamosh M, Ellis LA, Pollock DR, et al.. Breastfeeding and the working mother: effect of time and temperature of short-term storage on proteolysis, lipolysis, and bacterial growth in milk. Pediatrics. 1996;97:492–498.
21. Ajusi JD, Onyango FE, Mutanda LN, et al.. Bacteriology of unheated expressed breast milk stored at room temperature. East Afr Med J. 1989;66:381–387.
22. Igumbor EO, Mukura RD, Makandiramba B, et al.. Storage of breast milk: effect of temperature and storage duration on microbial growth. Cent Afr J Med. 2000;46:247–251.
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The Revolutionary War was primarily a war between Great Britain and the 13 Colonies.
And these 13 Colonies were supposed to be colonies loyal to Great Britain.
Next lesson: Declaring Independence.
Continue learning. The transcript is for your convenience. The colonists who were opposing British rule were calling themselves “Patriots”. These patriots were very angry about Britain’s Intolerable Acts and all through the colonies, we saw militias preparing for war against the British. In Massachusetts, the British chief officer was General Thomas Gage.
When he learned that Patriot militias stored gun powder and canons Concord, he immediately sent over soldiers to seize and destroy the patriot supplies. But patriots William Dawes and Paul Revere learned about the plan and rode throughout the night and warned the Minutemen that British soldiers were on their way.
The First Battles
In 1775, on April 19th, the British soldiers and patriot Minutemen started shooting in Lexington and many were wounded or killed. Then, in Concord, hundreds of Minutemen were gathering. They subsequently forced the British soldiers all the way back to Boston and in the battle, they wounded or killed over two hundred and fifty British soldiers.
When the colonists learned about the battles, their militias trapped the British soldiers right there in Boston. Patriots had plans for building a fort on Bunker
Hill but instead, they did so on Breed’s Hill. British soldiers went marching up the hill and they kept on fighting until the Patriots had run out of gunpowder. Then, the British took the fort which is remembered as the Battle of Bunker Hill. But even though the Patriots had lost that battle, they had shown that they were able to plan well and fight a battle.
Then in 1775, the Second Continental Congress was held. The colonies created an army for waging war against England. George Washington was appointed as commander of the new Continental Army. Many delegates from the colonies didn’t want to go to war so they sent the so-called “Olive Branch Petition” to Britain’s King George III which asked the king to help end this conflict in a peaceful way
The king, however, just sent more troops. Then, the Continental Army took on another battle to capture Fort Ticonderoga and the canons they found then, were used for forcing the British out of Boston.
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If you are working with Pre-school or reception children, Gripping History can support you with a visit to strengthen any topic on Fairy Stories, Knights, Castles, Kings and Queens etc. You may be doing a topic on ‘Where We Live’ and wish to explore events in you location’s past or its early origins. We will discuss suitable activities with you to devise a suitable visit programme for your needs.
We offer a full day for YR and KS1 children on Knights and Castles.
Approaches which often work with this age group include offering some simple comparisons with what people wear or use today and what people who lived in the past might have worn or used. The children might also be asked to engage with familiar modern items and link them with their historical alternatives.
You may also wish to explore/act out a fairy-tale or role play scenario with the use of historical items, some dressing-up and, of course, the participation of the children.
The above outlines are illustrations of activities which have worked well with this age group in the past. If you have other requirements or needs, we will be happy to discuss them with you. | <urn:uuid:765ad980-10d7-475e-936c-df20147f737b> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.grippinghistory.co.uk/ages/foundation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588216.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20211027150823-20211027180823-00418.warc.gz | en | 0.960998 | 241 | 3.296875 | 3 |
The Great Lakes Region Quarterly Climate Impacts and Outlook June 2016 was published today.
As you may have noticed, this spring was fairly mild temperature-wise and mostly uneventful in terms of severe weather. After a couple of late cold spells and above-average precipitation in early spring, May brought a few record-breaking temperatures within the region and lower than average rainfall. .
Despite the late-season dry conditions, lake levels are at or above average throughout the entire region as we enter summer and warmer than average temperatures are predicted from July through September.
To read more on the past season’s outcomes, as well as the forecast for summer, download the complete report below.
About the Quarterly Climate Outlook:
NOAA and its partners around the Great Lakes region work together to produce the Quarterly Climate Index and Outlook to inform the public about recent climate impacts within their respective regions. This regional climate outlook discusses the major climate events during the past three months and contains historical seasonal assessments as well as future climate outlooks.
To receive this outlook via email, visit: https://illinois.edu/gm/subscribe/17196. | <urn:uuid:4fdf7915-fc06-40c3-bda3-274d75cb2d32> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://noaaglerl.blog/2016/06/23/the-quarterly-climate-impacts-and-outlook-for-the-great-lakes-region-is-out/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141185851.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20201126001926-20201126031926-00331.warc.gz | en | 0.955878 | 232 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Selective mutism does not just disappear …
If selective mutism and the underlying difficulties are not addressed in early childhood, the symptoms and behaviour usually become more deeply ingrained and difficult to shift.
Older children, teens and adults often experience a greater intensity of their symptoms as they grow. Untreated, some people are able to create their own coping strategies, but others turn inward and often develop further complications such as depression, agoraphobia, substance abuse, and more. Progressive mutism is one potential difficulty, where the sufferer finds themselves unable to speak in any situation, even in their own home.
It is therefore very important not to brush off potential SM symptoms as shyness, or to assume that the child will ‘grow out of it’. Instead, we recommend seeking additional support for your child. | <urn:uuid:fe77a249-6ba8-45bf-9d4e-42d915a4dab3> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://selectivemutism.org.nz/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549425751.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726022311-20170726042311-00029.warc.gz | en | 0.972498 | 168 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Scientists have determined that a specific gene plays a role in the weight-gain response to a high-fat diet. The finding in an animal study suggests that blocking this gene could one day be a therapeutic strategy to reduce diet-related obesity and associated disorders, such as diabetes and liver damage, in humans.
The researchers found that a diet rich in fat induced production of this gene, called protein kinase C beta (PKC beta), in the fat cells of mice. These mice rapidly gained weight while eating a high-fat diet for 12 weeks.
On the other hand, mice genetically engineered to lack PKC beta gained relatively little weight and showed minimal health effects after eating the same high-fat diet.
In comparing the effects of the high-fat diet and a regular diet, the scientists found that mice fed the high-fat diet produced more PKC beta in their fat tissue than did mice eating a regular diet.
"So we now know this gene is induced by a high-fat diet in fat cells, and a deficiency of this gene leads to resistance to fat-induced obesity and related insulin resistance and liver damage," said Kamal Mehta, senior author of the study and a professor of molecular and cellular biochemistry in Ohio State University's College of Medicine.
"It could be that the high-fat diet is a signal to the body to store more fat. And when that gene is not there, then the fat storage cannot occur."
Though the complete mechanism remains unknown, the research to date suggests that rather than storing fat, mice lacking the gene burn fat more rapidly than they would if the PKC beta were present, Mehta said.
The research is available online in the journal Hepatology and is scheduled for later print publication.
Mehta and colleagues previously had created the hybrid mouse model by cross-breeding mice deficient in PKC beta with the C57 black mouse, a common animal used in research for studying diabetes and obesity. Despite the propensity for obesity from their original genes, the new mice lost weight while eating up to 30 percent more food than other mice.
In the earlier study, the mice ate a regular diet. In this new study, the researchers fed PKC beta-deficient and normal mice either a diet in which 60 percent of calories were derived from fat - the high-fat diet - or a standard diet in which 15 percent of calories came from fat. In the typical American diet, about 40 percent of calories are derived from fat.
The normal mice on the high-fat diet showed weight gain within three weeks, a trend that continued throughout the 12-week study. The PKC beta-deficient mice on the same diet gained less weight even while appearing to be extra hungry and eating more calories than the normal mice - meaning their lower body weight was not the result of eating less.
Of animals eating the high-fat diet, the fat tissue and livers in the normal mice were larger than those in the PKC beta-deficient mice, as well. The livers of the normal mice were on average about 50 percent larger than the livers in mice lacking the gene. And the white fat tissue - the tissue in which PKC beta was expressed as a result of the high-fat diet - was almost three times as heavy in the normal mice as in the PKC beta-deficient mice.
The protein-deficient mice were able to clear insulin to regulate blood sugar more rapidly than normal mice after eating the high-fat diet, meaning avoiding obesity also allowed them to avoid development of insulin resistance associated with diabetes, said Mehta, also an investigator in Ohio State's Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute.
"Obesity leads to liver damage and to diabetes. So if we can take care of obesity associated with a high-fat diet, we can also take care of most of the related disorders," Mehta said.
A separate component of the current study further showed that mice engineered to be obese also had about 500 percent more of the gene in their fat cells than did normal mice. Mehta and colleagues have assembled a team that includes an endocrinologist, bariatric surgeon and molecular biologist to examine human fat tissue from obese and lean patients to see if levels of PKC beta are elevated in obese humans, as well.
"It is very likely that this gene may be involved in a predisposition to obesity," he said.
Knowing the gene is responsive in the fat cells is important to figuring out how to suppress its action. Future research will involve deleting the gene from fat cells in mice to see if these new mice have the same lean body type as mice that are completely deficient of PKC beta throughout their entire genome.
"We are generating more mouse models to vary expression of this gene and study the consequences of that on obesity and related disorders," Mehta said.
So far, mouse models lacking the protein have not shown any damaging side effects related to the suppression of the gene, Mehta said. He speculates that PKC beta could be a so-called "thrifty" gene left over from humans' days as hunter-gatherers, when the body needed to retain fat for survival.
Source: Ohio State University
Explore further: Diet, in addition to alcohol consumption, may play important role in liver problems | <urn:uuid:b068c3e4-c3d3-49c6-a8b4-a1b04d49df56> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://medicalxpress.com/news/2009-02-uncover-obesity-gene-involved-weight.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825464.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022203758-20171022223758-00691.warc.gz | en | 0.964764 | 1,088 | 3.5625 | 4 |
“Meet Lucy Stone” is a dramatic presentation by prizewinning storyteller and performer, Judith Black.
Black introduces you to Lucy Stone, a woman many called “the shining star” of the anti-slavery and woman’s rights movements, and gives you a view of mid 19th-century America through the eyes of a woman who spent her life working to make the world better. At a time when women who dared to speak in public were greeted with ridicule, harassment and harsh criticism, Lucy Stone made her living speaking out about the two most controversial issues of her time: slavery and the legal subordination of women. From tree stump to church pulpit, her powerful oratory and her courageous example were instrumental in turning northern sentiment toward the cause of immediate abolition. She also waged a passionate struggle for equal rights for women, a struggle that continues today.
A visit from Lucy Stone to your school, library, or organizational meeting will engage both hearts and minds. It will use the story of one Massachusetts woman to illuminate the struggle for equality in 19th-century America.
“Meet Lucy Stone” works best in an intimate setting, but can be adapted to most environments. It is designed for ages 13 and older and supports the Massachusetts Social Studies curriculum standards for eighth and eleventh grades. Programs can be tailored to include additional topics and characters.
For more information or to book performances contact:
“Meet Lucy Stone” was commissioned by the Massachusetts Foundation for the Humanities as part of the State House Woman’s Leadership Project. Lucy Stone is also featured in the Making the World Better curriculum packet, available to teachers, free of charge, from the Foundation. The curriculum packet can be used before, after, or independently of an appearance by Judith Black. | <urn:uuid:e676dc90-e4cb-47a0-854d-f4a3e45afe1e> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://masshumanities.org/programs/shwlp/meet-lucy-stone/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039744513.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20181118155835-20181118181835-00534.warc.gz | en | 0.953509 | 369 | 3.078125 | 3 |
From Schubert to Springsteen, Archie Roach to Amy Winehouse, comes an illuminating history of the song for every kind of music lover.
Often today, the word ‘song’ is used to describe all music. A free-jazz improvisation, a Hindustani raga, a movement from a Beethoven symphony, a Springsteen anthem or a Leonard Cohen ballad: they’re all songs.
But, in fact, a song is a specific musical form. It’s not so much that they all have verses and choruses – though most of them do – but that they are all relatively short and self-contained; they have beginnings, middles and ends; they often have a single point of view, message or story; and, crucially, they unite words and music. Thus, a Schubert song has more in common with a track by Joni Mitchell or Sia than with one of Schubert’s own symphonies.
The Song Remains the Same traces these connections through seventy-five songs from different cultures and times: love songs, anthems, protest songs, lullabies, folk songs, jazz standards, lieder and pop hits; ‘When You Wish Upon a Star’ to ‘We Will Rock You’, ‘Jerusalem’ to ‘Jolene’. Unpicking their inner workings makes familiar songs strange again, explaining and restoring the wonder, joy (or possibly loathing) the reader experienced on first hearing.
Featuring songs by The Beatles, Cole Porter, Kate Bush, Carole King, Bob Marley, Tracy Chapman, Paul Simon, Bob Dylan and Violeta Parra; musical numbers by Rodgers and Hammerstein, Sondheim and the Gershwins; and works from great composers, including Beethoven, Schubert and Brahms. | <urn:uuid:a6e2da4e-0222-4110-a11a-11968df10c51> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.blackincbooks.com.au/books/song-remains-same | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027331485.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20190826085356-20190826111356-00107.warc.gz | en | 0.913489 | 394 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Meningococcal vaccine/haemophilus B vaccine (Injection)
Haemophilus B Conjugate Vaccine (hee-MOF-i-lus B KON-joo-gate VAX-een), Meningococcal Vaccine, Tetanus Toxoid Conjugate Bivalent (me-NINJ-oh-kok-kal VAX-een, TET-a-nus TOX-oyd KON-joo-gate bye-VAY-lent)
Prevents meningitis and flu.
MenhibrixThere may be other brand names for this medicine.
When This Medicine Should Not Be Used:Your child should not receive this vaccine if he or she has had an allergic reaction to meningococcal polysaccharide or haemophilus B vaccines.
How to Use This Medicine:
- A nurse or other trained health professional will give this vaccine to your child. It is given as a shot into a muscle (usually in the thigh or upper arm).
- The exact schedule for your child's vaccines will vary depending on your child's age at the time of the first dose. In general, your child can receive the first dose of the vaccine as early as 6 weeks to 2 months of age. The remaining doses are usually given at 4, 6, and 12 to 15 months of age.
- Your child may receive other vaccines at the same time as this one. You should receive information sheets about all of the vaccines your child receives. Make sure you understand all of the information that is given to you.
If a dose is missed:
- It is important that your child receive all of the doses of vaccine in this series. Try to keep all of your child's scheduled appointments.
- If your child does miss a dose of this vaccine, make another appointment as soon as possible.
Drugs and Foods to Avoid:
Ask your doctor or pharmacist before using any other medicine, including over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products.
- Make sure your doctor knows if your child also uses medicines that weaken the immune system, such as cancer medicines, radiation treatment, or steroids.
- Tell your doctor about all other vaccines your child has recently received, including a flu shot.
Warnings While Using This Medicine:
- Make sure your doctor knows if your child has a weak immune system or a history of Guillain-Barré syndrome. Tell your doctor if your child has had an allergic reaction to a vaccine.
- This vaccine is not a substitute for routine tetanus vaccination. This vaccine will not treat symptoms of meningococcal infection or flu if your child already has the disease.
- Be sure to tell your doctor about any side effects that occur after your child receives this vaccine. These side effects include apnea (breathing stops for short periods), muscle weakness, fainting, or a skin rash.
Possible Side Effects While Using This Medicine:
Call your doctor right away if you notice any of these side effects:
- Allergic reaction: Itching or hives, swelling in your face or hands, swelling or tingling in your mouth or throat, chest tightness, trouble breathing
- Blurred vision, numbness or tingling in your arms, hands, or feet
- Fainting, seizure
If you notice these less serious side effects, talk with your doctor:
- Crying or irritability
- Loss of appetite
- Redness, pain, swelling, or a lump under the skin where the shot was given
If you notice other side effects that you think are caused by this medicine, tell your doctor
Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088
Last Updated: 3/28/2016
The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites.
Truven Health Analytics. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:3ba20dbb-1c6d-4f91-a38e-8a2b2b96f68f> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.allinahealth.org/CCS/doc/DrugNotes/45/5898.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461861623301.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428164023-00100-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.913195 | 880 | 3.359375 | 3 |
How POC devices are revolutionizing health care
Aaron Au CONTRIBUTOR
Photo: Open-i Biomedical.
Point-of-care (POC) devices are a new frontier of medical devices that bring medical diagnosis to doctors, homes, and the far reaches of the world. These devices are developed to empower people in any educational background to gather their own biometric data. An arsenal of POC devices have been and are currently under development for different applications. By taking advantage of the current advances in nanoelectronics and nanofluidics, engineers are able to shrink the device into a portable system. The result is devices with different functions that come in different shapes and sizes.
One form of these POC devices is a wearable smart watch, such as Fitbit, Apple Watch, etc. Technology has enabled engineers to jam heart rate monitors and other biosensors into the super portable form factors. Other companies have invested their technology into other biosensors; to name a few: glucose-sensing contact lenses, tattoos to monitor muscle activity and body temperature, and alcohol monitors. These portable forms of gathering biometrics are becoming more popular as they can collect data without interfering with the daily schedule.
A more common setting for a POC device is sitting at the doctor’s office or at home. They gather information that doesn’t need monitoring on a daily basis, such as disease and virus tests. They test for a specific pathogen, but results usually appear in binary. Hence, POC devices cannot replace the doctor. Instead, they assist the doctor in making faster and more accurate conclusions. Traditional pathogen tests require the doctor to draw blood and send the samples to test centers, but in POC devices there is no transportation time, allowing for a timelier result. With the emergence of personalized medicine, POC devices may assist doctors and pharmacists in determining which drug is more effective for a patient.
Currently, POC devices face many challenges; most of these challenges are similar to those in sensors and assays. One factor that needs to be considered is specificity because it describes how accurate the test is against false positives; this is always a challenge because molecules exhibit similar characteristics and they may be able to trick the test in thinking something is there when there really is nothing. Sensitivity of the test is also another factor that needs to be considered. It measures what concentration of sample needs to be present to turn the test into a positive result. Sensitivity and specificity are usually trade-off metrics, meaning increasing one will reduce the other. So sensitivity and specificity of a device must be tuned to a specific application.
In addition, medical devices face a higher level of scrutiny for good reason. There are rules and regulations that protect the public from gathering false data about their health. But innovations in the realm of biosensors are giving POC devices a good run. At the University of Toronto (U of T), many labs are designing POC diagnostic devices. One lab that has gained a lot of ground in this area is the Wheeler Microfluidics Lab; it is testing its POC devices in developing countries in hopes to aid medical staff in the diagnosis of different diseases. | <urn:uuid:757a846c-d06c-4a4c-b1fd-9a5ac3730f92> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://readthemike.com/2017-11-8-diagnosis-at-your-fingertips/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337668.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20221005203530-20221005233530-00798.warc.gz | en | 0.952201 | 653 | 3.21875 | 3 |
One of the questions I am asked all of the time is; “what is trans”.
Well… that is a big conversation, but the long and short of it is that “Trans” means is from the Latin and means “on the other side of” whilst “cis” means “on the same side of”. So both cis and trans are an antonyms paring. A non-trans person is cis.
We use trans as prefix in modern life all of the time for example transport an transplant – we are taking something from a place to the other side of somewhere.
When we talk about transgender individuals, these are people whose gender identity is different to that assigned at birth; be they non-binary, fluid or binary in that identity.
Transgender is an adjective – so you have a transgender woman, a transgender man, a transgender person or individual. It is not a verb or noun. You don’t have “a transgender” or “a group of transgenders” and also you can’t be “transgendered” or be “transgendering”. Importantly there is no “ism”, being transgender is not a condition or a thing. It is an identity and a part of someone’s sense of self.
We also use the term “trans” or sometimes “trans*” as an inclusive umbrella term to encompass all transgender and gender non-conforming identities, as I mentioned earlier, they include; Non-Binary, Gender Fluid and even Drag and Crossdressing.
Language evolves over time, words and expressions that were common place in society have fallen out of use, some of these can be taken as offensive by some, newer words have taken their place and form part of everyday usage.
There is always a “space” between “trans” and “woman”, it is never acceptable to join the two together, using “transman” or “tranwoman” implies that trans people are not the same or equal to “men” or “woman”. We have “tall people”, “short people” and we have “trans people” who can also be tall or short.
Facebook has many different ways of describing yourself, sexuality and your gender identity. This list keeps evolving as people’s own sense of self and identity evolves.
Take the two words “transsexual” and “transvestite”. These terms have been largely superseded by the use of the word “transgender” and “crossdresser”. Many in the community found the conflagration of “sex” incongruent with their identity and feelings. It’s a sense of self not a sexual orientation or desire. Many who grew up when transsexual was the accepted term still own that identity and are proud of it.
Transvestite has connotations of being seedy or part of some underground the scene. The word was popularised by films such Rocky Horror with many followers dressing up to support the show for a night out.
The important thing to remember is that everyone’s identity is their own, words and how they describe themselves is important, as are their pronouns and titles.
Let’s not forget, when we are being inclusive, that cis is also a gender identity. Being a cisgender person, whilst being the traditional one that society knows about, it is still their sense of self, although many cis people have never felt the need to consider or question their own gender identity.
We should avoid labelling or making assumptions based on appearance or personal beliefs or perspectives – if in doubt, ask!
Please check out our Bite Size Learning Module on Sex, Gender and Attraction for more information. You can also see details of our workshops and talks for ways to access training for your own organisation. | <urn:uuid:cfe9a26d-1248-44f7-bb71-059e7edd4f60> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://seechangehappen.co.uk/terminology-introduction-to-gender-identities/?share=linkedin | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912205597.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20190326160044-20190326182044-00395.warc.gz | en | 0.954504 | 839 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Vitamins and minerals are essential micronutrients that our bodies need in optimal amounts. They are involved in a tremendous variety of metabolic and physiological processes in the human body. In sports, athletes depend on those metabolic and physiological processes to be operating at peak efficiency. Many of these processes are accelerated during athletic performance, so an adequate amount of these micronutrients is necessary for optimal performance.
Often, those same athletes will customize their nutritional intake according to their training regimen, sport, culture and personal tastes. Generally, the customization is focused on the macro elements of the diet—water, protein, carbohydrates and fat. Vitamins and minerals, such as calcium, should be part of the customization process to ensure that the body has the required nutrients.
Calcium also plays a vital role in skeletal muscle contraction. Nervous stimulation causes depolarization of the muscle membrane (sarcolemma), which triggers the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Calcium ions bind to troponin, and thus cause or allow the tropomyosin strands on the actin filaments to move so that the part of the actin surface where myosin heads need to bind is uncovered. Contraction then occurs.
Many factors can influence calcium in our bodies. Some of them are well known, such as vitamin D status and hormone levels. Training may also influence the calcium level in our bodies. In a study on male cyclists doing high-intensity endurance training, after the interval phase, renal calcium significantly increased, and plasma calcium levels fell slightly below the clinical norm.10 Another study showed that a meal containing 1,350 mg of calcium consumed 90 minutes prior to high-intensity exercise attenuated the rise of bone resorption markers in the blood.11
While calcium provides benefits both before and after a workout, pre-exercise supplementation may be the most helpful in lessening the decrease of blood calcium levels induced by exercise.
Minerals, along with vitamins, are essential to the proper functioning of many of the underlying systems and biochemical processes that are relied upon during sports and exercise. They should be a consideration in personalizing nutrition and in nutrient timing to achieve the most efficacious benefits.
This article was an excerpt of the full article “Customizing mineral intake to maximize sports nutrition benefits” in INSIDER’s personalized energy sports nutrition digital magazine.
Stephen Ashmead is a senior fellow for Balchem Corp. His area of specialty is in mineral amino acid chelates and their functions. | <urn:uuid:524a7c8e-c4c7-479d-9ba4-39ae74e09fa2> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.naturalproductsinsider.com/sports-nutrition/calcium-sports-enthusiasts | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027320156.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20190824084149-20190824110149-00379.warc.gz | en | 0.924356 | 518 | 3.15625 | 3 |
From the execution of Jang Song Thaek last December to the death of Kim Jong Il two years prior, it’s safe to say that the past few years have witnessed some of the most significant changes in North Korea in decades. But while rumors about Kim Jong Il’s poor health had been swirling since 2008, the rapid purge and execution of Jang Song Thaek showed just how unpredictable events in North Korea can be.
But of course, beyond these major stories broken by North Korean state media, other events and phenomena have occurred that could also have significant impact in the future. From the rise and acceptance of the market economy,to the spread of cell phone technology, to an increasingly affluent middle class, a number of bottom-up changes are occurring in North Korea that could one day have game-changing ramifications.
For the final article in our defector survey, we therefore asked our panel of eleven refugees to tell us what the biggest surprise has been in the way North Korea has developed since they left the country. While many of the responses echo observations made by long-time North Korea watchers such as Andrei Lankov and Victor Cha, some of the refugee respondents were very vocal about pointing out that there had been little, if any, meaningful changes worth talking about.
Question 10. What has surprised you most about the way North Korea has developed and evolved since you left? Please explain why
I watched a documentary about North Korea on KBS (a major South Korean broadcasting service) in February. Throughout the documentary, the narrator kept saying that there have been many changes in North Korea in recent years. But in my opinion, the country hasn’t changed a bit.
It was ludicrous for the narrator to say that changes have come in North Korea. Actually, the only change in North Korea is that there’s an even greater economic gap between the haves and have-nots.
The economic gap between rich and poor wasn’t that bad when I was in North Korea. If you had one million dollars, you’d be considered one of the richest people in the country. But now most party officials and traders who are abroad have at least 10 million dollars. Despite these new riches, the have-nots are still suffering from abject poverty and there’s a growing number of kotchebi (꽃제비 – homeless children).
“Don’t you dare to say that change has come in North Korea. That is what this defector would like to yell at the entire world”
It ached my heart to see a poverty-stricken North Korea on the documentary and I wanted to tell the producers that actually nothing has changed in North Korea. Change is never possible in North Korea. As long as Kim Jong Un’s family is in power, it is an undeniable truth that there’ll be no change ever in North Korea.
Don’t you dare to say that change has come in North Korea. That is what this defector would like to yell at the entire world.
The execution of Jang Song Thaek was the biggest shock for me. Since the succession of Kim Jung Un from his father, many new terms have entered the North Korean vocabulary. Two of them are “It feels like a feudal age” and “The big king”.
For North Koreans the reference to a “feudal age” usually means the Chosun dynasty, which was the kingdom that existed before the DPRK was created. As such, the North Korean government always taught us to criticize the feudal system. But since the succession of Kim Jung Un, the government showed the people it was no different to that of a feudal kingdom. As such, North Korean people started to say that they have gone back to feudal age, where a son can inherit power from his father.
“The execution of Jang Song Thaek was the biggest shock for me”
With the people restless due to the unsatisfying results of Kim Jong Un’s succession, Jang Song Thaek was executed without any warning.
The execution of Jang Song Thaek might make ordinary North Koreans worry for now, but I think in the end this reign of terror will backfire on Kim Jong Un. First, people knew about Jang longer than they knew Kim Jong Un. Second, most of rich and powerful people were somewhat connected to Jang’s faction.
Since the execution of Jang, people started to call Kim Jong Un the “The Big King”. The term “Big King” came from the movie which was created about a cruel leader named ‘Big King’ who governed his people with horror and ruthlessness.
Well…in my opinion, North Korea has not changed all that much since I left. I am actually baffled by how it has regressed.
For any President, the first thing he would do after being elected would be to carry out policies to generate people’s support. But in the case of North Korea, Kim Jong Un started his administration with public executions and military threats toward the South.
In other words, he already knows that it’s impossible to convincing the people to support his cause. Because to get the people’s support would require economic progress, and economic progress would be impossible without reform and opening up.
Kim Jong Un is not someone who is capable of carrying out reform. It’s surprising how North Korea’s political elites fail to see their future, and fail to see the people’s sentiments.
“North Korea has not changed all that much since I left. I am actually baffled by how it has regressed”
Another thing that has surprised me is that the internal power struggles in North Korea have become so acute that they are now visible from the outside world. The current situation in North Korea – with the public execution of his uncle Jang Song Thaek and the public release of this news – is quite unprecedented. That also means that things are quite urgent there.
You can also sense change through the expressionless faces of the North Korean people right after Kim Jong Ils death. This is no comparison to what happened with Kim Il Sung’s death. The people’s tears for Kim Il-sung were tears of absolute support and sorrow. But when Kim Jong Il died, the people were neither devasted nor stricken with grief. This is just one instance of how much the people themselves have changed.
It is very hard to think of any major changes in North Korea since I left. However, I can tell from the execution of Jang Song Thaek that the regime is unstable compared to the Kim Jong Il-era.
When Jang was executed I thought to myself, “Kim Jong Un must have worried so much that he had to execute his own uncle.” I could also tell from what happened that there was a group in the regime that was opposed to Jang Song Thaek.They might feel safer now that Jang Song Thaek is gone. But those elites won’t be as loyal as before.
“I can tell from the execution of Jang Song Thaek that the regime is unstable compared to the Kim Jong Il-era”
Beyond the politics, I’m surprised by how quickly cell phones are spreading in North Korea. In the past, I wondered when I’d be finally able to own a cell phone. But now many people in North Korea own and use cell phones. I heard that rich North Koreans even use touch phones. They also use tablet PCs. This would have been something inconceivable for all of us even a few years ago.
If North Koreans are ever allowed to use the internet freely and communicate with people in other countries, changes will come to North Korea much more quickly.
It has been 13 years since I left North Korea. In this time, the most surprising change I have seen has been the vitalization of the market economy in North Korea – and the public’s increasing dependence on it.
The market economy has developed significantly, to an unimaginable point at the time when I was there. As such, the North Korean people’s dependence to the government is decreasing every day. This means that the control of the North Korean regime is weakening day by day.
“The most surprising change I have seen has been the vitalization of the market economy in North Korea”
Also, I have heard that North Korean people, in private settings, increasingly complain or share their true thoughts about the regime. This was all unimaginable when I was in North Korea.
The emergence and distribution of mobile phones has been a big surprise for me.
Originally the North Korean regime wasn’t in favor of allowing people to use mobile phones because they were afraid of rumors spreading quickly about people.
As such, it is surprising that more and more people own cell phones all over North Korea now.
“The emergence and distribution of mobile phones has been a big surprise for me”
Since I left the country over ten years ago, I have been constantly surprised at how slowly North Korea changes.
Except for Pyongyang, places in North Korea seem to get worse and worse.
While there is an emerging class of North Koreans who dress like South Koreans and are in possession of cell phones are wealthy, they only make up a very small portion of the North Korean population.
“I have been constantly surprised at how slowly North Korea changes”
As such, the biggest change is that the rich keeps getting richer with time, and the increasing economic divide between the haves and have-nots continues to grow.
Increasingly, North Koreans get to go to China to work as migrant workers. In the past, they were sent to Siberia to work in logging where they had highly limited contact with the local people deep in the mountains.
However, North Koreans are now sent to urban cities in China as migrant workers – and this is something that will a big impact on their view of the DPRK leadership.
They’ll be able to see the great difference and contrast between China and North Korea. They’ll also see the world through the TV in Chinese cities. You could say that they’ll start to believe in other ideologies.
“Increasingly, North Koreans get to go to China to work as migrant workers”
For me I think the biggest surprise has been that people completely understand the concept of a market economy now. Today, if there were no longer markets, it would create a situation in which people couldn’t live.
The market is leading to specialized economic activities of many types. In their own way, people now specialize in one type of business transaction or another. Consequently, people are increasingly out on the road, and that’s a big change.
I think the upper class families in Sinheung have got a lot wealthier. Therefore, the gap between the the rich people in Sinheung and the poor is now beyond our imagination. As a result of market activity there are now a lot of rich people in North Korea, some of whom might hold more than $50,000 in savings.
“If there were no longer markets, it would create a situation in which people couldn’t live”
Other surprises for me have been the rise of tourism, spread of mobile phones, and increasing amount of foreign currency in distribution.
What surprised me most was the importance of the surveillance system (on the community). A system where neighbors watched over one another seemed to work like a frightening web in the community.
Another thing that surprised me since leaving was the opening up of Rajin and Sonbong, the fact that something that was being discussed in the age of Kim Il Sung was only implemented over a decade later.
“Another thing that surprised me since leaving was the opening up of Rajin and Sonbong”
Also, North Korea hasn’t been changed since I left.
I was a bit surprised by the execution of Jang Song Thaek, but it was the result of the cruelty of Kim Jong Un – not from change in North Korea. There is no need to write the reasons for this, as I haven’t been that surprised.
Main picture: E. Lafforgue
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One Beetle Too Many
The Extraordinary Adventures of Charles Darwin
author: Kathryn Lasky
illustrator: Matthew Trueman
In a clear, engaging narrative, Kathryn Lasky takes readers along on Darwin’s journey, from his beetle-collecting childhood to his observations of variations in plants and animals, suggesting that all living things are evolving over time. Matthew Trueman’s striking mixed-media illustrations include actual objects found in nature, enhancing this compelling look at the man behind the bold theory that would change the way we think about the world—and ourselves.
Back matter includes a bibliography.
"Lasky’s text balances the exuberant artwork with well-organized information, gracefully sprinkling in quotes from Darwin." — School Library Journal (starred review) | <urn:uuid:2c98dde3-07ec-4028-95c6-0449468c8145> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.candlewick.com/cat.asp?browse=Title&mode=book&isbn=0763668427&pix=n | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496664437.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20191111191704-20191111215704-00425.warc.gz | en | 0.884562 | 166 | 2.859375 | 3 |
When sizing a pulse-jet dust collector, it is important to consider not just air-to-cloth ratio but also interstitial velocity. High levels of interstitial velocity in a dust collector can lead to unnecessary complications preventing efficient facility operations and process performance. Thus, it is important to be sure your interstitial velocity is at or below an acceptable optimal level.
What is Interstitial Velocity?
Interstitial velocity is defined as the upward velocity of the air through the open area between the filter bags inside a dust collector.
Upward velocity occurs when a hopper inlet is used on a pulse-jet baghouse. Dusty air is introduced into the hopper and travels upward into the filter housing where cleaned gas passes through the filter bags and dust is deposited on the exterior of the bags.
Sometimes the term “can velocity” is incorrectly used to refer to interstitial velocity. The distinction is that can velocity is the upward velocity through the entire housing without taking into consideration the cross sectional area taken up by the filter bags; it may also be seen as the upward velocity just below the bags.
If the interstitial velocity of the upward air flow is too high, then the dust pulsed off the bags during cleaning will not migrate downward to the hopper. Instead it will be re-entrained and carried back onto the bag surface. The results can be high pressure drop, excessive use of compressed air, and shortened bag life.
Interstitial velocity is calculated as the air volume divided by the cross-sectional area of the collection minus the cross-sectional area of the bag:
What is optimal interstitial velocity?
The optimal interstitial velocity is a function of several variables, including bulk density, particle size distribution, agglomerating/non-agglomerating tendencies of the dust, and inlet loadings.
Bulk Density: The higher the bulk density of a dust, the greater its tendency to settle downward against the rising air. Therefore, higher interstitial velocities may be used for higher bulk density dusts.
Particle size: The smaller the particle, the slower it settles or falls, and the greater the effect of upward air flow keeping the dust in suspension. Generally, smaller particle sizes should indicate the use of lower interstitial velocities.
Agglomerating/non-agglomerating: Material that has a tendency to agglomerate (stick together) generally will be pulsed off more in “mass” than in discrete particles. Agglomerating particles may allow for the use of higher interstitial velocities.
Inlet Loading: Inlet loading is the rate of the mass of solid material being introduced into the dust collector. Extremes of high and low loadings might allow slightly higher interstitial velocities.
Optimizing interstitial velocity on a new dust collector
Normally, when designing a new dust collector, the baghouse selection process involves dividing the incoming air volume by the desired or specified air-to-cloth ratio. The number of filter bags is then selected by choosing the maximum length bag and minimum quantity which allows for the required cloth area. If these selection procedures are followed and interstitial velocity is higher than the recommended range, there are some optional considerations to explore.
- Change the length of the filter bags. Resize the dust collector using 8 ft. bags instead of 10 ft. bags or change from 8 ft. to 6 ft., etc.
- Change the diameter of the bags. Use a 4-1/2” dia. bag instead of a 5-3/4” dia. bag to make a dramatic reduction in interstitial velocity. Bag-to-bag spacing increases from 2” to 3-1/2”.
- Use a high inlet. High inlets introduce the dusty air into the upper filter housing instead of the hopper, which essentially eliminates the upward velocity issue.
- Use wider bag row spacing. Changing the distance between rows of bags from the standard of 8” centers to something greater will also reduce upward velocity. Remember to consider not only row to row spacing, but also the spacing between the bags in the row.
- You may have to use a combination of these to achieve the required results. For example, to reduce upward velocity to <100 fpm, it may be necessary to use bag lengths of less than 10 ft. and also change the pulse row spacing to more than 8”.
Optimizing interstitial velocity on an existing dust collector
In an existing collector installation, too high interstitial velocity can be a difficult condition and expensive to remedy. Possible modifications to reduce interstitial velocity include:
- Increase the open area in the filter housing by changing to smaller diameter bags. This requires installing a new tubesheet. Note that an increase of the air-to-cloth ratio would result, but lowering the interstitial velocity may still improve the operation.
- Change to smaller diameter bags with increased length to maintain required air-to-cloth ratio. In addition to changing the tubesheet, the filter housing must be modified to accept the longer bags.
- Re-engineer the ventilation system to reduce air volume (CFM) entering the collector.
- Install pleated bags. A pleated element has considerably more filter area than conventional bags, substantially increasing the potential cloth area. Rows of bags could be eliminated, reducing the can velocity while maintaining or even lowering air-to-cloth ratio.
- Modify the filter housing with a high inlet section to eliminate upward velocity.
Careful thought during the design stage on a new dust collector can provide a sound design and trouble-free operation. In the same line of thought, putting heavy consideration into the most price-efficient and appropriate alternation methods on an existing dust collector can drastically increase operation.
For further questions regarding interstitial velocity, or to inquire about the optimal interstitial velocity for your collector, give Sly a call at 800-334-2957 and our experienced team of engineers will work to answer your questions. You can be certain with Sly! | <urn:uuid:168cef4d-d83a-4455-af59-d40c471e19ae> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://blog.slyinc.com/optimize-interstitial-velocity-dust-collectors | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584520525.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20190124100934-20190124122934-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.905241 | 1,247 | 2.96875 | 3 |
|What is Heart Rate Variability?
This is a degree of variance that reflects the heart's ability to adapt to changing
circumstances by detecting and quickly responding to unpredictable stimuli.
Using the DPA machine, which is an FDA approved device for measuring both
PTG and HRV, we can measure the beat-to-beat fluctuations in the rhythm of the
heart and the intervals between successive complexes.
Sophisticated software enables us to measure imperceptible time differences
between normal beats.
|So what does this measurement tell us?
This non-invasive test helps us to measure the interaction between sympathetic ('fight or flight' energy) and
parasympathetic (the opposite, or 'relaxation' response) in autonomic functioning.
It reflects the body's ability to adapt to performance at maximum efficiency.
It gives us a measurement of overall health and well-being.
|Low Heart Rate Variability has been shown in
mortality rate in both healthy and unhealthy subjects.
HRV can be a predictor of all-cause mortality.
Autonomic Nervous System Disorders displayed in
*Connective Tissue Disorder (Lupus)
*Chronic renal disease
* Chronic Pain
By understanding HRV results we can
determine protocol for re-balancing of the
system. This may include such therapies as
yoga, meditation, chiropractic, acupuncture,
nutritional supplementation, adrenal
support, pitutitary/hypothalamus and
RNA/DNA support for instance.
The goal is to have proper communication
between the brain and the peripheral | <urn:uuid:956597fd-5c74-4155-8968-3b685dca34bc> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://drgaelriverz.com/HeartRateVariability.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917124478.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031204-00573-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.814686 | 339 | 3.0625 | 3 |
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Psychosexual Stages of Personality Development
Freud believed that all behaviors are defensive but that not everyone uses the same defenses in the same way. All of us are driven by the same id impulses, but there is not the same universality in the nature of the ego and superego. Although these structures of the personality perform the same functions for everyone, their content varies from one person to another. They differ because they are formed through experience, and no two people have precisely the same experiences, not even siblings reared in the same house. Thus, part of our personality is formed on the basis of the unique relationships we have as children with various people and objects. We develop a personal set of character attributes, a consistent pattern of behavior that defines each of us as an individual.
A person’s unique character type develops in childhood largely from parent–child interactions. The child tries to maximize pleasure by satisfying the id demands, while parents, as representatives of society, try to impose the demands of reality and morality. So important did Freud consider childhood experiences that he said the adult personality was firmly shaped and crystallized by the fifth year of life. What persuaded him that these early years are crucial were his own childhood memories and the memories revealed by his adult patients. Invariably, as his patients lay on his psychoanalytic couch, they reached far back into childhood. Increasingly, Freud perceived that the adult neurosis had been formed in the early years of life.
Freud sensed strong sexual conflicts in the infant and young child, conflicts that seemed to revolve around specific regions of the body. He noted that each body region with gratification received from defecation.
Sometimes a person is reluctant or unable to move from one stage to the next because the conflict has not been resolved or because the needs have been so supremely satisfied by an indulgent parent that the child doesn’t want to move on. In either case, the individual is said to be fixated at this stage of development. In fixation, a portion of libido or psychic energy remains invested in that developmental stage, leaving less energy for the following stages.
