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22 May 2009
Welcome to the Friday’s Food for Thought post. This week is a very special installment as we stand on the precipice of Memorial Day weekend. So, what is the Memorial Day holiday really all about? As we are embarking on summer — perhaps gearing up for a long weekend with friends and family — we often forget why we have this holiday. This week’s post is all about this special day and, hopefully, will serve as a reminder that it’s about commemorating those who sacrificed their lives in military duty. So, before we log off early today and fire up the BBQs, we recommend scrolling down and reading this post and taking a moment to honor those who have fallen for our freedom.
History of Memorial Day
So, how did the Memorial Day holiday really come about? Well, it was first enacted to honor Union soldiers of the American Civil War and was celebrated near the day of reunification after the war it. The holiday was then expanded after World War I to include American casualties of any war or military action. Read more about the history of it here.
How Best to Observe This Special Holiday
Many people observe this holiday by visiting cemeteries and memorials. A national moment of remembrance takes place at 3 p.m. Another tradition is to fly the flag of the United States at half-staff from dawn until noon local time. In addition, volunteers often place American flags on each gravesite at National Cemeteries. Of course, many families have their own traditions for honoring those family members who have died in the line of duty.
Restoring the Tradition of Observance
If you all feel that truly observing Memorial Day is important, we recommend checking out this online petition . In addition, this site has a number of recommendations on how to heighten the awareness of the Memorial Day holiday and showcase what it is really all about. Among the many things you can do include: write your member of Congress and Senate; contact your local news papers (perhaps pen an Op-Ed); sign the online petition; and wear Memorial Day buttons and garb that reminds others of the importance of this holiday.
Department of Veteran Affairs Memorial Day Site
For more information and history about this holiday, we recommend checking out the Department of Veteran Affair’s web site. The site has plenty of information including the history of “taps,” statistics on fallen soldiers and the “In Flanders Field” poem.
Memorial Day Events Happening in Washington, D.C.
For those located in the DC area, we recommend you check out this Washington Post guide on Memorial Day events happening around town. From the “Rolling Thunder” motorcycle ride to the actual parade, this is a very comprehensive guide and highlights how best to observe this holiday in our nation’s capital.
Salute to the Services Video
We will wrap up this post with a video of the “Salute to the Services” from the National Memorial Day Concert in 2008.
We hope you all have a great weekend, and got geoint? will be back online on Tuesday, May 26.
Tags: Add new tag, Civil War, fallen soldiers, Friday's Food for Thought, GEOINT, got geoint?, History of Memorial Day, Memorial Day, soldiers, United States Geospatial Intelligence Foundation, USGIF, World War II | <urn:uuid:86efa330-b44e-4c93-97fb-4043389a7b95> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.gotgeoint.com/archives/fridays-food-for-thought-what-memorial-day-is-really-all-about/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119647865.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030047-00137-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937908 | 701 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Rosemary is a perennial woody herb, which grows in temperate and Mediterranean climates. The thin needle-like leaves are used in cooking. They have a bitter, astringent taste, which complements oily foods, such as lamb and oily fish.
Rosemary can also be used a flavouring in bread such as foccaccia.
You can put whole branches of the plant on to the hot coals of a barbecue to flavour the food being cooked, or strip off the leaves and use the stem as a skewer for kebabs (but you will need to pierce a hole in the food with a real skewer first, and soak the stem in water before use, to prevent it burning).
When roasting a leg of lamb, branches of fresh rosemary can be laid in the roasting pan directly under the meat to keep it from sticking to the pan, and to infuse the meat with aroma of rosemary. Also strip the leaves off a branch or two, to sprinkle on top of the meat before roasting. | <urn:uuid:cb70cab6-74d9-47a4-9e81-6c01d6a1bfa3> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Rosemary | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375095373.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031815-00067-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940493 | 215 | 2.765625 | 3 |
A report by a panel of scientific advisers to President Barack Obama on Monday presented a "plausible scenario" in which 60 million to 120 million Americans -- or 20% to 40% of the U.S. population -- contract H1N1 swine flu this fall and winter, and 30,000 to 90,000 people die of the disease.
The report by the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology made clear that the projection of up to 90,000 deaths -- which it said could be mostly children and young adults -- was "not a prediction," but a planning scenario for which public-health officials should be prepared.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has said that a larger number of people could become ill with swine flu than contract seasonal flu because the H1N1 virus strain is new and few have immunity to it. About 36,000 people die of the seasonal flu every year, and about 90% of them are over 65 years old.
As many as half of the U.S. population could be infected, including many who wouldn't develop any symptoms, the panel said, and the vast majority of those infected wouldn't become seriously ill.
But up to 1.8 million Americans could be sick enough to be hospitalized, with 300,000 of them requiring care in intensive-care units. That would put a strain on the U.S. health-care system, the panel noted, because those patients could occupy between 50% and 100% of available intensive-care beds at the peak of the epidemic in affected regions, while ICU units normally operate close to capacity. Seasonal flu normally causes about 200,000 hospitalizations a year.
"This isn't the flu that we're used to," Health and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius said Monday at a meeting at the CDC in Atlanta. "We won't know until we're in the middle of the flu season how serious this is."
The panel noted that officials faced serious time constraints. The report said peak infection of H1N1 swine flu could occur as early as mid-October -- the same time the government has tentatively planned to begin a vaccination campaign.
"The potential mismatch in timing could significantly diminish the usefulness of vaccination for mitigating the epidemic and could place many at risk of serious disease," the panel said.
The panel recommended that enough vaccine be ready as early as mid-September to vaccinate up to 40 million people so that vaccination could begin on high-risk groups such as pregnant women, health-care workers, and children and young people with underlying medical conditions could get shots as soon as the first results are available from a series of clinical trials on the vaccine. Officials said that manufacturers are already preparing some finished doses.
Write to Betsy McKay at firstname.lastname@example.org | <urn:uuid:9c1831e0-bbc3-437b-a9b1-726756807f3e> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125116987620655909 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645335509.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031535-00107-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978112 | 577 | 2.515625 | 3 |
We see ourselves as caring guides for children and young adolescents. Our faculty uses a behavioral coaching method known as STET, Systematic Training for Effective Teaching.
Every three years, all faculty members refresh their training in these techniques with a year-long, in-house professional development course.
The Core Principles of STET*, as developed by Dr. Alfred Adler, psychotherapist and researcher, are:
- Children are social beings
- A child's behavior is goal oriented
- A child's primary goal is to belong and feel significant
- A misbehaving child is a discouraged child
- Social interest or responsibility, a desire to contribute
- A child is equal in value to adults
- Mistakes are opportunities to learn
- Make sure the message of love gets through | <urn:uuid:125fdf47-1017-4202-97d8-965eb866e41a> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://mizzentopdayschool.org/methods/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125937114.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20180420042340-20180420062340-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.950108 | 161 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The 2017 Take One Picture is Penelope with Suitors, about 1509, by Pintoricchio. This painting is part of the group of three Frescoes painted in a room of the Petrucci Palace in Siena in about 1509.
“The glue is really sticky” Noah McKenna (aged 4)
“We are making a giant’s cat” Lily-Mae Cockerill (aged 4)
“This is a very fluffy cat” Lacey Reading (aged 4)
“The cat is from the painting” Rory McCarron (aged 5)
“This shape is an oblong!” Evie James (aged 5)
The children worked very hard to create a collage using a variety of mixed media. The children enjoyed exploring the different colours and textures of the different materials and getting messy using the sticky glue. Children were able to make cross-curricular links between their Maths work on ‘2D shapes’ and their Art as they identified different shapes within the picture. During a circle time we enjoyed speaking about our different pets at home and we pretended to be cats using role-play.
Take One Picture Year 1
After looking closely at Penelope and her Suitors the children were fascinated by the shoes that were worn by the subjects in the picture. We looked at lots of different pictures of shoes through the ages and discussed shoe design and making.
The children designed their own shoes in 2D and this inspired their final design on an old shoe they brought into school.
Once they were finished we took individual photos of each shoe but the children wanted to make a big shoe image and we started to play with our photos.
I might be a shoe maker when I am older – Jamie.
My shoe is desirable – Cerys.
I liked my shoe because it was glittery and prettier than before – Sofie.
We have 50 shoes and 4 small photographs in frames.
Year 2 concentrated on the ship in the distance. In Year 2, our topic this term is 'Pirates and Holidays'. The children thought that there may have been pirates on board! After listening to the audio, the children thought that the people on board may be in trouble. We thought about what it might have been like to be on board and whether we would like it or not. Year 2 wondered if the people in the picture could see the ship and whether those in the ship could see what was happening on the shore. We thought about portholes and the materials they are made from, linking our ideas to our Science learning in Year 1. We discussed how we could make our own portholes. The children loved learning about Animals last year, especially those under the sea! We used those interests to create portholes. The children used paint, felt tips and a range of materials to create their pieces and focused on making the fish appear to be 3D, instead of flat against the background. We called this creating an 'effect'.
Miss Brannigan and Mrs Baldwin
I enjoyed making the tape double-sided to stick on the pom poms and then the fish to give the 3D effect. - Henry
I liked putting the fish and sea life in because it’s colourful. I had to be careful not to put the sea life under the porthole edge or you wouldn’t see it!
I like cutting out the fish, though it was tricky! But my cutting skills improved. - Cory
Year 3 MK Little Bowden School
The Year 3 class were very interested in what Penelope was doing when they were first introduced to the picture. One child thought that she was playing a musical instrument with strings on (meaning a harp) and this fascinated them. Another child realised she was making something but couldn’t explain what as the children hadn’t experienced weaving before. So this inspired us to have a go at weaving ourselves so the children could experience it first hand. They found the story very interesting about how Penelope never finished her weaving and had to unpick it every night.
We begun by decorating our paper plates with patterns and colours inspired by the painting and then wove a circular shape using a variety of wools and ribbons to explore the textures. The children wanted to leave it partially unfinished to link to the story of Penelope. We also looked at weaving in our Prehistoric Britain topic and how it was used to make early homes.
Another thread from the painting that the children were drawn to were the fleet of boats in the background. They were curious to know where they were going and what it was like on the boats after hearing the creaking sounds from the sound scape. We looked at galleons and life on board as a sailor and then the children designed their own galleons using patterns that they had drawn after listening to the sound scape. They drew paper templates for their designs and transferred these onto clay, building up a 3D boat. The children then scratched their patterns into the clay and used wooden stamps to press in shapes and patterns onto their design. The children learnt about firing the clay and were also able to glaze them afterwards. They then made a woven sail to go onto their galleon with their own choice of colours, wools and ribbons and attached it on using a glue gun and kebab stick!
We had a loom and we kept going over and under with colourful wool. It was so fun! It was like a dolphin jumping over and under the waves. It was my first time weaving and I really liked it! Ella Aged 7
I found our class project fun because you can see a story in your mind about a boat sailing into a mystery portal. Catrin Aged 8
I learned to be gentle and take care when weaving. I felt that I was going to love it when I was finished. Edgar Aged 7
I enjoyed making the galleon the most because I like using clay. I thought it was amazing!
Materials – clay galleons x 28 15cm long x 6cm wide - clay,glaze,wooden impression sticks
Sails x28 wooden stick, cardboard , ribbon, wool 20cm high
Large class sail – paper plates x 28 paint , wool,ribbon, clothes stand, 1.5m wide x 1m high
Luke Aged 7
4GK interpretation of ‘Penelope and her Suitors’
After listening to the soundscape and interpreting the sounds by drawing pictures, the class were shown the full painting and listened to the soundscape again. During a second session the children discussed where the sounds were represented in the picture and tried to imagine what the picture was about. Once told the story behind the picture, they chose their favourite parts and asked many questions about the details. The children were fascinated by the cat and the loom in particular so we decided to investigate further.
First task was studying cats by sketching them in a variety of forms and then deciding to make cats out of clay. We also chose to glaze the cats with colours seen in the picture, especially the carpet and clothing.
After that we investigated what a loom was, how it worked and made our own out of cardboard to make a ‘Mat for our Cat.’
Oscar aged 9
I liked weaving the mat as you got to make it ourselves.
Kitty aged 8
I liked making clay cats as we got to mould them. We put paper inside and moulded round it to stop it blowing up, if we didn’t it would explode.
Ella aged 9
I liked weaving as it was a new experience and not something I would do in my spare time. I might do some more at home now!
Freya aged 9
I liked the cat colours. They are bright and nice even though they are not real cat colours.
Ruby aged 8
I liked when Penelope kept believing her husband was alive when everyone else thought he was dead. It was hope.
Class 4BS 28 Year 4 children Teacher: Mrs Smithies
The children were introduced to the picture through the soundscape. This really captured their imaginations and led to a heated discussion about what sounds they had heard and what story they told.
When they were shown the picture, they were determined to find all of the sounds which they had identified. This encouraged them to study different areas of the picture more closely. This in turn, led to a series of questions e.g. “Why are there pigs in the background?” At this point I told them the story of Odysseus.
The children were also interested by the use of colour and pattern. Their attention focussed on the tiled floor. They asked what tiles were like when the painting was done. We looked at different tile patterns and noticed that most had some sort of symmetry.
Using their sketch books, they tried out different patterns, two of which were chosen. Mrs Smithies demonstrated how to create a polystyrene tile print.
The children then indented the tile with their chosen patterns and created a repeating tile pattern.
Quote by Oliver McCarron aged 8: ”It was much harder than I thought it would be to put my design on the tile. In the end I had to make my ideas simpler.”
The slideshow shows photographs of the process
As a class we listening to the soundscape twice, the first time we listened we wrote words down, any words that came into our heads. The second time we listened we drew pictures for what we heard. We then shared our words and pictures together as a class. We found some common themes that helped us decide what to do. We all had either a picture or the word pig, each of us heard the pigs squeals at the beginning of the soundscape, so decided to look at pigs. Although trying to find the pigs in the picture was a bit tricky.
We decided to make clay pigs of all forms shapes and sizes, we had to mantipulate the clay into different shapes and found it difficult sometimes because our arms, legs and tails kept falling off. Miss.Pearson showed us how to blend the clay and remove the cracks to help keep the clay together so that different parts wouldn’t fall off. Once they had air dried we painted our pigs.
We really enjoyed creating our pigs.
Background to 5JK’s interpretation of Penelope and her suitors by Pinturicchio.
During the autumn term 5JK have been studying the Ancient Greeks. The Greek heroes have been of particular interest and the exploits of Odysseus a favourite. Although we only intended to explore the story of Polyphemus the Cyclopes the painting drew us into a deeper study of Homer’s the Odyssey. The style of the clothes and ships was discussed and this helped the children to realise that this old painting at 500 years was only a small fraction of the age of the original stories which could be 3000 years old.
5JK is a “busy” class and doesn’t like to miss a chance for active interpretation. Over an afternoon we recounted the stories shown in the picture and I explained how Odysseus reacted to finding four suitors greeting his wife. The idea of what happened next became the theme for their actions.
A montage of the resulting pictures was put together during an ICT lesson.
When we looked at the painting of Penelope with Suitors, we all had different responses and noticed different things. Some children were inspired by the patterning in the clothes; others wanted to explore the idea of ships and rigging; several children noticed the animals in the painting and wanted to investigate this further. We decided that we wanted to create artwork that reflected our different viewpoints.
We created individual sketchbooks, which allowed the children the freedom to explore their own responses to the painting. Children enjoyed experimenting with different media and techniques. | <urn:uuid:047329d4-79fd-424e-8550-479f62a94399> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.littlebowden.leics.sch.uk/take-one-picture-national-gallery-2017/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614086.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123221108-20200124010108-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.980919 | 2,472 | 2.625 | 3 |
Increases In Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Use And Decreases In Condom Use: Behavioral Patterns Among HIV-Negative San Francisco Men Who Have Sex With Men, 2004-2017
AIDS and Behavior
Using data from the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance of men who have sex with men (MSM), we estimated the prevalence of sexual behaviors among HIV-negative San Francisco MSM between 2004 and 2017. We estimate a recent increase in the 1-year prevalence of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use, from 9.8% in 2014 to 44.9% in 2017. Over that same period, we estimate a decrease in the prevalence of consistent condom use, from 18.5 to 9.4%, and an increase in the percent of individuals with multiple condomless anal intercourse partners. We conclude that while risks for HIV infection may be decreasing among San Francisco MSM due, in part, to increases in PrEP use, the population faces increased risks for other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Because PrEP alone does not protect against other STIs, we strongly recommend that PrEP users use condoms when possible, routinely screen for STIs, and disclose infections with sexual partners.
Locate the Document
Chen, Y.-H., Snowden, J. M., McFarland, W., & Raymond, H. F. (2016). Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Use, Seroadaptation, and Sexual Behavior Among Men Who Have Sex with Men, San Francisco, 2004-2014. AIDS And Behavior, 20(12), 2791–2797. Retrieved from http://stats.lib.pdx.edu/proxy.php?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cmedm&AN=26983951&site=ehost-live | <urn:uuid:222bea50-d333-494a-939a-a8da901168aa> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/sph_facpub/155/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347390758.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20200526112939-20200526142939-00258.warc.gz | en | 0.747328 | 385 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Pawpaw (Asimina tribola)
Size for Sale: 2-0, 6-12 inches
Native to the U.S.
Cold Hardiness Zone Where Species Typically Survives: 4-9
Range: eastern United States
Typical Mature Height: 25-35 feet
Light Requirement: Full sun (6 hrs direct light daily), Partial sun/shade (4-6 hrs light daily), Full shade (4 hrs or less of light daily)
Soils: well-drained, deep, fertile bottom-land and hilly upland habitat
Habitat: Grows well along streams and swamps
Flower Color: rich red-purple or maroon when mature, with three sepals and six petals.
Bloom Time: early spring
Fruits: Pawpaw fruits have a sweet, custardish flavor resembling a banana, mango, and cantaloupe, ripening in late August to mid-September. For culinary purposes they are commonly considered a vegetable, rather than a fruit.
Uses: Fresh fruits of the pawpaw are commonly eaten raw, either chilled or at room temperature, but can be kept only 2–3 days at room temperature, or about a week if refrigerated. Where pawpaws grow, the fruit pulp is also often used locally in baked dessert recipes, with pawpaw often substituted with volumetric equivalency in many banana-based recipes. Due to its potential for allergic reaction causing contact dermatitis and possible presence of pesticides, pawpaw consumption may be harmful to humans.
Photo by Brian Lockhart, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
More Information: https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=ASTR | <urn:uuid:70d3eaa5-c325-47f2-9fa5-c7b8d86fec37> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.manisteecd2.org/store/p120/Pawpaw.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154420.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20210803030201-20210803060201-00550.warc.gz | en | 0.88208 | 369 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Natural gas burns cleaner than conventional gasoline or diesel due to its lower carbon content. When used as a vehicle fuel, it can offer life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions benefits over conventional fuels, depending on vehicle type, drive cycle, and engine calibration. In addition, using natural gas may reduce some types of tailpipe emissions.
Tailpipe emissions result from fuel combustion in a vehicle’s engine. The emissions of primary concern include the regulated emissions of hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), as well as carbon dioxide (CO2). Due to increasingly stringent emissions regulations, the gap has narrowed between tailpipe emissions benefits from NGVs and conventional vehicles with modern emissions controls.
That’s because the U.S.A. EPA is requiring all fuels and vehicle types to meet the same thresholds for tailpipe emissions of air pollutants. NGVs continue to provide emissions benefits, especially when replacing older conventional vehicles or when considering life cycle emissions.
Natural gas is increasingly being used to replace gasoline in smaller applications, such as forklifts and commercial lawn equipment. Because natural gas is a low-carbon, clean-burning fuel, a switch to natural gas in these applications can result in substantial reductions of hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, and greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, natural gas is nontoxic, so it isn’t harmful to soil or water.
Life Cycle Emissions and Petroleum Use
Argonne National Laboratory’s GREET model estimates the life cycle petroleum use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of light-duty vehicles running on compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG). Based on this model, natural gas emits approximately 6% to 11% lower levels of GHGs than gasoline throughout the fuel life cycle. The GHG emissions impacting the CNG and LNG life cycle are predominately the result of production-phase fuel leakage. When comparing the life cycle emissions of the two types of natural gas, CNG and LNG are nearly identical. CNG production uses less petroleum and emits fewer GHGs than LNG, because compressing natural gas requires less energy than liquefying it.
In 2007, a study for the California Energy Commission (CEC) found that both CNG and LNG reduce life cycle GHG emissions in both light- and heavy-duty vehicles compared to their gasoline and diesel counterparts. Again, this is primarily due to the low petroleum usage in the production phase and the low-carbon intensity of the fuel during use.
An Argonne National Laboratory analysis and the CEC study both consider the petroleum-use reductions natural gas provides over its life cycle. Both studies find that CNG uses far less petroleum over its life cycle – in fact, there is a greater than 90% reduction in petroleum use for CNG compared to gasoline over its life cycle. LNG’s petroleum-use reductions are slightly less, because the fuel requires more petroleum to process than CNG.
Renewable Natural Gas (RNG), also known as biogas, digester gas or landfill gas, refers to natural gas from unconventional sources where biological processes (like anaerobic digestion) produce biomethane from organic matter. Natural gas derived in this fashion is considered a renewable fuel because the original source of the carbon, in the decomposed waste, can be traced back to the organic source that replenished it. Until recently RNG was either vented to the atmosphere or captured and burned off in a collection system. Because it is chemically identical to fossil natural gas, yet produces far fewer GHG emissions, the blending of relatively small quantities of RNG with fossil natural gas can provide significant life cycle GHG benefits. In a 2011 study of RNG production pathways, Argonne National Laboratory concluded that all RNG pathways show significantly less GHG emissions and fossil fuel consumption than conventional fossil fuel natural gas and gasoline.
*Source: California Air Resource Board
Overall, CNG and LNG are both clean-burning fuels and perform well against current vehicle emissions standards.
Write to us and let us know how we can help your investigation and serve your needs. | <urn:uuid:89c30214-c693-46c4-b477-20a5074807af> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.midwestenergysolutions.net/cng-resources/emissions-comparisons | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687702.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170921063415-20170921083415-00689.warc.gz | en | 0.91732 | 858 | 3.796875 | 4 |
In addition to naturally cleaning our waterways, BioHaven® floating islands are an excellent solution to create habitat for birds, turtles, frogs, insects, fish, and other wildlife to thrive.
- Plants provide food, cover, and refuge for wildlife in the waterbody, allowing offspring to reach maturity.
- Nutrients cycle through the food chain beginning with extensive microbial activity on the roots and the dense, porous matrix.
- Island wetlands can be customized to fit the unique feeding, nesting, and protection needs of a specific species. Islands have successfully created habitats in the wild and in zoos for terns, trumpeter swans, turtles, and loons.
Check out our 7 Reasons to Use Floating Islands for Habitat blog to learn more about how islands can provide habitat above and below the waterline with food, shelter, and protection. | <urn:uuid:65682fd6-d6a6-4ba2-bb07-f3e6116b9968> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://midwestfloatingisland.com/wildlife-habitat/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986718918.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20191020183709-20191020211209-00037.warc.gz | en | 0.870382 | 172 | 2.953125 | 3 |
What Is A Plot Twist?
As you write your story, look for ways to add an unexpected twist to the plot. These are commonly known as the ‘What If’ scenarios of fiction writing. They throw in something the reader isn’t expecting to happen in the story to add conflict, drama and adventure. Go back to your premise sentence and see where you can spice things up a little. Keep your readers guessing.
How to Write a Plot Twist
What’s expected and what would happen if it didn’t turn out that way?
Write a sentence about something in your novel your reader will expect to happen.
Now write a What If.
What if that didn’t happen at all? What would happen then?
Now turn that idea upside-down.
What if this other thing happened instead? How would the story unfold?
Example of a great plot twist
In her poignant novel, Rescued, Donna Fawcett (Dawson) writes about two women;
“Charlene McTaggart can’t conceive and badly wants a child. Dr Jason Steadman goes against those who would do all they can to stop a unique procedure from being performed. A procedure that will save an embryo, prevent a death and give an infertile woman a chance at motherhood”. (back cover logline)
Then Fawcett asks these questions:
“What if there was a solution to abortion?”
“What if pro-life and pro-choice could join forces to see the war over the issue end?”
“Is it possible?”
The answers to these questions fuel a powerful and emotional novel which touches the heart of the reader. As I read Donna’s book I was drawn into the world of possibilities for the female characters and eager to find out how their stories were resolved. Check out Donna’s book:
What If Your Story Just Got Really Weird?
Readers crave a plot twist to keep them interested. What can you add that they may not have been written before? Write as many plot twists as you can think of. Try these exercises to get your inner Tolkien flowing:
- It’s expected that the villain will be arrested. What if he suddenly vanishes?
- It’s expected that the rain shower will stop. What if it turns into a red storm?
- It’s expected that the hero will get the girl. What if she doesn’t like him one bit?
Will this plot twist change your logline? Your logline can change to accommodate your developing story as long as you remain true to your premise. Remember, your back cover isn’t published yet.
Til next time, know you are loved by the One who created you in His own image. | <urn:uuid:176882f6-bbcc-4e2a-a613-f0fe7a5a5f5b> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://lynnecollier.com/2016/04/26/writing-fantasy-premise-2-plot-twists/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153897.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20210729203133-20210729233133-00104.warc.gz | en | 0.954996 | 592 | 3.15625 | 3 |
How does imagery cause tension in the play Macbeth?
it need to have a certain quote form the play and how does it really start and what does it cause in other words how does the imagery because the cause of tension
1 Answer | Add Yours
My favorite examples of imagery in Macbeth are found in the speeches made by supernatural characters (witches, ghosts, etc.) and in Lady Macbeth's speeches. You could find imagery in either that lead to tension, but the classic is the line in Act IV about Macbeth not being vanquished until "Great Birnam Wood" marches against him, "until/Great Birnam wood to high Dunsinane hill/Shall come against him." And then Macbeth's answer. The images are so clear, and it's easy to say "That will never be" with Macbeth. Then it happens.
We’ve answered 317,602 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question | <urn:uuid:4fee738f-acaf-43c4-96c6-f0f9a2193e31> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/how-does-imagery-cause-tension-play-macbeth-1524 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719566.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00241-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9525 | 203 | 3.0625 | 3 |
1. The text asserts that any test can be an instrument for good or harm. How are tests used for good? How are they used for harm? Should testing be eliminated altogether?
2. Is it important to understand the historical roots of psychological testing? Why or why not?
(1) How can tests be used for good?
Psychological tests can be used for several good purposes by clinicians that include diagnosing a specific psychological disorder, and for treatment purposes. Organizations use testing to select individuals for employment. Moreover, tests can also be used to measure performance and evaluate the effectiveness of programs. The psychological test as outlined in the "standards for educational and psychological testing guidelines" (AERA, 1999) provide guidelines that are focused on two specific objectives: (a) imparting the core knowledge and skills essential to those who use tests to make decisions, or formulate policies that affect the lives of test takers, and (b) noting the expertise that test users in specific contexts must have when administering, and interpreting tests and test results (APA council or representatives, 2000).
On the other hand, a test can be harmful in its use such as (a) test bias, and (b) discrimination. Research shows that bias that occurs in psychological testing cut across racial and gender groups. As an example, Groth-Marnat (2003) points out that despite revisions and updates the Wechsler test of intelligence, it is still based ...
This solution discusses the historical use of psychological instruments and testing. | <urn:uuid:9c26bcf3-150b-43aa-9070-14ea3367b646> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://brainmass.com/psychology/psychological-therapies/instruments-for-psychological-testing-543744 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718423.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00416-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.909027 | 311 | 3.15625 | 3 |
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Seastars (or starfish) are a distinctive group of invertebrate animals, often encountered intertidally and by divers. They are readily recognized by their stellate (star) shaped profiles with five or more tapering arms radiating from the central body, although some species have a more cushion-like pentagonal shape with arms reduced.
Seastars are also ecologically and commercially significant, as shown by the examples of the impact of the Crown-of-Thorns Starfish (Acanthaster planci) on the Great Barrier Reef, and the introduction of the Northern Pacific Seastar (Asterias amurensis) to parts of Australia.
They are classified with sea cucumbers, sea urchins, feather stars, brittle stars, basket stars and sea daisies in the phylum Echinodermata (from the Greek words for spiny skin). Characteristics these animals share include their basic body symmetry, an internal calcareous skeleton and a water vascular system composed of fluid filled canals that are often evident as external tube feet which are used for locomotion. However, body shape and other features separate seastars into the class Asteroidea. Brittle stars and basket stars (class Ophiuroidea) are similar but typically have a circular central body from which the arms are more strongly demarcated.
General information regarding seastars can be found at many internet websites, including the Californian Academy of Sciences Echinoderm Webpage, the University of California at Berkeley Introduction to Echinodermata site and the World Asteroidea database.
Specialist information on Australian seastars is available at the Australian Biological Resources Study Faunal Directory and there a number of regional guides providing information on southern Australian species and Indo-Pacific species. However, up-to-date information on the seastars occurring in the Sydney area, the most populated and one of the most highly visited parts of Australia, is scattered. Therefore, enquiries which are often received at the Australian Museum are sometimes difficult to answer easily.
This project aims to improve this situation by providing tools to aid in the identification of seastar species likely to be encountered in the Sydney region (defined here as between Gosford to the north and Bundeena to the south) in depths to 30 metres. The Australian Museum collection registration database was used to generate the initial list of species, specimens from the collection were also used to provide images and these were supplemented with field collections to obtain photographs of living animals. These web pages are still under development. It is hoped in the future a more comprehensive guide will be provided with identification keys, images of live specimens of all species and other information.
To see an image gallery of most Sydney seastar species click here. Information about each of these species can be obtained by clicking on the individual images and then selecting the related items. Alternatively, a list of species is provided below which links to additional information and images for each species.
Echinaster colemani Nardoa novaecaledoniae
These pages should be cited as: Keable, S.J., Springthorpe, R.T., Attwood, K.B., Murray, A. Stoddart, H. E. and Hegedus, A.D. 2015 onwards. Seastars/starfish (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) of the Sydney region. australianmuseum.net.au/sydney-seastars.
For further details contact Dr Stephen Keable email@example.com | <urn:uuid:1029f7ff-8d0b-46be-941b-104c45e5f29b> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://australianmuseum.net.au/learn/animals/sea-stars/sydney-seastars/starfishseastars-sydney-region/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257601.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20190524084432-20190524110432-00036.warc.gz | en | 0.923075 | 756 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Most Ashkenazi Jewish women should be tested for breast cancer genes, study finds
Most women of Ashkenazi Jewish descent should be offered testing for the most common genetic mutations that cause breast and ovarian cancer, Canadian researchers have found. About 1% of the women they tested had a mutation in either the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene, which carries a very high risk of disease. Women with the mutated BRCA1 gene have lifetime risk of breast cancer of about 70% and a 30% to 40% risk of ovarian cancer. Those with a mutated BRCA2 gene have a 50% risk of breast cancer and a 20% risk of ovarian cancer. Although the defective genes occur in about 2.5% of the Ashkenazi Jewish population, women are not eligible for genetic testing under Medicare guidelines or those in force in Canada unless they have a strong family history of breast or ovarian cancer or have one of the diseases.
Ashkenazi Jews, who now account for an estimated 80% of the world's Jews, were originally from Germany. They have a very high incidence of certain genetic diseases, including Tay-Sachs, Niemann-Pick, Gaucher and Canavan diseases, Bloom Syndrome and Fanconi anemia.
Dr. Steven A. Narod of the Women's College Research Institute in Toronto and his colleagues placed an ad in a major Canadian newspaper looking for Ashkenazi women who wished to undergo genetic testing. Within two weeks, they had more than 2,100 responses. They enrolled 2,080 women, most of them with no family history of the disease, who reported to the clinic to leave a blood or saliva sample. The team reported in the Journal of Clinical Oncology that 22 of the women, 1.1%, carried one of the three common mutations. Those women who had a mutation were invited into the clinic for counseling about their risk of developing one of the cancers. Many women who have the BRCA1 mutation choose to have their breasts removed prophylactically to prevent development of cancer.
The team also identified 33 first-degree relatives who were eligible for genetic testing. Twenty-six of them agreed to the test and eight were found to carry the mutated gene. Overall, the team thus identified 30 women who carried a gene predisposing them to cancer and who would not have known it if they had not been given the test. Based on their findings, Narod and his colleagues concluded, the test should be offered to all women of Ashkenazi ancestry.
-- Thomas H. Maugh II | <urn:uuid:903ea94c-26f0-43b3-9a53-898240267851> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/booster_shots/2009/12/most-ashkenazi-jewish-women-should-be-tested-for-breast-cancer-genes-study-finds.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860112228.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161512-00175-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975562 | 523 | 2.78125 | 3 |
January 23, 2008 > TechKnow Talk
Hybrid Vehicles: Economics and Future Technologies
Last month, we looked at the technologies driving hybrid vehicles, but left unanswered the question of whether a hybrid is a sound economic investment. For some, the opportunity to reduce their impact on the environment is sufficient motivation to purchase a hybrid. But do the savings in fuel over the life of the vehicle make up for the higher initial cost? Let's take a quick look at who is buying hybrids then return to the question of value. Finally, we'll dust off the crystal ball and see what technologies may shape the hybrid market in the years ahead.
About 3.5% of U.S. automobile sales in 2007 were gasoline-electric hybrids. Perhaps because of the higher level of environmental consciousness here, California hybrid sales were at twice that level. In fact, roughly 25% of all hybrids in the country are registered in California.
There are 12 hybrid models currently available in the U.S.; Toyota (including the Lexus brand) dominates the market with about three-quarters of sales. Prius alone accounts for half of all sales. Honda has discontinued its Insight and Accord hybrids, but continues to market the Civic hybrid and is working on a new hybrid design. The U.S. automakers are nursing very small market shares and trying to catch up. Toyota will be difficult to catch; Prius sales doubled in 2007 compared to 2006.
Market research has demonstrated that many Prius owners chose that model at least in part because the car is easily recognizable as a hybrid, unlike most of its competitors, which use the same body styling as their conventional counterparts. These drivers wish to make a visible statement of their concern for the environment. Look for Honda and others to tap this market with uniquely-styled hybrids.
There are other potential motivations to buy a hybrid. The Civic and Prius qualify for the clean air stickers that allow a single occupant to drive in the California HOV (diamond) lanes during commute hours. But the allocated 85,000 stickers have all been assigned; unless legislation increases that number, no more will be issued. Federal tax credits have also been offered to some hybrid buyers in the past, but these are beginning to phase out and only a handful of 2008 models qualify. Check with the IRS for details.
Hybrid vehicles cost roughly $3000-5000 more than their conventional counterparts. Does a hybrid pay for itself in the long run? Let's look at a specific example, the Honda Civic, and compare the conventional, gasoline-only, manual transmission 2008 Civic EX sedan to the 2008 hybrid Civic. These vehicles look identical, provide identical performance, and offer essentially identical features, with the exception of a moon roof on the EX. Based on November 2007 prices, the MSRP for the EX is $18,700; the hybrid is $22,700, a difference of $4000. The estimated highway mileage is 34 mpg for the EX, 45 mpg for the hybrid.
Using these numbers as the basis for a rough calculation, and assuming an average gas price of $3.50 per gallon over the life of the vehicle, the hybrid will save about $250 for each 10,000 miles driven. To recover the $4000 price difference, the hybrid would need to be driven 160,000 miles. At an average price of $4.00 per gallon, 140,000 miles would be required to break even. (Most hybrids carry a battery warranty of 80,000-100,000 miles. If the batteries or other critical components fail after that, the cost of repair could well exceed the value of the vehicle.)
Of course there are many other factors that may be considered, including potentially reduced maintenance costs on a smaller engine, the unknown price of gas in the future, optional features affecting the sale price, sales tax, individual driving patterns, and the greater efficiency of the hybrid at low speed. This "back of the envelope" calculation also ignores inflation and the value of interest earned on the $4,000 invested rather than spent on purchase of the hybrid.
The numbers may be quite different in comparing other makes and models of vehicles as well. The potential buyer may wish to perform similar calculations based on the specific vehicles under consideration. There are several on-line tools to assist in this cost comparison.
The TechKnow Guy ran some numbers for comparisons between various comparable models, taking into account some of the additional factors mentioned above. In most cases, assuming the typical driver accumulates about 100,000 miles on a new vehicle before selling or trading it, gas prices would have to reach or exceed $5 per gallon to justify the purchase of a hybrid based on cost savings alone.
Another way to approach this is to evaluate the sales price gap at the current price of gas. If the price of gas remains in the $3.50 per gallon range, hybrid manufacturers would need to slash the price gap between hybrids and comparable conventional vehicles to about $1500 or less for the hybrid to become truly economical. It remains to be seen if this can be accomplished and if so, how soon.
The economic factors associated with buying used hybrids are more complex to calculate as the condition, mileage, and optional features of each vehicle must be taken into consideration. In general, one would expect a smaller price differential balanced by reduced operating savings resulting from a shorter service life.
By the way, the same driving techniques that minimize fuel consumption in conventional vehicles are also effective in hybrids, only more so. Accelerating slowly, driving smoothly, and avoiding excessive speed can significantly improve hybrid gas mileage.
What's next? The near-term future of gasoline-electric hybrids promises incremental increases in performance and efficiency and a reduction in production costs, gradually narrowing the price gap with conventional vehicles. Current research in several other hybrid technologies may yield results further into the future. Some promising candidates are diesel-electric hybrids, ethanol (E85)-electric hybrids, hydraulic hybrids (compressed gas or liquid is used in place of batteries), and flywheel hybrids (energy is stored in a spinning flywheel rather than, or in addition to, batteries).
But the most surprising development may be the return of the plug-in gasoline-electric hybrid. Several manufacturers are working on a new generation of highly efficient, lightweight, plug-in hybrids that will run primarily on the electric motor and provide sufficient power and range to appeal to a fairly broad market demographic. These may begin appearing in showrooms within a couple years.
Beyond hybrids, in the arena of single-fuel technology, hydrogen has been widely touted as the clean fuel of the future. On the vanguard of hydrogen fuel technology is Honda's experimental Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCX), expected to enter limited production later this year. Hydrogen is converted from natural gas by a "home energy station" and used to power this all-electric, plug-in vehicle with a range of 350 miles. When not in use, the batteries can return excess electricity to the home, reducing the owner's electricity bill.
The FCX may be test marketed in southern California by this fall. It is unlikely to capture a large market share anytime soon, partly because of the cost of installing the natural gas "fill-up station" in the owner's garage. But look for this and other all-electric vehicles to attract consumers seeking a true zero-emission vehicle and complete freedom from the gas pump. | <urn:uuid:3c8c0b0a-27c3-4bb7-a2d2-c7ffb91dff3d> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.tricityvoice.com/articlefiledisplay.php?issue=2008-01-23&file=Hybrid2+TechKnowTalk.txt | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398464386.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205424-00232-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945348 | 1,500 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Subject: I'm a math nerd
In response to your 1st Random Shite image for this week:
The area of the colored shapes are:
Green triangle: 0.5 x 2 x 5 = 5 squares
Red triangle: 0.5 x 3 x 8 = 12 squares
Green hexagon: 8 squares
Yellow hexagon: 7 squares
The combined area: 5 + 12 + 8 + 7 = 32 squares
The 3 different sized triangles different slopes:
The green triangle has a slope of 2/5 (rise/run)
The red triangle has a slope of 3/8
The "multi-colored" triangles have a slope of 5/13
Because of the way the first shape is set up, the top of the "triangle" is concave (it bows inward).
If a straight line was drawn from the upper right corner to the lower left, there would be an "empty" gap of 0.5 squares. THUS, the first "triangle" has an area of 32 squares, although it appears to have an area of 32.5 squares (0.5 x 8 x 5).
Because of the way the second shape is set up, the top of the "triangle" is convex (it bows outward).
If a straight line was drawn from the upper right corner to the lower left, there would be a "filled in" gap of 0.5 square units. THUS, the second "triangle" has an area of 33 squares (with the "extra" square), although it appears to have an area of only 32.5 squares (0.5 x 8 x 5).
This is a visual representation of a common error in 4th grade arithmetic when students add fractions with unlike denominators: a/b + c/d = (a+c)/(b+d).
I'm sure you have enough math geeks who visit your site who will give you a
better description than I have. But hopefully this helps. | <urn:uuid:ce5b66d9-9d52-44a4-a3e9-215c22fbe3cf> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.orsm.net/text/triangle_problem.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645538.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20180318052202-20180318072202-00793.warc.gz | en | 0.93489 | 414 | 3.484375 | 3 |
As people age, the lenses in their eyes thicken and the muscles controlling their eyes weaken. Many people find it difficult to read because their eyes do not properly focus on nearby objects. This condition, known as presbyopia, starts around age 35 to 40 for nearly everyone. The simple solution to this common problem is a pair of reading glasses.
What reading glasses do
Reading glasses correct the effect of presbyopia by magnifying an image and making it easier to read.
Reading glasses are rated according to their "diopter strength" which increments in 0.25 units. Weak reading glasses typically start at 1.00 and increase in increments of .25 to 3.00 or more.
Subtracting 1 from the diopter strength gives you the percentage by which the glasses magnify an image. For example, a strength of 1.25 increases magnification by 25% (1.25 -- 1 = .25). A strength of 4.00 increases magnification by 300% (4 --1 = 3).
During stressful times, you may need a second pair of reading glasses with higher strength for your presbyopia.
As you age, you become more presbyopic, which may require higher-strength reading glasses as often as every year.
Presbyopia vs Myopia
Prebyopia focuses the image behind the retina and is fixed with self-prescribed glasses. Myopia (nearsightedness) focuses the image in front of the retina and requires prescription glasses to correct.
- Wikimedia commons | <urn:uuid:5b5f72fd-0810-460b-ac0f-8546ec9f5208> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://classroom.synonym.com/does-magnification-reading-glasses-mean-5010093.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320707.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626101322-20170626121322-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.932578 | 311 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Engineered yeast could amp up wine’s health benefits and eliminate hangovers: study
Researchers at the University of Illinois’ Energy Biosciences Institute have designed a “jail-breaking” yeast that could increase the health benefits of wine while simultaneously decreasing the number of toxic byproducts responsible for hangovers.
Yong-Su Jin, a professor of microbial genomics, said that he and his team used a “genome knife” to make precise changes to the way in which yeast reproduces.
“Fermented foods — such as beer, wine, and bread — are made with polyploid strains of yeast, which means they contain multiple copies of genes in the genome. Until now, it’s been very difficult to do genetic engineering in polyploid strains because if you altered a gene in one copy of the genome, an unaltered copy would correct the one that had been changed,” he said.
But with this new “genome knife,” Jin said that there is boundless potential for adding nutritional value to food.
“Wine, for instance, contains the healthful component resveratrol,” he explained. “With engineered yeast, we could increase the amount of resveratrol in a variety of wine by 10 times or more. But we could also add metabolic pathways to introduce bioactive compounds from other foods, such as ginseng, into the wine yeast. Or we could put resveratrol-producing pathways into yeast strains used for beer, kefir, cheese, kimchee, or pickles–any food that uses yeast fermentation in its production.”
Moreover, winemakers would be able to correct improper malolactic fermentation — the process by which the toxic byproducts that cause hangovers are created.
Jin also said that he believes that using this technique will make genetically engineered food less objectionable, because it doesn’t require using antibiotic resistance creating “markers” to alter the product.
“With the genome knife, we can cut the genome very precisely and efficiently so we don’t have to use antibiotic markers to confirm a genetic event,” he said. | <urn:uuid:8e979307-5916-42e3-9347-b7567dbc71b3> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://www.rawstory.com/2015/03/engineered-yeast-could-amp-up-wines-health-benefits-and-eliminate-hangovers-study/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886106754.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170820131332-20170820151332-00552.warc.gz | en | 0.956699 | 462 | 2.625 | 3 |
Latest press release from US space agency NASA has revealed about one of NASA’s most ambitious projects; a new camera installation on the International Space Station which will assist human astronauts in keeping up with the disaster zones on Earth.
The project is being administered from the Huntsville, Alabama-based Marshall Space Flight Center.
While briefing the project, the manager of the SERVIR (acronym of Serve, in Spanish) program, Dan Irwin, claimed that the ISERV will be involved in capturing images on the ISS which will offer the deepest assistance in the study of a variety of activities taking place on the green planet.
The images will offer priceless information regarding the disaster zones on Earth. In addition, the images will help in conceptualizing and decoding crucial information and data from various disasters associated with humanitarian calamities.
The camera features intelligent optical resolution
It is extremely sharp, powerful and has been designed specifically for spotting relatively smaller objects from the space. It is good enough to capture objects as small as cows on Earth. The optical resolution of the camera has been fabricated especially for the said purpose, and that’s how it will prove extremely effective in studying the amplified consequences of climatic fluctuations on life at Earth.
“The camera’s nominal resolution is 2.8 meters. That’s about the size of a cow, although we may be able to sense the presence of smaller targets, down to the size of a person,” acclaimed a science expert with SERVIR, Burgess Howell.
Meanwhile, the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency is busy making final arrangements for the scheduled July 21 launch of the camera by its HTV-3 spaceship from southern Japan.
However, the initialization of the camera aboard ISS will only begin in November.
About the Pathfinder
The camera, dubbed Pathfinder, will be used for capturing images of landslides, floods, forest fires and other similar calamities taking place on Earth with the intent of analyzing and limiting such happenings in future.
A prototype designed and developed by NASA in collaboration with the U. S. Agency for International Development (USAID), the Pathfinder is capable of capturing images at seven frames-per-second (fps) in bursts of six to second.
Also, it can provide assistance in the estimation and assessment of destroyed buildings along with their location.
To boot, it can capture around 40 to 60 pictures of a particular area during an overhead passage; while the ISS takes 90 minutes to complete one orbit around the Earth.
The camera is powered by purposefully developed software that can help in estimating the best viewing possibilities for a definite region down on Earth; for which, it carried out detailed analysis of the location of space station in orbit, its direction, altitude as well as path. | <urn:uuid:8ede5fbd-2e4f-4ec4-a8d2-c02f52495c56> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.themoneytimes.com/featured/20120709/nasa-set-mount-disaster-tracking-camera-iss-id-1701711894.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931008899.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155648-00235-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936944 | 560 | 2.875 | 3 |
1960 Doomsday Clock Time: 7 Minutes To Midnight
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In 1960 the doomsday clock is set back by five minutes to 7 minutes to midnight. By 1960, Russia and the United States express an eagerness for not getting involved in conflicts and disputes on a regional level.
Russian and American scientists begin to work together to raise awareness, trust and talks between the two countries regarding hostilities. | <urn:uuid:8cdc8a78-3112-428a-a35e-b5d64b5e701e> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.defconlevel.com/doomsday-clock/history/minutes-to-midnight-in-1960.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150264.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20210724094631-20210724124631-00336.warc.gz | en | 0.890495 | 83 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Fighting Insomnia The Natural Way
Insomnia is a sleeping disorder where a person finds difficulty in falling and staying asleep. It’s normal for an individual to have sleepless nights now and then, but it becomes a concern if it happens regularly. The main classifications of insomnia according to length are: acute, chronic, and transient.
Acute insomnia is having trouble with sleep for less than a month. This type of insomnia goes away on its own without treatment. Chronic insomnia on the other hand lasts for more than a month and causes severe effects like muscular and mental fatigue along with hallucinations. This type of insomnia requires immediate help.
The final classification of insomnia is transient which lasts for a week. Transient insomnia is typically caused by things such as, changes in sleeping environment, temporary depression, and stress. In order to cure transient insomnia the use of natural sleeping aids are needed. These sleeping aids will help you fall asleep and stay asleep without the need for prescribed medication.
Natural Sleeping Aids – Nutritional Enhancements
Is another nutritional enhancement that’s has been around for awhile. It has been studied on animals and proven to be capable of fighting off insomnia in animals. However it has to be studied on humans for better evidence. Chamomile is available in many forms like tea, extracts, and ointments. It is also said to heal other ailments other than insomnia.
Is a natural hormone produced by the brain’s pineal gland. Melatonin hormones play a major role in the regulation of sleep in the body. It also synchronizes our internal biological clock. Artificial melatonin can be bought as a nutritional enhancement to solve sleeping disorders. Recent scientific studies have shown that it is effective in curing jet lag.