Central to the psychosexual theory is the infant’s sex drive. Freud shocked his colleagues and the general public when he argued that babies are motivated by sexual impulses. Recall, however, that Freud did not define sex in a narrow way. He believed that the infant is driven to obtain a diffuse form of bodily pleasure deriving from the mouth, anus, and genitals, the erogenous zones that define the stages of development during the first 5 years of life.
The Oral Stage
The oral stage, the first stage of psychosexual development, lasts from birth until some time during the second year of life. During this period the infant’s principal source of pleasure is the mouth. The infant derives pleasure from sucking, biting, and swallowing. Of course, the mouth is used for survival (for the ingestion of food and water), but Freud placed a greater emphasis on the erotic satisfactions derived from oral activities.
The infant is in a state of dependence on the mother or caregiver. She or he becomes the primary object of the child’s libido. In more familiar terms, we might say the infant is learning, in a primitive way, to love the mother. How the mother responds to the infant’s demands, which at this time are solely id demands, determines the nature of the baby’s small world. The infant learns from the mother to perceive the world as good or bad, satisfying or frustrating, safe or perilous.
There are two ways of behaving during this stage: oral incorporative behavior (taking in) and oral aggressive or oral sadistic behavior (biting or spitting out). The oral incorporative mode occurs first and involves the pleasurable stimulation of the mouth by other people and by food. Adults fixated at the oral incorporative stage are excessively concerned with oral activities, such as eating, drinking, smoking, and kissing. If, as infants, they were excessively gratified, their adult oral personality will be predisposed to unusual optimism and dependency. Because they were overindulged in infancy, they continue to depend on others to gratify their needs. As a consequence, they are overly gullible, swallow or believe anything they are told, and trust other people inordinately. Such people are labeled oral passive personality types.
The second oral behavior, oral aggressive or oral sadistic, occurs during the painful, frustrating eruption of teeth. As a result of this experience, infants come to view the mother with hatred as well as love. Persons fixated at this level are prone to excessive pessimism, hostility, and aggressiveness. They are likely to be argumentative and sarcastic, making so-called biting remarks and displaying cruelty toward others. They tend to be envious of other people and try to exploit and manipulate them in an effort to dominate.
The oral stage concludes at the time of weaning, although some libido remains if fixation has occurred. Then the infant’s focus shifts to the other end.
The Anal Stage
Society, in the form of parents, tends to defer to the infant’s needs during the first year of life, adjusting to its demands and expecting relatively little adjustment in return. This situation changes dramatically around the age of 18 months, when a new demand, toilet training, is made of the child. Freud believed that the experience of toilet training during the anal stage had a significant effect on personality development. Defecation produces erotic pleasure for the child, but with the onset of toilet training, the child must learn to postpone or delay this pleasure. For the first time, gratification of an instinctual impulse is interfered with as parents attempt to regulate the time and place for defecation.
As any parent can attest, this is a time of conflict for all concerned. The child learns that he or she has (or is) a weapon that can be used against the parents. The child has control over something and can choose to comply or not with the parents’ demands. If the toilet training is not going well—for example, if the child has difficulty learning or the parents are excessively demanding—the child may react in one of two ways. One way is to defecate when and where the parents disapprove, thus defying their attempts at regulation. If the child finds this a satisfactory technique for reducing frustration and uses it frequently, he or she may develop an anal aggressive personality. To Freud, this was the basis for many forms of hostile and sadistic behavior in adult life, including cruelty, destructiveness, and temper tantrums. Such a person is likely to be disorderly and to view other people as objects to be possessed.
A second way the child may react to the frustration of toilet training is to hold back or retain the feces. This produces a feeling of erotic pleasure (derived from a full lower intestine) and can be another successful technique for manipulating the parents. They may become concerned if the child goes several days without a bowel movement. Thus, the child discovers a new method for securing parental attention and affection. This behavior is the basis for the development of an anal retentive personality. Stubborn and stingy, such a person hoards or retains things because feelings of security depend on what is saved and possessed and on the order in which possessions and other aspects of life are maintained. The person is likely to be rigid, compulsively neat, obstinate, and overly conscientious.
The Phallic Stage
A new set of problems arises around the fourth to fifth year, when the focus of pleasure shifts from the anus to the genitals. Again the child faces a battle between an id impulse and the demands of society, as reflected in parental expectations.
Children at the phallic stage display considerable interest in exploring and manipulating the genitals, their own and those of their playmates. Pleasure is derived from the genital region not only through behaviors such as masturbation, but also through fantasies. The child becomes curious about birth and about why boys have penises and girls do not. The child may talk about wanting to marry the parent of the opposite sex.
The phallic stage is the last of the pre-genital or childhood stages, and phallic conflicts are the most complex ones to resolve. They are difficult for many people to accept because they involve the notion of incest, a taboo in many cultures. Between incestuous desires and masturbation we can see the seeds of shock, anger, and suppression being sown in the parents of the typical 4-year-old. Reality and morality come to grips with the evil id once again.
The Oedipus complex in boys. The basic conflict of the phallic stage centers on the unconscious desire of the child for the parent of the opposite sex. Accompanying this is the unconscious desire to replace or destroy the parent of the same sex. Out of Freud’s identification of this conflict came one of his best-known concepts: the Oedipus complex. Its name comes from the Greek myth described in the play Oedipus Rex, written by Sophocles in the fifth century B.C. In this story, young Oedipus kills his father and marries his mother, not knowing who they are.
The Oedipus complex operates differently for boys and girls; Freud developed the male part of the complex more fully. In the Oedipus complex, the mother becomes a love object for the young boy. Through fantasy and overt behavior, he displays his sexual longings for her. However, the boy sees the father as an obstacle in his path and regards him as a rival and a threat. He perceives that the father has a special relationship with the mother in which he, the boy, is not allowed to participate. As a result, he becomes jealous of and hostile toward the father. Freud drew his formulation of the Oedipus complex from his childhood experiences. He wrote, “I have found love of the mother and jealousy of the father in my own case, too” (Freud, 1954, p. 223).
Accompanying the boy’s desire to replace his father is the fear that the father will retaliate and harm him. He interprets his fear of his father in genital terms, becoming fearful that his father will cut off the offending organ (the boy’s penis), which is the source of the boy’s pleasure and sexual longings. And so castration anxiety, as Freud called it, comes to play a role, as it may have done in Freud’s childhood. “There are a number of indications that [Freud’s father] enjoined little Sigmund not to play with his genitals, and even threatened him with castration if he did” (Krüll, 1986, p. 110).
Additional evidence to support this contention comes from Freud’s later writings on masturbation, in which he saw such threats from fathers as common. Freud also reported that his adult dreams contained material relating to the fear of castration by his father.
Two other childhood events may have reinforced Freud’s fear of castration. At around the age of 3, he and his nephew engaged in some rough sex play with his niece and discovered she did not have a penis. For a 3-year-old boy, this may have been sufficient evidence that penises can be cut off. In the opinion of one Freud biographer, “the threat of castration is particularly realistic to a Jewish boy, since it is easy to establish a connection between ritual circumcision and castration” (Krüll,
1986, p. 110). Freud confirmed this in his later writings.
So strong is the boy’s fear of castration that he is forced to repress his sexual desire for his mother. To Freud, this was a way of resolving the Oedipal conflict. The boy replaces the sexual longing for the mother with a more acceptable affection and develops a strong identification with the father. In so doing, the boy experiences a degree of vicarious sexual satisfaction. To enhance the identification, he attempts to become more like his father by adopting his mannerisms, behaviors, attitudes, and superego standards.
The Oedipus complex in girls. Freud was less clear about the female phallic conflict, which some of his followers termed the Electra complex. Like the boy’s, the girl’s first object of love is the mother, because she is the primary source of food, affection, and security in infancy. During the phallic stage, however, the father becomes the girl’s new love object. Why does this shift from mother to father take place? Freud said it was because of the girl’s reaction to her discovery that boys have a penis and girls do not.
The girl blames her mother for her supposedly inferior condition and consequently comes to love her mother less. She may even hate the mother for what she imagines the mother did to her. She comes to envy her father and transfers her love to him because he possesses the highly valued sex organ. Freud wrote: “girls feel deeply their lack of a sexual organ that is equal in value to the male one; they regard themselves on that account as inferior and this envy for the penis is the origin of a whole number of characteristic feminine reactions” (Freud, 1925, p. 212). Thus, a girl develops penis envy, a counterpart to a boy’s castration anxiety. She believes she has lost her penis; he fears he will lose his.
This female Oedipus complex, Freud suggested, can never be totally resolved, a situation he believed led to poorly developed superegos in women. Freud wrote that an adult woman’s love for a man is always tinged with penis envy, for which she can partially compensate by having a male child. The girl comes to identify with the mother and repress her love for her father, but Freud was not specific about how this occurs.
The phallic personality. Phallic conflicts and their degree of resolution are of major importance in determining adult relations with and attitudes toward the opposite sex. Poorly resolved conflicts can cause lingering forms of castration anxiety and penis envy. The so-called phallic character or personality type evidences strong narcissism.
Although continually acting to attract the opposite sex, these persons have difficulty establishing mature heterosexual relationships. They need continual recognition and appreciation of their attractive and unique qualities. As long as they receive such support they function well, but when it is lacking they feel inadequate and inferior.
Freud described the male phallic personality as brash, vain, and self-assured. Men with this personality try to assert or express their masculinity through activities such as repeated sexual conquests. The female phallic personality, motivated by penis envy, exaggerates her femininity and uses her talents and charms to overwhelm and conquer men.
The tense drama of the phallic stage is repressed in all of us. Its effects motivate us as adults at the unconscious level, and we recall little, if anything, of the conflict.
The Latency Period
The storms and stresses of the oral, anal, and phallic stages of psychosexual development are the amalgam out of which most of the adult personality is shaped. The three major structures of the personality—the id, ego, and superego—have been formed by approximately the age of 5, and the relationships among them are being solidified.
Fortunately, because the child and parents certainly could use some rest, the next 5 or 6 years are quiet. The latency period is not a psychosexual stage of development. The sex instinct is dormant, temporarily sublimated in school activities, hobbies, and sports and in developing friendships with members of the same sex.
The Genital Stage
The genital stage, the final psychosexual stage of development, begins at puberty. The body is becoming physiologically mature, and if no major fixations have occurred at an earlier stage of development, the individual may be able to lead a normal life. Freud believed that the conflict during this period is less intense than in the other stages. The adolescent must conform to societal sanctions and taboos that exist concerning sexual expression, but conflict is minimized through sublimation. The sexual energy pressing for expression in the teenage years can be at least partially satisfied through the pursuit of socially acceptable substitutes and, later, through a committed adult relationship with a person of the opposite sex. The genital personality type is able to find satisfaction in love and work, the latter being an acceptable outlet for sublimation of the id impulses.
Freud emphasized the importance of the early childhood years in determining the adult personality. According to Freud, the first 5 years are the crucial ones. His personality theory pays less attention to later childhood and adolescence, and he was little concerned with personality development in adulthood. To Freud, what we are as adults—how we behave, think, and feel—is determined by the conflicts to which we are exposed and with which we must cope before many of us have even learned to read. | <urn:uuid:fe78aaea-154b-44c9-88cb-ff93144475ab> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://zone4counseling.blogspot.com/2011/09/psychosexual-stages-of-personality.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323908.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629103036-20170629123036-00053.warc.gz | en | 0.967619 | 3,534 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Other issues, including illegal immigration and climate change, are seen as less pressing, due in part to stark partisan disagreements over the importance of these issues.
Two-thirds of Americans view the affordability of health care as a very big problem for the country today, while another 26% say it is a moderately big problem. Fewer than one-in-ten say affording health care is a small problem (6%) or not a problem at all (2%).
A comparable majority says drug addiction is a major problem: 64% say it is a very big problem in the country and 28% say it is a moderately big problem.
Narrower majorities say the affordability of a college education (55%) and the federal budget deficit (53%) are very big problems in the country. About half say this about climate change (48%).
Somewhat smaller shares of the public cite other issues as very big problems for the country. For instance, 43% say this about illegal immigration and 39% say this about terrorism.
Sexism and job opportunities rank at the bottom of the public’s list of problems in the country. At a time when the public holds positive views of the economy overall, just 25% say job opportunities for all Americans is a very big problem. About the same share (26%) calls sexism a very big problem.
For the most part, assessments of the pressing problems facing the U.S. have not changed a great deal in recent years. However, the shares of Americans who say that terrorism and job opportunities for all Americans are very big problems have declined substantially since November 2016, shortly before the presidential election. At that time, 53% viewed terrorism as a very big problem; today, 39% express this view. And the share who view job opportunities as a very big problem is only about half the level it was three years ago (25% now, 47% then).
Wide partisan differences in views of most major problems
As in the past, there are wide partisan differences on the perceived seriousness of most of the problems asked about in the survey. Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents are far more likely than Republicans and GOP leaners to say several concerns are very big problems – especially climate change, economic inequality and racism.
Majorities of Democrats say all three are very big problems, compared with fewer than a quarter of Republicans. For example, 73% of Democrats say climate change is a very big problem, compared with just 17% of Republicans. (For more on partisanship and views of climate change, see “U.S. Public Views on Climate and Energy.”)
Republicans, by contrast, are more likely to say illegal immigration is a very big problem. Two-thirds of Republicans say illegal immigration is a very big problem; the only problem cited by similar shares of Republicans is drug addiction (68%). Just 23% of Democrats cite illegal immigration as a very big problem, the lowest share for any of the 11 issues included in the survey.
There are a handful of issues that are viewed similarly across partisan lines: Majorities in both parties say drug addiction is a very big problem, though Republicans are more likely than Democrats to express this view (68% vs. 61%). About half of Republicans (54%) and Democrats (52%) say the federal budget deficit is a very big problem. Terrorism ranks relatively low as a concern among Republicans (41%) and Democrats (36%).
Among Democrats and Republicans, there are areas of ideological agreement – and some notable differences – on the severity of problems in the U.S.
On climate change, liberal Democrats (84%) are significantly more likely than conservative and moderate Democrats (64%) to say this is a very big problem. Among Republicans, 28% of moderates and liberals say climate change is a very big problem compared with an even smaller share of conservatives (11%).
Illegal immigration is the top national problem among conservative Republicans (75% say it is a very big problem), but is viewed as a major problem by fewer moderate and liberal Republicans (53%). Conservative and moderate Democrats are twice as likely as liberal Democrats to say illegal immigration is a very big problem (30% vs. 15%).
Notably, one national concern – drug addiction – is viewed as a very big problem by majorities across the ideological spectrum. Two-thirds of conservative and moderate Democrats (66%) say drug addiction is a very big problem; a smaller majority of liberal Democrats (57%) say the same. Nearly identical shares of conservative Republicans (68%) and moderate and liberal Republicans (66%) say drug addiction is a very big problem.
Age differences in views of the nation’s biggest problems
Yet there are notable age differences on such issues as illegal immigration, the federal budget deficit, terrorism and climate change.
On three of these four issues – illegal immigration, the deficit and terrorism – older adults are more likely than young people to regard them as very big problems. For example, 57% of those ages 65 and older and nearly as many ages 50 to 64 (53%) view illegal immigration as a major problem. Fewer than half of those ages 30 to 49 (38%) and only about a quarter of those younger than 30 (23%) say the same.
By contrast, adults under age 30 are the only age group in which a majority (59%) views climate change as a very big problem. Smaller shares of those 30 to 49 (47%), 50 to 64 (42%) and 65 and older (44%) place the same level of importance on the issue.
The most striking age gap, by far, in opinions among Republicans is on illegal immigration: Republicans ages 65 and older are 50 percentage points more likely than those younger than 30 to say illegal immigration is a very big problem for the country (85% vs. 35%).
The youngest Republicans also are less likely than older adults in the GOP to say terrorism and the federal budget deficit are very big problems for the country.
On climate change, the age pattern among Republicans runs in the opposite direction. Just 15% of Republicans ages 30 and older say climate change is a very big problem for the country. The youngest Republicans are more likely to see the issue as a very big problem; still, the overall share of young Republicans who say this is relatively modest (32%).
Views of top problems vary by race and ethnicity
Views of the country’s most pressing problems also differ by race and ethnicity. In general, black and Hispanic adults tend to be more likely than whites to assign high importance to a range of issues.
One of the largest divides in views is over the issue of racism. Majorities of blacks (75%) and Hispanics (61%) view racism as a very big problem in the country today. By contrast, just 33% of whites give the issue the same level of importance.
Two-thirds of blacks (66%) view economic inequality as a very big problem for the country; 51% of Hispanics share this view. Among whites, 39% view economic inequality as a very big problem.
When it comes to job opportunities for all Americans, 53% of black adults say this is a very big problem for the country today, compared with smaller shares of Hispanics (31%) and whites (18%).
Democrats differ by race and ethnicity in their views of some of the major problems in the country. (Differences by race and ethnicity among Republicans were not analyzed due to insufficient sample sizes. Most Republicans and Republican leaners are white; the share of nonwhites in the GOP is far smaller than among Democrats.)
White Democrats are ideologically divided on this issue: While a 60% majority of white liberals say racism is a very big problem, just 41% of white conservative and moderate Democrats say the same.
In addition, black Democrats (52%) are more likely than white (25%) or Hispanic Democrats (37%) to view job opportunities for all Americans as a very big problem.
Economic inequality is viewed as a major problem by nearly identical shares of black and white Democrats (70% and 68% respectively); a somewhat smaller majority of Hispanic Democrats (59%) view inequality as a very big problem. Yet there are wide ideological differences among white Democrats: 78% of white liberals see inequality as a very big problem, compared with 56% of white conservative and moderate Democrats.
Climate change divides Democrats by race and ethnicity, and white Democrats by ideology. Among white and Hispanic Democrats, roughly as many cite climate change as a very big problem for the country as cite the affordability of health care. Among black Democrats, however, 56% say climate change is a very big problem, compared with 79% who say the affordability of health care is a major problem.
Among white Democrats, an overwhelming share of liberals (89%) say climate change is a very big problem for the country. A smaller majority of white conservative and moderate Democrats (69%) say climate change is a major problem for the U.S. | <urn:uuid:760ab768-546d-48d5-96db-36567c083232> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2019/12/17/views-of-the-major-problems-facing-the-country/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304959.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20220126162115-20220126192115-00141.warc.gz | en | 0.963727 | 1,817 | 2.609375 | 3 |
40年的休养生息 40 years of recovery
Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument, Washington
Today is an important day in American history. We're standing on the Boundary Trail at Johnston Ridge in the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument. Forty years ago today, 110,000 acres within Gifford Pinchot National Forest was set aside to memorialize the deadliest and most destructive volcanic eruption in the United States. For nearly nine hours on May 18th, 1980, the Mount St. Helens erupted, forever changing the Washington landscape. The volcanic event started at roughly 8:30 on a Sunday morning with a 5.1 magnitude earthquake. This triggered what is known as a 'lateral eruption,' which means the lava blast comes out of the side of the volcano, rather than the top. The initial blast shaved more than a thousand feet off the mountain's elevation, resulting in a massive avalanche and the destruction of about 150 square miles of the surrounding forest. When the event ended, 57 people had died, 200 homes and almost 200 miles of nearby highway had been destroyed.
The monument was established by President Ronald Reagan in 1982 to preserve the area for research, recreation, and education. The land inside has been left to mostly recover naturally since the eruption. While it's believed that Mount St. Helens will erupt again sometime within the next few centuries, that has not deterred people from hiking and climbing at the monument, which has been allowed since 1986.
123岁生日快乐！ Happy 123rd birthday
Mount Rainier National Park
Mount Rainier is the crown jewel of its namesake national park, designated March 2, 1899, by President William McKinley. It was just the fifth national park in the United States. Beyond the mountain, the 369-square-mile park also includes valleys, waterfalls, old-growth forests, and pristine alpine meadows famous for summer wildflowers.
Rainier is considered the most glaciated peak in the contiguous US. Native Americans named it Tahoma, which translates to mother of waters. Indeed, the mountain spawns five major rivers, and to this day, its snowmelt provides much of the water for the region.
Although beautiful, Rainier is also one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the world. Scientists consider an eruption in the near future to be highly probable. In addition to spewing ash and triggering landslides, a major eruption would likely trigger massive mudflows, called lahars, that would send a tsunami of mud, boulders, and debris toward the cities of Tacoma and Seattle, only 100 miles away. For now, we'll just admire the majesty of this sleeping giant and be thankful that the national park protects so much pristine northwest wilderness.
Islands of the Salish Sea
The San Juan archipelago is made up of over 400 islands and rocks, some only visible during low tide, in the Salish Sea between Washington state and Vancouver Island, British Columbia. No bridges connect the San Juans to the mainland, but four of the largest islands—San Juan, Orcas, Lopez, and Shaw—are accessible via the Washington State Ferries. Tourists come to the islands to take in the stunning coastal views, catch a glimpse of resident orcas, and partake in many outdoor activities, such as sea kayaking, biking, and hiking. One popular destination is the San Juan Island National Historical Park, which was established on September 9, 1966, to commemorate the Pig War. That strangely named confrontation between the US and the UK was sparked, in part, by the killing of a pig in 1859. But it was really a dispute over ownership of the islands.
圣胡安群岛由400多个岛屿和岩石组成，其中一些只有在退潮时才能看到，位于华盛顿州和不列颠哥伦比亚省温哥华岛之间的萨利什海。圣胡安岛与大陆之间没有桥梁连接，但圣胡安岛、奥卡斯岛、洛佩兹岛和肖岛四个最大的岛屿可以通过华盛顿州的渡轮到达。游客来到这些岛屿是为了欣赏美丽的海岸风光，欣赏当地的虎鲸，并参与许多户外活动，如海上皮划艇、骑自行车和徒步旅行。圣胡安岛国家历史公园（San Juan Island National Historical Park）是一个受欢迎的目的地，它建于1966年9月9日，是为了纪念猪战争。美英之间那场奇怪的对峙，部分是由1859年一头猪被杀引发的。但这确实是一场关于岛屿所有权的争端。
A wild, craggy corner of the United States
The sun is setting here on the west coast of Washington state's rugged Olympic Peninsula, where more than 3,000 square miles of marine waters are protected as part of the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary. Wondering where exactly we are? Look at a map of the United States and draw your finger up the west coast until it ends where the Strait of Juan de Fuca meets the Pacific Ocean. Those final 135 miles of shoreline form the landward boundary of the sanctuary, which also extends seaward 25 to 50 miles.
This area attracts more than 3 million visitors a year. Many come to catch glimpses of the 29 species of marine mammals that reside in or migrate through this area, like humpback, gray, and orca whales, plus seals, sea lions, and sea otters. Salmon and halibut thrive here, as do any number of seabirds that make their nests in the craggy rock walls, seagrass, and treetops. At low tide, visitors explore tidepools teeming with life. This sanctuary is more than ecological resource, it's also home to vibrant Native American tribes. The Makah, Quileute, Hoh, and Quinault have been here for centuries, long before the first English sea captains spotted the coast and gave it its current name.
In 1846, when Congress authorized an institution 'for the increase and diffusion of knowledge,' no one could have predicted what the Smithsonian Institution would eventually become. Today, on our 175th anniversary, the Smithsonian is the world's largest museum, education, and research complex. And in the decades that I have worked at here—as an educator, curator, museum director, and now as Secretary—I have watched us grow into a vital and vibrant 21st-century institution: conducting groundbreaking research, becoming a national leader in K-12 education, creating new museums that represent the American experience more fully, and equipping our audiences to tackle the world's most pressing challenges.
The Arts and Industries Building (AIB), pictured here, exemplifies our role as both a cultural steward and a hub of innovation. The Smithsonian's second-oldest building, AIB opened in 1881 as the US National Museum. An architectural icon located at the heart of the National Mall, its soaring halls introduced millions of Americans to wonders about to change the world—Edison's lightbulb, the first telephone, Apollo rockets. Since the 19th century, when it hosted early flight experiments and the country's burgeoning natural history collections, AIB has been a place for creativity and invention.
This forward-looking spirit is embodied in FUTURES, the Arts and Industries Building's large-scale, dynamic exhibition opening in November 2021. Focusing on interactive discovery and collaboration, the exhibition will feature art installations, technology debuts, interactive experiences, and ideas that preview humanity's next chapter. (This entry was written by Lonnie G. Bunch III, secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.)
这种前瞻性的精神体现在2021年11月艺术与工业大厦（art and Industries Building）的大型、充满活力的展览开幕式上。该展览将以互动发现和协作为重点，展示艺术装置、技术首次亮相、互动体验和思想，预展人类的下一篇章(这篇文章是朗尼G。布奇三世，史密森学会秘书。）
Welcome to the Hoh
Don't let this sunny picture fool you. The Hoh, a temperate rainforest on the western side of Olympic National Park in Washington state, sees between 12 and 14 feet of rain each year, making it one of the wettest places in the continental US. But all that moisture creates a lush, even mystical environment. The forest features a mix of conifers and deciduous trees draped heavily with moss, like the arching big leaf maple in our homepage image. A stroll through the forest will also reveal the massive Sitka spruce and western hemlock that may reach more than 300 feet up into the dense canopy. Below, the woods teem with ferns, lichen, and other vegetation. It's an enchanted forest right out of a fairy tale.
Rhododendrons and azaleas blooming around Moon Bridge, Kubota Garden, Seattle, Washington (© Mary Liz Austin/Alamy)
It's Asian Pacific American Heritage Month
As Asian Pacific American Heritage month kicks off today, we're visiting Kubota Garden in Seattle, part of the city's extensive park system. The 20-acre Japanese garden is tucked away in the Rainier Valley district—one of the traditional centers of Seattle's Asian American community.
The garden was founded on five acres of converted swampland by self-taught gardener Fujitaro Kubota, who emigrated from Japan in 1907. Founding his own gardening company in Seattle by 1923, he built a reputation by applying Japanese techniques to gardens across the still-young city. He established his namesake garden in 1927, and it quadrupled in acreage over the next decade. Later, during World War II, Kubota and other Japanese Americans were forced into internment camps and the garden was abandoned. But after the war, Kubota restored the garden and his business. He died in 1973, aged 94. But he lives on through his now-public garden, and as one example of the millions of Asian and Pacific Islander Americans who've helped build and beautify our nation.
Spring comes to the Palouse
The Palouse region of the inland Pacific Northwest is an unusually hilly prairie that straddles the state line between Washington and Idaho. Farming seems an unlikely endeavor here, but the soil and weather patterns make it ideal for growing certain crops, especially wheat and lentils. This time of year, when the wheat and barley crops are young, the hills brighten to fresh shades of green.
Before Europeans and early US settlers arrived, the Palouse was occupied by the Nez Perce people, who bred and raised horses with spotted coats—a breed that would eventually come to be known as 'appaloosas'—a gradual permutation of the name 'Palouse.'
Red skies at Ruby Beach
Reddish crystals in the sand inspired the name of Ruby Beach, one of the coastal stops within Olympic National Park in Washington state. A few miles from the shore is Destruction Island, where birds such as rhinoceros auklets may stop and rest after a day of gobbling up krill and squid in the cold Pacific waters. While the park includes miles of colorful Pacific coastline, it's also famous for the Hoh Rainforest, an inland temperate forest notable for its towering old-growth hemlock and spruce trees.
Time-lapse video of lenticular clouds over Mount Rainier, Washington (© Delrious/Shutterstock)
A peak in the clouds
World Meteorological Day brings us to Washington's Mount Rainier, a huge stratovolcano with a habit of creating its own weather systems. Jutting out about 2 miles above the surrounding landscape, its high altitude interrupts the flow of air that comes in off the Pacific Ocean, creating unusual weather such as the saucer-shaped clouds on our homepage. They're called lenticular clouds, and because of their distinctive appearance, they've been suggested as an explanation for some UFO sightings. Thanks for the science of meteorology, we know they're a normal weather phenomenon, commonly occurring on the downwind side of obstructions such as mountains, buildings, or other tall structures. | <urn:uuid:39c01f31-93f9-4d33-85e8-3bb083c39463> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://xingkmi.com/tag/%E5%8D%8E%E7%9B%9B%E9%A1%BF/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710829.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201153700-20221201183700-00167.warc.gz | en | 0.886456 | 4,405 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Definition of Ventricular
Ventricular: Pertaining to the ventricles, the lower chambers of the heart, as in ventricular fibrillation and ventricular septal defect.Source: MedTerms™ Medical Dictionary
Last Editorial Review: 6/14/2012
Drug Medical Dictionary of Terms by Letter
Medical Dictionary Term:
Find out what women really need. | <urn:uuid:1526c7e5-3c24-4b43-822f-d0e2f9e94721> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.rxlist.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=26787 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510272680.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011752-00222-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.731192 | 79 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Termite Damage is Often Hidden
Like many criminals, termites operate mostly in the dark, hidden from view. Termites tunnel INSIDE wood, away from light and drying air, rather than on the surface. Because of this, they often remain unnoticed by homeowners for years while they gradually weaken a wood structure.
Termites Also work unnoticed and uncontrolled because the common subterranean termites attack a structure directly from their already hidden colonies in the soil. They find their way into an unprotected home in a variety of ways. Concrete seems impenetrable, but in fact as a concrete foundation and piers age they develop cracks that termites can easily crawl through. Termites can crawl through a tiny crack in cement as small as 1/64 of an inch wide, directly into wood-all well hidden from view!.
In addition to cracks, concrete has other hidden "termite highways". Holes for electrical conduits and plumbing, as well as expansion joints, are often used by these pests to enter a structure. Even porches made of concrete often have a dirt fill underneath that piles soil right up to various cracks and openings. Termites can travel through such cracks directly to structural wood, completely hidden from view. Because termites use these and other hidden avenues to enter a structure, they often stay hidden for years while they are causing damage. Our professional termite services are a wise investment that can help detect and control termites and other wood-destroying pests, protecting your property from extensive damage.
Watching for Spiders
With this summer's July 3 release of The Amazing Spider Man movie, we may once again have blockbuster summer spider movie, following after previous Spider Man and Arachnophobia movies that have been such big hits. This is just in time for spider season, as these pests once again start becoming more abundant in late spring and summer.
Spiders are common pests that are not insects, but closely related. All spiders produce silk, but only some use their silk to build the intricate orb webs that we associate with spiders. Others, such as black widow spiders, spin a disorderly tangle of webbing. Other species build "sheet" webs or "funnel-shaped" webs. Still others, like tarantulas, actively crawl around and hunt prey. These spiders don't build webs to trap prey; they use their silk to cover their eggs, line burrows in the ground, or wrap their prey.
Few creatures are feared as much as spiders. We have over 3,500 species in the U.S., but only about 50 can penetrate our skin, and the venom of most of these is too weak to affect most people. The spiders that have the nastiest bites are the black widow spider (and the spreading brown widow spider), brown recluse, hobo, and yellow sac spiders.
Our regular professional service for spiders help prevent bites from both poisonous and nonpoisonous species. It also saves you the trouble of having to clean webs, spider droppings, and the dead insect carcasses spiders leave behind.
Invasion of Cat-Sized Rats
The Florida Keys is battling an infestation of Gambian Giant Pouched Rats. The six-to-nine pound, cat-sized rats first appeared on Grassy Key over 12 years ago after a local exotic pets breeder let some escape. Officials have been trying to eliminate them for years by baiting and trapping, but the giant rats have multiplied and proven themselves a difficult and resilient pest. Each female produces 30 young per year.
The concern is that if they make it to the mainland, they will damage crops and will likely harm native animals. These rats also can carry monkeypox and other disease.
Protect What's Precious
Did you know that as recently as 1935, before widespread mosquito control, 4,000 Americans died every year from malaria?
In fact, modern, professional pest control has improved the quality of our lives in many ways. Because of it, many insect-transmitted diseases have been greatly reduced in this country. We live longer, healthier lives, without fear of sometimes deadly disease like malaria, yellow fever, and louse-borne typhus.
Yet there are other pest-transmitted diseases that we have to watch for vigilantly. Tick borne diseases including Lyme disease are flourishing, and there are deadly pest-transmitted diseases like hantavirus, encephalitis, and plague, plus those that cause common everyday illnesses, like food poisoning.
Of course bed bugs, which people previously knew only through nursery rhymes, have come back with a vengeance. These nasty blood-suckers over the last decade have become more and more common. Cockroaches can cause asthma, and rats bite 45,000 people annually--mostly children and babies. Stinging and biting pests like fleas, ticks, wasp, and spiders would inflict harm on even more people and pets if it weren't for professional pest control.
Professional pest control also enables us to better protect our homes and property from pests. Termites, carpenter ants, and other wood-destroyers left uncontrolled can severely damage a building. And other pests damage or spoil stored foods, fabrics, and many other important household items.
These are just some of the many ways professional pest control greatly improves the quality of our daily lives.
A Bad Year for Lyme Disease Predicted
It is well understood that the quantity of acorns produced by oak trees is a very good indicator of the size of mouse populations. The fall of 2010 in the Northeast set a record high for acorn production, at an amazing average of 250 pounds of acorn per tree. But the fall of 2011 was the opposite, with an average of less than half a pound of acorns produced per tree. This is tiny compared to the 25 to 30 pounds produced per tree in an average year.
Because of this quite unusual two-year sequence of an unprecedented production of acorns followed by extremely low numbers, populations of field mice and squirrels have been declining after reaching very high levels. These rodent populations had supported large populations of young larval ticks.
Tick nymps are the next stage after larvae, and this stage poses the greatest threat of transmitting Lyme disease to people. Early this year we will see a huge population of these nymps emerge. They will be aggressively looking for hosts to suck blood from, and because there will be both more ticks and fewer rodent hosts, far more people will be bitten than normal.
Mansion Demolished Because of Termites
Tiger Wood's ex wife had her $12 million mansion completely demolished because of extensive termite and carpenter ant infestations throughout the foundation. She plans on rebuilding a new home in the same spot, very similar to the original home. This just goes to show how expensive untreated pest problems can come!
Don't let this happen to you! Regular inspections and preventative treatments save you time and money. Call now for a FREE inspection. | <urn:uuid:2c4024d5-5342-4a87-b9a3-92a0bdcae0d0> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://www.greenleafpest.com/newsletter/bid/135226/May-June-Newsletter | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578582584.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20190422195208-20190422221208-00539.warc.gz | en | 0.95158 | 1,423 | 2.765625 | 3 |
April 06, 2016 - ETH Zurich
With a peak performance in excess of 7 petaflops, Piz Daint is currently Europe’s most powerful supercomputer. Now, it is to benefit from new hardware that will make it even more powerful. This is of vital importance both for high-resolution simulations and for the field of data science, which requires the analysis of enormous volumes of data, and which ETH Zurich is establishing as a research priority. Today, materials science, geophysics, life sciences and climate sciences all use data- and CPU-intensive simulations. With the new hardware, researchers will be able to perform these simulations more realistically and more efficiently. In the future, Piz Daint will also provide data-analysis support for major scientific experiments that are already under way, such as the Large Hadron Collider at CERN.
With the upgrade of Piz Daint, a Cray XC30 supercomputer, the ETH-affiliated Swiss National Super-computing Centre (CSCS) will ensure that its infrastructure continues to meet the increasing requirements of high-performance computing (HPC) through to the end of the decade.
Boosting power with new compute nodes
During the upgrade the processors (CPU) and accelerators (GPU) will be updated and the system will be combined with the Piz Dora supercomputer, which also resides at CSCS, in order to form a single system. The new system will then adopt the name Piz Daint. It will thus provide users with two types of compute nodes: hybrid CPU-GPU and CPU-only nodes. In addition, it will incorporate Cray’s Data-Warp technology. DataWarp’s so-called Burst Buffer mode quadruples the effective bandwidth for long-term storage; in other words, data is input to and output from storage far more quickly. It there-fore paves the way for analysing millions of small, unstructured files. As a result, Piz Daint will then be able to transfer initial results to a specialised area of the supercomputer for analysis while calculations are still under way.
“Although slightly reduced in physical size, Piz Daint will become considerably more powerful as a result of the upgrade, particularly because we will be able to significantly increase bandwidth in the most important areas,” says CSCS Director Thomas Schulthess. “Piz Daint will remain an energy-efficient, balanced system, but will now offer increased flexibility.” In other words, the system will allow simulations or data analyses to be scaled to a few nodes or thousands of nodes.
Data science is the future
The Piz Daint upgrade is scheduled for the last quarter of this year. ETH Zurich will invest around CHF 40 million, which the computing centre was awarded by the ETH Board as part of its dispatch on the promotion of education, research and innovation (ERI Dispatch). “Data is a commodity of the future, and data science is the tool that allows us to exploit this commodity for the benefit of society. That’s why it is important to invest in the best possible infrastructure at an early stage,” says Professor Ulrich Weidmann, ETH Vice President for Human Resources and Infrastructure. The upgrade is intended to bolster Switzerland’s position as a centre for scientific research and to safeguard its pioneering role in European supercomputing.
Close cooperation between science and industry
Cooperation on future development of supercomputing platforms is regulated by existing contracts between ETH Zurich and Cray and NVIDIA. The Piz Daint upgrade also falls within this context. Specifically, the Piz Daint system will see an upgrade of its Intel CPUs from Sandy Bridge to Haswell architecture, and an upgrade of its NVIDIA Tesla graphics processors (GPUs) from Kepler to the next-generation Pascal architecture.
“One of the key elements of the partnership between Cray and CSCS was the close cooperation with users to develop innovative computing environments such as Piz Daint,” said Peter Ungaro, Cray President and CEO. “Together, on the basis of a clearly defined development plan, we will provide users from science and industry with a solution that reflects our shared vision of a unified environment to support scientific applications and data analyses.”
“We are pleased that CSCS has opted for Pascal-based Tesla graphics processors, which will speed up critical research carried out by a great number of scientists,” said Ian Buck, Vice President of Accelerated Computing at NVIDIA. “They are using Piz Daint to tackle some of the most important challenges of our time. Pascal-based GPUs offer a huge leap forward in application performance, which will allow CSCS to push the limits of scientific discovery.” | <urn:uuid:a93a4f00-734c-4666-9f6d-6baecae6ade2> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.cscs.ch/publications/press-releases/2016/more-computing-power-for-swiss-research/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662522556.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20220518215138-20220519005138-00519.warc.gz | en | 0.935574 | 983 | 2.890625 | 3 |
in Natural Pharmacy Business, March 2016
Over the past 20 years, fertility problems have increased dramatically. One in six couples now find it difficult to conceive and a quarter of all pregnancies can end in a miscarriage and more and more couples are turning to fertility treatments to help them have a family. Mark Whitney looks at the probable causes, and how to boost fertility naturally.
Infertility is a disease, usually of the reproductive system, defined by the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more, of regular unprotected sexual intercourse.
Infertility can be categorised as primary infertility or secondary infertility. Primary infertility is defined as a couple who have never had a pregnancy. Secondary infertility describes a couple who are having trouble conceiving again, even though they have previously achieved pregnancy.
There are many fertility conditions, both common and uncommon, that make it difficult for a couple to conceive. Presenting cases of infertility are broken down into thirds. One third of all cases will be female related, one third is male related and one third is defined as ‘unexplained infertility’. Unexplained infertility is so named as its causes remain unknown even after an infertility work-up…Read full article →
For more of similar articles follow these links: | <urn:uuid:4c51b7ce-96df-462d-8cbb-7fcadb694af6> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://pillarhealthcare.com/boosting-fertility/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487621627.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20210615211046-20210616001046-00510.warc.gz | en | 0.967355 | 255 | 2.53125 | 3 |
About a decade ago, I began making observations on patients with exophthalmic goiter to determine their degree of tolerance to the ingestion of quinine. Part of the deductions derived were published in the nature of a description of the quinine test1 for patients with exophthalmic goiter. Up to December, 1927, tolerance for quinine was studied in 500 patients. Following my preliminary reports, others made similar observations. Among those, Sainton and Schulman2 arrived at negative conclusions, but their data were based on only ten cases. Pfahler,3 on the other hand, found the quinine test extremely useful.
THE QUININE TEST AND RESULTS OF USE OF THIS DRUG
The technic of the test consists in giving the patient a dozen capsules each containing 10 grains (0.65 Gm.) of quinine hydrobromide or quinine sulphate, with instructions to take a capsule four times a day. When 20 or 30 grains (1.3 or 1.9 Gm.) have
BRAM I. TOLERANCE FOR QUININE IN EXOPHTHALMIC GOITER. Arch Intern Med (Chic). 1928;42(1):53-55. doi:10.1001/archinte.1928.00130190056005 | <urn:uuid:17078606-6599-4bf6-9d02-6502527c449d> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/535910 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721142.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00504-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.892086 | 278 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The Family Law Amendment (Family Violence) Bill 2010 which was published late in 2010 proposes significant changes to the Family Law Act 1975 in an attempt to protect children in separated families. The slide show attached sets out the problems faced by parents who struggle to protect children from a dangerous former partner and how the new legislation might operate in future.
The most significant changes relate to the definition of abuse which includes psychological abuse resulting from, but not limited to, being exposed to family violence, and a clear definition of what exposure to family violence is.
The new definition highlights the risks for children and the Bill proposes strong mandatory reporting measures which would ensure that the Court is made aware of risks to children. The practical implications of this are uncertain and it would seem that child protection agencies will be overwhelmed by the potential volume of reports.
Download the report here:
For information on domestic violence and what you can do visit https://www.1800respect.org.au/ | <urn:uuid:79fee7fb-72db-4a49-825d-deba35d4a07a> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://resolutionqld.com.au/keeping-children-in-separated-families-safe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584332824.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20190123130602-20190123152602-00281.warc.gz | en | 0.960278 | 192 | 3.125 | 3 |
In computer networking a routing table, or routing information base (RIB), is a data table stored in a router or a network host that lists the routes to particular network destinations, and in some cases, metrics (distances) associated with those routes. The routing table contains information about the topology of the network immediately around it.
The construction of routing tables is the primary goal of routing protocols. Static routes are entries made in a routing table by non-automatic means and which are fixed rather than being the result of routing protocols and associated network topology discovery procedures.
A routing table is analogous to a distribution map in package delivery. Whenever a node needs to send data to another node on a network, it must first know where to send it. If the node cannot directly connect to the destination node, it has to send it via other nodes along a route to the destination node. Each node needs to keep track of which way to deliver various packages of data, and for this it uses a routing table. A routing table is a database that keeps track of paths, like a map, and uses these to determine which way to forward traffic. A routing table is a data file in RAM that is used to store route information about directly connected and remote networks. Nodes can also share the contents of their routing table with other nodes.
The primary function of a router is to forward a packet toward its destination network, which is the destination IP address of the packet. To do this, a router needs to search the routing information stored in its routing table. The routing table contains network/next hop associations. These associations tell a router that a particular destination can be optimally reached by sending the packet to a specific router that represents the next hop on the way to the final destination. The next hop association can also be the outgoing or exit interface to the final destination.
With hop-by-hop routing, each routing table lists, for all reachable destinations, the address of the next device along the path to that destination: the next hop. Assuming that the routing tables are consistent, the simple algorithm of relaying packets to their destination's next hop thus suffices to deliver data anywhere in a network. Hop-by-hop is the fundamental characteristic of the IP Internet layer and the OSI Network Layer.
When a router interface is configured with an IP address and subnet mask, the interface becomes a host on that attached network. A directly connected network is a network that is directly attached to one of the router interfaces. The network address and subnet mask of the interface, along with the interface type and number, are entered into the routing table as a directly connected network.
A remote network is a network that can only be reached by sending the packet to another router. Routing table entries to remote networks may be either dynamic or static. Dynamic routes are routes to remote networks that were learned automatically by the router through a dynamic routing protocol. Static routes are routes that a network administrator manually configured.
Routing tables are also a key aspect of certain security operations, such as unicast reverse path forwarding (uRPF). In this technique, which has several variants, the router also looks up, in the routing table, the source address of the packet. If there exists no route back to the source address, the packet is assumed to be malformed or involved in a network attack and is dropped.
The need to record routes to large numbers of devices using limited storage space represents a major challenge in routing table construction. In the Internet, the currently dominant address aggregation technology is a bitwise prefix matching scheme called Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR). Supernetworks can also be used to help control routing table size.
The routing table consists of at least three information fields:
Depending on the application and implementation, it can also contain additional values that refine path selection:
Shown below is an example of what the table above could look like on a computer connected to the internet via a home router:
Routing tables are generally not used directly for packet forwarding in modern router architectures; instead, they are used to generate the information for a simpler forwarding table. This forwarding table contains only the routes which are chosen by the routing algorithm as preferred routes for packet forwarding. It is often in a compressed or pre-compiled format that is optimized for hardware storage and lookup.
This router architecture separates the control plane function of the routing table from the forwarding plane function of the forwarding table. This separation of control and forwarding provides uninterrupted high-performance forwarding. | <urn:uuid:4b448543-e414-45b0-91bc-ccd66fdcddbe> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | http://popflock.com/learn?s=Routing_table | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703514495.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20210118092350-20210118122350-00581.warc.gz | en | 0.918585 | 924 | 4.0625 | 4 |
Fort Ogden, Arcadia and Ziba King The Florida Cattle Baron
by Mike Miller
(Mount Dora, Florida)
When Ziba King died in 1901 he reportedly owned 50,000 head of cattle worth $500,000. This represented 10 percent of all the cattle in Florida. He was known as a cattle baron, and his life story is similar to the fictional family created by the late Patrick Smith in his Florida classic "A Land Remembered".
King was a Confederate veteran who moved to Florida after the Civil War. He left the devastation of war torn Georgia with five dollars in his pocket and walked to Florida. He worked at several jobs until he saved enough money to open a dry goods store in Tampa in 1868.
Shortly after that, he moved to the Fort Ogden area and homesteaded 160 acres and also opened a general store. He began to acquire cattle and was also appointed a judge somewhere along the way and was also president of the First National Bank of Arcadia and had prominent positions in several other banks.
Ziba stood 6 foot 6 and weighed 225 pounds and commanded immediate respect when he walked into a room. He was also known as a very good poker player, but one with a soft heart. From time to time he'd play somebody into bankruptcy and then give them some money back so they could make a fresh start.
He owned the local newspaper, was elected to the Florida Senate and was also on the school board. One time he bankrolled the entire school system with his own money. He was active in politics until his final days.
Ziba King and some of his family are buried in a small family plot in Fort Ogden, Florida just west of US-17. The plot is in a community park and is open to the public.
Fort Ogden is south of Arcadia and is on the eastern side of the Peace River. | <urn:uuid:af333c61-623f-4f4d-96bc-6c8c9cddc0b1> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.florida-backroads-travel.com/fort-ogden-arcadia-and-ziba-king-the-florida-cattle-baron.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039744561.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20181118180446-20181118202446-00516.warc.gz | en | 0.991533 | 387 | 2.53125 | 3 |
How does the language used in polls, questionnaires and other information gathering devices of this sort influence the conclusions reached?
The language, or perhaps more precisely the wording, used in polls and questionnaires can have a tremendous impact on the conclusions drawn from those polls because it can dramatically affect the kinds of answers that one gets to the questions that are asked. There are many examples of polling where different question wording can elicit different answers. Let us look at three examples from the links below.
In one set of polls, it was found that the wording of possible answer choices affected approval ratings for President Obama. When people were given the choice of approving or disapproving of his performance, his ratings were better than when people were given the choice of approving strongly, approving somewhat, disapproving somewhat, or disapproving strongly. In another set of polls taken during the presidency of George W. Bush, people said domestic policy should be his main focus when asked to choose between that and foreign policy. However, when asked whether he should focus on domestic policy or “the war on terrorism,” they picked the war on terrorism which is, of course, an aspect of foreign policy. Finally, we have the current issue of whether businesses should be allowed to refuse to serve same-sex couples. When people are asked if they “oppose a law allowing refusal of service” 67% say they are opposed (and are therefore in favor of gay rights). When people are asked if they “oppose a law forbidding refusal of service” 61% say they are opposed (and therefore opposed to gay rights).
All of these examples show the importance of the way a question is asked in a poll or questionnaire. Different language can yield different results, thus affecting the conclusions the researcher draws.
Language used in polls, questionnaires, and other information gathering devices influence the conclusion reached through a variety of reasons. One large one is that wording creates certain emotions within people. If something is worded slightly differently but with the same meaning, it could still invoke a different emotion in someone, causing them to answer a certain way. The language used for these is done in a way to usually spark an emotion in someone, causing their answer to go one way or another. For example, seeing a question like," Should we raise money for school funding?" versus," Should we raise money to fund the school for *inserts specific reasons*." This can make a large difference because in the second phrase it specifically says to fund the school, indicating it would be for a specific school such as a parent's children's school. Also, the second phrase is more specific. This may change how someone responds. Even though, with my example, many people would say yes either way, each phrase still would invoke a different emotion in the person reading it. | <urn:uuid:37fc1e92-ad69-4708-b549-306b6a3f2913> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/how-does-language-used-polls-questionnaires-other-477584 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934808742.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124180349-20171124200349-00438.warc.gz | en | 0.970639 | 571 | 3.484375 | 3 |
What is Chest Cold?
Chest cold is a term used to describe a medical condition cold acute bronchitis. It is a disease of the lower respiratory tract, which is often caused by a viral infection, but can also be caused by other forms of microorganisms.
This causes infection to the lungs especially the bronchus and bronchioles. The presence of infection in the airways causes the air passages to become inflamed leading to the presence of chest cold as manifested by presence of secretions or wet cough. Chest cold usually lasts up to 2 weeks.
Chest cold is very common among people, but it is especially prevalent during cold seasons. Infants, children and the elderly are most susceptible to chest colds because of weakened immune system.
Chest Cold Symptoms and Signs
The inflammation of the air passages in the lungs causes symptoms of chest cold. The symptoms tend to be more severe when it comes to extremes of age, having a poor general health status and presence of other co-morbid conditions. Symptoms include:
- Productive cough yielding thick sputum – The most apparent symptom of chest cold is the presence of wet, loose cough. When the airways are inflamed, the goblet cells in the membranes produce thick and viscous mucus. As a result, the body tries to remove these through coughing. The phlegm may be whitish to yellowish. The presence of greenish phlegm should be evaluated because this may be due to more serious respiratory infection.
- Chest congestion – The presence of thick and copious secretions causes congestion in the lungs especially when the patient is not able to expectorate them. Chest congestion is commonly seen in infants and children who are not able to effectively clear the airways.
- Chest pain – The pain in the chest may also be due to the continuous coughing, which puts tension on the intercostals muscles leading to pain.
- Fever – Fever is also a symptom of chest cold because of the presence of ongoing infectious process.
- Fatigue – There is also presence of fatigue as a sign of infection.
- Shortness of breath – The thick mucus in the airways prevents the oxygen from passing through the airways into the alveoli. As a result, the patient usually experiences difficulty of breathing.
- Adventitious breath sounds – A health care provider usually auscultates rales or crackles in the lungs because of chest congestion with thick mucus secretions.
- Sore throat – There is also sore throat in patients because of constant irritation due to coughing.
More serious symptoms should be watched out because it may indicate presence of hypoxia or low oxygenation of organs such as the brain. Serious symptoms may also indicate further infection. These include:
- Decrease in the level of consciousness
- High fever
- Harsh breathing
- Rapid, labored breathing
- Nasal flaring
- Rapid pulse
- Symptoms of more than 3 weeks
Causes of Chest Colds
Causes of chest cold include:
- Viral infections such as Respiratory syncytial virus, influenza, adenovirus and parainfluenza virus
- Bacterial infections, although rare
The causative microorganisms usually go into the lungs when there are risk factors that lead to a decrease in the immunity of the person, especially in the lungs. Risk factors include:
- Exposure to respiratory pollutants
- Living in congested areas where infection easily spreads from person to person
- Extremes of age (infants and the elderly)
Diagnosis of Chest Colds
Diagnosis of chest cold relies on physical examination indicating presence of congestion in the chest through auscultation. A chest X-ray may also be done to determine possible lung consolidation. Sputum cultures may be done to determine viral or bacterial causation.
X – ray imaging shows chest congestion
Treatment of Chest Colds
The treatment of chest colds is usually supportive since viral infections are self-limiting, which means that it eventually goes away when the patient maintains a strong immune system. Treatments also aim to prevent pneumonia, which is more serious and difficult to treat. Managements include:
Antibiotic therapy is rarely used, but it is indicated to patients with acute bronchitis caused by bacteria. Antibiotics are not given to patients with viral infection because it does not serve any purpose.
Administration of Bronchodilators
Bronchodilators are usually given to ease the breathing of the patient through dilating the airways. These can be administered via oral route or inhalation therapy.
Mucolytic and Expectorants
These medications are given to break the bond in the mucus making it looser and easier to expectorate.
Chest physiotherapy involves techniques to enhance elimination of mucus through back tapping, chest vibration and postural drainage. These are usually ordered by a physician because it causes fatigue during the process. Back tapping involves the cupping of hands and striking it on the back to expel the mucus in the airways. Creating vibration in the chest with the use of the hands is also essential to increase the turbulence of air thereby enhancing expectoration. Postural drainage uses the pull of gravity to aid in expelling the mucus. The patient is positioned in the opposite side where the congestion is auscultated.
Oxygen therapy is also employed to supply the needed oxygen of the patient. Once the chest is cleared, it is often discontinued to allow the patient to breathe on his own.
For patients with thick secretions that cannot be removed, such as in the case of infants and adults who have altered mentation, suctioning may be required.
Chest Cold Home Remedies
There are also effective remedies in the home that will help patients with chest cold reduce symptoms and support the patient to increase the immune system. These include:
- Steam inhalation to loosen secretions. Breathe into a pan of boiling water, stay inside a bathroom with hot shower or simply use commercial steamers.
- Gargle with salt and water to relieve sore throat.
- Increase fluid intake to at least 2 liters per day as tolerated to liquefy the secretions.
- Drink thyme boiled in water to relax the lungs.
- Consume chicken soup to relive cold symptoms and provide anti-inflammatory effect on the lungs.
- Consume vitamin C rich foods or take Vitamin C supplements to increase the immune system.
Chest Cold Complications
- Chest cold can progress to other respiratory condition when not treated promptly, such as:
- Respiratory distress
- Pleural effusion
- Respiratory failure | <urn:uuid:f649b7bb-b647-41f4-83c5-0d584e3ec1c6> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://ehealthwall.com/chest-cold-symptoms-home-remedies-what-is/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218186841.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212946-00598-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92783 | 1,374 | 3.890625 | 4 |
The purpose of this chapter is to provide background information on the development and application of the rules for construction of elevated temperature components for nuclear service. Subsection NH of Section III, 2011a Addenda contains the rules for Class 1 nuclear components consisting of vessels, pumps, valves, and piping systems. The rules for Class 2 and 3 Components and Core Support Structures are contained in a series of Code Cases [2–5]. The above rules cover all aspects of construction: materials, design, fabrication, inspection, overpressure protection, testing, and marking. In Section III, “elevated temperature” has been defined as 700°F for ferritic steels and 800°F for austenitic stainless steels and nickel base alloys. At and below these temperatures the rules for construction of Class 1, 2, and 3 Components and Core Support Structures are contained in Subsections NB , NC , ND , and NG , respectively, 2011a Addenda. Additionally, as discussed in Chapter 17, a new division of Section III, Division V has been issued to provide a central source for the construction rules for advanced high temperature reactors.The purpose of the early code cases for elevated temperature service, which subsequently became Subsection NH, was to provide rules for construction which account for the effects of deformation and damage due to creep with the same rigor that Subsection NB addressed the temperature regime below which creep effects are significant. In 1963, Code Case 1331 was issued covering design rules for elevated temperature Class 1 components. The early versions of Code Case 1331 were relatively limited in scope and it was not until Code Case 1331-5 was issued in 1971 that the basic design provisions of what is now Subsection NH were incorporated. In 1974 a series of Code Cases, 1592–1596 [12–16], were issued which covered all aspects of elevated temperature construction for Class 1 components. Subsequently, additional cases were issued covering Class 2 and 3 components and core support structures.In 1976, three articles [16–18] were published in the Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology which covered the development of the rules for construction (all aspects), design, and buckling, respectively, of Section III, Class 1 components in elevated temperature service. Also, in 1976 a document titled “Criteria for Design of Elevated Temperature Class 1 Components” was issued that was analogous to the criteria document for Class 1 Components covered by Subsection NB. These first four references form the core of much of the discussion in this chapter related to Class 1 components; modified and expanded to cover the many revisions and additions to the rules occurring after their publication. An excellent reference on the application of elevated temperature design criteria from a world-wide perspective is the four-volume set “Recommended Practices in Elevated Temperature Design: A Compendium of Breeder Reactor Experiences (1970–1987),” edited by A. K. Dhalla and issued by the Welding Research Council [21–24]. Although there were many contributing organizations in the United States and worldwide through exchange agreements and voluntary contributions, the focal point for development of the criteria in Subsection NH was the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Unfortunately, there is no bibliography of their many reports and publications; however, certain of these are referenced in the applicable sections of this chapter. | <urn:uuid:9098c6d1-80ed-4bd3-85fa-288bb3cab3db> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://ebooks.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/book.aspx?bookid=403 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280761.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00489-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960355 | 676 | 2.84375 | 3 |
5 Top Threats to Your Bone Health
There's an ongoing struggle within your body for bone health. It's important to know the forces that can help you keep your bones strong -- and what can weaken them.
Your bones are the main storage site of your body's calcium. If your bones' stock of calcium is not replenished or reinforced through your diet, the bones weaken, leading to diseases such as osteoporosis.
Don't think that you're helpless to prevent the weakening of your bones as you age: Your everyday decisions can help determine the outcome. Let's start by exploring some of the main forces that attack your bone health.
Smoking is one of the worst enemies to your bones -- and your body in general. Studies show a direct relationship between smoking and a decrease in bone density, although it's not know whether smoking actually causes bone loss or those who smoke are more susceptible to bone loss due to other common risk factors that are more prevalent in smokers. For example, smokers are more likely to drink and less likely to exercise.
Menopause reduces a woman's production of estrogen, accelerating the loss of bone density. Some women undergo estrogen therapy or hormone therapy (estrogen and progesterone) to combat this process, but the treatments may carry some bad side effects, such as increased risk of blood clots and strokes. It's best to consult with your doctor and try other anti-osteoporosis medications first.
There are a number of drugs that can affect the health of your bones. Again, you'll want to consult your physician when weighing the risk and reward of taking certain medicines, but here's a short list of medications that may cause bone loss:
- Steroid medicines such as cortisone, particularly if used for an extended period of time
- Heartburn drugs used to treat ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux disease
- Thyroid-hormone replacement medication (if used excessively)
Now that we've discussed a few of the main threats to your bone health, here are two powerful allies that will help you build and maintain bone health throughout your life: weight-bearing exercise and nutrition.
To build, strengthen, and maintain your bone strength, make exercise a part of your life. Through exercise, muscles grow and strengthen, stressing the bone and triggering an increase in calcium content. Bone-building exercises include hiking, dancing, aerobics, and taking the stairs. Resistance exercises with weight machines or free weights are also bone builders.
The need for exercise starts at a young age. Children and adolescents are urged to spend 40 minutes a day on physical activity, whether that's simply walking, running, skipping, or dancing. The benefits? According to medical research, active young girls gain 40 percent more bone mass than the least active girls of the same age. One researcher noted that 90 percent of adult bone mass is in place by the end of adolescence -- and it has to last a lifetime! In girls, bone tissue built between the ages 11 and 13 can offset the bone loss expected during the 30 years following menopause.
Calcium is critical for healthy bones. If your body doesn't get enough calcium through your diet, it takes it directly from your bones, so it's important to get healthy doses of foods that deliver calcium, include leafy green vegetables (broccoli or kale), cheese, yogurt, and milk.
Vitamin D is also important to healthy bones because it promotes the body's absorption of calcium, supporting bone building. The best sources of vitamin D include fatty fish (salmon and tuna), cheese, and egg yolks. You can also find many foods that are vitamin D-enriched, including milk, cereals, and orange juice.
Your fight to build and maintain strong bones starts in childhood and continues through adolescence into maturity. No matter your age, you can take charge by leading an active life with a healthy diet and regular doses of physical activity. By getting more of what helps your bones stay strong -- and avoiding those culprits that weaken your bones -- you'll maintain strong bone health throughout life.
Posted in Bone and Joint Health
More articles from this writer
*This information is for educational purposes only and does not constitute health care advice. You should always seek the advice of your doctor or physician before making health care decisions. | <urn:uuid:93672086-d4bc-48fb-bc26-1ae098fe81c7> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.dignityhealth.org/articles/5-Top-Threats-to-Your-Bone-Health | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514576047.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20190923043830-20190923065830-00281.warc.gz | en | 0.938238 | 885 | 3 | 3 |
PUBLIC INFORMATION OFFICE
JET PROPULSION LABORATORY
CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
PASADENA, CALIF. 91109. TELEPHONE (818) 354-5011
Contact: Franklin O'Donnell
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE March 3, 1994
NASA's Galileo spacecraft observed what is probably a natural satellite of the asteroid Ida -- which would be the first moon of an asteroid ever sighted -- during its flyby last August 28, scientists have reported.
The object is revealed in data samples now being transmitted by the spacecraft and analyzed by scientists at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
Sampled data from both Galileo's solid-state imaging system and its near-infrared mapping spectrometer give indications of the object.
Because Galileo has been transmitting data back to Earth at a low rate of 40 bits per second, a complete image of the suspected moon will first become available in about three weeks.
Galileo has completed nearly 90 percent of its 3.8-billionkilometer (2.4-billion-mile) journey to Jupiter. It will go into orbit around the giant planet after exploring the atmosphere with an instrumented probe on December 7, 1995. JPL manages the Galileo project for NASA's Office of Space Science. | <urn:uuid:89258620-7185-409d-a5d4-df98fc34dcd3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/releases/94/release_1994_9515.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395992.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00188-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.879862 | 290 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Sister Nivedita – A Great Visionary in the Spread of Women's Education in India
Swami Vivekananda dreamt of empowering the women of India. To him, a civilization would remain crippled, if women were not involved in its march towards progress. He said that a bird cannot fly 'only on one wing'.
Nivedita's meeting with Swami Vivekananda in London in 1895, marked the beginning of a new history. Swamiji found in her 'a real lioness' who could work for India, especially for women. The great vision of Swamiji inspired Miss Noble to set off for a long journey to an unknown land. She landed in Calcutta on 28th January 1898. Her self-sacrificing services for the next few years in her adopted homeland earned her the epithet of 'Lok Mata'. She was rechristened as was rechristened as 'Nivedita', the 'dedicated soul.'
Nivedita made vigorous efforts to know India, her 'Karmabhumi', and be an Indian to the core. She was a great upholder of Indian values and traditions. She strongly believed that people of the country should receive 'true education' or 'national education' to become sons and daughters of Bharatvarsha and not 'poor copies of Europe.' For the upliftment of Indian women, Nivedita never wanted to impose western values and way of life on them. She believed India being 'a land of great women', should not discard their old-time grace and sweetness, the gentleness and piety in favour of western information and social aggressiveness. Nivedita was very clear in her mind that western education should not be imposed on Indian women. Shortly after her arrival in India, she was asked by Rabindranath Tagore to take charge of his younger daughter's education through English medium. But Nivedita declined and was of the view that there was no good 'in imposing foreign ideals and standards' on Indian women and she had not come to teach Indian women the English language and culture.
Pioneer with a Difference
Nivedita initiated a nationalistic education for Indian girls. She made a humble beginning on 13th November in 1898, on Kali Puja day with a few girls on the roll. She had to literally move from door to door to beg for students from the orthodox neighbourhood. She had the grand vision of her school producing modern day Maitreyis and Gargis. Running the school and meeting its day-to-day expenses were not an easy task. Nivedita was forced to close the school soon due to acute financial hardship and head for the West with Swamiji on lecture tour to garner financial support. She embarked on 20th June, 1899. Her endurance during acute deprivation and sacrifice of basic needs, made Rabindranath Tagore say, "It was not out of donations, not even from the surplus that Nivedita met the expenses of the school. It was out and out part of sharing her food. This is the truth."
In February 1902, Nivedita re-opened her school. She chose Saraswati puja day, an important day in the calendar of festivities, especially for students. From the then onwards, celebration of Saraswati puja became an annual event in the school. Initially, the girls had some inhibitions about Sister's participation in the puja but her enthusiasm and keenness broke all barriers down. Nivedita's experience of teaching in the West and her deep respect for India and its age-old values, helped her find a unique way of teaching suited to the Indian situation. She introduced the Kindergarten system in which lessons were imparted in the mode of play. She would receive each of them with folded hands. They were her 'little goddesses'.
Nivedita would teach her students conventional subjects such as, Bengali, English, Arithmetic, Geography and History and also expose them to sundry vocational work such as, clay-modelling, mat weaving, paper-cutting, sewing and other handicarfts. Since a healthy mind resides in a healthy body, as the dictum goes, physical exercises and the basic rules of hygiene were also part of the curricula in her school. Nivedita was fully aware of the contemporary realities in Hindu society and used to take special care of Hindu widows as her students. On many occasions, she would find them reaching school without food. Nivedita would feed them first. She envisioned a greater role for them. Her plan was that they should be groomed to work as 'educational missionaries'. She had the foresight of making them torch-bearers to touch the lives of many with light of education. Her exhortations are as inspiring as they are insightful. She said, "Today our country is in a sore plight." And in a special manner she calls on her daughters at the moment to come forward, as those in the ages before, to aid her with a great shraddha. "How shall this be done?" - we are all asking. In the first place let Hindu mothers renew in their sons the thirst for Brahmacharya without which our nation is short of her ancient strength. No country in the world has an ideal of the student's life so high as in this country and if it be allowed to die out of India, where shall the world look to restore it? In Brahmacharya is the secret of all strength, all greatness. Let every mother determine that her sons shall be great!"
Fanning the Sparks of Nationalistic Fervour
The school activities were seeped in nationalistic fervour. When singing 'Vande Mataram' was banned in the country, Nivedita made it the daily opening prayer song in her school. Nivedita wanted her school to be the nucleus of the 'grand educational movement' and her students to imbibe the spirit of nationalism. The British Government's freeing some political prisoners from the Andaman jail was an occasion to celebrate in her school. She used to take senior students to the lectures of great leaders like Surendra Nath Bannerjee.
The colonial influence on students used to disturb Nivedita immensely. Nivedita was distraught when her students replied that the queen of India was Queen Victoria. She was keen to instill a sense of pride about vernacular languages in her students. One day when a student while drawing a 'line' in Bengali Nivedita was unhappy. Her joy knew no bound when one of the girls in the class could tell her that 'line' is 'rekha' in Bengali.
Nivedita laid the foundation of adult education and vocational training in the country. She opened a Women's section on 2nd November, 1903 for the local women with a flexible timing in the afternoon when the women would be free from household work. They were taught the basics of reading and writing, of studying the scriptures and various types of handiwork. The teaching of handicarfts was to enable them to earn a living even while being at home. She had the larger picture in mind on the revival of the old Indian industries with her students contributing to it.
Holding back students in school in the face of severe social pressure was a big challenge to Nivedita. Absenteeism was rampant and child marriages were the order of the day. To cope with such a frustrating experience, she would visit the houses of absent girls and plead with their guardians. The return of one of her students to the school, Giribala Ghosh, a twenty-two year old widow, speaks volume about Nivedita's genuineness to adopt and adhere to the tenets of Indian tradition and culture while educating women and girls. Giribala was keen to continue her studies but criticism from neighbours stopped her from coming to school. But it so happened one day that Giribala's grandmother while passing by the school, heard students of the school singing Sanskrit verses in chorus, which impressed her very much and she made Giribala rejoin the school.
Empowering Women along National Lines
Nivedita was fascinated with the great Indian epics and Indian history. To her, the most heroic character in the Mahabharata, was Gandhari, because of her incomparable devotion to her husband and her sense of righteousness. She used to take her students through the pages of Indian history and talk about great women legends. She writes, "In all lands holiness and strength are treasures which the race places in the hands of woman to preserve, rather than in those of man. A few men here and there become great teachers, but most have to spend their days in toil for the wining of the bread. It is in the home that these renew their inspiration and their faith and insight, and the greatness of the home lies in the tapasya of women."
The plight of Indian women in the general was Nivedita's prime concern. She was never confined to school hours or the students of her school. In the evening hours, Nivedita would invite the local women and hold meetings, organise recitation from the Chandi, the puranas and other scriptures. Nivedita, and her companion Sister Christine, would sit on one side of the courtyard with the small girls and the women behind a screen. Nivedita stood apart from contemporary Christain Missionaries. Her unique initiatives in the field of adult education, vocational training, and education with nationalistic fervour had made her a pioneer in the area of women's empowerment. Her deep respect for India and the greatness of Indian women made her acceptable to one and all.
…. By Archana Dutta. courtesy Samvit | <urn:uuid:4d8fd67f-35c5-4fe5-b089-677312269e90> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://katha.vkendra.org/2016/10/bhagini-nivedita-28-oct-149th-birth.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474670.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227021813-20240227051813-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.979368 | 1,990 | 3.203125 | 3 |
30 Days Wild Day 10: Supporting speech and language skills through nature play
Thank you Amal, Specialist Speech and Language Therapist @playcubs
With the weather warming up and lockdown restrictions easing, it’s the perfect time to go outside with your children and explore.
Children learn best through multi-sensory activities and experiences which is why The Wildlife Trust’s ‘30 Days Wild’ challenge is a fun way to learn about nature.
You can help your child expand their speech and language skills as they explore new green areas, hunt for insects and mini beasts and learn about the changing weather and seasons.
At playcubs, we’re all about planning simple activities to help support your child’s speech and language development. Here’s our top 5 nature-based activities:
Go for a nature walk and talk about what you see, touch, smell and hear around you e.g Can you hear a plane? Can you describe what the leaves feel like? What does a flower smell like?
1. Point to the things you see and label them ‘flower’.
2. Expand what your child says to help develop their expressive (spoken) language skills e.g if your child says ‘bird’, you say ‘yes, the bird is flying’.
Play a game of I-Spy but rather than saying the first letter of the thing you see, try saying the first sound e.g I spy with my little eye something beginning with a ‘buh’ (b) e.g a bee, bird or butterfly. For this activity, we made some binoculars by taping two toilet roll tubes, together and a piece of string.
1. Play a guessing game where you have to describe what you see e.g I spy with my little eye something tall and green (e.g a tree).
2. Practise working on answering wh-questions (who, what, where) and location words e.g Can you describe where the bird is? The bird is on the tree.
Go on a scavenger hunt. Before you leave home, make a list of things you want to find on your walk e.g a stick, rocks, leaves etc.
1. Practise following directions e.g ‘Find a leaf and a rock’.
2. Teach your child about categories by asking them to find a group of things e.g Can you find 3 minibeasts? Can you find 2 things which fly?
Make a sensory tray using the things you find on your nature walk. Grab a tray, add your treasures e.g flowers, leaves, twigs and some water. Have fun exploring the tray. You could also freeze flowers or leaves with water in an ice cube tray for a different sensory experience. Use tools such a water spray bottle, a pippete or toy hammer to melt or break the ice.
1. Practise asking for ‘more’ before putting another item into the tray. Your child may look at you, reach, make a sound/word/sign to show that they want more.
2. Make predictions e.g What will happen if we drop the ice in warm water?
Make a sensory bottle or bag with the things you find on your nature walk. This is a great activity for younger children who may be mouthing things around them. Simply grab an empty bottle or empty ziplock bag and fill with your natural materials and some water.
1. Create opportunities to develop your child’s language skills by giving your child a choice of what to put in the bottle/bag e.g ‘flowers or leaves?’ while holding up the items.
2. Play Simon Says to help your child to learn different action words e.g ‘Simon says SHAKE the bottle’. ‘Simon says PAT the bag.’ | <urn:uuid:f2a21684-ba8c-4b84-9601-6f15341fe339> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://littleacornsshop.co.uk/blogs/news/30-days-wild-day-10-supporting-speech-and-language-skills-through-nature-play | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487625967.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20210616155529-20210616185529-00406.warc.gz | en | 0.901038 | 817 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Although we can detect the planets orbiting distant stars through indirect methods, an optical image would provide much more information about how planets form and evolve. But those stars are so much brighter than the planets around them that the starlight simply drowns out the smaller orbs, like a flashlight beam in bright daylight. But now, researchers have developed an imaging system called Project 1640—a collaboration between the American Museum of Natural History, the California Institute of Technology, and NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory—that can create a dark space around a planet to snap its photo.
Update, July 16: The Project 1640 researchers provided some more images showing how the system works, so we assembled them into the gallery below.
Images courtesy of Project 1640 | <urn:uuid:c68839ce-3180-408b-a4e3-8ed03a22ef5e> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/80beats/2012/07/09/to-photograph-distant-planets-turn-off-the-starlight/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657134511.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011214-00177-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.915404 | 151 | 4.125 | 4 |
Wondering why your hybrid many not be as efficient as the studies claim? You may be missing a few key points on the best driving techniques to maximize your MPG and have a better overall driving experience.
Although hybrids are engineered for fuel efficiency, there are a few things drivers can do to take full advantage of the increased MPG. In this article, The Hybrid Geek provides an insider look on increasing savings and how to get the most of your hybrid.
Highway vs City Driving
Every seasoned driver knows that highway driving requires less braking than driving in the city. However, driving on the highway still requires a certain amount of braking and acceleration when switching lanes, passing, or merging onto/off of the highway.
Although the fix for saving gas may seem counter-intuitive, accelerating a bit more when moving from a rest can be beneficial. The reason for this is simply because pulling away in fully electric mode uses electricity better used for cruising.
Accelerating using the engine instead, and letting off once a desired speed has been reached, allows you to use less gas while accelerating. This translates to cruising in electric mode for longer. This nets a bigger return in the long run, thus increasing your MPG.
Utilizing EV Mode
Many hybrids will only utilize fully-electric around 25 MPH. This stands true if a driver only accelerates in EV mode. However, if a driver takes their foot off after accelerating, hybrid vehicles normally run in EV mode up to 40 MPH, saving gas.
With low speeds where drivers are braking often, such as traffic, it is recommended to gently accelerate as much as possible, allowing the EV to be utilized more often. This allows optimal gasoline usage, such as cruising, instead of use at a stand still.
Be Conservative with Accessories
For drivers with a big focus on gas consumption, be mindful when using the vehicle’s accessories. Always take advantage of the vehicle’s “eco” mode if applicable. The more often you use this, the less power your air condition and accessories use.
Some vehicles are opting to use energy efficient LEDs, but drivers should still avoid using their headlights in daylight. Halogen bulbs will use more power as they draw current. Safety is above efficiency, of course, so use your best judgment when on the road.
Experienced drivers should have a good idea of how to read the road. It is a beneficial technique regardless of your vehicle model. Especially beneficial when it comes to hybrid vehicles, though, is understanding braking.
Regenerative braking is an technology in a majority of hybrid vehicles. It allows hybrids to store power generated from braking and supply the battery with power later on. Drivers who take advantage of the regenerative braking understand the method behind it. Too much quick, last-minute braking won’t generate as much electricity. Drivers who brake too gently or earlier than usual will find their batteries to be constantly charged.
Although it may be tempting to go for the regenerative braking opportunity, don’t put yourself or other drivers at risk. Always be observant of road conditions and your surrounding areas even if you need to brake quickly or harder than usually.
As always, The Hybrid Geek provides top notch service for hybrid drivers who appreciate value and competitive pricing. For more informative articles, be sure to follow our blog. If you need help with your hybrid vehicle, give us a call at (919) 996-0626 today! | <urn:uuid:387f39b1-af70-4628-bc68-caccdacca7dc> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.thehybridgeek.com/how-to-get-the-most-of-your-hybrid/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376826856.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20181215131038-20181215153038-00091.warc.gz | en | 0.939199 | 702 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Safety - Two Sets of Rules
As a new shooter enters the world of firearms training, the very first topic that will be covered is that of firearms safety. Learning to properly use a firearm, whether for a shooting sport or for personal defense, is a deadly serious process. There is always an opportunity for a simple mistake with deadly consequences.
Trainers and training organizations have established a common core of rules to help reduce the possibility of a new shooter leaving the range – or a defensive engagement - with an extra hole or two. These rules fall into two broad categories – Rules for the Shooting Sports and Rules for the Defensive (and Offensive) Use of a Weapon.
Rules for the Shooting Sports
I will define “shooting sports” as including the various types of target shooting as well as hunting. The “Gold Standard” when it comes to safety rules for the shooting sports is the NRA – National Rifle Association. They have been conducting firearms training since 1871 and they have developed three simple and concise rules for firearms safety:
1. ALWAYS keep the gun pointed in a safe direction.
2. ALWAYS keep your finger off the trigger until ready to shoot
3. ALWAYS keep your gun unloaded until ready to use.
ALWAYS keep the gun pointed in a safe direction. A “safe direction” means a direction that – even should you accidently discharge your gun – the possibility of fatally injuring someone or doing large scale damage is minimal. On an outdoor shooting range this direction is typically “down range” (towards the target area) or at the berms that typically surround the range. At an indoor shooting range this direction is typically limited to “down range”.
In your home, all guns for shooting sports would typically be unloaded and stored in a locked gun vault of some kind. Still, even when handling a gun for cleaning, inspection or repair – care needs to be taken to continue to follow Rule 1 and always keep the gun pointed is a safe direction. The work area you use should be oriented in such a way that when you are working with your gun the barrel points in such a direction to insure no people are ever in the line of fire.
This rule – this habit – is the single more important trait to develop when you first begin to handle a firearm.
ALWAYS keep your finger off the trigger until ready to shoot. Your trigger finger should be thought of as a separate appendage. Its ONLY purpose is to press the trigger. It is NOT part of the grip of the gun. It is NOT part of the mechanics of the hand used to draw your gun from a holster of lift a rifle or shotgun to your shoulder. Its ONLY PURPOSE is to press the trigger. And a shooter only presses the trigger after proper sight alignment and a proper sight picture has been established.
ALWAYS keep your gun unloaded until ready to shoot. Shooting ranges are usually “cold” meaning that you do not load your gun until you are on the firing line or in the shooting box. Should your gun have a detachable magazine, it’s OK to load that away from the firing line. But, never insert the magazine into the gun until you are on the firing line or in the shooting box.
Most NRA instructors will add a fourth safety rule:
ALWAYS be sure of your target and what’s in front of – and behind of – it. Just because you are on a designated shooting range, or in a known are for your hunt, you simply cannot depend on your line of fire being clear of people or unintended targets. You MUST be certain that you have clearly identified your target and that the area between you and the target is clear. And, you must be certain that in the event you miss your target, the area behind your target is clear as well.
These three NRA rules and the typically added fourth are at work every day keeping shooters on the range and in the field safe. But, they are only as effective as you – the shooter – make them. It is YOUR responsibility to follow them each and every time you have a gun in your hand.
Rules for the Defensive (and Offensive) Use of a Weapon
There is an alternate set of rules that are typically used when training a shooter to use weapons for defensive – or offensive – purposes. They were penned by Lt. Col. Jeff Cooper.
1. ALL GUNS ARE ALWAYS LOADED
2. NEVER LET THE MUZZLE COVER ANYTHING YOU ARE NOT WILLING TO DESTROY
3. KEEP YOUR FINGER OFF THE TRIGGER UNTIL YOUR SIGHTS ARE ON THE TARGET
4. BE SURE OF YOUR TARGET
Once you cross into the training area where your gun is used for defensive – or offensive – purposes, you will notice that the “tone” changes. The word “gun” is typically replaced by “weapon”. This is done to make it perfectly clear that you have a deadly weapon in your hand and that in this environment its purpose is to inflict harm on another person – either to “stop the threat” in most defensive situations. Or, to take a life in an offensive situation. Few shooters outside of law enforcement and the military ever experience the need to take offensive action.
ALL GUNS ARE ALWAYS LOADED. If you treat every weapon as if it’s loaded, it’s less likely you’ll do something stupid with it. This also encourages you to develop the habit that should you be handed a weapon you will immediately check to make sure the weapon is unloaded and safe to handle.
NEVER LET THE MUZZLE COVER ANYTHING YOU ARE NOT WILLING TO DESTROY. A weapon is a means of destruction. When you point the barrel of your weapon at a person, it means that you are willing to kill that person. Take a moment to think about that statement. While being able to tell your friends that “yep, I carry”, what that truly means is that should the situation arise where you will need to actually draw your weapon and use it to protect yourself, your family or your friends – you may actually have to kill someone. There is never any reason what so ever to point a loaded weapon at anyone unless you are under direct threat and unless you are actually ready to follow through and stop the threat with deadly force.
KEEP YOUR FINGER OFF THE TRIGGER UNTIL YOUR SIGHTS ARE ON THE TARGET. There are two elements to aiming a weapon – Sight Alignment and Sight Picture. Sight Alignment means that the front sight is properly aligned with the rear sight. Sight Alignment means that these aligned sights (or red dot or scope reticle) are resting on the target you intend to destroy. Until this is accomplished – keep your finger OFF THE TRIGGER. In fact, rather than just keeping your finger straight and outside of the trigger guard, make an effort to raise it up well above the trigger guard so there is no doubt at all that your finger is off the trigger. If you have a semi-automatic pistol, I encourage my students to stick the tip of their trigger finger in the ejection port or in that same region of the opposite side of the slide for left handed shooters.
BE SURE OF YOUR TARGET. At the time of this writing, the Vice President of the United States gave some advice to people who were trying to defend themselves during a home invasion. He simply said that if you were afraid someone was trying to break into your home through your door, to just fire a couple of rounds from a shotgun through to door to stop them. I simply cannot imagine worse advice. In most areas of the country, it is blatantly criminal advice. You, as the shooter, are responsible for each and every round you fire from your weapon, regardless of what your intent was. If you are in fear of your life being lost, and you find it necessary to discharge your weapon at the threat – you MUST BE SURE OF YOUR TARGET!
Two different worlds – the world of “shooting sports” and the world of “defensive and offensive shooting”. Yet both sets of safety rules get us to the same place – safe shooters that only aim at and press the trigger to shoot only their intended targets. As a shooter these rules should be part of your life, part of your soul. You, and only you, are responsible for the safe and proper use of your firearm or weapon. You, and only you, are responsible for each and every round that leaves the muzzle of your firearm or weapon.
The safe use of a firearm or weapon is serious business . . . . treat it that way.
Lives depend on it. | <urn:uuid:6d1eded6-22cc-4a5f-a71f-ae7d3be82ccc> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://eiaft.blogspot.com/2013/04/safety-da-rules-revisited.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476409.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304002142-20240304032142-00134.warc.gz | en | 0.959008 | 1,801 | 2.71875 | 3 |
New media allows us to connect and engage in a conversation. According to Pew Internet & American Life’s Health Online 2013 Report , “78% of those who posted a comment, story, or question about their health say that they did so to reach a general audience of friends or other internet users.” For many, it’s this conversation that draws them to online spaces and allows the opportunity to connect with larger networks.