Is a nutritional enhancement that has been around for a long time. It is well known for its effectiveness in fighting off nervousness but sometimes has been used to aid in sleep.
Natural Sleeping Aids – Cognitive Behavioral Treatment (CBT)
Is a collection of treatments that reprograms the way a person behaves. It has been long proven to be an effective treatment for sadness, phobias, and eating disorders. It can also be used to cure insomnia.
When curing insomnia it seeks to remove thoughts and actions that the patient does which causes the insomnia. CBT treatments usually range from 6-8 sessions with each session compromising 30 minutes. The treatments are handled by a professional sleep therapist.
The following are CBT techniques:
Biofeedback teaches the patient to become aware of physiological functions and to manipulate those functions at will. The patient should learn to control processes such as muscle tone, skin conductance, and heart rate. This will help the patient conquer insomnia with their own power.
Cognitive treatment eliminates pessimistic thinking of patients that make them unable to fall asleep. The patient must realize sometimes insomnia is only psychological.
Leisure techniques put patients into a relaxed physical and mental state where all the stress and tension are released from their body.
Sleep hygiene promotes proper sleeping habits to insomnia patients. Proper habits like going to bed at the same time every day, getting up the same time every day, the avoidance of caffeine especially hours before bedtime, and to slowly decrease their activities as the day goes by. This will signal to the patient’s body that it should ready itself for rest.
Stimulus management changes the way the patient’s mind sees their bed. The bedroom will only be viewed as a place for sleep and occasional sex. It will not be seen as a place to watch TV or to be in front of a computer. This will put the patient’s mind in a calm and relaxed mental state conducive for sleeping.
Sleep control makes sure the patient does not oversleep and spend extra hours in bed. This will train the body to differentiate the time for sleep from the time for waking.
CBT is a preferred treatment used by sleep specialists everywhere, because it has been very effective in treating all types of insomnia from acute, transient even chronic insomnia.
Other sleep specialists combine CBT with prescription medication to make it even more powerful. However this is only done for patients with extreme cases of insomnia that requires pressing treatment. Although CBT is promising, there is still much research to be done about it. It can still be studied deeply to expand and enhance its capabilities. | <urn:uuid:cacfaf93-a427-4ad9-8e49-f659bc35eb36> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://healthy-lifestyle.most-effective-solution.com/2012/10/29/fighting-insomnia-the-natural-way/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875147628.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200228170007-20200228200007-00083.warc.gz | en | 0.942299 | 885 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Instruct, Instruction, Instructor - Vine's Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words
Instruct, Instruction, Instructor[ A-1,Verb,G2727, katecheo ]
to teach orally, inform, instruct," is translated by the verb "to instruct" in Luke 1:4; Acts 18:25 (RV marg., "taught by word of mouth"); Romans 2:18; 1 Corinthians 14:19, RV (AV, "teach"). See INFORM, TEACH.
[ A-2,Verb,G3811, paideuo ]
"to train children, teach," is rendered "was instructed," in Acts 7:22, RV (AV, "learned"); "instructing" in 2 Timothy 2:25, AV (RV, "correcting"); Titus 2:12, RV, "instructing" (AV, "teaching"). The verb is used of the family discipline, as in Hebrews 12:6-Hebrews 12:7, Hebrews 12:10; cp. 1 Corinthians 11:32; 2 Corinthians 6:9; Revelation 3:19. In 1 Timothy 1:20 (Passive Voice) it is translated "might be taught," RV (AV, "may learn"), but, "however the passage is to be understood, it is clear that not the impartation of knowledge but severe discipline is intended. In Luke 23:16, Luke 23:22, Pilate, since he had declared the Lord guiltless of the charge brought against Him, and hence could not punish Him, weakly offered, as a concession to the Jews, to 'chastise, paideuo, Him, and let Him go.'" * [* From Notes on Galatians, by Hogg and Vine, p. 165.]
This sense of paideuo is confirmed by Hebrews 12:6, where it is joined (in a quotation from the Sept. of Proverbs 3:12) with "to lash or scourge." Cp. the scene in the Pilgrim's Progress where a shining one with a whip of small cords "chastised sore" the pilgrims foolishly caught in the net of the flatterer and said to them, "As many as I love I rebuke and chasten" (paideuo). See CORRECT, TEACH.
[ A-3,Verb,G3100, matheteuo ]
used transitively, "to make a disciple," is translated "which is instructed" in Matthew 13:52, AV (RV, "who hath been made a disciple"). See DISCIPLE.
[ A-4,Verb,G3453, mueo ]
"to initiate into the mysteries," is used in the Passive Voice, in Philippians 4:12, AV, "I am instructed," RV, "have I learned the secret." See LEARN.
[ A-5,Verb,G4264, probibazo ]
"to lead forward, lead on" (the casual of probaino, "to go forward;" pro, "forward," bibazo, "to lift up"), is used in the Passive Voice in Matthew 14:8, and translated, AV, "being before instructed," RV, "being put forward." Some mss. have it in Acts 19:33, instead of No. 6.
[ A-6,Verb,G4822, sumbibazo ]
"to join, knit, unite" (sun, "with"), then, "to compare," and so, "to prove," hence, "to teach, instruct," is so rendered in 1 Corinthians 2:16; it is found in the best mss. in Acts 19:33 (RV marg., "instructed"). See COMPACTED, CONCLUDE, KNIT TOGETHER, PROVE.
[ B-1,Noun,G3809, paideia ]
"training, instruction," is translated "instruction" in 2 Timothy 3:16. See CHASTEN.
[ B-2,Noun,G3807, paidagogos ]
"a guide," or "guardian" or "trainer of boys," lit., "a child-leader" (pais, "a boy, or child," ago, "to lead"), "a tutor," is translated "instructors" in 1 Corinthians 4:15, AV (RV, "tutors"); here the thought is that of pastors rather than teachers; in Galatians 3:24-Galatians 3:25, AV, "schoolmaster" (RV, "tutor,"), but here the idea of instruction is absent. "In this and allied words the idea is that of training, discipline, not of impartation of knowledge. The paidagogos was not the instructor of the child; he exercised a general supervision over him and was responsible for his moral and physical well-being. Thus understood, paidagogos is appropriately used with 'kept in ward' and 'shut up,' whereas to understand it as equivalent to 'teacher' introduces an idea entirely foreign to the passage, and throws the Apostle's argument into confusion." * [* From Notes on Galatians, by Hogg and Vine, pp. 163,164] Cp. epitropos, "a steward, guardian, tutor."
[ B-3,Noun,G3810, paideutes ]
akin to A, No. 2, denotes
(a) "an instructor, a teacher," Romans 2:20, AV, "an instructor" (RV, "a corrector");
(b) "one who disciplines, corrects, chastens," Hebrews 12:9, RV, "to chasten" [AV, "which corrected" (lit., "correctors")]. In
(a) the discipline of the school is in view; in
(b) that of the family. See CORRECTOR. Cp. epitropos, "a steward, guardian, tutor." | <urn:uuid:ac9b6f26-ceae-48fb-ae2e-522dd39b9525> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://studybible.info/vines/Instruct,%20Instruction,%20Instructor | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589404.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716154548-20180716174548-00509.warc.gz | en | 0.933434 | 1,277 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Algae-based biofuels: a review of challenges and opportunities for Developing Countries
Algae have recently received a lot of attention as a new biomass source for the production of renewable energy. Some of the main characteristics which set algae apart from other biomass sources are that algae can have a high biomass yield per unit of light and area, can have a high oil or starch content, do not require agricultural land, fresh water is not essential and nutrients can be supplied by wastewater and CO2 by combustion gas. The first distinction that needs to be made is between macroalgae (or seaweed) versus microalgae. Microalgae have many different species with widely varying compositions and live as single cells or colonies without any specialization. Although this makes their cultivation easier and more controllable, their small size makes subsequent harvesting more complicated. Macroalgae are less versatile, there are far fewer options of species to cultivate and there is only one main viable technology for producing renewable energy: anaerobic digestion to produce biogas. Both groups will be considered in this report, but as there is more research, practical experience, culture and there are more fuel options from microalgae, these will have a bigger share in the report. | <urn:uuid:41224fbd-999d-43b8-ab91-3f78ef7fc954> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | http://sa.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/278273/algae-based-biofuels-a-review-of-challenges-and-opportunities-for-developing-countries/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506480.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923094750-20230923124750-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.955717 | 249 | 3.109375 | 3 |
The small and pretty kopsia tree is easy-care and can used for shade, privacy, or as an unusual accent.
Kopsia - sometimes just called ochrosia - has attractive, dense foliage set off by very showy bright red fruits.
Small in overall size, its salt tolerance makes it ideal for beachside homes, many of which have a yard the size of a postage stamp.
Little creamy-yellow flowers are followed by clusters of scarlet fruit during warm months.
The fruit is poisonous so choose your planting location with this in mind.
A kopsia tree can grow with little care - it's drought-tolerant and doesn't need much fussing over. However, the tree will appreciate (and look its best with) soil amendments, fertilizer and regular irrigation.
A cluster of ripening fruit
Ripe kopsia fruit
Kopsias can be grown as large shrubs or small trees and fit in well with almost any style landscaping.
As small South Florida landscape trees, a kopsia can be hard to find but they're out there - sometimes available at specialty plant events or you may have to special order at your local nursery.
These are moderate growers that usually max out at about 15 feet in height. A full canopy of a mature tree can spread out as much as 15 feet wide.
A kopsia tree prefers full to part sun and does best in the warmer temperatures of Zone 10.
This tree is evergreen, salt-tolerant and moderately drought-tolerant once established.
It has a single trunk but with low branches...these can be removed as the tree matures to add height underneath.
Amend the soil by adding a mixture of top soil (or organic peat moss) and composted cow manure to the hole when you plant.
No trimming is needed unless you need to remove lower branches.
Water on a regular basis but give the soil time to dry out between waterings.
Fertilize 3 times a year - spring, summer, and autumn - with a good quality granular fertilizer.
Come away from the house 6 to 8 feet.
No wildlife seem to eat the fruit, and fallen fruit can make a mess - plant far enough away (6 feet or more) from walks and drives to avoid a clean-up chore.
Place kopsias about 5 feet from each other if growing several in a row for screening.
Low-growing plants can be placed a few feet from the tree's base. Give large shrubs at least 4 or 5 feet clearance to allow for future growth.
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Here's a handy paperback guide just for you! | <urn:uuid:2fb474a6-6d08-4406-8397-a9644123a65a> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.south-florida-plant-guide.com/kopsia-tree.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125937161.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20180420061851-20180420081851-00006.warc.gz | en | 0.941904 | 609 | 2.71875 | 3 |
It’s not really fair to call the village of Norridge a “suburb” of Chicago because suburbs are generally defined as “outlying towns or districts” of a city. Maybe, since far-flung suburbs are often called “exurbs,” it might be best to coin a new term for Norridge and call it a Chicago “endurb” because the village of just fewer than 14,000 residents is entirely contained within the city limits of Chicago.
Along with its neighbor to the east, Harwood Heights, Norridge is often referred to as an “island in the city.”
Originally known as “Goat Village” due to the presence of a livestock farm and “Swamp” for its mushy terrain, Norridge was an unincorporated subdivision until 1948 when, threatened with annexation by Chicago, it incorporated itself as a village at the last minute.
The postwar 1950’s brought development to Norridge, both in municipal infrastructure and residential construction, with 3,700 of the village’s current 5,800 homes being built in the 1950s and ‘60s. The village, with its name formed from parts of “Norwood Park Township” and neighboring “Park Ridge,” is the only so-named municipality in the world.
With its majority of 50- and 60-year-old homes, Norridge homeowners are running into the repair and maintenance problems that go along with age, including the need for wet basement waterproofing.
Just as in nearby Des Plaines and Elk Grove Village, homes in Norridge that may need wet basement waterproofing are individually evaluated and diagnosed but there are several commonly used methods that solve most basement water problems.
Interior Drain Tile – A common source of water in any basement is when seepage occurs through cracks in the floor or through the cove joint between wall and floor. This seepage is caused by hydrostatic pressure under the floor pushing the water in through even the smallest of openings. This pressure can be alleviated and the seepage stopped by installing interior drain tile, a system of perforated piping that is buried beneath the basement floor in a bed of washed stone. The drain tile collects the water and carries it to a sump pump to be discharged from the house. Done properly, interior drain tile never needs maintenance.
Exterior Waterproofing – It is common for poured concrete foundation walls to have porous patches that seep water and to allow water to seep over the top of the wall. Masonry walls can admit water through cracked or deteriorated mortar joints or through porous masonry itself, usually concrete block or brick. Stopping or preventing this seepage is as simple as installing an exterior waterproofing membrane, a thick coating of asphalt-modified polyurethane that is applied to the exterior walls with a trowel. When cured it forms an impermeable water barrier.
If the ground water is especially high around the foundation, augment the membrane with exterior drain tile and heavy-duty drainage board that covers the membrane and channels water downward.
Crack Repair – The most common source of water in a poured concrete basement is from a non-structural crack in the wall caused by settlement or lateral pressure from swollen soil. The best way to permanently repair these cracks is to inject them with expanding polyurethane from inside the basement. The polyurethane fills and seals the crack all the way to the outside soil and remains flexible when cured to prevent re-cracking from minor foundation movement.
When the basement is finished or the crack is otherwise inaccessible, it can be repaired on the exterior with sodium bentonite clay. A small hole is excavated next to the foundation and filled with the granular clay. The clay absorbs water from the surrounding soil and forms a pliable, permanent barrier against water intrusion.
Regardless of the source of water or the appropriate wet basement waterproofing solution, a Norridge homeowner with basement water problems needs the advice and assistance of a qualified basement waterproofing contractor that knows the community. At U.S. Waterproofing, we’ve been keeping basements dry all over the Chicago area since 1957, including many homes in Norridge. Why not ask for our free advice?
just enter your zip code: | <urn:uuid:6eda4c1b-1811-4a93-940f-5896bd0396a6> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.uswaterproofing.com/learning-center/doing-wet-basement-waterproofing-in-norridge-il-60706 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645824.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20180318145821-20180318165821-00037.warc.gz | en | 0.953495 | 892 | 2.609375 | 3 |
POLITICAL SERMONS FROM PASTORS IN THE FOUNDING ERA
Pastor Roger Anghis
March 16, 2014
Preached before the Honorable Council, And the honorable House of Representatives of the Colony of the Massachusetts-Bay, in New-England. MAY 29th, 1776.
Being the Anniversary for the Election of THE honorable COUNCIL FOR the Colony. By Pastor Samuel West of Dartmouth.
And I will restore thy judges as at the first, and thy counselors as at the beginning : afterward thou shalt be called the city of righteousness, the faithful city, Isaiah 4:26:
Their children also shall be as aforetime, and their congregations shall be established before me, and I will punish all that oppress them : and their nobles shall be of themselves, and their governor shall proceed from the midst of them, Jeremiah 30:20- 21.
As free and not using your liberty for a cloak of maliciousness, but as the servants of GOD, 1 Peter 2: 16.
The beast that thou sawest, shall ascend out of the bottomless pit, and go into perdition : and they that dwell on the earth shall wonder, whose names were not written in the book of life from the foundation of the world, when they behold the beast. Revelation 17:8.
West continues to make a point that there is obedience required to those in authority but he continues to remind them that those in authority are to be doing God’s will. Keep in mind that West’s audience is the House of Representatives for the Colony of Massachusetts. “Subjects are also bound to obey magistrates, for conscience' sake, out of regard to the divine authority, and out of obedience to the will of God; - for if magistrates are the ministers of God, we cannot disobey them without being disobedient to the law of God ; and this extends to all men in authority, from the highest ruler to the lowest officer in the state. To oppose them when in the exercise of lawful authority is an act of disobedience to the Deity, and, as such, will be punished by him. It will, doubtless, be readily granted by every honest man that we ought cheerfully to obey the magistrate, and submit to all such regulations of government as tend to promote the public good; but as this general definition may be liable to be misconstrued, and every man may think himself at liberty to disregard any laws that do not suit his interest, humor, or fancy,” (Emphasis mine)
West is making sure of two things, first, that it is the proper and God ordained to obey those in authority and second, he is letting those in authority know that it is their duty to act according to divine direction. He lays out the reasoning behind his statements but notice that it always is backed by divine requirements: “It is also necessary that the minor part should submit to the major; e. g., when legislators have enacted a set of laws which are highly approved by a large majority of the community as tending to promote the public good, in this case, if a small number of persons are so unhappy as to view the matter in a very different point of light from the public, though they have an undoubted right to show the reasons of their dissent from the judgment of the i3ublic, and may lawfully use all proper arguments to convince the public of what they judge to be an error, yet, if they fail in their attempt, and the majority still continue to approve of the laws that are enacted, it is the duty of those few that dissent peaceably and for conscience' sake to submit to the public judgment, unless something is required of them which they judge would be sinful for them to comply with ; for in that case they ought to obey the dictates of their own consciences rather than any human authority whatever.” (Emphasis mine)
West points out something that American Courts have gotten away from and that is the majority rules. We have seen our Courts completely reverse the meaning of our First Amendment because of the complaints of a scattered few. When prayer was taken out of schools it was because one woman complained, Madeline Murray O’Hair. At that time 97% of Americans claimed to be Christian yet the opinion of 3% of Americans ruled over the 97%. West taught against that type of situation: “And, besides, it is the major part of a community that have the sole right of establishing a constitution and authorizing magistrates; and consequently it is only the major part of the community that can claim the right of altering the constitution, and displacing the magistrates; for certainly common sense will tell us that it requires as great an authority to set aside a constitution as there was at first to establish it. The collective body, not a few individuals, ought to constitute the supreme authority of the state.” (Emphasis mine)
The Founders looked at holding public office as a special right and privilege and the execution of that offices was to be taken with great responsibility: “But when a community is become very numerous, it is very difficult, and in many cases impossible, for all to meet together to regulate the affairs of the state ; hence comes the necessity of appointing delegates to represent the people in a general assembly. And this ought to be looked upon as a sacred and inalienable right, of which a people cannot justly divest themselves, and which no human authority can in equity ever take from them, viz., that no one be obliged to submit to any law except such as are made either by himself or by his representative. If representation and legislation are inseparably connected, it follows, that when great numbers have emigrated into a foreign land, and are so far removed from the parent state that they neither are or can be properly represented by the government from which they have emigrated, that then nature itself points out the necessity of their assuming to themselves the powers of legislation; and they have a right to consider themselves as a separate state from the other, and, as such, to form themselves into a body politic.” (Emphasis mine)
The last statement here is a call for independence. Noting that the distance from England was great enough that to efficiently govern the Colonies was not possible and that the people themselves had the God given right to govern themselves. This belief is confirmed in his next statement: “In the next place, when a people find themselves cruelly oppressed by the parent state, they have an undoubted right to throw off the yoke, and to assert their liberty, if they find good reason to judge that they have sufficient power and strength to maintain their ground in defending their just rights against their oppressors ; for, in this case, by the law of self-preservation, which is the first law of nature, they have not only an undoubted right, but it is their indispensable duty, if they cannot be redressed any other way, to renounce all submission to the government that has oppressed them, and set up an independent state of their own, even though they may be vastly inferior in numbers to the state that have oppressed them.” (Emphasis mine)
The mindset in the pulpit then was independence now and forever and that should be the mindset in the pulpit today as well.
Pulpit of the American Revolution, John W. Thorton, The Federalist Papers
Project, (Gould and Lincoln, Boston), pp. 278-279.
2. Pulpit of the American Revolution, John W. Thorton, The Federalist Papers Project, (Gould and Lincoln, Boston), pp. 279-280.
3. Pulpit of the American Revolution, John W. Thorton, The Federalist Papers Project, (Gould and Lincoln, Boston), p. 280.
4. Pulpit of the American Revolution, John W. Thorton, The Federalist Papers Project, (Gould and Lincoln, Boston), p. 281.
5. Roger Anghis, Defining America’s Exceptionalism, (Bloomington: Westbow Press, 2012), p.
© 2014 Roger Anghis - All Rights Reserved
Pastor Roger Anghis is the Founder of RestoreFreeSpeech.org, an organization designed to draw attention to the need of returning free speech rights to churches that was restricted in 1954.
President of The Damascus Project, TheDamascusProject.org, which has a stated purpose of teaching pastors and lay people the need of the churches involvement in the political arena and to teach the historical role of Christianity in the politics of the United States. Married-37 years, 3 children, three grandchildren.
Web site: RestoreFreeSpeech.org | <urn:uuid:d983a235-daaa-4284-9ca2-09227cb32b47> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.newswithviews.com/Anghis/roger294.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400379555.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123259-00221-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96513 | 1,800 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The fiery Irish-American Fenian Brotherhood planned to liberate Ireland from British rule by involving the United States in a war with Great Briain; it hoped to do this by attacking Canada, a British dominion. On June 1, 1866, Fenian forces from Buffalo, New York, crossed the border and seized the Canadian town of Fort Eire. Canadian volunteers failed to repulse the Fenians, some 1,500 strong, until three days later, when they drove the invaders back across the Niagara River. A similar raid occurred the next week from Vermont into eastern Canada (Quebec), but it also failed. Though US authorities took action against the Fenian raiders, Fenian troubles persisted and eventually led to other unsuccessful raids into Canada from Vermont and New Hampshire on May 25-27, 1870. By the next year the Fenian scare had ended because of public pressure and a crackdown on offenders. | <urn:uuid:c44c79ff-8d6f-4b57-a5bf-f4462b2d075f> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://www.onwar.com/aced/chrono/c1800s/yr60/fcanada1866.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934807146.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124070019-20171124090019-00736.warc.gz | en | 0.956441 | 181 | 3.609375 | 4 |
The Supreme Court. How a case makes it to & through the Supreme Court October – May (sometimes June). Each state comprises at least one U.S. judicial district (94). The nation is divided into 12 judicial circuits. The graphs show increasing federal caseloads.
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How a case makes it to & through the Supreme Court
October – May (sometimes June)
Each state comprises at least one U.S. judicial district (94). The nation is divided into 12 judicial circuits. The graphs show increasing federal caseloads.
3. personal injury (tort law – civil not criminal ; ex. Auto accident)
4. contract law (marriage/divorce/adoption)
5. family law
6. environmental law
7. Education law
The Supreme Court will only accept cases if uniformity is important for the country or if lower courts are conflicted on the interpretation of the constitutionality of law.
300,000 federal cases per year
100,00 federal appeals per year
8,000 appeal to the Supreme Court
90 – 100 accepted
What happens if the Supreme Court refuses to hear a case?
What happens if the justices decision is tied?
Front row: Associate Justices Anthony M. Kennedy, John Paul Stevens, Chief JusticeJohn G. Roberts, Antonin G. Scalia, and Clarence Thomas.Back row: Associate Justices Samuel A. Alito, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen G. Breyer, and Sonia Sotomayor.
Rule of Four- at least 4 of the 9 justices must agree that a case should be put on the Court’s docket
Writ of certiorari (to be made more certain) – an order by the Court directing the lower court to send up the record in the case.
Certificate (fewer cases) – this process is used when a lowe court is not clear about the prodedure or the rule of law that should apply in a case. The lower court asks the S.C. to certify the answer to a specific question in the matter.
Briefs - (amicus curiae briefs)
Oral arguments – (Oct to May) – 2 week cycles –(M,T,W & sometimes Thurs) – 30 min max
Opinions – majority – stand as precedents
concurrent – making emphasizing a point not made in the dissenting
(become precedents – examples to be followed in similar cases)
On page 451 you have a picture of Clarence Earl Gideon. Here is what Robert F. Kennedy remarked about the Gideon case, "If an obscure Florida convict named Clarence Earl Gideon had not sat down in prison with a pencil and paper to write a letter to the Supreme Court; and if the Supreme Court had not taken the trouble to look at the merits in that one crude petition among all the bundles of mail it must receive every day, the vast machinery of American law would have gone on functioning undisturbed. But Gideon did write that letter; the court did look into his case; he was re-tried with the help of competent defense counsel; found not guilty and released from prison after two years of punishment for a crime he did not commit. And the whole course of legal history has been changed."[ | <urn:uuid:845e4ad1-a536-4c28-8b89-86c541b964a0> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.slideserve.com/fuller/the-supreme-court | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039745762.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20181119130208-20181119152208-00127.warc.gz | en | 0.926597 | 736 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Seeing Boston By Streetcar was one of the first films of the city ever made. It offers today's viewer a fascinating glimpse of the city’s smoky, busy streets. The streetcar takes the viewer past Jordan Marsh and along Boylston Street to Copley Square and the Boston Public Library. Pedestrians, horses, carriages and carts vie for space in a free-for-all with no traffic lights, no crosswalks and no stop signs.
Viewers who first saw the film during its debut in 1906 probably found it even more fascinating.
(Click here to watch and scroll down to the third screen. Note the brief fistfight at 2:26.)
The motion picture industry had just started when American Mutoscope and Biograph Company filmed Boston by streetcar in 1906.
On April 14, 1894, the first kinetoscope parlor opened in New York City. Patrons viewed moving pictures through a peephole, which Thomas Edison’s laboratory invented. In New York two years later came the first commercially successful movie projection, again with an Edison invention – the Vitascope. Weeks later in Boston, Benjamin Franklin Keith showed a film with the Vitascope in his vaudeville theatre on 547 Washington Street.
In 1906, Boston’s first movie theatre, the Theatre Comique, opened on Tremont Row in Scollay Square. It typically showed a series of short films of real life, drama and entertainment. Cameramen traveled the United States filming scenery to product those short films of real life.
Seeing Boston By Streetcar
A major figure in the early motion picture industry, G.W. ‘Billy’ Bitzer, shot Seeing Boston By Streetcar. ,orn in Roxbury, Mass., in 1872. Bitzer developed early cinematic technologies and techniques such as the fadeout, the soft focus and the close-up.
The scenes shown are full of life and action, simply lacking in vocalization. To describe the enthusiasm aroused would be impossible. Worthy professors and scientific men vied with grocery clerks in the warmth of their applause.
Twenty-five years earlier, Boston greeted the electric streetcar with similar awe, but gave it no warm applause. An inventor named Benson Bidwell brought a demonstration model to the city. He hoped for a contract to build and operate a streetcar line. Bidwell described the reaction in the winter of 1884-85:
The cars were nicely upholstered and made a sensation among the Boston Yankees, who, when they came to fully understand that an unseen power was running, lighting and heating the cars, said it was either magic or a fraud; for they could not comprehend though they were afraid of it.
He didn't get the contract, but other people did. Bostonians quickly got over their fears after the first streetcar line opened to Brookline on Jan. 5, 1889. Within seven years, the city had a network of electric streetcars. As Boston By Streetcar shows, fear of the cars had disappeared.
This story about seeing Boston by streetcar was updated in 2018. | <urn:uuid:36cc0241-9a93-47f2-9151-67b59e860c58> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/seeing-boston-by-streetcar-on-film-in-1907/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267859904.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20180617232711-20180618012711-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.953933 | 636 | 2.5625 | 3 |
1. Singapore’s 15-year-old students have demonstrated strong competencies and positive attitudes towards collaborative problem solving that would help them navigate the challenges of the future. This is according to the 2015 results of the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), a triennial international benchmarking study coordinated by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
2. The results of the PISA 2015 study on Collaborative Problem Solving (CPS) show that our students not only have good collaborative skills, but they also enjoy and value the act of collaborating with others. This is a testament to the unwavering efforts of our schools, teachers, and parents to nurture 21st Century Competencies (21CC) in our students, such as critical thinking, problem solving, as well as communication and collaboration skills.
3. Mr Sng Chern Wei, Deputy Director-General of Education (Curriculum), Ministry of Education (MOE), said: “Singapore has long recognised the need to equip our students with a suite of life skills and values that will prepare them well for future challenges. A collaborative spirit and the ability to work in teams to solve real-world issues are key qualities critical to the success of not just individual students, but also the nation. In line with this, our teachers will continue to encourage teamwork among students and create opportunities for students to collaborate both inside and outside the classroom.”
Key Findings of PISA 2015 CPS
“We Collaborate Well With Others”
4. Overall, the PISA 2015 results in the core domains of Reading, Mathematics, and Science, as well as the innovative domain of CPS, suggest that Singapore students not only possess strong fundamentals in literacy and numeracy, but they can also integrate both cognitive and collaboration skills effectively to solve problems.
5. Of the 52 education systems that participated in the assessment, Singapore has the highest proportion of top performers1 in CPS – students who can solve problems despite multiple constraints, ensure that team members follow through with their responsibilities, monitor the team’s progress, and take the initiative to overcome obstacles and resolve conflicts. They can balance the collaboration and problem-solving aspects of a task, identify efficient pathways to a solution, and take actions to solve the problem. In addition, Singapore has one of the smallest proportions of low performers2 who tend to focus more on their individual role within the group. MOE and schools will continue in our efforts to support our low performers.
6. In response to Singapore’s results in PISA 2015 CPS, Mr Andreas Schleicher, Director for Education and Skills and Special Advisor to the Secretary-General at OECD, said: “In today’s world, everyone needs to be a problem solver, but whether it’s work challenges or problems in everyday life, we increasingly need to collaborate with others, often with people from different backgrounds and countries. This is the first time collaborative problem solving has been assessed internationally, as PISA extends its focus to critical skills for the 21st century. What this assessment shows is that Singapore’s young people are superbly equipped for the challenges and opportunities of the future – students of high ability who work well both independently and together.”
“We Enjoy and Value Collaboration”
7. The PISA CPS 2015 results also show that our students are highly motivated to work in groups, and they know how to be effective collaborators. More than 9 in 10 said that they are good listeners, enjoy seeing their classmates be successful, take into account what others are interested in, and enjoy considering different perspectives. More than 8 in 10 believe that teams make better decisions than individuals, and teamwork raises their own efficiency.
8. These positive attitudes are nurtured through our schools’ and teachers’ efforts in offering integrated learning experiences – both within and beyond the curricula – that incorporate elements of communication and collaboration, while stimulating curiosity and promoting the joy of learning. Examples of integrated learning experiences in our schools include subject-based fieldwork, co-curricular activities, project work, and distinctive programmes like the Applied Learning Programme and Learning for Life Programme. Teachers also introduce communication-intensive activities during lessons, such as class debates and opportunities for students to explain their ideas.
“We Maintain Positive Relationships with Parents”
9. Results also showed a close association between students’ daily communication with their parents and their CPS skills – Singapore students who converse with their parents after school scored 21 points higher in their CPS performance than those who do not.
10. Mr Sng said: “As parents are important partners in their children’s education journey, schools will continue to work with parents to support our children’s learning and growth holistically.”
- The proportion of top performers in Singapore is 21%, while the OECD average is 8%.
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by Tinaz Pavri
Pakistan received its independence from British India in 1947. It was created on the basis of religious identity, so that Muslims from British India, which had an overwhelming majority of followers of the Hindu religion, would have a nation to call their own. It is bordered by India on the east, Iran and Afghanistan on the west, the great Karakoram mountain range and China on the north, and the Arabian Sea on the south. Modern-day Pakistan is divided into four major geographic divisions known as the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP), Punjab, Sind, and Baluchistan. Each of these regions has its own language and ethnic groups. The capital of Pakistan is the modern city of Islamabad, although its cultural and economic centers continue to be Lahore and Karachi.
Pakistan boasts the site of the famed Indus valley civilization (B.C. 2500 to B.C. 1700), including prehistoric remains at Mohenjo-Daro, near the modern Pakistani city of Larkana, and at Harappa, near the city of Lahore. The Indus valley civilization has remained an interest for archaeologists because of the society's high level of sophistication and stability over several centuries.
Pakistan's ethnic and cultural diversity has been formed through legacies of advancing Persians, Turks, Arabs, Huns, Greeks, and Mongols, most of whom practiced Islam. From about the eighth century until British dominance increased in the eighteenth century, Muslim rulers established kingdoms in northern India. As a result, many Pakistanis and others in British India converted to the religion of the new people.
When the struggle for independence from the British colonizers started in India at the beginning of the twentieth century, Hindus—followers of India's majority religion—and Muslims fought side by side for their freedom. The Indian National Congress, the political party that eventually led India to its independence, had many devoted Muslim members who were willing to give up their lives for the cause of India's freedom.
Mohandas K. Gandhi's movement of satyagraha, or non-violent passive resistance in the face of British oppression, formed the key to India's response to British colonization and gave shape to the drive for independence. Hundreds of thousands of Indians, both Hindu and Muslim, refused to cooperate with their British colonizers on every level of daily life—from the social to the political to the economic. Finally, the British decided that they could no longer rule over India; they formally relinquished its Indian colony in 1947.
However, as the goal of independence appeared more likely to be achieved, a section of the Muslim leadership led by Mohammed Ali Jinnah (1876-1948), who later became independent Pakistan's founder and first governor general, felt that Muslims would never be accorded equal treatment in a largely Hindu India. Because Jinnah feared political, social, and cultural subordination to the Hindu majority, he started a movement to establish a separate state based on Islam for the Indian Muslims. This group felt that in order to be truly free, Indian Muslims needed their own homeland. The independence leaders, both Hindus like Nehru and Mohandas Gandhi, and Muslims like Jinnah and Liaquat Ali Khan, who later became Pakistan's first prime minister, worked together with the British to make the transition from British India into independent India and Pakistan a reality.
When the British finally left India in 1947, two independent states, India and Pakistan, were formed. The separation was a consequence of, and resulted in, feelings of some bitterness between the two nations. Hundreds of thousands of Hindus and Muslims died in the riots that followed independence, as Muslims from India migrated to Pakistan and Hindus who lived in the newly created Pakistan streamed into India. Refugee camps were created on both sides of the border between the two countries to deal with these mass migrations.
These difficult, even tragic, beginnings that marked the two countries at their inception continued to be reflected in the relationship that has developed between them in the post-independence era. India and Pakistan have fought three wars over the years and have been involved in many other confrontations, particularly over the disputed Kashmir region that lies between the two countries and is today the scene of a protracted, three-way conflict among the Indians, Pakistanis, and Kashmiris, who are seeking independence from both India and Pakistan. However, there are also ties of a shared history and culture that bind the people of the two countries. Many Muslims who chose to remain in India have close family members who moved to Pakistan and some Hindus remained behind in Pakistan, ensuring an intertwined destiny for the two countries.
After the death of Jinnah, Pakistan was ruled by a series of army chiefs under what were called martial law regimes. Pakistan's presidents in the 1950s and 1960s were army generals who assumed the highest political office. In 1971, Pakistan was divided again as a result of ethnic insurgency in its Eastern wing, which was populated mainly by Bengali-speaking Muslims, and the subsequent war with neighboring India. As a result of this division, a new sovereign country—Bangladesh—was created; Pakistan has since recognized Bangladesh and has established diplomatic and trading relations with the new nation.
An overwhelming 98 percent of the Pakistani population are followers of Islam. There are much smaller Hindu, Christian and Zoroastrian minority communities. Pakistan is not a secular state; the state religion is Islam, and religion enters many aspects of Pakistani political and social life. There are also several distinct ethnic and linguistic groups in Pakistan, including Pathans, Punjabis, Sindhis, and Baluchis. The Pathans, also known as the Pushtoons or Pakhtoons, come from the region of the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP). They include tribes on the border of Pakistan and Afghanistan, although the community has become increasingly urbanized in recent years. The Punjabi community is the center of education and industry in Pakistan and includes both rural and urban segments within it. The Baluchis from Baluchistan were originally a semi-nomadic people; today, while many continue to follow ancient traditions, others have moved to the city of Karachi in search of employment. All these communities have their own languages. The Sindhis come from the region of Sind and are a mixture of several different ethnic groups but share a common language, Sindhi. These subcommunities, who are represented in the larger Pakistani American community, have experienced some tension in recent times.
Pakistan has had four constitutions since 1947. Benazir Bhutto, the Harvard-educated daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Pakistan's president from 1971 to 1977, was voted into power in 1988, in the country's first largely-free national elections. She led her father's political party, the Pakistan People's Party (PPP) to victory. She then lost the 1990 general election, but is today head of Pakistan's government once again. Under Benazir Bhutto, Pakistan has made significant strides towards the establishment of democracy, although it still faces internal threats of ethnic strife and religious fundamentalism.
Since Pakistan only came into existence in 1947, any documentation of the life of Pakistani Americans can technically only commence from that year. However, it should be noted that Muslim immigrants from India and the region that is now Pakistan entered the United States as early as the eighteenth century, working alongside their Hindu or Sikh brethren in agriculture, logging, and mining in the western states of California, Oregon, and Washington.
In 1907, around 2,000 Indians, including Hindus and Muslims, worked alongside other immigrants from China, Japan, Korea, and Italy on the building of the Western Pacific railway in California. Other Indians worked on building bridges and tunnels for California's other railroad projects. As the demand for agricultural labor increased in California, Indians turned to the fields and orchards for employment. Muslim agricultural workers in California sometimes brought an Imam or learned man to the fields with them. The Imam proceeded to pray from the Holy Quran several times a day when the men took their breaks.
Muslims from the Indian subcontinent became successful as land tenants in the early part of the twentieth century, and leased or owned land in many California counties in order to grow rice. Many of these ventures were very successful, and many Indians, Hindu and Muslim, prospered financially as they increased their acreage and even bought small farms and orchards; however, heavy rains in 1920 devastated some rice crops and drove some Indians into bankruptcy.
Like Hindu and Sikh Indian immigrants, some Muslims chose to return to India after they had achieved some amount of financial prosperity. Many others, however, stayed, putting down firm roots in California and the adjoining western states and sometimes marrying Mexican women, since the immigration of Muslim women from the subcontinent was nonexistent.
While all Indian immigrants faced racial prejudice, Muslims from the subcontinent were also subject to added prejudice against their religion, Islam. Among the common misconceptions of the Islamic faith that existed in America during that time were those that viewed Muslims as polygamists and therefore not suitable people to be allowed to enter America; there were also calls for the expulsion of Muslims already in the country. Expulsions of Indians from the communities within which they worked were also attempted by other Euro-American workers. The Asiatic Exclusion League (AEL) was organized in 1907 to encourage the expulsion of Asian workers, including Indian Hindus and Muslims.
The immigration of Indians, Hindu and Muslim, was tightly controlled by the American government during this time, and Indians applying for visas to travel to the United States were often rejected by U.S. diplomats in important Indian cities like Madras and Calcutta. In addition, legislation was introduced in the United States that attempted to legally restrict the entry of Indians and other Asians into America as well as to deny them residency and citizenship rights. Some of these pieces of legislation were defeated, while others were adopted. For instance, a literacy clause was added to a number of bills, requiring that immigrants pass a literacy test to be considered eligible for citizenship. This effectively ensured that most Indians would not be able to meet the requirements. It was only in 1947 that Congress passed a bill allowing naturalization for Indians. Between 1947 and 1965 there were only around 2,500 Pakistani immigrants in the United States according to reports from the Immigration and Naturalization Service.
The largest numbers of Pakistani Americans have migrated to the United States since 1965, when the U.S. government lifted previously existing immigration restrictions and repealed quotas. Numbers of Pakistani immigrants swelled after 1970, with thousands of Pakistanis entering the United States each year since that time. Like their Asian Indian counterparts, they tended to be urban, well-educated, and professional. Many of them had come from cities like Karachi and Lahore, and were familiar with Western culture and ways of living. However, the dependents and relatives that they have since sponsored for permanent residence in and citizenship to the United States in the years after 1965 have tended to be characterized by lower levels of education.
Figures from the 1990 U.S. Census indicate that there are about 100,000 Pakistani Americans in the United States. The largest percentage, 32 percent, live in the Northeast, with 27 percent living in the South, 21 percent in the West, and 20 percent in the Midwest. States with the highest concentrations of Pakistani Americans are New York, California, and Illinois. Pakistani Americans tend to settle in large cities, in part a reflection of the large Pakistani cities of Lahore, Karachi, and Rawalpindi that a majority of the post-1965 immigrants came from, and in part a reflection of the availability of jobs. Accordingly, there are significant settlements of Pakistani immigrants in cities such as New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, and Los Angeles.
Although subgroup differences within the larger community are salient, with Pakistani Americans choosing to spend most time with members of their own ethnic and linguistic groups like Sindhis, Punjabis, and Baluchis, the community is also fairly united on a broader level.
Very little has been written about the Pakistani American community. Many scholars writing about ethnic communities in the United States tend to lump the community together with the larger Asian Indian community, thereby glossing over the distinctiveness of the Pakistani Americans. For instance, in Arab, Armenian, Syrian, Lebanese, East Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi Americans: A Study and Source Book (San Francisco: E&R Research Associates, 1977), Kananur Chandras offers little distinction between the Asian Indian, Pakistani American, and Bangladeshi American communities and hence cannot be relied upon for information on Pakistani Americans. Others tend to assume, incorrectly, that Pakistani Americans, because they are overwhelmingly Muslim, can be described as a part of America's Arab Muslim community. In addition, there is no comprehensive listing of Pakistani American organizations across the United States, or a listing of the communities newspapers or other media channels.
There is considerable similarity between the cuisine of northern India and that of Pakistan, the entire region having experienced the same foreign invasions and cultural influences over the centuries. It is hence common to see restaurants featuring Indian and Pakistani cuisine under the same roof in the United States. However, Pakistani cuisine is quite distinctive and has many traditional dishes that are not necessarily shared with Asian Indians.
Although regional variations exist, Pakistani cuisine in general tends to be highly spiced. Spices such as cumin, turmeric, and chili powder are common with Asian Indian cuisine. In addition, Pakistani American cuisine also includes such spices as cloves, cinnamon, and cardamom, a result of Arab influence.
Meat dishes—lamb, goat, and beef—are common. It is also traditional for the meat to be kosher or halaal, cut in a way that ensures the slow draining of blood from the animal, for religious reasons. Also in keeping with Islamic tradition, pork is not eaten. Festive rice dishes include pulao, a fragrant dish of mildly spiced rice with peas or dried fruits, and biryani, which consists of rice and meat marinated in yogurt and spices. Dals, or lentils and split peas prepared in spicy sauces, are common. Whole peas like the chickpea, prepared in a flavorful sauce called cholle ("chollay"), are also popular. Vegetable dishes include saag ("sahg") or spinach and aloomattur —potatoes and peas. Unleavened breads made with white and wheat flour are eaten with many meals; these include the robust naan, claybaked roti, and paratha.
Traditional Pakistani sweets include zarda ("zahrdah"), a sweet, yellow, rice dish, jalebi ("jahlaybee"), an orange-colored, fried sweet made of a sugary syrup and flour, ladoo ("lahdoo"), a round ball of sweetened chick-pea flour embellished with pistachios or cashews and ras malai ("rahs mahlaee"), a dessert made of heavy cream. Tea flavored with cinnamon and cardamom is also drunk frequently. Another way to round off a meal is to chew paan, which is the broad leaf of the betel plant sprinkled with a lime powder and kaat and can be mildly euphoric.
Most Pakistani American families eat at least one traditional meal a day, the main meal. It is prepared with fresh ingredients by the woman of the house. Although Western-style short cuts to food preparation like the use of canned or preserved substitutes are increasingly being used, cooking the main meal still remains quite a laborious chore. It is the woman who undertakes the task of cooking for the family, often with the help of daughters. It is still rare for male family members to be engaged in domestic chores like cooking and household cleaning. They would be more likely to work outdoors or be engaged in tasks like household repairs. Pakistani Americans regard the family meal as an important event in their daily lives. It is a time for the family to talk to each other about what events have transpired during the day and a time to be together and maintain contact in the face of busy individual schedules.
Pakistani American men and women wear the traditional salwar kameez on festive occasions. The costume, consisting of a long tunic and tight or loose-fitting leggings or trousers and often including a diaphanous shawl or veil called the dupatta ("dooputtah") for women, is commonly made of cotton or silk. Women's costumes tend to be more colorful and intricate, often including exquisite embroidery or zari, a technique that involves the weaving of gold or silver thread into the cloth. It is more rare, but not unheard of, for some Pakistani women to wear the sari, the traditional costume of Asian Indian women.
Like their Asian Indian counterparts, Pakistani American women enjoy wearing gold ornaments or jewelry, including bangles, bracelets, rings, and necklaces. Simple ornaments are worn daily, while more opulent ones, with settings of precious stones, are worn at weddings and other celebrations. These precious ornaments are often passed down through the generations as family heirlooms. Often on festive occasions, mehendi, or the application of a paste made with henna that dries in delicate, intricate designs on the palms of the hands, is sported by some women and girls in the community.
A common dance performed by women in the community on festive occasions like weddings and other celebrations is the luddi ("luhd-dee"). Women dance in circles while rhythmically clapping their hands. Qawaali ("kawalee"), a genre of music that traces its roots to Sufi Muslim devotional and mystical music and that is meant to encourage religious ecstasy among its listeners, has many adherents within the Pakistani American community, and is also drawing increasing numbers of other Americans into its fold of admirers. It generally encourages intense listener involvement and response. The best-known group performing this music that has toured America in recent times is the Pakistani group Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan and Party. Groups performing the Qawaali generally include several singers and such instruments as harmoniums and tablas ("tublah"), a type of drum. The ghazal, a mellow, emotional style of ancient Persian lyric verse set to music and sung by both men and women, is also popular among members of the community.
The International New Year is widely celebrated among members of the community. In addition, Pakistani Americans celebrate the creation of Pakistan on August 14 as Independence Day. The birthday of Jinnah, the founder of the Pakistani nation is celebrated on December 25, and Pakistan Day on March 23. Religious celebrations include Eid-ul-Fitr, festivities that signify the end of the month of fasting during Ramadan, and Eid-ul-Azha, a joyous observance of the pilgrimage to Mecca. Pakistani Hindus celebrate Diwali ("deevalee"), the festival of lights and Holi ("hoelee"), the festival of color that traditionally welcomes the spring.
Celebrations on such days typically include visits to friends and family, the exchange of gifts and sweets, and invitations to feasts. Traditional costumes are worn. Celebratory parades in cities and towns where there are large Pakistani American communities are increasingly being held. Qawaalis, ghazals, mushaira ("mooshaeera") or Urdu poetry readings, and Pakistani and Hindi films might be organized for community celebrations that might be held on festive days at the local community centers. Less common, but no less enjoyed in large cities with great ethnic diversity like New York, is the occasional cricket match that will be organized within the community or across cricket-playing communities like the Asian Indian and West Indian on holidays.
Pakistani Americans take health issues seriously and consult health-care providers regularly. Family physicians are often chosen from within the community. Traditional herbal remedies might be employed to battle minor illnesses. Ayurveda and homeopathy are also employed. Ayurveda focuses on spiritual healing as an essential part of physical healing and bases its cures on herbs and other natural ingredients such as raw ginger and garlic. It emphasizes preventive healing. Homeopathy attempts to cure by stimulating the body's own defenses against the illness.
Members of the community are less likely, however, to seek help for mental health issues, a reflection of the traditionally low levels of consciousness of the subject in Pakistan and the social stigmas and skepticism that continue to be attached to it. Members of the community generally believe that families rather than institutional settings are best suited to take care of the mentally ill.
Urdu is the official language of Pakistan, although only about ten percent of all Pakistanis speak it. The majority of the population speaks regional dialects, like Punjabi, Baluchi, and Sindhi, which are taught is the nation's schools along with Urdu. Urdu is a blend of four different languages—Hindi, Arabic, Persian, and Turkish—and is also spoken by Muslims in India. It conforms to a modified version of the Persian script and is therefore written from right to left, whereas Hindi, which utilizes Devanagari script, is written from left to right. English is also used in official interaction in Pakistan.
About 30 percent of Pakistani Americans speak Urdu. A larger percentage, perhaps 50 percent, speak Punjabi. Others might speak Sindhi or Gujrati, reflecting their ethnic heritage and the regions of Pakistan from which they trace their ancestry. As a result of the legacy of British colonization, most Pakistani Americans are also fluent in English. While many first-generation Pakistani Americans continue to speak their native languages at home, offspring generally speak only English but understand their parents' native tongue. Many American words that have no easy translation like subways, cable-TV or microwave oven have inevitably entered everyday Pakistani American communication.
Pakistani Americans salute each other with the traditional Islamic greeting Salaam Aleikum ("sahlaam alaykoom")—Peace be with you. The response to that greeting, conveying the same meaning, is Aleikum Salaam. Another common phrase is Inshallah ("insha-allah")—God willing.