White House: Opportunities for a Conversation
Yesterday, the White House released a video on how they are working to offer citizens opportunities to participate in conversations with the President and his team about the issues that are most important to them. The video features ongoing opportunities for citizens to add their voices to discussions in Washington through the use of new media like YouTube, Pinterest, Twitter, blogs and other social networking sites.
Lessons for the HIV Community
We, the HIV community, can use or expand the use of these strategies and tools featured in the video to have conversations in our community. The key to successful communication is to assess:
- what works for your audience, and
- if the tools extend the reach of your HIV/AIDS programs.
How are you using new media to engage in a conversation on the many issues that impact HIV/AIDS in your program or community? | <urn:uuid:fcd6ee14-50c3-4bb5-8285-1dbce677e6c9> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://blog.aids.gov/2013/01/the-white-house-opportunities-for-a-conversation-using-new-media.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657135930.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011215-00188-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935969 | 267 | 3 | 3 |
The Comprehensive Blood Elements profile utilises whole blood and serum analysis. Whole blood is most often used for the diagnosis of lead, mercury or other metal toxicity and can also be used to assess recent or ongoing exposure to potentially toxic elements. Serum is used to assess the status of key elements and electrolytes that have important functions in the extracellular fluid compartment of blood.
When should I use
Useful prior to, and intermittently during, metal detoxification.
To determine appropriate supplementation.
For measuring levels of both intracellular and extracellular circulating elements (Extracellular elements have functions in serum/plasma or are transported to tissues in serum/plasma associated with specific proteins or albumen. Intracellular elements have very specific functions as obligatory constituents of metalloproteins/enzymes in red blood cells and lymphocytes. The red and white blood cells serve as surrogate cells representative of peripheral cells in general. Some essential elements, such as selenium, are portioned in and have important physiological roles in both the intracellular and extracellular compartments. Likewise, the toxic metal lead is transported in both the fluid and cellular (red blood cells) compartments of blood. Therefore measurement of elements in both blood compartments permits a more complete evaluation of total blood element levels.)
For conditions such as:
Dermatitis or Poor Wound Healing
Impaired Glucose Tolerance
Sexual Impotence or Decreased Testosterone Production | <urn:uuid:c17f0144-7791-4fab-96c7-b6e2154134a7> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://regeneruslabs-myportal.com/products/comp-blood-elements-whole-blood-and-serum-elements | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948684.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20230327185741-20230327215741-00486.warc.gz | en | 0.848907 | 380 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Prevent Trunk Diseases in Young Vineyards
Start preventative practices before symptoms appear in young vineyards (< 5 years old), beginning at the first dormant pruning. Trunk pathogens infect primarily through pruning wounds by rain-induced spore release during the dormant season in California. Therefore, preventative practices aim to avoid infections of new pruning wounds. There are three approaches for preventing trunk diseases:
1)Delay pruning until February or later. If you prune either by hand or mechanically, schedule pruning in February or later. Pruning wounds made in early winter (December or January) are very susceptible to infection for two main reasons: 1) winter rains induce spore release, and 2) cold temperatures lengthen the wound-healing process. In contrast, pruning wounds made in mid- to late winter (February or later) are at lower risk of infection because rain is typically less frequent at this time and because the wounds heal soon after pruning. Double pruning is a type of delayed pruning for cordon-trained, spur-pruned vineyards and involves two passes, the 1st of which is in December or January and the 2nd of which is in February or later. With the 1st pruning pass (often with a mechanical pruning machine), canes are ‘pre-pruned’ to approx. 10-12 inches above last year’s spurs. No cuts are made down to the cordon with the 1st pruning pass. With the 2nd pruning pass, canes are pruned to 2-bud spurs. This 2nd pruning pass should remove trunk pathogens that infected pruning wounds after the 1st pruning pass.
2)Protect pruning wounds, when pruning prior to February. Fungicides that prevent infection of pruning wounds are labeled for dormant-season use in California (Refer to Grape Pest Management Guidelines, www.ipm.ucdavis.edu). In addition, there are other non-fungicidal materials that provide a physical barrier to infection. All such pruning-wound protectants must remain continuously active for 30 days, if vines are pruned in December or January. Re-application may be necessary, depending on the protectant used and the timing of its 1st application with respect to rain, which triggers spore production and washes protectants off pruning wounds.
3)Inspect plant material before planting and provide proper care for young vines in newly-established vineyards. Young vines infected by Botryosphaeria dieback, Petri Disease (form of Esca on young vines), and Phomopsis dieback may be further compromised by abiotic stress (e.g., over/under-watering, over-cropping, improper planting). Weak growth from the combined effects of infection and abiotic stress may doom a vineyard to a lifetime of poor productivity.
What to do in Mature Vineyards with Symptoms of Trunk Diseases
Preventative practices maintain yields by reducing the chance of new infections, but they do not eradicate trunk diseases. Therefore, in addition to preventative practices, trunk disease management in infected vineyards includes the following post-infection approaches:
1) Sanitation. Prune away dead spurs or cordons with wood cankers, and remove infected wood from the vineyard or burn. When it rains, all trunk pathogens produce spores from infected wood. Therefore, removing or burning wood eliminates local sources of inoculum. Sanitation creates large wounds; therefore perform this practice in February or later and apply a pruning-wound protectant.
2) Surgery. Cut off the vine just above the graft union and train a trunk sucker as a new trunk. Success depends on complete removal of infected wood, which is difficult to achieve because trunk pathogens are often present in healthy-looking wood. That said, the pathogens are less common in the base of the trunk than in the cordons. This aggressive approach gives the greatest confidence in pathogen removal and initiates the retraining process to replace fruiting units. In vineyards with many symptomatic vines, surgery can be done on a row-by-row or block-by-block basis, to ensure uniform growth of whole sections of the vineyard. A T-bud or other graft can be used on vines without trunk suckers. Just as with sanitation, it is important to conduct vine surgery in February or later and to apply a pruning-wound protectant.
Supported by UC-IPM and USDA-NIFA Specialty Crop Research Initiative | <urn:uuid:14b64810-da1e-466c-8940-c79122817af1> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://treeandvinetrunkdiseases.org/trunk-disease-pamplet/prevent-trunk-diseases-in-young-vineyards | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203409.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20190324083551-20190324105551-00312.warc.gz | en | 0.936899 | 942 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Most Popular Articles
100 years 100 innovations
15. Regency TR-1
Right before Christmas in 1954, Regency (a division of Industrial Development Engineer Associates of Indianapolis) introduced the TR-1, the first commercially available transistor radio. The design was a four-transistor (parts by Texas Instruments), super-heterodyne configuration. About 100,000 units sold in 14 months of production. Interestingly, if you convert the 1954 price ($49.95) to today's dollars, you come up with a figure that is near to what an Ipod costs now.
14. RCA 44
The ribbon-type microphone (also known as the velocity type) was the last of the four basic microphone types to be developed (the other three being carbon, dynamic and condenser). RCA introduced the 44A in 1931, and it was an immediate hit because of its smooth tone and its well-defined directionality. The 44B and 44BX followed in 1936 and 1938 respectively. They became fixtures in everything from movie sets to radio studios.
The low-frequency response of ribbon microphones makes them popular among voice talent. As we all know, jocks like that larger-than-life sound, and it's always an advantage to get it from the mic itself without having to make it up with outboard equipment.
13. Regenerative feedback
Among the early developments in the art of receiver design was regeneration, a design technique in which a particular tuned amplifier is operated with a high amount of positive feedback, thus increasing its gain. Major Armstrong patented this concept in 1914, but Lee de Forest patented it as well in 1916. Thus a contentious, 12-year patent suit began, eventually winding up in the Supreme Court, which ruled in favor of de Forest. Armstrong showed them though; he patented super-regeneration in 1922 and FM later on.
12. Computer Microprocessor
Intel introduced the first microprocessor in 1971. It was invented by Intel Engineers Federico Faggin, Ted Hoff and Stan Mazor. The design was precipitated by a special product order from a Japanese company called Busicom.
Later, Busicom went out of business but Intel had purchased back their design and marketing rights. Thus was born the original: the 4004. At 1/8" by 1/16", and holding about 2300 MOS transistors, it actually had as much computing power as the 1946 ENIAC. Interestingly, the Pioneer 10 spacecraft, launched in 1972, made use of the 4004.
Their functionality has made microprocessors ubiquitous. Still, sometimes I wonder if even the most simple of devices, like a toaster for example, really need a microprocessor.
11. CBS Labs Audimax/Volumax
While it seems that audio processing has been around as long as broadcasting itself, this is not the case. Until the late 1950s “riding gain” on a program was often done manually. This changed when CBS Labs introduced the Audimax in 1959. It was a simple wideband AGC. As FM radio started to come in to its own in the late 1960s, CBS Labs introduced the Volumax, which was an HF limiter. The Audimax and Volumax then worked together as a pair. Some of the last units produced were the 1RU Audimax 4450 and the Volumax 4111. The modern era of audio processing for broadcast had begun.
By the late 1970s, the Max brothers had been displaced by the newest FM audio processor, so many broadcasters today have never used them. Interestingly the processing pair still finds use as special effects processors in recording studios around the country.
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Today in Radio History
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Also in the December Issue
- Local Radio Spotlight: Koser Radio Group
- Trends in Technology: Streaming Audio Update
- Contest Rules Rewrite and EAS Issues
- Embedded Computing, With a Side of Pi
- Field Report: TASCAM US-366 | <urn:uuid:f058025b-16e2-46f8-a422-078d7e833eac> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://radiomagonline.com/features/radio_years_innovations/index2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802769844.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075249-00025-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956415 | 937 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Strabismus , Squint or Eye Turn
A deviation of the eye from the line of sight can loosely be referred to as a squint or strabismus. Squints can be intermittent or more well established and more permanent.
Why does my child have a squint?
The underlying basis can be complicated and at times serious, and best discussed with our Optometrist. Benign presentations most commonly seen in children , can be addressed with the use of corrective lenses in combination with patching of the better eye and some visual therapy exercises.
Why patching and visual therapy.
An eye with a turn often has weaker vision. The vision is weaker not because it is not wearing spectacles but because the brain and associated connections linked to this eye have learned to ignore that eye. The vision has never fully developed.
The philosophy behind patching of a good eye, and visual therapy is aimed at awakening the neural network supplying the eye with the turn. It is somewhat comparable to learning to walk without crutches. When implemented in a timely manner it can have significant benefits to the development of the visual system. | <urn:uuid:55aabb33-cd06-4fc6-bec5-ab9fe35f96f8> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://www.riverside-eye-care.com/eye-conditions/strabismus-or-eye-squint/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578583000.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20190422235159-20190423021159-00321.warc.gz | en | 0.938851 | 229 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Diabetes and Kidney Health: What You Need to Know
There are an estimated 3.5 million Canadians living with diabetes, and kidney damage is a serious and fairly common complication associated with the disease. In fact, as many as 50 per cent of people with diabetes may also be showing signs of kidney damage. It is important to be proactive about the health of your kidneys, particularly when you have diabetes.
Kidneys perform critical functions within your body, and in many ways your well-being hinges upon theirs. In addition to removing waste and excess water from the body, kidneys also regulate the balance of fluids, salt, potassium and other minerals that are necessary for good health. They are even responsible for releasing hormones that regulate blood pressure, red blood cell production and the calcium balance in your body.
Unfortunately, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is incurable. The good news is that it can be monitored and managed. The key is understanding that there is a strong connection between type 2 diabetes and kidney damage. You can also visit The Kidney Foundation of Canada’s online assessment quiz to find out if your kidneys are at risk, and tips to speak with your doctor.
Kidney disease in people with type 2 diabetes can start slowly and progress over a number of years. You may not experience any symptoms during the early stages. In fact, it’s possible to lose 75 per cent or more of your kidney function before you notice that anything is wrong. That’s why it’s so important to talk to your doctor about your kidney health – something that 44 per cent of patients with diabetes are failing to do. It is also important to talk to your doctor about your kidney health because some of the medications prescribed for diabetes management may not work as well as they should if a patient also has CKD. But, there are treatments that can also work for people who have kidney impairment, and your doctor can help determine which ones are right for you.
If you have diabetes make sure that you are tested at least once each year to find out if diabetes has impacted your kidneys. Simple blood and urine tests are all it takes to determine if they are healthy and functioning well.
But of course, testing isn’t all you should be doing to keep your kidneys in the pink and to prevent further damage. If you have type 2 diabetes be sure to:
- Make healthy food choices
- Maintain good control of your blood sugar
- Control your blood pressure
- Stop smoking
- Exercise regularly
- Avoid excess alcohol
- Get enough sleep
- Ask your doctor about treatments that control blood sugar and can be taken at all stages of kidney function
Being vigilant about your kidney health should be part of your overall disease management plan if you have diabetes. Talk to your doctor, have the kidney function tests done annually, and make sure that you are being diligent about living a healthy lifestyle.
For more information about the connection between diabetes and kidney disease visit The Kidney Foundation of Canada.
Made possible through the financial support of the Boehringer Ingelheim-Lilly Canada Diabetes Alliance | <urn:uuid:0ec16133-0900-4f83-9c2b-ab65ec4290c2> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.everythingzoomer.com/featured/sponsored-content/2017/11/17/diabetes-kidney-health-need-know/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153474.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727170836-20210727200836-00203.warc.gz | en | 0.959612 | 635 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Avoid germs to keep healthy
The way to keep you and your family healthy has a very basic principle – avoid germs. And this time of year is the time when virus germs are most prevalent – because they love the cooler, dry air of winter. We are familiar with the seasonality of the flu, colds, and the norovirus – but this year there is a new virus to worry about.
What is the New Corona Virus?
The corona virus at the top of our news flash is scary because it’s new. Scientists don’t yet know enough about it to make more than educated guesses. They are still determining exactly where it came from, although it is likely a zoonotic disease, which means it originated in animals and then jumped to humans. This most likely took place in a food market in central China – which has since been shut down.
The number of people infected is more than 71,000 worldwide, with over 1700 deaths as of this writing. By the time you read this, the numbers will unfortunately most likely be higher. For the latest reporting on this you can learn more here: Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases by Johns Hopkins CSSE.
Containment efforts, including cancellation of flights to and from China, quarantine, isolation, extensive testing of anyone with symptoms, are all being employed. The goal is to keep the corona virus contained until it is eradicated or runs out of hosts. These scenarios are possible, but more likely is what some scientists are predicting. That the new corona virus will become a circulating virus like the flu, or several other corona viruses.
How to Avoid Germs and Stay Healthy
Avoid the flu, as well as the new corona virus, and the norovirus, with a few simple steps.
Avoid the flu by washing your hands
Experts agree – the single most important thing you can do to stay healthy is…wash your hands.
But…you have to wash them for 20 seconds. Schools are telling kids to sing the Alphabet Song while they wash. This is to ensure they get the soap and water where it’s needed to take care of the germs.
The reason for 20 seconds is because that gives enough time to completely lather up our hands. The soap doesn’t kill germs on contact. (And added antibacterials don’t seem to help with that.) Soap helps to lift the germs off our skin. Then we need several seconds of rinsing to wash those germs down the drain. And it doesn’t matter if the water is warm or cold – it’s the rinsing action that does the job.
Can you avoid the flu with hand sanitizers?
Handwashing is best, but use hand sanitizer when soap and water are not available.
The CDC recommends washing hands with soap and water whenever possible because handwashing reduces most types of germs. If soap and water are not available, then the next best option is to use a hand sanitizer with 60% or more alcohol content.
FDA warning to Purell
And the FDA has just issued a warning to the makers of Purell. They must stop claiming that using Purell reduces illness by killing certain germs, including Ebola, norovirus, and influenza.
The FDA does admit that hand sanitizers with more than 60% alcohol probably do kill flu virus.
Hand sanitizers are less effective on Norovirus
Unfortunately, hand sanitizers are less effective on certain types of germs, such as norovirus. Norovirus illness is the major cause of stomach upset – what we always called the “stomach flu” – in kids and adults. And no surprise to most parents, norovirus is most active in the months of December, January, and February. The only effective way to rid your hands of norovirus is by handwashing – following the 20-second rule.
Sneeze and cough into your sleeve
Teach kids this effective way to keep germs out of the air and off their hands. And model this behavior yourself!
Avoid sick people
Stay home from work and school.
Work from home if you can. Keep your little ones home from school when the flu is rampant if you can. Avoid crowded gatherings, buses, etc. It’s common sense, really. Germs are more prevalent where there are more people gathered together.
We know it’s just very hard to stay home from work sometimes. Or keep a child home when they don’t seem that sick and don’t have a fever. And there’s no sitter available. But it’s one of the best ways to contain contagious viruses. And your co-workers and fellow school parents will thank you.
The rule of thumb for most schools is kids can go back to school after 24 hours fever free without the aid of medicine. This is because the highest contagion period is when we are running a fever and showing active symptoms.
What about masks? Do they help?
People with symptoms should wear masks.
Extensive research has taught me the answer to this question is…maybe. If you are already sick, then a mask can definitely help prevent your sneezes and coughs from spreading germs.
Healthy folks should not hoard masks.
If you are healthy, masks probably do little to keep you that way. They’re only effective against large droplets. They often don’t fit properly. They’re uncomfortable. If you manage to keep them on most of the time, they definitely have to come off for eating and drinking. And the hoarding of masks by healthy people just might mean there aren’t enough for those who really need them: health workers and sick people.
Get the flu shot – it’s never too late
Sure, you and your family should ideally get your flu shots by the end of October. But don’t think you can forget about it because you missed that window. Flu season can linger into May, which means it’s really never too late to get the vaccine.
Clean your surroundings regularly
Clean and disinfect frequently-touched objects and surfaces with a common household cleanser. Germs can linger on doorknobs and handles, railings, bathroom and kitchen surfaces – pretty much anywhere we touch.
Stay healthy this season
We hope you have managed to stay healthy this flu season. But just in case, stock up on Pedialite, cough drops, pain relievers, and chicken soup…and maybe even some Vicks VapoRub. | <urn:uuid:9c53d029-0f02-4183-b3c1-0d9dfe96e855> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://luckyandme.com/how-to-avoid-the-flu-and-corona-virus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370525223.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200404200523-20200404230523-00347.warc.gz | en | 0.959347 | 1,384 | 2.90625 | 3 |
New Genome Sequences Reveal the Bird Tree of Life
Eric Jarvis describes how the massive avian genome project revealed key relationships and events within bird evolution. | AAAS/ Carla Schaffer
An international team of researchers has sequenced the genomes of 45 avian species and created the most reliable tree of life for birds to date. Their new avian family tree helps to clarify how modern birds — the most species-rich class of four-limbed vertebrates on the planet — emerged rapidly from a mass extinction event that wiped out the dinosaurs about 66 million years ago.
It also reveals how some of the earliest branches on the bird tree of life diverged, answering many long-standing questions about the common ancestor of birds, crocodilians, and dinosaurs. The findings shed new light on the evolution of avian sex chromosomes, vocal learning in both birds and humans, and the process that led to birds losing their teeth.
The massive comparative genomics project took more than four years to complete and involved hundreds of scientists from about 80 institutions in 20 different countries. The collaboration culminated in multiple studies, eight of which are published in the 12 December issue of Science. Others are published in journals such as Genome Biology and GigaScience.
The research was led by Guojie Zhang from BGI in Shenzhen, China, and the University of Copenhagen in Denmark; Erich Jarvis from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Duke University in Durham, North Carolina; and Thomas Gilbert from the Natural History Museum of Denmark and Curtin University in Australia. With the expertise of colleagues from around the world, they were able to sequence at least one genome from every major modern bird lineage.
Zhang and his colleagues described their analysis of 48 avian genomes, including the 45 new sequences that they contributed (crow, duck, pigeon, falcon, woodpecker, eagle, ostrich, and many more) along with three genomes that were already available (chicken, turkey, and zebra finch). Their findings help to explain why bird genomes, in general, are about 70% smaller than those of mammals.
Bird specimens from the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C. illustrate some of the diverse avian species whose genomes were sequenced for the project. | AAAS/ Carla Schaffer
"One major reason that bird genomes are so small is because they don't have much repetitive DNA," explained Zhang during a webcast teleconference. "Another reason is that bird genomes have experienced massive gene loss in their ancestral stages. At least 1,600 genes have been lost in all bird genomes. Many of these genes actually have essential functions in humans, including some related to reproduction, skeleton formation, and lung systems."
"The loss of these key genes may have a significant effect on the evolution of many distinct phenotypes of birds," he continued. "Like their loss of teeth and dysfunction of one of their ovaries."
The analysis also revealed that the earliest common ancestor of land birds, which include parrots and songbirds as well as hawks and eagles, was a predator at the top of its food chain.
In a separate report, Jarvis and colleagues showed that protein-coding genes are not enough to get accurate phylogenetic trees. They suggested that researchers must include non-coding sequences of DNA as well as regions between the genes to provide a more accurate picture.
"In the past, people have been using one, two — up to 10 or 20 genes — to try to infer [bird] species relationships over the last 100 million years or so," said Jarvis. "Our theory has been: If you take the whole genome, you would have a more accurate species tree than just one or two genes [could provide] alone."
Their approach required more than 300 years of CPU time on several supercomputers, but they suggest that it could enable other groups of researchers to reconstruct similar, high-quality species trees for other challenging datasets in the future.
Ed Green from the University of California in Santa Cruz, California, and colleagues described the first sequencing of three crocodilian genomes — the American alligator, the saltwater crocodile, and the Indian gharial — which represent birds' closest living relatives. They revealed that the genomes of such crocodilians are evolving at an exceptionally slow pace.
The Indian gharial is one of the closest living relatives of birds. | Christopher Brochu
"The molecular evolution of birds is much faster than it is in crocs, turtles, and other reptilian lineages," said Green. "So this avian lineage seems to be faster than other reptiles, but not faster than mammals."
Some of the other Science reports explore long-standing mysteries of bird biology. Qi Zhou from the University of California in Berkeley, California, and colleagues, for example, used the new avian genome sequences to explain how sex chromosomes have evolved in birds. Unlike the human Y chromosome, the avian W chromosome still has many active genes, and sex chromosomes of various bird species are currently at different stages of evolution, they write.
Andreas Pfenning from Duke University with support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, along with his colleagues, exploited the sequences to study the molecular specializations between brain circuits that are important for singing in vocal-learning birds and speech in humans. Osceola Whitney, also from Duke University, and his colleagues determined that a whopping 10% of a bird's genome is regulated by singing, with highly diverse patterns across singing brain regions mediated by differences in gene expression.
Robert Meredith from Montclair State University in Montclair, New Jersey, and colleagues suggests that the mutations that eliminated enamel and dentin from the teeth of modern birds, an event which eventually led to toothless beaks-began about 116 million years ago.
Taken together, these reports support the theory of a "big bang" for bird evolution, with many species emerging rapidly during the 10 to 15 million years that followed the dinosaurs' extinction at the Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary. They're poised to provide a model for other comparative genomics projects for the foreseeable future. | <urn:uuid:85aadcfa-a4b1-4040-8804-7424432a44a1> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.aaas.org/news/new-genome-sequences-reveal-bird-tree-life | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794869272.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20180527151021-20180527171021-00431.warc.gz | en | 0.955445 | 1,252 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Across the globe, nature is declining at rates faster than ever before in history. The twin crises of climate change and biodiversity loss threaten all life on Earth, exacerbating the challenges humanity faces in caring for our natural world. As development damages critical habitat and species continue to disappear, it’s our community of supporters who make a true difference for nature.
Our supporters have helped build a long-standing legacy of land conservation for more than 70 years. As threats to nature continue to mount, The Nature Conservancy’s on-the-ground work protecting vital lands and waters is even more critical. Whether it’s using your voice for our planet, safeguarding the small parks in your neighborhood or protecting the wildlife in your backyard—members like you are at the heart of our mission.
Places You Helped Protect
Tackling our planet’s immense challenges happens one acre, one policy win, one day at a time. Here are several notable land conservation successes from this year that would not be possible without member support.
Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve—Colorado
One of Colorado’s national parks just got a major boost. The Nature Conservancy transferred approximately 9,362 acres of land from our Medano-Zapata Ranch Preserve to the National Park Service (NPS), expanding Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve. The land transfer will allow NPS to manage the property as one connected landscape, giving wildlife room to roam.
Nestled in the San Luis Valley, the land boasts a variety of habitats, from flowering prairies to snow-capped mountains to the tallest sand dunes in North America. Elk and bison graze here, and majestic sandhill cranes and other migratory birds use the wetlands to rest and refuel. Since the late 1990s, The Nature Conservancy has been working collaboratively with NPS and other landowners to manage the landscape and plans to transfer an additional 3,192 acres of Medano-Zapata Ranch to expand the national park in the future.
The Nature Conservancy’s first land deal in Hawaii in 10 years is one to celebrate. In partnership with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and DLNR Division of Forestry and Wildlife, we secured more than 1,000 acres of contiguous land in the Mākolelau area of southeast Moloka‘i.
A high-priority area, the high-elevation native forests supply water for both people and wildlife and help reduce erosion that can damage coral reefs. The newly protected landscape connects other conservation areas from the summit of Moloka‘i to the sea, providing continuous corridors of habitat for endangered birds, the Hawaiian hoary bat and more than 50 native plant species.
Mukwonago River Watershed—Wisconsin
The Mukwonago River watershed is the most diverse and intact small river system in southern Wisconsin, home to nearly 60 species of fish, 15 species of mussels and several rare amphibians and reptiles. Encompassing 15 lakes and miles of streams, the surrounding area contains important nesting habitat for bobolinks, eastern meadowlarks and northern harriers.
The Nature Conservancy secured 170 acres of this key ecosystem, creating a vital connection between Lulu Lake and Pickerel Lake Fen State Natural Areas that will increase their climate resilience. Protecting more of this landscape and linking these two areas will also help reduce flooding while providing clean water for drinking, recreation and wildlife habitat.
In the sagebrush steppe, open grasslands and riparian corridors just outside Yellowstone National Park, gray wolves and grizzly bears roam, peregrine falcons and bald eagles soar, and pronghorn gallop. The creeks and rivers are a critical spawning ground for Yellowstone cutthroat trout. It’s one of the most ecologically significant areas of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem of Idaho.
The Nature Conservancy and partners have been working for decades to conserve this stretch of vital habitat and just recently secured the 634-acre Henrys Lake area property. The area had been slated for subdivision and fragmentation, which would have been devastating for habitat and migration corridors. Protecting these lands and waters ensures the survival and resiliency of iconic wildlife in the area.
The Buckfield tract in coastal South Carolina is an ecological treasure, with healthy longleaf pine forests and miles of river frontage that flow into the Coosawhatchie and Tulifinny Rivers. It’s an ideal habitat for the rare gopher tortoise, one of the oldest living species on the planet.
And now, thanks to a two-phase effort, The Nature Conservancy and the Open Space Institute have protected this 7,326-acre jewel. The acquisition creates a 12,000-acre “nature bridge” of undeveloped land that is vital for both people and wildlife. The property will be open for public recreation and provides clean, abundant water for communities nearby.
The Nature Conservancy and partners have ensured the protection of Chaparral Slough, a 6,859-acre wildlife corridor in southwest Florida. The landscape features a vast array of habitats including marsh, prairie, floodplain swamp and pine flatwoods that support an incredible amount of biodiversity.
Our latest landscape-scale conservation win, the protection of the 11-mile-long tract secures an important piece of a wildlife corridor vital for the endangered Florida panther and iconic species like Florida black bear, eastern indigo snake and gopher tortoise. Birds abound here, including the Florida sandhill crane, crested caracara, swallow-tailed kite, wood stork and white ibis. Acre by acre, we are connecting corridors of protected habitat for Florida panthers and other wildlife across the state.
Slate River Forest Reserve—Michigan
Piece by piece, The Nature Conservancy has been building a conservation corridor in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula for decades. Our latest acquisition is the Slate River Forest Reserve—10,500 acres of native hardwood forest rich with towering hemlocks, mature pines and quaking aspens.
This extraordinary project contains cascading streams and waterfalls that flow into Lake Superior, supplying fresh water to surrounding communities. Black bears, gray wolves and moose rely on large stretches of habitat to roam freely. It’s an idyllic corner of the Upper Peninsula, and science tells us this newly protected area is some of the most resilient land in all of Michigan, meaning it can sustain natural diversity in the face of a changing climate.
Kincannon Conservation Easement—Arkansas
The rivers and streams of the Ozarks host one of the greatest concentrations of aquatic species diversity in North America. It’s a high-priority conservation area, and The Nature Conservancy recently protected 250 acres through the Kincannon Conservation Easement along the upper Little Red River, home to the endemic and endangered yellow cheek darter and speckled pocketbook mussel.
The acquisition brings our network of protected lands and waters in the watershed to more than 5,000 acres, including 16 miles of river corridor. The preserves are the platform for our work with partners, private landowners and local communities. Together, we’re focusing on protecting stream restoration, reforestation and unpaved roads that improve water quality in the downstream reservoir that provides drinking water for more than 250,000 people.
It’s thanks to our community of supporters who have come together, time and again, to help conserve the land and waters on which all life depends.
With our natural world facing the dual crises of climate change and unprecedented biodiversity loss, your continued support is more urgent than ever. We must work harder and faster than ever before to continue to protect the lands and waters we all rely on. Together, we can find a way forward to create a better path for nature’s future. | <urn:uuid:e693f653-0357-43b0-932b-8713a631553d> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://stage.nature.org/en-us/what-we-do/our-priorities/protect-water-and-land/land-and-water-stories/lands-that-our-supporters-helped-protect-forever/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506669.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924223409-20230925013409-00486.warc.gz | en | 0.89939 | 1,655 | 2.90625 | 3 |
This essay has been submitted by a law student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers.
Federal Polity Essay
What do you understand by federalism? To what extent can the EU accurately be described as a federal polity?
Federalism is classically defined as a system of government in which the distribution of power is governed by a constitution and the two elements, the centralised authority and the constituent units, are interdependent and independently sovereign. Their interaction is outlined and governed by the constitution. The centralised authority is usually referred to as the federation or the federal authority and each individual constituent unit as states, provinces or constituencies (Kelemen, 2004). The following essay will explore in greater the depths the qualities of federalism and whether the European Union can be described as a federal polity based on its organisational structure.
Various theories on federalism, operating to define federalism, exist, one of the most influential being that of Albert Dicey. Dicey states that the formation of a federal state requires two main conditions, the first being that a body of countries must exist which are "so closely connected by locality, history, race or the like, as to be capable of bearing, in the eyes of their inhabitants, an impress of common nationality". The second condition is "the desire for national unity and the determination to maintain the independence of each man's separate state" (Kelemen, 2004).
The European Union (EU) is a union of 25 European countries, referred to as Member States established under the Maastricht Treaty in 1992. Many common aspects of the union existed before that date, but the predecessing decisions and agreements mainly lay out the foundation for the current union relationship (Pinder, 2001). A key to the EU is the administration of a single currency and the establishment of freedom of movement for people, goods and services (Pinder, 2001). However, the EU fails to fall under the classification of a federation according to Dicey's conditions, as there is no common nationality or national unity of the EU on a fundamentally personal and individual level. Each individual country retains its very nationalistic and traditionalist roots only acceding on points of financial and economic policy.
The distribution of power is also an essential feature to the determination of a federation. K.C. Wheare proposed as a test to determine a federation, the centralised government must embody a power which is that of co-ordination between the regional states and can do this co-ordination independently of them (Norman and Karmis, 2005). The members states have transferred considerable power to the central governing bodies of the EU, however, legally, the member states remain the masters of the Treaties meaning that the centralised union government cannot transfer powers onto itself that are not transferred by agreement of the member states themselves. Further, the central government has little, if no power on key national issues such as foreign relations and defence. Finally, the member states have two key options available to them which destroy the concept of the EU being a federation. They can opt-out of policies, such as the UK opting out of the Schengen Immigration policies and they can execute secession, in other words, terminating their membership to the union (Craig and De Burca, 2002).
On the same note, the central government of the EU is far weaker than the central government of most recognised federations, such as the United States as an example. Most literature classifies the EU as a unique form of supra-national alliance or as a confederation rather than as a federation. The EU's central power has responsibility for trade and monetary policy and as much as 60% of legislation in the member states originates in the union institutions however, the member states, as mentioned above retain a large part of the legislative power especially in key areas such as foreign policy, defence, criminal justice and taxation. The most fundamental opposing factor to classifying the EU as a federation remains the member states' status as separate entities which was sovereign and seen as such under international law and posses the de jure right of secession. This might not be de facto, yet, none-the-less the option to withdraw from the union, despite having grave political and international policy consequences is available (Craig and De Burca, 2002).
To further elucidate the distinction of the EU as a non-federation, but rather possibly, as a confederation, it should be noted that the fundamental difference between the two political structures is that a confederation is grounded on a system with a weaker central government. Typically in a confederation the states are considered and remain sovereign with the right of secession (Kelemen, 2004). As set out above, this is the structure being presented in the EU.
However, one key issue in the development of the EU's political and organisational foundation is the proposal and attempted move towards the adoption of a constitution. Under a federation, the central authority's power is derived from a consitution which is deemed supreme over the regional laws. The judiciary utilises the constitution to determine whether acts are valid or void under federal law and therefore the constitution should be written, rigid, yet adaptable, inexpansive and clear.
On 29 October 2004, the heads of the EU government signed the Treaty establishing a Consitution for Europe. This was ratified by various member states yet suffered a severe blow when rejected by the French populace in their referedum by 54.7% and rejected again three days later by the Dutch with 61.6% of voters opposed. This questions the future of the EU but also points out that the feeling of national unity towards the EU is not present as Dicey had suggested to be a condition to the test of federation. Further, independence parties, often favouring withdrawal from the EU, are gaining favour in many of the largest and most influential member states, notably the UK with the UK Independence Party representing an ever more numerous and generally negative stance on the general popularity of the EU.
The European Union is an unprecendented form of polity, yet cannot be accurately described as a federation. The central government will require the consitution's ratification as well as a general strengthening of power and responsibility and through that may be deemed to hold federal power. However, the lack of an EU nationalism may be a hurdle the EU will never jump and so the EU could remain the unique political organism that it is especially with the increased and mercurial membership it faces in the future.
Chhibber, P. and Kollman K. (2004). The Formation of National Party Systems: Federalism and Party Competition in Canada, Great Britain, India and the United States. Princeton University Press, Princeton: USA.
Craig, P. and De Burca, G (2002). EU Law (3rd Edition). Oxford University Press, Oxford: UK.
Kelemen, R.D. (2004) The Rules of Federalism: Institutions and Regulatory Politics in the EU and Beyond. Harvard University Press, Boston: USA.
Norman, W. and Karmis, D. (2005). Theories of Federalism: A Reader. Palgrave Macmillan, London: UK.
Pinder, J. (2001). The European Union: A Very Short Introduction (Very Short Introduction Series). Oxford Paperbacks, Oxford: UK.
Cite This Essay
To export a reference to this article please select a referencing style below: | <urn:uuid:58e21029-73fc-4298-8943-bfbc9d74ca80> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/general-law/federal-polity-essay.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158205.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20180922064457-20180922084857-00243.warc.gz | en | 0.952159 | 1,524 | 3.796875 | 4 |
I worked on the ACS project. I worked on an operating system design but I report here on plans for the physical packaging for the machine.
The ICs for the machine were to have been laid out in a plane of about 1 meter square. The IC’s were then called “MECL II” or perhaps that was a trade name later adopted for that class of IC. The IC’s were to be arranged in a square array with bonding pads all visible on one side of the plane. They were five ICs to the inch in both directions, 25 per square inch. The IC was square with 100 bonding pads on each side. These pads were connected to signal wires with “pressure bonding” which was accomplished by using physical force to mash the wire’s end onto the pad. A device (which I never saw) would do this automatically of course.
The wires that connected these pads were of two categories depending mainly on their length. For runs of less than 1.2 inches simple insulated wire was used. Its diameter was 1 mil (1/1000 of an inch). For longer runs the wire was grounded coaxial, 2 mils thick. The main subjective difference was that you could see the 2 mil wires. You could also see the others if you were nearsighted much as you can see a spider web if the light is just right.
I saw a mockup of this technology of a few square inches, which had been wired at random to approximate the expected wiring density. While it looked like mold from a normal reading distance, it felt like a nylon carpet to the finger.
In the mockup the wiring was only about 1/2 inch thick. It was claimed that the pressure bonding machine could poke down, vibrating, thru the loose mat of wires to make a new connection with little danger of breaking an existing connection.
More ACS lore | <urn:uuid:8c926eae-1275-4b41-9f69-fa131eb69bde> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.cap-lore.com/Hardware/ACSpack.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607702.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170523202350-20170523222350-00111.warc.gz | en | 0.988192 | 387 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The academic program for students in grades 5-8 includes personalized student projects designed to enhance deeper learning.
Deeper learning focuses on learning how to learn. Students learn the ability to transfer knowledge across situations, applying cognitive and non-cognitive skills such as critical thinking, problem solving, collaboration, effective communication, motivation and persistence.
Deeper learning is the skill of taking acquired knowledge and using it creatively in real world applications.
Examples of student projects for our first term are included in the document below.
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“Relationships before rigor. Grace before grades. Patience before programs. Love before lessons.”
- Dr. Brad Johnson | <urn:uuid:0bfee327-8a77-4ce6-86d0-94d0dd2a96c7> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.bydesignlearning.ca/academics/deeper-learning | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649518.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20230604061300-20230604091300-00594.warc.gz | en | 0.928399 | 185 | 3 | 3 |
Like Adam and Hetty, Arthur is a very complex character, an amalgam of good and bad qualities. He is basically a pleasant and kindhearted young man who hates the thought of hurting anyone and who likes to be on good terms with all who know him. He is a rich man and an aristocrat who intends to use his wealth and social position for good ends; unlike Hetty, his dreams of the future do not concern themselves with his own happiness alone; he wishes to benefit others too. Arthur is a blithe spirit, happy, charming, and friendly.
But he is very unrealistic. Because of his background, he does not feel that he has to work to get what he wants; he thinks that his dreams will come true without effort. He also does not know himself very well. Arthur is very self-confident, but without reason; he does not possess the self-discipline which could justify his confidence. He is aware of his own faults — his tendency to vacillate, for example — but he cannot bring himself to correct them. His excellent opinion of his own virtue prevents him from thinking in terms of self-improvement, and he is too weak to follow his own conscience without being forced to do so.
This set of attitudes gets Arthur into trouble and prevents him from getting himself out. He knows that his desire for Hetty is impractical, but that does not stop him from seducing her; he wants her and he is used to getting what he wants, though he is not ruthless. Later he refuses to believe that anything bad will come of the relationship, and he continues to play the role of the honorable man even while behaving dishonorably; his objective actions do not influence his self-image. Finally, he cannot bring himself to break off the relationship because he is so kind-hearted; he can't bear to give Hetty pain.
Arthur is thus an emotional and moral drifter; he does not guide himself by any fixed and realistic principles, and his good and bad qualities conspire to lead him to ruin another person's life. He is not completely unconcerned about other people, but his basic attitude is egotistical; he cares more about his own desires than he does Hetty's, for example, and his primary motivation for wanting to help his tenants seems to be to win their respect and praise. This selfishness, combined with his delusions about his virtue, make him irresponsible; he does things without calculating their effects on himself or the other people involved.
Experience sobers Arthur. When Adam confronted him with his guilt in the grove, he was able to rationalize his actions and maintain his self-image. But when Hetty abandons his child to its death, he realizes that if one is to accomplish one's goals, he must act so as to bring them about. He sees the potential for evil that he possesses, breaks free from the unrealistic self-image he had previously held, and tries to improve the situation he has created as much as possible. After performing a symbolic penance, he returns home, ready to work for good ends without egotism or pretense. Like Adam and Hetty, he has accepted responsibility and become humble. | <urn:uuid:c09c0073-7a55-47d6-a2b1-649a77d932a4> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.cliffsnotes.com/literature/a/adam-bede/character-analysis/arthur-donnithorne | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609539776.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005219-00437-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.992575 | 661 | 2.53125 | 3 |
It was the night of September 8th 1970, at the height of the Cold War, when the RAF kept a watchful eye over the North Sea for any unidentified aircraft. RAF Stations on the east coast of the UK had fighter aircraft ready to intercept any intruders at a moments notice. Soviet aircraft were frequently deployed to the North sea to test the reaction of NATO fighters.|
This particular night an unknown contact was detected by a radar operator at Saxa Vord heading south-west over the North Sea at 37,000ft and 630mph. The contact then turned south at 44,000ft and 900mph. Two Quick Reaction Alert (QRA) Lightning aircraft were scrambled from RAF Leuchars in Fife, Scotland to intercept the contact. They refueled with a Victor K1A tanker aircraft and were then guided to the contact. It was then that the contact suddenly turned to the north and quickly disappeared off the radar screens at an estimated speed of 17,400mph.
The contact appeared again several times from the north over the next hour and each time Lightnings were scrambled to intercept but the contact would just disappear to the north again. Two USAF Phantoms were also scrambled from Keflavik, Iceland but they were also unable to close on the contact.
The contact reappeared again and flew parallel to the east coast at 6,100ft and 530mph which brought it into intercept range of RAF Binbrook, Lincolnshire, which scrambled a Lightning F6 (XS894) piloted by a USAF exchange officer, Captain William Schaffner of 5 Squadron. Schaffner was able to make visual contact with the UFO which he described as a very bright bluish light and he also saw an object like a large soccer ball which looked like it was made of glass and seperate to the main body which he described as a conical shape. Schaffner was flying about 400ft from the object which was now in his three o'clock. He then told controllers that it was turning, heading straight for him and then controllers on the ground lost contact with him.
The radar operators saw the 2 blips of Schaffner's Lightning and the UFO merge on their screen and decrease in speed until the single blip came to a halt. Soon afterwards the single blip began to move and separated into 2 blips again. One blip heading south between 600mph - 630mph and the other blip heading north-west at about 20,400mph.
Contact was then re-established between the ground controllers and Captain Schaffner. He reported that he felt dizzy and that he had probably blacked-out for a few seconds also that his compass was not working but otherwise the aircraft was in good shape. Despite the fact that Captain Schaffner could of brought his aircraft back to RAF Binbrook he was asked to ditch his aircraft into the sea off Flamborough. An RAF Shackleton reconnaissance aircraft was in the area and a search and Rescue Whirlwind helicopter was scrambled from Leconfield. The Shackleton crew saw the Lightning ditch into the sea and on its next pass they saw that the Lightning was intact, floating and with its canopy up but they couldn't see the pilot. On the next pass they reported the canopy being closed and that the lightning was sinking but there was still no sign of a pilot or a distress signal.
The Whirlwind helicopter searched the area and was later joined by lifeboats but they found nothing. The weather worsened but the search continued well into the next day but no pilot was found or even the automatic transmissions from beacons that are carried by the pilot and the aircraft.
Three weeks later the aircraft was located by Royal Navy divers who said that Captain Schaffner's body was still in the cockpit. However when the aircraft was brought to the surface and returned to Binbrook there was no trace of a body. The ejection seat was also intact and hadn't been used. Some of the aircraft's instruments were also missing and the investigation team were promised that they would be returned but they never were. The investigation team at Binbrook were told that nothing useful had been discovered and that their job was over. They were also told not to discuss the incident with anyone for reasons of national security.
Information on the Lightning aircraft. | <urn:uuid:c58a1e30-ee2d-4635-b83d-8766990534be> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.military-airshows.co.uk/unex10.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300244.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220116210734-20220117000734-00238.warc.gz | en | 0.991363 | 877 | 2.546875 | 3 |
“This bird’s-eye view, with its three-dimensional depiction of the city, gives us a different kind of information on the buildings and topography of Toronto. Obvious here are the varying densities of development and the varied sizes and shapes of buildings. Building projects in Toronto, as in other North American cities, tended to be small so that there were no large expanses of consistent residential architecture, as there were in Britain at the time.
The harbour, the trains, and the factory smoke, together with the types of buildings shown in the margin, testify to the growing commercial and industrial interests of the city in the 1870s.
Peter Alfred Gross (1849-1914) was an American artist and lithographer established in Toronto between 1874 and 1878. He first produced illustrations for the Wentworth County atlas and then prepared and published this bird’s-eye view of Toronto in 1876. The view is as if seen from a point 5000 feet above the southeastern part of the island. A year later he published J. Timperlake’s Illustrated Toronto which was to accompany the view and which included a key to major buildings.”
– Isobel Ganton & Joan Winearls, MAPPING TORONTO’S FIRST CENTURY 1787-1884 | <urn:uuid:a1ebc25c-47f3-43d8-aa23-e91bf6762531> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.alternativearts.ca/product/birds-eye-view-map-of-toronto-1876/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347432521.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200603081823-20200603111823-00032.warc.gz | en | 0.969106 | 273 | 3.1875 | 3 |
In response to the nuclear disaster at the Fukushima No. 1 power plant, 16 countries have taken steps to strengthen safety regulations pertaining to atomic power generation, according to a report released by the U.S. government Tuesday.
The 16 countries, three of which have not yet begun operating nuclear power plants, "are taking steps to improve safety with a focus on considering previously unimagined accident scenarios,” the U.S. Government Accountability Office said in the report.
The report also recommended that the U.S. government work more closely with the International Atomic Energy Agency to urge each of the 16 countries to further strengthen safety procedures.
The report said Japan has "fundamentally restructured its nuclear regulatory framework” and noted that countries including the United States, Russia, Canada and Belgium are "now planning for accident scenarios that could involve multiple reactors at a single plant.”
Countries are also focusing on new requirements for backup electric generators to protect against the kind of large-scale external power outages that caused the meltdown crisis in Fukushima, the report said.
Additionally, China, Sweden and Vietnam have strengthened their nuclear regulatory bodies.
The report also noted that six countries have developed systems to remotely collect data from their power plants and automatically transmit it to their nuclear regulatory agency and outside experts.
On the issue of U.S. safety regulations, the report recommended that the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission move quickly to decide whether it will upgrade automated systems that would allow power plants to continue transmitting critical data in the event of an emergency.
Approximately 30 countries around the world are currently operating nuclear power plants.
Tuesday marked the third anniversary of the earthquake and tsunami that destroyed a large part of the Tohoku region’s coast and sparked the Fukushima nuclear crisis. | <urn:uuid:e62966a9-0a89-4e2a-85b5-a25d3c9c501f> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.yjc.ir/en/news/3684/fukushima-crisis-led-16-countries-to-strengthen-nuclear-rules-us-report | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816912.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225190023-20180225210023-00362.warc.gz | en | 0.952415 | 364 | 2.75 | 3 |
Jews are neither occupiers nor illegal settlers in Israel or Judea and Samaria (West Bank)!
Jews existed there in ancient times, long before Islam or Christianity. Even the word „Palestine“ is a derivative of a Hebrew word: „Peleshet“. It was first used in the Septuagint (“Greek Old Testament“), and merely denotes a geographical area without reference to any specific group of people. After the banishment of the Jews, the provinces of Judea and Galilee were renamed Palestine by the Romans in order to erase Jewish history.
Thus, a singular Palestinian people is an invention originating from a foreign source. The Palestinian people as we know it today was invented in 1967. Before then, there was no Palestinian language, no independent Palestinian culture, no Palestinian state and no Palestinian people. There were only people of different faiths and ethnic backgrounds who were united merely by the fact that they lived in a geographical area called Palestine. Until the mid-20th century, the designation „Palestinian“ was actually a synonym for „Jew“! In the forties of the previous century, there was a Palestinian orchestra in Jerusalem, whose members, without exception, were Jews. So how could it happen that a Palestinian nation is now characterized as non-Jewish?
To clarify this question one must first remember that the greater part of Palestine lies in present-day Jordan. Palestine also includes Golan, the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, along with areas of Egypt and Saudi Arabia. Present day Israel makes up only a very small part of Palestine. Whether they are Jordanians, Israelis, Arabs, Jews, Christians or Muslims, all of those living within the territory of Palestine are Palestinians. In the 20th century, the Jews were expelled from a group who then redefined themselves as “true” Palestinians.
After the First World War and the fall of the Ottoman Empire, the territory of Palestine was orphaned. After a short time, the territory was then administered by the League of Nations. All people living in the area were called Palestinians whether they were Christian, Muslim, Jewish or pagan. Today, Palestine is divided up into several different countries. However, only one country is democratic: Israel! In 1948, Israel was founded by mostly Jewish Palestinians. They believed in the establishment of a peaceful democracy in the Middle East. In the Declaration of Independence, the nation of Israel extended its hand “to all neighboring states and their peoples in an offer of peace and good neighborliness, and appeal to them to establish bonds of cooperation and mutual help with the sovereign Jewish people settled in its own land. The State of Israel is prepared to do its share in a common effort for the advancement of the entire Middle East.“
On the day on which that statement was broadcast, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Lebanon, Iraq and Syria advised Arabs to leave that part of Palestine in order that their armies may annihilate the new nation and make way for a victorious return. 500.000 people left Israel, however 160,000 Arabs accepted Israel’s offer to all people within the new boundaries to remain and live free lives in democracy and self-determination. Today, about 20 percent of all Israeli citizens are Arabs with full and equal rights. The Israelis are therefore the freest Palestinians in the world!
They are the only Palestinians who have a prime minister who is elected legitimately within a democracy. Although Mahmoud Abbas was elected president of the Palestinian Authority in 2005, his legislatorial period ended on 9 January 2009. Since then, he holds no legitimate power. Jordan is a monarchy with Islam as the state religion based on Sharia law. Jordan cannot possibly be considered a democratic nation, alone for the fact that Palestinians who are not Muslims are second-class citizens according to law. In Syria, disenfranchised Palestinians are held in camps. In January 2014, the Syrian army encircled one of those camps and let the Palestinians starve. In Gaza, Hamas rules. They were elected, but right after the elections they initiated a program of state terror. Hamas prevails in Gaza without legitimacy. Nowhere are Palestinians so brutally suppressed as in Gaza. All the horror is expressed in the Hamas Charter, in which Article 7 proclaims:
„The Prophet, Allah – bless him and grant him salvation – has said: ‘The Day of Judgment will not come about until Moslems fight and kill the Jews. If a Jew will hide behind stones and trees, the stones and trees will say O Moslems, O Abdulla, there is a Jew behind me, come and kill him.’“
Hamas stated that one can not be Palestinian and Jewish, just as the Nazis once claimed that it’s not possible to be Jewish and German. Hamas allows its ministers to hold speeches in the style of Joseph Goebbels. On February 28, 2010, the deputy minister of Hamas‘ Ministry of Religious Endowments, Abdallah Jarbu, reiterated Hamas’ principle views:
“Jews want to present themselves to the world as if they have rights, but, in fact, they are foreign bacteria – a microbe unparalleled in the world. It’s not me who says this. The Koran itself says that they have no parallel: ‘You shall find the strongest men in enmity to the believers to be the Jews.’ May He annihilate this filthy people who have neither religion nor conscience. I condemn whoever believes in normalizing relations with them, whoever supports sitting down with them, and whoever believes that they are human beings. They are not human beings. They are not people. They have no religion, no conscience, and no moral values.”
That speech would have made Adolph Hitler proud. Just as Hitler once wanted to “free” the German people from the Jews, there are efforts underway today to rid Palestine of Jews.
In the first half of the 20th century, there were many Jewish settlements in Europe. They were called shtetl. For the Nazis, however, these shtetl were illegal Jewish settlements that were to be destroyed along with most of the Jewish population in Europe. The Nazis declared, Jews couldn’t be Germans, by declaring it a racial identity, long after the Jews had already settled in Germany. It’s no coincidence that today Hezbollah and Hamas salute each other with outstretched arms as the Nazis did. The United Nations ignorantly looks on and the European Union even funds this madness.
Ultimately, the Nazis failed in their attempt to rid Europe of Jews. Hamas, however, has had partial successes. By the morning of September 12, 2005, every Jew was expelled from that area of Palestine called the Gaza Strip. After the last Jew crossed the Kissufim border, the event was celebrated frenetically by many Arabs with gun shots and motorcades. The abandoned synagogues were torched in a “Kristallnacht 2.0″. Soon after, intensive violence erupted between Arab klans and also between Hamas and Fatah, whereby several hundred Arab civilians lost their lives. Since the expulsion of Jews from Gaza, Israel has continuously, and even on a daily basis, been bombarded with rockets. Ever since, Gaza has been in decline on all fronts.
In the Middle East, the situation for Jews is similar now as it was in old Europe. Although Jews lived in Palestine long before there was Islam, Muslims consider Jews to be illegal settlers in the Middle East. European politicians, who share that rhetoric, have forgotten that their ancestors used the same trick to banish Jews from European cities and regions, although Jews lived in Europe before German and French identities were even invented.
„Why is it so beautiful on the Rhine?“ Jews, enjoying the local wine, asked themselves that question long before Christians and Germans even existed. Nevertheless, they were later expelled by Germans and Christians as squatters and their significance for European culture was negated. However, the Jews are the less illegal in Europe and Germany then as they are today in the Middle East. European politicians forget that fact when they repeat the rhetoric of “illegal settlers” in Judea and Galilee.
Muslims can reside anywhere in Jerusalem. They are not a barrier to peace! Jews, however, who build houses and reside in Jerusalem, are supposedly an obstacle to peace! Why that? In many countries of the world there are Jewish settlements and neighborhoods. In Germany, there are some urban neighborhoods which are predominantly Jewish, Muslim or Christian. Very few see these groups as obstacles to peace. They are seen rather as cultural assets which promote diversity, tolerance and acceptance and as embodiments of peaceful coexistence. In Cologne, there is the predominantly Muslim Keupstrasse and in Paris the Marais in the third and fourth arrondissement, a predominantly Jewish neighborhood. In Israel there are several Muslim quarters and settlements. Nearly twenty percent of Israelis are Muslims. For Israel, Muslim settlements within and without Israel are not obstacles to peace! However in the minds of many Arab extremists and a frightening number of Westerns, the very existence of Jews already represents a barrier to peace.
Jewish settlements are an obstacle to peace for those who want to be free of Jews. Quite the opposite is true; for peace with Jews, Jewish settlements are a necessary prerequisite!
Why should only the Jewish settlers be seen as illegal, but not the Arab ones? They’re not! Those who are convinced that Jewish settlers are the main problem in the Middle East should just replace the word „Jewish“ with „Muslim“, „Christian“ or „Arab“ in order to contemplate why, among all the settlers in Judea and Samaria, only the Jewish settlers should be the problem.
Mr. Obama, why do you say that there should be places in the world where Jews have no business to be, and that their very existence is illegal?
(Translation: William Wires) | <urn:uuid:634e82fe-78ef-4ce8-8b19-83212ee0c32c> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://tapferimnirgendwo.com/2016/09/21/dear-mr-obama/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320489.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625101427-20170625121427-00563.warc.gz | en | 0.970599 | 2,048 | 3.125 | 3 |
How Dogs Help
How Service Dogs help Disabled Veterans
The Service Dog is an advocate for every soldier suffering with loss of limbs, traumatic brain injury, post traumatic stress disorder, seizures, paralysis, hearing loss, and many other serious illnesses and injuries.
You can see it in their eyes, and you can feel it in your heart.
Service Dogs and what they do: Hundreds of thousands of Veterans have sustained life altering injuries and illness on and off the battlefield as a result of exposure to nasty chemicals, close proximity to explosions, and things that I dare not even imagine. The need for Service Dogs outweigh the supply, and Veterans who have obtained Service Dogs on their own, are expected to care for them on their own, (without any assistance from the VA).
Seeing Eye Dog – For blindness. Dogs use their sight to guide their Veteran in a number of ways giving them the ability to get around the house or outside with confidence and independence by indicating that a door or stairway is ahead, a crosswalk, etc. and can retrieve a ringing phone, or nearly a million other things.
Hearing Dog – are trained to make physical contact to their Veteran and lead them to the source of a sound such as a knock at the door, an alarm, ringing telephone, etc.
Balance/Mobility Dog – gives support to walk independent of crutches or wheelchair.
Seizure Alert Dog – Can detect when a seizure is imminent, and give advance warning.
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder – these dogs are a valuable asset to assist the Veteran recovering from War traumas.
Traumatic Brain Injury – having the support of a dog by your side every day, 24/7 gives hope and strength, and is an awesome power of healing. | <urn:uuid:8eb07ae9-c81a-45c2-8bc3-6c270040cdec> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://feedthedog.org/how-dogs-help/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986657586.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20191015055525-20191015083025-00261.warc.gz | en | 0.94718 | 357 | 2.75 | 3 |
The Performance Expectations in Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems (Ecology Unit) help students formulate answers to the questions: “How do organisms obtain and use matter and energy? How do matter and energy move through an ecosystem?” Middle school students can use conceptual and physical models to explain the transfer of energy and cycling of matter as they construct explanations for the role of photosynthesis in cycling matter in ecosystems. They can construct explanations for the cycling of matter in organisms and the interactions of organisms to obtain the matter and energy from the ecosystem to survive and grow. Students have a grade-appropriate understanding and use of the practices of investigations, constructing arguments based on evidence, and oral and written communication. They understand that sustaining life requires substantial energy and matter inputs and the structure and functions of organisms contribute to the capture, transformation, transport, release, and elimination of matter and energy.
The Performance Expectations in Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems (Ecology Unit) help students formulate an answer to the question, “How do organisms interact with other organisms in the physical environment to obtain matter and energy? To answer the question, middle school students construct explanations for the interactions in ecosystems and the scientific, economic, political, and social justifications used in making decisions about maintaining biodiversity in ecosystems. Students can use models, construct evidence-based explanations, and use argumentation from evidence. Students understand that organisms and populations of organisms are dependent on their environmental interactions both with other organisms and with nonliving factors. They also understand the limits of resources influence the growth of organisms and populations, which may result in competition for those limited resources.
The Performance Expectations in Natural Selection and Adaptations (Ecology Unit) help students formulate answers to the questions: “How does genetic variation among organisms in a species affect survival and reproduction? How does the environment influence genetic traits in populations over multiple generations?” Middle school students can analyze data from the fossil record to describe evidence of the history of life on Earth and can construct explanations for similarities in organisms. They have a beginning understanding of the role of variation in natural selection and how this leads to speciation. They have a grade-appropriate understanding and use of the practices of analyzing graphical displays; using mathematical models; and gathering, reading, and communicating information.
The performance expectations in History of Earth (Earth Science Unit) help students formulate answers to the questions: “How do people figure out that the Earth and life on Earth have changed over time?” and “How does the movement of tectonic plates impact the surface of Earth?” Students can examine geoscience data in order to understand the processes and events in Earth’s history. An important aspect of the history of Earth is that geologic events and conditions have affected the evolution of life, but different life forms have also played important roles in altering Earth’s systems.
The performance expectations in Earth’s Systems (Earth Science Unit) help students formulate answers to the questions: “How do the materials in and on Earth’s crust change over time?” and “How does water influence weather, circulate in the oceans, and shape Earth’s surface?” Students understand how Earth’s geosystems operate by modeling the flow of energy and cycling of matter within and among different systems. Students can investigate the controlling properties of important materials and construct explanations based on the analysis of real geoscience data. Of special importance in both topics are the ways that geoscience processes provide resources needed by society but also cause natural hazards that present risks to society; both involve technological challenges, for the identification and development of resources and for the mitigation of hazards.
The performance expectations in Human Impacts help students formulate answers to the questions: “How can natural hazards be predicted?” and “How do human activities affect Earth systems?” Students understand the ways that human activities impacts Earth’s other systems. Students can use many different practices to understand the significant and complex issues surrounding human uses of land, energy, mineral, and water resources and the resulting impacts of their development.
- NGSS 2017 | <urn:uuid:5c361264-814e-484e-81be-e0cde17d73e0> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://mo02202299.schoolwires.net/Page/18372 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039601956.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20210423041014-20210423071014-00329.warc.gz | en | 0.919313 | 850 | 4.4375 | 4 |
Two McMaster University studies, to be published in the Journal of Virology, show that sex hormones have a profound effect on susceptibility of female mice to the herpes simplex virus, type 2 (HSV-2 ), one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases.
Charu Kaushic, assistant professor and supervisor of the studies, says the implication of this work is quite significant. “The research clearly shows, and reaffirms previous research, that in female mice, sex hormones have a profound effect on susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections as well as on the body's defense mechanisms against them.”
One of the many implications of these findings she says, is that if future studies can figure out that women too, like mice, are protected in primary exposure by estradiol, contraceptive creams could be formulated that would prevent herpes virus infection before they could start. Additionally she says, if they were designing a vaccine trial against HSV-2 and if the mice results hold true for women, they could suggest vaccination protocols under combination hormone therapy to get the best benefit from the vaccine.
Work in this area is important because one in every four sexually active adults is seropositive for HSV-2 and women are much more susceptible than men.
“The results directly indicate that the hormonal conditions that provide protection against primary exposure to sexually transmitted viral infections may be very different than those that may be useful in vaccination strategies,” said Kaushic.
“There is of course the flip side to this as well. Our studies in mice and in fact a number of clinical studies as well show that women who use Depo-provera, a progesterone based injectable contraceptive, have particularly high susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections, including HIV-1 and HSV-2. We do not understand why, and our hope is that by doing these kind of mouse studies, we can understand the mechanisms.”
In the first study, female mice received either the hormone estradiol or progesterone, a combination of both, or nothing at all prior to exposing them to the herpes virus. Both estradiol and progesterone are natural hormones found in the body.
The estradiol-treated mice were protected 100 percent, whereas the progesterone-treated mice and mice that didn’t receive any hormones, showed extensive infection, and additionally, the progesterone-treated mice had increased inflammation and were more susceptible to the virus. The mice treated with a combination of the two hormones, estradiol and progesterone, were protected, but only if the virus doses were weakened.
In the second study, just like in the first study, mice were treated with hormones but, before being exposed to the real herpes virus, they received a vaccine.
Surprisingly, unlike in the first study, the progesterone-treated mice and the mice that received no hormones were the most protected. About half the mice in the combination hormone group were also protected and the estradiol-treated group was not at all protected. Similar studies confirmed that a combination of the hormones estradiol with progesterone provided the best protection in vaccinated mice.
“These studies add to the growing evidence that we need to promote more gender-specific medical approaches in future,” she said. “We have to increase awareness in both the medical community as well as the public regarding sexually transmitted diseases and women.”
Extending these findings into clinical studies is the next step. McMaster researchers are currently discussing the design of a study with infectious disease clinicians in Hamilton, which may begin in as early as the next few months. Additionally they will be looking at issues of co-infection with both HIV-1 and HSV-2 which is a big problem clinically.
The two studies were posted online on the Journal of Virology website this week and will be published in the Journal in the March issue.
Cite This Page: | <urn:uuid:c1bb308d-bd5e-4a4e-b4bb-3550b1018e9d> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/02/050223151827.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257823963.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071023-00245-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962645 | 807 | 2.984375 | 3 |
People with disability have the same rights as all members of the community. The Disability Discrimination Act 1992 (CWTH) and the Anti Discrimination Act 1977 (NSW) makes disability discrimination unlawful and aims to promote equal opportunity and access to people with disability.
Your right to a fair go
What is discrimination?
What types of discrimination are unlawful in NSW?
Areas of discrimination
Your right to access the Department of Justice's services
Legal rights information
Anti-Discrimination Act 1977(NSW)
states that every person has the right to expect to be treated fairly and achieve equal outcomes.The Anti-Discrimination Board of NSW provides information on all areas of unlawful discrimination. The Anti-Discrimination Board can provide you with:
free and confidential advice and
publications about your rights.
The publications include guidelines on how to lodge complaints and information on attending tribunal and conciliation conferences. This information is available in
community languages or in English.The Discrimination Tool Kit - is a useful document that provides extensive information on all forms of discrimination and how to make a complaint. The Discrimination Tool Kit was produced and developed by Elizabeth Evatt Community Legal Centre,
Kingsford Legal Centre and
Legal Aid New South Wales.The Discrimination Tool Kit can be downloaded from
the Kingsford Legal Centres Publications page.
Discrimination occurs when someone is treated unfairly because they happen to belong to a particular group of people or have a particular characteristic. Many people have fixed attitudes about groups of people who are different from themselves. Those fixed attitudes can lead to discrimination.
In NSW many types of discrimination are unlawful. This includes discrimination on the basis of:
Pregnancy and breastfeeding
Their fact sheets will provide you with detailed information on your rights in each type of discrimination and how to make a complaint about discrimination.
But, these types of discrimination and harassment are only against the law if they happen in one of the following places or circumstances:
This includes everything to do with work - applying for a job, what happens at work and leaving a job.
This includes everything to do with State schools, colleges and universities - getting a place and what happens in them. Private educational institutions are allowed to discriminate against people because of their sex, marital status, age, homosexuality, transgender status or disability. However, they are not allowed to discriminate against people because of their race. In addition, they must not allow or tolerate sexual harassment.
This includes buying goods, and getting services - for example, from banks, lawyers, government departments, hospitals, doctors, pubs, entertainment places, shops, local councils.
This includes everything to do with renting flats, houses, hotel/motel rooms, caravans and commercial premises.
This includes becoming a member of a registered club, entry into a club and the services you get in a club. A registered club is any club that sells alcohol or has gambling machines.
The Disability Inclusion Action Plan was developed with a view to creating a disability friendly environment to ensure all people can access our services. The Disability Inclusion Action Plan identifies the Department of Justice's responsibilities, objectives, goals and policies in relation to people with disability. The plan includes strategies to:
Disability Inclusion Action Plan 2015-18 is available for viewing.
If you are a victim as a direct result of a criminal offence, and you have suffered physical or emotional harm, loss or damage to property,
Victims Services can help. Find out more about
need legal help, LawAccess is a telephone service that can provide free advice and referrals. Call 1300 888 529.
People with speech impairments use the national relay service speak and listen service 1300 555 727.If you need a free telephone interpreter please ring 131 450 and ask to speak with LawAccess on the above phone number. | <urn:uuid:abf37e24-4a3c-4acd-9b7f-cc250a2f7242> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.justice.nsw.gov.au/diversityservices/Pages/divserv/ds_people_disab/ds_disa_rights.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917120844.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031200-00122-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938233 | 773 | 3.0625 | 3 |
When a child is diagnosed with autism, parents become charged with finding quality treatment – and the evidence-based recommendation is to seek out Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA). Choosing the specific ABA program that is right for a child can feel daunting, especially if ABA is new territory for a family. In this article, we look at the benefits of a program incorporating both in-home and center-based programs.
Many proponents of ABA like to state, “ABA can be done anywhere.” It is true – but we shouldn’t overlook another important point: the environment itself is a critical component of therapy. Controlling the environment to some degree is frequently part of the teaching process. Selecting a teaching environment is a decision that impacts the rest of the teaching strategy and so also has an effect on progress.
Common teaching environments for young children with autism include center-based ABA therapy, private or public school, a childcare environment, and home programs. While there is not enough research to prescribe a particular environment or model generally for children with autism, many parents and professionals are finding that a multi-site model of a controlled environment (such as a center-based program) and a natural environment (home, childcare, school) provides the best of both worlds.
Benefit #1 – Social skills can be targeted consistently and with children in the child’s community.
It is necessary for peers to be available regularly for consistent teaching; in this respect, a clinic setting is ideal for having regular access to other children to practice target skills. Ultimately, the goal is for the child to interact with the other children in their community, their siblings, classmates, and neighbors. Having a regular home component allows the therapist to work on target skills with the people who will be important in their normal daily life, even if these opportunities aren’t as regular as those in a clinic setting.
Benefit #2 – Controlled Environment vs. Natural Environment: Best of both worlds
A multi-site model allows technicians to address the most challenging skills in a distraction-free environment, but still have access to the home or school setting, with all of its naturally-occurring distractions, to make sure that those learned skills are being put to use.
Benefit #3 – Consistency of the Behavior Plan
When a challenging behavior is treated differently across settings, it is more likely to persist; this set-up can even make the behavior worse in the long-run. The best treatment involves the same plan being followed across the day. Having professionals use a consistent plan in both the home and center environments also supports family members to do the same.
Benefit #4 – Assessment of Generalization
All programs must address the issue of generalization, but a multi-site model is tailor-made for this. Generalization can be specifically addressed right from the beginning, either by teaching in both environments, or by teaching in one place and testing generalization in the other.
Benefit #5 – Ease of Group Work Vs. Ease of Parent Training – You Get Both!
One of the most important aspects of the teaching environment is the people present. In a center-based program, other children are close at hand for social interactions, peer modeling, and working on group instruction, so these parts of therapy can happen regularly. When ABA sessions are at home, it can be more convenient for parents to make themselves available for training. In a multi-site model, the child benefits from both of these types of teaching opportunities.
Whichever provider a family selects, they should be sure to work closely with their team to personalize the child’s program to best meet their needs and the goals for their family.
– Richie Ploesch, M.A., BCBA & Katherine Johnson, BCBA | <urn:uuid:8d5b5707-7549-4b13-9da5-3b599540e2d0> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://autismtherapies.com/2019/10/02/the-benefits-of-aba-in-dual-environments/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347413551.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200531151414-20200531181414-00138.warc.gz | en | 0.9606 | 782 | 3.21875 | 3 |
"Train up a child in the way he should go, and when he is old he will not depart from it. "
- Proverbs 22:6
Research shows the crucial years for learning are the early years. Children learn more and set themselves up for the future. Investing in the junior years plays a critical role in the development of the adult. Anyone who knows the value of education will tell you that the academic performance is set between the ages of 6 to 10 years old. Establishing the foundations for life-long learning while children are young is the best way to create good learning and study habits and a good primary education secures a child’s future track record. Of course, a good high school helps, but a student's performance is set by the time he or she is 10 years old.
Primary education is the crucial and critical stage for academic and social performance for the long-term future. Primary school is also when children are most open to adults as wise mentors and to being positively influenced by good role models. They want to listen and are open to adult directions and support. Once at high school, children are more likely to be influenced and motivated by their peers.
During the primary school years we are also best able to identify and support learning issues and difficulties, and develop strategies to assist learning needs. Early intervention is crucial as remedial intervention is then short-term with the purpose of addressing and resolving issues before the high school years. | <urn:uuid:d0ce110a-3aae-49cf-854b-29510876b469> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.tlc.qld.edu.au/our-campuses/cotlew/junior-years/why-invest-in-primary | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400241093.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200926102645-20200926132645-00668.warc.gz | en | 0.970052 | 298 | 3.453125 | 3 |
GRASSES aren't necessarily grasses when it comes to providing nutrition for livestock, according to former DPI graduate livestock extension officer Nathan Jennings.
Having completed the More Beef from Pastures workshop series, Mr Jennings said research showed that the decision on when to graze some grasses can be based on tiller leaf number.
"(This) refers to the number of leaves that can be counted on the plant as it grows," he said.
"Leaf material is of a higher nutritional quality than stem so the more leaf a plant has available to cattle relative to stem, the higher quality diet the beast can consume, which allows for better animal production."
Demonstrations were run between March 2011 to June 2012 at Tom Amey's farm in Dyraaba and Mark Hooton's property at Tabulam.
"Laboratory testing of the Narock Setaria and Katambora Rhodes grasses confirmed that nutritional quality of these varieties of grass was maximised at the 3.5-4 leaf stage," Mr Jennings said.
"There is a trade-off that beef producers need to be aware of, however, and that is that while the nutritional value of these grasses is highest, the dry matter yield of the grasses may still be too low to support livestock, depending on how thick of a stand the pasture is."
Grazing grasses and optimal leaf stages:
- Ryegrass - three leaf stage
- Oats - three leaf stage
- Kikuyu - 4.5 leaf stage
- Narock Setaria - 3.5-4 leaf stage
- Katambora Rhodes - 3.5-4 leaf stage
(Reference: NSW DPI Beef News December 2012 and Nathan Jennings)
Join the Community.
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Update your news preferences and get the latest news delivered to your inbox. | <urn:uuid:2b7af1fa-00b2-4b9c-b16d-0142a0ac76e1> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.ruralweekly.com.au/news/best-grazing-a-matter-of-leaf-count/1705233/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860112228.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161512-00092-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945968 | 387 | 2.640625 | 3 |
1. NGS technology can’t replace traditional culture because it doesn’t provide Antibiotic Sensitivities.
- We do provide antibiotic resistance by detection of the resistant gene for the antibiotic classes.
- Culture sensitivities can only be performed if you can “grow” the microbe.
- Being able to culture “grow” a microbe is not the determining factor to verify if the species is a problem for the host.
- Only 1% of all known microorganisms can be grown in culture. Most physicians have only seen 30-50 species on C&S reports their entire medical career.
- We currently know the sequence codes for more than 25,000 species.
- You will not get from your micro lab the sensitivities of the more than 4,000 species we have detected in human samples.
- ECSMID guidelines make the point that antibiotic sensitivities have no clinical value when treating a biofilm infection.
- Breakpoints to determine S-I-R have been established for planktonic bacteria however, breakpoints haven’t been established for the biofilm or community of microorganisms.
2. How do you determine if the bacteria species are Viable?
Dead or Non Viable bacteria DNA degrades within 24 hours within the host environment.
Viable or Live bacteria once removed from the host environment it will take about 5 days for the DNA to die or degrade and become non-viable.
- If you refrigerate the sample it will be good for weeks. If you freeze the sample, the DNA will not degrade, and will be good forever.
- Due to the rapid degradation of DNA in dead bacterial cells it becomes extremely challenging for the technology to reach the threshold of DNA reads. If we don’t achieve enough DNA reads we can not detect the species.
- If the bacterial species is listed in our report it has met our criteria for DNA reads.
3. Interpretation of the Lab Report - What Does All This Mean?
Detecting multiple species in a sample may be overwhelming, especially seeing species that you do not recognize. We are providing a complete picture of the microorganisms at the site the sample was taken from. If the sample was taken from an area of the host which has an established microbiome, (sinus cavity, mouth) interpretation can be more of a challenge. The following are points you should consider when reviewing our report.
- When treating a chronic infection you are dealing with biofilm phenotype.
- CDC and NIH “have estimated that biofilm infections now constitute 65% to 80% (respectively) of bacterial infections treated by physicians in the developed world.
- All bacteria / microorganisms will move to a biofilm phenotype.
- If we detect multiple species from a host site that is normally sterile, there is a high probability you are dealing with a Biofilm.
4. Questions on Species Detected:
A: What do I treat?
Answer: Treatment decisions are based on multiple diagnostic criteria. Our report is not to be used in isolation. A common approach is to treat the dominant species when there is a concern for using multiple antimicrobials.
B. Is there a cut off of which species to treat?
Answer: No. Multiple species identified could be interpreted as a biofilm. In the case of biofilm infections the microorganisms are a “collaborative community” and are highly synergistic. When the sample is taken from a site other than the mouth, sinus cavity, gut, or areas in the body where we have an established microbiome, there are no commensal bacteria (Good Bacteria). Commensals need specific host related mechanisms and those host dependent processes are not possible in wounds, RTI, UTI, or joint infections.
5. What is found in non-infected patients?
You will find microorganism DNA in healthy people BUT you are going to have other diagnostic information to indicate infection. We give you precise information on what was detected at the site.
6. Why don’t the % of species add up to 100%?
We only report species that make up greater than 2% of the DNA detected. | <urn:uuid:e6c6bb9b-8b57-4dc8-97e4-c4611b21a90a> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://microgendx.com/antibiotic-sensitivities-viable-vs-non-viable-bacteria/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647692.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20180321195830-20180321215830-00307.warc.gz | en | 0.909572 | 869 | 3.140625 | 3 |
When it comes to human fears of the animal world, snakes and spiders are right up there. According to a new meta-analysis study, perhaps snakes should be fearful of spiders. It seems arachnids like to chow down on the reptiles, all over the world.
The study, published in The Journal of Arachnology, has the straightforward title Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) Feeding on Snakes (Reptilia: Squamata). The researchers looked at 319 reports of spiders feeding on snakes from every continent except Antarctica. Most of the events occurred in the US and Australia.
The data showed that spiders representing 11 different families have been observed eating snakes. “That so many different groups of spiders sometimes eat snakes is a completely novel finding,” lead author and arachnologist Martin Nyffeler said in a Monday news release from Switzerland’s University of Basel. Guess we can add the discovery to our Surprising Insect Dining Habits file, alongside praying mantises eating hummingbird brains.
Black widows of the Theridiidae family, commonly found in the US, were particularly good at catching and eating snakes, which may have to do with the spiders’ potent venom and strong webs. Many of the snake-catching spiders have venom that can also be dangerous to humans.
The captured snakes ended up being quite a feast for the spiders, which would sometimes spend days eating their meals.
Comedy Wildlife Photography Awards finalists: See nature at its silliest
The spiders were successful despite the considerable size difference between them and their prey. “They can outfight snakes 10 to 30 times their size,” the university said. The average length of the doomed snakes was 10.2 inches (26 centimeters) and most of them were juveniles.
Even venomous snakes weren’t safe. The researchers found rattlesnakes and coral snakes were on the menu in the US and South America, and that redback spiders in Australia were known to eat brown snakes. Said Nyffeler, “These brown snakes are among the most venomous snakes in the world and it’s really fascinating to see that they lose fights with spiders.”
But all’s fair in the animal world. There are plenty of snakes that eat spiders, too. | <urn:uuid:c6c72420-af7e-4aba-978f-173770cc16b6> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.kernel-sesias.net/spiders-are-eating-snakes-all-over-the-world-and-its-kind-of-gruesome-cnet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585246.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20211019074128-20211019104128-00023.warc.gz | en | 0.964229 | 481 | 2.84375 | 3 |
click on picture for larger image
Lake Okeechobee means “big water” in Seminole Indian language. The lake is one of the biggest freshwater lakes in the U.S. covering 730 sq. miles on its’ surface. Its’ average depth is only 9 ft. but can vary substantially with the rainy season and with the canals, tributaries and sheet flow of water feeding into it. The canals and tributaries bring with them harmful quantities of phosphorous, nitrogen and pollutants from nearby farms, cattle ranches, mining operations and urban areas. The lake has many thousands of tons of phosphorous in the bottom which makes the lake harmful for fish, drinking water or release into the Everglades for which it was intended.
The U.S. Army Corp. of Engineers and South Florida water Management District has been working for years to help purify or make cleaner the lakes water by creating Water Conservation Areas (WCA) and Storm Water Treatment Area’s (STA) which are used as storage basins for some of the lakes water. The WCA’s and STA’s which are composed of thousands of acres of land are used to help filter the polluted water of nitrogen, phosphorous and other pollutants before it is sent to the Everglades or communities where it may be used as drinking water or marshes and wetlands which serve as habitat for wildlife. When the lake reaches dangerous levels approaching 15 ft., the USACE has no choice but to use the Caloosahatchee and St. Lucie Rivers as release points to flush billions of gallons of lake water out of the lake so that nearby towns surrounding lake Okeechobee will not be threatened with flooding.
The area around the lake has been in the news lately because of the option for the state legislature to buy large tracts of land surrounding the lake for environmental purposes. The state legislature has not been unanimous in their effort to buy land for millions of dollars. They have been urged by environmentalists and those who want to continue the cleanup efforts to buy this land and direct the flow of water southward towards the Everglades and not through the estuaries east and west of the lake. The South Florida Water Management District has some good information about the cleanup efforts about Lake Okeechobee on their website. | <urn:uuid:ca7dd7c5-6683-42bb-9a4e-2743e702d02f> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://www.ourwetlandsfla.com/lake-okeechobee-cleanup-efforts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321309.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627101436-20170627121436-00404.warc.gz | en | 0.963365 | 478 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Charles Victor Emmanuel Leclerc
- 1 Leclerc is appointed to command the expedition to Saint-Domingue
- 2 See also
- 3 References
Leclerc is appointed to command the expedition to Saint-DomingueBrumaire (in November 1799) making Napoléon Bonaparte the ruler and military dictator (First Consul) of France. More military campaigns followed on the Rhine and in Portugal and then in 1802 his brother-in-law appointed him commander of the expedition to recover the former French colony of Saint-Domingue, now Haiti,
Leclerc arrives in Saint-Domingue to reinstate slavery
In December of 1801 Leclerc leaves the French harbor of Brest with a fleet of 12 ships, commanded by Louis Thomas Villaret de Joyeuse. The goal of this massive shift of troops to Saint-Domingue was to defeat Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian Revolutionaries and to bring back slavery to this great source of France's wealth.
With a large expedition that eventually included over 30,000 European troops, the French won several victories after severe fighting. At one point Toussaint, referring to the fight against the efforts of Leclerc to reinstate slavery, writes in a letter to Jean-Jacques Dessalines: "Tear up the roads with shot; throw corpses and horses into all the fountains; burn and annihilate everything, in order that those who have come to reduce us to slavery may have before their eyes the image of that hell which they deserve." (Beard, p. 186f)
The Battle of Ravine-à-CouleuvresBattle of Ravine-à-Couleuvres (on February 23, 1802) speaks of his adversary Leclerc and the French invasion forces: "You are going to fight against enemies who have neither faith, law, nor religion. They promise you liberty, they intend your servitude. Why have so many ships traversed the ocean, if not to throw you again into chains? They disdain to recognise in you submissive children, and if you are not their slaves, you are rebels. The mother country 1, misled by the Consul 2 , is no longer anything for you but a step-mother. Was there ever a defence more just than yours? Uncover your breasts, you will see them branded by the iron of slavery." (Beard p183 ff)
During that important battle, the French 5e Regiment d'Infanterie Legere (5th French Light Infantry Regiment) was under the command of General Leclerc.
In Guadeloupe, another slave holding French colony in the Caribbean, Antoine Richepanse succeeded to roll back the abolition of slavery in May of 1802. Richepanse and his soldiers, who had been send by Napoléon with the same goals as Leclerc, killed 10.000 people in the process and opened the eyes of many in Saint-Domingue. After Richepanse's success the true intentions of the French became very clear.
Leclerc seizes Toussaint Louverture by deceit
After many battles including the important Battle of Ravine-à-Couleuvres (Feb. 1802) and Siege of Crête-à-Pierrot (March 1802) Toussaint's forces, even though they inflict huge losses on Leclerc's army, begin to weaken from the onslaught by the heavily armed French forces. Toussaint agrees to retire in the summer of 1802. Acting on Napoleon's secret instructions, Leclerc later seized Toussaint Louverture (on June 7, 1802) by deceit during a meeting and deported him to France where he died while imprisoned at Fort de Joux in the Jura mountains in 1803.
This treacherous act swung the tide inexorably against French hopes. Native insurgents redoubled their efforts to defeat the French, who were weakened by an epidemic of yellow fever. Leclerc died of the fever in November 1802 on La Tortue. He was succeeded in command by General Rochambeau, whose brutal racial warfare only succeeded in drawing more people to the rebel armies, including black and mulatto army officers like Jean-Jacques Dessalines, Alexandre Pétion and Henri Christophe. In November 1803 Rochambeau admitted defeat and Dessalines proclaimed the independence of Haiti on January 1, 1804.
Note 1: France
- French Cruelties in St. Domingue - Newspaper article from New Hampshire.