Pakistani American families, like their Asian Indian counterparts, tend to be tightly knit and patriarchal. In the case of the early immigrants, often only males had formal educations, and they became the sole breadwinners. The nuclear family is most common, but members of the extended family like grandparents, aunts, and uncles visit frequently and for long periods of time. Siblings and close relatives are encouraged to visit America and are provided with financial and emotional support should they decide to eventually immigrate to the United States. The family, both immediate and extended, is the focus of existence for many Pakistani Americans. Many leisure activities for Pakistani Americans tend to be family and community oriented. Pakistani Americans prefer to reside in areas where there are other Pakistani American families who provide them with a sense of community. Since family ties are so strong, they also try to live close to relatives so that frequent visits are possible.
Most first-generation Pakistani American women continue to fulfill traditional female roles, choosing to take care of the home and family rather than pursuing demanding careers. Second-generation Pakistani American women tend to be more resistant to traditional roles, but the pressures for conformity within the Pakistani community are still quite strong. Some young women report that this results in their "doing it all"—pursuing a demanding career as well as taking on the major responsibility of running the house and caring for the daily needs of the family.
Traditional and religious values are very important to Pakistani Americans, and children are taught their history and culture at an early age. Special classes are held on weekends to teach children these aspects of their identity. Such classes include religious and language education. As is the case with many Muslims, religion tends to provide the guidelines by which the lives of many Pakistani Americans are lived. Dating is discouraged, and marriage between Pakistani Americans within the larger community in general and within the ethnic subcommunities in particular, with parental approval, is actively encouraged. Family and community members are widely consulted in selecting prospective marriage partners for young people. In recent times, there has been some tension between Pakistani American immigrant parents and their American-born children, as children question the need for parental involvement in questions of partner selection and ask for the freedom to date individuals of their choice.
On the whole, education is highly valued among Pakistani Americans. Many first-generation males came to the United States with high levels of education and proceeded to study even further in the United States. The value of education was then transmitted to their children. Both girls and boys are encouraged to study hard, but it is often understood that it will finally be the male's responsibility to be the major financial provider for his family.
As is the case with Asian Indians, Pakistani Americans mingle with their American counterparts or with members of other immigrant ethnic groups in work situations, but often choose to spend their leisure time with members of their own community. Many Pakistani Americans report conflicting feelings about American culture and ways of life. While many aspects of American culture and society are admired, such as personal and political freedom, individualism, the country's achievement in science and technology, and American economic efficiency, other aspects, such as premarital relations, dating, and divorce, are shunned. Again, regional differences prevail, with the more urban immigrants from Karachi tending to be more receptive of American culture and values than the more traditional immigrants who trace their roots to the provinces and rural areas of Pakistan.
Members of the larger Pakistani community hold distinct perceptions of the different subcommunities that the community is composed of. For instance, Pakistanis tracing their roots to Lahore are generally considered to be more traditional and conservative than the more cosmopolitan, Westernized, and sophisticated immigrants from Karachi. The Sindhis and Baluchis are also considered traditional and conservative. Distinctions are also made between immigrants tracing their roots to rural Pakistan and those who have come from large urban centers.
There is some interaction with and overlap between members of the Asian Indian and Pakistani American communities. This is particularly the case with those members of both communities who have the common bond of Islam between them and who might share in prayers at the same mosques and celebrate the same religious festivals.
A Pakistani wedding is a time for great celebration. Traditional Muslims rites are observed, and friends and relatives are invited to join festivities that might stretch over several days and that include feasting on traditional foods. The legal portion of the ceremony is accomplished with the signing of the nikaah, or marital agreement, by the bride and groom. A moulvi ("moolvee"), or knowledgeable one, is present at all ceremonies and formally asks the bride and groom whether they accept each other in matrimony. The wedding is held at party centers, not in mosques, and traditional Pakistani music is played before and after the ceremony. While gifts of money and jewelry are traditionally given at weddings in Pakistan, the community in America tends to also give as gifts appliances or other household items that would be of use to the young couple. Jewelry is still frequently passed down from mother to daughter or daughters-in-law at weddings. Pakistani Hindus, on the other hand, follow the traditional Hindu ceremony, with the bride and groom circling the holy fire from three to seven times, and the priest chanting prayers.
Pakistani Americans follow Islamic rites in burying their dead. No separate cemeteries exist for the community in America; rather, available cemeteries are used. In rare cases, the body might be flown to Pakistan for burial. Only males are allowed to participate in the actual burial ceremony. Pakistani Hindus are generally cremated according to Hindu religious tradition. In this ceremony also, males are given greater prominence. A death is a time for the Pakistani community to come together to provide emotional and sometimes financial support for the bereaved family.
Most Pakistani Americans are devout Muslims, who pray five times a day facing the direction of the holy city of Mecca. Religion figures prominently in the life of Pakistani American families, and the Holy Quran and the teachings of the Holy Prophet serve as the guidelines that Pakistani Muslims follow throughout their lives. Families often visit the mosque once a week, usually on Friday afternoons, where the Imam leads the prayer. If it is not possible to visit the mosque for Friday prayers, Sunday prayers are another popular alternative. Children are encouraged to attend religious education classes held on weekends and during the summer vacation in substantially populated communities. Both men and women must keep their arms and legs covered while in the mosque, and covering the head is also encouraged. The sexes must sit either in separate rooms or in separate groups within the same room for the duration of the prayers.
The majority of Pakistanis belong to the Sunni sect of Islam, although a significant representation may also be found among the Shi'ite sect. Sunnis, or Orthodox Muslims, believe that the community is responsible for maintaining Islamic law. This law, or shari'a, is based on four sources, which in descending order of importance are: the Quran; the examples and teachings of the prophet; communal consensus (later the consensus of religious scholars) on Islamic principles and practices; and reasoning by analogy. Shi'ites, who are followers of Muhammad's cousin, Ali, believe that Muslim religious leadership descends through blood lines. They also differ from Sunnis through certain religious procedures.
In smaller towns in America where there may not be mosques within easy access, Pakistani Americans make special trips to attend the nearest one on major religious holidays and occasions. Pakistani Americans worship at mosques alongside other Muslims who might trace their ancestry to all parts of the Islamic world and to India; there are generally no separate Pakistani American mosques.
Pakistani Americans also participate in and contribute to the larger Islamic community, which includes Arab Americans and African Americans, in America. They are part of the larger community's efforts to educate the country about the ideals of Islam and the teachings of the prophet Mohammed. Pakistani Americans have played important roles in the association the Muslim Students of America (MSA), which caters to the needs of Islamic students across the United States.
Although the overwhelming majority of Pakistani Americans are Muslims, there are also Hindus, Christians, and Zoroastrians within the community. Some Hindus chose to remain in the newly created Pakistan after partition, and they form the core of the Pakistani Hindu community. Hindus are part of a religious tradition that is less structured and less formally organized than other religions like Islam and Christianity. Hinduism is a polytheistic religion, with Hindus generally worshipping many gods, including Brahma, the God of Creation, and Surya, the Sun God. The Hindu community today has access to more than 100 temples all over America, with the oldest one being in San Francisco. It is also common for Hindus in the United States to worship at home, where a small room or portion of a room may be set aside for worship and meditation.
Pakistani Christians, like Asian Indian Christians, worship at churches all over the country and share in the religious life of the dominant Christian culture in America. Zoroastrians or Parsees trace their roots to ninth-century Persia, and form a minuscule religious minority in both India and Pakistan. They have prospered in trade and the professions in both these countries, as also in America, where reports of the earliest Zoroastrians were documented as early as the turn of the century. In recent times, Pakistani Zoroastrians have come to the United States mainly from the Pakistani cities of Lahore and Karachi.
The profile of the Pakistani American today is dramatically different from the earliest Muslims immigrants from the Indian subcontinent, who came to the United States as manual and agricultural workers with few skills and little or no education.
Many Pakistani American males who entered the United States after 1965 were highly educated, urban, and sophisticated, and soon found employment in a variety of professions such as law, medicine, and academia. In the post-1965 wave of immigration, many Pakistanis also came to America as students who earned graduate degrees that enabled them to pursue successful careers in a variety of fields. Some members of the community immigrated to the United States with specific educational backgrounds in fields like the law but failed to find positions within that specific field because their qualifications and experience did not transfer readily to the American context. They have either retrained themselves in other professions or fields, or have had to be satisfied with accepting positions that are meant for individuals with lesser educational qualifications than they have. This is the price that some of these immigrants have paid to settle in the United States.
Most of the community today lives a comfortable, middle-class and upper-middle-class existence, although there might be some incidence of poverty among newer uneducated immigrants. These immigrants tend to take low-paying jobs involving manual or unskilled labor and tend to live in big cities where such jobs are readily available. Many Pakistani Americans also own their own businesses, including restaurants, groceries, clothing and appliance stores, newspaper booths, and travel agencies. It is common to include members of the extended and immediate family in the business.
Pakistani Americans tend to follow the residence pattern set by other Americans, in that they move to more affluent suburbs as their prosperity increases. Members of the community believe in the symbolic importance of owning homes; accordingly, Pakistani Americans tend to save and make other monetary sacrifices earlier on in order to purchase their own homes as soon as possible.
Members of the family and the larger community tend to take care of each other, and to assist in times of economic need. Hence, it would be more common to turn to a community member for economic assistance rather than to a government agency. Relatively low levels of the community are therefore on welfare and public assistance.
In the early part of this century, Muslim immigrants were actively involved, along with their Hindu Indian brethren, in the struggle for residence and citizenship rights in America. Since the second wave of immigration in 1965, the Pakistani American community has not been politically inclined, but this is now changing, with the community starting to contribute funds to their candidates of choice in both parties, and running for elected office in districts with large Pakistani American populations. In recent times, Pakistani American candidates have run for the state senate in districts of such city boroughs as Brooklyn in New York. Because the community is geographically dispersed, the formation of influential voting blocs has not generally been possible, making it difficult to for the community to make an impact on politics in this particular way. However, there are increasing efforts on the part of community leaders to ensure voter registration and involvement. Like the Asian Indians, Pakistani Americans tend to vote Democratic in larger numbers than Republican.
Most Pakistani Americans maintain close links with relatives and friends in Pakistan. First-generation Pakistani Americans travel to their native land at least once every few years, and tens of thousands of airplane tickets are sold to Pakistani Americans every year. They often take back to Pakistan gifts of money, food, and clothing for friends and family, and donate generously to charities. Second-generation Pakistani Americans tend to travel to Pakistan less frequently as ties become attenuated. The relationship of the U.S. and Pakistani governments in the past few decades has been very close, and the Pakistani American community has benefitted from this American interest in the country of their origin.
Pakistani Americans maintain a deep interest in the society and politics of Pakistan. Funds are raised by the community in America for the different political parties and groups in Pakistan. Tensions among ethnic groups like the Sindhis, Punjabis, or Baluchis, in Pakistan tend to be reflected in interaction between these subgroups in America, but to a much lesser extent. Tensions between India and Pakistan also tend to be reflected in the relationships between Asian Indians and Pakistani Americans.
Pakistani Americans have achieved success in many fields, particularly in academia, where they hold positions of respect as faculty members in many prestigious universities. Mohammad Asad Khan (1940– ), a geophysicist and educator, is on the faculty of the geophysics and geodesy department at the University of Hawaii. He has also been a visiting scientist at numerous institutions, including NASA's Goddard Space Center. Altaf Wani is an associate professor of Radiology at the Ohio State University. Mazhar Ali Khan Malik is a professor of economics and engineering and founder of the Pakistan League of America (PLA). Samuel Iftikhar (1923-1991) was an Asian scholar and reference librarian at the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. for more than 25 years. He worked mainly in the Southern Asian section of the library.
Samina Quraeshi (1946– ) is the director of design arts at the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) in Washington, D.C. She holds dual Pakistani and American citizenship and is a graduate of the Yale University School of Art and Architecture. She has been a design consultant who has run her own business.
Dr. Salam Shahidi (1933-1992) was a leading medical researcher in the department of health, New York City. He was also vice-chairman of the Pakistan League of America (PLA) and president of a cultural organization called the National Association of Pakistani Americans. Dr. Muhammad Akhtar is currently the commissioner of Public Health in Washington, D.C., a position he assumed in 1991. He was born in Lahore, Pakistan, and has held important posts in the health departments of the states of Michigan and Missouri during the 1970s and 1980s. Dr. Amanullah Khan (1940– ), a physician, served on the faculty of West Pakistan Medical School. He was a fellow in hematology and oncology at the Wadley Institute of Molecular Medicine in Dallas, Texas, between 1966 and 1969, and has been the chair of the department of immunology from 1970. He is the author of several books and has written several articles in scholarly journals in his field. Dr. Shafi Bezar, a Manhattan surgeon, is also publisher of the community newspaper Awan, and president of the Pakistan League of America (PLA). Dr. Mohammed Sayeed Quraishi (1924– ) holds a doctorate from the University of Massachusetts. He has served as a member of the United Nations WHO team to Bangladesh and has been an entomologist at the Malaria Institute of Pakistan. He has served at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. He is the author of many books and received the Recognition and Appreciation of Special Achievement Award by the National Institute of Health in 1988.
The news group bit.listserv.pakistan provides news of events in Pakistan.
Published in New Jersey in English and Urdu. Features articles of interest to the community and news from Pakistan.
A community newspaper that features articles on community engagements, other topics of interest to the community in America and news from Pakistan. It is published in New York City.
New York Crescent.
Includes articles of interest to the community, news about social engagements involving the community in New York and the United States.
An English language weekly focusing on the Pakistani American community and on events in Pakistan. It is published in New York by Zafar Qureshi.
Description: Informs the general public of current political, economic, and cultural developments and events in Pakistan. Formerly Pakistan Affairs.
Address: Embassy of Pakistan, 2315 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, D.C. 20008.
Telephone: (202) 939-6227.
A program often shown on international cable channels all over the United States, includes Pakistani soap operas, films, and plays. Cities like New York and Los Angeles with relatively large Pakistani American settlements have weekly Pakistani feature and news programs.
Address: TV Asia, c/o International Channel, 12401 West Olympic Boulevard, Bethesda, Maryland 20814.
Telephone: (310) 826-2429.
Many associations tend to be headquartered in big cities with significant Pakistani American populations. Some associations and organizations are restricted to the interests of particular ethnic and regional communities like Punjabis or Sindhis and subsects thereof. The list that follows are pan-Pakistani organizations—those that do not distinguish on the basis of ethnic or regional groups.
Association of Pakistani Physicians (APP).
APP is an organization of Pakistani American physicians and dentists. Focuses on how to better serve the health needs of the Pakistani American community and of all Americans.
Contact: Durdana Gilani, President.
Address: 6414 South Cast Avenue, Suite L2, Westmont, Illinois 60559.
Telephone: (630) 968-8585.
Fax: (630) 968-8677.
Online: http://www.appna.org .
Muslim Students of America (MSA).
Founded in 1963 to serve as a voice for Muslim students in American universities and today has chapters in most major cities in the United States and Canada. Pakistanis have played a leading role in the organization from its inception and have held key roles in its administration. Holds conferences annually on subjects relevant to the Muslim academic community.
Pakistan League of America (PLA).
Membership ranges in the thousands. Promotes Pakistani culture in America, holds national conventions and seminars on issues of interest to the community.
Pakistan Society of Atlanta.
Promotes Pakistani culture and heritage within the United States.
Address: 1035 Bridgewater Walk, Snellville, Georgia 30278-2050.
U.S.-Pakistan Economic Council (USPAK).
Promotes trade between the United States and Pakistan. Offers information on economic and social conditions in Pakistan.
Address: 500 Fifth Avenue, Suite 935, New York, New York 10110.
Telephone: (212) 221-7070.
American Institute of Pakistan Studies
Integral unit of Middle East Center, University of Pennsylvania. Pakistan, including language and political identity or ethnicity, ideology and culture, national integration, and cultural history.
Address: University Museum, 33rd and Spruce Streets, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6398.
Contact: Dr. Brian Spooner, Director.
Telephone: (215) 898-7461.
Fax: (215) 573-2003.
Balagopal, Padmini, et al. Indian and Pakistani Food Practices, Customs, and Holidays. Chicago, IL: The American Dietetic Association, 1996.
Helwig, Arthur and Usha M. An Immigrant Success Story: Asian Indians in America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990.
Jensen, Joan. Passage From India: Asian Indian Immigrants in North America. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988.
Malik, Iftikhar Haider. Pakistanis in Michigan: A Study of Third Culture and Acculturation. New York: AMS Press, 1989.
Melendy, H. Brett. Asians in America: Filipinos, Koreans, and East Indians. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1977.
Williams, Raymond Brady. Religions of Immigrants from India and Pakistan: New Threads in the American Tapestry. New York: Cambridge University Press 1988. | <urn:uuid:b27dccb6-63ae-427b-9fa6-a2fd001abb40> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.everyculture.com/multi/Le-Pa/Pakistani-Americans.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660992.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00244-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962605 | 8,867 | 4.09375 | 4 |
- “Cows are SO big!”
“I did not know that milk comes out warm….”
“They use machines to milk cows?”
OPA 8th grade went on a field trip to Green Acres Dairy (owned and operated by the Gibson family for five generations) and a good time was had by all………..
The kids were charmed by the calves, interested in the cows, and obsessed by bovine excretion. (Yes, cows poop and pee indiscriminately.) They felt warm pipes carrying milk directly from the cows (105 degrees F) and the chilled pipes (36 degrees F) carrying it to the bulk tank.
On the dairy, Gibson milk 1500 head 3 to 5 times daily and, yes, they use machines. The milking parlor operates 23 hours a day; pipes and parlor are thoroughly cleaned during the day's 24th hour. They use chip technology that records the cow’s milk production, temperature, movement in the barn, and number of times she belches daily. (I may have made up that last one….) The cows drink the equivalent of a bathtub full of water every a day, eat what looked like wood chips to us but was really a mixture of silage (ground, fermented corn plants), alfalfa, grass, barley, and various minerals and vitamins, and they sleep on sand. They turn the water and food into milk, 8-10 gallons per cow per day.
Dairy farming is marginally profitable; corn mazes pay off. Seeking a way to supplement income from the family farm, Gibson’s programmed their tractor’s GPS to plant a 6 acre corn maze, complete with outlines of a barn, a gazebo, and the words “Got Milk”: a-MAZE-ing!!! I was blown away by the technology; the kids blew off energy running around the trails…and visiting the petting zoo….and going down the slide.
All in all, it was a successful day… We saw STEM in action, city kids experienced some farm stuff, learning was associated with fun, and we did not lose anyone in the corn maze. Whaaa-whooo!
All student photos have been published with parental permission. | <urn:uuid:95cd115e-c73f-4bf7-90ae-5dd9fc847550> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.lifeisthestoriesyoucantell.com/life-is-the-stories-you-can-tell/a-day-at-the-farm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363465.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20211208083545-20211208113545-00239.warc.gz | en | 0.9682 | 470 | 2.75 | 3 |
Great Migrations National Geographic
Recommended Age: 6+
At a riverbank in Africa's Serengeti, thousands of migrating gnu wildebeest try desperately to cross as terrifying crocs feast on the galloping herds, which must attempt the river for a chance at survival. In the Falkland Islands, the albatross, the king of migrations, journeys thousands of miles to nest despite the deadly cara cara, a predatory raptor. For countless animals species, migration is a dramatic, dangerous, and crucial undertaking...one that is portrayed in vivid color and unflinching candor in this magnificent book, full of gorgeous wildlife photos you can share with you favorite nature lover.
The book follows the sequence of the film, with each section highlighting a factor that makes these epic journeys essential. "The Need for Speed" documents migration as a race against time, in which freezing temperatures or scorching heat usher in a crisis. Incredible photographs document activity along the Mississippi Flyway, which teems with long-distance travelers: red-winged blackbirds, white pelicans, tundra swans, and the birds of prey that patrol the skies.
In "The Need to Feed," the annual search for greener pastures means life must go on the march as hungry predators lie in wait. Dramatic stills show as many as 40,000 walrus trying to evade 200 polar bears...and a jungle terrorized by nature's perfect killer: millions of voracious ants that work as one to overwhelm other species.
"The Need to Lead" explains that migrations need generals, admirals and pioneers. How well the leaders keep their charges in line and on track will determine a species' fate. And in "The Need to Breed," the drive to renew the species forces every generation to risk it all. We experience the Falkland Islands, where aggressive, multi-ton elephant seals battle for the right to breed, and the lush rain forest canopy, where primates gather to feed and mate while smaller creatures glide from tree to tree.In every instance, both the migrating herds and the predators they sustain are faced with a new threat: global climate shift. Safe havens are vanishing, and migrating animals must stay one step ahead of a changing planet. Their struggle to survive despite mounting odds, set against the incomparable beauty of the natural world, fills this magnificently photographed book with drama, fascination, and beauty. | <urn:uuid:f35a3a2c-2ba3-4688-902a-d5f4698f3bb6> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://ebeanstalk.com/collections/gifts-for-50-or-less/products/great-migrations-national-geographic | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500304.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20230206051215-20230206081215-00817.warc.gz | en | 0.920591 | 505 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Peter Davies, BP plc . 12 November 2007
Provides an overview of the role of energy economics, initially considering existing oil resources and the theories on peak oil, and highlighting that oil production not only depends on the resources in place and investment, but also a range of other factors: price; technology; taxes; government policies and global levels of demand. Figures for oil prices, market forces and supply curves are provided. For demand, it is evident that the link between GDP and energy consumption remains intact, but that this varies regionally, highlighted through oil s-curves. In respect to climate change, even though the science is widely accepted, emissions show no sign of slowing and issues for dealing with it include the debate between mitigation and abatement versus adaptation, as well as the range of possible instruments that could be used to reduce emissions. Energy security is considered in terms of normal disruption versus catastrophe and through the role of insurance and stockpiles. From an energy economics perspective, it is suggested that: economic forces matter as much as physical and geological factors; cost benefit analysis can help promote rational decision making; energy markets work; and oil prices are impossible to predict accurately.
Categories: Energy demand, Energy economics, Energy modelling, Energy security, Meetings
Tags: Balance, BP, Climate change, Emissions, Energy generation, Energy markets, Export, Fossil fuels, Import, LNG, Natural gas, OECD, Oil markets, OPEC, Peter Davies, Pricing, Production, Production capacity, Renewables, Resources, Supply demand, Unconventional gas
Post your comments and questions for the speakers here | <urn:uuid:6bfff288-e949-4840-9d12-02e2add0431c> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.biee.org/resources/whats-the-value-of-an-energy-economist/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948609.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20230327060940-20230327090940-00208.warc.gz | en | 0.940846 | 327 | 2.953125 | 3 |
GLACIERS ENTERING THE SEA.
he was knocked over and over, but not hurt; and the boats, though thrice lifted on high and let fall again, received no damage. This was most fortunate for us, for we were a hundred miles distant from the ship, and we should have been left without provisions or fire-arms. I had previously observed that some large fragments of rock on the beach had been lately displaced; but until seeing this wave, I did not understand the cause. One side of the creek was formed by a spur of mica-slate; the head by a cliff of ice about forty feet high; and the other side by a promontory fifty feet high, built up of huge rounded fragments of granite and mica-slate, out of which old trees were growing. This promontory was evidently a moraine, heaped up at a period when the glacier had greater dimensions.
When we reached the western mouth of this northern branch of the Beagle Channel, we sailed amongst many unknown desolate islands, and the weather was wretchedly bad. We met with no natives. The coast was almost everywhere so steep, that we had several times to pull many miles before we could find space enough to pitch our two tents: one night we slept on large round boulders, with putrefying sea-weed between them; and when the tide rose, we had to get up and move our blanket-bags. The farthest point westward which we reached was Stewart Island, a distance of about one hundred and fifty miles from our ship. We returned into the Beagle Channel by the southern arm, and thence proceeded, with no adventure, back to Ponsonby Sound.
February 6th.—We arrived at Woollya. Matthews gave so bad an account of the conduct of the Fuegians, that Captain Fitz Roy determined to take him back to the Beagle; and ultimately he was left at New Zealand, where his brother was a missionary. From the time of our leaving, a regular system of plunder commenced; fresh parties of the natives kept arriving: York and Jemmy lost many things, and Matthews almost every thing which had not been concealed underground. Every article seemed to have been torn up and divided by the natives. Matthews described the watch he was obliged always to keep as most harassing; night and day he was surrounded by the natives, who tried to tire him out by making an incessant noise close to his head. One day an old man, whom Matthews asked to leave his wigwam, immediately returned with a large stone in his hand: | <urn:uuid:92da3cc2-e115-4df9-873d-820d1f3ea2fc> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Darwin_Journal_of_Researches.djvu/247 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153531.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20210728060744-20210728090744-00659.warc.gz | en | 0.988499 | 530 | 2.625 | 3 |
April 21, 2011
Scientists Tracking Black Carbon In The Arctic
Researchers from six countries are in the Arctic studying the potential role that soot, or black carbon, has on the rapidly changing Arctic climate.
Although the Arctic is typically viewed as a vast white wasteland, scientists believe a thin layer of soot is causing it to absorb more heat. They want to find out if that is the main reason for the recent rapid warming of the Arctic, which could have an impact on the world's climate for years to come.Black carbon is produced by vehicle engines, aircraft emissions, burning forests and wood- and coal-burning stoves.
"Carbon is dark in color and absorbs solar radiation, much like wearing a black shirt on a sunny day. If you want to be cooler, you would wear a light-colored shirt that would reflect the sun's warmth," said Tim Bates, a research chemist at NOAA's Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) in Seattle and co-lead of the U.S. component of the study.
"When black carbon covers snow and ice, the radiation is absorbed, much like that black shirt, instead of being reflected back into the atmosphere," explained Bates.
Scientists from The United States, Norway, Russia, Germany, Italy and China are a participating in the Coordinated Investigation of Climate-Cryosphere Interactions (CICCI) project. The team's goals are to coordinate more than a dozen research activities so they are done in tandem providing, for the first time, a vertical profile of black carbon's movement through the atmosphere, its deposition on snow and ice surfaces, and its affect on warming in the Arctic.
"The Arctic serves as the air conditioner of the planet," said Patricia Quinn of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and research chemist at Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL).
Heat from other regions of the Earth moves to the Arctic via circulating air and ocean currents, where some of that warmth does radiate into space along its journey. At the same time, some of the incoming heat from the sun that tends to be absorbed in other regions is reflected by ice and snow, allowing the polar regions to help cool the planet.
But soot in the Arctic could be changing that game.
In recent years, the Arctic has been warming more rapidly than other areas of the planet and the "warming of the Arctic has implications not just for polar bears, but for the entire planet," Quinn told the Associated Press (AP).
"We need to better understand the behavior of black carbon in the Arctic," said Quinn. "This coordinated study will give us a snapshot so we can see all of it at once."
For the NOAA part of the study, called Soot Transport, Absorption, and Deposition Study (STADS), conducted between April 7 and May 6, researchers are using two small unmanned aircraft outfitted with sensors to take samples of the air in the Arctic.
The aircraft will measure aerosol size, number, light absorption and chemical composition. A PMEL sensor will also be outfitted on the aircraft for the first time.
Also, a Norwegian unmanned aircraft will measure incoming radiation from the sun and the reflectivity of snow and ice covered surfaces.
NOAA will also collect falling and newly fallen snow to check levels of black carbon and for chemical tracer analysis. Chemical tracers yield information on the source of the black carbon, which is necessary for creating strategies on how best to deal with the impact black carbon has on the Arctic climate.
Also, Robert Stone of the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences will lead a study to measure reflectivity using a snowmobile-pulled sled on Svalbard at the Holtadalfohna Plateau, Kongsfjord fast ice, and the sea ice north of Spitsbergen.
Cutting carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases is the mainstay of any effort to fight global warming, especially within the Arctic, said Quinn.
But studies suggest that cutting the concentration of short-lived pollutants, such as soot, will reduce the rate of warming in the Arctic faster than cuts in carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, which last much longer in the atmosphere, she said.
The UN Environmental Program urged for cuts in soot emissions in February. The call came for a variety of reasons, including the threat to human health from inhaling it and the potential warming of the polar regions.
The Arctic Council, which represents eight countries that border the Arctic, is deciding whether to seek reductions in soot from other nations and will be using data from the new research project to help make its decisions.
The surface air temperature in the Arctic has increased about twice as fast as the global average rate over the past 100 years, Quinn told AP in an interview by email. "Over the past 50 years, annual average surface air temperatures have increased from 2 to 3 degrees Celsius (3.6 to 5.4 degrees Fahrenheit) in Alaska and Siberia. The annual average temperature globally has increased by about 0.7 degree C (1.3 F) over the same time period."
The Arctic warming has resulted in an earlier spring melt, a longer melting season, and a decrease in the extent of sea ice, she said. That raises concerns for polar bears, which depend on sea ice to hunt for food. When the highly reflective snow and ice melt, the darker surfaces of land and water that are beneath absorb more heat, adding to the growing global warming problem.
Soot's greatest effect in the Arctic is likely to be warming caused by the particles floating in the atmosphere, according to Jack Dibb, an atmospheric chemist at the University of New Hampshire. It may also reduce the reflectivity of the snow and ice enough to cause warming, but that is going to be harder to document, he said in a telephone interview with AP.
The NOAA team includes leaders Bates and Quinn, as well as PMEL engineers Scott Stalin, Nick Delich, and Dirk Tagawa; Joint Institute for the Study of Atmosphere and Ocean scientists Jim Johnson and Drew Hamilton, and NOAA scientist Derek Coffman.
Participating institutions and research centers include the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, the Alfred Wegner Institute, the Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate of the Italian National Research Council, the Chemistry Department of Florence University, the Norwegian Institute for Air Research, the Northern Research Institute, the Norwegian Institute for Polar Research, and the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences.
Image 2: Trish Quinn shows off the first snow pit. Credit: NOAA-STAD
On the Net:
- NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
- Coordinated Investigation of Climate-Cryosphere Interactions Project
- Soot Transport, Absorption, and Deposition Study
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences
- UN Environmental Program
- Arctic Council
- Joint Institute for the Study of Atmosphere and Ocean | <urn:uuid:ed1749b2-adc9-4f6b-9071-b7d394131c67> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/2033713/scientists_tracking_black_carbon_in_the_arctic/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718285.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00366-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933483 | 1,407 | 3.890625 | 4 |
A new autosomal recessively inherited disease of the central nervous system involving childhood epilepsy and mental deterioration is described. Twenty three patients (11 males and 12 females) belonging to 11 families from northern Finland have been identified. A common ancestor has been found for nine families. The mean age of onset of epilepsy was 6.7 years (range 5-10 years) and the epilepsy was characterised by generalised tonic-clonic seizures increasing in frequency up to puberty. One third of the patients also had complex partial seizures during childhood. During young adulthood the epileptic activity began to decrease, but complete remission did not occur. Electroencephalography showed progressive slowing of the background activity with relatively scanty epileptiform activity. Out of four ictal recordings the paroxysmal activity was initiated focally in two cases. Clonazepam and sodium valproate had some antiepileptic effect, clonazepam being the more beneficial of the two. Mental development, which was originally normal, began to deteriorate two to five years after the onset of epilepsy, and the deterioration continued during adulthood in spite of good epilepsy control, leading to mental retardation by middle age. The pathogenesis of the disorder, called the Northern epilepsy syndrome, is unknown. Linkage analysis using DNA markers linked to the EPM1 gene for progressive myoclonus epilepsy of Unverricht-Lundborg type showed that the Northern epilepsy syndrome is not allelic to EPM1.
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Rising lakes threaten cabins
An invasive plant species is causing more than an eyesore at one Minnesota lake.
Last year, the state Department of Natural Resources designated Polk County's Union Lake as infested waters because it has the non-native Eurasian watermilfoil weed. That means the more than $600,000 pump and outlet pipelines installed in 1999 had to be turned off to prevent the spread to other lakes and rivers.
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attraction, attractive force(noun)
the force by which one object attracts another
an entertainment that is offered to the public
the quality of arousing interest; being attractive or something that attracts
"her personality held a strange attraction for him"
attraction, attractor, attracter, attractive feature, magnet(noun)
a characteristic that provides pleasure and attracts
"flowers are an attractor for bees"
drawing card, draw, attraction, attractor, attracter(noun)
an entertainer who attracts large audiences
"he was the biggest drawing card they had"
The tendency to attract
The Moon is held in its orbit by the attraction of the Earth's gravity
The feeling of being attracted
I felt a strange attraction towards the place
An event or location that has a tendency to attract visitors
The new mall should be a major attraction
Origin: from attraction, from attractio from past participle of attraho (= ad + traho)
an invisible power in a body by which it draws anything to itself; the power in nature acting mutually between bodies or ultimate particles, tending to draw them together, or to produce their cohesion or combination, and conversely resisting separation
the act or property of attracting; the effect of the power or operation of attraction
the power or act of alluring, drawing to, inviting, or engaging; an attractive quality; as, the attraction of beauty or eloquence
that which attracts; an attractive object or feature
The Standard Electrical Dictionary
The tendency to approach and adhere or cohere, shown by all forms of matter. It includes gravitation, cohesion, adhesion, chemical affinity and other forms, and is opposed by repulsion, and is sometimes overcome by it, although it may be assumed to be always present. See the different kinds of attractions under their titles: Atomic Attraction, Electro-magnetic Attraction and Repulsion, Electro Static Attraction and Repulsion, Electro-dynamic Attraction and Repulsion; Magnetic Attraction and Repulsion; Molar Attraction.
Song lyrics by attraction -- Explore a large variety of song lyrics performed by attraction on the Lyrics.com website.
British National Corpus
Rank popularity for the word 'attraction' in Nouns Frequency: #1625
The numerical value of attraction in Chaldean Numerology is: 5
The numerical value of attraction in Pythagorean Numerology is: 4
Examples of attraction in a Sentence
It’s definitely an attraction.
Abba Kyari is not a politician, but that is probably part of his attraction.
I would say that is an attraction, rather than a negative thing, it is quite amusing.
It's a different world and the exotic nature (of Hollywood), that's part of the attraction.
An interactive data base will be set up it will become another major attraction for Thailand.
Images & Illustrations of attraction
Popularity rank by frequency of use
Translations for attraction
From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary
- привлекателност, привличане, атракцион, притеглянеBulgarian
- atraccióCatalan, Valencian
- Anziehungskraft, Anziehung, Attraktion, Reiz, LiebreizGerman
- πόλος έλξης, θέλγητρο, έλξη, δέλεαρGreek
- vetovoima, viehätys, vetovoimatekijä, vetonaula, veto, nähtävyys, vetonumeroFinnish
- attraction, attiranceFrench
- אטרקציה, משיכהHebrew
- vonzás, látnivaló, vonzalomHungarian
- attrazione, attrattivaItalian
- 끌어 당김Korean
- тартыш, жылуулук, сонундук, аттракцион, кызыктыргычтык, жагымдуулук, өзүнө тарткычтык, татынакайлык, тартуу, жакшынакайлык, татканткыч жемKyrgyz
- trekpleister, aantrekkingskracht, attractieDutch
- przywiązanie, atrakcja, przyciąganiePolish
- atragere, atracțieRomanian
- привлекательность, влечение, аттракцион, ПривлечениеRussian
- atrakcija, privlačnostSlovene
- joshje, tërheqje, atraksionAlbanian
- по́тяг, привабливістьUkrainian
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Select another language: | <urn:uuid:34e86acb-5afb-4974-a32d-04419b24ea7d> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.definitions.net/definition/attraction | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584334618.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20190123151455-20190123173455-00220.warc.gz | en | 0.730775 | 1,249 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Birds can be as problematic as insects or rodents, whether they’re actually in your home or office or just in the vicinity. The enormity of the problem means bird control services in London are kept busy all year dealing with these urban pests. Let’s take a quick look at the most common birds that can be a pest to humans in the UK.
Starlings might look sweet and cute, but they are a major pest for many urban UK populations. They tend to only be a problem in winter because they seek warmth in our buildings. The main issue is their numbers; they can live in flocks of as many as 100,000 birds!
Pigeons have the biggest reputation for being pests, notably in urban areas where large amounts of food can be scavenged. As we’ve evolved as humans, we have created the perfect breeding grounds and living conditions for pigeons. Our buildings offer multiple places to live in the crevices, beams, roofing and attics. We have obliterated the habitat of pigeons’ natural predators to create our towns and cities, so pigeons are able to live without predation.
The problem with pigeons is that they create a lot of mess. They are known to carry diseases and the sheer volume of pigeon faeces can also cause walkways to be slippery. Pigeons can be controlled in a number of ways, but it needs to be left to professionals such as http://www.vvenv.co.uk.
Seagulls have been a problematic bird for humans for a long time. Flocking around landfill sites, they can spread diseases and their substantial mess can cause problems for buildings. Seagulls also return to breeding spots year after year. Their huge numbers in certain areas mean they can even cause problems for low flying aircraft, trains and even cars. Unlike pigeons, who are fairly scared of humans, seagulls are incredibly territorial, especially when nesting, and they have been known to actually attack humans.
Pest control services use a range of techniques to rid areas of these problematic flocks, including introducing predators such as eagles and hawks or using bird proofing and netting. You can help pest control services reach success by keeping affected areas clear of litter and food, keeping bins closed, and blocking the birds’ access to your building. | <urn:uuid:f8e04d4b-dfb3-41a6-b8a6-0c5b00ff24a7> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://reviewsgang.com/reviews/most-common-uk-pest-bird-species/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588526.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028193601-20211028223601-00557.warc.gz | en | 0.964934 | 486 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Researchers say that ultimately electronic noses based on natural olfactory receptors could be used to hone the exact smell, according to product and consumer requirements. Furthermore it could also help manufacturers determine what are the most attractive odours.
The new interdisciplinary technology approach has been developed and tested by researchers in Spain, France and Italy with funding from the European Commission's Future and Emerging Technologies (FET) initiative of the IST programme, and could also serve a variety of industries, including the health service.
"The potential uses of smell technology are endless," said Josep Samitier, the coordinator of the SPOT-NOSED project that developed nanobiosensors to mimic the way human and animal noses respond to different odours.
The researchers claim that the nose biosensor is capable of detecting odours at concentration that would be imperceptible to the human nose.
This has been achieved by placing a layer of proteins that constitute the olfactory receptors in animal noses on a microelectrode. Data is then measured by determining the reaction when the proteins come into contact with different odorants.
"Our tests showed that the nanobiosensors will react to a few molecules of odorant with a very high degree of accuracy. Some of the results of the trials surpassed even our expectations," Samitier said.
He adds that the tiny bioelectronic sensors represent a 'major leap forward' in smell technology and a clear example of a biomimetic devices obtained by converging Nano-Bio-Info technologies.
The SPOT-NOSED researchers genetically copied several hundred different proteins from rats, which they claim is enough to determine almost any type of smell due to the resultant number of reactions the proteins produce.
In turn, nanotechnology makes this electronic nose feasible, the Samiter added, even though the human nose uses 1,000 different proteins to allow the brain to recognize 10,000 different smells.
While the project has to date focused on replicating the physical reaction that takes place in animal noses to determine odours, the researchers say that their next step will be to develop an electronic nose that recognizes smells using high accuracy electronic instrumentation on a nanoscale level. | <urn:uuid:3c99c11b-d0ab-40fd-96bb-9e8612c2691a> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.cosmeticsdesign-europe.com/Formulation-Science/Nanobiosensors-could-be-next-step-for-cosmetics-testing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701161946.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193921-00006-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937391 | 445 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Course pages 2016–17
Mobile and Sensor Systems
No. of lectures: 8
Suggested hours of supervisions: 2
Prerequisite courses: Operating Systems, Concurrent and Distributed Systems
This course will cover topics in the area of mobile system and communication as well as sensor system and networking and the mixture of the two. It aims to help students develop and understand the additional complexity introduced by mobility, by sensors and by energy constraints and communication mechanisms of modern systems. The course will be using various applications to exemplify concepts.
- Introduction to Mobile Systems. MAC Layer concepts. Examples of mobile systems, differences with non mobile systems. Introduction to MAC layer protocols of wireless and mobile systems.
- Mobile Infrastructure Communication and Opportunistic Networking. Description of common communication architectures and protocols for mobile and introduction to models of opportunistic networking.
- Introduction to Sensor Systems and MAC Layer concepts. Sensor systems challenges and applications. Concepts related to duty cycling and energy preservation protocols.
- Sensor Systems Routing Protocols. Communication protocols, data aggregation and dissemination in sensor networks. Sensor Reprogramming and Management.
- Mobile Sensing: Modelling and Inference Mobile and wearable sensing. Inference of activity. Modelling.
- Mobile Sensing: Systems Considerations Considerations of energy preservation. Local computation vs cloud computation.
- Privacy in Mobile and Sensor Systems Concepts of location privacy. Privacy and sensor based activity inference.
- Internet of Things and Sensor Integration Protocols for networking in IoT. Sensor fusion in IoT. Examples.
On completing the course, students should be able to
- describe similarities and differences between standard distributed systems and mobile and sensor systems;
- explain the fundamental tradeoffs related to energy limitations and communication needs in these systems;
- argue for and against different mobile and sensor systems architectures and protocols.
* Schiller, J. (2003). Mobile communications. Pearson (2nd ed.).
* Karl, H. & Willig, A. (2005). Protocols and architectures for wireless sensor networks. Wiley.
Agrawal, D. & Zheng, Q. (2006). Introduction to wireless and mobile systems. Thomson. | <urn:uuid:1542c7df-a648-4160-b46c-0a97fdedef55> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/teaching/1617/MobSensSys/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988725451.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183845-00110-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.83826 | 440 | 2.703125 | 3 |
'Dancing frog in the sky': Hubble offers a glimpse of a green glowing blob giving birth to new stars
It looks like the green blob that terrorised New York in Ghostbusters.
But this giant glowing mass of gas, photographed for the first time by the Hubble Space Telescope, is something far more mysterious.
Strangely alive, the bizarre blob is giving birth to new stars, some only a couple of million years old, in remote areas of the universe where stars do not normally form.
Alive: A ghostly green blob of gas that is giving birth to new stars floats near a spiral galaxy. This is the first time Hanny's Voorwerp has been photographed by Nasa's Hubble Space Telescope
It was first spotted by Dutch secondary
school teacher Hanny van Arkel in 2007 and is named Hanny's Voorwerp, or
Amateur astronomer: The bizarre blob was first spotted by Dutch secondary school teacher Hanny van Arkel in 2007
She made the extraordinary discovery while taking part in Galaxy Zoo, an online astronomy project which gets the public to help analyse galaxies.
The new Hubble photo, released by Nasa at the American Astronomical Society meeting in Seattle, shows parts of the green blob collapsing.
It is as a result of the pressure that this creates that stars are formed. The stellar nurseries are outside of a normal galaxy, which is usually where stars live.
That makes these 'very lonely newborn stars' that are 'in the middle of nowhere', said Bill Keel, the University of Alabama astronomer who examined the blob.
The blob is the size of the Milky Way, the galaxy that includes the Earth, and it is 650million light years away. Each light year is about six trillion miles.
It is mostly made up of hydrogen gas swirling from a close encounter of two galaxies; it glows because it is illuminated by a quasar in one of the galaxies. A quasar is a bright object full of energy powered by a black hole.
The blob was discovered by elementary school teacher Ms van Arkel, who was 24 at the time, as part of a worldwide Galaxy Zoo project where ordinary people can look at archived star photographs to catalogue new objects.
Ms van Arkel said when she first saw the odd object in 2007 it appeared blue and smaller.
The Hubble Space Telescope was launched into orbit in 1990. The new photo was released by Nasa at the American Astronomical Society meeting in Seattle
The Hubble photo provides a clear picture and better explanation for what is happening around the blob.
'It actually looked like a blue smudge,' Ms van Arkel said. 'Now it looks like dancing frog in the sky because it's green.'
She said she can even see what passes for arms and eyes.
Since Ms van Arkel's discovery, astronomers have looked for similar gas blobs and found 18 of them. But all are about half the size of Hanny's Voorwerp, Mr Keel said.
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- Shocking moment cyclist runs into the side of a trailer in Dee Why | <urn:uuid:1fb3f92c-7ad8-45b9-9dfb-9fb74fe7ef51> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1346056/Dancing-frog-sky-Hubble-offers-glimpse-green-glowing-blob-giving-birth-new-stars.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170253.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00028-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942307 | 791 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Beating the Burglar at His Own Game (Dec, 1924)
This is a really entertaining article about the arms race between safe-crackers and the safe-makers/users.
Beating the Burglar at His Own Game
War-Time Tear Gas Is Added to Equipment Used to Foil Bank Robbers and Expert Safe Crackers
SCIENCE again is a lap ahead of the burglar and safe blower in the eternal race between criminals and the law.
The development of the oxyacetylene torch, coupled with the discovery that a rod of ordinary soft steel would help it burn through the hardest manganese steel ever made, for a time gave the bank robber an advantage.
Then science stepped in and produced a new metal which, so far, has resisted all efforts to melt or drill it. The composition is a closely guarded secret, but copper, apparently, is one of the materials used. Applied to vault doors, a sheet of ordinary hard steel is used on the outside, then a sheet of what appears to be a copper alloy, next a thickness of an exceptionally hard material that looks like carborundum, another sheet of the copper alloy, and finally the inside steel plate.
Science has also turned a war-time invention—tear gas- to peace-time use.
It does the burglar no good to drill or burn or blast his way into a vault equipped with tear gas, for no matter where he attacks the bank’s storehouse, he is bound to release a dense cloud of blinding, choking fumes. In the last century bank-vault and safe construction kept about twenty-five years ahead of the robber. In other words, a new vault or strong box was good for a quarter of a century of use before the improved technique of the burglar rendered it obsolete. In recent years, however, the use of more complicated appliances by the robber has shortened the safety period considerably. To meet the change, the vault makers have constantly improved their product. When the vaults of the Cleveland federal reserve bank were designed, they were equipped with five-foot thick doors of chilled steel, which alone weighed 40,756 pounds. These were the largest made up to that time, but five years later the New York federal reserve vaults’ doors were made just twice as thick—ten feet of the hardest steel known.
For a long- time it was believed that the ball type of manganese safe was impregnable. It was drill-proof, and its peculiar type of door construction offered no chance to pour in liquid explosive, while the offset combination locks resisted the sledge-hammer cracksman who knocks off the dial and punches out the tumblers with a steel rod.
Then came the development of the portable gas torch and the fluxing rod. The rod is just a bar of soft steel. Held with its point against the hard steel, just where the flame is applied, this rod oxidizes with tremendous rapidity and an irresistible temperature is developed. Even then the makers of the round chest believed it was safe, because, they said, any attempt to burn through it would be useless, as the heat would destroy the contents, and so give the burglar nothing for his pains. But a clever gang of robbers melted a tiny hole through the three-inch wall of a safe, and then inserted a funnel and filled the inside with water. Then they burned out a plug, leaving a hole big enough to insert the arm, and fished up the contents through the water.
Now bankers are wheeling their manganese safes into a vault equipped with tear gas. The inside of the door is a maze of steel wires, running over small brass pulleys and held at tension by strong springs. The wires cross every section of the door, and even crisscross over the combination box, to guard against any attempt to knock off the dial and punch out the tumblers. If the wire is broken at any place, the tension is released, two burglar-proof bolts shoot home, and one of them trips a trigger, which releases a spring-driven plunger in the tear-gas container, breaking the glass vials and releasing dense clouds of the unbearable gases.
The introduction of gas is only one of the many changes made in modern vaults. Doors in the bigger vaults are no longer made with stepped or tongue-and-grooved edges. Instead they are plain cones, which plug the opening like the stopper of a bottle. Tests revealed that explosive’s poured into the cracks of a stepped door would exert tremendous leverage against the sides of the steps, forcing the door out, while with the plain cone type, the blast can only blow out into the room or into the vault, without tearing off the door. While new burglar-proof locks, tear-gas bombs and special construction are being extended to protect from burglars, bankers still put much of their trust in electrical alarm systems, and some of the latest models are so complete as to be virtually proof against any sort of attack. The electrical alarms, like those used on stores and residences, are divided into two classes, local alarms with gongs on the building to attract passers-by and police, and central-office alarms, in which a silent signal is flashed to headquarters of the burglar-protection company, which dispatches armed guards to the scene. | <urn:uuid:41072add-6de5-4e6f-bad6-f412a5418767> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://blog.modernmechanix.com/beating-the-burglar-at-his-own-game/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824775.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021114851-20171021134851-00859.warc.gz | en | 0.954863 | 1,106 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The human papillomavirus, or HPV, is the most common sexually transmitted infection, or STI, in the United States, with an estimated 79 million Americans currently infected and 14 million newly infected persons per year, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. There are more than 40 types of HPV that can affect the genitals, mouth and throat and can lead to genital warts or many types of cancers, including cervical. HPV is passed between partners through skin to skin contact, and nearly all sexually active people contract HPV at some point in their lives.
Many times, the infected person does not experience any symptoms of the HPV infection but can continue to transmit the virus to a sexual partner. Additionally, in up to 90 percent of cases, the virus goes away on its own within two years, according to the CDC. When the virus stays, HPV can cause normal cells to become abnormal, leading to warts or cancer.
Until recently the main ways to prevent HPV infection were condom use and limiting the number of sex partners. With the introduction of the HPV vaccine, a safe, effective method to prevent infections with the most common types of HPV that cause infection and cancer is available. Vaccination is most effective before people become sexually active, so the CDC recommends HPV vaccines for all 11- and 12-year-olds. Gardisil® (vaccine for males and females that is active against four types of HPV) and Cervarix® (vaccine for females only active against two types of HPV) can be administered up to the age of 26. Both vaccines are administered in a three-shot series. The vaccine won't treat an existing HPV infection.
After the introduction of the vaccine in 2007, studies conducted in Australia and the United States all identified a decrease in genital warts as a result of HPV in both males and females under the age of 25. Similar decreases among the Army active-duty component beginning in 2007 were reported in a recent Medical Surveillance Monthly Report, or MSMR. The MSMR reported 163 new cases of HPV per 10,000 person-years from 2000--2012. Rates observed among women were twice as high as those among men. Rates for both males and females decreased with age, dropping substantially by age 25. By comparison, the rate of chlamydia for the same population and time period was 148 and for gonorrhea was 37.
While there is no test to determine one's overall HPV status, the PAP test is used to screen for cervical cancer in females beginning at the age of 21. In females over the age of 30, an HPV test can be performed along with the PAP test. There is no HPV test available at this time for males, nor is there a test to identify HPV in the mouth or throat.
Consult with your primary-care provider if you have any concerns about HPV or HPV vaccination, or to begin the vaccine series. | <urn:uuid:8d93da83-215b-4756-bdf2-1521d4852b4a> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.army.mil/article/117759/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154099.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731172305-20210731202305-00553.warc.gz | en | 0.954872 | 595 | 3.4375 | 3 |
|This article needs additional citations for verification. (June 2010)|
The Ladby ship is a major ship burial, of the type also represented by the boat chamber grave of Hedeby and the ship burials of Oseberg, Borre, Gokstad and Tune in South Norway, all of which date back to the 9th and 10th centuries. It is the only ship burial discovered in Denmark. It was discovered southwest of Kerteminde on the island of Funen.
Discovery and excavation
The grave is situated within an ordinary burial site, from the Viking Age. Excavations revealed an abundance of grave goods consisting both of objects and of animals. It was previously dated to the early 10th century, based on a gilded link of bronze for a dog-harness, decorated in Jelling style, that was found there.
The grave had been extensively disturbed and, since only a few small human bones were found, this has been interpreted to be a translation, i.e. removal from a heathen to a Christian grave. Another more likely interpretation is that the struggle for dominance by King Haraldr Blátönn and his heir, Sveinn Tjúguskegg, may have led to the grave being desecrated. It was, after all, a symbol of power very visible to all who travelled or lived in the area, glorifying the minor king buried there. By removing the deceased and chopping all his grave goods into hundreds of pieces within a few years of the burial, the attackers presumably gave his heirs a great blow to their family prestige.
The site was discovered on or around February 28, 1935, and the excavation was performed by conservator G. Rosenberg and pharmacist P. Helweg Mikkelsen, between 1935 and 1937. Their original drawings constitute the primary source-material for information on the find. P.Helweg Mikkelsen also showed himself to be a patron of historical landmarks by paying for an arched building to be raised above the site, which was then covered with earth and grass. This was then given to the National Museum, which had full responsibility for the site until 1994, when it passed to the department of Archaeology and Landscape at the Viking Museum at Ladby (part of The Museums of Eastern Funen).
Viking Museum Ladby
Now the Viking Museum at Ladby displays many of the original finds and offers an engaging overview of the Viking era as it unfolded on the north east of the island of Funen. The new building from 2007 also contains a reconstruction of the ship burial. It shows the scene as it may have looked right after the funeral, with the deceased chieftain lying on a bed in a full-scale replica of his ship, with all his grave goods, near his dogs and his eleven horses. There is also an interpretive movie about the Vikings' beliefs regarding the journey to the realm of the dead, based on Norse myths and the images on the Gotlandic Picture stones.
- Sørensen, Anne C.: Ladby. A Danish Ship-Grave from the Viking Age, Ships and Boats of The North, Vol. 3; Viking Ship Museum in collaboration with the National Museum of Denmark and Kertemindeegnens Museer, Roskilde 2001, ISBN 8785189440
- "History of the Museum". Viking Museum Ladby (in Danish). Retrieved 20 June 2014.
- Summary of: Ladby. A Danish Ship-Grave from the Viking Age Viking Ship Museum Roskilde.
- The Ladby Ship 1001 stories of Denmark, The Heritage Agency of Denmark. Audio-file available. | <urn:uuid:8429e730-b1b6-4734-b157-dd12007e5850> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladby_ship | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430453791682.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501041631-00062-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960726 | 756 | 3.25 | 3 |
Poor air quality is a global problem that can significantly impact both human health and the health of our environment. The World Health Organization (WHO) indicates that exposure to pollutants like nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide can cause respiratory problems, which over time can lead to lung issues including cancer. Even more disconcerting is the knowledge that air quality inside the home is often much worse than outdoors. This is primarily due to off-gassing of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) found in new flooring, paints, adhesives and other common household products.
C2Sense can selectively, and with great sensitivity, detect such pollutants to ensure that the air you breathe is safe. | <urn:uuid:c060a7ec-1b1d-44bc-aa66-823dcdf34690> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://www.c2sense.com/portfolio-posts/environmental-monitoring/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267866926.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20180624083011-20180624103011-00146.warc.gz | en | 0.951723 | 137 | 3.03125 | 3 |
By: Carmen Willings
Updated October 30, 2017
Video magnifiers (formerly called closed-circuit televisions or CCTVs) use a stand-mounted or handheld video camera to project an image onto a screen (ex. video monitor, television, computer monitor, iPad, etc.). With this device, people with low vision can read books, magazines, newspapers, manage a checkbook, read prescription bottles, or view photos comfortably. Most models allow for the user to adjust the magnification, contrast and illumination to suit the individual student’s needs. Using a video magnifier increases independence in accessing small size print, reduces the need to produce large print, has been shown to improve reading rate and efficiency and encourages writing through visual confirmation.
In black and white models, the student may also change the polarity from black on white to white on black. In color models, the student may adjust polarity as well as choose the color of text and background. With this equipment, the student is able to view print material of all types as well as charts, diagrams, and photographs. Color monitors allow persons with visual impairments to take full advantage of the pictures and color cues used in charts, maps, and other educational materials.
The downside with any electronic equipment is that it needs to be placed near an outlet (unless you are using a portable device that is battery powered). Also, if it is positioned in the front of the classroom, it may obstruct the view for other students and the student's work is visible to others. Another challenge is that materials must be laid flat to avoid glare, improve readability and function properly. An extra-wide binding margin is especially helpful in books and other bound material, because it makes it easier to hold the volume flat. An anti glare, clear, Plexiglas board can be placed over the material to help create a flat surface.
Stand Video Magnifiers
Some students will prefer larger monitors as it will allow them to view more information at a time. A camera projects the image of the material onto a television screen at the student’s eye level. Most models fit onto a small table and are somewhat portable. In some schools, the table is placed on wheels to allow the student to move the device to various locations.
Typically, stand video magnifiers come with an x-y table, or it can be purchased separately. The printed material is placed on the x-y table which is a movable table that allows for fluid movements horizontally and vertically. The table can also be adjusted to remain in place.
Video Magnifiers with Distance Capabilities
There are many electronic video magnifiers on the market now that are able to toggle between near and distance which allows the student to view what is presented at a distance without having to hold a monocular or binocular, thus allowing for hands free distance viewing.
Portable Video Magnifiers
Portable models are also available for students who have more movement during the school day. The advantage of portable video magnifiers is that they are lightweight and portable allowing a student can easily take them with them as they transition to different environments. There are a variety of portable electronic magnifiers or hand-held magnifiers. Some have a small camera that is passed over the text, while others use a compact version of the desktop monitor.
Optical Character Recognition
Some video magnifiers feature full page OCR capabilities. Optical Character Recognition (OCR) technology allows persons who are blind or visually impaired to scan printed text/image and then listen to synthetic speech that reads the text/image or save it to a computer. The three parts of OCR technology including scanning, recognition and reading text. A camera scans the text/image, the OCR software converts the text/image into recognized characters and words and then a synthesizer in the system speaks the text. The information can then be stored in electronic form.
Selecting the Right Video Magnifier
There are increasing improvements and product developments in today's market! Many newer video magnifiers have a smaller footprint, are compact and foldable and lightweight making them an excellent choice for the classroom and for students who move locations throughout the day. Many of the newer models can be used with a laptop or iPad, and can be easily adjusted to view information at near, view self or view information at a distance.
The question is not what you look at, but what you see."
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TVI's Guide to Teaching the ECC: An Activities Based Curriculum for Teaching Students who are Blind or Visually Impaired
Written specifically for fellow itinerant Teachers of Students with Visual Impairments (TVI’s), this book consists of over 400 activities and topic areas of discussion for instructing students in the Expanded Core Curriculum. The activities are age-neutral and multi-sensory and therefore can meet the needs of the broad range of students served on an itinerant caseload serving. The activities can be individualized to the students various learning modalities and scaffold in order to challenge students but ensure success. Select those activities that align with the student’s learning objects based on the student’s unique visual needs and academic and developmental level.
The core activities listed in the Activity section can be adapted to each thematic unit. These include:
In addition to the core activity areas, each of the 32 Thematic Units incorporates additional unique ECC concepts and skills providing you with a years’ worth of activities. These units are cyclical and can be used repeatedly to help students build on prior knowledge and develop a deeper understanding of concepts. Each unit includes suggestions for activity adaptation associated with the unit. These include lists of objects, possible community based experiences, environmental print, poems, children & young reader books, children's songs, pop culture songs, movies, and websites.
Unique Concepts within the Units include:
Although the intended audience of this resource is fellow Teachers of Students with Visual Impairments, special education teachers may find these activities beneficial to the students in their classrooms as the activities are multisensory and include life skills and concepts needed by all students. This resource, however, is not intended to take the place of a Teacher of Students with Visual Impairments (TVI). Readers are advised to consult their own TVI’s regarding instruction in the ECC and the unique visual needs of the student’s served in their programs.
Note: This curriculum is a digital pdf download. Once you make your purchase you will be directed to an order confirmation page where you will find the download link. This download will also be included on the receipt sent to the email address you provide. The pdf download can be found directly under the order number.
Each download is intended for single instructor use per copyright. Thank you for helping me preserve the content and not distributing copies to third parties.
Digital pdf download: 364 pages (11 pt font)
Publisher: Teaching Students with Visual Impairments
Author: Carmen Willings
Visual Efficiency & Magnifier Fluency Grab & Go ECC Supplements
This workbook is a pdf download that can be printed on demand for use with students. It contains five different types of worksheets for developing visual motor skills and near magnifier fluency skills particularly with the use of a video magnifier. As a supplement to the TVI’s Guide to the ECC, the worksheets correspond to each of the 32 ECC Thematic units. The worksheets, along with a list of environmental print for each thematic unit, are designed to help students refine their visual motor skills while reinforcing ECC concepts presented in the thematic units.
Visual Efficiency & Near Magnifier Fluency Worksheet Details:
Digital pdf download: 210 pages
Publisher: Teaching Students with Visual Impairments
Author: Carmen Willings | <urn:uuid:46a7bf59-196a-43b0-85cc-1b11406b2066> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.teachingvisuallyimpaired.com/video-magnifiers.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742322.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20181114232605-20181115014605-00228.warc.gz | en | 0.922447 | 1,654 | 3.859375 | 4 |
Although developed a few years ago Bounceback 7 educational software featuring a comprehensive range of games for maths is still high on the list of teaching resources used in schools and now at home.
Maths is a critical subject area especially now Ofqual and the government are reviewing the subject areas able to be taken at GCSE. Claims that exams have become dumbed down, teachers coerced into teaching to test and exam boards caught coaching teachers on how to increase pupil’s marks have conspired to force the purge. Using Bounceback 7 as bedrock to learn and practice maths has led to a resurgence it is popularity.
Simple to operate the program covers 15 key areas of maths through a of series games that can be played in the classroom and at home. Multiplication, division, subtraction and addition etc. (see below for a summary) are supported by lesson activities and ideas for homework with printable homework sheets. The CD ROM includes teacher’s notes that include teaching objectives, key vocabulary and notes on teaching points.
The lesson activities include demonstrations of concepts and calculation techniques. The games are interactive to give the student and teacher instant feedback. The tests results can be printed to give the pupil and teacher a record. The homework sheets can be completed and marked on screen, or printed for use as a traditional homework exercise
The maths games ask questions on the area of maths being tested and then marks the answers. It provides a fun base to learning maths for the child and a good indication of their progress to the teacher or parents. A really great feature is just how simple it is to operate. The menu leads straight to the game which includes advice to teachers on the choice and printable worksheets.
Bounceback 7 includes:- Number sequences, Negative numbers , Square numbers, Factors, Fractions, percentages and decimals, Ratio and proportion; Mental and written calculation methods for addition; subtraction; multiplication and division; Calculating with money; Solving word problems involving numbers in “real life”; Units of length; mass and capacity; Perimeter and area; 2D and 3D shapes; Time; Triangle; Coordinates; Line symmetry and reflection; Naming, estimating, measuring, and drawing angles; Interpreting information from tables and lists; Bar charts; Line graphs; Pie charts; Mode and range; Probability. | <urn:uuid:80bf1345-39e6-4e98-ae73-343081fc6987> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.keen2learn.co.uk/opinion/bounceback-educational-games-for-maths-still-a-top-choice/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422121981339.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175301-00216-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952403 | 477 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Individuals with hepatitis B virus (HBV) are less likely to develop hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, the most common form of liver cancer) if they take Baraclude (entecavir), Healio reports. However, the risk of liver cancer persists and careful monitoring is vital.
Publishing their findings in the American Journal of Gastroenterology, researchers conducted a real-world study of 841 people with hep B who were enrolled in the ENUMERATE trial of Baraclude at 26 clinical sites.
To fashion a virtual comparison group, the researchers used the Risk Estimation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Chronic Hepatitis B (REACH-B) model, which estimates expected liver cancer incidence based on clinical variables.
The paper’s final analysis included 841 people. Sixty-five percent were male, 84 percent were Asian, 63 percent were hepatitis B e antigen positive and 9.4 percent had cirrhosis. The median age was 47.
During a median follow-up of four years, 17 people (2.6 percent) developed liver cancer, including eight out of 61 (13.1 percent) of those with cirrhosis and nine out of 585 (1.5 percent) of those without cirrhosis. Compared with those who did not have liver cancer, those who did were older—a median 53 years old versus 47 years old—and had a higher rate of cirrhosis, 47.1 percent versus 8.4 percent.
Among those without cirrhosis, the liver cancer rate four years into the study was 63 percent lower than the REACH-B model predicted. At the maximum follow-up time of 8.2 years, liver cancer rates were 43 percent lower than expected.
The researchers concluded, “Based on the REACH-B model, long-term [Baraclude] therapy was associated with a lower-than-predicted HCC incidence. However, the risk of HCC persisted, and careful HCC surveillance remains warranted despite the antiviral treatment.”
To read the Healio article, click here.
To read the study abstract, click here. | <urn:uuid:3c3e7029-3b20-4725-90fb-3df61656e1b5> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.hepmag.com/article/baraclude-entecavir-lowers-liver-cancer-risk-people-hepatitis-b | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251696046.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127081933-20200127111933-00163.warc.gz | en | 0.963158 | 451 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The mind of babies is like a blank slate. They only learn and develop their knowledge by observing and exploring the things around them. If you do not expose your child to the outer world from an early age, they will get scared of it when they finally have to face it. Therefore, children should learn and explore all sorts of things appropriate for their age to become more confident.
Children usually know a lot about the animals on land but get sacred of the marine animals. They lack proper knowledge about them and fear they would attack them. However, all marine animals are not scary or harmful, and your child will only know about it if you let him/her explore and learn. You need to create appropriate learning opportunities so your child can learn fast.
Dig deeper into this article to learn and explore how you can teach your child about marine life.
Top 7 Fun Ways to Help Your Child Learn About Marine Life
In the books of kindergarten-level kids, there is always a section of animals. However, most of the time, no marine animal is mentioned in the list except for fish. So, the children think there are only fish in the water and do not know about all the other marine animals. Marine life is equally interesting, fascinating, and important, so you must teach your child about it.
Here are some of the most fun ways you can help your child learn about marine life.
1. Plan a Beach Day
There is nothing better than a firsthand experience, which will provide the opportunity for observance and learning. You can plan a beach day with your children and make sure to go to the water. However, you need to be equally careful about following the safety precautions. Explore the marine life and teach the name of different species to your child.
2. Watch Marine Cartoons
Children and even some adults have a great interest in cartoons. Cartoons teach them lots of things about society and commendable characteristics too. So, to support the learning experience of children, there are numerous types of cartoons too. You can let your child watch cartoons about marine animals or characters and boost their learning.
3. Get Story Books
Children love stories. So it is one of the most creative, fun, yet easy ideas of introducing marine life to your children. You can buy storybooks about marine characters and prefer the ones which have pictures too. On the other hand, you can create imaginary stories about marine animals like you might do about lions, dogs, cats, and other land animals. To boost the involvement of your children, you can ask them to create the story too.
4. Explore Marine Life Documentaries
One of the best ways to teach your child about marine life is by exploring documentaries about them. There are numerous detailed documentaries about various marine species, their lifecycles, their importance, and other things that you can watch with your child. It will surely boost their interest and might make them want a marine pet.
5. Go For Fishing
Another great idea to make children learn about marine life is going for fishing. In addition to catching the fish, you can guide children about other species you might catch. You can also brief them about thousands of other creatures living in the water and their main characteristics to build their knowledge and interest.
6. Get Marine Animal Toys
Toys are often the best buddies of children. They are not only a means of playing for kids but are their friends, imaginary sibling, and support. So, if you want your child to learn about marine animals from an early age, you can bring them marine animal toys. It will boost their interest and curiosity to learn more about them.
7. Visit Dubai Aquarium
Lastly, the best way you can teach your children about marine life is by visiting the Dubai aquarium. It is one of the biggest aquariums in the world, which has over a thousand types of marine species. The children can get the opportunity to explore them in their natural habitat, which is quite fascinating as well. So, get your aquarium and underwater zoo tickets online and plan your visit now to explore the marine life on a large scale.
Utilize the above options and let your child explore the marine world!
Once you open the door of marine life for your child, they will have a lot to learn, explore and observe, which will keep them too immersed and busy. So, utilize the time of your child wisely and let them absorb as much learning material as they can without even knowing. Plan some trips too, like a visit to the Dubai aquarium so they can see everything in real and learn to appreciate it. | <urn:uuid:ef03f766-5921-4fb6-9b2f-47dd4b421ee0> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.etc-expo.com/how-to-teach-child-about-marine-life/?amp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363309.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20211206163944-20211206193944-00289.warc.gz | en | 0.95805 | 935 | 3.3125 | 3 |
California has been blessed with a wet winter this year. At the time of publishing, most of the state is at or well above the historical average precipitation to date for this time of year and Sierra Nevada snowpack is at more than 140% of historical average. That’s been good news for the California plants, animals, and humans that rely on water to survive and recreate. But lots of precipitation now doesn’t necessarily mean that California will have lots of water when it needs it. That’s because what matters is not only how much water we get, but when and how we get it.
The “bathtub” of California storage doesn’t capture most water from extreme rainfall
Consider California’s water system as a bathtub. That bathtub has a faucet pouring water in and a drain pulling water out. The faucet in this analogy is our precipitation, the drain is our water use, and the bathtub is our storage capacity—that is, how much water we have available to use in our three main types of storage: surface reservoirs, groundwater aquifers, and snowpack. There’s only so much water California’s natural and human systems are using at any given time – only so fast that the drain pulls water out. If water (snow and rain) were to flow in through the faucet at the same rate as the drain pulls water out, then we wouldn’t need the bathtub or the storage system. But this almost never happens in California’s highly variable hydroclimate. In reality, the faucet often flows fast, the bathtub fills up quickly (two-thirds of California’s yearly precipitation falls in less than 4 months – a shorter wet season than anywhere else in the United States), and for the rest of the year—or year-round during a drought—we’re mostly draining water out.
Now imagine that we point a firehose at our bathtub for a few minutes—that’s more or less what the atmospheric rivers that bring California’s extreme precipitation events do. It’s what happened to the state in recent storms and is happening this week. Some of these atmospheric rivers can carry an amount of water vapor into California that’s up to 15 times what flows out of the mouth of the Mississippi River. Because our proverbial bathtub isn’t big enough or located in all the right places to hold that much water, most of that water – some experts estimate up to 80% – goes over the tub’s edge, which in our analogy would be into the Pacific Ocean. So just because the faucet is turned on full blast over the state, it does not mean that people, plants, and animals will have all of that water available to use during the dry summer months. Add to that the risks to people and property that come with getting our water in this extreme form, including the flooding, evacuations and mudslides along the Russian River that have come with this week’s storms.
Extreme precipitation will likely intensify with climate change
Atmospheric rivers are a natural part of California’s water cycle, and it’s long been the case that we get most of our water in just a few storms. Our recent storms reflect this: in just the last month, California went from average year-to-date precipitation to more than 20% above average. Across most of Southern California, 20-30% of precipitation comes from just one atmospheric river event.
Climate change is likely to intensify our storms, and further compress California’s precipitation into extreme events, as a number of studies have shown. In the next 50 years, another 25-30% of California’s annual rainfall could come during these extreme events. That’s a third more of our precipitation coming out of the faucet in a way that our bathtub currently isn’t well equipped to hold. Oroville Dam was almost exactly 50 years old when its spillway failed during an extreme rainfall event in 2017, raising concern that the dam itself would fail and leading to the mandatory evacuation of nearly 200,000 downstream residents. These increasing extremes brought about by climate change will happen well within the lifespan of our current infrastructure.
So what do we do? Build bigger, stronger bathtubs? Put our bathtubs in different places? Use other peoples’ bathtubs? Change the size of the drain?
We need a smarter bathtub
We could cope with these changes in California’s hydroclimate if our bathtub were smarter. At the moment, our snowpack is storing a lot of the deluge we’ve gotten over the last few months. But climate change is already jeopardizing that part of our storage. As temperatures rise, more precipitation will fall as rain rather than snow; the snow that does fall will melt and run off more quickly; and there will be increased risk of rain-on-snow events, in which warm rainfall washes down huge amounts of snowpack at once.
We can pick up some of that slack with our dams and reservoirs. There is valuable work happening now to improve the way we forecast atmospheric river events and incorporate those forecasts into reservoir operations, so that we can store more winter water while still keeping our rivers and wetlands healthy and buffering against floods. But it’s hard to imagine where and how we would build enough surface reservoir capacity to capture and store the massive precipitation and runoff events of the future. Meanwhile, the consequences of our reservoirs failing to hold these flood events is only too fresh, as the newly reconstructed Oroville Dam spillway awaits its first use.
Luckily, the state of California has over 850 million acre feet of available groundwater storage – more than 15 times the available surface reservoir capacity – that could replace snowpack as our natural reservoir system as we get more of our precipitation in liquid rather than solid form. The 2014 Sustainable Groundwater Management Act, which creates a statewide framework for stabilizing California’s groundwater resources, could open the door to using groundwater to sustainably manage California water under a changing climate. There’s plenty of work left to do in figuring out where and how to recharge those floodwaters into our enormous underground storage, but there are lots of promising leads. Urban areas are also increasingly figuring out strategies to capture and use stormwater locally.
Profound changes are already underway in California’s climate and our water supply. As the climate changes, how and when we get our water in California is changing and so must how we manage it. If we’re going to be able to keep using what we get, we need to need to start creating a smarter bathtub now.
Support from UCS members make work like this possible. Will you join us? Help UCS advance independent science for a healthy environment and a safer world. | <urn:uuid:50635ad2-5c77-4987-9d01-95c83b2d3599> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://blog.ucsusa.org/geeta-persad/wet-weather-in-california-now-doesnt-equal-lots-of-water-later | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496671249.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20191122092537-20191122120537-00134.warc.gz | en | 0.949634 | 1,416 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Low-income communities are disproportionately affected by extreme weather, according to a report out Monday from the Center for American Progress that offers policy recommendations to shore up infrastructure and protect against future damages.
The report, “A Disaster in the Making: Addressing the Vulnerability of Low-Income Communities to Extreme Weather,” states that neighborhoods where a majority of residents live at or below the poverty line are ill-prepared to deal with fallout from storms and other weather-related disasters. As a result, extreme weather hits low-income communities harder.
“While many describe storms and other extreme weather as ‘social equalizers’ that do not differentiate based on ethnicity, race, or class, the truth is that these events exacerbate our underlying economic inequities,” writes Tracey Ross, the report’s author and a senior policy analyst with the center’s Poverty to Prosperity program.
Ross uses superstorm Sandy to illustrate her point. The majority of New York City storm-surge victims were low-income renters, she writes, citing a statistic provided by the Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy. Residents of subsidized high-rise apartments were trapped inside their homes in large numbers during the storm, often because they had nowhere to go and no way to leave. In other cases, elderly or disabled individuals living at or below the poverty line were stranded inside high-rise towers when power outages put elevators out of service.
To prevent these outcomes in the future, the report offers a number of policy recommendations aimed at strengthening the resilience of low-income communities to extreme weather. The report suggests public-housing authorities retrofit existing structures to guard against storm damage. It notes, however, that renovation can lead to rent increases and recommends expanding availability of the Low Income Housing Tax Credit to offset a rise in prices.
The report also calls on policymakers to address economic and environmental risk factors. It suggests making disaster-mitigation insurance more affordable for low-income individuals and recommends restored funding for the Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program, which saw a 30 percent cut in its operating budget from 2011 to 2012.
Ross also points out that “following a disaster, one of the immediate concerns of families is food security,” and emphasizes the importance of safeguarding the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, otherwise known as food stamps, as well as the related Disaster Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, or D-SNAP. The report also urges extending benefit payout periods for disaster unemployment assistance and unemployment insurance programs.
In a final note of warning, Ross writes: “We cannot continue to ignore our nation’s housing crisis, the environmental justice issues that continue to plague our communities, and the growing economic inequality that inhibits our country’s growth. Resiliency in low-income communities is an investment we can and must make.”
What We're Following See More »
The Supreme Court on Monday declined to hear an appeal to the "federal disclosure rules for political advertising," leaving in place the ruling by a lower court upholding a law requiring the disclosure of donors to political ads. The appeal came from "a Denver-based libertarian think tank that wanted to run an ad without being forced to divulge its major donors," which argued that the requirement was a violation of first amendment rights under the Court's Citizens United decision.
"The Trump administration is proposing a budget it says will increase defense spending by $54 billion and cut non-defense spending by the same amount. The White House is sending a topline budget proposal reflecting those figures to federal agencies on Monday afternoon, according to an Office of Management and Budget official." An unnamed OMB official said most federal agencies would face cutbacks.
Donald Trump announced in a tweet on Saturday that he would not attend the White House Correspondents' Association dinner in April. The move did not come as a surprise, another moment in his ongoing battle with the media, which he has dubbed the "enemy" of the American people and repeatedly refers to as "fake news." Multiple outlets have already cancelled their events surrounding the dinner and several are considering skipping the event outright.
Phillip Bilden, Donald Trump's nominee for Navy secretary, has decided to withdraw his nomination after he was unable to sufficiently untangle his financial commitments. Bilden follows Vincent Viola, who withdrew his nomination for Army secretary. | <urn:uuid:082a9642-989d-4840-9794-25321fe80836> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://www.nationaljournal.com/s/72027/extreme-weather-hurts-low-income-people-most?mrefid=mostViewed | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501173405.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104613-00316-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960217 | 889 | 2.734375 | 3 |
To put some sort of context around this month’s blog article on non centralized security or how to get to centralized security. I want to start with just briefly talking about Windows Security. Now, as you can see here, I am logged on to this computer. A little Ctrl-Alt-Delete and I get the standard screen. I am clearly logged on as someone. I change my password and everything else. Having logged on like that Windows has created for me a security token that represents my user account. It contains the Globally Unique Identifiers (GUI); they are called security identifiers when they are used for security. That token contains all of the SIDs, both from my user account and every group account I belong to. So, my User account and all my groups. Any time I go to contact a server to get a file for instance, that server has to determine if I am allowed to have access to that file. Jump in here and look at any random folder like Windows. Take a look at the Properties. On the Security tab you’ll see the Users and Groups that have access to this.
Generally what these access control lists (ACL) contain is a bunch of SID’s or Security Identifiers. We as humans have no use for that information. So when this dialog is built it actually goes to the security authority and gets the name that is associated with each one. In the case of local accounts, that happens pretty quickly. But when you have been looking at one of these in Windows and you see a really large one. I’m sure you have seen the question mark over here, or maybe you have even seen a SID listed here instead of the name. While the dialog box goes out to a Domain Controller or Global Catalog Server and translates those SIDs into the names you see here.
So this is what an Access Control List consists of, a list of SIDs that have permissions and what permissions they have. So, I can click on Administrator and I can see that there are no explicit conditions except for these special ones applied. If I wanted to Edit this or get at something else then I would be able to get in and change those things. Each Access Control List consists of Security Principals that is Groups and Users. Each one of those acts as Access Control Entries or ACEs. Also has a grant or deny along with one or more permissions like grant read or grant write, so forth.
The actual permissions, the authorizations that allow you to access a file is stored with the file or folder, or its parent. The point being that it is stored on a file server. Same thing in Exchange or SharePoint, all the permissions are stored at the point where they are being used. Even though those permissions might be applied to one or more principals drawn from Active Directory. That’s what all of these Users and Groups are.
So when I talk about the need for centralized security, I’m not talking about centralized authentication. Authentication being the process of proving that you are in fact Administrator, or you are in fact Don Jones, or Guest, or any of these other security Principals. We do have centralized authentication through Active Directory. What we don’t have is centralized authorization. In other word it is very easy for me to go to a particular log and see when Don Jones has logged into the system. It is very difficult to access what files that person is trying to access or what files they even have permission to access, simply because all of that information is stored in so many separate places. I essentially have to inventory every single possible resource to see who has permissions on all of them. That makes doing any kind of security auditing or reporting extremely difficult.
For example, it would be easy enough for me to go into Server Manager here, on the file server. I can go into Diagnostics/ Event Viewer/Security log. This log will show me all of the security information that I could possibly want to look at, but it’s just for this server. If I wanted file access on another server, I would have to go that server. Even if on the single server, if I wanted to see everything that you had permission to. I would have to walk through a lot of dialog boxes. There are some command line ways to help that out.
For example, here in Windows PowerShell there is a Get-Acl cmdlet. If we give it a path, it will give us the entire access control list for that path. If I say Get-Acl C:\ you can see that these are the permissions that have been assigned to that. If I look at C:\Windows I can see which permissions have been assigned to that one as well. A majority of the permissions on a file server start at that top root directory and inherit downward unless you change it. You’ll notice there is not a bunch of recurs here. Pipe it to this cmdlet and then see what kind of permissions come up. It would take a long time to watch that run through.
In fact, let’s take a look at a do-it-yourself tool for reporting on all the permissions of all the resources on this server. I’ll start with dir-recurse, of course you could start in a different folder, but we’ll start at the top level. I’ll pipe those path to get ACL, and here we go. This is definitely going to take awhile. I could pump this out to a CSV file or perhaps an XML file. Ultimately searching through here is going to be awfully time consuming, largely due to these extremely distributed nature of these permissions. Not only are we talking about permissions being distributed across many different servers, but even within a server the permissions are individually distributed down to the individual resource. There is no centralization for the authorization process, and that what makes managing and auditing and enforcing the right permissions for the right people on the right resources so difficult. That’s the topic of this month’s blog article. | <urn:uuid:c731d968-4ac4-416b-90f1-be495ca122e2> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.quest.com/community/b/en/posts/decentralized-windows-security | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812306.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219012716-20180219032716-00129.warc.gz | en | 0.957111 | 1,246 | 2.5625 | 3 |
NEWFANE, NY - Agriculture remains New York State's largest industry. In the Great Lakes shoreline areas of Western New York, the fruit crop in particular is a major part of the local economy.
However, all can be lost this time of year, with a fickle turn of the temperature.
This was demonstrated in 2012, when an early warm spell in March sent temperatures soaring, and fruit trees budding and beginning to blossom, before a hard frost set in.
The result was a devastating crop loss, with apple production alone down 40%.
Now there is a relatively new method being used in these parts to attempt to tame Mother Nature, if only for a night.
A casual observer passing along Swigert Road in Niagara County might surmise that what appear to be windmills rising above the Russell Orchards are being used to generate power.
However, that is not the case at all.
"We need to grow apples to stay in business, and those help us keep doing that," explained Dave Russell, who operates the cold storage units for his family's fruit farming operation.
Two wind machines, powered by the same Ford Titan V-10 you might find under the hood of a super duty pickup truck, were installed last year,.... just before a late frost wiped out many of the crops of their neighbors, and ended up sparing the Russell Orchards from experiencing a similar fate.
"At our other two farms we had significant crop losses, pushing 90%," said Russell. "But at this orchard the machines saved us."
Farmers have long known that on a still, and frosty night, there is often pocket of warmer air, about 40 feet up.
"That's called an inversion layer," explained Russell, noting the difference of a degree or two in air temperature could spell the difference between a bumper crop and a disaster.
However, harvesting that warm air is not as easy as plucking an apple from a tree.
"Some people will try and have helicopters hover over their orchards....but that can get pricey," said Russell.
And there are only so many helicopters available to cover the tens of thousands of acres of orchards owned by the fruit growers who might seek to utilize one.
"That (wind) machine will pull the warmer air from up above, and blow it down to the ground. We can get close to a five degree temperature change from running that machine," he said.
Not coincidentally, the blades of the wind machine are installed approximately forty feet in the air-the approximate height of a typical inversion layer.
Standing beneath one operating at full speed, is not unlike standing near a helicopter and experiencing the sound and feel of a rotor wash.
Wind machines like those in the Russell orchards range in the neighborhood of $30,000 to $40,000 to purchase and install.
But the Russell's believe it is money well spent, considering even a single year of crop loss can be crippling to a fruit grower, and when one takes into account that they are protecting the much larger investments they've made in their land, their trees, the labor to maintain them, and the fruit they count on them to produce.
"Having them in last year, with the frost we had, they paid for themselves," said Russell.
As far as the Russell's know, they're the first apple growers in Niagara County to install the wind machines.
It is thought that others will soon follow.
"It's like having a safety net, that insurance if you will, that we can get through a frost even like we had last year," Russell said.
It has been said you can't fool mother nature.
It has not stopped people from trying.
Now, in the mechanically created wind, there blows a solution to potentially save fruit crops, and the livelihood of those tied to them.
Click on the video player to watch ours story from 2 On Your Side Reporter Dave McKinley and Photojournalist Bob Mancuso.
Follow Dave on Twitter: @DaveMcKinley2 | <urn:uuid:aa79f349-b4ec-4566-bbc7-cfba796dd62f> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.wgrz.com/news/article/208009/13/Protecting-Crops-Now-Becoming-A-Breeze | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1419447554115.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20141224185914-00091-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967868 | 841 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Table of Contents
It is exciting to get a new computer. Think of all the applications and games you can now run, the music you can store, and the pictures you can share with friends. Your new computer is delivered, you quickly unpack it, and start plugging it all in. The computer boots up, the desktop appears, and just by clicking on your web browser icon you are suddenly connected to the wide world of the Internet and all the enjoyment you can derive from it.
Did I say enjoyment? I really meant to say Danger! That's right, you have now just connected your computer to the Internet with no protection, and studies show that within the next 24 hours there is a good chance you will be infected with some variant of malware. Whether that is a virus, worm, Trojan, spyware, or browser hijacker, or even hacker, something or someone is itching to infect your machine.
It does not have to be this way though. By following some really simple steps you can set up your new computer without fear of what is lurking out there to infect you. Below I have outlined some general guidelines for all operating systems that you should use. I then go into more specific steps for various operating systems so that when you are connected to the Internet you are prepared for the worst.
Use a Firewall
The most important step when setting up a new computer is to install a firewall BEFORE you connect it to the Internet. Whether this is a hardware router/firewall or a software firewall it is important that you have immediate protection when you are connecting to the Internet. This is because the minute you connect your computer to the Internet there will be remote computers or worms scanning large blocks of IP addresses looking for computers with security holes. When you connect your computer, if one of these scans find you, it will be able to infect your computer as you do not have the latest security updates. You may be thinking, what are the chances of my computer getting scanned with all the millions of computers active on the Internet. The truth is that your chances are extremely high as there are thousands, if not more, computers scanning at any given time. The best scolution is if you have a hardware router/firewall installed.. This is because you will be behind that device immediately on turning on your computer and there will be no lapse of time between your connecting to the Internet and being secure. If a hardware based firewall is not available then you should use a software based firewall. Many of the newer operating systems contain a built-in firewall that you should immediately turn on. If your operating system does not contain a built-in firewall then you should download and install a free firewall as there are many available. If you have a friend or another computer with a cd rom burner, download the firewall and burn it onto a CD so that you can install it before you even connect your computer to the Internet. We have put together a tutorial on firewalls that you can read by clicking on the link below:
Disable services that you do not immediately need
Disable any non-essential services or applications that are running on your computer before you connect to the Internet. When an operating system is not patched to the latest security updates there are generally a few applications that have security holes in them. By disabling services that you do not immediately need or plan to use you minimize the risk of these security holes being used by a malicious user or piece of software.
Download the latest security updates
Now that you have a firewall and non-essential services disabled, it is time to connect your computer to the Internet and download all the available security updates for your operating system. By downloading these updates you will ensure that your computer is up to date with all the latest available security patches released for your particular operating system and therefore making it much more difficult for you to get infected with a piece of malware.
Use an Antivirus Software
Many of the programs that will automatically attempt to infect your computer are worms, trojans, and viruses. By using a good and up to date antivirus software you will be able to catch these programs before they can do much harm. You can find a listing of some free antivirus programs at the below link:
Browse through the various free antivirus programs at the above list and install one before you connect to the Internet. Download it from another computer and burn it onto a CD so that it is installed before you connect.
Unfortunately these versions of Windows do not come with a built-in firewall. It is therefore recommended that you download a free firewall and antivirus software from another computer and burn it onto a CD. Then install these products on to your computer before you connect to the Internet. If you do not have the ability to do this, then immediately after you determine that you are connected to and are able to use the Internet, you must go to www.windowsupdate.com and download and install all critical updates available for your operating system. Keep going back and visiting this page until all the updates have been installed.
When these updates are finished installing, then download and install a firewall and antivirus software.
Windows 2000 does not contain a full featured firewall, but does contain a way for you to get limited security until you update the computer and install a true firewall. Windows 2000 comes with a feature called TCP filtering that we can use as a temporary measure. To set this up follow these steps:
After it reboots your computer will now be protected from the majority of attacks from the Internet. Now immediately go to www.windowsupdate.com and download and install all critical updates and service packs available for your operating system. Keep going back and visiting this page until all the updates have been installed.
Once that is completed install an antivirus software and free firewall, and disable the filtering we set up previously.
If you have recently purchased a computer and it came with XP Service Pack 2 installed, then the firewall will be enabled by default and you will not have to do anything but install an antivirus software and check for any new updates at www.windowsupdate.com.
On the other hand, if this is an older computer, or you are re-installing one, then you should follow these steps before you connect to the Internet:
Mac OSX has a built-in firewall that should be used before connecting to the Internet. To turn this firewall on follow these steps:
Now that the firewall is configured you should connect to the Internet and immediately check for new updates from Apple by following these steps:
Now install an antivirus software on your computer if one is not already.
Almost all Linux distributions come with a built in firewall which is usually iptables. Make sure that the firewall is starting automatically at boot up and is configured to deny all traffic inbound to your computer except for the services you require like SSH. Unfortunately iptables would require a tutorial all in its own, so I will refer you to this already created tutorial:
Once the firewall is configured, go to the respective site for your Linux distribution and immediately download and install any of the latest security updates that are available. Windows is not the only operating system with security vulnerabilities and it is just as important for Linux users to have an up to date operating system.
As you can see the most important step that should be done before connecting to the Internet is to install a firewall and block all ports that you do not need open. This will assure us that your computer will not become hacked by many of the worms and bots out on the Internet. Once a firewall is installed, updating your computer and installing an antivirus software are the next steps. Please follow these steps, as if it is not done, you computer will ultimately get compromised and then further proliferate the infection of others.
If you use a computer, read the newspaper, or watch the news, you will know about computer viruses or other malware. These are those malicious programs that once they infect your machine will start causing havoc on your computer. What many people do not know is that there are many different types of infections that are categorized in the general category of Malware.
Let's face it, the Internet is not a very safe place. There are hackers trying to access your computer, worms trying to infect you, malicious Trojans disguised as helpful programs, and spyware that reports your activities back to their makers. In many cases those who become infected unknowingly become a breeding ground for unwanted programs and criminal activity. It does not have to be this ...
The Internet is a scary place. Criminals on the Internet have the ability to hide behind their computers, or even other peoples computers, while they attempt to break into your computer to steal personal information or to use it for their own purposes. To make matters worse, there always seems to be a security hole in your software or operating system that is not fixed fast enough that could ...
Have you ever been connected to your computer when something strange happens? A CD drive opens on its own, your mouse moves by itself, programs close without any errors, or your printer starts printing out of nowhere? When this happens, one of the first thoughts that may pop into your head is that someone has hacked your computer and is playing around with you. Then you start feeling anger tinged ...
If you are experiencing problems such as viruses that wont go away, your browser gets redirected to pages that you did not ask for, popups, slowness on your computer, or just a general sense that things may not be right, it is possible you are infected with some sort of malware. To remove this infection please follow these 4 simple steps outlined below. Not all of these steps may be necessary, but ... | <urn:uuid:6468f849-2132-4116-b934-e6a543022c00> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/tutorials/safely-connecting-a-computer-to-the-internet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823674.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20181211172919-20181211194419-00044.warc.gz | en | 0.946464 | 1,974 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the source of energy for all muscle contractions. Energy is released when ATP is broken into ADP+Pi (adenosine diphosphate and phosphate group). Maintaining the availability of ATP for muscle contraction is the limiting factor, since ATP is not stored in large amounts in skeletal muscle. Viable sources of ATP come from both anaerobic (does not require O2) and aerobic (requires O2) means. The primary energy source for a given activity will primarily depend on the intensity of muscle contractions.
The two main anaerobic sources of ATP are from Phosphocreatine (PCr) and Anaerobic Glycolysis. Intramuscular PCr stores are used for rapid high intensity contractions but are depleted in less than 30 seconds and take several minutes to replenish. For example, PCr provides the majority of the energy for a 100 m sprint. Additionally, the ability to perform repeated bouts of near maximal effort is largely dependent on PCr stores. Augmenting PCr stores by Creatine Supplementation can increase the amount of work that can be performed in repeated bouts of high intensity exercise.
Anaerobic Glycolysis refers to the breakdown of glucose (glycolysis) to pyruvate, which in the absence of O2, is converted to lactic acid. In muscle fibers, glucose is made available through the breakdown of muscle glycogen stores. Anaerobic glycolysis is not limited by the availability of glycogen; instead, the accumulation of lactic acid and other metabolites is the limiting factor. High intensity exercise with a duration of 1-3 minutes (e.g. 800 M race) will rely primarily on anaerobic glycolysis, resulting in a large accumulation of lactic acid.
Aerobic glycolysis occurs when O2 is available to breakdown pyruvate, which yields ATP through chemical reactions that occur in the Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport System. As in anaerobic metabolism, glucose may be obtained from stored glycogen. Glycogen stores are plentiful, and therefore glycogen depletion is only a concern for athletes who are continuously exercising for more than 90 minutes or intermittent exercise over substantially longer periods of time. For example, it is not uncommon for endurance athletes to become glycogen depleted. In marathon races this is referred to as “hitting the wall”. In order to reduce the chances of depleting glycogen reserves during a contest, athletes often “carbo load” prior to the event. This involves manipulating the carbohydrate content of one’s diet in order to maximize glycogen stores.
The most abundant energy source available to the muscle fiber is fat. The breakdown of fat to yield ATP is referred to as lipolysis. While the supply of fatty acids is essentially unlimited, the rate at which lipolysis occurs is the limiting factor in obtaining ATP. Lipolysis is responsible for resting muscle activity, but its contribution to the overall muscle energy supply will decrease as contraction intensity increases. For example, glycogen depletion occurs when the rate of lipolysis cannot meet the energy demand of the exercise, and the reliance on glycolysis expends the available glycogen stores. Once glycogen depletion occurs, exercise intensity will be reduced dramatically. However, a small decrease in intensity (e.g. slowing the pace) earlier in the exercise bout would spare glycogen sufficiently to avoid depletion. In turn, the importance of facilitating lipolysis during endurance events cannot be overemphasized.
Energy Systems Versus Running Speed
Based on world record times, humans can maintain maximum sprinting speed for approximately 200 m. The average speeds for the 100 m and 200 m world records are similar (21.6 mph and 22.4 mph, respectively). However, with increasing distances, average speeds decline. The average speed for the marathon world record is 12.1 mph, which is 55% of the world record sprinting speed. This is remarkable since the marathon is more than 200 times the length of a 200 m race. Although natural selection plays a crucial role in elite sprinting and marathon performance, the energy systems also must be highly trained and exercise-specific to be successful. For example, the energy needed to maintain an average sprinting speed of 22 mph for 200 m or less and an average running speed of 12.1 mph for the marathon are acquired by two very different systems (the predominant energy systems required for running at different speeds are shown in the first figure). The primary energy source for sprinting distances up to 400 m is PCr. From 400 m to 1,500 m, anaerobic glycolysis is the primary energy source. For distances longer than 1,500 m, athletes rely primarily on aerobic metabolism.
The rate of glycogen and fat utilization will vary according to the relative running speed. Although the rate of glycogen utilization is low while running a marathon, the duration of the event increases the possibility of depleting glycogen stores. In contrast, the rate of glycogen utilization is substantially higher during a 5,000 m run, but glycogen depletion is not a concern because of the short duration of the event.
Maximum maintainable speed drops by approximately 7 mph as running distance increases from 200 m to 1500 m (about 1 mile). However, as the distance increases from 1 mile to 26 miles, maximum maintainable speed only drops an additional 3.5 mph. On average, a healthy, fit, non-elite, male athlete can be expected to sprint at an average speed of 16-18 mph for 100-200 m and approximately 6-8 mph for a marathon. | <urn:uuid:c72c3727-59e4-4dfa-901c-f6968426aa13> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://nismat.org/education/fitness/exercise-physiology-primer/energy-supply-for-muscle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038066981.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20210416130611-20210416160611-00639.warc.gz | en | 0.920674 | 1,168 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Hunt, Alfred William (1830-96; English)
Moonrise, near Bamborough Castle
Oil on canvas, c. 76.2 x 121.9 cm
Purchased, 1873 (advice of J.R.Herbert)
Unidentified; present location unknown
In NGV 1894, this work was catalogued with an accompanying quote from Sir Walter Scott regarding “proud Bamborough,” and noted as then on loan to the Bendigo Art Gallery. It was still listed as part of the NGV collection in 1943.
Hunt was a respected landscapist inspired by Turner in particular; his works are held in the Tate Gallery and elsewhere, and a major survey exhibition of his work was held at the Yale Center for British Art in 2004. Several of his extant watercolours show the dramatic Northumbrian castle now known as Bamburgh; and a famous Turner watercolour of the site (long thought lost) reappeared at auction late in 2007.