- Napoléon decree re-establishing slavery in the French colonies - From May of 1802 (French text).
- Leclerc Saint-Domingue proclamation (1802) - Leclerc outlaws Henri Christophe and Toussaint Louverture in this proclamation sent from his Saint-Domingue headquarters.
- Napoléon Bonaparte letter to Toussaint Louverture (1801) - Napoléon Bonaparte announces his intent to Toussaint Louverture, that he is sending General Leclerc to re-establish French dominance in the colony.
- 'Show no mercy' letter by Leclerc (1802) - Refers to Dessalines, which Leclerc presumes to be on his side.
- Toussaint Louverture letter to Jean-Jacques Dessalines - 1802 letter in which Dessalines is asked by Toussaint to burn down Port-au-Prince to stop Leclerc's advance.
- General Leclerc - June 5, 1802 - letter to Toussaint Louverture - Letter written two days before Toussaint's betrayal by Leclerc.
- Memoir of Toussaint Louverture, Written by Himself - Autobiographical text in which Toussaint Louverture describes Leclerc's deceit.
- The History and Present Condition of St. Domingo (1837) - Contains section on Leclerc.
- Beard, J. R. (John Relly) (1863). Toussaint L'Ouverture: A Biography and Autobiography. Chapel Hill, NC: Academic Affairs Library, UNC-CH. Online Publication
- Clarkson, Thomas Esq.. (1823) Thoughts on the Necessity for improving the Condition of the Slaves in the British Colonies, with a view to their ultimate emancipation; and on the practicability, the safety, and the advantages of the latter measure. London: Richard Taylor. (Project Gutenberg Online text)
- Charles Leclerc. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. [Accessed on Nov 26, 2005 09:44 UTC] . | <urn:uuid:d73007b3-8160-45f7-a214-86bd1815d12a> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://thelouvertureproject.org/index.php?title=General_Charles_Victor_Emmanuel_Leclerc | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823605.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020010834-20171020030834-00128.warc.gz | en | 0.928306 | 1,437 | 2.578125 | 3 |
This book provides an up-to-date account of blind children's developing communicative abilities with particular emphasis on social cognition and language acquisition from infancy to early school age. It purports to foster dialogue between those interested in the study of typically developing children and those interested in the development of children who are blind and to provide insights and new explanations of why the development of blind children may differ from that of sighted children. The book also aims to identify and examine current theoretical issues which are likely to be at the centre of developments in the fields of child language and developmental psychology.
Language Development and Social Interaction in Blind Children is also a timely book. The study of blind children's development constitutes a unique opportunity to study the effect of vision on development, and more specifically on the development of language and certain aspects of social cognition. Current interest in the development of "theory of mind" and perspective taking in language learning, make the case of blind children crucial to our understanding of certain aspects of psychological functioning. The book explores these issues, challenges some widely-held beliefs about the development of communication in blind children, and provides a cohesive picture of our knowledge to date.
'I was … pleasantly relieved at the ease with which I read the book … This is a thought provoking collection of essays bringing together a great deal of information. It is of immediate interest to those working with the visually impaired and blind but would also interest any professional working with a paediatric language impaired population.' - Rebecca Matthews, National Specialist College, Hampshire, in the RCSLT Bulletin 2000
'This is a very important book as it brings together for the first time a comprehensive review of the literature on the development of language in blind children, together with an impressive coverage of the empirical research. Somewhat provocatively, the authors challenge the assumptions and conclusions of some of the highly regarded early and previous researchers who have looked at language development (or aspects of it) in blind children and in so doing, force the reader to question assumptions about the development of language in sighted children as well.' - Alison Garton, (Health Department of Western Australia)
'Researchers, educators, parents, and early childhood specialists will find this book both helpful and enlightening.' - Sally Rogow, University of British Columbia, Contemporary Psychology
Introduction: The Study of Blind Children's Development. Motor and Cognitive Development. Social Interaction and the Beginning of Communication. Language Development in Blind Children. Parent-child Conversational Interaction with Blind Children. Ideas on Intervention with Blind Children.
Essays in Developmental Psychology is designed to meet the need for rapid publication of brief volumes in developmental psychology.
The series defines developmental psychology in its broadest terms and covers such topics as social development, cognitive development, developmental neuropsychology and neuroscience, language development, learning difficulties, developmental psychopathology and applied issues.
Each volume in the series makes a conceptual contribution to the topic by reviewing and synthesizing the existing research literature, by advancing theory in the area, or by some combination of these missions.
Authors in this series provide an overview of their own highly successful research program, but they also include an assessment of current knowledge and identification of possible future trends in research.
Each book is a self-contained unit supplying the advanced reader with a coherent review of important research as well as its context, theoretical grounding and implications. | <urn:uuid:35288192-974b-43b3-9920-2f171b7be64a> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://www.routledge.com/Language-Development-and-Social-Interaction-in-Blind-Children/Perez-Pereira-Conti-Ramsden/p/book/9780863777950 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190234.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00337-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93384 | 679 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Kashmir, abode of lofty snow-capped mountains, lush green meadows, enchanting springs and lakes with vivid flower gardens truly encapsulates the heaven on earth. It is believed that the valley was a gigantic lake ‘Satisara’ which was surrounded by mighty Himalayan mountain ranges. Due to volcanic activities, water gushed out of this lake at Baramulla, draining the valley. Remnants of this vast lake are the Dal Lake, Wular Lake, Manasbal Lake and numerous springs. Areas surrounding these springs and lakes have been cultivated and developed as gardens.
The earliest form of gardens in Kashmir was conceived by the Buddhists and thousands of Viharas were built here. Kashmir valley has been acclaimed as a land of bliss, peace, contentment, ‘The abode of meditating monks’ and this tradition travelled to Central Asia, China and Japan with spread of Buddhism. Buddhist traditions were carried further by the Sufis, who planted shady trees wherever they stayed. Shahmir rulers and Sultans of Kashmir were pioneers of gardens in the valley and later the Mughals revived the tradition of cultivating gardens. Most of the Mughal gardens have since disappeared however, some of them still exist. Mughals added pavilions, fountains and cascades to the gardens in Kashmir.
Nishat Bagh or the “garden of delight” is on the eastern bank of the beautiful Dal Lake. It is a magnificent garden laid out by the eldest brother of Empress Noor Johan in 1634 AD. The garden had twelve terraces representing twelve Zodiac signs however, only 10 terraces can be found now. Colored flower beds are most delightful in the background of soft and green turf lined with avenues of Chinar and Cypress trees.
Shalimar Bagh the abode of love with its fascinating beauty captivated the king Praverasena II, who founded Srinagar in 2nd century. He built a cottage at this spot and named it Shalimar. Over years, the cottage was lost but the name of the village remained – Shalimar. Mughal Emperor Jahangir stumbled upon this location and built a dream garden and named it Shalimar Bagh or ‘the garden of solace and comfort’ as it was known in Turkish. It is the most beautiful among the Mughal gardens of Kashmir. The garden originally consisted of three enclosures of which the last enclosure surrounded by cascades and fountains with black – marble pavilion still exists. Its lawns are covered with flower beds and shady trees and the quote given above can be read on the painted interiors and the chamber walls here. The Mughal emperor Jahangir ruled India from the Shalimar garden for thirteen summers.
Achabal Garden is one of the most beautiful and graceful tourist spots in Anantnag. Achabal is the finest master piece of Mughal style gardens in India. Large numbers of trees and fresh water gives a person, feeling of heaven and in autumn, Chinar trees turn red and give a most mesmerizing view. The most distinctive feature of the garden is its largest spring, which irrigates the whole garden. The spring gushes out of the foot of the mountain densely covered with deodar forest.
Chasm-e-Shahi Garden in Srinagar is an elegant Mughal garden built by Emperor Shah Jahan. The garden is located on the foothills of the Zabarwan range. Its lush green lawns, water pool and mountain in the middle of the entrance give a charming spectacle of this garden. The fresh water stream inside the garden is very popular for its medicinal properties. Once Empress Mumtaj fell ill and she was made to drink the water of this spring. Miraculously the empress got healthy and the spring become popular and got royal importance. The spring was originally discovered by a female saint, Rupa Bhawani who was a Sahibi, an enlightened soul. She undertook a penance here and hence, the spring came to be known as Chasme Sahibi and later become Chasm-e-Shahi (the Royal spring). To the east of the Chasm-e-Shahi lies Pari Mahal built by Prince Dara Shikoh which looks like an enchanting fairy tale castle. The structure was built on the remnants of a Buddhist monastery.
Verinag Mughal Garden situated at the entry point of Kashmir is known as the ‘Gate way of Kashmir and is in the Pir Panjal range. The Verinag spring with octagonal stone basin surrounded by an arcade, gorgeous old Chinar trees, lush green meadows are its main attraction. The spring of Verinag is the source of Jhelum River and is a historical spot in Kashmir. Tulip Garden lies on Zabarwan mountain slopes and is spread over 74 acres. It is the largest tulip garden in Asia consisting of seven terraces each with a different variety of flower, especially tulips. Tulip garden is home to around 68 varieties of tulips. Besides tulips there are 46 varieties of flowers some of which are from Amsterdam, Holland.
The whole of Kashmir is a delightful garden made by nature. The Kashmiri gardens are rich repositories of Kashmir’s history and heritage and represent happy blending of the Persian, Central Asian and the Indian culture. Thus making Kashmir ‘A Paradise on Earth’ in the real sense with it’s hospitality. | <urn:uuid:241881da-4a2c-4494-ac88-0f4b040ab39a> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://kashmirrootstock.com/2022/10/04/lakes-and-gardens-of-kashmir-valley/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710898.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20221202050510-20221202080510-00607.warc.gz | en | 0.959168 | 1,133 | 2.90625 | 3 |
New research published in Proceedings for the Royal Society B suggests that taller people have an increased risk of cancer because they have more cells in the body that could mutate and lead to cancer. The risk of cancer increases by 10% for every 4 inches a person is over the average height, defined as 5 feet, 4 inches for women and 5 feet, 9 inches for men.
The researchers used data from previous large cohort studies including more 10,000 men and women to compare the overall risk of developing cancer of any type with increasing height.
— CancerNetwork® (@CancerNetwrk) October 29, 2018
They found that there was a 13% increased risk for women for every additional 10 cm in height compared with 12% from observations, and an 11% predicted increase in men for every 10 cm taller compared with 9% seen in real life.
— Dr. Stefan Gruenwald (@sgruenwald) October 29, 2018
This risk was associated with 18 of 23 cancers considered; the correlation was highest with kidney cancer, colon cancer, and lymphoma. For women, the greatest increase in risk was for cancers of the thyroid, skin, lymphoma, colon, ovary, breast, and womb. For men, it was for cancers of the thyroid, skin, lymphoma, colon, kidney, biliary tract, and central nervous system. A taller stature did not increase the risk of oesophageal, stomach, mouth, or cervical cancer in women, and did not increase stomach cancer risk in men. | <urn:uuid:1bea283f-5825-4053-af92-892602d036f7> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.docwirenews.com/docwire-pick/are-you-heightened-risk-for-cancer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710691.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129100233-20221129130233-00361.warc.gz | en | 0.967729 | 312 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Title: Thinking of Wildfire as a Natural Hazard
Author: McCaffrey, Sarah
Source: Society and Natural Resources 17: 509-516
Description: Natural hazards theory with its emphasis on understanding the human-hazard interaction has much to offer in better understanding how individuals respond to the wildfire hazard. Ironically, very few natural hazards studies have actually looked at wildfires, despite the insights the field might offer. This report is structured around four interrelated questions that are often heard from individuals involved with wildfire management. Examining these four items through the natural hazards lens can demonstrate just a few of the ways the field can help us think more clearly about individual response to risk and how to increase participation in fire mitigation and support for fire management practices.
Keywords: natural hazards, risk perception, wildland fire, wildland-urban interface
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McCaffrey, Sarah 2004. Thinking of Wildfire as a Natural Hazard. Society and Natural Resources 17: 509-516. | <urn:uuid:697426a9-3d9b-41d4-a509-5df4a7ec6b4e> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/13649 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163052469/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131732-00002-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.896155 | 366 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Somewhere over the Pacific Northwest this morning, a monarch butterfly is skipping uncertainly across the landscape. A few months ago, its grandparent left this misty stand of eucalyptus and cypress on the California coast some 700 miles away. By mid-autumn, its grandchild will begin the trip back, perhaps even to the same branch, to complete one of the most remarkable migrations in the animal kingdom.
For years, few answers have emerged as to how a creature that weighs less than a dime and has a brain smaller than a pin head could navigate its annual circuit with GPS precision.
Today, however, scientists say they have found their first big clue - evidence that monarchs rely on their biological clock to precisely chart the motion of the sun and calibrate their course.
More work remains, scientists say, before they can comprehend the migration entirely. But they hope this discovery will lead them to conclusions about an enigma that has long captured the imagination of backyard Darwins across North America.
"This is a really big step ahead in figuring out how monarchs find their way to [California and] Mexico and understanding such a complex process," says Lincoln Brower, a biologist at Sweet Briar College in Virginia.
In this week's issue of the journal Science, the authors of a new report suggest that monarch's circadian clock - the biological clock that sets sleep patterns in humans - is crucial to its ability to know where it is going. In other words, the monarch's clock inherently knows how to compensate for the hourly and daily movement of the sun across the sky, allowing the butterfly to fly in the exact direction it desires.
The study brings the way the circadian clock "tells an animal how to orient itself in space," says author Steven Reppert of the University of Massachusetts Medical School in Worcester. "It's like a four-dimensional clock."
What it does not answer is how monarchs know which direction they want to fly in the first place, and how they know when they have arrived at the exact wintering grounds in Mexico and coastal California that only their great-great grandparents saw.
It is a mystery that has given the monarch a unique niche in American culture, from nationwide counts of butterflies to migration maps pinned to cork boards in countless elementary schools.
Yet, here in Pacific Grove, the oldest known wintering site for monarchs in the United States, the creature's mystique has shaped the town's very identity. Street signs at the entrances to this wood-shingled Cape Cod of the California coast welcome drivers to Butterfly Town, USA.
Kindergartners outfitted with orange-and-black wings have trooped down Lighthouse Avenue in the Butterfly Parade every year since 1939. Harming a butterfly has been a crime punishable by a $1,000 fine since that same year. And when the city considered razing a butterfly sanctuary in 1990, 69 percent of citizens voted to raise taxes by $1.2 million so they could save it.
Today's study will not explain why the monarchs return year after year to this inauspicious grove amid mildewed houses and a pink motel, where palm fronds rattle like castanets in the moist Pacific wind.
Noting that monarchs spend almost exactly 180 days in their winter roosts in the Mexican highlands, Dr. Brower wonders if monarchs' circadian clock spins 1 degree each day, sending them due south in autumn and due north in spring.
Others suggest that the clock might govern huge portions of monarch behavior. The monarchs born in early autumn, when days are short, for instance, live for eight months so they can migrate all the way south. Every other generation lives only about four to eight weeks.
"The study explains the underlying mechanism," says Orley "Chip" Taylor, an ecologist at the University of Kansas in Lawrence. "Now, we begin to examine it."
Moreover, Dr. Reppert's study represents the inaugural use of a new "flight simulator" that tethers butterflies so that they fly in place inside a drum. For the first time, it allows scientists to observe how butterflies react when they change the light source and location. In today's report, Reppert says he and his colleagues discovered that the butterflies became disoriented when exposed to constant light.
The success of the contraption, others add, will give scientists a new tool to the migration.
"Now we will be able to really nail down these things experimentally," says Brower. | <urn:uuid:2d203496-8fe3-4181-9b44-90c3b2faf058> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.csmonitor.com/2003/0523/p02s02-usgn.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107874135.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20201020192039-20201020222039-00590.warc.gz | en | 0.952908 | 931 | 3.65625 | 4 |
“Public cloud” or “Cloud computing” is a model of delivering Hosted Services provided by Service Providers over the internet. Service provider makes resources, such as virtual machines (VMs), applications or storage, available to the general public over the internet.
Public Cloud providers have a multi-tenant architecture that enables users or tenants to share computing resources. Each tenant's data in the public cloud, however, remains isolated from other tenants.
In public clouds although the resources are shared between multiple clients but all the services are controlled by services provider.
Organizations that are fully dependent on IT to meet business goals have understood the value of cloud computing for its availability, scalability, instant provisioning, virtualized resources and storage.
Public cloud architecture can be further categorized by service model. Common service models include:
Software as a service (SaaS)
A third-party Service provider hosts applications and makes them available to customers over the internet.
Platform as a service (PaaS)
A third-party Service provider delivers hardware and software tools usually needed for application development to its users as a service.
Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
A third-party Service provider offers virtualized computing resources such as VMs and storage over the internet.
Benefits of Public Cloud:
Simple and easy:
Public clouds are available as a service in the internet, they are easy to deploy.
Low Initial Cost:
Initial investment (CAPEX) is very low or nil.
Less time to Delivery
The IT resources and services are available immediately saving time for the company.
The hardware and networks are maintained by the cloud services provider. Internal IT staffs have no responsibility in maintaining the infrastructure.
No long term commitment with service provider because public clouds are usually pay-as-you-go models.
Public Cloud is suitable When:
Cloud adoption has just started in the organization.
Business growth is dynamic, tied to seasonality and promotional offerings
Capital dollars(CAPEX) for hardware purchases are limited
Highly variable workloads
Suitable for SaaS applications like Office 365.
On Demand Work Loads or Projects are regular
Assess Customer IT environment and determine the data and apps that are viable for Public Cloud migrations
Provide a Road Map for Cloud adoption and provide TCO and ROI for moving Apps to Public Cloud
Help our customers with staging, testing, and validation before moving their production environments to Public Cloud
Offer support while delivering on SLAs and uptime guarantees
Operates and Monitors Customer Cloud Environment (Public and Hybrid) with governance over their Cloud usage by managing their billing and Cloud capacity planning | <urn:uuid:000f76ff-fa07-4330-b4f3-d65eb63083e0> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.kaigengroup.com/software-defined-datacenter/public-cloud.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578681624.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20190425034241-20190425060241-00194.warc.gz | en | 0.918625 | 553 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Sachiko Ozawa, Samantha Clark, Allison Portnoy, Simrun Grewal, Logan Brenzel, and Damian G. Walker
An important research article was published in Health Affairs in February 2016, quantifying the “return on investment” from investments in immunization. The analysis covered 94 low and middle income countries, including all 73 Gavi countries. It uses projected coverage rates for 10 antigens from 2011 to 2020.
The key finding was that the net benefits of immunization were 16 times the projected costs. The analysis was also disaggregated by specific antigen. For all antigens, the net benefit was greater than one, indicating that net benefits exceed projected costs. Projected costs include vaccines, service delivery and supply chain costs. Projected benefits include averted treatment and transportation costs, lost caretaker wages, and productivity losses. This approach is called the “cost of illness” approach.
The analysis also used a second methodology which captures the intrinsic value that people place on living longer and healthier lives from immunization. The return on investment was larger, coming in at $44, with this methodology. | <urn:uuid:e4017561-df50-4f72-bdc0-f880e10f29d1> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.linkedimmunisation.org/2016/02/01/return-investment-immunization/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100583.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206063543-20231206093543-00347.warc.gz | en | 0.966218 | 233 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Whose responsibility is it to stop Zika? The largely mosquito-borne1 virus has spread to more than 20 countries and territories in the Americas since it arrived in Brazil about a year ago, and there’s concern that it’s threatening the fetuses of pregnant women. Zika’s symptoms for those infected are typically mild, but it has been linked to an increase in birth defects and neurological conditions. That has led officials to try to limit what women do in the affected regions.
In addition to declaring a “public health emergency of international concern,” the World Health Organization has said pregnant women should aggressively avoid getting bitten by mosquitoes. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, as well as the Public Health Agency of Canada and several European countries have issued advisories for pregnant women who are considering traveling to the majority of countries in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Several Latin American countries — including Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador and Jamaica — have made far more dramatic asks, saying women should delay getting pregnant altogether. History and experts say this is misguided; not only will officials’ requests fail to prevent the majority of pregnancies, they place the burden on society’s most vulnerable women. The numbers we have (and we don’t have perfect data) paint a relatively clear picture: For many women, pregnancy is not a choice.
Let’s begin with the basics: As is the case in the United States, plenty of women who get pregnant in Latin America and the Caribbean don’t intend to.2 The Guttmacher Institute, a policy and advocacy organization focused on reproductive health, estimates that 56 percent of pregnancies in Latin America — 62 percent in South America and 40 percent in Central America — are unwanted or mistimed. Although those numbers are already large, they mask much higher rates among certain groups. “These averages aren’t telling the fuller story,” said Jen Kates, who runs global health research for the Kaiser Family Foundation. Kates says women in rural areas, poor women, young women and victims of sexual violence have all been known to have even higher rates of pregnancies they didn’t plan.
These numbers are high in part because access to contraceptives varies greatly depending on where you are — and who you are. The United Nations Population Fund estimates that 11 percent of women in Latin America have an “unmet need for family planning,” which in reproductive health lingo means 11 percent of women married or in a union want to delay or prevent future pregnancies but aren’t using a method of contraception. That’s relatively low compared with other parts of the world, such as sub-Saharan Africa, where it’s 25 percent.3
Of course, it’s not just married women who get pregnant. Unmarried teenagers and single women aren’t always surveyed, but when they are, they also report high rates of unplanned pregnancy. Studies conducted over the past decade found that unmet need for sexually active but unmarried women ages 15 to 49 in most Latin American countries ranged from 32 percent to 55 percent, according to a review by the Guttmacher Institute. That suggests it’s harder for unmarried women to get contraceptives when they want them.
Cultural factors are part of the reason. “Some health workers are afraid they will promote sexual activity by bringing up the topic or offering contraception to teenagers,” said Dr. Guillermo Antonio Ortiz, who used to be chief of obstetrics at the National Women’s Hospital in El Salvador and now works in the U.S. for Ipas, an abortion advocacy organization. Others won’t provide contraceptives without permission from parents. But equally important, the kinds of contraceptives most commonly available aren’t necessarily the best methods for young women to prevent pregnancy. An injection every three months is the method most commonly available in government clinics, which service about 90 percent of the population.4 It’s harder to get pills, the method that more than 50 percent of sexually active female teenagers in the U.S. have used, according to Guttmacher. And although intrauterine devices have become more popular in the U.S., they are almost non-existent in government clinics in El Salvador, Ortiz said.
Ortiz says sex education is also extremely limited, particularly in rural and poor communities, meaning young men and women don’t know a lot about the options for preventing pregnancy.
This adds up to a lot of teenage pregnancy: Almost a third of babies born in El Salvador are born to teenagers.
In other words, the people who are being asked to avoid getting pregnant often lack the tools to do so. Which is why several international groups have not-so-quietly disagreed with the recommendation to delay pregnancy. “How are women supposed to follow a recommendation to delay pregnancy if they lack information and access to contraception?” Dr. Suzanne Serruya, director of the Pan American Health Organization’s Latin American Center for Perinatology, Women and Reproductive Health, wrote in Spanish on the organization’s website. “And if contraception fails, what are they supposed to do if they become pregnant?”
Serruya was referring to the very strict abortion laws in the region, which rarely allow women to choose an abortion except in cases of incest, rape or endangerment to the woman’s life. Some countries, including El Salvador, don’t allow abortions under any circumstance, and women there are regularly prosecuted for suspected abortions, even when there is clear evidence that a woman has suffered a miscarriage. Women who have been raped are allowed to have the morning-after pill (by prescription), but as in most countries, many women don’t report sexual assault. It’s hard to say what percentage of assaults go unreported, but we do know the percentage of women who have been abused is high. The country’s 2008 National Family Health Survey found that 13.4 percent of women ages 15 to 49 had been victims of sexual violence, and 7.8 percent had been raped.
Across the Americas, Zika has renewed conversations about whether laws around abortion need to change. Cases of microcephaly, a condition where the head is smaller than average, in Brazil kicked off a passionate debate over the country’s strict abortion laws. Although several conservative politicians had been trying to push through more restrictive policies around abortion before the Zika outbreak, some politicians are now pushing back, saying women with Zika should be allowed to have an abortion.
Even with less restrictive laws, though, the decision to have an abortion would be a complicated one under the circumstances presented by Zika. Microcephaly isn’t a health concern itself; it’s more often a symptom of an underlying problem and can occur in tandem with a range of more serious health issues. For some infants, it’s life-threatening. Others will have no associated health concerns. It isn’t generally detectable until late in the second trimester, and it’s often impossible to say how severe the problem is at that point. Abortions performed that late in pregnancy also require more specialized equipment and training than early-term abortions. Among the countries calling for women to delay pregnancy, Colombia allows for abortion in the case of any fetal abnormality, but that is rare in Latin America and the Caribbean. Regardless, any number of factors could go into the decision to have an abortion.
That includes deciding what to do when you’ve spent years preparing to get pregnant. In Brazil, people who used in vitro fertilization are struggling with the complicated question of whether to throw away the financial and emotional investment they have made so far trying to get pregnant. For older women, delaying a year or two could mean they risk losing the opportunity to get pregnant altogether.
El Salvador finally expanded its Zika interventions this week, nearly two weeks after asking women not to get pregnant. The government has said it will provide pregnant women with insect repellant and work on reducing the mosquito population. It doesn’t appear that those plans include anything to help women prevent unintended pregnancies.5
Finally, there’s the question of whether women need to fight Zika on their own. There has been very little policy that tries to involve men in delaying pregnancies in areas concerned about Zika transmission. As Anu Kumar, an executive vice president at Ipas, said, “Is it all immaculate conception that’s taking place? Why is this all directed at women?” | <urn:uuid:156ace16-0dd8-479b-9996-fd44fc9d0a2d> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/asking-women-to-avoid-pregnancy-is-absurd-even-in-the-face-of-zika/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698540698.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170900-00359-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95424 | 1,767 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Study raises hope for safer diabetes drugs
Chicago: A new understanding of the link between diabetes and obesity may help drug companies design safer versions of treatments like GlaxoSmithKline`s Avandia, US researchers said on Wednesday.
The researchers had believed Avandia and Takeda Pharmaceutical Co`s Actos work by stimulating a protein known as PPAR-gamma. Now the team thinks the drugs also act on the insulin resistance that diabetics develop through a different route.
And they think it may be possible to tinker with drugs in this class to overcome some of their side effects.
"Our findings strongly suggest that good and bad effects of these drugs can be separated by designing second-generation drugs that focus on the newly uncovered mechanism," Bruce Spiegelman of Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston, who worked on the study in the journal Nature, said in a statement.
Avandia and Actos, known generically as rosiglitazone and pioglitazone, are widely used to offset obesity-related changes in a person`s insulin response that lead to diabetes.
Both drugs increase the risk of fractures and heart failure, and several reports have linked Avandia with an increased risk of heart attacks and strokes.
This month an advisory panel to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration found data that raised concerns about heart attacks associated with Avandia, but not enough to warrant its withdrawal from the market.
The drugs act on a protein called PPAR-gamma, found mostly in fat cells, that regulates genes involved in the body`s response to insulin.
Scientists had believed the drugs work by stimulating PPAR-gamma, causing it to increase the activity of some genes and dampen others. The Dana-Farber researchers and a team from The Scripps Research Institute in California now think the drugs work in a different way.
In studies in obese mice, they found obesity activates a molecular switch called cdk5, which causes a chemical change in PPAR-gamma, triggering resistance to insulin and increasing blood sugar levels.
They did studies in cells and a test tube and found that drugs like Avandia and Actos block changes in cdk5 in addition to stimulating PPAR-gamma.
"That suggested a completely new model for how these drugs were working," Spiegelman said in a telephone interview.
He thinks drug companies might be able to design more selective diabetes drugs that treat insulin resistance without stimulating PPAR-gamma, which Spiegelman thinks is responsible for the side effects seen in Actos and Avandia. | <urn:uuid:8c5be567-1689-4176-ae97-6d31c26d8fbf> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://zeenews.india.com/news/health/health-news/study-raises-hope-for-safer-diabetes-drugs_8801.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812665.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219131951-20180219151951-00694.warc.gz | en | 0.94702 | 537 | 2.515625 | 3 |
This week I completed the third week of the the Childhood in the Digital Age FutureLearn online course. This weeks focus is upon thinking and learning behaviours that are emerging from digital learning.
This weeks, the best so far, highlight for me was in regards to “text speak” and a linked to an excellent video resource outlining the ‘problem’ with text speak, not that it has issues in itself but that it is perceived incorrectly. It raises the view that if we look at text speak from a fingered speech perspective then it makes sense, we don’t verbalise with long passages of prefect pronunciation, it utilises conventions that suit its own medium that we have not had the opportunity to develop until the age of the instant mobile communication.
And far from a language decline, written communication is relatively new in our own evolution, text speak should be seen for its creativity, a more natural form of communication and one that is actually evolving. The example is given of the term ‘LOL’ which has evolved from a ‘Laugh Out Loud’ Acronym to one that indicates empathy/agreement or the use of ‘slash’ as a way to move topic which would otherwise be indicated through mannerisms or pauses in face to face communication.
I remember using emoticons and acronyms when using Internet Relay Chat (IRC), emoticons evolving into emojis that has recently had skin tone modifiers, maybe we should see text speak as more a strengthening of linguistic repertoire than a decline. Surely other systems have evolved? After all we don’t write or speak like Shakespeare and Latin is certainly not mainstream.
Part of this week was also multitasking, when is too much and when is it appropriate, with a fascinating look on the beneficial impact of gaming such as in improved eyesight, attention and tracking and positive effects on those with ADHD such a being less impulsive.
This week took about 75 minutes. | <urn:uuid:7dd52a48-9625-4f8c-9927-f098dd006e97> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://techlec.wordpress.com/2015/08/26/childhood-in-the-digital-age-week-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348513321.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200606124655-20200606154655-00191.warc.gz | en | 0.961796 | 402 | 2.796875 | 3 |
I recently picked up a couple of LED light bulbs that are starting to become more popular in Japan. After comparing a few different options from various major manufacturers, I settled on the “40 Watt” (450 lumen) bulbs made by Panasonic. The main draws for me were the relatively high efficiency (more lumens per watt) compared to other LED bulbs, and the fact that they emit a warmer orange color rather than the harsh bluish light typical in CFLs. Another draw was the fact that these bulbs are rated to last 40000 hours, or about 5x as long as CFL bulbs, which could reduce waste.
On the other hand, at around $30 a pop (2380JPY, to be exact), they’re pretty expensive as far as light bulbs go. Are they worth it? I decided to run some numbers, comparing the LED bulb I got to a traditional incandescent 40w light bulb, as well as “40W”, “60W” and “100W” CFL bulbs. The results are in this spreadsheet below (see the original document on Google Docs).
- klmh – “klmh” stands for “kilo lumen hours”, and can be thought of as the total amount of light emitted, if it were possible to gather light over time and put it in a box. One klmh equals the amount of light emitted by a 1000 lumen lamp over 1 hour, or a 1 lumen lamp over 1000 hours. Technically, a lux is a better unit with which to measure total light emission, but that information wasn’t available (while lumens were) so I used Kilo-Lumen-Hours to compare bulbs of different brightnesses.
- Power costs – I used $0.15 per kWh. Actual energy costs vary from around $0.10 to $0.20 in the US. See prices for September 2010. Calculating the cost of energy for off-grid systems is much, much harder, and would vary widely from system to system, so that is left as an exercise for another day.
- Annual usage – To calculate “costs over 5 years”, I assumed an average 5 hours of usage per day, or 9125 total hours of usage.
- Total costs – The “total cost” calculations combine the amortized cost of the bulb with estimated energy costs (again, at $0.15/kWh).
I tried to compare the bulbs from a wide range of perspectives, and ended up with all sorts of numbers. I’ve highlighted the ones that I think are relatively informative, but, as you can see, some bulbs do better in some comparisons, and do worse in others. In other words, there’s no clear all-around winner.
Efficiency – In terms of efficiency, the “40W” LED bulb (65.22lm/W) was bested only by the “100W” CFL bulb (67.33lm/W). In reality, the LED might perform a little worse, because LED lamps have more directed lighting patterns, so despite what the lumen rating is, the actual total amount emitted may be less than CFL bulbs. As a side note, it was also interesting to see that the efficiency of CFL bulbs improved with increase in wattage. I think this is because fluorescent lights become more efficient the longer they are, and higher wattage CFLs simply have longer tubes.
Cost – If all you care about is having a light bulb –any light bulb regardless of brightness– in a socket, LED is by far the cheapest option. Even though the upfront cost of the bulb is considerably higher than the alternatives, the additional expense is offset by the bulb’s long lifespan and low energy usage.
On the other hand, LED bulbs are relatively dim compared to the brightest CFLs, and if you must have lots of light, CFLs are cheaper for the amount of light you get. This last point is important. Even though a 26W CFL bulb has 1/10 the cost of a 6.9W LED for the same amount of light, the simple fact that it uses more than 3.5 times as much electricity can not be overcome. Having a 26W (“100W”) CFL in that socket will cost you more than twice as much as using a 6.9W (“40W”) LED bulb. But if you must have that much light, it is cheaper to use one “100W” CFL bulb than to use multiple “40W” LED bulbs.
More is more, less is less
Retailers often try to get consumers to buy more stuff by offering lower per-unit costs when purchased in bulk. While buying in bulk may lead to real savings, such deals can also be a pitfall that leads to excessive consumption and spending. The question to ask is, “Do I have to alter my behavior, in order to take advantage of this deal?” If the answer is “yes”, it is best to stay away from bulk purchases. For example, let’s say a grocery store has a deal on ice cream, such that if you buy 2, you get 1 free. The question is “Would I eat more ice cream if I bought 3?” If the answer is “yes” (and let’s be honest now), just buy one, because one is still cheaper than two, in absolute terms. On the other hand, if you’re dealing with something like toilet paper where abundance probably won’t lead to higher consumption, buying in bulk might actually save you money.
The same applies for lighting. If you can get away with less lighting, it will save power and money. Don’t let the illusion of better “value” trick you into consuming more unless that is really what you want, because you will pay more for it. Using one “100W” CFL bulb for 5 hours a day over 5 years will cost an estimated $38.18, while a “40W” LED bulb used for the same duration will only cost $16.29, even when factoring in the cost of the bulbs. Yes, you get less lighting, but you get less for less, while more costs more.
Lighting accounts for 12% of domestic electricity consumption in the US, and I would argue that that makes it a ripe target for reduction. While current trends are towards improving efficiency, Jevon’s paradox warns us that efficiency may in fact increase consumption. If that is true, it seems to me that the true path to reduction is, well, to reduce. That is, rather than merely swapping 60W incandescent bulbs with “60W” CFL bulbs, consider using “40W” bulbs. Instead of having area lighting consisting of 5 or 6 bulbs, consider having 5 or 6 individual lamps located strategically, so that only localized areas that actually need lighting are lit at any given time. Or, for that matter, turn those lights off entirely, and go to bed early. Artificial lighting can interrupt our natural circadian rhythm, leading to sleeping disorders and other maladies. So going to bed early and getting some extra sleep can save your health and the planet. Now that’s what I call a good deal. | <urn:uuid:41181788-1277-489a-a462-43354916241f> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://laptopandarifle.com/2011/01/07/led-light-bulbs-the-numbers/?replytocom=1298 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655911092.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200710144305-20200710174305-00234.warc.gz | en | 0.963243 | 1,546 | 2.625 | 3 |
Photo of street art transformation
When most people think of transportation infrastructure, they envision drab, forgettable stretches of asphalt and concrete that get you where you need to go but are not destinations in their own right. Furthermore, many safety features, such as sidewalks and frequent crosswalks, are often absent and/or uncomfortable to use in many communities due to intentionally uncomfortable architecture. The Asphalt Art Initiative was designed to shift this perspective, using color and creativity to breathe new life into city streets, and show the power of low-cost strategies that help create safer, more welcoming streets and public spaces.
There is a growing need throughout the country to make streets safer, especially as the number of people struck and killed while walking and rolling continues to rise. Many innovative cities have used asphalt art treatments at intersections and pedestrian crossings to improve the quality of life for all roadway users. These projects improve safety by increasing the visibility of pedestrian spaces and crosswalks, encouraging walkability, and signaling to drivers that they should slow down and be more alert for pedestrians and cyclists, the most vulnerable users of the road.
However, despite broad support, arts-driven transportation projects have encountered roadblocks, including regulatory hurdles in the United States and elsewhere, in part due to a lack of published literature on the subject.
The Asphalt Art Safety Study addresses this need by providing a quantitative assessment of multiple asphalt art projects to determine their impact on roadway safety. To assess the impact of the sites, this study compares historical crash rates and real-time behavior of motorists and pedestrians at 17 asphalt art sites before and after the projects were installed.
The study found intersections with asphalt art saw improved safety benefits. Analyzing crash history at 17 asphalt art sites across the country that have been in place for at least two years found a dramatic reduction in motor vehicle crash rates after the projects were installed, including a 50% drop in crashes involving pedestrians or cyclists and a 37% drop in crashes leading to injuries.
The study also examined real-time driver and pedestrian behavior through video footage of the installations and found a 27% increase in the rate of drivers yielding to pedestrians with the right-of-way and a 25% drop in potentially dangerous conflicts between drivers and pedestrians. | <urn:uuid:9e1642da-d2b3-4fcd-861c-1918720f5a47> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://transportation.art/2023/01/26/asphaltartstudy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949694.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401001704-20230401031704-00153.warc.gz | en | 0.952623 | 462 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Kingdom of Hawaii Stamp
Features Hawaii’s “Merrie Ruler”
Own the 1882 Hawaii stamp honoring King Kalakaua, known as the “Merrie Ruler” for his extravagant lifestyle. Once a postmaster in the kingdom, King Kalakaua revived hula, which missionaries had previously banned.
This striking stamp is a direct connection to this romantic period of Hawaiian history. As an independent kingdom that became a state, Hawaii stamps are perfect for U.S. collectors looking to expand their interests. Get this remarkably affordable mint stamp right away.
Birth Of Chinese Revolutionary Sun Yat-Sen
Sun Yat-Sen was born on November 12, 1866, in Xiangshan County, Guangdong, China. He was known by a number of names during his life – Sun Wen, Sun Deming, and Sūn Zhōngshān, but he is most famously known by the name he used at school in Hong Kong, Sun Yat-Sen.
Sun attended school in China until he was 13, at which point he went to live with his older brother in Honolulu, Hawaii. There he attended the ‘Iolani School and studied English, British history, math, science, and Christianity. He reportedly learned English so quickly he received a special prize for outstanding achievement from King David Kalākaua.
Sun attended Oahu College for one semester, but was sent back to China out of his brother’s fear that he might convert to Christianity. Upon returning to China, Sun and a friend grew concerned watching people worship the Beiji Emperor-God and were dissatisfied with their ancient healing methods. In an act of defiance they broke the god’s statue, upsetting the villagers, and leading them to flee to Hong Kong.
In Hong Kong, Sun continued his education and studied medicine, eventually earning a medical license. It was also here that he was baptized into Christianity. Living in Hong Kong Sun also befriended the Four Bandits, a group of revolutionary thinkers. Sun grew disillusioned with the Qing government for its refusal to accept knowledge from the more technologically advanced Western nations. He opted to abandon his medical practice and devote his time to improving China.
In 1891 Sun join a revolutionary group that wanted to overthrow the Qing. He wrote a petition on modernizing China but wasn’t allowed an audience with the viceroy. So he left China for Hawaii, where he founded the Revive China Society. In 1895 the group planned the First Guangzhou uprising. But the plans were leaked and the Qing government captured many members.
Though he wasn’t captured, Sun escaped to Japan in exile. He gained Japanese support for his movement and also joined in the Philippine Revolution. Sun then planned another uprising, an attack on Huizhou, but it also failed. After that he traveled to Japan, Europe, the U.S., and Canada to raise money and support for his revolutionary party.
By the turn of the 20th century, Sun narrowed his goals. He wanted to “expel the Tartar barbarians (Manchu), to revive Zhonghua, to establish a Republic, and to distribute land equally among the people.” He also developed his Three Principles of the People, which were nationalism, democracy, and welfare.
Sun grew his revolution in Japan and Malaya among Chinese students and residents. In 1907 and 1908 Sun staged several more failed uprising, leading some of his followers to turn against him. But he still had a strong following and continued to raise money and support. However, on October 10, 1911, another revolutionary leader, Huang Xing, led a successful uprising that ultimately led to the fall of the Qing Empire. Sun was credited for funding the revolution, keeping its spirit alive, and merging the smaller revolutionary groups into a larger force capable of this uprising.
Sun immediately returned to China and was elected the provisional president on December 29, 1911. His term was short-lived and a new provisional president was selected in March 1912. But Sun continued to work encouraging provincial leaders to establish a National Assembly of the Republic of China.
China was in a state of unrest in the coming years. There was a second revolution, political assassinations, and political chaos. China became divided between different military leaders and no proper central government. Sun encouraged Chinese reunification and started his own government in Guangzhou, of which he was elected Grand Marshal. Sun soon decided that the best course of action was to cooperate with Communist Party of China. Working with the Soviets, he led a military expedition against northern China.
Sun spent the next few years traveling and delivering speeches on his beliefs and encouraging national reunification. However, he died of liver cancer on March 12, 1925. Following his death, his followers engaged in a power struggle that divided them. China then fell into Civil War, ultimately resulting in the communist People’s Republic of China.
For his work to modernize China, Sun has been called the “Father of the Nation” of the Republic of China. He is unique in Chinese history, as he is revered by both communist China and Taiwan.