[comparative photo shown below: Hunt’s Bamburgh Castle at Low Tide: watercolour auctioned by Christie’s, 13 July 2016]
AR 1873, p.69; NGV 1875, p.19; NGV 1894, p.98 (IV.McArthur Gallery, no.77); NGV 1905, p.87 (III.McArthur Gallery, no.19; size given as 30 x 48 inches) [£262/10]
NGV 1894, quoting from Scott’s Marmion, catalogues the painting as Bamborough Castle, Northumberland, and measuring 55” x 30”; cf.NGV 1943, cat.307
For the artist, see Bénézit 7, p.434 (listing the present work); AKL 75 (2012), pp.510-11; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_William_Hunt; and Christopher Newall & others, The Poetry of Truth: Alfred William Hunt and the Art of Landscape, New Haven: Yale Center for British Art, 2004. For other examples, see e.g. https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/Lot/alfred-william-hunt-rws-1830-1896-bamburgh-castle-6012105-details.aspx (Christie’s, London, 13 July 2016, lot 168: watercolour reproduced here); Christie’s Sale 6289, 7 April 2000, lots 32-33 (watercolours by Hunt; details and reproductions available online); and “A Turner masterpiece for Sotheby’s auction”, The Telegraph, 16 Nov.2007: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/artsales/3669313/A-Turner-masterpiece-for-Sothebys-auction.html | <urn:uuid:5521bf15-4249-459c-9c05-e41e9be7652c> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.beforefelton.com/hunt-a-moonrise-near-bamborough-castle-1873-loc-pa/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358688.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20211129044311-20211129074311-00197.warc.gz | en | 0.897 | 619 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Prayer: O Lord, I seek no sign or wonder. I seek only you.
Imagination: (Picture Jesus speaking to the crowds.)
Jesus’ enemies ask for a sign but Jesus addresses this teaching to the crowds. He cites two Old Testament examples of foreigners having a change of heart. When Jonah preached in Nineveh (a perennial enemy of Israel) the people repented. When the Queen of Ethiopia came to see Solomon, she was totally impressed with his wisdom and the glory of the temple.
Gospel Text: (Read slowly, possibly aloud)
Jesus said to the crowd, “This is a wicked generation because it looks for a sign. No sign shall be given except the sign of Jonah, the prophet. As Jonah was a sign to the Ninevites, so shall the Son of Man be to this generation.
The Queen of the South shall rise in judgment against the men of this generation and shall condemn them because she came from the ends of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon. Behold, a greater than Solomon is here.
At judgment the citizens of Nineveh will rise in judgment against this generation and shall condemn it. They did penance at the preaching of Jonah and a greater than Jonah is here.
Thoughts: (Read all. Ponder the ones that attract you.)
- People want signs to satisfy their intellect. Really they should be surrendering their heart.
- A sign does not bring repentance, just curiosity.
- Jesus gives the whole world the sign of his rising from the dead. Like Jonah, Jesus will be three days in the belly of the tomb.
- Jesus cites the change of heart of the Queen of Sheba. She repented just by hearing Solomon speak.
- What is Solomon’s wisdom compared with Jesus’.
- The hated Ninevites repented when Jonah spoke. Who is Jonah compared to Jesus?
- Jesus speaks about that important moment when every person in history will come before him in judgment.
- On that day, the Queen and the Ninevites (both non-Jewish) will condemn those Jews (and us) who did not repent.
Affections: (When one touches your heart, use your own words.)
- O Jesus, give me no sign. Just give me yourself.
- You are risen from the dead and I will rise with you. Alleluia!
- Change my heart, Jesus. Turn me totally to Your way of life.
- If they repented when Jonah preached, can I not repent at your word?
- If the Queen believed in Solomon, should I not believe in you?
- The only unchangeable moment, Jesus, is when I come before you.
- I will be your friend and no one will condemn me.
Resolutions: (Possibly you might want to make your own)
- I will think today about this Sign of Jonah – the miracle of Jesus’ rising.
- I will ponder Jesus’ greatness.
Thought for the Day: (To recall your meditation)
A greater than Jonah or Solomon is here. | <urn:uuid:5651afc2-b0fd-4afe-abc0-ddc3e5a00df7> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://www.flameoflove.us/meditations/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267867095.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20180624215228-20180624235228-00177.warc.gz | en | 0.939016 | 650 | 2.796875 | 3 |
The word psychedelic comes from ”Psyche” and ”Delos,” which means “soul manifesting” or “mind-manifesting.” Psychedelic design gained its popularity back in the era of 1960s. The 1960s were a great period for hazy yet brilliant time for artistic fluorescence. We see psychedelic design often used even today for commercial work. However, the psychedelic design concept seems to be losing its original history that most people are forgetting about.
The history of psychedelic design is vast and widespread throughout the globe and time. It crossed thousands of borders and even dominated graphic arts for a decade between the 1960s and 1970s. You can say that the story of Psychedelic design goes back to 80 years ago. Let us have a look at the history of psychedelic design –
There are some striking characteristics of psychedelic design and art: amazing subject matter, spiral patterns, bright colors, kaleidoscopic and extreme details with groovy typography. All of these elements are present in several art movements that precede the Psychedelic Design like Art Nouveau, Vienna Secession as well as Surrealism. There is no coincidence to this; these moments were highly influential when the psychedelic generation studied art.
1. Pyschelic Design and Art Nouveau:
1. What is Art Nouveau?
During the late 1800s, new technology in terms of electrical power, telephones, and cars revolutionized the way the world works and how it looks. Some people, especially artists, living through this technological revolution, were not necessarily fond of all these new developments. This led to a conflict that led to the emergence of a new global artistic movement referred to as Art Nouveau. Art Nouveau is a French term that literally means “new art.” The idea and inspiration behind this movement were to make art that would reflect city life’s vibrancy. To do so, they started using flat, decorative patterns, organic and plant motifs, and feminine figures. It would often be stylized with fluid abstract forms. The movement created a visual language that would then be used almost everywhere – from architecture to paintings, textiles, and many other fields.
The ideology of Art Nouveau dictated that aesthetics and utility should go hand in hand. They also believed that no object was too mundane to be designed as beautiful. Even advertisements for something as basic as biscuits and champagne would be illustrated beautifully. The idea was to create advertisements as beautiful as possible while also making them informative.
2. Contrast and similarity of Art Nouveau and Psychedelic Design:
If we come back to the psychedelic era of the 1960s, it was also a time of cultural upheaval like the 1800s that inspired Art Nouveau. If we talk about the United States, the epicenter of this change was San Francisco. Hundreds and thousands of youngsters descended to San Francisco descended to the city for protests in forms of drum circles and concerts. There were many concerts back in the 1960s. Most of them would be dance concerts that would feature psychedelic bands like Jefferson Airplane and Grateful Dead. Also, there was one sure way of getting more people to come to your concert – creating a good poster. Back in the 1960s, these iconic bands were just starting out by playing back to back shows at important venues like the Avalon and Fillmore.
Hence, to advertise this new generation of hippie bands, venues were quick to understand that plain typeface and using grayscale photos weren’t going to be enough. Hence, venues started commissioning work from small group artists. These small group artists came up with a brand new formula for their concert posters. It had influences from various art movements like surrealism, comics, and Art Nouveau.
3. What did Psychedelic Design pick up on from Art Nouveau?
When the Art Nouveau movement reached the mid-1960s, it started facing some resurgence. Especially in textiles, dynamic floral designs seemed to be a natural fit that suited the hippie aesthetic. Based on the art pieces of Art Nouveau, some modern-day artists of the 1960s took some of the Art Nouveau samples that resonated with them and turned the dial upon them. Art Nouveau gained popularity for its feminine figures, most often nude and flowing hair and other such characteristics.
This was a style that resonated with the psychedelic designers, and they picked on it. Most of the psychedelic posters are designed in a way to be covered edge to edge with intrinsic detailed two-dimensional illustrations. You could see a lot of flowers and abstract curves in psychedelic design. Some of the psychedelic designers also used images pulled directly out of an Art Nouveau poster. However, they made radical changes to their color palette. As the music of Sans Francisco spread across the world, so did their aesthetics. The artists behind such psychedelic designs got their share of fame. The posters they made with the vibrating colors and winding lines captured the energy of the 1960s.
4. Characteristics of Psychedelic Design:
- The color palette: Art Nouveau designers used soft pastels, whereas Psychedelic artists preferred high-contrast and intense colors. It was said that these colors could make the viewer’s eye ”vibrate”, which is a term to define an LSD tripper’s visual experiences.
- Typography: Psychedelic Design has the most abrupt and innovative use of typography for its design. It makes use of fonts that are cloudy, curly, and barely legible. This concept of using such fonts started first on a 1902 poster designed by the Australian designer Alfred Roller. In the 60s, artists adapted this bold, dynamic typeface and pushed it to a new extreme. They would soften the lines and obscure its edges, which made it almost illegible. This design trend wanted the typography to be almost illegible on purpose. The purpose was to grab the audience’s attention long enough to figure out what the entire poster was trying to say.
2. Op Art and Pop Art Movement’s Influence:
1. Op Art:
Op art is short for Optical Art. It is a style of abstraction that depends on geometric lines, shapes, and color juxtapositions that help create optical illusions for the viewers. This art movement also gained decent popularity during the 1960s. Such art usually featured grids, patterns, and effects like diminishing or curved objects. This movement was led by artists who were interested in understanding various perpetual effects.
Pop was a term that was an earlier associate with popular culture, rather than art. The objective of Pop art was to blur boundaries between high and low popular cultures. It was one of the major artistic movements for the United States of the 20th century. The term was first tossed in Britain during 1955. However, the Americans took the consumerist cause with far superior conviction and effect. Hence they have deemed the pioneers of the movement. Pop art and pop culture talk about mass media products that were evolving during the late 1950s and 1960s. It was an attempt to break down the barrier between traditional and contemporary culture.
2. Pop art:
Pop art also highlighted some of the popular culture elements as a protest against elitist art culture and the general seriousness around it. This marked the return of sharp paintwork and representational art. This led to the glorification of underappreciated objects and ordinary businesses. This was done to make art more relevant and meaningful for everyday people and increase the target audience’s potential pool. Both these movements naturally went hand in hand with psychedelic design, adding more visual elements to it.
Let us breakdown one of the most iconic psychedelic poster to better understand the psychedelic elements of this psychedelic design poster:
3. The Breakdown -The Man with Spiral Glasses:
Victor Moscoso designed this poster. If you notice the above poster, it has certain clear elements from op and pop movement and other design elements that we have discussed so far that are unique to psychedelic designs. This image has circles with spirals inside those circles as background. There is a border around the image which also has text inside it. It also features a man with a top hat and long hair. There is also text on the man’s chest and shoulders. Such a poster can be used to reflect a dance concert. Moscoso mostly wanted the man to have a perception that he is someone who loves having fun.
He paired this fun-loving man with a bright background, which helps this poster stand out and appeal to the right target audience.
- Whitespace: He also kept whitespace between the circles on the outside of the background and the borders. This could be to keep the theme of circle geometry and further enhance the design by using illusions created by the spiral circles.
- Clustering: He has also used clustering to cluster the background, the man, and the text on the man in layers on top of each other and placed them in the center of the artwork. If you cluster these elements together, the poster seems busier when using a more overpowering image, true to true psychedelic design principles.
- Overlapping: Another important design element used in this poster is overlapping. The man is at the front of the background, and the text is on top of the man. The eyes can be looked at as spiral glasses that are meant to align perfectly with the patterned circles used in the background. This creates a visual illusion effect. The text on the man’s chest has important information regarding the concert. Hence Moscoso made it clear to keep it on the topmost layer of all other layers.
- Negative Space: If you notice, the space between circles of the background is filled with the same red color used in the circles. This is to make the image look busy and bright, enhancing the psychedelic design.
- Tone: This poster also uses very bright and vibrant red and blue colors. This helps the poster stand out from other posters. It is one of the most prominent design aspects of a psychedelic design.
Overall, Moscoso’s poster is a fantastic representation of what psychedelic visual design looks like. Especially the idea of creating an optical illusion through a background in more than one layer is a fantastic touch. It serves the purpose and looks enticing enough for anyone looking at the poster to want to do for a dance concert.
This was the history and relevance of psychedelic design and everything it has to offer. Psychedelic design is generally considered an art style used by people who like being high on drugs and have a distorted sense of the world. This misconception is highly incorrect. It was a movement based on other important art movements like Art Nouveau, Surrealism, and others. It was for a cause and a form of protest against the industrial and technological age of the 1960s, to keep real art alive. You can incorporate psychedelic designs for your music posters, wall graffiti, and website design to make full use of the benefits of psychedelic design. | <urn:uuid:33430367-a270-4338-963f-518daad19dfe> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://webdesigndev.com/understanding-psychedelic-design/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100602.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206162528-20231206192528-00297.warc.gz | en | 0.963742 | 2,283 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Learning how to fish involves more than catching and storing fish. At some point, all anglers will be faced with the need to return fish they are not allowed to keep to the water, due to size, season, creel limits, or local catch-and-release fishing regulations.
Mastering the task of fish release by following the steps in this section will give you confidence that you know how to release fish in a way to protect fish populations for future generations of anglers.
How to Release a Fish: Steps
You might be asking yourself, "What’s the best way to handle fish to ensure they survive release?" Whether or not they do largely depends on the angler. Learning how to release fish from a hook takes practice in general. Understanding how to handle fish and how to release fish in a conservation-friendly manner are the first few steps you can take to help promote fishing conservation.
- Use wet hands when handling a fish or a knotless rubberized landing nets (and rubberized - not cotton- gloves if you must wear gloves). This helps maintain the slime coat on the fish, which protects it from infection and aids in swimming. Anglers that know how to practice proper catch and release never use a towel of any kind when handling fish since a towel can remove this slime coat.
- Hold the fish horizontally whenever possible since this is the way fish naturally swim through the water. Do not drop the fish onto hard surfaces!
- Keep your fingers away from the gills and eyes of the fish.
- If needed, use a release tool (dehookers, recompression tools) to minimize handling.
- Time is of the essence! Release fish as soon as practical and do not keep them out of the water longer than necessary. Try to release your fish gently head first into the water, which helps push water through the mouth and over the gills, and helps to resuscitate the fish. Revive exhausted fish by placing the fish in the water, facing the current if possible, with one hand underneath the belly and the other hand holding the bottom lip or tail.
- Know the current fishing regulations that apply to the state where you are fishing and learn how to accurately measure fish in order to abide by the regulations. By following fishing regulations you are building and conserving our state fish populations for future generations of anglers.
Keep up with your current state regulations by learning to properly measure your fish. Watch how Capt. Diego Toiran properly catches and releases a fish.
FishSmart is a fish release program developed by anglers, sport fishing companies, and fisheries managers to help improve the survival of released fish. Follow these simple FishSmart fish release guidelines to do your part in making fishing better for tomorrow through your actions today.
Choose the Right Tackle: One of the first things you can do in learning how to release fish is select tackle that matches the size of the targeted species. To minimize stress on the fish, large species should be landed or brought alongside the boat within 20 minutes of being hooked. If you are landing fish that are exhausted or that require extensive efforts to resuscitate, try switching to heavier tackle to reduce the amount of time it takes to catch and subsequently release the fish. Products recognized as FishSmart Tackle may help you release your catch with greater success.
In addition to using the right tackle, you should also use catch and release fishing hooks, like circle hooks, whenever possible. In fact, circle hooks are recommended if fishing with live bait. Just be aware when using these hooks that fishing techniques differ from those used with “J” style hooks.
Plan Ahead: Expect to release fish on any given trip and prepare the equipment necessary to do so.
Avoid: Develop skills to target the size and species you desire so the need for releasing fish is reduced.
FISHSMART CATCH AND RELEASE VIDEO
Be responsible on the water and learn best practices for safe fish release. This video includes tips on proper tackle, gear, barotrauma and other fishing techniques.
Deep Water Release
Saltwater fish caught in deep water may be suffering from “barotrauma,” a buildup of swim bladder gases that makes it difficult for them to go back down. Generally, fish caught deeper than 30 feet will suffer some effects. Follow these basic tips:
Assess condition while reeling in fish. Signs of barotrauma include: Sluggish swimming, eyes bulging (“pop eye”), stomach protruding from mouth, bloated mid-section.
If the fish appears normal release it without removing it from the water:
Recompression: Rapidly returning fish to depth is the method of choice for returning barotrauma affected fish. A variety of tools are on the market, including descender devices, release weights & baskets, etc.
Return to Depth: Return fish to the depth of capture. If catching fish at very deep depths, returning them as deep as possible will dramatically improve survival.
Venting: If rapid descent is not possible, venting is another option. Use established guidelines for venting such as found at Catch and Release. Note that the fish’s stomach may protrude from its mouth. Do NOT puncture the stomach.
Now that you know how to release fish using conservation-friendly practices, be sure to apply these steps on your next fishing trip Download the Best Practices Flyer to Take With You! | <urn:uuid:956394d7-72b6-4e57-967c-5958d732f49c> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.takemefishing.org/how-to-fish/how-to-catch-fish/how-to-release-a-fish/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027322170.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20190825021120-20190825043120-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.932437 | 1,110 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Remember the story in Matthew's gospel (chapter 25) about the wise and foolish bridesmaids? There is a church in Cork (where I live) that has carvings of them at the entrance - the wise at one side and the foolish at the other. I'm afraid the foolish ones look much more interesting that the wise! They look more individual and more alive. In the Gospel story too the wise bridesmaids are far less likeable characters than the foolish! If you were really stuck, you would be more likely to get help from one of those foolish bridesmaids than from any of the wise ones. Nobody loves a little ‘Miss Perfect’ (except her mother!). And these Miss Perfects refused to help out when they were asked. Was Jesus having a bad day when he thought up this story?
We have to remember that a parable is not an allegory. An allegory is a story that has many points of reference to human experience - many punch-lines, so to speak - but a parable has only one. The development of the story itself has only one purpose in a parable: to add strength to that one point. For that reason, the refusal of the wise to help the foolish is not being held up as model behaviour for us. Jesus himself had passionate regard for “the weak, the sick, the wounded, the strayed, the lost” (See Ezechiel 34, as the model for his ‘lost sheep’ parable). The one point of this parable of the bridesmaids is readiness. Jesus was continuously telling people to wake up and stay awake.
But to come back to those ten bridesmaids.... Why do the wise ones seem so boring and the foolish ones so much more interesting? Maybe one reason is this: while our foolishness is our own, our wisdom is usually borrowed; our wisdom is all too often an imitation, and it doesn’t fit us as well as does our foolishness! We care little for goodness and wisdom; in truth we are bored by them, and it shows in our face!
Can wisdom be mine, really mine? Are the best things really for me? Or can I only look on and imitate, like a football supporter wearing the team colours? Goodness was obligatory at home and in school, and so from earliest childhood we may have seen it as ‘what other people want’. Evil then became identified with what we wanted ourselves! We may never really have interiorised goodness. We may then feel that it must be the same with everyone else: that goodness is always false. That would be the final caricature of Christian education. We must face the fact that many children now grow to adulthood with nothing more than this.
Wisdom is to the soul what health is to the body. It’s no use unless it’s mine. Information and knowledge can be anybody’s: I can get them on a CD! But wisdom has to be my own. The Latin word for wisdom, 'sapientia
', is related to ‘sapor’, which means ‘taste’: wisdom is ‘sapida scientia’, tasted knowledge. It is not knowledge in a book or in someone else’s head, but in me: in my mouth, so to speak, in my heart, living through me. I heard someone say, “English is only our second language. What we ARE is our first language!” This expresses it exactly.
Do we know with how little wisdom the world is governed? I think we do now. Politics - and life itself - now seems little more than a matter of acquiring and controlling information. T.S. Eliot asked the key question:
Where is the wisdom we have lost in knowledge?
Where is the knowledge we have lost in information?
Donagh O'Shea OP | <urn:uuid:eed5e67c-cb0b-4584-945b-97a905ddb6cc> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://goodnews.ie/jacobswellgeniet.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578770163.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20190426113513-20190426135513-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.974119 | 813 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Did you know that 10-15% of Americans struggle with an eating disorder? Unfortunately, the seriousness of eating disorders can sometimes fall under the radar. It is important to realize the effects it can have on the body.
While all eating disorders can cause physical and mental effects, bulimia can produce dental problems that most people aren’t even aware of. For those that do not know, bulimia is when an individual eats food and then vomits afterwards to avoid digestion. The stomach acid from the vomit can corrode the throat and tooth enamel. Bulimia can cause a number of dental issues including excess cavities, sore throat, gum infections, yellow teeth and the list goes on.
It is important to seek treatment sooner rather than later to catch the problem before it gets worse. Dentists are able to recognize the signs of bulimia by noticing the damage it has done to the individual’s mouth. Early detection by the dentists can help prevent treatment from getting worse. If you or someone you know is suffering from bulimia be proactive and seek medical and dental treatment. | <urn:uuid:c889272c-0ca4-4d1b-bc59-ba0a08233d3a> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://benderdentalgroup.com/bulimia-dental-issues/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875143695.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200218120100-20200218150100-00295.warc.gz | en | 0.941424 | 226 | 3 | 3 |
Academic integrity and protection of intellectual property rights involve several legal and ethical principles, all of which may come into play when one considers the appropriate use of creative works.
Copyright is a form of protection granted by law to the creators of original works that are fixed in a tangible form of expression. (Tangible fixation includes works that may be transmitted or communicated with the aid of a machine or device, such as a computer or video camera.) Categories of works subject to copyright protection include scholarly, literary, artistic, dramatic, musical, graphical, and audiovisual works. Copyright law generally grants the copyright owner the exclusive rights to reproduce and distribute the work, make derivative works based upon it, perform or display the work, and to authorize these actions by others.
Using a protected work without permission of the copyright holder is an infringement of copyright. There are, however, certain exceptions to the exclusive rights of the copyright owner, and one that is particularly relevant to academic institutions is the doctrine of fair use. This doctrine allows the limited use, under certain circumstances, of small portions of copyrighted materials for non-commercial educational or research use without first seeking permission of the copyright holder. However, even when a work is used with permission or appropriately used under fair use guidelines, the source must be properly acknowledged. Failure to do so is likely to be an act of plagiarism. Another thing to bear in mind, especially in regard to electronic resources, is whether their use is governed by licensing agreements and contracts.
Plagiarism is a form of academic dishonesty that occurs when someone uses the words, expressions, ideas, opinions, or findings of another without giving proper credit to the original source. It is a breach of scholarly procedures that is considered unethical and which may result in disciplinary or legal action against the person committing the offense. Even if someone's use of a work is not a violation of copyright law, it may still be an act of plagiarism if the work has not been properly acknowledged and cited.
As libraries increasingly provide electronic access to scholarly materials, copyright law may in some instances be superseded by contract law. Whereas print resources are usually purchased by libraries, electronic resources such as e-journals and databases are made available through licensing agreements rather than by sale. The licensing agreement is a legally binding contract that dictates how the electronic resource may be used. In some cases the conditions of use under a license may appear to be in conflict with rights under copyright law. For example, some electronic journal licenses prohibit the user from downloading or saving electronically any article or part of any article, even for personal non-commercial use. In case of a conflict, specific license terms take precedence over copyright law. | <urn:uuid:cb76cd73-7514-4895-a727-f38eb137433c> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://library.bryanhealthcollege.edu/c.php?g=844145&p=6033195 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655899931.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20200709100539-20200709130539-00257.warc.gz | en | 0.930212 | 543 | 3.34375 | 3 |
The Best Advice on Children's Products
The Legend of Captain McFinn and Friends
Cultural, Educational Skills, Fantasy Play, Novelty, Other, Socially Responsible, Unique Product
Captain McFinn and Friends is an original and innovative series designed to combat bullying and educate children about positive behaviors. The Legend of Captain McFinn and Friends is the first in the three-book series with the theme “Be a Buddy, Not a Bully, ” Captain McFinn, who was once one of the biggest bullies on the reef, meets the Undersea Friends and learns that being a friend is always better than being a bully. See how McFinn, the bully, became Captain McFinn, the leader and protector of Sand Dusty Reef Each year an estimated millions of children are affected by bullying; and the series takes an educational approach with the philosophy that the sooner children can identify bullying and learn positive behaviors, the better. The multidimensional approach to bullying expands beyond the three books. There is a music CD, activity book, and website with games and facts. There are eBooks available also. A classroom resource program called S.H.A.R.K. Patrol has just debuted for schools to use to diffuse bullying and includes lesson plans for teachers, classroom activities and projects, rewards for good behavior, classroom posters, and more. | <urn:uuid:866cf662-0796-4506-9f36-2e3f223a510a> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.drtoy.com/product-view/?productid=2305 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708766848/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125246-00080-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951661 | 273 | 2.625 | 3 |
Melissa Caughey, award-winning blogger and owner of Tilly’s Nest, makes it easy for kids to master the basics of chicken raising in her new book, A Kid’s Guide to Keeping Chickens (Storey Publishing, 2015). The following excerpt is from Chapter 2, “Choosing the Best Chickens.”
You can purchase this book from the MOTHER EARTH NEWS STORE: A Kid’s Guide to Keeping Chickens.
Here are the 10 chicken breeds that we have found work well for families and tend to be the most docile, friendliest birds. By no means does this list include all the possible breeds: There are hundreds of different ones out there! You can always do more research to find out about breeds that aren’t included here.
• This Australian breed has black feathers that shimmer iridescent green in the sun. As the birds age, sometimes the tips of their feathers become a bit speckled with brownish gray.
• These hens often establish themselves at the top of the flock.
• They are homebodies and handle confinement well.
• This breed is curious, friendly, and outgoing.
• Hens lay about five medium-to large brown eggs every week.
• These chickens were developed during the nineteenth century in New England and continue to be popular in the region.
• They are standard-sized chickens known for living a long time.
• They are gentle creatures who do very well with people and get along with other pets.
• They lay four or five pinkish brown eggs per week.
• The Barred Rock, shown here, looks a little like a zebra with its black-and white striped feathers.
• Brahmas come in both standard and bantam sizes.
• These chickens are friendly, not skittish, and trainable and are good birds for children to show. They do not mind being handled, and even the males are a bit more docile than other breeds.
• They come in a variety of colors.
• They have feathers on their feet.
• The hens lay lovely brown eggs approximately three times per week.
• These chickens are the golden retrievers of the chicken world.
• Originally from England, they are large, friendly birds with golden feathers.
• They are curious and incredibly lovable, and they enjoy being held.
• They handle confinement to the coop and run well.
• They can go broody and typically lay three large brown eggs per week.
• Cochins, like Silkies, originated in China.
• These fluffy-feathered chickens even have feathered feet. Some have frizzled (curly) feathers.
• They come in eight different colors and both standard and bantam sizes.
• They can adapt to living in a coop for their entire life but also free-range well.
• They are a quiet, friendly, hardy, and very calm breed.
• You might expect three brown eggs per week.
• If you want colored eggs, then you’ll want a couple of these hens. Their appearance can vary, but they carry a genetic trait that means their eggs can be tinted in hues of blue, green, olive, and pink.
• This is not an official breed but a type of chicken. They come in the standard size as well as bantam.
• Easter Eggers get their ability to lay colored eggs from either an Araucana or Ameraucana parent, but the other parent can be another breed.
• These are friendly, curious birds.
• They lay approximately four eggs per week.
• These French chickens stand out by having five toes instead of the usual four, fluffy cheek feathers (called muffs, and a feathered beard.
• They come in a variety of colors; the most popular one is salmon.
• These chickens don’t mind being confined to the coop and run.
• They are incredibly docile, making them particularly suitable for younger kids.
• They lay about four light brown or creamy eggs per week.
• This is a friendly breed with an unusual look.
• Some people say that this breed’s poufy head feathers can cause issues, such as problems with their vision and feather picking from the other hens. The feathers can be gently trimmed to help with vision, and if Polish chicks are raised with other breeds, problems usually don’t arise.
• Polish come in standard and bantam sizes.
• They are not the most reliable egg layers. If you are lucky, you can expect two white eggs per week.
• This ancient breed was first described by Marco Polo on a visit to China in the thirteenth century.
• They are tiny, lightweight, and easy to handle, and they have a few unusual features.The most noticeable is that their feathers, which come in many colors, are fluffy instead of smooth.
• They also have five toes (most chickens have four) and black skin (instead of yellow).
• They tend to go broody a lot, so this is not a breed to depend on for eggs.
• The eggs are about half the size of standard eggs and range from cream to white in color — some even have a slightly pinkish tint. When a hen is laying, you can expect about three eggs per week.
• These incredibly beautiful birds were developed in the United States.
• They come in many colors, but the Silver and Golden varieties are the most readily available. They have either a white or gold lacing pattern between the black on their feathers.
• The rose-style comb is perfect for cold regions as it is less prone to frostbite.
• They are a smaller breed, averaging approximately 6 pounds for the hens.
• Chock-full of personality, they can be domineering and are typically the head hens in their flocks.
Whether you want to learn how to grow and raise your own food, build your own root cellar, or create a green dream home, come out and learn everything you need to know — and then some!LEARN MORE
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You may also use the Bill Me option and pay $17.95 for 6 issues. | <urn:uuid:8776c16f-f4b9-45f3-8515-d57d828f9aae> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.motherearthnews.com/homesteading-and-livestock/poultry/raising-chickens/backyard-chickens-ze0z1512zbay | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267866358.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20180624044127-20180624064127-00187.warc.gz | en | 0.959541 | 1,406 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Rare chart of the Antarctic published during the golden age of southern polar exploration
By ADMIRALTY, 1900
Ice Chart of the Southern Hemisphere
compiled from the voyages of Cook, 1772–5, Bellingshausen, 1819–21, Weddell, 1822–4, Foster, 1828–9, Biscoe, 1830–2, Balleny, 1839, D’Urville, 1839, Wilkes, 1839, and Ross, 1841–2‑3. ; from the papers on Icebergs in the Southern Ocean, by Mr. Towson, 1855–59 ; from 12th no. Metereological papers (Board of Trade), 1865, and documents in the Hydrographic Office / prepared for publication by Staff Com. F.J. Evans, and G.E. McDougall, Staff R.N
- Author: ADMIRALTY
- Publication place: London
- Publisher: Published at the Admiralty under the superintendence of Captn. G.H. Richards, R.N. Hydrographer
- Publication date: Large Corrections 1897, small corrections 1899 .
- Physical description: Engraved chart, loss to lower right corner skilfully repaired, not affecting image.
- Dimensions: (diameter) 615mm (24.5 inches) (sheet size) 875 by 690mm (34.5 by 27.25 inches).
- Inventory reference: 14277
A large chart of the Antarctic extending up to the 30th parallel.
As the advertisement below the chart states the principal reason for the chart’s publication was not only in order to map the known limits of the Antarctic pack ice, but also to plot the previous sightings of icebergs — each marked by a symbol denoting the month in which it was sighted — which, “drifted by the influence of winds and currents to low latitudes, have been found seriously to embarrass, and delay, as well as to imperil navigation”. The text goes on to qualify the placement of the bergs on the chart, by stating that iceberg placement and frequency has been known to vary considerably from year to year. Thus an “arbitrary boundary has been drawn on the chart, distinguished by colour the free or clear; from the more doubtful and indeed dangerous parallels”.
The chart was prepared by Commander J. F. Evans and Master G. F. McDougall. The data was compiled from previous voyages such as Cook’s, Bellingshausen, Weddell and Ross amongst others as well as John Thomas Towson’s work “Icebergs in the Southern Ocean” (1859), and other papers from the Hydrographic Office. As with many Admiralty charts, it was continuously updated and reissued with new information. The present example has large corrections to April, 1897 and small corrections up to March, 1899. To the bottom right is an “Admiralty Chart Agent” ink stamp dated 9 April 1902 and a corresponding “received” stamp of the “Prin. Examiner Master & Mates Board of Trade” on the verso, dated 10 April 1902. On the chart are numerous annotations in red and pencil, the majority marked with dates ranging from 1904 to 1909.
An examination of the example in the National Library of Australia, with corrections to 1870, reveals the addition of numerous iceberg sightings and the marking of several new voyages including H.M.S. Challenger, who sailed in the waters in 1874. The safe sailing boundary line shows little amendment, apart from its changing to the south of Australia, where the line has been moved five degrees further north to 45 degrees latitude. Other changes include the resetting of the text below the chart; the removal of the remarks on the use of the the thermometer; and the removal of the title from the centre of the chart to above the chart.
Rare. We are unable to trace another institutional example bearing the date 1899. Copac lists just five copies of differing editions: the British Library holding five distinct editions dated between 1866 and 1910; and the National Maritime Museum holding an example dated 1910; OCLC records several other holdings, including: National Library of New Zealand; National Library of Australia; and the Newberry Library. | <urn:uuid:629a95a1-ed74-46d7-af32-93f0b84f43e7> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.crouchrarebooks.com/maps/rare-chart-of-the-antarctic-published-during-the-golden-age-of-southern-polar-exploration | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057830.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20210926053229-20210926083229-00323.warc.gz | en | 0.932716 | 902 | 3.25 | 3 |
Abraham Lincoln is generally considered the greatest president in American history. This is a view held not only by American citizens: a recent poll of nearly 200 political scientists also ranked Lincoln as America’s greatest president. Indeed, Lincoln distinguishes himself from other presidents in many ways. One of these ways is that he is the only president in American history to not be a member of any church.
Although his family was officially Baptist on paper, Lincoln himself was never baptized. He often spoke disparagingly of Christianity, but toned it down when he realized how much it hurt his chances for the presidency. In all of his celebrated speeches, he never once invoked the name of Jesus. This has led many to suggest that Lincoln was an atheist. Yet, he did speak of God many times, and did write that “I have never denied the truth of the Scriptures”.
The term “Scriptures” is quite vague, and might very well refer only to the Tanakh, ie. the “Old Testament”. This may be all the more likely when we keep in mind how he spoke negatively of Christianity, avoided mentioning Jesus, but did speak of God regularly (and that it was “God’s will” to abolish slavery). Dr. Yvette Alt Miller writes:
According to historian Jonathan Sarna, Lincoln quoted from the Old Testament much more often than from the New Testament. In his surviving letters, Lincoln mentions God over 420 times, yet remarkably never refers directly to Jesus.
So, what if Lincoln was secretly Jewish? | <urn:uuid:a6138a99-4e62-4518-962d-150bb5e801ab> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.mayimachronim.com/tag/atheism/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195527396.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20190721225759-20190722011759-00092.warc.gz | en | 0.984811 | 319 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Doctors sometimes let patients suffering from chronic pain self-administer prescribed doses of intravenous drugs. But those patients have always had to be tethered to an IV and drug bag. A new device that works with the world's first and only implantable and programmable drug pump could change all that. Here's how it works: morphine is stored in a pager-size pump just under the skin of the abdomen. A small tube, or catheter, connected to the pump carries the medication to the fluid-filled space surrounding the spinal cord, where pain signals travel on their way to the brain. In response to breakthrough pain, the patient presses a button on a handheld remote that activates the pump to deliver a programmed dose of additional medication. According to its maker, the SynchroMed infusion system works better and requires much smaller doses than intravenous methods because the pump delivers the medication directly to the place where it can be most effective.
Availability: In 2003, for $1,800
To Learn More: www.medtronic.com
Next Smartshirt Sensors | <urn:uuid:899650a5-53fe-43e6-b4bd-dbcc1bb071f8> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1936165_1936238_1936287,00.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657131145.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011211-00292-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.916142 | 218 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Yesterday was the 837th anniversary of the English defeat of the Scots in the Battle of Alnwick (Northumberland), 13th July 1174. In the summer of 1174, King William I of Scotland threw in his lot with the other protagonists hostile to King Henry II in the ‘Great Rebellion’ of 1173-1174. William’s allies included Henry II’s three elder sons, Louis VII of France and dissident English earls such as the Earls of Chester and Norfolk. In other words, William I’s invasion of northern England in 1174, was not simply an Anglo/Scottish conflict. The combined impact of this unholy alliance was to give Henry II a major challenge to his authority.
In May 1174, William’s Scottish Army invaded Cumbria, while William’s younger brother, David secured control of the Earldom of Huntingdon. To meet the challenge of William’s invasion, Robert of Estouteville, Sheriff of Northumberland and Yorkshire raised an army to combat the Scots. Interestingly, Robert was assisted by the former sheriffs of Northumberland (William de Vesci) and Yorkshire (Rannulf de Glanville). We know quite a lot about the Scots invasion because of the account of a contemporary chronicler, William of Newburgh. William of Newburgh wrote his chronicle in the 1190s, and is generally thought to be a reliable writer.
William of Newburgh relates how Robert of Estouteville, de Vesci and de Glanville acted promptly to raise a force to counteract the Scots invasion. Indeed, as the chronicler relates; ”the occasion was so urgent that they had no time to collect their infantry.” [English Historical Documents, Volume II, page 377]. Arriving at Alnwick under cover of mist, the English force espied the “King of Scots with a squadron of sixty horsemen” [ ibid, page 378]. Taken completely by surprise, the English force captured King William, on 13th July, 1174. With William’s capture, the remainder of the now leaderless Scots Army “were at first thunderstruck . . . and soon after, as if goaded by the Furies, they turned against each other with the sword.” [ibid, page 379]. The Scots invasion was over, and, a fortnight after the Battle of Alnwick, on 26th July 1174, King William I was delivered to King Henry at Northampton, King William’s legs being pinioned beneath his horse, to signify Henry’s triumph. The defeat of William’s invasion heralded the wider defeat of the Great Rebellion. Perhaps today this medieval Anglo-Scottish battle at Alnwick conjures up the apparently increasingly extreme feelings of English/Scottish nationalism which seem increasingly common in 2011. Increased intense sporting rivalry between England and Scotland, combined with separatist political developments have seemingly begun to engender a fervent patriotism (especially in Scotland), which threatens to undermine the shared heritage of both countries within the UK. Such zealous appeals to nationalism inevitably make spurious entreaties to History, in order to justify the misguided policies of political separation which are increasingly in evidence within the UK in 2011.
It might therefore be the case that modern-day nationalists could use the Anglo/Scottish conflict of 837 years ago in the north of England to glorify their ill-advised policies of political separation, on the ‘Braveheart’ model. In fact, Scotland did rather well within the Angevin Empire; and Anglo/Scottish co-operation was as much a feature of Anglo-Scottish relations in the Angevin Empire as conflict – if not more so. The key element governing relations between England and Scotland in the Angevin period between 1154 and 1216 was delimiting the Anglo-Scots border, within the Empire. The policies pursued by the Angevin kings towards Scotland differed. Henry II pursued policies which effectively amounted to favouring Scottish devolution within the Angevin Empire. In contrast, his successor, Richard, seemed to favour Scots independence. It is my contention that Henry’s policies of devolution were in reality more realistic for Scotland:-
- In 1157, King Henry II and King Malcolm IV of Scotland agreed that all the English territory the Scots had obtained under King Stephen would be restored to England. It is true that this co-operation reflects some bullying by Henry, who was anxious for a foreign policy success to cement his recent accession to the English throne; but Malcolm was not humiliated, as he was granted his father’s old earldom of Huntingdon in England, as well as the territory of Tynedale in Northumberland.
- In December 1174, after his abortive invasion of northern England, King William I of Scotland was released from custody, after agreeing to the Treaty of Falaise. By this treaty, Henry II took possession of the Scottish castles of Berwick, Edinburgh, Jedburgh, Roxburgh and Stirling. This may again at first sight seem like Henry bullying the Scots, rather than genuinely negotiating with them, but this would be a mistaken view. Henry was punishing William for his rebellion – he was making a political point, rather than trying to dominate Scotland. Henry believed that the Scots should rule themselves, within the Angevin Empire. Henry never garrisoned Stirling, and returned Edinburgh to William in 1186, after William had demonstrated his trustworthiness.
In contrast, Richard was prepared to countenance Scots independence. Soon after his accession, In December 1189, Richard and William signed the ‘Quit Claim of Canterbury’. This agreement ostensibly favoured Scots independence because, by abrogating the Treaty of Falaise, it effectively conceded Scots independence from the Angevin Empire. However, on second sight, it does not appear that Scotland benefitted unduly from the Quit claim. To begin with, William had to ‘buy’ Scots independence; for the not inconsiderable sum (for a poor country) of £6,666. In addition, Richard had certainly not abandoned designs on Scotland. Richard schemed to make Otto of Brunswick (his nephew) King of Scotland after William’s death. This would be achieved by getting Otto to marry Margaret, William’s daughter and heir. In fact, this scheme came to nothing; but only because in 1198, William had a son, the future Alexander II of Scotland.
King Alexander II imitated his father in October 1215 by invading northern England, at a time when the last Angevin monarch, John, was facing opposition from all sides. The invasion did Alexander no good, as John’s forces expelled the Scots from northern England in January 1216.
(1) The final chapter in Anglo/Scottish relations was concluded by King Alexander II of Scotland, and King John’s son, King Henry III. In September 1237, the two monarchs signed The Treaty of York, by which King Alexander quitclaimed all his hereditary rights to the northern English counties of Northumberland, Cumberland and Westmorland. That settled the Anglo-Scottish border dispute once and for all; but by then, the Angevin Empire had itself disintegrated. Scotland was by then gradually developing the ‘Auld Alliance’ with France, which was in reality a euphemistic phrase masking Scotland’s increasing subservience to France. France effectively duped Scotland in the later Middle Ages, by using it as a pawn in its struggles with England. For all its support for France in the later medieval period, Scotland received hardly any tangible rewards.
(2) It is my contention that Scotland really prospered within the Angevin Empire under King Henry II, under the latter monarch’s enlightened policy of effectively supporting Scottish devolution. Here, surely, is the parallel for Scotland to follow in the 21st century: a devolved Scotland, prospering within the UK, rather than following spurious independence outside of it, on the model of the medieval ‘Auld Alliance’. | <urn:uuid:f289f00b-cef3-4a75-8dea-6ffe312c67b7> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://angevinman.wordpress.com/2011/07/14/anglo-scottish-relations-in-the-angevin-empire-a-model-for-the-21st-century/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249406966.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20190222220601-20190223002601-00138.warc.gz | en | 0.964396 | 1,674 | 3.203125 | 3 |
What is the connection between domestic violence and stalking?
Since 2004, advocates across the country have observed National Stalking Awareness Month in January, in an effort to educate society about this pervasive crime. According to the 2010 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, approximately 1 in 6 women (16.2% or 19.3 million) and in in 19 men (5.2% or 5.9 million) in the United States has experienced stalking at some point in her lifetime in which they felt very fearful or believed that they or someone close to them would be harmed or killed as a result (Black et al., 2011). Stalkers may be strangers to their victims but, too often, they are acquaintances, friends, and intimate partners. In fact, the same report indicates that for both female and male victims, stalking was often committed by people they knew or with whom they had a relationship. Two-thirds of female victims of stalking were stalked by intimate partners, and male victims were primarily stalked by intimate partners or acquaintances. More than half of female victims and more than one-third of male victims were stalked before the age of 25 (Black et al., 2011).
(…) intimate partner stalking is a serious criminal justice problem, and States should continue to develop constitutionally sound and effective antistalking statutes and intervention strategies.” (Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000)
How has stalking changed with the increased availability of new technologies?
Cell phone ownership has grown tremendously in the last several years. Furthermore, advancements in wireless technology have led to Internet access that is no longer dependent upon the use of home or business computers. For many people, these technologies provide greater convenience and easier accessibility to others; however, this growth in technology may have also increased the ease of engaging in certain stalking behaviors, such as manipulation of public records, tracking of online or computer-based activities, using hidden cameras or GPS technology to find the victim or track where she goes, and harassment through repeated phone calls, text messages, emails, or other forms of electronic communication. Findings from the 2010 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey revealed higher prevalence estimates of stalking than previous national surveys, which may largely be due to the inclusion of stalking tactics related to newer technologies that did not exist as a stalking modality when some of the previous studies were conducted. Research indicates that approximately 1 in 4 stalking victims report some form of cyber stalking such as e-mail (83%) or instant messaging (35%) (Baum, Catalano, Rand, 2009).
What steps can we take to help prevent and respond to this dangerous crime?
The NRCDV guides callers to a variety of resources and tools available to increase victims’ safety, hold perpetrators accountable, and build awareness about this crime. Individuals who are being stalked by their current or former intimate partners are encouraged to contact a local domestic violence program for emotional support, safety planning, referrals to community services, and information about state statutes and legal remedies available in their area. WomensLaw.org offers information about legal statutes and remedies in addition to safety tips for stalking victims.
The Stalking Resource Center (SRC) provides information about how different technologies can be used to stalk, as well as measures that victims can take to keep safe. Interestingly, technology can also help victims and their children successfully flee and protect themselves from stalkers.
How much do you know about Stalking? Take the SRC’s quiz to learn more.
The Safety Net Project of the National Network to End Domestic Violence addresses how technology impacts the safety, privacy, accessibility, and civil rights of victims by 1) educating victims, their advocates and the general public on ways to use technology strategically to help find safety and escape domestic violence, dating violence, sexual violence, stalking and abuse; 2) training law enforcement, social services, coordinated community response teams and others how to hold perpetrators accountable for misusing technology to impersonate, harass, stalk, surveil, and threaten; and 3) advocating for strong local, state, national and international policies and practices that ensure the safety, privacy and civil rights of all victims and survivors.
What types of events or activities are you developing in your community to educate the public about stalking and promote National Stalking Awareness Month? | <urn:uuid:b9ba72e9-1639-4f55-b083-f1ce30d5d49b> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.vawnet.org/news/2012/01/stalking/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246638571.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045718-00205-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956044 | 874 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Facebook has released a new security guide for parents, teens and educators called (appropriately), "Guide to Facebook Security".
The guide comes int he form of a downloadable handbook written by former Symantec Internet safety expert Linda McCarthy, Purdue University security researcher Keith Watson and teacher/editor Denise wldon-Siviy.
The guide includes tips on protecting your Facebook account, avoiding scammers, using advanced security settings, recovering from hacked Facebook accounts and stopping impostors.
"If you’re not using one-time passwords, secure browsing, or even tracking your account activity, this guide shows you how. It even explains why account thieves and malware pushers want your account," says Facebook's security team.
"Thanks to Facebook and Creative Commons licensing, this guide is not only fact-filled – it’s also free!" the team adds.
There is a section for top tips in the guide. Those tips are as follows:
- Only Friend people you know.
- Create a good password and use it only for Facebook.
- Don’t share your password.
- Change your password on a regular basis.
- Share your personal information only with people and companies that need it.
- Log into Facebook only ONCE each session. If it looks like Facebook is asking you to log in a second time, skip the links and
directly type www.facebook.com into your browser address bar.
- Use a one-time password when using someone else’s computer.
- Log out of Facebook after using someone else’s computer.
- Use secure browsing whenever possible.
- Only download Apps from sites you trust.
- Keep your anti-virus software updated.
- Keep your browser and other applications up to date.
- Don’t paste script (code) in your browser address bar.
- Use browser add-ons like Web of Trust and Firefox’s NoScript to keep your account from being hijacked.
- Beware of “goofy” posts from anyone—even Friends. If it looks like something your Friend wouldn’t post, don’t click on it.
- Scammers might hack your Friends’ accounts and send links from their accounts. Beware of enticing links coming from
The whole guide can be downloaded here for free. | <urn:uuid:1c7cf443-671d-497f-9020-84749ca39da1> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.webpronews.com/facebook-security-tips/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886860.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20180117082758-20180117102758-00520.warc.gz | en | 0.862607 | 485 | 2.75 | 3 |
What happens to a family after one of its members, the chief breadwinner, is deported? For those who are left behind, what are available options for supplemental income? When minor children are involved, how are they affected? Earlier today, the Post-Deportation Human Rights Project released a report that addresses all these issues.
The Post-Deportation Human Rights Project is part of Boston College's Center for Human Rights and International Justice. Its stated mission is "to reintroduce legal predictability, proportionality, compassion and respect for family unity into the deportation laws and policies in the United States", using research, direct representation, legal and policy analysis, among other tools.
Keeping Families Connected/Mantiendo a las Familias Conectadas is a critical analysis of the impact of deportation on families. In minor children, the impact of deportation manifested itself in the form of "academic problems, sadness, crying, sleep and appetite loss, insecurity about the future, worry, fear, nightmares, speech difficulties, withdrawing and tantrums." Forty four percent of families interviewed reported that actual or threatened separation from deportation impacted their children's well-being. Seventy eight percent of the families interviewed described the experience and/or threat of detention and deportation as creating disruption to their families.
One family in particular exemplifies the reality of disruption due to detention and deportation. In October 2004, Elary Jeffers was deported from Boston to the Caribbean island of Nevis, the country of his birth. Mr. Jeffers left behind his four-year old son, Dontel, for whom he was the primary care-giver. After Mr. Jeffers was deported, Dontel's mother assumed custody of the minor child. But Dontel was soon placed in foster care, since his mother had a substance abuse problem. Four months later, Dontel made headline news in the Boston Globe -- he had allegedly been beaten to death by the foster parent.
The findings of the report by the Post-Deportation Human Rights Project re-inforces those made by Human Rights Watch almost a year ago in Forced Apart (By the Numbers). Using census data and figures from the Pew Hispanic Center, Human Rights Watch report estimates that just over 1 million family members have been separated from their loved ones by deportation.
Given the impact of detention and deportation on families, immigration laws should be amended to allow legal immigrants faced with deportation to ask a judge to permit them to remain in the United States, particularly when their crimes are comparatively minor and they have long-standing family ties to the United States.
Arlene M. Roberts is the author of The Faces of Detention and Deportation: A Report on the Forced Repatriation of Immigrants from the English-speaking Caribbean.
How will Donald Trump’s first 100 days impact YOU? Subscribe, choose the community that you most identify with or want to learn more about and we’ll send you the news that matters most once a week throughout Trump’s first 100 days in office. Learn more | <urn:uuid:a2035659-b76c-42e2-89a7-8e7c56fb981a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.huffingtonpost.com/arlene-m-roberts/separation-anxiety-how-im_b_464160.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280239.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00405-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955756 | 622 | 2.609375 | 3 |
I’ve been told that Scaffolding for Scaffolders is an odd name for a language teaching blog site. And to any of you in the construction industry who may have been looking for building supplies and stumbled upon the site by accident, I apologize.
In light of all that, it seems appropriate to include a post on how scaffolding applies to education and provide some basic examples.
Scaffolding in education refers to support which we can give students such that they are better able to do the task. The word scaffolding is used because it is assumed that this support can slowly be taken away as the learners develop.
Here are the usual 3 types that I apply to almost every lesson:
- Break a task down into different stages or components. Instead of explaining the entire project or task in one go and then leaving students to get on with it, we can break it down into stages, check in with students after each stage, and only after checking in we then provide instructions for the next stage.
- Provide a model. The teacher can provide or actually be a model, but we can also use a stronger student to provide a model, or we can find a model online or in a text to show them before they are tasked with producing similar.
- Allow thinking time. If the task is to share an opinion or produce a short talk or explanation, students may benefit from think-pair-share in order to build both their confidence and quality of output. Think-pair-share can go like this: individually, students have 3 minutes to brainstorm/take notes, then in pairs they share ideas, then finally as a whole class or larger group they share ideas. Less confident or less prepared students will perform much better in the whole class share stage if they are allowed the support of the previous two stages (think-pair). The simple act of sharing ideas and/or checking answers with the person next to them can be an invaluable scaffold that greatly boosts confidence and quality of work produced.
For some more examples, and to see scaffolding in action, check out this short video: | <urn:uuid:b303de38-4919-4c2f-bd6c-b2ab870d1225> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://jason2020.globalblogs.org/2020/08/01/scaffolding/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703519883.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20210120023125-20210120053125-00011.warc.gz | en | 0.946958 | 428 | 3.90625 | 4 |
Rocket Recorder: Volume One
Brainchild of music teacher Laurie Orth, Rocket Recorder: Volume One incorporates space concepts and original space-themed music into elementary-school recorder lessons. This innovative STEAM approach to music education has improved student engagement, leading to better practice and broadened conversation in the classroom.
Orth fueled up the idea for Rocket Recorder: Volume One during conversations with her son about space flight operations. NASA’s education website provided materials that helped her execute on the idea. Since launching the book, Orth has entered the orbit of STEAM conversations at various conferences and at Space Foundation. Rocket Recorder: Volume One and Orth’s associated YouTube lessons have demonstrated that the combination of the arts and science helps to develop creative minds.
To learn more or purchase your own book, visit www.laurieorth.com. | <urn:uuid:27539263-07fb-4ab3-acd4-7016707bfd1e> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://spacefoundation.org/space_certification_/rocket-recorder-volume-one/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153854.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20210729074313-20210729104313-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.897382 | 174 | 2.90625 | 3 |
July 31 (UPI) -- European Space Agency satellites are helping scientists track Siberian wildfires. From the vantage of space, dozens of wildfires are visible.
As UPI reported last week, wildfires are burning in Alaska, Greenland and throughout Siberia, releasing record amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere. This week, ESA images confirmed the fires continue to burn in Siberia.
According to Russia's Federal Forestry Agency, the fires, which have been burning for the last two months, have affected 3 million hectares -- or 11,000 square miles -- of Siberian forest and tundra.
The newly released Copernicus Sentinel-3 photograph showcases several fires in Siberia, the smoke from which has polluted the air in the Russian cities of Kemerovo, Tomsk, Novosibirsk and Altai. Strong winds have helped spread the Arctic fires, while also carrying smoke to distant population centers.
Arctic fires aren't unheard of -- they're fairly common in the summer when lightning strikes. But this season's blazes are more intense and spreading farther north than ever before. Scientists suggest the record-setting fire season was made possible by soaring temps brought on by climate change.
According to Mark Parrington, senior scientist with Europe's Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service, the Arctic's fires have released approximately 100 megatons, 100 million metric tons, of CO2 since June -- a total Parrington said on Twitter "is getting close to 2017 fossil fuel CO2 emissions of Belgium."
Though there have been no casualties in Siberia as a result of the fire, Russian officials declared a state of emergency in the region.
Scientists are concerned the soot and ash from the blazes will be deposited on ice in Greenland and throughout the Arctic, causing ice to absorb more solar energy and melt more easily. | <urn:uuid:09f563f5-abf7-4382-af1e-2e85ac60a91e> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2019/07/31/ESA-satellite-spots-wildfires-burning-across-Siberia/6871564584057/?st_rec=4341564845816 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514576122.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20190923064347-20190923090347-00334.warc.gz | en | 0.936905 | 367 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Nursing homework help
This is a TURNITIN assignment!
Choose a contemporary moral issue in our society and apply the ethical principle of Utilitarianism to approve and be in favor of this moral issue. You must pick a moral issue that you strongly agree with and apply the utilitarian claims to back up your arguments. In addition, you must apply Bentham’s Felicific Calculus.
“Not applying Utilitarianism or the Felicific Calculus results in an automatic F !!!
Utilitarianism is the ethical theory that the moral worth of an action is only determined by its contribution to overall utility . It is thus a form of consequentialism , meaning that the moral worth of an action is determined by its outcome-the ends justifies the means.
– MLA format
– A minimum of 500 words!
– A minimum of 3 reference sources! | <urn:uuid:f0e67676-7238-4ff7-b80f-62b414ae5f4e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://academic-research-pro.com/choose-a-contemporary-moral-issue-in-our-society-and-apply-the-ethical-principle-of-utilitarianism-to-approve-and-be-in-favor-of-this-moral-issue/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679102637.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210190744-20231210220744-00524.warc.gz | en | 0.896896 | 180 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Fiat Shows Solar-Powered Microcar
Offering yet another spin on next-gen zero-emissions automotive technology, Fiat has given its first public demonstration of an experimental microcar that uses solar cells as the primary source to charge batteries that drive its dual electric motors. Called the Phylla -- Greek for "leaf" -- this diminutive 2+2 has a 145-kilometer (90-mile) range with its lithium-ion pack but can travel up to 220 kilometers (137 miles) when fitted with the more advanced lithium-polymer cells that were fitted when it shuttled a group of local and regional VIPs around the grounds of the Environment Park di Torino. That Italian locale enjoys its own green significance, having been established in 1996 as part of the European Scientific and Technological Parks experiment that aimed to combine technological innovation and eco-efficiency.
Constructed from lightweight, recyclable materials, the Phylla is built on an alumimum frame and uses individual motors to drive the front and rear wheels. This innovative design exercise weighs just 750 kilograms (1653 lb), with the batteries making up about 20 percent of that mass. Needing nearly six seconds to reach 30 mph, the Phylla definitely remains a "city car" at heart, however, Fiat claims that it can top out at a respectable 81 mph. While the Phylla's photovoltaic array is scaled to provide sufficient power to keep it going on sunny days, the car also was designed with plug-in capabilities that allow its batteries to be fully recharged in four to five hours. | <urn:uuid:cd634a44-e1cb-47c0-8c6c-d07f942ea3fd> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.kbb.com/car-news/all-the-latest/fiat-shows-solar_powered-microcar/2000006551/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257823133.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071023-00169-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944833 | 324 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Tools for peace describes four sets of tools to manage conflicts. To build a house you need more than a set of screwdrivers; you need different tools to accomplish different things. Those acquainted with these tools will realize that it is possible to build peace. Here are sets that can be used in negotiation, nonviolent action, strength, and personal transformation. Those involving negotiation are useful when conversation is possible. Those involved in nonviolent action are useful in persuading people to come to negotiation. Tools for strength involve governance and the management of power. Tools for personal transformation are required for the skillful use of all the other tools. Just as the type and size of the best screwdriver to use depends on the particular task at hand, the selection of a particular tool for negotiation or any of the other sets may depend on whether the conflict is between friends, enemies, groups, or nations. Hence, the reader may want to skim through the many types of tools that are available. As an example we consider using the tools to facilitate political conversation.
Tools for Civil Political Discourse
Intelligent political conversation may be blocked by disrespect or lack of understanding. When we read something disrespectful we may think the writer is stupid, inconsiderate, opinionated, etc. If we don’t say anything they will keep behaving in ways that offend us, yet if we tell them they are stupid, inconsiderate, opinionated, etc. they will become hurt or defensive. How can we tell them without making them defensive? It is often helpful if we tell them how we actually feel. For more information on how to do this See here. When we do not understand why a writer is asserting something that appears stupid consider searching for the needs that are underlying their position. It may be possible to use principled negotiation to create a solution that meets the interests of both parties. For more information See here. If the other has different values than you do and doesn’t understand your position consider using the Rapoport debate technique. This involves an attempt to decrease the threat posed by the difference in values. It begins with an attempt to state the others point of view, persisting until the other agrees that there point of view has been correctly presented. See here for more information.
Tools for Personal Transformation
Tools of Negotiation
Tools for Nonviolent Struggle
Tools for Strength: Power and Peaceful Governance
Tools for Political Civil Discourse | <urn:uuid:bc44df45-3882-4afc-84ff-f3561564afbb> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.pwpp.org/tools-for-peace/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822145.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017163022-20171017183022-00373.warc.gz | en | 0.913827 | 488 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Keil (Software) is used to program Micronetollers. Keil provides us a long range of tools related to microcontroller like Assembler, C Compiler, Debugger and Simulator, Linker and library manager.You can write instructions in Keil, compile and simulate program and debug errors in this program. Keil compiler is a software that is used to write and compile the machine language code. When this code is compiled, the machine code that is called source code is converted into hex code which is to be burned into the microcontroller chip for further processing. Keil compiler also supports C language code.
Download Keil Software by clicking given below Download button, and open the "read me" file to learn instructions how to install.
- Install the Keil Software on your computer.
- When the installation will be down, an icon will be created with the name “Keil uVision3”. Just create icon onto the desktop so that it becomes easy whenever you want to use Keil.
- Double click or right click on this icon and click open to start the Keil compiler.
- A page will be open with different options in it showing the project workspace at the leftmost corner side, output window at the bottom.
- Now to start creating something new, click on the option “project”.
- A small window will be open showing the options like new project, open project etc. Click on “New project”.
- Another small window with the title bar “Create new project” opens. The window asks the user to give the project name with which it should be created and the destination location. You can create project in any of available drive.
- When the file will be saved in the given destination, a window opens where a list of vendors will be displayed and you have to select the device for the target you have created.
- If your vendor is Atmel then click on it, Atmel is most widely used. Then family of microcontroller manufactured by Atmel opens. You can select microcontroller as your requirement.
- Then the features of that microcontroller will be displayed on the right side of the page which was selected by you. The most appropriate microcontroller that is used in most of the projects is the AT89C51. Click on this microcontroller and have a look at its features, then click on “OK” to select this microcontroller.
- Another option will appear in small window asking whether to copy the startup code into the file you have created. Just click on “No” to proceed further.
- Now you can see the TARGET and SOURCE GROUP created in the project workspace.
- Now click on “File” and in that “New”. A new page opens and you can start writing program in it.
- After the program is completed, save it with any name but with the .asm extension. Save the program in the file you have created earlier.
- You can notice that after you save the program, the predefined keywords will be highlighted in bold letters.
- Now add this file to the target by giving a right click on the source group. A list of options open and in that select “Add files to the source group”. Check for this file where you have saved and add it.
- Right click on the target and select the first option “Options for target”. A window opens with different options like device, target, output etc. First click on “target”.
- Since the set frequency of the microcontroller is 11.0592 MHz to interface with the PC, just enter this frequency value in the Xtal (MHz) text area and put a tick on the Use on-chip ROM. This is because the program what we write here in the Keil will later be dumped into the microcontroller and will be stored in the inbuilt ROM in the microcontroller.
- Now click the option “Output” and give any name to the hex file to be created in the “Name of executable” text area and put a tick to the “Create HEX file” option present in the same window. The hex file can be created in any of the drives. You can change the folder by clicking on “Select folder for Objects”.
- Now to check whether the program you have written is errorless or not, click on the icon exactly below the “Open file” icon which is nothing but Build Target icon. You can even use the shortcut key F7 to compile the program written.
- To check for the output, there are several windows like serial window, memory window, project window etc. Depending on the program you have written, select the appropriate window to see the output by entering into debug mode.
- The icon with the letter “d” indicates the debug mode.
- Click on this icon and now click on the option “View” and select the appropriate window to check for the output.
- After this is done, click the icon “debug” again to come out of the debug mode.
- The hex file created as shown earlier will be dumped into the microcontroller with the help of another software called Proload.
Free Download Link = 1) Mediafire.com
Free Software - Software Patch - Cracked Software - Mobile Apps -Android Apps - Iphone Apps - Facebook | <urn:uuid:a844613a-6de4-4488-b009-401261e1c302> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://softwareinfotodownload.blogspot.com/2013/03/download-keil-for-microcontroller.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701159376.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193919-00046-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.86659 | 1,133 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Taking care of Red Eared Turtles takes more than just a container decorated with colorful pebbles and filled with water. These animals have specific housing needs, and require special diets and close monitoring; in order to ensure their health and safety, and allow them to live out their maximum lifespans. The following tips about the Red Eared Turtle should help you come to a decision as to whether you are ready to become an owner, or, if you are already one, give you useful advice on how to take better care of your pets.
If you’re just in the planning stages of purchasing a red-eared turtle, there are a few things you should look out for to make sure that your pet is in perfect condition and not ill before you bring it home. Healthy turtles of this species should be alert, responsive, and bright in appearance. You will know if the turtle is alert and responsive if it pulls its legs back into its shell when you pick it up. Otherwise, Red Eared Slider Turtles that seem to be passive when you do this are most likely to be stressed out or sluggish. They are in great shape and health if they have clear, open, and clean eyes. Their noses should be free from discharge or mucus, which are signs of respiratory sickness.
Red Eared Slider Turtles may appear delicate and cute when they are just hatchlings, and many novice owners may assume that small, plastic containers or tanks would make adequate housing for them. This theory is a mistake; as the turtles grow into their adult size, they will reach up to twelve inches in length. You must, therefore, prepare a suitably sized dwelling place, ideally a large tank or pond. A red-eared turtle that has received the right kind of care and monitoring can live for forty years.
One should always remember that it is never wise to try to return a turtle to the wild when it becomes an adult, because it will not be equipped with the skills necessary for self-preservation and survival, especially if it had been kept captive most of its life.
A red-eared turtle can excrete a lot of waste material, and you must keep its housing clean, by placing a good filter into its tank, and by feeding it in a separate tank or container.
Red eared slider turtles are omnivorous, although as young turtles, they show a preference for small animals, such as earthworms, shrimp, mealworms, crickets, and krill. These may have to be cut into smaller portions when fed to the hatchlings. If your pet is already an adult, you may offer it larger prey, such as tadpoles. As the turtles mature, you should shift to vegetables for the majority of their diet; for example, collard, dandelion greens, and green beans.
You can determine the sex of your turtles only when they have become mature. You should allot a nesting area on which the females can lay their eggs. Be sure that this area, and the entire place in which the turtles dwell, are escape-proof and free from predators.
Article Credits: Ideacopy
Author Credits: Karma Williams
Image Credits: Pexels | <urn:uuid:9e18f6ad-8b0a-4718-8b3b-baf0446e62d7> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.pethealthglobal.com/lifestyle/proper-care-tips-for-red-eared-slider-turtles/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583657151.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20190116093643-20190116115643-00533.warc.gz | en | 0.966948 | 650 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Roses have always been surrounded by deep, romantic symbolism. They are still the flower of choice for lovers who've known each other for both a short and long time, making them the ever-popular choice to gift on Valentine's Day. It is estimated that more than 250 million roses are produced for Valentine's Day each year.
That's 85% of all roses bought for Valentine's Day. 65% of these tend to be classic red roses!
So how did red roses come to mean eternal love? Why are roses for lovers? How were roses cultivated?
A Seed Planted in History
According to fossil records, roses are over 35 million years old. Roses were found mostly in the northern hemisphere and were likely first grown by the Chinese.
Roman traders would exchange goods for roses with Chinese merchants over the Silk Road.
Roses were used as medicine, confetti, and symbols of power and status.
Cleopatra allegedly scattered rose petals around her room. Especially whenever her paramour, Marc Antony, arrived. Cleopatra's welcoming of Marc Antony was so that whenever he smelt a rose on his conquests, he would be reminded of her.
After the fall of Rome in the 5th century, the catholic church denounced roses. They saw the rose as a symbol of Pagan worship because Roman citizens were obsessed with them. This ban by the church threw roses into obscurity for almost 800 years until when they made their return and were seen as the flower for lovers.
Roses Grew Strong and Noble
The red rose made a stunning comeback during the Middle Ages. The crusades are thought to have reintroduced roses into the Christian world. Muslims had long grown the flower, so returning Crusaders often brought roses.
This was important for the future of royal and noble heraldry. The coat of arms of many noble houses in Europe, particularly the French, tended to use roses.
The red colouring gave a forever enchanted rose the kind of mythology and religious importance we know today. Roses in other colours were usually used to depict offshoots of the main houses of nobility.
Stories of King Arthur and bold chivalric knights often use the rose as a symbol of gentile nobility and the honour of warriors. Knights would gift roses to paramours during tournaments, and poetry would soon be written about their beauty.
The rose continued to be an important symbol of nobility throughout the Middle Ages and into the early modern period. Even Shakespeare would say, "A rose by any other name would smell just as sweet"
The Thorns beneath the Rose
Perhaps the most famous historical event centred around roses was a series of Civil Wars in England. The Wars of the Roses were fought between the royal households of York and Lancaster. These nobles identified themselves with a white and red rose, respectively.
After the war, the houses were united under the Tudor family. Henry Tudor, or Henry VII, was a Lancastrian. Thus his house colours were red roses. In ensuring the civil wars over the throne were well and truly over, he married the young maiden of the York side, Elizabeth of York. Together, they united the warring houses and brought peace to the land.
Their union brought not only the birth of Henry VIII but also the creation of the Church of England and all subsequent history. It created a new sigil for the Tudor family: The Tudor Rose. This was a union of red and white roses into a stunning array. Even today, the Tudor rose is a proud symbol of England and its history.
A rose box with a red and white rose means the union between two people, the coming together of different ideologies or perspectives into one.
Why not buy a gift rose box of red roses and white on the side?
Growing Old and Beautiful in the Garden
Rose culture and its association with romantic love began to erupt in the 19th century. Many Victorian dandies began collating studies on the "Flower language", which is the language of flower gifts, to insinuate romantic approaches.
The glory of this system was plausible deniability. Say that the flowers were rejected or a chaperone alerted to romantic intent. Then a bachelor or bachelorette could simply deny any hidden meaning.
This quite early form of flirting began some of the first flower delivery businesses, a culture still strong even today.
Roses became so popular; many florists and biologists began designing rose hybrids to increase their size and beauty.
From this obsession, we get our modern thoughts on roses being for lovers.
Roses Today and Tomorrow
To this day, gifting a rose is still one of the most beautiful ways to show your love and affection. However, there is a dangerous game occurring. As more people grow and wish to send flowers to their loved ones, the strain on the market is continually growing.
Every Valentine's Day, without fail, roses are the most popular flower to be found in the entire market. Millions of roses are cultivated, and many of them are cut and sold within a few days of reaching maturity. The intense farming of roses leads to many fresh-cut flowers being grown, only to be left unbought or die in their vases. They waste away after only a few days. Their harmful growth in greenhouses creates more problems than smiles on people's faces.
This is where infinity roses are changing the game. By farming roses in season, only from fairtrade farms, we offset the carbon cost of production and transportation with a completely carbon-neutral strategy.
This year, you can relax knowing your gift of roses will not only be well received but have not further harmed the environment. Find out more about the sustainable practises behind our forever flowers. | <urn:uuid:b4a894fe-41e2-46c9-ab8c-626b6ee74d96> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.amarantelondon.com/blogs/blog/how-roses-became-the-most-romantic-flower | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506528.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923194908-20230923224908-00434.warc.gz | en | 0.974075 | 1,175 | 3.09375 | 3 |
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Essay on mesopotamia uncle toms cabin essay descriptive essays research papers about yourself in essay mesopotamia vs egypt. Co legend has it that kim gong il was born in a log cabin inside a secret base on t he sacred mat descriptive essay related essays. 100% free papers on abraham lincoln essay a famous sport person essays a trip that you essays exam stress essays abraham lincoln was born in a.Download | <urn:uuid:bbfb0dfa-598b-4508-8c9c-1e27edc0f03a> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://kaessaykggj.northviewtech.us/log-cabin-descriptive-essays.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158766.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20180922221246-20180923001646-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.915397 | 728 | 2.75 | 3 |
The International Union for the Conservation of Nature has a ranking system for threatened species. Many countries also have their own systems.
New Zealand’s system
In 2002, conservationists created a New Zealand-specific system for classifying threatened species. It can be used for all New Zealand life forms, including marine species. The ranking depends on conservation status, threats to survival, whether they are endemic, vulnerability and cultural importance. There are eight rankings, from the most to the least threatened:
- nationally critical
- nationally endangered
- nationally vulnerable
- serious decline
- gradual decline
- range restricted
- data deficient.
New Zealand has one of the highest rates of threatened native species in the world. For example, 34% of plants are considered to be at some level of risk, and 37% of the 215 native birds are listed as threatened by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature.
Numbers of threatened species
A 2002 survey classified a total of 2,372 species (including 312 subspecies) as threatened. This included bats, birds, bryophytes (mosses, liverworts and hornworts), freshwater fish and invertebrates, frogs, fungi, macro algae, marine fish, marine mammals, reptiles, land invertebrates and vascular plants.
Between 1860 and 1970, at least 150,000 kea (alpine parrots) were killed. This figure is based on a bounty offered to kill the birds, which were believed to attack sheep, causing blood poisoning, and drive flocks over cliffs. There may be as few as 1,000–5,000 kea left.
By 2007 the total number of threatened species had increased to 2,788. This was mostly due to better information on many that were once classed as ‘data deficient’.
Scientists know a lot about the more charismatic species – those that are large, attractive, odd, or rare. Little is known about less visible species. Only bats, birds, and frogs have been described and understood well enough to be assigned a status with some confidence.
Less understood species
Many species fall into the ‘data deficient’ category. Scientists may suspect they are in danger, but have little information – 1,455 species and subspecies of fungi belong in this group.
Although 30,000 native New Zealand species have so far been identified and named, there are possibly a further 50,000 that are as yet unidentified. Most of these are insects, worms, fungi, or micro-organisms such as algae. Some of these may be threatened, and some may have already been lost without ever being scientifically described.
It is difficult for the Department of Conservation to decide where to spend its limited funds. Many questions arise. Which species are actually at risk of extinction? Can the risk be measured? Even if enough information exists to answer these questions, trade-offs have to be made.
In 1990 the Department of Conservation and other groups set up the Threatened Species Trust Programme to attract commercial sponsorship. This has generated more funds for saving threatened species. For example, between 1990 and 2004 the aluminium smelting company Comalco donated $1.6 million towards saving the kākāpō. The Bank of New Zealand has been a multi-million-dollar sponsor of saving the kiwi since 1991. | <urn:uuid:b2733efb-2c24-46bf-9ae6-537e5dfcb9eb> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://teara.govt.nz/en/threatened-species/page-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370497301.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20200330181842-20200330211842-00390.warc.gz | en | 0.950886 | 683 | 4.15625 | 4 |
Moreover, people with even very early signs of diabetes also have an elevated risk of enterovirus infection, according to Dr. Maria Craig, of the Children's Hospital at Westmead in Sydney, Australia, and colleagues.
But it remains unclear whether the viruses cause the disease or those with autoimmunity or diabetes are simply more vulnerable to infection, Craig and colleagues reported online in BMJ.
The incidence of type 1 diabetes has been rising around the world, the authors noted, especially in children younger than 5.
In recent years in Europe the incidence has increased by roughly four percent a year — too quickly to be a result of genetic change.
So suspicion has been centered on environmental factors, and epidemiological studies have suggested a link between diabetes and the enteroviruses — organisms that cause disease in humans ranging from mild colds to meningitis to polio.
On the other hand, the apparent link has been controversial because a review of serological studies — which look for antibodies to enteroviruses in the blood — found no association, Craig and colleagues noted.
To help clarify the issue, they conducted a meta-analysis of studies that used molecular methods to test for the viruses.
They found 24 published papers and two abstracts, all reporting case-control studies that met criteria for their analysis. Some reported data on more than one case cohort and for this review each cohort was treated as a separate study, giving a total of 34.
Overall, the researchers reported, the quality of the studies was good but the studies were conducted in differing ways so there was a high level of statistical heterogeneity.
The researchers found nine studies that analyzed pre-diabetes autoimmunity (with 198 cases and 733 controls) and 25 that looked at clinical diabetes (with 1,733 cases and 1,784 controls).
Analysis showed significant associations between enterovirus infection — so that people with immune system changes associated with pre-diabetes had almost a four-fold increase in risk of enterovirus infection and those with a clinical diagnosis of type 1 diabetes had a 10-fold increase in risk of enterovirus infection. In both cases the increased risk was calculated by comparison to healthy individuals.
The researchers cautioned that the evidence doesn't prove that enteroviruses cause diabetes, but they added that their analysis provides additional evidence for viral infection in people with type 1 diabetes.
"Larger prospective studies are needed to establish a clear temporal relation between enterovirus infection and the development of autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes," Craig and colleagues concluded.
Limitations of the meta-analysis, in addition to heterogeneity of the studies, included the fact that only 10 studies controlled for three or more known potential confounders, and other environmental factors were not assessed.
Also, the researchers used DNA testing to detect infection and it was performed on samples from a variety of sites, some of which are more sensitive for enterovirus than others; and only single samples from one time point were done .
Although the link was clear, the mechanism behind the observed association still has to be worked out, according to Dr. Didier Hober, and Dr. Famara Sane, both of the University of Lille in Lille, France.
It probably involves an "interplay between viruses, pancreatic beta cells, the innate and adaptive immune systems, and the genotype of the patient," they wrote in an accompanying editorial.
The association "opens up the possibility of developing new preventive and therapeutic strategies to fight this disease," they concluded. | <urn:uuid:b03adb94-0b20-4c74-a25a-088e1c3850c9> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.everydayhealth.com/diabetes/news/study-finds-possible-link-between-diabetes-and-cold.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422120842874.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124173402-00143-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965526 | 724 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Bias is a constant, systematic form or source of error, as opposed to variance, which is random, variable error. The nature and the extent of bias in survey [Page 57]measures is one of the most daunting problems that survey researchers face. How to quantify the presence of bias and how to reduce its occurrence are ever-present challenges in survey research. Bias can exist in myriad ways in survey statistics. In some cases its effect is so small as to render it ignorable. In other cases it is nonignorable and it can, and does, render survey statistics wholly invalid.
Survey researchers often rely upon estimates of population statistics of interest derived from sampling the relevant population and gathering data from that sample. To the extent the sample ...
Looks like you do not have access to this content. | <urn:uuid:afa0d055-c74b-46e0-93a8-ccf18ccf5b1b> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://methods.sagepub.com/Reference/encyclopedia-of-survey-research-methods/n39.xml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370525223.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200404200523-20200404230523-00253.warc.gz | en | 0.927447 | 164 | 3.296875 | 3 |
The completely working non-invasive machinery arm responds to signals from brain implants is revolutionizing the world with its exceptional built-in design.
FREMONT, CA: A group of analysts from Carnegie Mellon University and the University of Minnesota has made a giant leap in the field of non-invasive robotic control using Brain-Computer Interface (BCI).
The experts were successful in establishing and developing first ever non-invasive neural-controlled machinery arm working and displaying the ceaseless tracking that follows a computer cursor, becoming a key discovery. The invention tends to be a benefactor on a daily basis for the paralyzed and patients having movement disorder.
BCIs are known for achieving production, development, and smart performance for their tremendous achievement in machinery devices using signals from brains. Until now, BCIs are noted for their invasive brain implants.
The former invasive implants were jerky, rough and impossible to track down the orders from the brain, however, now the issues have been solved with the new non-invasive brain implants. The particular technology has been tested and verified in humans, which include virtual control and using it for continuous pursuit. The researchers might take it up to clinical study and research in the near future.
In the paper Science Robotics, the invention and experiment of the brain and the computer in its excellence was described which later paved the way to the important discovery of Non-Invasive Robotics Arm.
“Despite the technical challenges of using noninvasive signals, we are fully committed to bring this safe and economic technology to people who can benefit from it,” says Bin He, Trustee Professor and Department Head of Biomedical Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University.
“This work represents an important step in non-invasive brain-computer interfaces, a technology which someday may become a pervasive assistive technology aiding everyone, like smartphones,” he added. | <urn:uuid:3ee42708-87d3-452a-82ff-7734cc52bea1> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.healthcaretechoutlook.com/news/noninvasive-robotic-arm-control-now-possible-with-bci-nid-1350.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371833063.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20200409091317-20200409121817-00489.warc.gz | en | 0.953414 | 383 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Key Stage; 2
Delivered at; In your classroom
Duration; 4.5 hours, 9.30am – 3pm
Main focus; History, English
Imagine Warwickshire 5,000 years ago using archaeological investigative skills to explore this period of pre-history. Using group activities significant changes between each period are a focus of this workshop. Decide what foods Stone Age people hunted, farmed and gathered in the food sorting game. Handle and examine replica tools from all three periods. Use real archaeological evidence from the local area to understand how we know about people from these periods. Excavate a mini roundhouse and mark out it’s size as a class using what you’ve learnt from your excavation. Learn about life in the Iron Age by examining artefacts from an Iron Age rubbish pit, what can they tell us about people who lived then?
This workshop requires the use of the class projector throughout the day.
Key skills covered
- Chronological understanding
- Change and continuity – discuss the significant changes between each of the time periods.
- Understanding the development of technology and the impact this had.
- Interpretation of evidence
- Historic enquiry
- Group working
- Questioning evidence and making conclusions | <urn:uuid:48eb24cb-34cb-4a87-8a2b-1a3cab571eee> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://heritage.warwickshire.gov.uk/heritage-education/heritage-education-stone-age-to-iron-age/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998605.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20190618023245-20190618045245-00453.warc.gz | en | 0.892779 | 255 | 4 | 4 |
FROM BILLIONS TO NONILLIONS
Very large numbers are commonly used in describing objects and distances in our Universe. Its easy to correctly read even the largest numbers if you know the meanings of the prefixes that come before the "illion" in each of them. Most of the prefixes and their meanings are probably familiar to you because they are present in common words that we use and hear every day. Review the prefixes in the chart below, and then prepare to find the answer to the question that follows.
(two) billion - 1,000,000,000
(three) trillion - 1,000,000,000,000
(four) quadrillion - 1,000,000,000,000,000
(five) quintillion - 1,000,000,000,000,000,000
(six) sextillion - 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
(seven) septillion - 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
(eight) octillion - 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
(nine) nonillion - 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
I am the farthest object visible with the naked eye from Earth. I am a rotating spiral nebula located about 2.3 million light-years away. I contain over 300 billion stars. Because I am visible to the naked eye, I appeared on star charts long before the invention of the telescope. What is my name?
______________________________________________________ IN ANDROMEDA
Determine the place values in the numeral below. As you answer the following questions you will notice that each digit has a letter with which it corresponds. Below the questions, you will see a numerical message. Convert each digit in the message to its corresponding letter. If you correctly answer each question, you will know the name to place in the blank above.
1. What number is in the ten septillions place? ___________ = G
2. What number is in the hundred millions place? _________ = H
3. What number is in the ten trillions place? __________ = T
4. What number is in the ten octillions place? ________ = R
5. What number is in the hundred billions place? ________ = E
6. What number is in the quadrillions place? __________ = A
7. What number is in the hundred septillions place? _________ = L
8. What number is in the hundred octillions place? _________ = X
9. What number is in the nonillions place? __________ = Y
Download a pdf version. | <urn:uuid:ba2020ec-5003-442f-b4ad-91ea8b676261> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/teachers/gammaraybursts/starchild/page10.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657102753.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011142-00001-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.871888 | 588 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Every month updates are made to Anti-racism in the Outdoors an annotated bibliography including organizations, presentations articles books and resources related to anti-racism in the outdoors. Look for the highlighted “Newly added” resources each month.
This month’s highlights include several resources relate to ways in which discriminatory redlining policies instituted in the 1930’s across the country have contributed to ongoing disparities in community investment, greenspace access and tree cover, and climate change resilience. Even today, these neighborhoods suffer from great swaths of impervious surfaces that leave residents at higher risk for flooding and heat exposure. “In cities like Baltimore, Dallas, Denver, Miami, Portland and New York, neighborhoods that are poorer and have more residents of color can be 5 to 20 degrees Fahrenheit hotter in summer than wealthier, whiter parts of the same city.” (Plumber et al, 2020).
Redlining was a practice that designated neighborhoods by “grades” largely based on their perception of people who lived there whereby “A” areas were largely inhabited by white, wealthy people and “D” areas by lower-class white, black and immigrants. “Many of the beliefs that government assessors applied when creating the maps were entirely subjective, explicitly racist, and created or codified adverse conditions that still affect cities today ” (The lines that shape our cities, n.d.). These maps were then used by lenders to determine where financial investments should be made. The result of disinvestment in these areas is in many cases still apparent in cities across the country. Several of the resources highlighted this month provide interactive story-maps that guide the reader through historical background and current impacts of redlining in Richmond, Virginia, Montgomery Alabama, St Lois Missouri, and Fort Wayne, Indiana, and Richmond, Virginia. Read more in The lines that shape our cities. (n.d.). ArcGIS StoryMaps. Retrieved January 26, 2021, from https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/0f58d49c566b486482b3e64e9e5f7ac9 and Plumer, B., Popovich, N., & Palmer, B. (2020, August 24). How Decades of Racist Housing Policy Left Neighborhoods Sweltering. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/08/24/climate/racism-redlining-cities-global-warming.html | <urn:uuid:9bce6e46-13af-4655-9c80-624a9717318c> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://communities.extension.uconn.edu/2021/01/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178358064.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20210227024823-20210227054823-00328.warc.gz | en | 0.937772 | 518 | 3.53125 | 4 |
The pleasures of sad music: a systematic review
- Brain and Creativity Institute, Dornsife College of Letters Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Sadness is generally seen as a negative emotion, a response to distressing and adverse situations. In an aesthetic context, however, sadness is often associated with some degree of pleasure, as suggested by the ubiquity and popularity, throughout history, of music, plays, films and paintings with a sad content. Here, we focus on the fact that music regarded as sad is often experienced as pleasurable. Compared to other art forms, music has an exceptional ability to evoke a wide-range of feelings and is especially beguiling when it deals with grief and sorrow. Why is it, then, that while human survival depends on preventing painful experiences, mental pain often turns out to be explicitly sought through music? In this article we consider why and how sad music can become pleasurable. We offer a framework to account for how listening to sad music can lead to positive feelings, contending that this effect hinges on correcting an ongoing homeostatic imbalance. Sadness evoked by music is found pleasurable: (1) when it is perceived as non-threatening; (2) when it is aesthetically pleasing; and (3) when it produces psychological benefits such as mood regulation, and empathic feelings, caused, for example, by recollection of and reflection on past events. We also review neuroimaging studies related to music and emotion and focus on those that deal with sadness. Further exploration of the neural mechanisms through which stimuli that usually produce sadness can induce a positive affective state could help the development of effective therapies for disorders such as depression, in which the ability to experience pleasure is attenuated.
Humans have long devoted effort and attention to the making and consuming of art that portrays and conveys misery. The ancient Greeks were known for staging tragedies that were widely popular; to this day, films and novels that deal with heartache and despair become bestsellers and garner critical attention. The phenomenon is seen across cultures and art forms. Classical music exhibits the phenomenon abundantly. Folk music, such as the Portuguese Fado (Nielsen et al., 2009) or the Irish Lament (O’Neill, 1910), often expresses sadness and grief. Sad-sounding motifs even permeate many modern-day American pop songs (Schellenberg and von Scheve, 2012).
Sadness in everyday life, however, is hardly pleasant. It is one of the six basic emotions (along with fear, happiness, anger, surprise, and disgust) and it results in feelings that most humans prefer not to experience. As is the case with other negative emotions, the importance of sadness throughout human history and across cultures can be explained through the evolutionary advantage that it confers (Ekman, 1992). Sadness results from a perceived loss, such as the loss of a valued object, the loss of health, the loss of status or of a relationship, or the loss of a loved one. It is a complex bodily and neural state, resulting in feelings of low energy, social withdrawal, low self-worth, and a sense of limited horizon of the future (Harter and Jackson, 1993; Damasio, 1999; Mee et al., 2006; Hervas and Vazquez, 2011).
Sad music can be defined objectively, based on its acoustical properties, and subjectively, based on a listener’s interpretation of the emotion that the composer is assumed to have conveyed. The musical features generally associated with “sadness” include lower overall pitch, narrow pitch range, slower tempo, use of the minor mode, dull and dark timbres, softer and lower sound levels, legato articulation, and less energetic execution (Juslin and Laukka, 2004). The emotional content of music can also be described on a bi-directional space of valence and arousal. In this view, sad music is defined as music with low valence and low arousal (Trost et al., 2012). Others classify music as sad based on either the emotion that is perceived or the emotion that is induced. This is usually determined by directly asking participants which emotion they believe is being expressed by the music or which emotion they feel when listening to the music (Guhn et al., 2007). The lyrics of popular songs and the poetry of classical pieces can play an important role in defining music as sad as they can trigger memories that the listener associates with sadness (Van den Tol and Edwards, 2013), such as themes of regret and lost love (Mori and Iwanaga, 2013).
Given that in most circumstances sadness is unpleasant, how then can it be associated with pleasure when expressed through music? Herein lies the so-called “tragedy paradox”, the seemingly contradictory idea that humans work to minimize sadness in their lives, yet find it pleasurable in an aesthetic context. The Athenian philosophers of the Pre-Christian era were the first to discuss this matter formally, proposing that art pertaining to negative emotions provides rewards that other art cannot provide. Aristotle, for example, spoke of how tragic theater allowed the audience to experience rapidly, and subsequently purge itself, of negative emotions, a beneficial outcome known as catharsis (Schaper, 1968). Philosophers and psychologists continue to explain the human attraction to sad art in terms of the psychological rewards that are associated with it.
There is room for disagreement, however, regarding the exact relationship between sad music and the associated pleasurable response. Many believe that music perceived as sad does not produce feelings of sadness and instead directly produces a positive affective state (Kivy, 1991). Others argue that, as is the case with Schadenfreude, pleasurable sadness can be viewed as a “mixed” emotion in which positive and negative affects are experienced simultaneously (Juslin, 2013). A third position is that sad music does induce feelings of sadness and that this negative affect is then made positive (Vuoskoski et al., 2011).
The recent emergence of new tools in cognitive science and neuroscience provides the possibility of investigating the relationship between perceived sadness in music and positive affect. By investigating how the brain responds to music listening, aesthetic judgment, and emotional processing, it is possible to gain a better understanding of how and why certain auditory stimuli eventually culminate in a pleasurable response.
In this article, we attempt to bring together findings from philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience in order to arrive at a framework for how sad music becomes pleasurable. We also propose ways of assessing the validity of the framework using neuroimaging and suggest how the available facts may be applicable to mental health interventions.
The Tragedy Paradox: Philosophical and Psychological Approaches
The earliest attempts to reconcile the “tragedy paradox” came from philosophy and can be broadly organized into two main schools of thought. The “cognitivists” argue that music does not evoke real emotions, but that emotion can nonetheless be perceived in the structure of music, which, in turn, evokes reminders of the feelings associated with that emotion (Kivy, 1991). Cognitivists posit that emotive moments in music occur much too quickly to result in a full-fledged feeling of that emotion and, therefore, music can only act as a tour guide of past emotions (Hindemith, 1961).
On the other hand, the “emotivists” claim that music does induce real emotions in the listener (Levinson, 1990). Within the emotivist school of thought, however, there is still disagreement over the exact nature of the inducible emotions. Some emotivists argue that the emotional response is of a different sort than the kind experienced in everyday life. “Music-sadness” cannot be the same as “life-sadness”, they contend, because the environmental conditions necessary for that emotion are not present (Hospers, 1969). Given the inherently unpleasant nature of sadness, the pure fact that music expressing negative valence can even be found pleasant is proof enough that listeners do not feel sad. Instead, one is left only with responses such as awe, transcendence, and chills, which are inherently pleasurable, but do not entail or require the clear goal-oriented action that basic emotions promote (Scherer, 2004; Konečni, 2005).
Other “emotivists”, such as the philosopher Jerrold Levinson, argue that sad music does induce genuine sadness, and that this response is inherently rewarding. In his account, Levinson lists eight different benefits that can arise from the feeling of sadness evoked by music with a negative valence: catharsis, the purging of negative emotions, apprehending expression, an improved understanding of the emotions expressed in a piece of art, savoring feeling, the satisfaction that arises from simply feeling any emotion in response to art, understanding feeling, the opportunity to learn about one’s feelings, emotional assurance, the confirmation in one’s ability to feel deeply, emotional resolution, the knowledge that an emotion state has been, and can be, regulated, expressive potency, the pleasure that arises from expressing one’s feelings, and emotional communion, a connection to the feelings of the composer or other listeners (Levinson, 1990).
More recently, large-scale surveys in which participants were asked to provide their motives for listening to sad music have revealed that people often cite similar benefits to the ones described by Levinson (Garrido and Schubert, 2011). Furthermore, when participants were specifically asked about each of Levinson’s eight rewards relative to their justification for listening to sad music over happy music, they were more likely to associate sad music with the rewards of understanding feelings, emotional assurance, savoring feelings, emotional communion, and emotional resolution (Taruffi and Koelsch, 2014). Additional justifications included the trigger of specific memories, the distraction from current problems (Van den Tol and Edwards, 2013), the engagement of imaginative processes, and the experience of intense emotions without real-life implications (Taruffi and Koelsch, 2014).
Levinson’s ideas, and the ensuing survey data, point to a central mechanism by which sad music can become enjoyable: by triggering a number of psychological processes that are pleasurable to begin with. However, neither can fully explain how the association between sad music and psychological rewards arises or why this association is more likely to occur with sad music than with happy music. Sad music may in fact arouse feelings of connectedness and these feelings may be inherently pleasurable, but the question of how and why sad music allows one to feel more connected to others remains.
Proposed Psychological Theories
A different line of research attempts to elucidate the relationship between sad music and affective response by exploring the underlying cognitive processes. Based on the notion that positive emotions, such as joy, are often linked to pleasure, while negative emotions are often linked to displeasure, Schubert (1996) proposed that negative-valence music is perceived as sad, but that this perception of negativity does not produce displeasure because the stimuli are considered to be “aesthetic” and therefore not actually harmful. In the wake of the dampened displeasure provided by the aesthetic context, a pleasurable response arises from the experience of arousal that the music produces. This theory provides a testable model for how sad music can be linked to pleasure, yet it does not clarify why other negative-valence stimuli, such as fear-inducing music, are generally not enjoyed.
In an attempt to address this question, Huron (2011) suggested that the hormone prolactin is responsible for enabling the enjoyment of sad music. Prolactin is released by endocrine neurons in the hypothalamus in response to tears and to the experience of negative emotions such as grief, sadness, and, more generally, stress (Turner et al., 2002). In such situations, its release encourages attachment and pair bonding as suggested by the fact that levels of prolactin fluctuate when people become parents, hear their children cry, or are mourning a recently deceased spouse (Lane et al., 1987; Delahunty et al., 2007). Huron proposes that the release of prolactin serves to comfort and console, to counteract the mental pain at the root of the negative emotion. He states that music simulates real sadness, which tricks the brain into engaging a normal, compensatory response, i.e., the release of prolactin. But because the listener is aware of the fact that they are not actually in a stressful or grief-inducing situation, the consoling effect of the hormone is produced in the absence of the mental pain that normally precedes it. The fact that the enjoyment of sadness varies greatly from person to person can be explained by differences in personality, emotional reactivity, cultural norms, biology and learned associations (Huron, 2011). No study to date has yet tested levels of prolactin in participants listening to music that evokes other negative emotions and thus this idea remains untested.
Like Schubert’s, Huron’s theory does not clarify why music is unique in its ability to produce this comforting after-effect. According to his view, other sad stimuli that simulate mental pain should be found pleasurable as well, such as sad faces or sad affective words. But existing research has suggested that this is not the case as the subjective report of experienced pleasure decreased when participants were presented with a sad photo (Wild et al., 2001).
A third proposal comes from Juslin’s BRECVEMA model, which describes eight mechanisms by which music can induce emotions: brain stem reflexes, rhythmic entrainment, evaluative conditioning, contagion, visual imagery, episodic memory, musical expectancy, and aesthetic judgment (Juslin, 2013). These mechanisms can work independently and as a group. A mixed emotion, such as pleasurable sadness, can be understood as the result of two different mechanisms generating different affective responses simultaneously. A sad piece of music might evoke a negative affect through the emotional contagion mechanism, which involves feeling the emotions that are recognized in external stimuli, and might evoke a positive affect through the aesthetic judgment mechanism, which involves deciding that the piece of music is aesthetically pleasing. In this account, the sad affective response does not lead to a joyful response, but rather sad music itself produces both sorrow and joy simultaneously (Juslin, 2013).
Do Listeners Actually Feel Sad?
One common thread that runs through the available theories is that music that expresses sadness is enjoyed when the perceiver recognizes that the stimulus is not an immediate threat but is aesthetic instead. The fundamental disagreement concerns whether or not people actually feel sad when listening to sad music that they regard as pleasurable.
When people are directly asked the question, the responses vary. Roughly 25% say that they experience genuine sadness and the rest report that they experience some other, albeit related, emotion, most often, nostalgia (Huron, 2011). However, self-reports made in the context of emotional experience may provide inaccurate results since the difference between emotional perception and emotional experience may not be clear or equal to everyone. In studies in which the researchers made a clear distinction between “perceived” and “felt”, participants reported experiencing mixed emotions (Kawakami et al., 2013).