Why is Sun Yat-Sen pictured on Two U.S. Stamps?
U.S. #906 was issued to commemorate the fifth anniversary of China’s resistance against the Japanese Empire in the early days of World War II. The stamp pictures Sun and Abraham Lincoln. Sun’s Three Principles (nationalism, democracy, and people’s livelihood) were inspired by the last portion of Lincoln’s Gettysburg address, “Of the people, by the people, for the people.” Both inscriptions are written under the respective statesman, Sun Yat-sen’s in Chinese characters.
A map of China and the Republic’s national symbol, a sun, are also pictured on the stamp. In addition, the date of the beginning of the war and the Chinese motto “Fight the War and Build the Country” are inscribed in the sun.
The stamp was issued in Denver, Colorado, because Sun Yat-Sen was visiting that city in 1911, when he received word China was free from the Qing Empire. That’s when he returned to China to become the president.
U.S. #1188 was issued to commemorate the 50th anniversary of China’s revolt against the Qing Empire. President Kennedy pushed for a stamp picturing Sun Yat-Sen to soften tensions between the U.S. and the Republic of China (in Taiwan). Originally, the wording on the stamp going to be “50th Anniversary of the Chinese Revolution,” but the Chinese in Taiwan opposed it because it could be associated with the Communist revolution in mainland China that took place in 1949. The inscription was changed to “1911 Anniversary Republic of China 1961.” The Chinese characters across the top of the stamp spell out the Republic of China.
Issued during the Cold War, the Post Office Department received many complaints from citizens who thought the stamp supported Communism. In a letter created to address the complaints, the Post Office stated the stamp was issued as “a gesture of friendship toward free China” and Sun Yat-Sen “symbolized freedom and democracy.” It would be another decade before the U.S. would begin diplomatic relations with Communist China.
Click here and here for a pair of recent Linn’s articles about the surge in popularity of both of these U.S. stamps. | <urn:uuid:b1cdc5ce-05f4-40d2-b2c0-691dfcad1b03> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.mysticstamp.com/Products/Worldwide/H40/Hawaii/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103920118.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701034437-20220701064437-00307.warc.gz | en | 0.981103 | 1,552 | 2.921875 | 3 |
We’re here today to explain the benefits of a strong and healthy core.
So, why strengthen your core? Well, think of your core muscles as the sturdy central link in a chain that connects your upper and lower body. Whether a motion starts in your upper body, or your lower body…that motion ripples upward and downward to adjoining links of the chain, passing through (or originating) in your core. Therefore, if your core is weak, it impairs how well your entire body works. A weak core can lead to dysfunctional movement, decreased or improper muscle activation, decreased balance and stability and injury throughout the body (not just in the core).
Properly building core muscles helps you to:
1) Complete every day acts with ease/ pain-free. Think about moping the floor, reaching to get a can off of a high shelf, bending down to pick something up, gardening, housework, etc. Anything that requires bending, lifting, twisting, carrying; these motions all require core strength
2) A healthy back is created through core-work. When we think of our core, we typically think of our abs, and omit the opposite side of our body, the back. Back pain can be debilitating, affecting our work and home life, and can be prevented by strengthening the core.
3) Hobbies and leisure activities. Activities that bring joy to our lives such as golfing, running, swimming, walking, baseball, tennis, basketball, etc., all require core strength. Our ability to perform these activities effectively, and pain free revolves around proper core function.
4) Balance, stability, and posture. The core is the main stabilizing feature of the body and helps you to move in any direction without losing your balance. Maintaining a strong core through aging is essential as it helps to decrease the likelihood of falling. Additionally, maintaining a strong core decreases slouching and stress on the low back, allowing you to breath deeply and sit/ stand/ move pain free.
5) Exercise. A strong core allows you to get the most out of exercise. Want to squat deeply, press or pull most effectively? Well, a strong core is the answer.
So, now that you know why having a strong core is important, here are some exercises to help build core strength!
Complete 3-4 Rounds
5 knee strikes (L,R, center= 1 rep).
5 right/5 left full sit-ups with rotation
12 total Russian twists
10-12 Front squats
If you don’t have a medicine ball, no worries! Increase the rep count and do the same exercises! | <urn:uuid:898c05b2-d571-4ea5-9197-ca0cdf42c4f7> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://www.trinityexercisestudio.com/a-strong-core-a-strong-body/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655879532.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20200702142549-20200702172549-00418.warc.gz | en | 0.930102 | 543 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Copyright © University of Cambridge. All rights reserved.
'Thebault's Theorem' printed from http://nrich.maths.org/
It gives an opportunity for experimentation and making your own
conjecture, which then needs to be proved. Three different methods
of proof are based on coordinates, vectors and complex
Four points are vertices of a parallelogram. What do you know about
the line segments joining them?
If on a line segment you draw a square:
- what do you know about the vertices of the square?
- can you find the coordinates, or the position vector of the
centre of the square? | <urn:uuid:31720350-9971-41aa-bd20-9b9ff3755619> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://nrich.maths.org/1939/note?nomenu=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609535095.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005215-00259-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.878867 | 138 | 3.625 | 4 |
Giving away money as foreign aid to people in extreme poverty has always seemed like a bad idea. Uneducated, they’ll probably waste it on alcohol and cigarettes. But does this really happen?
Nope. Studies have found again and again that giving money to those in poverty does not increase spending on alcohol and cigarettes. Instead, spending increases on food, household items and money-making investments such as livestock.
Good impact on health
Health-wise, giving away cash is also good. According GiveDirectly, a charity that gives money to poor families in Africa with no-strings-attached, it has led to large reductions in HIV infection rates in Malawi as well as big drops in low birth weights in Uruguay. On top of this, people receiving these transfers have reported better psychological wellbeing and female empowerment when women received the grants.
Long-term is iffy
The longer-term impacts of these programs are more iffy. In a two-year follow-up of a no-strings-attached transfer program in Malawi, the World Bank found that drops in HIV infections, teen marriages and improvements in psychological wellbeing and nutrition had vanished.
Salary increases not impressive
But it doesn’t end here. A study from Uganda showed that three years after a $382 cash transfer, each transfer-dollar only made an extra $1.03 of income. Meanwhile, other projects by KickStart and Proximity Designs providing irrigation equipment made over $10 per transfer-dollar in the same time frame.
Education alone not the answer
Although giving cash to families provided their kids go to school increases average levels of education, if the economy can’t supply jobs, people’s living standards may not improve. According to a study on Oportunidades, a cash transfer program in Mexico, policies creating “investment, innovation and job creation” should come alongside cash transfers. This way living standards have more chance to improve in the long-term too.
To conclude, giving money to the poor for free can boost their wellbeing, health and levels of education. But it’s no silver bullet. To reduce poverty long-term, these transfers should be supported by policies making sure there are enough jobs and public facilities like healthcare, to sustain a healthier, better educated population. | <urn:uuid:4bbf832d-c60e-4dbc-81b9-1f8e7443a4aa> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.sutava.com/should-give-poor-people-free-money/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998084.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20190616082703-20190616104703-00480.warc.gz | en | 0.954871 | 475 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Nutrition Myth Busting #2
After the feedback from our last nutrition myth-busting post, we decided to bring you some more answers. No more guesswork or falling for those gimmicks that are not helpful to you in the long term.
Myth or Fact? Organic foods are safer and healthier than non-organic
- Answer: MYTH
- Evidence: Both organic and non-organic foods are nutritious and safe. Many factors affect a food’s nutritional value, such as where and how it was grown, stored, shipped and even how it was cooked. Organic foods may have more, or less nutrients than non-organic foods. And both organic and non-organic foods are grown and produced under strict regulations to make sure they are safe.
- Bottom Line: When grocery shopping, it’s most important to consider the availability of items, what is in season, and the cost.
Dangour, A., Lock, K., Hayter, A., Aikenhead, A., Allen, E., Uauy, R. (2010). Nutrition-related health effects of organic foods: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr, 92(1): 203-210.
Myth or Fact? Canned (low sodium) and frozen fruits and vegetable can be as nutritious as fresh produce
- Answer: FACT
- Evidence: Canned and frozen veggies (low-sodium versions) are picked and harvested at their nutritional peak, and can be much more economical for people trying to eat healthily on a budget. Food manufactures quick-freeze fresh-picked produce, which preserves much of its vitamin and mineral content. With some fruits and vegetables, you actually lock in a higher nutrient content by freezing. According to a number of studies, fresh vegetables lose about half of their vitamins in just a matter of days after being harvested. The foods you find in the produce section have often had a long journey from the moment they were packed in crates, spending days or even weeks in transit from the farm or orchard.
- Bottom Line: Don’t be afraid to save some money by purchasing frozen and canned. They are even used by professional chefs. When purchasing fresh produce, choose seasonal products from a local vendor where produce has not traveled far.
Miller, S., & Knudson, W. (2014). Nutrition and cost comparisons of select canned, frozen, and fresh fruits and vegetables. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 8(6), 430-437.
Myth or Fact? Microwaving zaps nutrients resulting in a less healthy product.
- Answer: MYTH
- Evidence: Whether you are using a microwave, a grill or a solar-heated stove, it’s the level of heat and the amount of time you’re cooking that affect nutrient losses, not the cooking method
- The longer and hotter you cook a food, the more you’ll lose certain heat- and water-sensitive nutrients, especially vitamin C and thiamin [a B vitamin].
- Bottom Line: Because microwave cooking often cooks foods more quickly, it can actually help to minimize nutrient losses
Cross, G., Fung, Y.C., Decareau, R. (2009). The effect of microwaves on nutrient value of foods. Food Science and Nutrition, 16(4): 355-342.
Turkmen, N., Sari, F.Y., Velioglu, S. (2005). The effect of cooking methods on total phenolics and antioxidant activity of selected green vegetables. Food Chemistry, 93(4):713-718.
Myth or Fact? Foods with claims like low-calorie, sugar-free, and all-natural are the healthier option
- Answer: MYTH
- Evidence: Research shows that when shoppers see “healthy” buzz words or claims on food packages (think: gluten-free, organic, all-natural, sugar-free, low-fat, etc.), they automatically assume the food is low in calories or is a healthier option. Food manufacturers will plaster all sorts of enticing lingo onto their packages, knowing that you’ll think exactly that. But none of these words really tell you much about the healthfulness of a product.
- Bottom Line: Read front-of-package labels with a discerning eye, and always turn over the package and look at the nutrition facts (and ingredients) to get a full picture of what a food is really like. This goes for restaurant menus, too. Don’t let healthy-sounding words sway your menu choices without first getting the complete picture. Know your menu watch words or look up nutrition facts before you place your order.
Canadian Food Inspection Agency. (2015). Labelling legislative framework. Government of Canada.
Retrieved from http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/labelling/labelling-legislative-framework/eng/1387771371233/1387771427304
Tarabella, A., Voinea, L. (2013). Advantages and limitations of front-of-label packaging. Economic Interferences, 15(33):198-209.
Myth or Fact? Eggs are high in cholesterol and consumption is detrimental to heart health
- Answer: MYTH
- Evidence: For the past 40 years, the public has been warned away from eggs because of a concern over coronary heart disease risk. This concern is based on three observations: 1) eggs are a rich source of dietary cholesterol; 2) when fed experimentally, dietary cholesterol can increase serum cholesterol and;
- 3) high serum cholesterol predicts the onset of coronary heart disease. However, data from population studies show that egg consumption is not associated with higher cholesterol levels. Furthermore, as a whole, the epidemiologic literature does not support the idea that egg consumption is a risk factor for coronary disease.
- Bottom line: The most recent American Heart Association guidelines no longer include a recommendation to limit egg consumption, but recommend the adoption of eating practices associated with good health. Everything in moderation.
Dawber, T., Nickerson, R., Brand, F., Pool, J. (1982). Eggs, serum cholesterol, and coronary heart disease. The Amer Society for Clin Nutr, 36(4): 617-625.
Kritchevsky, S. (2013). Scientific research and recommendations regarding eggs. J of the Amer College of Nutr, 23(6).
Myth or Fact? Permanent weight loss is virtually impossible, and for those who succeed it requires near superhuman willpower
- Answer: MYTH
- Evidence: Given the prevailing belief that few individuals succeed at long-term weight loss, The National Weight Control Registry (NWCR), established in 1994, was developed to identify and investigate the characteristics of individuals who have succeeded at long-term weight loss. The database consists of approximately 10,000 adults who have successfully lost ≥ 30 pounds and maintained the loss for one year or more.
- Individuals part of the NWCR share the following characteristics:
- The consume a low-calorie (1300-1800 calories), balanced diet that is not overly rigid (e.g. they allow room for treats, in moderation)
- 78% eat breakfast every day.
- 90% exercise, on average, about 1 hour per day.
- They regularly self-monitor their weight (about once per week, on average)
- Bottom Line: For long-term weight loss success, set goals for yourself, make yourself accountable, be consistent, and exercise regularly.
The National Weight Control Registry. (2015). Weight Control & Diabetes Research Center. Brown Medical School/The Miriam Hospital. Retrieved from http://www.nwcr.ws/Research/default.htm | <urn:uuid:1945e2a4-5786-433c-a064-4245d0cbcb3f> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://cardiogo.ca/nutrition-myth-busting-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144498.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20200220005045-20200220035045-00547.warc.gz | en | 0.900855 | 1,597 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Boomers Sicker Than Their Parents Were at Same Age
THURSDAY, June 16, 2022 (HealthDay News) -- There's some discouraging news for baby boomers.
Americans born between 1948 and 1965 are more likely than the generations that preceded them to have multiple health problems as they age, a new study shows.
And, many develop two or more health conditions up to 20 years sooner than folks from other generations, too.
Until recently the largest generation group in U.S. history, baby boomers have always been a force to reckon with due to their sheer numbers. They have transformed pretty much every market they enter, starting with the diaper industry when they were born and then public schools, so it makes sense that boomers are also upending what aging looks like.
For the study, researchers analyzed data on Americans aged 51 and older who took part in a biennial study sponsored by the U.S. National Institute on Aging.
Generational timelines often differ. But this study classified people, based on the generation they were born into, like this: Greatest generation (born 1923 or earlier); early children of the Depression (1924 to 1930); late children of the Depression (1931 to 1941); war babies (1942 to 1947); early boomers (1948 to 1953); mid boomers (1954 to 1959); and late baby boomers (born 1960 to 1965).
The researchers looked at nine chronic conditions: heart disease; high blood pressure; stroke; diabetes; arthritis; lung disease; cancer (except skin cancer); depression symptoms; and trouble with memory and thinking skills.
Among adults with multiple chronic health problems, arthritis and high blood pressure were the most common for all generations.
But higher rates of depression and diabetes drove the surge in chronic conditions seen in boomers, the investigators found.
Study author Steven Haas said the research was designed to spot trends, not to understand what is driving them.
But, Haas added, a confluence of factors is likely involved, including rising rates of obesity as well as social factors, such as income inequality and reduced upward mobility.
"There have been improvements in treating some chronic diseases over the past few decades, which allows people to live longer with disease and as a result leads to higher population-level rates of disease," said Haas, an associate professor of sociology and demography at Pennsylvania State University in University Park.
What's more, he added, technology is helping doctors diagnose some conditions earlier than ever, which also leads to higher numbers.
The findings were published recently in The Journals of Gerontology: Social Sciences.
The trends portend an increased strain not only on the well-being of older Americans, but also on government and private health insurance systems.
Dr. Catherine Sarkisian, a geriatrician and professor at the University of California, Los Angeles, said the study underscores the importance of leading a healthy lifestyle, no matter which generation you are part of.
"We should all be exercising every day, and this includes aerobic activity and strength training to help prevent falls, improve mobility, and [boost] metabolism," said Sarkisian, who reviewed the findings.
It's also important to maintain a normal body weight, as obesity is a risk for many chronic health conditions, she added.
"We have dramatically increased the percentage of our population that is obese, and along with this there is an increased burden of diabetes and other diseases," Sarkisian said.
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention offers helpful information on healthy aging.
SOURCES: Steven Haas, PhD, associate professor, sociology and demography, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa.; Catherine Sarkisian, MD, MSHS, geriatrician, professor, division of geriatrics, University of California, Los Angeles; The Journals of Gerontology: Social Sciences, June 1, 2022 | <urn:uuid:7aaae034-e078-4dfd-99f4-77edf4c79428> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://healthlibrary.childrenshospitalvanderbilt.org/RelatedItems/6,1657502456 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100146.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129204528-20231129234528-00128.warc.gz | en | 0.963294 | 798 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Physiotherapy for Pain
Neurological physiotherapy will help a person with pain symptoms following injury to the brain or peripheral nerves, disease, or a result of degenerative changes. Pain is a subjective experience and affects everyone differently.
Physiotherapy will reduce pain and promote movement and functional ability. An initial assessment with your physiotherapist will identify your main problems by assessing your range of movement, mobility and muscle strength and deciding the outcome you want.
Each person will have their own individual programme tailored to their symptoms.
Physiotherapy treatment often includes:
Neurological physiotherapy will improve your quality of life by reducing your pain and the physical and emotional stress that comes with it.
- Progressive exercise to increase range of movement and strengthen muscles. Your physiotherapist will identify what movement are irritating the pain and will target this area.
- Stretching tight muscles which can reduce muscle spasm and relieve pain.
- Activities to improve posture and comfort when sitting, walking and sleeping.
- Massage to encourage circulation, reduce swelling and relax tight muscles.
- Passive and active mobilisation of joints to relive pain and stiffness.
- Electrotherapy such as TENS which can control the amount of pain that you experience.
- Hydrotherapy to ease muscle tension and improve joint flexibility.
- Advise about how to self manage pain outside treatment session e.g. at home or at work
↑ Back to Top | <urn:uuid:3f9282e9-b20a-4f92-b5e6-4a21f0669ce6> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.neurologicalphysiotherapy.com/neuro-symptoms-we-treat/chronic-pain.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257651820.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20180325044627-20180325064627-00632.warc.gz | en | 0.918836 | 298 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Decoding the Psychology Behind Rock-Paper-Scissors
Researchers from China have found that people fall into a specific pattern while playing rock-paper-scissors. Decoding the psychology behind the game could improve a sneaky player's chances of winning.
The popular game is not only used to settle bar tabs, but also to study competition phenomenon in society and even species diversity in biology.
Previously, it was believed that people follow "the Nash equilibrium" in selecting their options. Ideally, people would randomly pick one of the three options equally over time to keep their responses unpredictable.
However, the new study suggests that on a large scale, players use a pattern to choose their options. During the first round, people pick randomly. However, in the second round, losers switch their choices clockwise. Players use the "win-stay, lose-shift" strategy to maximize their chances of winning, according to MIT Technology Review.
The study was conducted by researchers at Zhejiang University. The team recruited 360 students and divided them into groups of six. Participants then played 300 rounds of the game in random pairings. The students won money each time they won a game. During the games, researchers noted how participants chose their options, arstechnica reported.
The team found that when people won a game, their chances of repeating the same action were higher during the second round. However, when people lost, they were more likely to switch their options- going from rock to paper to scissors to rock, Washington Post reported.
According to the researchers, the study shows that players use conditioned response to increase their chances of winning.Conditioned response is a learned behavior towards a specific stimulus.
"On a more biological side, whether conditional response is a basic decision-making mechanism of the human brain or just a consequence of more fundamental neural mechanisms is a challenging question for future studies," the Zhejiang researchers wrote in the study paper.
Read the full research paper, here.
Whether the strategy is applicable to a game of rock-paper-scissor-lizard and Spock is still a mystery! | <urn:uuid:afea4ab4-8629-410d-ae67-a566bc5a4523> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.natureworldnews.com/articles/6854/20140502/decoding-psychology-behind-rock-paper-scissors.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392527.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00083-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971217 | 429 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Atrial fibrillation is increasingly becoming a burden on America’s health and the healthcare system.
Hospitalizations for the condition jumped 23 percent and costs rose by 24 percent from 2001-10, according to a recent study published in Circulation.
During the study time period, nearly 4 million people were hospitalized with AFib, most over the age of 65. While in-hospital deaths declined, there was little change in the number of days people were hospitalized. The average cost of hospitalization rose from $6,410 to $8,439.
Study authors say the prevalence of AFib is projected to increase to 15.9 million by the year 2050, with more than half of these patients aged 80 years or older. They raise the alert that this would be a substantial public health and economic burden.
AFib is a quivering or irregular heartbeat that can lead to stroke and other heart-related complications. More than 2.7 million Americans live with the condition.
The rise in AFib admission is likely due to ageing of the general population and increasing prevalence of risk factors such as high blood pressure, obesity, sleep apnea and diabetes.
Usually, the most serious risk from AFib is that it can lead to other medical problems, including stroke, heart failure and other heart-related conditions. People with AFib are five times more likely to have a stroke. Fifteen percent to 20 percent of strokes are caused by AFib.
Yet, many people are less likely to connect AFib to stroke than to a heart attack. In a recent American Heart Association survey of more than 500 AFib patients, 38 percent reported having a heart attack as their greatest health concern, while only 8 percent named stroke. But nearly half of those surveyed did know they were at risk for having a stroke.
For more information: | <urn:uuid:3653db8e-51fc-4f06-9000-7778556a4fb9> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://news.heart.org/afib-hospitalizations-and-burden-increasing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982949773.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200909-00265-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972911 | 373 | 3.09375 | 3 |
What Are the Best Sources of Omega-3's?
The most commonly consumed omega-3 rich foods are plant foods that contain alpha-linolenic acid, also known as ALA.
Flaxseed is especially rich in ALA, but the compound is also found in a Japanese herb known as perilla, in both the leaves and seeds, and in phytoplankton, also known as marine algae.
The human body can take ALA and covert 1 to 10 per cent of it into the DHA and EPA it actually uses to make anti-inflammatory hormones. This means you have to consume a relatively large amount of fat to get a relatively small amount of omega-3 essential fatty acids. But fish oil offers a way to get a lot of DHA and EPA with a small amount of fat.
How Fish Oil Concentrates the Omega-3 Essential Fatty Acids Your Body Needs
Certain kinds of fish are especially rich in DHA and EPA because they are at the top of a food chain that begins with phytoplankton. These marine algae make more DHA and EPA than any other plant. They are consumed by smaller fish, that are eaten by bigger fish, that in turn are eater by still bigger fish. Each step concentrates the omega-3 essential fatty acid content of the fish.
Which fishes are rich in omega-3 essential fatty acids, specifically DHA and EPA? The answers might surprise you:
- Jack mackerel caught in the Pacific Ocean and kippered herring tie as best source of omega-3's. Each 3-1/2 oz (100 g) serving of jack mackerel or kippered herring contains about 1,800 mg of DHA and EPA, as much as five fish oil capsules.
- Wild salmon caught as they return from the Atlantic Ocean is the second best source of omega-3's. Each 3-1/2 oz (100 g) serving of wild Atlantic salmon provides about 1,600 mg DHA and EPA, as much as four fish oil capsules. A serving of Coho salmon contains about 1,100 mg of these fatty acids and a serving of sockeye salmon, about 1,000 mg. Farmed salmon Coho salmon actually has more essential fatty acids than wild Coho salmon.
- Bluefin tuna is also a great source of omega-3 fatty acids, about 900 mg per serving. The white tuna you get in a can, however, only has about 500 mg per serving, and "light" tuna has just 100 to 200 mg of DHA plus EPA per serving.
Most other fish and shellfish contain omega-3 essential fatty acids, but not very much. If you were to eat 2 pounds (about a kilo) of stewed catfish, for example, you would get about the same omega-3 fatty acid content as you get from 3 oz (85 g) of salmon.
If you were to eat fried catfish, however, you would get very little useful DHA or EPA at all. Fish and shellfish provide more useful essential fatty acids when they are eaten raw.
But I'm a Vegetarian. What Are Other Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids Besides Fish?
If you are vegan or vegetarian, you can get all the omega-3 fatty acids your body needs from microalgae. They are completely vegan, and they are low on the food chain, so there's no danger of concentrating heavy metals or other kinds of ocean pollution.See Vegetarian Fatty Acids
If you don't want to use microalgae, then your next best bet is flaxseed oil (also known as linseed oil). You'll only get about 10 per cent as much DHA and EPA from each serving, but if you can tolerate the additional calories, then you can just consume more oil in salad dressings and smoothies.
There are other plant sources of omega-3 fatty acids, but you should consume them with caution. Canola, peanut, and walnut oil all offer omega-3 fatty acids your body needs to fight inflammation, but they contain much more of the omega-6 fatty acids that your body uses to cause inflammation.
You can never get into an anti-inflammatory state by getting your omega-3's from any plant oil source other than flaxseed or perilla oil. And you consume a lot fewer total calories to get the essential fatty acids your body needs when you use pure fish oil. | <urn:uuid:7bbf6383-4a16-4bea-b431-6284361769cd> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.fattyacidshub.com/fatty-acids/omega-3/omega-3-sources/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644060173.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025420-00173-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955526 | 922 | 2.875 | 3 |
Proper oral hygiene – a simple guide to an optimal oral health
Cavities, gingivitis and gum disease can all be prevented if practicing good oral hygiene on a regular daily basis
In time, bacteria accumulates on teeth, especially in remote places, where the toothbrush cannot reach, leading to acidity and sticky plaque. Slowly, excessive plaque build-ups can significantly harm the gums, by irritating them and making them bleed. Left untreated, gingivitis can lead to periodontal disease which causes gum recession and loss of teeth.
To prevent tartar build-up, there are several hygiene rules necessary to be applied on a daily, regular basis, as brushing is not always enough.
The best cleaning routine begins with brushing between your teeth after every meal, to remove plaque from the tooth surface. A soft-bristled brush is ideal to perform this cleaning routine,in order to avoid gum damage due to hard, brutal brushing. Also, adjust the size of the toothbrush according to the size of your mouth. Choose the toothpaste according to your needs and make sure its ingredients are of natural provenience. Floss twice a day, as flossing reaches remote inter-dental spaces and is essential to prevent periodontal disease.
According to dental experts, the correct technique used to clean your teeth should include the following steps:
Use the toothbrush on a 45-degree angle against your gums, with gentle up-and-down stroke, as if you would want to extract bacteria from between dental spaces. Brush all tooth surfaces and use circular movements for the chewing side of your molars. Never forget about the tongue and the top of the oral cavity, as removing bacteria from these areas will help you get fresher breath and lower mouth bacteria levels.
Gently floss the spaces between your teeth by using a rubbing motion. Pay particular attention to not hurt the gums. Also floss to clean the dental surfaces, by using up and down motions. For best of results, repeat twice daily, after brushing.
3. Mouth rinse
In addition to the first two steps, mouth rinse solutions boost the freshness and disinfect your mouth.
Antimicrobial and antiseptic mouth rinses (most commonly clorhexidine based) can reduce bacteria and plaque, so it can prevent further oral conditions. Nevertheless, the best way to choose a mouth rinse that suits your needs is to ask for your dental care practitioner’s advice and always check the label for additional precautions and recommendations. | <urn:uuid:e57c1f94-6883-47ba-834c-6a03e2355490> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://soleilglo.info/proper-oral-hygiene-a-simple-guide-to-an-optimal-oral-health/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027313803.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20190818104019-20190818130019-00546.warc.gz | en | 0.923957 | 519 | 3.25 | 3 |
By the mid-1800s, Brooklyn was one of the leading manufacturers in the country for a wide range of products, from sugar, to rope, to white lead, to whiskey.
This new industrial waterfront created the conditions that allowed queer lives to flourish in Brooklyn. As America transitioned away from a primarily farming economy, the extended family—once the main economic unit in the country— began to lose importance. New urban jobs allowed (some) people in Brooklyn to carve out separate space for themselves, far from their parents or anyone who knew them. Victorian culture mandated strict separations between men and women, meaning that most of these jobs were either all-male or all-female. Huge numbers of immigrants, mostly unaccompanied men, came to New York to meet this demand for laborers, creating large working-class bachelor subcultures where heterosexual sex (outside of prostitution) could be hard to find. The trading routes that created these jobs didn’t just move goods, however; they also moved people and ideas—meaning that the average Brooklyn laborer had much greater exposure to other cultures (and their sexual mores) than did most other Americans. Many of these new Brooklyn residents were transient, living in the city only seasonally or for a few years at a time, enabling them to settle in these raucous neighborhoods with relative anonymity. Finally, since shipping and manufacturing were dirty endeavors, waterfront neighborhoods were often undesirable, inexpensive, and only lightly policed. One of the few drawbacks to Brooklyn cited by Mayor Hall in 1855 was that its police lacked the “qualifications and fitness for office.” Thus, Brooklyn’s waterfront offered the density, privacy, diversity, and economic possibility that would allow queer people to find one another in ever-increasing numbers (though these freedoms would not be enjoyed equally by all queer people). The waterfront was no monolith, however, and different parts of it offered different opportunities, to different communities, in different eras. But by the time Walt Whitman published Leaves of Grass, the areas that offered the most support to the earliest queer communities in Brooklyn were already established neighborhoods drawing new residents from around the world.
A visitor to Brooklyn in 1855 would step of the ferry onto Old Fulton Street, which roughly bisected the city. To the east was low-lying Vinegar Hill, a working-class, dockside neighborhood with a large Irish population. The area was a warren of poorly constructed, tightly packed row houses and dirty businesses, filled with the sharp smells of varnish being manufactured and iron being smelted. Bootlegging was a major business in Vinegar Hill, from small-scale home distilleries making poteen, or Irish moonshine, to industrial-size whiskey and rum operations. These illegal establishments were so prominent that when the federal government tried to clamp down on them for tax purposes in 1870, it had to flood the neighborhood with more than two thousand soldiers, in a series of pitched battles known as the Whiskey Wars.
Vinegar Hill was bordered to the south by Sands Street, an important thoroughfare that connected Old Fulton Street with the Brooklyn Navy Yard, which sat on the western edge of Vinegar Hill. The yard was the city’s most important military base and the largest navy yard in the country, a sprawling complex that was home to innumerable sailors. Inaugurated in 1801 by President John Adams, the yard was a center for early American shipbuilding, military education, and technological innovation. In 1815, the first steam-powered warship, the USS Fulton, was built here, and the Naval Lyceum (the precursor to the US Naval Academy) was founded here in 1833. By Whitman’s time, some six thousand men were employed in the Navy Yard’s nearly two-hundred-acre campus.
If a visitor continued east, a few miles farther out was Weeksville, a small town that was the only majority-black community in Brooklyn. By all accounts, Weeksville was a semirural enclave of “steep hills, deep valleys, and woodlands,” which was about ten minutes from the ferry via the Long Island Rail Road. Founded in 1838, by 1855 Weeksville had over five hundred residents (about 20 percent of the entire black population of Brooklyn at the time). It served as “the center of organized recreational activities for African-Americans from the entire region,” according to Judith Wellman, author of Brooklyn’s Promised Land: The Free Black Community of Weeksville, New York. Weeksville was “one of the two largest independent free Black communities in the United States,” a place where “people generally lived in safety, supported themselves financially, educated their children . . . and set up their own churches.” As one of the few majority-black areas in all of New York City, it served as an incubator for black political and religious organizing and a needed refuge in times of racial unrest and antiblack rioting. After a visitor passed Weeksville, the rest of eastern Brooklyn was lightly settled farmland, still crisscrossed with pastoral streams and woods, until one reached the newly incorporated town of Bushwick (formerly the Dutch town Boswjick).
If, on the other hand, a visitor disembarked from the ferry and followed Old Fulton Street to the south, they would find the land quickly rising beneath them to create high bluffs with panoramic Manhattan views. Just a few blocks into town they would encounter the Rome brothers’ print shop, one of the bustling businesses where the working waterfront edged into the more residential neighborhood of Brooklyn Heights. A few blocks farther south, wealthy families were already building the Greek Revival–style town houses that earned the Heights the label “America’s first suburb.” The area on the other side of Old Fulton Street, opposite Brooklyn Heights, would eventually be downtown Brooklyn, the city’s civic center.For as long as these waterfront areas were economically successful (or until about the early 1950s), they enabled working-class people to create enclaves of queer life.
Farther south still, the city gave way to the industrial basin of Red Hook and the Gowanus Creek, an as-of-yet-unimportant inlet of the New York City harbor. Nearby were the gentle hills, streams, and farmland that would one day be the neighborhoods of Park Slope and Sunset Park. Finally, a long carriage ride south from Fulton Ferry would bring you to the oceanfront resorts of Coney Island, which was primarily an escape for the middle class and the wealthy. Here, hotels dotted the sandy ocean shores, giving the impression of a distant seaside holiday just a few miles from the bustle of downtown Brooklyn.
For as long as these waterfront areas were economically successful (or until about the early 1950s), they enabled working-class people to create enclaves of queer life. These groupings were often small, sub rosa, isolated, and temporary, but they formed the nucleus for the later emergence of what we would recognize as gay communities. In the queer history of these areas, five waterfront jobs reoccur again and again: sailor, artist, sex worker, entertainer, and female factory worker. Each of these jobs had particular conditions that made them more available or desirable to queer people. Sailors have always been a symbol of escape from small towns, and their long voyages, marked by single-sex isolation and exposure to different cultures around the world, provided great opportunity for sexual and gender experimentation. Artists were often given leeway to be “eccentric,” and the Brooklyn waterfront drew them with its cheap rents (and—to be honest— with its cheap sailors). Sex workers (male, female, and transgender) had ready clients, and few observers, in the dockside alleys and waterfront brothels of Vinegar Hill and Red Hook. Freaks and entertainers, particularly those who were gender nonconforming, found lucrative (if often exploitative) work in the vaudeville theaters of downtown Brooklyn and the sideshows of Coney Island. Finally, in the lead-up to World War II, female factory workers broke gender stereotypes and provided lesbians with previously unimaginable freedoms.
Given the prevalence of these jobs in mid-nineteenth-century Brooklyn, it’s unlikely that Walt Whitman was the first person to develop a queer community there. However, unlike those in the other jobs listed above, artists are often given a greater level of respect—and place in our cultural memory—than their incomes would otherwise generally afford them. Also, at a time when few people were inclined or encouraged to record their innermost thoughts, artists such as Whitman were pushed to do so. Additionally, your average artist’s behavior was (somewhat) less policed than that of your average businessman, who had both customers and coworkers to worry about. In other words, artists had a slightly better chance of being able to live a queer life, a slightly better chance of recording that life, and a slightly better chance of having that record preserved. For all of these reasons, Whitman provides a good access point to the beginnings of queer life in Brooklyn.
One of the great things about Whitman is the tantalizing hints he left behind pointing to the existence of a subculture of working-class white men who loved other men. Many of these were laborers that he met while walking along the docks, or taking the ferry, or going for a bracing swim in the ocean. In his daybook, Whitman kept lists of these men, mostly single-line entries commenting on their looks, personalities, and family relationships. A typical snippet from one such catalog, written around the time of Leaves of Grass, reads:
Gus White (25) at Ferry with skeleton boat with Walt Baulsir—(5 ft 9 round—well built)
Timothy Meighan (30) Irish, oranges, Fulton & Concord James Dalton (Engine-Williamsburgh)
Charley Fisher (26) 5th av. (hurt, diseased, deprived)
Ike (5th av.) 28—fat, drinks, rode “Fashion” in the great race Jack (4th av) tall slender, had the French pox [syphilis]
This particular list goes on for over fifteen pages, with almost no women included (and those that are mentioned are never physically described). It’s impossible to know how many of these men were receptive to advances Whitman made, but some of the entries certainly suggest they were, such as this one: “David Wilson night of Oct 11, ’62, walking up from Middagh—slept with me— works in a blacksmith shop in Navy Yard.”Foremost among the “new experiences” that Whitman would chaunt and yawp into the American literary canon was the urban life of a man who loved other men.
These were the “young men and the illiterate” whom Whitman was beloved by. They embodied his twin virtues of health and manly comradeship. Leaves of Grass was inspired by them, written for them, and often talked directly about them. Or as Whitman put it in “Song of Myself”:
The young mechanic is closest to me, he knows me well,
The woodman that takes his axe and jug with him shall take me with him all day, The farm-boy ploughing in the field feels good at the sound of my voice,
In vessels that sail my words sail, I go with fishermen and seamen and love them.
That love was not just platonic. Foremost among the “new experiences” that Whitman would chaunt and yawp into the American literary canon was the urban life of a man who loved other men, and who was able to bring together those similarly inclined. Men loving men was not something new, as Whitman was well aware from his studies in ancient Greek. But the idea that these men constituted a specific type of person, that they could define themselves by this love and carve out space to gather together as lovers of other men—what we would today call the idea of “being gay”—didn’t yet exist in Whitman’s world. The word homosexual wouldn’t even be coined until 1868.
Leaves of Grass was written at the height of the Victorian era, which lasted from approximately 1840 to 1900. Socially, this was a relatively conservative time, but one that saw huge advances in industry and urbanization. During his life, Whitman witnessed the invention of everything from the telephone, to the photograph, to the flushing indoor toilet, to ice cream. Advances in farming, manufacturing, communication, and transportation enabled a vast population flux into cities around the country. In 1840, barely 10 percent of Americans lived in urban places; by 1900 that number had skyrocketed to 40 percent.
According to Victorian morality, women and men inhabited complementary but separate worlds. Men were rational, active, and in the public eye; women were emotional, passive, and limited to the domestic sphere of family and home. Proper women were asexual and acted as a limiting force on the “animal instincts” of men. White Victorians saw all black men and women as inherently lesser; although New York State had abolished slavery by 1855, it was still the law of the land in many places. And even in free states such as New York, black people lived under tremendous constraints (legal and extralegal) on whom they could love, what jobs they could have, and where they could live. When Leaves of Grass was first printed, New York City’s entire black population was around twelve thousand people. Few whites—even those who opposed slavery, such as Whitman—believed in true racial equality.
Due to these divisions, New York was “an intensely homosocial city,” according to the epic city history Gotham—a place where white men “clubbed, ate, drank, rioted, whored, paraded, and politicked together, clustered together in boardinghouses and boards of directors, [and] even slept together.” Aside from time with your own family, interactions between men and women were limited (particularly among the middle and upper classes). People of color lived mostly in small, segregated, and remote neighborhoods such as Weeksville, far from the economic and social centers of town. For Whitman, this meant that he lived in rooming houses that were full of white men; worked in print shops and newsrooms that were entirely stafed by white men; ate lunch in cheap oyster houses where the majority of patrons were white men; and in the evenings did his drinking and reveling in saloons that rarely admitted women or people of color.
It almost goes without saying that in a world so divided by sex (the identity), that sex (the act) was treated as a dangerous mystery. Sex education was mostly limited to what a child might observe among livestock or glean from older children (as it still is in many places today). Although Victorians are often remembered solely as prudes, they spent huge amounts of time considering and classifying kinds of sex. Sexual attraction to a person of the same sex was considered a disorder of gender, closer to what we today think of as “being transgender” than “being gay.” Sexual acts between members of the same sex were stigmatized and lumped together with other nonprocreative forms of sex under the name sodomy, which could include anything from masturbation, to bestiality, to hetero or homosexual oral sex. Legally, however, sodomy charges (sometimes called the crime against nature) were primarily used in cases of sexual assault, and not against consensual sex acts. At the time of the 1880 census, only sixty-three people were imprisoned on sodomy charges in the entire country, and only five of those in New York. The idea that people had a fixed, inborn set of sexual desires that were permanent and could be used to classify humanity into groups was only just emerging among theorists in Europe. There was little agreed-upon language to even discuss those feelings.Leaves of Grass was not only a proclamation, it was an invitation: a love letter set afloat in the world to see who understood it and answered its call.
As Ralph Waldo Emerson pointed out in his essay, the job of the poet is that of language-maker, the person who documents and names the new experiences of the times. What makes Whitman so memorable isn’t his private desires, but his realization that those desires were shared by others, and his attempt to create or memorialize words, rituals, and experiences that these men shared—something he certainly could not have done in isolation. In Leaves of Grass, Whitman called these men his “comrades” or “camerados.” Their affection for one another he dubbed “adhesiveness.” To symbolize that love, he chose the simple calamus plant, a sturdy river reed with long vertical leaves and a protruding, phallic flower cone. Whitman wrote forty-five “Calamus poems” celebrating the love between men. He explicitly urged others to use the plant as a queer love token in Calamus #4, writing:
And here what I now draw from the water, wading in the pond-side,
(O here I last saw him that tenderly loves me—and returns again, never to separate from me,
And this, O this shall henceforth be the token of comrades—this calamus-root shall,
Interchange it, youths, with each other! Let none render it back!)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
But what I drew from the water by the pond-side, that I reserve,
I will give of it—but only to them that love, as I myself am capable of loving.
Why did Whitman choose the calamus as his gift to “them that love, as I myself am capable of loving”? Calamus was wild in Brooklyn, appearing in the very places where Whitman met his camerados. It grew on the banks of the streams where young farmers brought their livestock to drink; it dotted the marshy coast where sailors hunted for duck in between stints at sea; and it lined the secluded watering holes where salt-crusted stevedores went to wash of the day’s labor. Its phallic shape was suggestive, but so were ears of corn, were it just a matter of form. But the calamus had an added bonus: its name was an allusion to the ancient Greek myth of a pair of young male lovers, Kalamos and Karpos, who died during a swimming competition. Whitman’s Calamus poems comprise some of his most sensual and personal poetry. Over the next hundred years, this inclination to find “them that love, as I myself am capable of loving,” was a consistent hallmark of early queer pioneers.