There is behavioral evidence to suggest that participants do indeed experience, as well as perceive, everyday emotions in response to music. Physiological and behavioral differences were found in participants listening to sad music vs. happy music, including decreased skin conductance, higher finger temperature, decreased zygomatic activity, and more self-reported sadness (Lundqvist et al., 2008). Vuoskoski and Eerola (2012) showed that sadness induced by music had similar bias effects on a word recall task and a picture judgment task as sadness induced by autobiographical recall. The results, then, are taken to mean that music can alter perception and judgment in a similar way to genuine sadness, even if listening to sad music was reported as more pleasant than recollecting a sad autobiographical memory. Neuroimaging has also provided some clarification, as sad music activated some of the regions associated with sad affective states (Mitterschiffthaler et al., 2003; Vytal and Hamann, 2010; Brattico et al., 2011). To date findings suggest that both views have merit. At times, feelings of sadness are experienced in response to sad music and can result in pleasure; at other times, sad music can bypass the associated sad feelings and directly induce a pleasurable response. Which scenario occurs most likely depends on personality, mood, and learned associations with the musical stimuli. Exploring the extent to which the emotional response to sad music overlaps with the sadness experienced in everyday life is a fertile area for further research.
The Influence of Individual Differences, Mood, and Social Context
While sad music may be associated with various psychological rewards that are inherently pleasurable, not everyone experiences the pleasurable response all the time. In addition to the acoustic features of sad music described above, personality, mood, and the surrounding social context are all important factors in determining whether or not sad music is enjoyed. Several key personality measures are correlated with the liking of sad music, including absorption, as measured by the Tellegen Absorption Scale, and scores on subscales of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) including fantasy and empathic concern (Garrido and Schubert, 2011). Higher scores on openness to experience and lower scores on extraversion, as defined by the Big Five Model of personality traits, were shown to be associated with the liking of sad music (Vuoskoski et al., 2011; Ladinig and Schellenberg, 2012). Trait rumination, assessed by the Rumination-Reflection Questionnaire (RRQ), was also positively correlated with enjoyment of sad music, suggesting that certain people listen to sad music not because of the resulting positive feelings, but because of some maladaptive attraction to negative stimuli (Garrido and Schubert, 2011).
Situational factors are also important. People report choosing to listen to sad music more often when they are alone, when they are in emotional distress or feeling lonely, when they are in reflective or introspective moods, or when they are in contact with nature (Taruffi and Koelsch, 2014). Some individuals report that their preference for sad music is dependent on the time of day when they listen (Taruffi and Koelsch, 2014). Other studies have shown that liking of sad music increases when the listener is repeatedly exposed to the musical excerpt while distracted or mentally fatigued (Schellenberg et al., 2008) or when the music is preceded by multiple happy-sounding excerpts (Schellenberg et al., 2012). Empirical evidence that context can have an effect on one’s emotional response to music was recently found in a study in which participants who listened to music alone showed greater skin conductance response compared to participants who listened to the same music in a group (Egermann et al., 2011).
Mood appears to play a role in preferences for sad music as well, though the exact nature of that role is unclear. The liking of unambiguously sad-sounding music was shown to increase after a sad-mood induction paradigm (Hunter et al., 2011). However, there is evidence to suggest that this effect may vary across individuals as some people appear to be motivated to select music that is incongruent with their current mood (i.e., selecting happy music when they are sad) while others are motivated to select music that is congruent with their mood (i.e., selecting sad music when they are sad; Taruffi and Koelsch, 2014). Whether a person selects mood-congruent or mood-incongruent music most likely depends on individual differences and social context. A previous study looking specifically at the interacting effects of mood and personality found that people who scored higher on a measure of global empathy, as well as the fantasy and personal distress subscales of the IRI, were more likely to listen to sad music when they were in a negative mood (mood-congruent). People who scored lower on measures of emotional stability were also more likely to listen to sad music when they were in a negative mood. Interestingly, global empathy scores were positively correlated with people’s preferences to listen to sad music when in a positive mood (mood-incongruent), but in this case, the perspective taking subscale, rather than personal distress, was significant (Taruffi and Koelsch, 2014). The connection between these factors and their associations with pleasurable response to sad music is summarized in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Interaction affects between personality, social context, learned associations, and mood on pleasurable response to sad music. Personality, learned associations, and the social context can all influence a person’s current mood (purple arrows) and the interaction of one’s mood with certain combinations of these three factors form the psychological rewards associated with sad music and, ultimately, the pleasurable response (blue arrows). The resulting pleasurable response can in turn influence current mood, as represented by the bi-directional arrow between pleasure and mood. The reciprocal nature of psychological rewards and pleasurable response is also represented by a bidirectional arrow.
The Neuroscience Perspective
Neuroimaging techniques, including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), can be used to identify areas of the brain that are activated in response to certain stimuli and thus help uncover some of the processes related to the tragedy paradox. To date, however, no study has explored the neural correlates of pleasurable sadness in response to music. In this section, we will simply draw relevant inferences from the literature.
Sadness in the Brain
Perception of Sadness and Sad Mood
The neural correlates of the experience of sadness are often investigated through the use of sad-mood induction tasks. In order to induce the intended feelings, these experiments generally have the participants reflect on sad, autobiographical events and/or view stimuli that express sadness, such as sad faces or sad films (Vytal and Hamann, 2010).
Changes in mood states are associated with activity changes in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and in the insular cortex, two of the main regions of cerebral cortex involved in the processing of feelings (Damasio, 1999). The two programs are interconnected (Mesulam and Mufson, 1982). Several studies using positron emission tomography (PET) or fMRI have reported heightened activity in both structures during the experience of sadness (Lane et al., 1997; Damasio et al., 2000; Lévesque et al., 2003; Habel et al., 2005). The ACC is also associated with social pain as the result of social-exclusion (Macdonald and Leary, 2005), and the processing of sad faces (Killgore and Yurgelun-Todd, 2004).
Collectively, the hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, and the amygdala, are presumed to be important partners in the process of emotional learning and memory. The three areas are neuroanatomically connected (Pitkänen et al., 2000) and recently several studies have shown that they are functionally connected during the processing of emotional stimuli (Hamann et al., 1999; Kilpatrick and Cahill, 2003).
The hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, and amygdala are also associated with unpleasant experience, as higher activity was found in these regions when participants viewed unhappy faces and thought about sad past events (Posse et al., 2003; Habel et al., 2005). Increased activity in the amygdala and parahippocampal gyrus was also found, however, during the happy mood induction task (Habel et al., 2005), suggesting that these regions are not involved in processing sadness specifically, but rather are involved in processing salient emotional stimuli (Phan et al., 2002).
Areas in the frontal lobe are also implicated in processing sadness. A recent meta-analysis found that superior frontal gyrus (BA 9), as well as an area slightly anterior to it [sometimes referred to as the medial frontal gyrus (BA 10)], were repeatedly activated during various sad mood induction tasks (Vytal and Hamann, 2010). The caudate nucleus, a region that is highly innervated by dopamine neurons and modulated by the ventral tegmental area (Faggin et al., 1990), was also involved in the same task (Vytal and Hamann, 2010). In addition, activity in the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG, BA 47) was revealed when comparing sad mood induction, directly, to happy mood induction (Habel et al., 2005).
Brain Correlates of Music-Evoked Sadness
The regions of the brain that are involved in processing feelings of sadness, in general, also appear to be implicated in the processing of feelings evoked by music. In a study in which participants listened to familiar music that they found sad or happy, sad pieces, compared to happy pieces, were associated with increased activation in the head of the caudate nucleus as well as the thalamus (Brattico et al., 2011). Increased activation in the thalamus has also been found during the processing of sad faces (Fusar-Poli et al., 2009).
Several studies on music and emotion have reported involvement of the hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, and amygdala (Blood and Zatorre, 2001; Baumgartner et al., 2006; Koelsch et al., 2006; Eldar et al., 2007). Specifically, in relation to sad music, music that induced a sad mood, judged by subjective reporting, was shown to correlate with increased blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal in the hippocampus and the amygdala (Mitterschiffthaler et al., 2007).
A number of functional neuroimaging studies reported involvement of these regions in the perception of negative valence in music in particular. For example, music perceived as sad, as a result of it being either in a minor mode (Green et al., 2008) or producing low arousal and valence (Frühholz et al., 2014), was shown to correlate with increased activity in the parahippocampal gyrus. That region, along with the hippocampus, was also shown to be involved in responding to dissonant music that was found unpleasant (Blood et al., 1999; Koelsch, 2014). Because of their role in the encoding of memories, the parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, and amygdala may also play an important role in processing emotional events related to the music (Ford et al., 2011).
The superior frontal gyrus and the medial frontal gyrus appear to be associated with the perception of emotions in music as well; both regions were shown to be activated when contrasting the response to music in a minor key to music in a major key (Khalfa et al., 2005; Green et al., 2008).
Aesthetic judgments include both the act of deciding whether or not an auditory stimulus is aesthetic in nature, and therefore not life-threatening, as well as whether the auditory stimulus is beautiful (Jacobsen, 2006). Neuroimaging studies of aesthetic judgment generally produce activation in the frontal lobe cortices and the ACC. The orbital frontal cortex (OFC) has been shown to be involved in various decision-making processes by linking past behavior with their emotional byproducts (Bechara and Damasio, 2005). It is not surprising then, that this general area is repeatedly recruited during tasks of aesthetic judgment (Jacobsen et al., 2006; Ishizu and Zeki, 2011). Other areas of the frontal lobe, including the superior frontal gyrus, and the medial frontal gyrus (BA 9 and 10), were activated when judging the beauty of musical rhythms (Kornysheva et al., 2010) and geometric shapes (Jacobsen et al., 2006). Greater activation in the ACC is also observed when aesthetic judgments are made about both art and music (Kornysheva et al., 2010; Ishizu and Zeki, 2011).
Pleasure in the Brain
Activation of the ventral striatum and the nucleus accumbens, during pleasurable music listening was first reported in a study by Blood and Zatorre (2001) and has since been encountered by several investigators using both fMRI (Menon and Levitin, 2005; Koelsch et al., 2006; Salimpoor et al., 2013) and PET (Brown et al., 2004; Suzuki et al., 2008). Salimpoor et al. (2011) showed that there is a direct relationship between increases in pleasure during music listening and hemodynamic activity in the right nucleus accumbens, an area that is part of the ventral striatum. The study also found that the caudate nucleus was involved in the anticipation of a pleasurable response to musical excerpts (Salimpoor et al., 2013).
In a recent fMRI study, Trost et al. (2012) found that music deemed to have positive emotional valence engages the ventral striatum selectively but in a lateralized fashion. Musical stimuli with positive valence and low arousal, those leading to tenderness, increase activity in the right ventral striatum whereas musical stimuli with positive valence and high arousal, those leading to joy, increase activity in the left ventral striatum.
Using connectivity analysis, Menon and Levitin (2005) showed significant interactions during music listening between the ventral striatum, the hypothalamus and the ventral tegmental area of the brainstem, which is involved in the production and dissemination of the neurotransmitter dopamine. The results also suggested that activation of the ventral striatum in response to pleasurable music is modulated by the activity in both the ventral tegmental area and by the hypothalamus (Menon and Levitin, 2005).
Several studies have reported activity changes in the ACC and the insula during the experience of pleasure in response to musical stimuli. In their 2001 study, Blood and Zatorre demonstrated that an increase in the subjective experience of the intensity of aesthetic chills, as well as increases in physiological measures of arousal (i.e., heart rate, muscular activity and respiration rate) occurred concurrently with a rise in cerebral blood flow within the insula and the ACC. Increased activation of the insula was also observed while participants listened to pleasant musical excerpts (Brown et al., 2004; Koelsch et al., 2006).
In an attempt identify the brain regions involved in processing specific emotions in music, Trost et al. (2012) showed that listening to classical instrumental music identified as high in arousal level and positive in valence (such as joy), led to increased respiration rate together with increased activity in the insular cortex. By contrast, listening to musical excerpts that were rated low in level of arousal, regardless of valence, correlated with increased activity in the ACC (Trost et al., 2012).
The OFC has been shown to be involved in the pleasurable response that results from music listening (Blood and Zatorre, 2001; Menon and Levitin, 2005) and the IFG was activated in response to pleasant, consonant music when compared to unpleasant, dissonant music (Koelsch et al., 2006).
In addition, there is evidence to suggest that the thalamus might be involved in the pleasurable response to emotional stimuli as increased cerebral blood flow in the region was also found to be positively correlated with intensity ratings of chills in response to pleasurable music (Blood and Zatorre, 2001) and during self-reported judgments of pleasantness across different modalities (Kühn and Gallinat, 2012).
Summary and Neurobiological Framework
The results from the neuroimaging experiments suggest that pleasurable sadness is a consequence of several coordinated neural processes. When a sad musical stimulus reaches the brain, its emotional valence is assessed on the basis of its acoustical properties (i.e., mode, timbre, and loudness), which depends on processing in the brainstem and primary and secondary auditory cortices (Liégeois-Chauvel et al., 1998; Pallesen et al., 2005; Juslin and Västfjäll, 2008). The experience of sadness would result from previously learned associations with the auditory stimulus, the emotional content of the associated words, and the parallel changes in body state induced by the emotional process (Baumgartner, 1992; Ali and Peynircioglu, 2006; Khalfa et al., 2008; Juslin et al., 2013). Linking past experiences with emotional content recruits the network of the parahippocampal gyrus, the hippocampus and the amygdala (Killgore and Yurgelun-Todd, 2004), whereas feelings of the specific emotion, are mediated by a set of subcortical nuclei in the brain stem and basal ganglia, as well as prefrontal, anterior cingulate and insular cortices (Damasio and Carvalho, 2013).
The recognition of consonance or dissonance in the musical stimulus, previous associations and familiarity associated with the musical stimulus, and affective information, such as the emotions and feelings that are perceived or induced by the piece of music (Juslin, 2013), all serve as input for the making of aesthetic judgment, whose coordination depends on the frontal cortices, including those in the superior frontal gyrus, the middle frontal gyrus, the OFC, and the ACC (Jacobsen et al., 2006; Ishizu and Zeki, 2011).
It is often the case that judging a piece as beautiful leads to feelings of pleasure, yet this is not always true (Juslin, 2013). When a subsequent pleasurable response emerges, it can come in the form of increases in emotional arousal, which has been shown to be correlated with increased feelings of pleasure, (Salimpoor et al., 2009), and in the form of episodic memories triggered by the music which can also lead directly to pleasure (Janata, 2009). The experience of pleasure is correlated with activity in the ventral striatum, specifically in the nucleus accumbens, the caudate nucleus, and the orbitofrontal cortex (Berridge and Kringelbach, 2008).
The Clinical Implications of Pleasurable Response to Sad Music
The most common of mood disorders, major depressive disorder (MDD), is characterized by persistent feelings of unhappiness and is often accompanied by an inability to experience pleasure (anhedonia) and a disturbed ability to describe or identify emotions (alexithymia). Investigating the response of depressed patients to negative-valance stimuli such as sad music, could provide another perspective in understanding the paradox of pleasurable sadness.
Depression appears to influence how one perceives and experiences sadness. Participants with MDD show prolonged or heightened activity in the amygdala and ACC when they process stimuli that express negative valence (Siegle et al., 2002) and increased activity in the insula and ACC when experiencing a sad mood (Mayberg et al., 1999; Keedwell et al., 2005). Given the role of these brain regions in reward processing and emotional regulation (Langenecker et al., 2007), it is possible that this pattern of activity reflects the increased intensity and salience of negative affect that is often associated with depression.
An investigation of the listening-habits of individuals diagnosed with depression produced informative results (Bodner et al., 2007; Wilhelm et al., 2013). Depressed patients expressed an intensified response to sad-sounding music when compared to healthy controls (Bodner et al., 2007). Furthermore, such patients evaluated negative-valence music as significantly more sad and angry than did healthy controls (Punkanen et al., 2011). When depressed individuals and healthy controls were asked about their reasons for listening to music, the degree to which depressed participants referenced engaging with music in order to “express, experience, or understand emotions” was significantly higher than in healthy controls (Wilhelm et al., 2013). This difference was interpreted as evidence for the notion that bringing emotions to the forefront of attention, in this case through music listening, is a way of regulating and ultimately reducing the negative affective state that is indicative of depression (Chen et al., 2007).
Neuroimaging studies have shown that depression alters the neural response to music that is found pleasurable. Significant deactivation was found in the medial OFC and the nucleus accumbens/ventral striatum when depressed patients listened to their favorite pieces of music. Of interest, no differences were found between patients and healthy controls relative to how much they reported actually enjoying the musical excerpts (Osuch et al., 2009), suggesting that the neural processing of rewarding stimuli is still effected in patients with depression even when the feelings associated with the rewarding stimuli are not. A related study found that when listening to pleasant musical stimuli, activity in the OFC, as well as the nucleus accumbens, insula, ACC, ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), and the lateral hypothalamus, was negatively correlated with measures of anhedonia (Keller et al., 2013).
In sum, depression is associated with varied neurobiological differences in emotional processing and experience. The fact that these differences are also seen in response to music implies that experience of pleasurable sadness to aesthetic stimuli can be influenced by mental illness. Furthermore, the distinct neural activity patterns seen in depressed patients when they respond to rewarding stimuli occurred in the regions known to be involved in processing enjoyable music. This suggests that music may be well suited to target and ameliorate the diminished experience of pleasure associated with various mood disorders (Salimpoor et al., 2013).
Results from various disciplines suggest that pleasure in response to sad music is related to a combination of the following concurrent factors:
1. Realization that the music stimuli have no immediate real world implications;
2. Recognition that the music stimuli have aesthetic value;
3. Experience of certain psychological benefits, which depend on the following factors, individually or in combination:
a. Evocation of memories related to particular musical pieces or pieces similar to them;
b. Personality traits;
c. Social context;
d. Current mood;
We propose that the ways in which these various factors interact to produce pleasure when listening to sad music can be understood in the perspective of homeostatic regulation. Homeostasis refers to the process of maintaining internal conditions within a range that promotes optimal functioning, well-being and survival (Habibi and Damasio, 2014). Emotions, which refer to a set of physiological responses to certain external stimuli, were selected in evolution because they favor the reestablishment of homeostatic equilibrium (Damasio and Carvalho, 2013). Feelings are experiences of the ongoing physiological state and range in their valences, from positive and pleasurable to negative and potentially painful. The valence of the feelings as well as their intensity help signify whether the associated stimulus or behavior is adaptive and should be avoided or sought in the future. Feelings are a critical interface in the regulation of life because they compel the individual organism to respond accordingly. Feelings of pleasure are a reward for achieving homeostatic balance and encourage the organism, under certain conditions, to seek out the behaviors and stimuli that produced them. Feelings of pain, in general, and mental pain specifically, on the other hand, signify homeostatic imbalance and discourage the endorsement of the associated stimuli and behaviors.
When and how music induces a pleasurable response may depend on whether a homeostatic imbalance is present at the outset and whether music can successfully correct the imbalance. There is already evidence to suggest that music has deeply rooted connections to survival (Huron, 2001). Making music encourages group cohesion and social bonding, which can lead to the successful propagation of the clan (Brown, 2000). It may also be a sign of evolutionary and sexual fitness, thus fostering mate selection (Hauser and McDermott, 2003). The fact that music listening has the capacity to communicate, regulate, and enhance emotions further suggests that music can be an effective tool in returning an organism or a group to a state of homeostatic equilibrium (Zatorre and Salimpoor, 2013).
The pleasurable responses caused by listening to sad music is a possible indication that engaging with such music has been previously capable of helping restore homeostatic balance. Given that various psychological and emotional rewards (e.g., emotional expression, emotional resolution, catharsis) are shown to be associated to a higher degree with sad music than happy music (Taruffi and Koelsch, 2014), it may be that sad music, in particular, is preferentially suited for regulating homeostasis both in general physiological terms and mental terms. This notion is further supported by the fact that listening to sad music engages the same network of structures in the brain (i.e., the OFC, the nucleus accumbens, insula, and cingulate) that are known to be involved in processing other stimuli with homeostatic value, such as those associated with food, sex, and attachment (Zatorre, 2005). This is not to say that these regions are unique to the processing of sad music or that other types of music may not be useful for homeostatic regulation. We believe that pleasurable responses to negative-valence music stimuli are best understood through their ability to promote homeostasis.
The lack of a pleasurable response to sad music might mean that either no homeostatic imbalance was present or that the musical stimuli failed to correct the imbalance. It is known that pleasure to higher order stimuli (e.g., money and music) requires learning (Berridge and Kringelbach, 2008) and thus sad music may not evoke a pleasurable response if such a stimulus never became associated, through repeated exposure, with the psychological benefits that influence homeostatic regulation.
There are many ways in which a homeostatic imbalance can arise and there are numerous ways in which sad music can correct such imbalances. For example, an individual who is currently experiencing emotional distress and has an absorptive personality will be able to listen to sad music to disengage from the distressing situation and focus instead on the beauty of the music. Listening to sad music would correct the imbalance caused by emotional distress and the experience would be pleasurable. In the absence of emotional distress and the ensuing negative mood, however, a person who is highly open to experience, and prefers novel and varied stimulation, could find such diverse stimulation in sad music because of the range and variety of feelings associated with it and thus experience an optimal state of well-being (see Figure 2 for details).
Figure 2. Two examples of how homeostatic imbalance results in pleasurable response to sad music when corrected. In example 1, a distressing situation causes a negative mood and, for a person with an absorptive personality, this is not an optimal state of being. Listening to sad music will be found pleasurable in this situation because it will allow the person to be fully engaged in an aesthetic experience, repairing their negative mood and thus resturning them to homeostasis. In example 2, for individuals who are highly open to experience, their state of optimal functioning occurs when engaged with diverse and arousing stimuli. Listening to sad music could induce a variety of emotions, serving as the desired diverse stimuli, which someone open to experience would find pleasurable because it returns them to this optimal state.
Viewing the tragedy paradox in terms of humanity’s deeply rooted biological need to maintain a variety of basic psychological and physiological balances and relative stability over time, should allow researchers to focus less on the individual and situational factors associated with enjoying sad music and more on how these factors interact with each other. We believe that this comprehensive focus will ultimately permit a better understanding of the questions that persist on this issue.
Future Directions: A. Neuroimaging Research
The published neuroimaging studies on pleasurable sadness in music are complex and difficult to synthesize due to differences in methodologies, stimuli, analysis, and participant population. While there is some agreement regarding which brain regions are involved in the process, the exact role that each region plays remains unclear. Neuroimaging studies should attempt to elucidate the contribution that different parts of the brain may make to the pleasurable response induced by music by exploring three lines of research: (1) directly comparing music that is perceived as sad but not found pleasurable with music that is perceived as sad and found pleasurable; (2) exploring how the emotional response to sad music compares to the emotional response to other types of sadness, such as sadness due to the loss of a loved one or being ostracized; and (3) considering specifically how the interaction between mood and personality alters preference for sad music.
Future Directions: B. Using Sad Music in Music Therapy
Because of its proven ability to affect a host of neural processes, including emotions, mood, memory, and attention, music is uniquely suited to serve as a therapeutic tool for psychological intervention. The concept of using music to heal has been around for centuries, but it was only in the second half of the 20th century that music therapy was first considered an established health profession with standardized academic and clinical training requirements and a board-certification program (American Music Therapy Association, 2015).1 Today, music therapy is used to treat a wide range of mental and physical ailments, including acute and chronic pain (Cepeda et al., 2013), brain trauma (Bradt et al., 2010), autism spectrum disorder (Gold et al., 2006), dementia (Vink et al., 2004), schizophrenia (Mössler et al., 2011), and mood and anxiety disorders (Koelsch et al., 2006; Maratos et al., 2008). Controlled clinical trials have found that music therapy, in conjunction with standard medical care, can have a significant positive effect on various symptoms associated with these illnesses (Gold et al., 2009).
Music can be particularly useful for the treatment of depression given its ability to effectively regulate mood. In general, music therapy techniques that are currently in practice for depression intervention fall into two broad categories: active therapy, which involves playing, writing, and/or improvising music, and receptive therapy, which involves passively listening to music. In active music therapy, the patient and the therapist generally create music together and then engage in a reflective discussion regarding the meaning behind the compositional experience (Erkkilä et al., 2011). In receptive music therapy, pre-selected music often serves to change the patient’s mood or to facilitate guided imagery, relaxation, or motivational exercises. In other forms of receptive music therapy, music is used to stimulate a therapeutic discussion regarding the thoughts, feelings, and memories that the music evokes (Grocke et al., 2007). Both active and receptive music therapy can be beneficial because they allow for various themes and emotions to be experienced and expressed indirectly and without the need for language (Erkkilä et al., 2011).
As previously stated, sad music, to a higher degree than other types of music, is associated with certain psychological rewards, such as regulating or purging negative emotions, retrieving memories of important past events, and inducing feelings of connectedness and comfort (Taruffi and Koelsch, 2014). Therefore, incorporating sad pieces that are found to be pleasurable into receptive music therapy could augment the efficacy of such treatments in ameliorating the symptoms of depression. Actively exploring, with the guidance of the therapist, the natural and spontaneous reactions to sad pieces of music in particular could help patients better comprehend and manage their response to negative stimuli in general, providing them with new ways of coping with sadness and connecting with others. Research into the ways in which sad music becomes enjoyable may inform existing music therapy practices for mood disorders by furthering the understanding of such disorders, offering possible mechanisms of change, and providing support for the use of personalized medicine in mental health care.
The literature on the enjoyment of sad music is limited and at times conflicting, but allows us to make some general conclusions. Overall, scholars from various disciplines agree that music that conveys sadness can be found pleasurable because in art, the immediate social and physical circumstances usually associated with the negative valence, are not present. In addition, it may be that music that pertains to grief and sorrow is more often found beautiful than music that pertains to joy and happiness because it deals with eudemonic concerns such as self-expression, social connectedness, and existential meaning. Finally, sad music can help individuals cope with negative emotions in certain situations, depending on their personality, their mood, and their previous experiences with the music.
We do not yet have a detailed account of how these factors interact to produce a pleasurable response. Neuroimaging studies suggest that the response is the product of a coordinated effort between various regions of the brain known to be involved in emotional recognition, conscious feeling, aesthetic judgment, and reward processing. Future studies, in particular those that use neuroimaging techniques, should aim at manipulating mood and personality independently to determine the effect that each has on affective responses to sad music. Findings from such studies could provide new evidence for the ways in which everyday stimuli can become rewards and pave the way for new treatments of mood disorders.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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Keywords: sad, music, neuroimaging, music therapy, depression
Citation: Sachs ME, Damasio A and Habibi A (2015) The pleasures of sad music: a systematic review. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 9:404. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00404
Received: 01 April 2015; Accepted: 29 June 2015;
Published: 24 July 2015.
Edited by:Julian O’Kelly, Royal Hospital for Neuro-disability, UK
Reviewed by:E. Glenn Schellenberg, University of Toronto, Canada
David Huron, Ohio State University, USA
Copyright © 2015 Sachs, Damasio and Habibi. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution and reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Assal Habibi, Brain and Creativity Institute, Dornsife College of Letters Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, 3620 A McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2921, USA, email@example.com | <urn:uuid:d15512ee-7e8b-4a0b-8689-4359dc1356fc> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00404/full | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742253.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20181114170648-20181114192648-00064.warc.gz | en | 0.909322 | 14,788 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Plant solar power: unlocking the secrets of photosynthesis with X-ray free-electron lasers Understand article
Capturing the moment: to use artificial photosynthesis to produce clean energy, we need to better understand it first. Learn about how X-ray free-electron lasers can help.
Photosynthesis is a remarkable process that enables plants to effectively convert the sun’s energy into chemical energy. It uses molecules abundant in the atmosphere to produce energy that can be stored, and even by-products of photosynthesis are beneficial for other organisms. The latest solar-energy technologies do not come close to fulfilling these criteria, so imagine if we could mimic photosynthesis to meet our own energy needs. Before we start, we need to understand precisely how photosynthesis works. But photosynthesis is a complex process, involving large assemblies of proteins, and occurs on an unfathomably short timescale, so how can we get a true picture of what is going on?
What do we know about photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants, cyanobacteria, and algae capture and use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into chemical energy in the form of sugars. It is summed up in the following equation:
3CO2 + 6 H2O + light → C3H6O3 + 3O2 + 3H2O
The chloroplast, a cell organelle unique to photosynthesizing organisms, is the solar-power centre of the plant. It contains two types of large, light-sensitive, protein machines called photosystems – photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII).
The photosystems, located in the thylakoid membrane, capture photons of light and move them to chlorophyll molecules, which absorb the photons, become excited, and release electrons. The electrons move through an electron-transfer chain from one photosystem to the other, before they are used to create energy (by converting nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) into the reduced form, NADPH) for the Calvin cycle to produce sugars from carbon dioxide. Water is also a crucial component; PSII splits water molecules to release oxygen molecules and hydrogen ions. These ions build up to create a charge difference across the thylakoid membrane, and then move across the membrane via adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase, creating energy in the form of ATP.
If we want to build our own solar-energy cell, we need to know more about the 3D atomic structures of PSI and PSII and what goes on inside them. While researchers have studied photosynthesis for decades, it has been hard to pinpoint some of the details. Scientists can use high-powered X-ray beams to create models of a protein’s structure, but first the proteins must be crystallized. Large protein crystals work best, but growing them is not always easy. Photosystems are huge protein complexes – PSI can consist of around 26 proteins, 288 chlorophylls, and 380 other molecules – and large proteins are especially difficult to crystallize. Membrane proteins, like PSI and PSII, are even more difficult to crystallise. At best, large proteins and membrane proteins produce tiny crystals, which need long exposure times, so the powerful X-ray radiation could destroy the proteins before we get our image.
How can X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) help?
The European XFEL is an X-ray free-electron laser that generates extremely short and bright X-ray flashes at a rate of about 27 000 times per second. These X-ray flashes are around a billion times brighter than those produced at synchrotrons – another type of X-ray light source. The European XFEL is located in underground tunnels that cover a distance of 3.4 km, from the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) campus in Hamburg to the neighbouring town of Schenefeld. To generate X-ray light, electrons are first accelerated to almost the speed of light. After they have raced through the 1.7-km-long accelerator, the electrons pass into structures called undulators. These consist of a series of alternating magnets that force the electrons to go on a tight zigzag course. When electrons are sent on a curved path by strong magnets like this, they emit laser-like X-ray light. Scientists from across the world come to the European XFEL to use these X-ray flashes for their research.
Detailed images of large proteins
Light produced at the European XFEL is extremely bright and is generated in very short bursts that arrive in quick succession, which means that it can be used to overcome some of the challenges associated with the imaging of large membrane proteins, such as PSI and PSII. At the European XFEL, it doesn’t matter if the crystals are small. In fact, a method called serial femtosecond crystallography has been optimized to use microcrystals. First, a jet of tiny crystals is fired into the path of the X-ray beam. The crystals are then blasted by a flash of X-ray light, creating an image of each protein before the powerful radiation destroys it.
The individual images are put together to create a detailed composite image. Scientists have already used the fast rate of flashes produced by the European XFEL in this way, and XFELs have been used to create the most detailed images we have of PSI.[1,2]
Molecules in action
However, even a high-quality image is just a single moment captured in time. It allows us to capture a detailed before and after shot, but what we really want is to be able to see these proteins in action, to understand what the intermediate steps are. Only then can we begin to understand, for example, how PSII splits water. Photosynthesis is, however, an extremely fast process. Energy transfer between different parts of the photosystem takes around 500–1000 femtoseconds. A femtosecond is one quadrillionth of a second or 1 x 10−15 s. For comparison, a mosquito can beat its wings up to 1000 times a second, so each wingbeat takes 100 000 000 000 (1 x 1011) femtoseconds. The entire process of photosynthesis is over before a mosquito flaps its wings.
A photographer taking images of a football match chooses the shutter speed of their camera to match the speed of the action, to ensure they can take a series of sharp images in quick succession. If they get enough good images, the story of the match can be pieced together later. Likewise, to document the progression of photosynthesis, we need to have a ‘camera’ that is fast enough to capture that movement. The X-ray flashes generated at the European XFEL are so short that scientists can take sequences of images of processes occurring on the femtosecond timescale and stitch them together into a ‘molecular movie’.
With light-sensitive proteins, such as PSI and PSII, the reaction can be triggered by exposing the protein crystals to a light pulse. X-ray flashes are then timed to strike crystals at a series of timeframes throughout the reaction, so scientists can ‘take’ images of different stages of the process, as it unfolds.
Outlook for artificial photosynthesis
Unlike plants, our mobility and industrial systems aren’t powered by sugar, but imitating parts of the photosynthetic process would allow us to produce useful products. We could split water to create hydrogen, which could be used to fly planes or make steel, or we could use carbon dioxide to create fuels, such as methanol, for vehicles or feed these fuels into chemical processes. Scientists can already mimic some of these processes in the lab. With our latest understanding of physics paired with high-precision engineering, we can begin to reveal the secrets of this amazing natural process and achieve new efficiencies for a sustainable future.
Gisriel C et al. (2019) Membrane protein megahertz crystallography at the European XFEL. Nature Communications 10: doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-12955-3
Using the European XFEL to shed light on photosynthesis: https://www.xfel.eu/news_and_events/news/index_eng.html?openDirectAnchor=1733&two_columns=0
First molecular movies at the European XFEL: https://www.xfel.eu/news_and_events/news/index_eng.html?openDirectAnchor=1736&two_columns=0
Pandey S et al. (2020) Time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography at the European XFEL. Nature Methods 17: 73–78. doi: 10.1038/s41592-019-0628-z.
- Learn more about solving protein structures: Heber S (2021) From gaming to cutting-edge biology: AI and the protein folding problem. Science in School 52.
- Learn about the PDB Art project and how you can use it in your class:
– Gupta D, Armstrong D (2021) Introducing students to the beauty of biomolecules. Science in School 53.
– Gupta D, Armstrong D (2021) Bringing the beauty of proteins to the classroom: the PDB Art Project. Science in School 54.
- Read about a classroom activity to discover the pigments that play a role in photosynthesis: Tarragó-Celada J, Fernández Novell JM (2019) Colour, chlorophyll and chromatography. Science in School 47:41–45.
- Use plants to investigate the relationship between green pigment and leaf growth: Patil K, Singh G, Haydock K (2015) Do leaves need chlorophyll for growth? Science in School 33:47–51.
- Read an article on the development of time-resolved crystallography, including a nice infographic that explains the process.
- Watch a video on artificial leaf technology.
- If we could watch trees in infrared, what colour would they be?
- Watch a video on common preconceptions of where the mass of trees comes from.
- Take a closer look at photosynthesis.
- Watch a video on why plants are green and not black.
When teaching science, we need to go deep as well as wide into the subjects. This article is an excellent opportunity to see how knowledge in chemistry, biology, and physics can be used side by side to understand the usefulness of X-ray free-electron lasers. It is also a good example of how science can support sustainability as it describes some research into artificial photosynthesis. As citizens, we also benefit from knowing more about the scientific collaborations between our European countries, such as the XFEL.
Some discussion questions:
- How can a chemical reaction be studied in real time?
- How is the photosynthesis reaction mechanisms distributed in the thylakoid membrane?
- What is serial femtosecond crystallography?
- What is the unit Ångstrom(Å) used for?
- Describe how the photosynthesis gases can be part of a sustainability application (carbon dioxide, oxygen, hydrogen)?
- How can scientists use different types of electromagnetic radiation in order to better understand materials and chemical reactions such as photosynthesis (visible light, IR, UV, X-ray…)?
Ingela Bursjöö, PhD and teacher in chemistry, biology and physics, Montessori School Elyseum, Gothenburg, Sweden | <urn:uuid:ccbb9d74-2da6-4e62-b976-0b9a25c0df08> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.scienceinschool.org/article/2021/unlocking-the-secrets-of-photosynthesis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057018.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20210920040604-20210920070604-00498.warc.gz | en | 0.912194 | 2,450 | 3.9375 | 4 |
A cytogenetic FISH map of maize pachytene-stage chromosome 9 was produced with 32 maize marker-selected sorghum BACs as probes. The genetically mapped markers used are distributed along the linkage maps at an average spacing of 5 cM. Each locus was mapped by means of multicolor direct FISH with a fluorescently labeled probe mix containing a whole-chromosome paint, a single sorghum BAC clone, and the centromeric sequence, CentC. A maize-chromosome-addition line of oat was used for bright unambiguous identification of the maize 9 fiber within pachytene chromosome spreads. The locations of the sorghum BAC–FISH signals were determined, and each new cytogenetic locus was assigned a centiMcClintock position on the short (9S) or long (9L) arm. Nearly all of the markers appeared in the same order on linkage and cytogenetic maps but at different relative positions on the two. The CentC FISH signal was localized between cdo17 (at 9L.03) and tda66 (at 9S.03). Several regions of genome hyperexpansion on maize chromosome 9 were found by comparative analysis of relative marker spacing in maize and sorghum. This transgenomic cytogenetic FISH map creates anchors between various maps of maize and sorghum and creates additional tools and information for understanding the structure and evolution of the maize genome.
THE genome of maize (Zea mays L.) has been studied as a model for eukaryotic genetics, cereal crops, and monocot genome evolution (Chandler and Brendel 2002), but its size and organizational complexity complicate resolution of its structure. The presence of large gene-poor areas, segmental duplications, abundant retrotransposons, and microvariation among lines of maize all confound efforts to develop a fully assembled physical map of the entire maize genome (Kumar and Bennetzen 1999; Gaut et al. 2000; Meyers et al. 2001; Yuan et al. 2003; Messing et al. 2004; Swigonova et al. 2004; Paterson et al. 2005). Despite these complexities, several different kinds of maps have been developed to characterize its structure and function at the DNA and chromosome levels. Many linkage maps have been developed, including those based on mutant phenotypes (Emerson et al. 1935) and more recently those that include thousands of additional molecular markers such as restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), simple sequence repeats (SSRs), single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and insertion–deletion polymorphisms (indels) (Helentjaris et al. 1986; Coe et al. 1987; Burr et al. 1988; Causse et al. 1996; Senior and Heun 1993; Taramino and Tingey 1996; Harushima et al. 1998; Davis et al. 1999; Lee et al. 2002; Sharopova et al. 2002; Bowers et al. 2003; Fu et al. 2006). Physical maps of overlapping clones have been produced and anchored to the linkage map by means of molecular probes (De Jong et al. 1999; Bennetzen et al. 2001; Chandler and Brendel 2002; Gardiner et al. 2004; Messing et al. 2004; Bowers et al. 2005; Song et al. 2005; Hass-Jacobus et al. 2006). Another type of physical map is the cytological map produced by direct microscopic inspection of the chromosomes that make up the nuclear genome. Cytogenetic maps are valuable because they can place genetic loci directly within the entire chromosome, the ultimate contig, providing information on the location, order, and distribution of DNA sequences in relation to other genetic markers along the chromosomes (Sadder et al. 2000; Anderson et al. 2004; Kim et al. 2005a,b). In contrast to those of the well-developed linkage maps and clone- or sequence-based physical maps, the construction of high-density cytogenetic maps is nascent and relatively underdeveloped.
Cytological analysis of maize meiotic chromosomes provided fundamental insights into transmission genetics and the dynamic nature of the maize genome. The early insights included the physical basis of genetic recombination, the discovery of transposable DNA elements, the capping properties of telomeres, and evidence in support of the chromosome theory of inheritance (Creighton and McClintock 1931; Rhoades and McClintock 1935; McClintock 1941, 1978; Rhoades 1950; and reviewed by Carlson 1988). These earlier studies also provided the basis for the meiotic chromosome karyotype of maize, in which chromosome-spread preparations allow the 10 individual maize chromosomes to be recognized. Cytological chromosome stains reveal the presence of chromosomal landmarks, such as the knobs and centromeres, but the meiotic as well as the somatic karyotype of maize has lacked extensive genetic detail for many decades (Carlson 1988; Dempsey 1994; Chen et al. 2000; Adawy et al. 2004).
Advances in molecular biology and genomics offered new tools for cytological localization of DNA sequences and prospects for further cytogenetic map development in maize (De Jong et al. 1999; Harper and Cande 2000; Sadder et al. 2000). The development of cytogenetic FISH maps of maize has progressed from mapping repeat sequences such as knobs, centromeres, and telomeres to mapping RFLP markers, single-copy genes, and individual transposons on mitotic and meiotic chromosomes (Shen et al. 1987; Coe 1994; Chen et al. 2000; Sadder et al. 2000; Sadder and Weber 2001, 2002; Koumbaris and Bass 2003; Kato et al. 2004, 2005; Wang et al. 2006; Lamb et al. 2007). FISH mapping of pachytene chromosomes has proved to be useful for many other plant species such as tomato (Zhong et al. 1996a,b; Peterson et al. 1999), potato (Song et al. 2000), Arabidopsis (Fransz et al. 1996; Lysak et al. 2001), Medicago (Kulikova et al. 2001), rice (Cheng et al. 2001a,b, 2002), sorghum (Islam-Faridi et al. 2002; Kim et al. 2005a,b), Brassica (Howell et al. 2002), and soybean (Walling et al. 2006).
Mitotic and meiotic chromosomes have been successfully used to create cytogenetic maps of maize. The mitotic chromosomes are easier to prepare, but meiotic chromosomes have the advantage of longer axial fibers for improved localization within chromosome arms (Pedersen and Linde-Laursen 1994; Cheng et al. 2001a,b; Desel et al. 2001; Kulikova et al. 2001). Another advantage of meiotic chromosomes is that the pachytene-based cytogenetic maps can be compared to and integrated directly with recombination nodule-based maps and translocation breakpoint data (Anderson et al. 2004; Sheridan and Auger 2006).
Major challenges for any FISH-based mapping technique include the detection of small gene-size fragments, target chromosome identification, and probe specificity. Probe-detection limits can be overcome if large insert clones are used, such as those carried in BAC, YAC, or cosmid vectors (Woo et al. 1994; Hanson et al. 1995; Jiang et al. 1995; Ohmido et al. 1998; Zwick et al. 1998; Zhong et al. 1999; Dong et al. 2000; Kulikova et al. 2001). The advantage of increased signal strength with increasing probe size is offset, however, by the commensurate increase in the likelihood of detecting unintended targets such as repetitive sequences. This problem is acute in maize, where intergenic repetitive sequence elements abound and any given maize BAC clone may only contain a few kilobase pairs of unique, single-copy sequence (Liu et al. 2007). One approach to FISH mapping in maize is to use large maize genomic DNA fragments in conjunction with competitive in situ suppression hybridization (Sadder et al. 2000; Sadder and Weber 2002). Another approach is to find relatively large single-gene fragments (>3 kbp) for loci to be mapped (Wang et al. 2006). Yet another strategy is to use genomic BAC clones from the small-genome relative sorghum (Koumbaris and Bass 2003). The cross-hybridization of DNA probes from one species to target chromosomes of another species can help overcome detection limits if the two species have different or divergent classes of interspersed repetitive sequences, as is the case for sorghum and maize. Transgenomic mapping and large-fragment FISH have been successfully used in maize and in other plant species for comparative genomics (Hulbert et al. 1990; Fuchs et al. 1996; Gomez et al. 1997; Zwick et al. 1998; Jackson et al. 2000; Bowers et al. 2003; Koumbaris and Bass 2003).
Koumbaris and Bass (2003) developed a technique combining transgenomic and BAC–FISH mapping to overcome the probe-detection limit and establish an indirect way to define the cytogenetic location of sequences corresponding to targets such as RFLP probes, many of which are <1 kb. The method takes advantage of genomic and genetic resources in maize and sorghum. Here we report results from extension of this technique to production of the first detailed transgenomic BAC–FISH map of any maize chromosome. The locations of 32 genetically mapped markers were placed on the cytogenetic map, and their distribution revealed distinct irregularities with implications for maize genome assembly and evolution.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Meiotic chromosome spreads:
Chromosome spreads were prepared from a disomic maize chromosome-addition line of oat (OMAd9.2b from Kynast et al. 2001), referred to as “oat–maize 9” in this study, that was grown in plant growth chambers or in a greenhouse (Mission Road Facility, Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL). Meiosis-stage florets were harvested and fixed in Carnoy's solution (3 parts absolute ethanol:1 part glacial acetic acid) for 1–2 days on a rotatory shaker at 4°. After fixation, the florets were rinsed with distilled water and stored in 70% ethanol at −20° until used. The meiotic stage was determined for one of the three anthers from a floret by the acetocarmine method. Anthers from florets with pachytene-stage meiocytes were collected and stored in 70% ethanol at −20° until used. Anthers were digested with enzymes as described by Zhong et al. (1996b), and during pachytene spread preparation, slides were given an extra three to five rounds of water vapor–acetic acid exposure, which allowed more spreading of pachytene chromosomes (Koumbaris and Bass 2003). The quality of spreads was evaluated by differential interference contrast microscopy. Slides with numerous well-spread chromosomes located in the middle of the slide, with good chromosome morphology and minimal cellular debris, were stored at −20° until used for FISH.
Identification and selection of sorghum BAC clones:
Sorghum BAC clones used as FISH probes were screened by hybridization with maize RFLP probes (as described below and by Koumbaris and Bass 2003) or with overgo probes (carried out by Bowers et al. 2005) designed to detect various maize marker probes. For RFLP-selected BACs, Sorghum propinquum genomic BAC grid-library filter arrays were obtained from A. H. Paterson (YRL filter pair; University of Georgia, Athens, GA). The detected S. propinquum BAC clones (typically four to seven overlapping BACs for each RFLP probe) were grown and the BAC DNA was initially isolated by the plasmid miniprep method with the QIAprep Spin Miniprep kit (no. 27104; QIAGEN, Valencia, CA). Southern blot analysis was then used on the restriction enzyme-digested miniprep DNA to verify clone identity. The criteria for BAC clone selection were (1) the BAC should belong to a group of overlapping clones detected by the probe and within one contig, (2) the BAC should be centrally located within this group of probe-detected overlapping BACs, and (3) the BAC should contain the same size restriction enzyme fragment as that observed with most or all of the other probe-detected overlapping BAC clones. A single selected sorghum BAC clone for each locus was then grown for large-scale BAC DNA preparation with the QIAGEN Large Construct kit (no. 12462), according to manufacturer's instructions. Highly purified BAC DNA was digested with EcoRI enzyme and then direct labeled for FISH by random-primed labeling. The YRL filters were reused after stripping by two to three washes for 30 min each with 15 mm sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.9) at 80°. In addition to these BACs, we obtained others as gifts, including a S. bicolor BAC corresponding to the maize waxy1 locus (BAC 131L1, GenBank accession AF488412), from J. Ma and J. Bennetzen and several other S. bicolor BACs (sbb18256/191b4 and sb16685/174g5) that had been used as FISH probes on pachytene chromosomes (Islam-Faridi et al. 2002) from P. E. Klein (Texas A&M University, College Station, TX).
Slide pretreatment and FISH with pachytene chromosome spreads:
The overall FISH procedure was performed as described by Koumbaris and Bass (2003) with minor modifications. Pachytene chromosomes were denatured in 70% formamide in 2× SSC at 70° for 3–5 min and then dehydrated for 3 min in each concentration of an ice-cold ethanol series (70, 90, and 100%). The BAC clones were labeled with ChromaTide Alexa Fluor 546-16-OBEA-dCTP (Invitrogen, San Diego). The labeled FISH probes were concentrated by ethanol precipitation, redissolved in TE, and stored at −20° until used. The probe mix was denatured for 10 min at 90°, quick cooled on ice, and then combined with formamide, SSC, and dextran sulfate. The final FISH probe mixture consisted of 100 μg/ml Alexa fluor 488-labeled maize DNA (inbred KWF), centromere-specific CentC probe (10 μg/ml Alexa 647-labeled CentC repeat (Ananiev et al. 1998) DNA or 5–10 μg/ml of the oligonucleotide probe MCCY (labeled with Cy5), 200–300 μg/ml Alexa 546-labeled sorghum BAC DNA, 1 μg/ml calf thymus DNA, and 180 μg/ml S. bicolor (genotype Tx623) genomic DNA in 2× SSC, 50% formamide, and 10% dextran sulfate. The probe mix was added to the slide bearing the target pachytene chromosomes. The SSC content was decreased to as little as 0.5× SSC in cases where high background was initially observed. Hybridization was carried out at 37° on slides (20–25 μl per slide) with rubber cement-sealed coverslips with the twin tower block of the DNA engine tetrad (PTC-225; MJ Research, Watertown, MA) for 18–20 hr. After hybridization, slides were washed three times (5 min each) with 50% formamide plus 0.5–2× SSC at 37° and then washed at room temperature with 2× SSC three times (5 min each), washed with 1× PBS three times (5 min each), stained with 3–5 μg/ml DAPI, washed with 1 mm DTT in 1× PBS, and then mounted with Vectashield (Vector Labs, Burlingame, CA) for microscopy.