However, cruising the waterfront wasn’t the only way that Whitman met other men. Leaves of Grass was not only a proclamation, it was an invitation: a love letter set afloat in the world to see who understood it and answered its call. The third poem in the book—“In Cabin’d Ships at Sea”—explicitly says this in its last stanza:
Then falter not, O book! Fulfil your destiny! You, not a reminiscence of the land alone,
You too, as a lone bark, cleaving the ether—purpos’d I know not whither—yet ever full of faith,
Consort to every ship that sails—sail you!
Bear forth to them, folded, my love—(Dear mariners! For you I fold it here, in every leaf;)
Speed on, my Book! Spread your white sails, my little bark, athwart the imperious waves!
Chant on—sail on—bear o’er the boundless blue, from me, to every shore, This song for mariners and all their ships.
The ability to gather people to him with his words was one of the other qualities that Emerson enumerated a genius poet would possess, writing that “by truth and by his art . . . [he] will draw all men sooner or later.” This was certainly true for Whitman. In his lifetime, men such as Oscar Wilde and Edward Carpenter (an early English proponent of gay rights) flocked to Whitman’s door, asking questions about the poet’s sexuality, which he was loath to answer. Many later queer artists would be drawn to Brooklyn because of the city’s association with Whitman. Hart Crane, the 1920s poet whose foremost muse was the Brooklyn Bridge, addressed Whitman and his legacy of “adhesiveness” directly in his poem “Cape Hatteras,” writing, “O Walt!—Ascensions of thee hover in me now / Thou bringest tally, and a pact, new bound / Of living brotherhood!”
From When Brooklyn Was Queer by Hugh Ryan. Used with permission of St. Martin’s Press. Copyright © 2019 by Hugh Ryan. | <urn:uuid:6fca0208-4893-46c3-92a7-38002744dc2f> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://lithub.com/brooklyns-earliest-secret-enclaves-of-queer-life/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256958.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20190522203319-20190522225319-00181.warc.gz | en | 0.977495 | 4,427 | 3.265625 | 3 |
ST. PAUL, Minn. (AP) — It's 9 a.m. and the rush is on. Buses disgorge hundreds of students at one side of Bailey Elementary School in Woodbury. On the other side, parents line up in SUVs to drop off their kids. “Bye-bye,” says Silva Theis of Woodbury, kissing her fourth-grade daughter.
In the hubbub, no one notices what's missing: the dying practice of walking to school. Of 620 students at Bailey, not one walks, not even those who live one block away.
Managers of a 6-year-old federal program think they know why. Children don't walk to schools like Bailey because of the lack of sidewalks and safe street crossings.
But after spending $820 million to promote walking to school and reducing childhood obesity, there is no sign the program has actually added any walkers at all.
Parents say the approach is wrong. They say their children don't walk because of fear of crime, Minnesota's harsh winters and laziness. Parents like to pamper their kids by driving them.
And many schools are built to discourage walking.
The history of the federal program is a cautionary tale about changing public behavior, even when the public agrees with the goals.
It was created by former Minnesota Rep. Jim Oberstar in 2000. Oberstar was appalled at the steep increases in childhood obesity and diabetes.
At the same time, he learned that 75 percent of children's trips away from home were in motor
vehicles, up from 40 percent in the 1960s.
The solution? The Safe Routes to School program.
From 2005 through 2010, it was funded for $820 million. Safe Routes gives grants for anything that encourages walking or biking to school — mostly sidewalks, safer street crossings and education. The grants have gone to 11,000 schools in all 50 states.
Nationally, there is little evidence that the program is improving children's health.
In 1969, 42 percent of children walked or biked to school, according to the Safe Routes to School National Partnership in North Carolina.
By 2001, that number had plummeted to 13 percent. Eight years later, after the program was four years old, the number was unchanged.
Many schools are resistant to change because they are designed for drivers, not pedestrians.
Never mind that the rate of violent crime against children has dropped in half in 40 years and that the odds of a child getting abducted by a stranger are about one in 17,000. Parents seem to be as frightened as ever.
Weather is another obstacle to walking.
Oberstar acknowledges these objections. But he said his program is making steady progress in wearing down the nation's unhealthy, anti-walking biases.
“We are changing habits of an entire generation,'' said Oberstar. “It is going to take time — but it is happening.”
Information from: St. Paul Pioneer Press, twincities.com | <urn:uuid:4f34b147-9432-40ad-8de8-27684626c98d> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | http://www.sfltimes.com/uncategorized/despite-820m-program-fewer-walking-to-school | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107871231.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20201020080044-20201020110044-00208.warc.gz | en | 0.973093 | 620 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Exercise: Is It Passion Or Addiction?
You would be hard pressed to find someone who could possibly consider exercising a bad thing. It helps us manage our weight and reduces our risk of disease and illness. Additionally, exercise improves our mental health and cognitive function.
Yep, in the simplest sense, exercise is good.
However, as I am sure most of you know, there are certain scenarios where too much of a good thing, is no longer a good thing. In fact, there are times when too much of a good thing can become an extremely bad thing.
And exercise fits this.
Passion vs addiction
The Collins English dictionary defines passion as ‘a very strong feeling about something, or a strong belief in something’.
To be considered passionate about something, it is commonly accepted that three distinct criteria must be met: The activity must be liked or loved by the individual, they must value the activity highly, and they must enjoy spending time performing the activity (Vallerand, 2008).
There is evidence consistently demonstrating that having a harmonious passion for an activity is related to heightened states of general well-being, increased motivation, and in general, positive life outcomes.
In this manner, passion can fuel both motivation and positive task engagement. It ultimately provides you with a more balanced and meaningful life.
Consequently, the obsessive passion for an activity is related to more negative and less adaptive, outcomes. In this scenario, passion can spill over into compulsion, negative emotion, and rigid persistence (Curran, 2015).
In short, the activity becomes addictive, in which it reaches a point where the individual loses immediate control over their ability to manage its performance.
It becomes an activity that they must perform, or they will experience severe negative mental consequences. This is even in scenarios where the activity is causing them physical and emotional harm in the process.
As you can see, there is a stark contrast between positive harmonious passions, obsessive passion, and addiction (Bureau, 2019).
Related Article: Everyday Tips To Be More Mindful
When does passion become an addiction?
I have already stated that there are two very distinct types of passion, being a harmonious and obsessive passion (Curran, 2015).
Harmonious passion occurs when the activity reflects the qualities that the individual likes about themselves, and then becomes fully integrated into their behavior. This more commonly occurs when an individual is performing an activity within a supportive environment, and the activity is freely chosen because it aligns with their internal beliefs.
The autonomous internalization associated with this type of harmonious passion results in a pattern of behavior that is characterized by wilful engagement, enjoyment, and personal endorsement. The individual engages in the activity out the sense of identity and enjoyment, rather than a sense of compulsion.
Alternatively, obsessive passion occurs when the activity and its outcomes do not fully align with the individual’s identity and conflicts with pre-existing values and goals. This type of passion often originates when the activity is performed in pursuit of a sense of acceptance or self-worth.
In this manner, obsessive passion results in a pattern of behavior that is compulsive and rigid, which serves an end other than performing the activity itself. As a result, while obsessively passionate individuals do indeed love the activity, they feel compelled to engage in it out of a need to self-validate or garner social approval.
In short, they do it for reasons that most would deem unhealthy.
With all this in mind, the type of passion one develops for an activity tends to result from the way in which it comes about, and the reasons for which the activity is performed in the first place.
Now, considering this, obsessive passion can very natural transition into addiction – which is normally indicated by the point in which the activity begins to elicit severe negative social, mental, and health, effects.
What is exercise addiction?
So, given the title of this article, you might be wondering ‘Can you get addicted to working out?’ – in answer, yes you can (Szabo, 2018).
Over the last few years, we have started to see the term exercise addiction appear at increasing intervals within the scientific literature. This severe dysfunction describes the scenario in which individual exercises to the point where they lose control over the pattern and the volume of that exercise.
As alluded to above, exercise then becomes an uncontrollable obligation that results in negative physical, social, and mental consequences.
Exercise addiction vs excessive exercise disorder
It is important to note that when we are discussing exercise addiction, we are not talking about the same thing as excessive exercise disorder.
So, what is excessive exercise disorder?
It essentially describes the scenario in which someone with a pre-diagnosed eating disorder begins to engage in excessive exercise to further contribute to weight management.
This is somewhat different to exercise addiction, as the individual is performing the exercise as a means to an end, and not for the sole purpose of completing that exercise.
What are the warning signs of exercise addiction?
Now, let’s move onto the key exercise addiction signs.
One of the key warning signs associated with exercise addiction is said to be when obsessively passionate exercisers start to spend so much time exercising that it causes them to neglect important life responsibilities (Paradis, 2013).
Those who are developing exercise addiction tend to continuously partake in excessive exercise. They will yearn for additional exercise, between 24 and 36 hours after the completion of their last exercise session. Moreover, they tend to feel a growing sense of guilt and foreboding as they get further and further away from that last training session (Jee, 2016).
Finally, those who are developing exercise addiction begin to feel the need to exercise despite illness, injury, and declines in mental state. In short, they begin to risk their own health for exercising.
Who is more likely to become addicted to exercise?
As this is an extremely new area of research, we are yet to establish a clear cause and effect when it comes to exercise addiction. There are a few exercise addiction risk factors that deserve some consideration.
These exercise addiction risk factors include (Back, 2016):
- Being younger than 35 years in age
- Performing sport at an elite level
- Those who regularly use exercise as a coping mechanism to stress
- Being heavily concerned with physical appearances
- Having a poor self-image
While this is far from a comprehensive list of risk factors, it does certainly give some insight into those individuals who may be at a slightly higher risk of developing this debilitating issue.
Are there any underlying disorders associated with exercise addiction?
At this point in time, there are only a few physiological and psychological disorders that appear to increase your risk of developing exercise addiction.
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder
- Eating disorders (such as anorexia and bulimia)
As you can see, it looks as if exercise addiction very much develops in response to certain psychological factors, rather than physiological factors.
Related Article: Three Types of Exercise for Reducing Anxiety
Exercise addiction treatment
One of the key things we actually know about exercise addiction is that it is similar in premise to other addictions. As a result, we do not have a clear treatment per se. However, we do have some approaches that we can use to help facilitate rehabilitation (Jee, 2016).
Since regular exercise has obvious health benefits, we should try and promote an active lifestyle while recalibrating the role that exercise plays in life.
This means reconfirming that the performance of a specific exercise is not what makes an individual who they are. That their identity is so much more than just a runner, or just a cyclist. They can also recognize their value as a human being who contributes to society on a daily basis.
Now, this is much easier said than done. which is why many people with exercise addiction are quickly referred to a psychiatrist for treatment.
It is also recommended that treatment therapies for exercise addicts include the development of healthy eating habits. Exercise addicts need strategies aimed at improving self-esteem and body image and the gradual incorporation of healthy alternative recreational pursuits, which are performed out of the internal joy for that pursuit.
I should note that exercise addiction may take months, or even years, to overcome – so patience is key (as always).
Exercise addiction prevention
Last but not least, I wanted to touch on the prevention of exercise addiction.
As with our treatments, there is very little research within this area. I do believe that we can draw some conclusions from the above sections about how we can prevent the onset of exercise addiction.
First and foremost, it is important to reflect upon the reasons as to why you exercise. Is it because you want to better yourself? Is it because you enjoy the activity? Or because you like the social aspect that comes with it?
Or is it because you feel an innate need to fit in? Because you want people to notice you? Or because it is what you think others want you to do?
Realizing why you exercise can allow you to identify whether you are performing exercise obsessively or harmoniously. You can then adjust accordingly.
Secondly, it’s important to take a step back and acknowledge that exercise is indeed important. This is not because it makes us who we are. Rather, it is one of the many tools you have available to help you live a fulfilling life.
By acknowledging that the exercise you perform is not who you are, you can allow yourself to look to those things that you truly enjoy. Figure out what you get fulfillment from doing and then chase it with religious fervor.
Finally, you should try and find modes of exercise that resonate with who you are and what you want to be. Look for exercise that you enjoy performing simply for the sake of performing it. Exercise that you want to perform because it makes you happy, not because you feel you must.
Tick these boxes and I can assure you that you will be much happier for it.
Take Home Message
Exercise is one of the most important things that you can do for your health. But performing it in an addictive and obsessive manner can actually have the opposite effect. It can impact your health and wreaking havoc with your life in the process.
Take a step back and really analyze why you choose to exercise. Then, make some adjustments to correct if you think it is necessary. It might do you a world of good.
Vallerand, Robert J. “On the psychology of passion: In search of what makes people’s lives most worth living.”. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne 49.1 (2008): 1.
Curran, Thomas, et al. “The psychology of passion: A meta-analytical review of a decade of research on intrapersonal outcomes.”. Motivation and Emotion 39.5 (2015): 631-655.
Bureau, Alexander, et al. “Passion for Exercise: Passion’s Relationship to General Fitness Indicators and Exercise Addiction.”. International Journal of Exercise Science 12.5 (2019): 122-135.
Szabo, Attila. “Addiction, passion, or confusion? New theoretical insights on exercise addiction research from the case study of a female bodybuilder.”. Europe’s Journal of psychology 14.2 (2018): 296.
Paradis, Kyle F., et al. “Too much of a good thing? Examining the relationship between passion for exercise and exercise dependence.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 14.4 (2013): 493-500.
Jee, Yong-Seok. “Exercise addiction and rehabilitation.” Journal of exercise rehabilitation 12.2 (2016): 67.
Back, Jenny. “Profiles of Exercise Dependence–A person-centred approach to study potential mechanisms.” (2016).
You Might Like: | <urn:uuid:ba696d97-2ec0-4462-8f69-158ec9687a6d> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://foreverfitscience.com/exercise-science/exercise-is-it-passion-or-addiction/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540487789.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20191206095914-20191206123914-00142.warc.gz | en | 0.952557 | 2,469 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Background: In this work, various carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were synthetized by the
spray pyrolysis method. Resulting nanoforest-like and bamboo-like carbon nanotubes, as well as Yjunctions
of carbon nanotubes, possess different shapes and morphology, depending on the kind of carbon
source used and on the number of iron particles on the furnace tube surface, which derives from
various concentrations of ferrocene catalyst.
Methods: We used the spray pyrolysis method, using different carbon sources (n-pentane, n-hexane, nheptane,
and acrylonitrile) as precursors and two different concentrations of ferrocene as a catalyst.
Reactions of hydrocarbon decomposition were carried out at 800oC. The solution (hydrocarbon and
catalyst) was introduced with a syringe, with a flow of 1 mL/min and the synthesis time of 20 min. Argon
was used as carrier gas (1000 L/min). Preheater and oven temperatures were selected 180°C and
800°C, respectively, for each carbon source. The solution passed into a quartz tube placed in an oven.
Results: According to the studies of carbon nanostructures, obtained from different precursors, it can
be proposed that the structures synthesized from n-pentane, n-hexane and n-heptane are formed by the
root growth method. The growth mechanism of MWCNTs was studied, confirming that the root
growth formation of products takes place, whose parameters also depend on furnace temperature and
gas flow rate. Dependence of interlayer distance (0.34-0.50 nm) in the formed MWCNTs on precursors
and reaction conditions is also elucidated. The formation of carbon nanotubes does not merely depend
on carbon precursors but also has strong correlations with such growth conditions as different catalyst
concentrations, furnace temperature and gas flow rate. Such parameters as the amount of catalyst and
synthesis time are also needed to be considered, since they are important to find minor values of these
parameters in the synthesis of forest-like carbon nanotubes and other structures such as bamboo-like
carbon nanotubes and Y-junctions in carbon nanotubes.
Conclusion: As a result of the evaluation of interlayer distance in CNTs formed from different carbon
sources, a standard value of interlayer distance normally for CNTs is 0.34 nm and for pentane A (0.5
wt.%), hexane B (1 wt.%), toluene A (0.5 wt.%) the range is from 0.33 to 0.35 nm. In case of pentane and
acrylonitrile, under an increase of the catalyst concentration, an increase of the value of interlayer distance
takes place from 0.35 and 0.4 to 0.4 and 0.5 nm, respectively, but for hexane, heptane and cyclohexane,
an increase of the catalyst concentration maintains the same interlayer distance. This involves the use of
lower quantities of raw materials and, therefore less cost for obtaining these materials. | <urn:uuid:ed0dea6d-03e1-4aa9-ade6-21129c18f96e> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.eurekaselect.com/176491/article | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400187354.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200918061627-20200918091627-00419.warc.gz | en | 0.90231 | 686 | 2.96875 | 3 |
HashSet vs TreeSet
In Java, the entire Collections Framework is built upon a set of standard interfaces. Several standard implementations (such as LinkedList, HashSet, and TreeSet) of these interfaces are provided that we may use as-is. In this section, first, we will discuss HashSet and TreeSet with proper examples. Also, we will discuss the differences and similarities between HashSet and TreeSet.
The following figure shows the hierarchy of HashSet and TreeSet in the Collections framework.
HashSet is a generic class of the Java collection framework. It extends AbstractSet and implements the Set interface. It creates a collection that uses a hash table for storage. The hash table stores the information by using the hashing mechanism.
Hashing uses the informational content to determine a unique value which is known as hash code. It is used as the index in which data is stored that is associated with the key. The transformation of the key into hash code performed automatically. The benefit of hashing is that it allows the execution time of add, contain, remove, and size operation to remain constant even for large sets. Its time complexity for the operation search, insert, and delete is O(1).
The HashSet class does not provide any additional methods. It uses the methods of its superclasses and interfaces. It is to be noted that it does not guarantee the order of its elements.
Let's understand the HashSet through a Java program.
In the above output, we observe two things. The first one is the elements are not sorted in the natural order and the second thing is that the duplicate element Chicago has been removed.
TreeSet is a class of Java collection framework that extends AbstractSet and implements the Set, NavigableSet, and SortedSet interface. It creates a collection that uses a tree for storage.
TreeSet is a generic class of the Java collection framework. It implements the Set interface. It uses TreeMap internally to store the TreeSet elements. By default, it sorts the elements in natural order (ascending order). The order of sorting depends on the Comparator that we have parsed. If no Comparator is parsed, it sorts the elements in the natural order.
Its performance is slow in comparison to HashSet because TreeSet sorts the elements after each insertion and deletion operation.
It uses two methods comaperTo() or compare() to compare the elements. It is to be noted that the implementation of TreeSet is not synchronized. It means that it is not thread-safe. The implementation must be synchronized externally if multiple threads accessing a TreeSet concurrently and a thread try to modify the TreeSet.
It does not allow to store null elements. It throws NullPointerException if we try to insert a null element. It requires more memory than TreeSet because it also maintains the comparator to sort the elements.
Its time complexity for the operation search, insert, and delete is O(log n) which is much higher than HashSet. It uses a self-balancing BST (Red-Black Tree) to implement the TreeSet.
Let's understand the TreeSet through a Java program.
In the above output, we observe two things. The first one is the elements are sorted in the natural order and the second thing is that the duplicate elements Asus has been deleted.
We have deeply understood the HashSet and TreeSet. Now, we will move to the differences between the two.
Difference Between HashSet and TreeSet
There are some similarities between HashSet and TreeSet:
Which one is better to use?
Use HashSet if you want elements in sorted order else use HashSet because its performance is fast in comparison to TreeSet. | <urn:uuid:fa51917c-b185-4f13-829b-5f082f92adc1> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.javatpoint.com/hashset-vs-treeset-java | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446708046.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20221126180719-20221126210719-00187.warc.gz | en | 0.896675 | 788 | 3.75 | 4 |
We post copious resources for the study of philosophy on this site, such that you can obtain a full college-level survey understanding of the subject on your own by taking the many free classes, listening to the many free lectures and podcasts, and reading the many free texts, ebooks and commentaries you’ll find here. But several of our posts have met with a similar reader objection: where is the Eastern philosophy?
The question could also be put to almost any academic department of philosophy. One answer I’ve often heard dismisses it altogether. Philosophy, some say, developed in the West, first in ancient Greece, then in Rome, the succeeding Christian empire, and the secular age that followed. It is a European pursuit and tradition. Other culturally partial critics, who wish to appear enlightened, are willing to concede that “the world’s Muslims,” as Richard Dawkins tweeted a few years back, “did great things in the Middle Ages,” at least providing a critical bridge between the fall of the Roman Empire and the rise of Scholasticism.
Islamic philosophers like Avicenna and Averroes kept in dialogue with the Greeks after Europe had forgotten them, and preserved the only work of Aristotle we have. But that was then. What have they done for us lately? Attitudes like this, argues philosophy professor Peter Adamson, are prejudices with little basis in fact, and part of the reason for a dearth of high-quality, accessible Eastern philosophy resources in English. Adamson, who has made significant contributions to the study of philosophy online with his podcast, History of Philosophy Without Any Gaps, fills in the gap with his series on Islamic and Indian philosophy in several parts.
Formative Period—25 episodes
Philosophy in Andalusia—25 episodes
Eastern Traditions—25 episodes
Beginning with philosophy in the Islamic world in Episode 171, “Eastern Traditions,” at the top, Adamson covers “influential thinkers of the twelfth century like Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī and Suhrawardī, focusing on their legacy in the Eastern realms of central Asia and Persia, moving on to the Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal empires, and ending with developments in twentieth century philosophy.” Against dismissive claims like Dawkins’ that these centuries were “a time of intellectual and scientific decline in Islamic civilization,” Adamson argues they were “in fact a time of remarkable achievement in fields like logic and astronomy as well as the various disciplines of philosophy.” See all three parts of the Islamic Philosophy series above.
Adamson shares the introduction to Indian philosophy, just above, with NYU’s Jonardon Ganeri, and the two lay out a case for the tradition as “primarily a way of life and search for the highest good.” As usual, Adamson brings on guest scholars and provides a list for further reading on the podcast’s site. And as usual, his historical frameworks are rigorous and very well-researched. This series breaks into two main categories (below). The second part of the series focuses on the development of a formal tradition, the “sūtra (literally ‘thread’)… a genre of writing in which ideas were set forth in brief, aphoristic form. Various sūtras were taken as authoritative and foundational for numerous schools of Indian thought, which devoted further commentaries to the sūtras.”
Age of Sutra—15 episodes
As he has done with many of his other series, Adamson has adapted the Islamic Philosophy podcasts in book form, Philosophy in the Islamic World: A history of philosophy without any gaps, Volume 3. His even-handedness and erudition make this series a joy to listen to, though he’d also encourage us to read the philosophers he discusses, if possible. If you’re new to reading philosophy, or to Adamson’s podcast, you’d do well to read his recently posted All 20 ‘Rules for History of Philosophy,’ which he has brought together in one place as “guidelines encapsulating what I see as good practice in studying the history of philosophy.” (Rule 8: “Read the whole text.”)
Many of these guidelines rub up against the current orthodoxies, assumptions and, frankly, snobberies of some contemporary academic philosophy. Among these, “Rule 14: Take religion seriously” and “Rule 15: Be broadminded about what counts as ‘philosophy.’” And for those who not only dismiss but also embrace entire cultures’ philosophical traditions for one defining reason—Indian thought is “spiritual” or “non-violent”; Islamic thought is “tolerant” or “intolerant”—Adamson offers Rule 18: “don’t essentialize.” As becomes clear on even a cursory listen to the podcasts in these series, what we tend to believe about “non-western” philosophy operates far in excess of what most of us actually know about it. | <urn:uuid:94e500d3-3c38-4861-9fbf-21ee765ea784> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://internationaltimes.it/learn-islamic-indian-philosophy-with-107-episodes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155817.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20180919024323-20180919044323-00302.warc.gz | en | 0.949296 | 1,081 | 2.734375 | 3 |
This blog was written by Dr Alison Ronan of MMU about an exciting project that will be taking place in the near future researching the Women’s Peace Crusades.
The Women’s Peace Crusade 1916-1918 spread like wildfire across the country
So why haven’t we heard of this series of spontaneous demonstrations? Thousands of women went on to the streets to protest about the war and the need for a peace to be negotiated. They carried banners, wore armbands and sung! The Crusades were co-ordinated by women from the Independent Labour Party and the Women’s International League across the country after the Somme and the first Russian revolution. There were over a hundred crusades across Britain and there was a dedicated column in the Labour Leader after May 1917 which was edited by socialist Ethel Snowden and gave news of the Crusade to its readers.
We want to look at local Crusades in the North West in more depth – Manchester, Oldham, Bolton, Burnley, Accrington, Nelson and Blackburn.
Were they reported in local papers?
Are there any surviving images?
Or more handbills – like this one found in the John Rylands Library?
Do you have any information about the crusades or would you like to be involved as a volunteer in this exciting project? Contact Dr Alison Ronan via e-mail at: firstname.lastname@example.org | <urn:uuid:f4cc57eb-6010-46ba-9ac3-0f8f8ff85dee> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://gmstories.org/2015/12/28/womens-peace-crusades-1916-18/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710690.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129064123-20221129094123-00028.warc.gz | en | 0.953049 | 290 | 2.5625 | 3 |
A lung disease diagnosis can be shocking. But you are not alone.
Whether you are living with a lung disease, caring for someone who is sick, or simply wish to understand how you can take better care of your lungs, we are here to help. Lung disease is any problem in the lungs that prevents the lungs from working properly. Anyone can get lung disease. It affects men, women, children, smokers, ex-smokers and never smokers, all of whom are equally worthy of care and support.
Types of lung disease
There are three main types of lung disease, including:
- Airway diseases:These diseases, such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), affect the airways that carry oxygen and other gases into and out of the lungs. They usually cause a narrowing or blockage of the airways.
- Lung tissue diseases:These diseases, such as Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF), affect the structure of the lung tissue. Scarring or inflammation of the tissue makes the lungs unable to expand fully (restrictive lung disease). This makes it hard for the lungs to take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide.
- Lung circulation diseases:These diseases, such as Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH), affect the blood vessels in the lungs. They are caused by clotting, scarring, or inflammation of the blood vessels. They affect the ability of the lungs to take up oxygen and release carbon dioxide.
There are over 30 different types of lung disease, you can learn more in the Conditions section of this website.
There are ways you can reduce your risk of lung disease or, for those already living with a lung disease, maintain the best quality of life available to you.
Who is at risk?
While anyone can get lung disease, your risk can be increased by a number of factors, including age, or if you:
- Smoke or have ever smoked.
- Work or worked in a job that exposed you to dust, gas, fumes or chemicals.
- Have a family history of lung disease.
Warning signs and symptoms
Symptoms of lung disease tend to creep up slowly and people often put the symptoms down to aging or lack of fitness. This leads to many automatically adjusting their daily activities to accommodate or reduce their symptoms rather than getting help. Knowing the early warning signs of lung disease can help you receive treatment before the disease becomes serious or even life threatening. If you experience any of the following warning signs, make an appointment with your healthcare provider as soon as possible.
- Have a new, persistent or changed cough
- Cough up mucus, phlegm or blood
- Get breathless more easily than others your age
- Experience chest tightness or wheeze
- Have frequent chest infections
- Experience chest pain, fatigue
- Experience sudden weight loss
Remember, you don’t have to navigate through your lung health queries alone. For support contact us.
Lung Function Tests
Lung function tests provide an easy way of measuring the function of your lungs without the need to physically examine the lungs themselves. Lung function or breathing tests are important investigations which:
- Help diagnose suspected lung disease
- Help in planning treatments and deciding whether treatments should be continued, changed, or are no longer needed
Find out more by downloading our Lung Function Test fact sheet.
Lung disease in Australia
Anyone can get lung disease. It affects men, women, children, smokers, ex-smokers and never smokers, all who are equally worthy of care and support.
Lung disease overview
- There are over 30 types of lung disease
- Almost 1 in 3 Australians has a lung disease.1
- 1 in 7 deaths is a result of lung disease.2
- Lung disease accounts for 10% of the total health burden in Australia.2
- Lung disease, including chronic respiratory conditions and thoracic cancers, is our nation’s second leading cause of death. 13
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- 1 in 7 Australians over 40 has COPD and many don’t know it.4
- COPD is the most common cause of potentially preventable hospitalisations
- In 2018, it is estimated over 12,740 Australians will be diagnosed with lung cancer in Australia. That’s 34 people a day.6
- One Australian dies every hour from lung cancer.6
- Lung cancer has one of the lowest survival rates of any cancer in Australia with only 17% of Australians surviving 5 years after their diagnosis. 6
- Lung cancer is Australia’s biggest cancer killer: It kills more people than breast, prostate and ovarian cancers combined.14
- 1 in 3 women and 1 in 10 men diagnosed with lung cancer have no history of smoking.7
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF)
- IPF is a rare and progressive lung disease causing irreversible scarring of the lungs.
- While it is not currently known exactly how many people are affected by IPF in Australia, experts estimate approximately 1,250 people are diagnosed with this devastating disease each year.
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)
- PAH diagnosis is delayed on average 3.9 years.9
- On average it takes 5 GP visits before a specialist referral is given.
- Bronchiectasis is a common lung disease caused by chronic infection damaging the lungs.
- Females and the elderly are more frequently affected.10
Rare lung disease in children
- In Australia there is currently very limited, if any, information, support, treatment and research available for children diagnosed with a rare lung disease.
Challenges in Australia - Stigma
- The stigma surrounding lung disease is a major barrier to accessing research, funding, treatment and support.
- 1 in 6 Australians believe people with lung disease who have smoked deserve less support.11
- Over one third (35%) of Australians consider those with lung cancer to be their ‘own worst enemy’ and one in ten will say they ‘got what they deserved’.11
- We’re quick to judge others but not ourselves – 58% of Australians admit to being a smoker, or having smoked previously, but just 3% would consider it ‘deserved’ if they were diagnosed with lung cancer. 11
- For 40% of the population, the first question they would ask those diagnosed with lung cancer is whether or not they smoked, even though lung cancer can affect anyone. 11
- In a global survey conducted in 15 countries, Australians had the least sympathy for someone diagnosed with lung cancer, compared with other cancers, based on its association with tobacco smoking.7
Those living with lung cancer and other lung conditions feel the knock-on effects of their diagnosis and the stigma 12.
- One third feel isolated and see their family and friends less often
- 60% do the things they love, such as hobbies, less often
- 25% feel shame, guilt or fear of being discriminated against
- Over 40% feel stigma from the view that lung diseases are self-inflicted and smoking-related
- Almost 1 in 4 people feel less deserving of help than people with other medical conditions.
2 Lung Disease in Australia, 2014, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research
3 Galaxy Research Omnibus, January 2014 (wave 1)
4 Toelle B, Xuan W, Bird T, Abramson M, Atkinson D, Burton D, James A, Jenkins C, Johns D, Maguire G, Musk A, Walters E, Wood-Baker R, Hunter M, Graham B, Southwell P, Vollmer W, Buist A, Marks G. Respiratory symptoms and illness in older Australians: The Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) study. Med J Aust 2013;198:144-148
5 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2018. Admitted patient care 2016–17: Australian hospital statistics. Health services series no. 84. Cat. no. HSE 201. Canberra: AIHW.
6 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2018, Cancer compendium: information and trends by cancer type,
7 Lung Foundation Australia, Improving outcomes for Australians with lung cancer: A Call to Action (2016)
8 Jo HE, Glaspole I, Grainge C, et al. Baseline characteristics of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: analysis from the Australian Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Registry. Eur Respir J 2017; 49:1601592 [https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01592-2016].
9 Strange G, Gabbay E,Kermeen F, Williams T, Carrington M, Stewart S, et al. 2013;3 (1):89-9
10 Bronchiectasis Toolbox, Prevalence of bronchiectasis, https://bronchiectasis.com.au/bronchiectasis/bronchiectasis/prevalence
11 Lung Foundation Australia PureProfile Consumer Survey, 2017
12 Lung Foundation Australia Patient Survey, 2017
13 Australian Bureau of Statistics – Australia’s leading causes of death, 2016: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/3303.0~2016~Main%20Features~Australia’s%20leading%20causes%20of%20death,%202016~3
14 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2018, Deaths in Australia, https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/life-expectancy-death/deaths-in-australia/contents/leading-causes-of-death | <urn:uuid:73256f07-d33b-4788-a8b3-ccc5f488baa6> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://lungfoundation.com.au/lung-health/lung-disease/what-is-lung-disease/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964364169.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20211209122503-20211209152503-00307.warc.gz | en | 0.923433 | 2,054 | 3.421875 | 3 |
USGS Spectroscopy Lab
Researchers at the USGS Spectroscopy Lab are studying and applying methods for
identifying and mapping materials through spectroscopic remote sensing
(called imaging spectroscopy,
ultraspectral imaging, etc), on the
earth and throughout the solar system using
field, airborne and
The image shown here is a mineral map, where each color is the identification of
specific minerals through imaging spectroscopy analysis. See
Material Maps and
Spectral Libraries (also accessed below).
Reflectance spectra of minerals, mineral mixtures, rock coatings, liquids, frozen volatiles,
organic compounds, manmade materials, vegetation, and other biological materials.
You can download the main spectral library or versions
convolved to various remote sensing spectrometers and broad band
Also, you can view spectra online.
SPECTRAL LIBRARY, splib07a, is now online
(see dates below for additions).
Spectroscopy and Imaging Spectroscopy
Extensive tutorial on reflectance spectroscopy, the causes of absorption bands,
the absorption and scattering processes that occur when light
encounters a particulate surface, and principles of spectroscopy including continuum
analysis, grain size effects, mixtures, etc.
Imaging Spectroscopy: Earth and Planetary Remote Sensing with
the USGS Tetracorder and Expert Systems.
The detailed description of the imaging spectroscopy mapping system we for most maps
you see on speclab.
A tutorial on what imaging spectroscopy is, what it can be used for, and what
it takes to plan, request, calibrate, and analyze AVIRIS data.
Tutorials and papers with image examples of what can be done with imaging
spectroscopy. Maps of minerals, vegetation (including species),
environmental hazards, and more.
Imaging Spectroscopy mapping on the Earth. (March 30, 2010)
AVIRIS materials mapping and thermal hot spot
detection, laboratory studies of WTC dust and debris, including: mineralogy,
chemistry, leachable metals, scanning electron microscope images.
Laboratory Studies and Methods Development
Laboratory spectra and methods for spectroscopy and imaging spectroscopy analysis.
Spectra of the planets, satellites, rings, asteroids, etc.
Contains information and links about spacecraft missions with spectrometers and
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientists studying Mars have
discovered minerals with profound
implications for much of the the past history of the planet.
Download software to analyze spectra, display images, analyze imaging
spectroscopy data, and related things.
Description of spectrometers and computers used to measure spectra and
analyze data at the spectroscopy lab.
Links to related information:
Unauthorized use of this U. S. Government computer system is
punishable under PL98-473.
Phone email and regular mail addresses of spectroscopy lab personnel
for further information.
About the Spectroscopy Lab Logo.
U.S. Geological Survey,
a bureau of the U.S. Department of the Interior
Page URL= http://speclab.cr.usgs.gov
This page is maintained by: Dr. Roger N. Clark
USGS Privacy Statement||
Last modified April 13, 2017. | <urn:uuid:916a20ae-6ea6-4e1b-847c-3a289d1ebef4> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://speclab.cr.usgs.gov/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816178.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225070925-20180225090925-00338.warc.gz | en | 0.748684 | 708 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women
Keywords:Asymptomatic bacteriuria, Pyuria, Pregnancy, Urine isolates, Antimicrobial sensitivity
Introduction: Women with asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy are more likely to deliver premature or low birth weight babies and having a 20 40 percent increased risk of developing pyelonephritis during pregnancy compared with women without bacteriuria. Asymptomatic bacteriuria is a microbiological diagnosis based on urine culture from persons without signs or symptoms of urinary tract infection.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women and also to determine the relationship between the asymptomatic bacteriuria and pyuria to isolate the causative pathogens and to find out the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the isolates.
Methods: A total of 540 urine specimen were collected from 540 asymptomatic pregnant women for urinary tract infection, over a period 2 years from January 2011 to December 2012 at Border Guard Bangladesh (BGB) Hospital, Pilkhana, Dhaka. All specimens were processed using standard microbiological procedures. All the subjects were evaluated for bacteriuria.
Results: The prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria was 10.2% . Pyuria was found in 15.9% of cases. Escherichia coli (80%) was the commonest causative agent of asymptomatic bacteriuria followed by Staphylococcus saprophyticus (14.5%) and Pseudomonas spp.(5.5%). Nitrofurantoin was found to be highly sensitive to most of the isolates. 64 JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 9, No 2 (December) 2013
Conclusion: Screening for bacteriuria in pregnancy and proper treatment of diagnosed cases must be considered as an essential part of antenatal care in our country. To prevent complications of asymptomatic bacteriuria, all pregnant women should be screened at the first antenatal visit. A negative test for pyuria is not a reliable indicator of the absence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women.
Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.9(2) 2013 | <urn:uuid:4d64c68f-d735-4a67-b237-6b4b4193726e> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://banglajol.info/index.php/JAFMC/article/view/21830 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335491.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220930145518-20220930175518-00287.warc.gz | en | 0.919062 | 504 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Marxist Criticism (1930s-present)
This resource will help you begin the process of understanding literary theory and schools of criticism and how they are used in the academy.
Contributors:Allen Brizee, J. Case Tompkins, Libby Chernouski, Elizabeth Boyle
Last Edited: 2010-04-21 08:25:17
Whom Does it Benefit?
Based on the theories of Karl Marx (and so influenced by philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel), this school concerns itself with class differences, economic and otherwise, as well as the implications and complications of the capitalist system: "Marxism attempts to reveal the ways in which our socioeconomic system is the ultimate source of our experience" (Tyson 277).
Theorists working in the Marxist tradition, therefore, are interested in answering the overarching question, whom does it [the work, the effort, the policy, the road, etc.] benefit? The elite? The middle class? And Marxists critics are also interested in how the lower or working classes are oppressed - in everyday life and in literature.
The Material Dialectic
The Marxist school follows a process of thinking called the material dialectic. This belief system maintains that "...what drives historical change are the material realities of the economic base of society, rather than the ideological superstructure of politics, law, philosophy, religion, and art that is built upon that economic base" (Richter 1088).
Marx asserts that "...stable societies develop sites of resistance: contradictions build into the social system that ultimately lead to social revolution and the development of a new society upon the old" (1088). This cycle of contradiction, tension, and revolution must continue: there will always be conflict between the upper, middle, and lower (working) classes and this conflict will be reflected in literature and other forms of expression - art, music, movies, etc.
The continuing conflict between the classes will lead to upheaval and revolution by oppressed peoples and form the groundwork for a new order of society and economics where capitalism is abolished. According to Marx, the revolution will be led by the working class (others think peasants will lead the uprising) under the guidance of intellectuals. Once the elite and middle class are overthrown, the intellectuals will compose an equal society where everyone owns everything (socialism - not to be confused with Soviet or Maoist Communism).
Though a staggering number of different nuances exist within this school of literary theory, Marxist critics generally work in areas covered by the following questions.
- Whom does it benefit if the work or effort is accepted/successful/believed, etc.?
- What is the social class of the author?
- Which class does the work claim to represent?
- What values does it reinforce?
- What values does it subvert?
- What conflict can be seen between the values the work champions and those it portrays?
- What social classes do the characters represent?
- How do characters from different classes interact or conflict?
Here is a list of scholars we encourage you to explore to further your understanding of this theory:
- Karl Marx - (with Friedrich Engels) The Communist Manifesto, 1848; Das Kapital, 1867; "Consciousness Derived from Material Conditions" from The German Ideology, 1932; "On Greek Art in Its Time" from A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, 1859
- Leon Trotsky - "Literature and Revolution," 1923
- Georg Lukács - "The Ideology of Modernism," 1956
- Walter Benjamin - "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction," 1936
- Theodor W. Adorno
- Louis Althusser - Reading Capital, 1965
- Terry Eagleton - Marxism and Literary Criticism, Criticism and Ideology, 1976
- Frederic Jameson - Marxism and Form, The Political Unconscious, 1971
- Jürgen Habermas - The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity, 1990 | <urn:uuid:e6c01172-cbdc-4045-b689-49431690ce78> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/722/5/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403502.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00022-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.904728 | 818 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Find the safest and most cost-effective drugs for this condition.
Lifestyle changes (such as dieting, exercising, and quitting smoking) are the first approach for all degrees of coronary artery disease. Depending on severity and individual conditions, patients may also need one or more medications, surgery, or both.
Medications. Many types of medications are used to treat angina and CAD. They include:
- Anti-platelet and anticoagulant drugs (used for preventing heart disease and preventing blood clots prior to surgery or after stent insertion)
- Beta blockers
- ACE inhibitors
- Calcium channel blockers
Surgery. Surgery is usually recommended for people who have:
- Unstable angina that does not respond promptly to medical treatment
- Severe recurrent episodes of angina that last more than 20 minutes
- Acute coronary syndrome
- Severe coronary artery disease (severe angina, multi-artery involvement, evidence of ischemia, or significant narrowing of left main coronary artery), particularly if abnormalities are evident in the left ventricle of the heart, the main pumping chamber
The two main surgical procedures for patients with coronary artery disease are:
- Coronary artery bypass grafting (commonly called bypass or CABG), which is usually reserved for patients with severe coronary artery disease.
- Percutaneous coronary intervention (commonly called angioplasty or PCI), usually with coronary artery stent placement. PCI is less invasive than CABG, but blood vessels can close up again (restenosis) so that patients require additional procedures.
The decision to choose angioplasty or coronary artery bypass depends on a patient’s individual profile, including the number and types of coronary arteries involved, the health stability, previous procedures, patient choice, and more.
Patients considering surgery should discuss all options and risks with their doctors. No surgical procedure cures coronary artery disease, and patients must continue to rigorously maintain a healthy lifestyle and any necessary medications. For some patients, lifestyle changes and medications may be able to control the disease without surgery or angioplasty.
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