Data collection and image processing:
The FISH preparations were analyzed with an Olympus microscope equipped with a CCD camera (Applied Precision, Issaquah, WA). Three-dimensional (3D) images of oat–maize chromosome fibers, maize pachytene chromosome 9, sorghum BAC–FISH signal, and maize centC MCCY signal were acquired on the DAPI, FITC, RHOD, and Cy5 channels, respectively. The 3D image stacks (with Z sections spaced at 0.2–0.3 μm for a total depth of 5–8 μm) were subjected to iterative 3D deconvolution, and nuclei showing well-stained maize pachytene fibers were used to trace and computationally straighten maize 9 chromosomes for cytogenetic mapping. Pachytene fibers with little or no background staining were straightened and analyzed as described in Koumbaris and Bass (2003).
FISH locus determination and nomenclature:
The arm of interest was divided into 20–40 bins of equal length, and any FISH signal on the arm was assigned to a bin on the basis of its fractional distance from the centromere (position 0.0) to the telomere (position 1.0). Frequency histograms were inspected to identify regions with significant, above-background signals as described by Koumbaris and Bass (2003). The measured positions for all FISH signals that fell within these peak regions were averaged. The mean value, standard error (SEM), and sample size (n) are given in Table 1 for each locus in centiMcClintock (cMC) units. The nomenclature system (as described in http://www.maizegdb.org/CMMprotocols.php) for a FISH locus consists of (1) the sorghum BAC source (sbb for S. bicolor or spb for S. propinquum), (2) location on the linkage map (CBM for core bin marker or just the resident bin number for other markers), and (3) the cytogenetic map position, followed by (4) the maize RFLP marker name in parentheses.
Selection of maize markers for cytogenetic mapping:
A detailed pachytene-stage cytogenetic FISH map of maize chromosome 9 was created with sorghum BACs that correspond to well-characterized maize RFLP probes. Maize RFLP probes have been used in hundreds of linkage studies but most of these probes are smaller than the lower limit of FISH detection on meiotic chromosomes as recently determined by Wang et al. (2006). We used an indirect mapping strategy that overcomes this detection limit by treating maize marker-selected syntenic sorghum BACs as surrogate FISH probes. This strategy was initially described by Koumbaris and Bass (2003) for three loci and is extended here for an additional 32 cytogenetic loci.
We initially selected 52 markers that are spaced ∼5 cM apart covering the entire linkage map, as shown in Figure 1, using the University of Missouri-Columbia (UMC) 98 linkage map as our base linkage map (Davis et al. 1999). This high-density map is saturated with maize RFLP marker loci for which many public probes are available (T. A. Musket and G. L. Davis, University of Missouri-Columbia RFLP Laboratory). Figure 1 shows the genetic map positions of the maize 9 markers initially chosen for FISH mapping. Very closely linked markers whose order is not resolved are listed together, separated by commas or by branching lines (e.g., sus1, csu43). The estimated position of the centromere (Figure 1, cent9, solid box) resides in bin 9.03 and its region is shown enlarged (Figure 1B). On the basis of this map, the centromere for chromosome 9 was not specifically mapped but was placed between wx1 and csu193 (Davis et al. 1999).
Selection of sorghum BAC clones for use as FISH probes:
We made use of a well-developed fingerprint-contig (FPC) physical map of S. propinquum derived from restriction fragment analysis of the YRL BAC library (Lin et al. 1999). Clones from this library of partially digested HindIII restriction fragments of genomic DNA have an average insert size of 126 kb. A pair of nylon filters containing a gridded array of up to 36,864 YRL BACs are available for hybridization and these filters have been screened with genetic markers such as overgo and RFLP probes (Lin et al. 1999; Bowers et al. 2003) and used to select sorghum BACs for use as FISH probes (Koumbaris and Bass 2003). High-stringency hybridization (Tm −12°) carried out by us on the YRL sorghum BACs with maize RFLP probes resulted in the detection of an average of 5.3 BACs per probe, consistent with the sixfold genomic coverage of the two filter sets.
This RFLP-based BAC selection procedure is illustrated in Figure 2 for the maize marker, csu145a(pck), and the hybridization results are summarized in Table 1 for all the markers mapped in the study reported here. This marker probe hybridized to 6 BAC clones on the first filter (Figure 2A, left) and 5 on the second (Figure 2A, right). We determined the addresses of these BACs in the library and searched the online Sorghum FPC Map for them (http://www.genome.arizona.edu/fpc/sorghum/). Only 8 of the 11 BACs detected by probe csu145 (Figure 2A) were found to be overlapping in a single S. propinquum contig, no. 191 (Figure 2D, arrows). BAC a0035C01 was detected by many different maize RFLP probes used and was therefore considered a recurring false positive and excluded from the lists of loci detected. The contig to which the other two BACs (a0028H16 and a0026D19) belong could not be identified with the FPC map. We grew and isolated the remaining 8 detected BACs using a DNA miniprep procedure and subjected them to Southern blot analysis to verify that they did indeed contain a csu145-cross-hybridizing sequence (Figure 2, B and C). The same probe that was used to screen the YRL filters also hybridized to a single band in EcoRI-digested DNA minipreps (Figure 2, B and C, lanes 8–15) and to itself (lane 7) but not to other BACs on the same blot (lanes 2–5). Once confirmed by these procedures, a single BAC could be chosen for use as a FISH probe. In some cases, we used a BAC that was previously identified by overgo probe hybridization and subsequently confirmed by us using the corresponding RFLP probe.
We found that probes for several different but closely linked markers sometimes hybridized to BACs in the same sorghum contig or even to the same sorghum BAC clones (Table 1). The plasmid clones that identified the same contigs but selected different groups of clones are as follows: (1) csu392 and csu710 (contig 188); (2) umc148 and php10005 (contig 389); and (3) csu145, csu28, asg44, and cdo1387 (contig 191) (Figure 2D). Sorghum RFLP markers cdo1387 (Figure 2D, solid circle) and csu28 (Figure 2D, arrowhead) were already mapped on this physical contig along with other markers and overgo probes. From the positions of the BAC clones detected by maize RFLP markers asg44 (Figure 2D, asterisks) and csu145 (Figure 2D, arrows), we have determined their approximate position on the FPC map (Figure 2D, below the line). From left to right, the order of loci in the contig map for the four mentioned markers is cdo1387-asg44-csu28-csu145, the same order as that for the maize linkage map.
Overall, we set out to select BACs for 52 loci to be FISH mapped. We performed BAC filter hybridization for all of the available RFLPs (n = 47) and used the information from these or previous overgo hybridizations (Bowers et al. 2003) to select BAC probes for FISH. Nine RFLP probes resulted in a failure to detect sorghum BACs on the YRL BAC grid-array filters (n = 9, YN in Table 1) and seven RFLP probes resulted in a failure to detect sorghum BAC restriction fragments at the Southern blot verification step (n = 7, SN in Table 1). From a combination of all sources, we obtained a total of 41 BACs that were deemed suitable for FISH mapping as detailed in Table 1.
Pachytene FISH map of maize 9:
Pachytene spreads were made from oat–maize 9 anthers. To isolate maize 9 chromosome optically from among the other 21 oat pachytene fibers, we painted the entire maize 9 chromosome by genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), using labeled maize total DNA as probe. The FISH method, chromosome straightening, and cytogenetic map position value (centiMcClintock) determination are illustrated in Figure 3; the S. bicolor wx1 BAC 131L1 is used as an example.
All of the FISH experiments involved four-wavelength 3D image collection. Figure 3, A–C, illustrates the three differentially labeled sequences making up the FISH probe cocktail. The DAPI, FITC (maize paint), and rhodamine (BAC) images were overlaid and pseudocolored in blue, red, and green, respectively (Figure 3D). For cytogenetic FISH mapping in maize using pachytene chromosomes, each locus is assigned a centiMcClintock value on the basis of its relative position along the arm as illustrated for the wx1 locus shown in Figure 3, E and F. Two BAC–FISH signals on the short arm of chromosome 9 were observed in the example shown as green spots (Figure 3E, asterisks). We typically straightened >40 chromosomes per locus, and in this case we detected a total of 53 discrete signals on maize 9S. To distinguish true signal from background, we visualized the distribution of signals as a frequency histogram (Figure 3F). The average location of the above-background FISH signals was determined to be at 9S.13. Thus the locus is designated as sbb-CBM9.03_S13 (wx1), indicating that an S. bicolor BAC clone was used as a FISH probe for the wx1 locus that is core bin marker 9.03 and that the resulting locus is at centiMcClintock position 9S.13.
From a total of 41 BACs that were used as FISH probes, 36 of them yielded suitable FISH mapping data (Table 1). Representative images for 24 newly mapped loci are shown in Figure 4. These illustrate FISH probes distributed across the entire chromosome, including 8 from the short arm (Figure 4, A–H) and 16 from the long arm (Figure 4, I–X). Each section in Figure 4 corresponds to a single FISH probe and shows a representative straightened-arm image, the frequency histogram of FISH signals (as described for Figure 3), and the cytogenetic FISH locus name. All of the probes mapped to a single locus except for the rz144-selected BAC (a0030K10) that hybridized to two closely linked regions, 9S.75 and 9S.82 (Figure 4A).
The overgo and RFLP probes did not always detect the exact same set of BACs, as exemplified with csu145 (Table 1). In this case, we attempted FISH with two different BACs, the RFLP-selected a0093D20 and the overgo-selected a0055A21, both of which were FISH mapped to 9L.53. In a few other cases, very tightly linked maize markers even hybridized to the same BACs. For instance, the markers csu486a and prc1 independently detected eight common BACs in contig 389 (Table 1). However, one extra BAC (a0076L04) was detected only by prc1, which was then used as a FISH probe in addition to BAC a0086K22 that represented csu486a. Using these BACs, we FISH mapped prc1 to 9S.37 while csu486a mapped to 9S.39 (Table 1). Three other locus pairs (umc148 and rz144, csu219 and csu59a, and csu804a and csu54b) showed this same sort of BAC codetection result. The distances separating these locus pairs range from 0 to 5 cM, indicating that this spacing may be near the axial resolution limit for FISH mapping in some regions.
Cytological evidence for regions of genome hyperexpansion:
Three distinct noncentromeric regions of the chromosome showed evidence of hyperexpansion relative to the overall increase of 3.3-fold for maize vs. sorghum genome size. These regions are delimited by three pairs of loci, one on 9S and two on 9L. To compare them, we used the following map distance values for maize chromosome 9: 9S is 67 cM, 100 cMC, and 77 Mbp long and 9L is 84 cM, 100 cMC, and 114 Mbp long (Bennett and Laurie 1995; Davis et al. 1999; Anderson et al. 2004).
The first of these three hyperexpanded regions is in bin 9.02 on 9S between csu471 and csu486a at 9S.64–9S.39. In this segment of the chromosome, the cM/cMC ratio is 0.11, 84% lower than the whole-arm average. The second such region is in bin 9.04 on 9L between csu147 and csu694a(uce) at 9L.07–9L.36. In this segment of the chromosome, the cM/cMC ratio is 0.40, 52% lower than the whole-arm average. The third case is in bin 9.06 on 9L between csu28a(rpS22) and cdo1387a(emp70) at 9L.54–9L.72, a segment with a length of 3.7 cM and 18 cMC. The cM/cMC ratio in this region is 0.21, 76% lower than the whole-arm average. In other words, these three regions show sixfold, twofold, and fourfold higher amounts of chromosomal distance than expected from the whole-arm average ratios of 0.67 (short) and 0.84 (long) cM/cMC.
In this third region [csu28a(rpS22) to cdo1387a(emp70) in maize bin 9.06], the corresponding sorghum markers are found in a single well-defined sorghum contig (no. 191). This allows for a comparison of the genome expansion rates for this region relative to the overall expansion rate of maize relative to sorghum. These markers in sorghum are separated by ∼200 Kbp, whereas they are separated in the cytogenetic map by 18 cMC. Using the estimate of 1.14 Mbp/cMC for 9L, we calculate that this region has expanded at a rate 25-fold higher than that of the overall maize genome relative to the sorghum genome. This is one of the three major regions that were found to exhibit this unexpected pattern of marker distribution, which we refer to here as regions of genome hyperexpansion.
FISH mapping of CentC within centromeric loci:
The positions of centromeres on linkage maps are generally not well defined because they typically lack alleles or polymorphisms suitable for standard linkage mapping. For example, the location of the maize 9 centromere is an estimate that spans a large amount of bin 9.03. To map the maize 9 centromere more precisely relative to closely linked loci, we mapped the centromere-linked markers wx1, tda66d, cdo17, bnl5.33c, csu321, rgpr3235a, gl15, and csu147 as shown in Figure 5. Representative FISH images of straightened pachytene chromosomes (Figure 5C) are shown and the location of these loci on the cytogenetic map is indicated (Figure 5B). We mapped wx1 and tda66d in the short arm, whereas the other markers were in the long arm (Figure 5B). From these data, we refined the estimated location of the centromere to a smaller region (Figure 5A, hatched box), between tda66d (9S.03) and cdo17 (9L.03) (Figure 5B). This approach allows for assignment of a given locus to either the long arm or the short arm and provides an indirect method for delimiting the location of the centromere on linkage maps, assuming that the CentC repeat cluster faithfully reports the position of the functional centromere.
Integrating data from sorghum and maize maps:
The FISH–BAC probes used in this study are unique in their applicability to multiple maps in maize and sorghum. The new cytogenetic FISH map is summarized in Figure 6 and the way in which it was created provides direct links between the physical map of sorghum (Figure 6A) and the linkage map of maize (Figure 6B). The results anchor sorghum BACs to maize pachytene chromosomes by high-stringency DNA sequence hybridization. We found nearly complete colinearity between maize linkage and cytogenetic maps, but the distributions and relative spacing between markers did not always match. One observed partial violation of agreement came from data from the sorghum BAC for rz144. In this case, rz144a and rz144c are both located proximal to umc109 on the UMC 98 9 linkage map, but the FISH signals were found on opposite sides of umc109 on the cytogenetic map. This order of loci from the telomeric end (rz144a-umc109-rz144c) is the same as that of a newer linkage map of maize, the IBM map. From these overall findings, we can conclude that this method is robust and suitable for development of a detailed cytogenetic FISH map of maize.
Cytogenetic mapping provides information on the structure and evolution of genomes (Korenberg et al. 1999; Cheung et al. 2001; Trask 2002; Gonzalez et al. 2005). In addition, the BAC–FISH approach can be combined with bioinformatics to resolve inconsistencies among genome-mapping data or reveal ancestral relationships between closely related species (Ma et al. 2006; reviewed by Rocchi et al. 2006). In maize, the use of molecular cytogenetics has great potential for shedding light on the well-documented structural diversity of its chromosomes and for contributing to ongoing genome-assembly efforts (Martienssen et al. 2004; Messing and Dooner 2006). Furthermore, the development of cytogenetic resources for maize will facilitate investigations regarding the origin and evolution of the maize genome and its relationship to that of its close relatives, such as sorghum (Gaut and Doebley 1997; Gaut 2001; Kato et al. 2004, 2005; Swigonova et al. 2004; Bowers et al. 2005; Haberer et al. 2005; Bruggmann et al. 2006; Lamb and Birchler 2006; Sheridan and Auger 2006).
The development of linkage and FPC-type physical maps of maize has led to a good understanding of the distribution of genes along the chromosomes (Davis et al. 1999; Lee et al. 2002; Sharopova et al. 2002) and the physical distances between genes that reside within single FPC contigs (Nelson et al. 2005; Pampanwar et al. 2005; Yim et al. 2007). Even so, the linkage maps are based on recombination frequencies that vary widely in relation to physical distances (Anderson et al. 2003, 2004; Wang et al. 2006), and the FPC physical maps may not accurately predict the physical distance between the ends of adjacent contigs. Even as the maize genome sequence approaches completion, cytogenetic tools will remain useful for evaluating the variation between different species, subspecies, and cultivars within the genus Zea (White and Doebley 1998; Liu et al. 2003; Kato et al. 2004; Buckler et al. 2006; Lamb and Birchler 2006; Lamb et al. 2007).
The pachytene FISH map of maize 9:
Here we have described the physical organization of maize chromosome 9 by creating a new cytogenetic BAC–FISH map that integrates maize maps, provides links to sorghum maps, and uncovers several hotspots of maize genome expansion that were not anticipated from prior maps or comparative sequence analysis (Davis et al. 1999). The strategy of cross-species mapping using conserved gene sequences has proven successful in examining genome structures and relationships and predicting locations of genes and DNA markers in related species (Hulbert et al. 1990; Fuchs et al. 1996; Gomez et al. 1997; Gale and Devos 1998; Zwick et al. 1998; Jackson et al. 2000; Draye et al. 2001; Koumbaris and Bass 2003; Devos 2005). In this study, >40 sorghum BACs were used as FISH probes to create 32 new cytogenetic loci, most of which correspond to RFLP loci that are well mapped and widely used in maize linkage analysis. The success rate of this approach establishes it as a valuable and informative method for developing a detailed, integrated cytogenetic FISH map of maize. Starting with the maize 9 linkage map, 52 markers were selected and 9 of them failed at the BAC filter screening, 7 of them failed at the Southern blot stage, and 6 of them failed at the FISH stage (Table 1).
The markers were nearly completely colinear between the genetic and cytogenetic maps, but irregularly distributed along the entire length of the chromosome. The sort of differences between linkage and physical distances along individual chromosomes that we found is well documented for maize, sorghum, and other plant species (Gill et al. 1996; Peterson et al. 1999; Kunzel et al. 2000; Sadder and Weber 2002; Kim et al. 2005a; Wang et al. 2006). For example, the centromere and other heterochromatic regions often exhibit significantly fewer linkage-map units per unit physical distance because they typically have relatively low rates of meiotic recombination (Sherman and Stack 1995; Peterson et al. 1999; Harper and Cande 2000; Anderson et al. 2003, 2004).
Local variation in marker spacing:
To compare the different maps of the maize and sorghum genomes, we calculated the overall ratio of DNA length in physical units (base pairs or centiMcClintocks) to the genetic length in map units (centimorgans). This overall ratio is calculated separately for each arm because each arm encompasses 100 cMC (Lawrence et al. 2006). The DNA content for the arms of maize chromosomes in line Seneca 60, the pollen parent for oat–maize 9, was determined by Bennett and Laurie (1995) to be 77 Mbp for 9S and 114 Mbp for 9L. The numbers of linkage-map units from the UMC 98-based “Genetic 2005 9” linkage map are 67 cM for 9S and 84 cM for 9L (http://www.maizegdb.org/cgi-bin/displaymaprecord.cgi?id=940888). From this information, we derive the values per centiMcClintock to be 0.77 Mbp/cMC for 9S, 1.14 Mbp/cMC for 9L, 0.67 cM/cMC for 9S, and 0.84 cM/cMC for 9L.
Large deviations in the cM/cMC ratios were observed when two intervals on 9S were compared: the csu95a–sh1 region (9S.68–9S.66) in bin 9.01 and the csu228(pfk)–wx1 region (9S.27–9S.13) in bin 9.03. The distance between csu95a and sh1 is 8.7 cM but corresponding to only 2.0 cMC, whereas the distance between csu228(pfk) and wx1 is 4.0 cM, corresponding to 14.0 cMC. The cM/cMC ratios for these two regions are 4.35 and 0.286, respectively, representing a 6.5-fold increase and a 57% decrease relative to the cM/cMC ratio averaged over the whole arm of 9S.
In addition to these variations in the frequency of recombination per cytological distance, additional analysis of marker distribution uncovered striking evidence of regions where the maize genome appears to exhibit accelerated expansion. One of these regions is the segment on 9L between csu28a(rpS22) and cdo1387a(emp70) in bin 9.06. These markers are only 3.7 cM apart, but separated by 18 cMC on the basis of our FISH map. This region exhibits a 25-fold higher genome expansion rate than that of the whole-genome average for maize relative to sorghum. In another region, between csu471 and csu486a on 9S in bin 9.02, we examined the physical map covered by maize FPC contigs 371, 372, and 373 (http://www.maizesequence.org). The distal marker (csu471) is anchored in maize contig 371, but the proximal marker (csu486a) is not anchored and may be in contig 372 or 373. Although this segment is only 2.7 cM in length, it spans 25 cMC on the basis of our FISH map. This physical distance is predicted to represent ∼19.25 Mbp, suggesting that the gap between maize contigs 371 and 372, or between 372 and 373, may be unusually large compared to other contig gaps. Findings such as these may be important for guiding positional cloning or other strategies that rely on chromosome walking in this area. They may also reveal hotspots for insertions or duplications of mobile or other repetitive sequence elements. It will be of interest to examine the gene content and arrangement of genes in these regions.
In considering possible mechanisms for this hyperexpansion, this region does not appear to correspond to any known heterochromatic knobs or other large blocks of gene-depleted chromatin that could account for this variation. Determining whether these regions are common to other lines of maize or unique to the pollen parent line, Seneca 60, will be of interest. Recent analysis of the maize genome has also revealed uneven chromosome contraction and expansion, but on a slightly smaller scale (Bruggmann et al. 2006). Bruggmann et al. (2006) attributed the localized chromosome expansion to the insertion of retrotransposable elements. An alternative explanation is that these expanded areas are peculiar to the oat–maize addition lines and result from chromosome rearrangements or amplifications that could have occurred after the oat–maize cross. This idea, however, is not consistent with observations from oat–maize 6 lines in which the maize 6 centromere region was found to be structurally stable in three independent addition lines (Jin et al. 2004). Comparative analysis of these regions in related species may provide insight into their origin and significance.
Concordance of cytogenetic mapping data from maize:
The linear order of markers in the cytogenetic FISH map was fully concordant with that of the linkage map except for rz144 and a very minor switch between two very tightly linked loci (bnl.5.33c and csu321). In the UMC 98/Genetic 2005 map of chromosome 9, the locus order is umc109, rz144a, rz144c, whereas their order in the IBM2 2004 neighbors 9 map is rz144a, umc109, rz144c. The sorghum BAC–FISH probe a0030K10 hybridized to two loci, one at 9S.82 and one at 9S.75. These two loci flank the position determined for the FISH signal for umc109. The only locus-order inconsistency between the cytogenetic FISH map and the UMC 98 linkage map also occurred between the two linkage maps; the FISH data matched the IBM2 map data.
Map discrepancies in maize are not uncommon because of the inherent differences in genomic structure between different lines of maize (Fu and Dooner 2002; Lee et al. 2002; Bruggmann et al. 2006). Discrepancies can also result from errors due to small sample sizes or from differences in mapping techniques. For example, the Waxy1 locus is particularly variable among different maps, having been mapped to 9S and 9L in linkage studies and to different regions on 9S in cytogenetic studies. The Waxy1 locus has been localized to ∼9S.02–9S.06 by Shen et al. (1987), 9S.06 by Anderson et al. (2004), 9S.46 by Wang et al. (2006), and 9S.13 by us. All these studies were based on pachytene chromosomes, but Anderson et al. (2004) extrapolated the position from inbred KYS recombination nodule distribution, Wang et al. (2006) used direct FISH on KYS chromosomes that were uniformly elongated by extra pepsin treatment, and the position in our study was from a sorghum BAC–FISH probe hybridized to Seneca 60 chromosomes carried in an oat-genome background. The data, thus, may not be directly comparable. The sorghum BAC probe for wx1 has been sequenced and found to be syntenic with the maize and rice waxy1 region (J. Ma and J. L. Bennetzen, personal communication). To date, the cytological maps are in good agreement with each other and the linkage maps in terms of the linear order of the loci. The map positions we detected were self-consistent, and the relative positions did not vary with absolute length of the pachytene-stage chromosomes themselves. Development of cytogenetic FISH maps for maize (Sadder and Weber 2001; Cheng et al. 2002; Koumbaris and Bass 2003; Anderson et al. 2004; Sheridan and Auger 2006; Wang et al. 2006) may eventually comprise multiple maps generated by various techniques for different genotypes.
FISH mapping of BAC clones around the centromere provided increased resolution for extrapolating the position of the maize 9 centromere within the linkage maps. We were able to map eight markers on this region using carefully chosen sorghum BAC clones. By coincident staining of the CentC repeats and the BAC–FISH probes on individual fibers, we could make chromosome-arm assignment around the centromere. The centromere, as marked by the CentC cluster, is located between tda66d at 9S.03 and cdo17 at 9L.03. This position is close to but not the same as that determined by Luce et al. (2006), using a CenH3-based method of centromere mapping. Placing centromeres on the genetic map is an indirect form of linkage mapping and it is further complicated by the dynamic nature of centromeres and their epigenetic specification (Nagaki et al. 2004; Lee et al. 2005; Luce et al. 2006).
Mapping loci for markers <1 kbp in length:
One of the major challenges for cytogenetic mapping is sensitivity, with the goal of specifically detecting small segments of DNA. RFLP probes have been used in thousands of linkage studies in maize since they were first developed >20 years ago. Localizing these markers cytogenetically would therefore be a valuable extension of maize genetics resources. For example, the RFLP probe asg44 is 500 bp, and probe csu145 is 700 bp. In the study reported here, the advance of Koumbaris and Bass (2003) was employed to map >30 loci with an average size near 1 kbp. To date, no robust technology is available for FISH mapping of DNA sequences of this size, but use of RFLP-selected sorghum BACs as FISH probes allowed us to bypass this limitation while adding a new dimension, direct links to the sorghum genome, to the resulting cytological data.
In summary, we have produced a high-resolution FISH map of maize pachytene chromosome 9 with BAC probes from sorghum genomic DNA. We found that the loci were mostly colinear between the linkage and the cytological maps of maize and that regions of genome hyperexpansion could be detected by comparative analysis of various maps containing shared markers. These findings serve to integrate genetic data across different maize maps. They also serve to generate new links between the maps of the maize and sorghum genomes. Our results have important implications for understanding and exploring the structure and the evolution of the maize genome while developing new reagents for chromosome research in the grasses.
We thank Debbie Figueroa and Shaun Murphy for critical reading and helpful comments on the manuscript. We thank R. J. (Bobbye) Hill for her support and assistance with this project. We thank P. E. Klein (Texas A&M University) and J. L. Bennetzen (University of Georgia) for providing some of the S. bicolor BACs used in this study. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation (DBI-0321639).
Communicating editor: J. A. Birchler
- Received August 20, 2007.
- Accepted September 23, 2007.
- Copyright © 2007 by the Genetics Society of America | <urn:uuid:7b1894f3-98a4-4642-af63-db6dcd556961> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.genetics.org/content/177/3/1509 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501174157.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104614-00456-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.907441 | 10,893 | 2.640625 | 3 |
New hospitality, technology, and economic factors are changing the landscape for the restaurant people of today. Innovations in robotics and software are streamlining labor and simplifying staff management, but the age-old struggle for workforce equality continues as our nation’s middle class has been shrinking.
How can restaurant owners make restaurant work an enticing option for job seekers and create a safe, supportive workplace environment for their restaurant staff, all while striving for success in a hyper-competitive industry? It’s a lot.
To understand how to attract and retain the restaurant people of today and tomorrow, let's first take a look back at the ones who got us to where we are now.
The History of Restaurant People
Part I: How immigrants became the backbone of the American restaurant industry.
Early in American history, our first restaurants existed in taverns, pubs, and guest houses.
Sometimes these establishments would pop up out of necessity in port cities like New Orleans, Boston, or Charleston, or 19th century frontier towns where migrant workers or bachelor prospectors congregated, needing a place to stay and food to eat. Guest house kitchens would serve limited menus — often whatever the woman of the house decided to cook that day — and were typically staffed by family members. Some of the first female business owners in the U.S. were the proprietors of pubs and guest house restaurants.
Fine dining restaurants arrived in the U.S. in the late 19th century as an imported trend from France. Aristocratic households that dissolved during the French Revolution brought fancy china, white tablecloths, and tuxedoed wait staff with them. These fine dining restaurants had people of many races and genders working in their kitchens, but the front-of-house staff and the restaurant’s guests were typically men, according to author and historian Jan Witaker. During this time period, unaccompanied women were unwelcome or relegated to separate dining rooms.
Delmonico’s, which opened in 1837 in New York City, is considered to be the first fine dining restaurant in the country and set the mold for the modern American restaurant.
Lunch counters in the late 19th and early 20th centuries began to employ more women, and female dishwashers became common during wartime as women sought to fill vacant jobs while men were deployed.
The early 20th century also saw the birth of one of America's first multi-cultural food trends, as “Chop Suey Palaces” introduced Chinese-American cuisine to the market.
The reason for this particular trend, however, was not our nation’s adventurous appetites: It was rooted in stringent U.S. immigration laws that sought to discourage Chinese immigration after the railroad boom had subsided and, with it, the need for cheap, foreign labor. A loophole in immigration policy at the time allowed for particular businesses — including “high grade” restaurants — to obtain “merchant status,” enabling them to enter the United States and sponsor their relatives for immigration. The Chinese restaurant became a common pathway for legal U.S. immigration, but the journey was fraught with exploitation. As this report from Scholars.org explains,
“For the sake of family, Chinese restaurant employees were expected to work for low wages and perform physically demanding labor without complaint. Consequently, the average employee in such restaurants earned 1/3 less wages than the national average for food service employees.”
On top of that, many were sending a portion of their wages back home to family in China, leaving those working within American restaurant kitchens with little to support themselves.
Mexican cuisine was introduced to the American stage at a similar time, mainly as a result of the Mexican Revolution, starting in 1910. Mexican refugees opened up our country’s first tortillerias and taquerias selling tacos, enchiladas, and other southern and central Mexico dishes that are now mainstays on today’s Mexican American menus.
In the early 20th century, approximately 3 million poverty-stricken Italian immigrants came to the United States and with them introduced a lasting impact on American restaurant culture, though at the time their businesses initially only served their own people, catering mainly to working class Italian enclaves. It wasn’t until Italian Americans became more integrated into mainstream society during World War II, as they joined the military and moved into the suburbs, that modern Italian American cuisine was established and widely embraced.
U.S. restaurants underwent a seismic shift in the mid-20th century as factory assembly line technology was introduced to food service and with it the concept of fast-food. Assembly line-style food prep made it possible to quickly train any worker to prepare a basic meal at lightning speed. The low skills required plus the demand for labor opened up employment opportunities for teenagers and workers of color who were previously excluded from most customer-facing food service positions. The economy of scale that came with assembly line food also led to the proliferation of restaurant franchises like McDonald’s and Denny’s that thrive across America, and the globe, to this day.
Part II: The complex socio-economic challenges facing today’s restaurant people.
In many ways, the restaurant people of today haven’t changed much since the mid-20th century. Ours remains one of the most diverse industries — you’ll find people of every color, origin, and gender working in a restaurant and across food service in general. Immigrants still make up a large proportion of our food service workers, especially in our big cities: In New York City, roughly 70% of cooks and food prep workers were born in another country, per a report from The New Food Economy.
And yet, even with its diverse makeup, the industry is still segregated and unequal. In a 2015 interview with the New York Times, famed restaurateur Danny Meyer said,
“The gap between what the kitchen and dining room workers make has grown by leaps and bounds.” He said that during his 30 years in the business, “kitchen income has gone up no more than 25%. Meanwhile, dining room pay has gone up 200%.”
To help address the gap, Meyer decided to pioneer a practice of eliminating tipping at his restaurants, raising the hourly pay of his workers across the board and baking the cost into the price of his menu items.
These kinds of moves to address the wage gap between front-of-house and back-of-house workers are important, especially when white employees still predominantly fill the roles with the higher wages and salaries, while people of color and other underrepresented or marginalized groups largely work in lower paying positions. That includes the 22% of food service jobs in the United States that are held by immigrants, almost half of which are not authorized to work in this country, according to the Pew Research Center. The income divide is gender based, too, reports NPR:
“White men across the restaurant industry are paid, on average in the U.S., roughly a quarter more than women, whether white or of color.”
As we’ve seen factory production jobs leave the U.S. during the past half-century, there are fewer job opportunities for workers without a college degree or formal job training. American fast food assembly lines remain some of the last obtainable low-skilled gigs for adults struggling to make ends meet, and with minimum wage pay that hasn’t kept up with the cost of living, it’s not the golden opportunity it once was when the McDonald’s craze was first sweeping the nation.
This is why we’ve seen massive protests — and several victories — in recent years from hospitality workers demanding a $15 minimum wage, better standards for setting work schedules, and no arbitrary firing of employees. The Ford Foundation reports that the American restaurant industry has the highest proportion of workers earning wages at or below the federal minimum. Most of the nearly six million tipped restaurant people are women of color who work in casual dining establishments and make a median wage of just $8.75 an hour — including tips.
Restaurant owners and operators are figuring out how to adapt to staff needs while still remaining profitable: A new study by Harri revealed that a whopping 71% of restaurants have responded to the recent minimum wage increases by raising menu prices. This means a lot of the costs of these wage changes are being passed on to diners.
For many people, working in a restaurant offers an opportunity to earn wages that supplement other income streams or creative pursuits, but today’s restaurant industry can still offer good, full-time employment. Many restaurant staff members are adjusting their lives to meet the demands of the job, and on the flip side, many restaurant owners and operators are implementing new staff management tools and strategies to adapt restaurant work to staff expectations of the role work should play in our lives.
But the industry is still less accommodating to people with families to raise, particularly single moms and dads. This has always been the nature of the job — unless, of course, it’s your family’s business and the whole household is involved.
Tobias Rower, a former employee of several fine dining establishments in New York City, including Danny Meyer’s Gramercy Tavern, made a good living in restaurants for a while, but, he says,
“I got to a point where I realized I didn't want to own my own spot nor manage someone else's. Pretty much every meaningful promotion within restaurants means more responsibility and more hours for less pay. If you want to run the show and go on to have your own place, that experience is important and necessary, but it's also insane and illogical.”
Rower left serving and bartending to work in wine wholesale, a job with more “normal” hours that lets him spend more time with his wife and child.
“I do miss the camaraderie of working dinner service. It's fun working a job where you don't need your phone, you don't need to write or read emails, and you can work together to accomplish something tangible,” he admits. “But as I got older (also, having a partner who didn't work the same hours was tough), I knew I had to make a change.”
Rower’s experience is all too familiar for staff in today’s restaurant workforce. This desire for a less stressful, more stable, higher paying career in the restaurant space, coupled with a strong economy and a tight labor market, has led to a crisis in staff retention and turnover.
The average tenure of a restaurant employee is one month and 26 days, with managers lasting an average of four months and four days. Everyone is talking about this problem, and the community is coming together to understand how to make the restaurant industry an attractive place for a long-term, rewarding, worthwhile career.
Week 1 Checklist
Help new employees start off right with this customizable Word doc of tasks for their first week, including HR, certifications, training, and more.
In this five-chapter interactive course, you’ll learn how to master the hiring cycle so you can get back to doing what you love.
Part III: Imagining what the future holds for restaurant people.
New technology is changing the relationships between the restaurant and its workers. Handheld POS devices, self-serve kiosks, an explosion of reservation-making services, even robot restaurants are automating or streamlining some of the more repetitive and less creative tasks involved in running a successful restaurant.
While it remains to be seen if 21st century technological innovation upends the restaurant industry the way it did with fast food in the last century, the early effects we’re seeing are that workers are being relied on for more creative and service-oriented tasks that require skills like empathy, salesmanship, and genuine hospitality. The upshot of that is we may find workers more invested in their work and employers hiring for more skilled labor at higher pay, afforded by the money saved from automation of other tasks. The inherent downside is fewer jobs for less-skilled workers.
In the backlash to the fast and over-processed food that fueled the growth of casual dining during the mid to late 1900’s, the farm-to-table restaurant movement continues to grow. Front-of-house staff are expected to be as familiar as the chef with the origins of ingredients, and the workers who farm, raise, and produce the raw ingredients are becoming more integrated with the workers who cook and serve them. In the future, this trend could find us with more restaurants that grow their own food on premises, in urban rooftop gardens and vertical farms that celebrate organic and local food while also feeding our exploding population by any means necessary.
However, if water pollution, soil depletion, and other side effects of agribusiness cause the practice to crumble under its own weight, locavorism could become a way of life for all future restaurants diners out of necessity. On the other hand, it might remain an elite, urban trend while rural America simply won’t be able to afford to eat out much if food production becomes more consolidated and small family farms fade out of existence.
Though food costs could eventually make dining out a luxury, increased labor costs could make jobs in restaurants hard to come by.
In recent months, we’ve witnessed the adoption and roll-out of the $15/hour minimum wage in seven states and The District of Columbia as well as the early indicators of how this increase to labor overhead would impact the restaurant industry on the whole. Though initial reports in New York City claimed restaurants were thriving despite the hikes in labor costs, more recently a poll of 324 full-service restaurants in NYC found that 77% of respondents cut hours for their restaurant staff, while another 36% percent laid off workers.
Though this move was intended to give restaurant people a living wage by decreasing reliance of tipped income, restaurant owners from coast to coast are still struggling to attract and hold onto employees. According to Toast’s 2019 Restaurant Success Report, 51% of restaurateurs cite recruiting, hiring, and retaining restaurant staff as their number one operational obstacle this year. As restaurant owners, operators, and managers test new staff management models, compensation structures, and employee benefits programs aimed at making working in the restaurant industry an enticing career opportunity, only time will tell if this new focus on increasing workplace satisfaction will pay off.
The shift to off-premise dining becoming the majority also stands to threaten positions in both front- and back-of-house. According to the Atlantic, it’s predicted that restaurant delivery — the online market powered by GrubHub, Uber Eats, Postmates, etc. — will grow 15 times faster than the rest of the restaurant business through the end of the decade. Coupled with rising rent costs pushing restaurants out of attractive, accessible brick and mortar locations, many restaurateurs are rethinking their focus on driving guests on-premise.
Though the restaurant industry is expected to surpass $863 billion in sales this year and restaurants will still be in demand for serving up meals, there will likely be a shift away from hiring wait staff to hiring more delivery staff and cooks on the line to handle the influx of off-premise orders.
Read this next
The secret to hiring at Darwin’s Ltd.? Go with your gut, and hire for personality over skill. Co-founder Steven Darwin shares their story.
Part IV: How to make our industry attractive for the next generation.
Change can be exciting. It can also be scary. But all business owners must be prepared to adapt to new realities in their industries. That's especially true for restaurateurs whose businesses are in highly competitive markets where operational overhead is high and the margins are razor-thin.
The National Restaurant Association projects that restaurants will be responsible for adding approximately 1.6 million new jobs by 2027, but because the restaurant industry is currently growing at 2x the rate of the population while the United States is experiencing a historically low unemployment rate at 3.5%, restaurateurs will likely continue to struggle to find and hold onto the talent they need to deliver memorable dining experiences. For restaurant job seeker, it truly is a buyer’s market. Restaurant employee turnover has proven to be an industry wide problem, though its impact is especially acute in crowded urban markets where job seekers have their pick of the litter. By and large, today’s job seekers are pursuing opportunities where they:
- Feel appreciated
- Know management prioritizes their professional development
- Feel aligned with your mission and purpose
- Are compensated fairly
- See the value the job has on their personal and professional lives
Andrei Stern of Miami-based SuViche has found hiring reliable staff can be challenging. “At the end of the day, they’re going to leave if they can make a few bucks elsewhere,” he told us. To combat that, SuViche has offered profit sharing for hourly employees. “We set certain metrics. If they [staff] can meet them, they get a bonus. It’s helped with morale, productivity, and turnover.”
He adds, “I think culture plays an important role. We need to make staff feel comfortable. We need to be on the same side. First, we need to learn how to listen — that’s something we always teach our managers.”
Then, what starts with the staff makes its way to the customer. “First, be hospitable to one another, then to our guests, then the rest will fall in line. The guest will come in and feel that energy.”
SuViche has also embraced new technology to help manage their staff of 400 team members across a half dozen locations. They simply could not have grown the business without it. “This year we’re working a lot on establishing a learning management software that creates consistent training across all stores,” he explains. This, along with digital tools for accessing pay, seeing their schedules, swapping shifts, etc., has made SuViche attractive to Millennials and Gen Z workers. “Your first interaction with a potential staff member needs to be very user-friendly, so we use a mobile-friendly option that allows you to apply online,” he says.
Sometimes, doing something bold that’s good for workers can set a business apart and attract attention and new opportunities. Emma’s Torch, a social enterprise in Brooklyn, NY, employs refugees, asylum seekers, and survivors of human trafficking in a 12-week, paid apprenticeship program that helps set them up for culinary careers. Their unique business model has earned them media praise from Food & Wine, NPR, and Bon Appetit among others and recently led to an expansion with a cafe inside the busy Brooklyn Public Library.
What SuViche has in common with Emma’s Torch is that workers are being empowered to manage their work life more seamlessly and empowered with career skills they can take with them. “The decision making power, instead of flowing up in the hierarchy, we push it down. Everyone has the ability to make decisions,” says Andrei.
Robots, Drones, And Driver-less Delivery
The restaurant industry has been a hotbed of innovation and yet remains an industry that’s set in its ways.
As cultural, technological, and economic factors change the needs and demands of the restaurant workforce, we’ll see restaurateurs and their staff working together to shape the future. From robots powering back of house to drones facilitating delivery, the future of the restaurant industry will surprise and delight guests with the latest in culinary and tech innovation for decades to come.
Business owners who embrace what’s best for their workers will have the ultimate advantage. | <urn:uuid:4764f673-557b-42c9-b295-c6ad384ad022> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://pos.toasttab.com/blog/on-the-line/how-to-hire-for-the-future-of-restaurant-people | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703507045.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20210116195918-20210116225918-00117.warc.gz | en | 0.965093 | 4,089 | 2.640625 | 3 |
: to take and hold (something) with your fingers, hands, etc.
: to understand (something that is complicated or difficult)
: a usually strong hold
: an understanding of something
: the distance that can be reached by your arms and hands
What made you want to look up grasp? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible). | <urn:uuid:9578089c-10af-4b9d-b3f9-4cd0b8940859> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/grasper | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246636255.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045716-00101-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960755 | 80 | 2.515625 | 3 |
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
The Danxia landform (Chinese: 丹霞地貌; pinyin: dānxiá dìmào) refers to various landscapes found in southeast, southwest and northwest China that "consist of a red bed characterized by steep cliffs". It is a unique type of petrographic geomorphology found in China. Danxia landform is formed from red-coloured sandstones and conglomerates of largely Cretaceous age. The landforms look very much like karst topography that forms in areas underlain by limestones, but since the rocks that form danxia are sandstones and conglomerates, they have been called "pseudo-karst" landforms.
The first studies were conducted on what are now referred to as Danxia landforms were conducted at Mt. Danxiashan, located near Shaoguan, China. In the 1920s and 1930s Chinese geologists made an effort to learn more about these interesting geomorphic structures. Similar in appearance to karst topography, danxia landforms are made up uplifted continental crust that has been faulted and eroded, exposing large scarps of layered rock, red in color.
Danxia landforms cover several provinces in southeast China. Taining County, Fujian Province, has very good examples of "young" danxia landforms wherein deep, narrow valleys have been formed. As the landform gets older, valleys widen and one gets isolated towers and ridges.The danxia landform is named after Mount Danxia, one of the most famous examples of the danxia landform. A very peculiar feature of danxia landscape is the development of numerous caves of various sizes and shapes. The caves tend to be shallow and isolated, unlike true karst terrain where caves tend to form deep, interconnecting networks. In 2010, several danxia landscapes in southern China, with a general name of "China Danxia", were inscribed as a World Heritage Site. The six inscribed danxia landform areas are: Mount Langshan and Mount Wanfoshan (Hunan Province), Mount Danxia (Guangdong Province), Taining and Guanzhishan (Fujian Province), Mount Longhu and Guifeng (Jiangxi Province), Fangyan, Mount Jianglang (Zhejiang Province), and Mount Chishui (Guizhou Province). The total core area of 6 regions above is 73945 ha, and the total buffer area is 65446 ha.
Around 80 million years ago cretaceous red sandstone and conglomerate were laid down through sedimentation of lakes and streams. After another 15 million years tectonic plate movement exposed many faults. About 23 ma ago, movement of the Himalayan range, disturbed the land around Guandong, China creating much uplift and completely changing the topography of the area. Over millions of years the steep cliffs that can be seen today were formed through weathering and erosion, exposed by faults. This geology can be seen at Danxiashan Geopark in China, where there is about 290 square kilometers of streams, forest and towering danxian rock formations.
In an effort to learn more about danxia topography, a study on the geomorphology of an area in China was conducted. Mt Danxia was the focus of the research, taking Digital Elevation Matrix (DEM) based data from many watersheds and basins in the area. Understanding the hydrology of the area can tell a lot about the nearby formations. For example, "localized erosion has enhanced deepening of existing fractures rather than lateral erosion to form deep and narrow valleys, while long-term erosion provided large and gentle watersheds." This study is a great example of the use of ArcGIS. These scientists took maps of the area and overlaid certain features they wanted to measure, such as stream length and size.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Danxia landform.| | <urn:uuid:d4dfb235-190f-47bd-a103-2eae1896cf76> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://blekko.com/wiki/Danxia_Landform?source=672620ff | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663754.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00308-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951557 | 827 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Good public participation practices can help governments be more accountable and responsive, and can also improve the publics perception of governmental performance and the value the public receives from the government. The National Advisory Council on State and Local Budgeting Recommended Budget Practices includes recommendations for stakeholder input throughout the planning and budgeting process.
Traditionally, public participation meant voting, running for office, being involved in political campaigns, attending public hearings, and keeping informed on important issues of the day by reading government reports or the local newspaper. At an increased level of involvement, the public, acting as individuals and in groups, advocated specific government policies by attending or sponsoring public meetings, lobbying government officials, or bringing media attention to policy issues. More recently, governments have used new forms of public involvement surveys, focus groups, neighborhood councils, and Citizen Relationship Management systems, among others as inputs to decisions about service levels and preferences, community priorities, and organizational performance.
While public participation efforts can be extremely valuable, superficial or poorly designed efforts may simply waste valuable staff time and financial resources, and at worst can increase public cynicism if the public perceives that its input has not been taken seriously.
GFOA recommends that governments incorporate public participation efforts in planning, budgeting, and performance management results processes. GFOA also recommends that to ensure effective and well implemented public participation processes, governments include the following considerations in designing their efforts:
- Purposes for involving the public;
- Assurances that they are getting the publics perspective rather than only that of a small number of highly vocal special interest groups;
- Approaches to eliciting public participation and the points in the planning-budgeting-performance management cycle those approaches are likely to be most effective;
- Information that the process will be incorporated into decision making;
- Communication to the public regarding how the information collected will be and was used; and
- Buy-in from top government officials.
Establishing Purposes for Public Participation Efforts
Articulating the purpose for conducting a public participation process is critical because the purpose becomes the foundation for deciding who to involve, how to select them, what activities they will be involved in, what information will be collected, and how the government will use the information. Consequently, determining the purpose should be the first step in designing a participation effort. Governments should not initiate public participation processes without establishing a tangible purpose or objectives, nor is it sufficient to create a public participation process simply because it is a best practice or because other governments have done so.
Purposes may include one or more of the following, and, in addition, individual governments may identify other purposes for involving the public:
- To improve performance by better understanding what the public wants and expects from its government;
- To adjust services and service levels more closely to citizens preferences;
- To establish performance measures that incorporate the publics perspective;
- To differentiate among the expectations of a jurisdictions various demographic groups in policy and service design;
- To understand public priorities in planning, budgeting, and managing services. (Public priorities are particularly important in making budget decisions when revenues are not sufficient to continue to provide all services at their current levels);
- To establish long term strategies to provide for a fiscally sustainable future for the jurisdiction;
- To ensure that capital investment decisions, such as the location of infrastructure elements, are informed by public input;
- To provide information to the public about a governments services and results.
Identifying the Publics Perspective
Citizens are diverse. Not only do citizen viewpoints differ from those of government insiders, but from citizen to citizen. No single citizen or group of citizens is able to represent the views of all citizens. The best way to assure a broad perspective is to collect information in a variety of ways and from a variety of sources.
Timing and Approaches to Public Participation
Timing and approaches are related because approaches that work in one phase of planning, budgeting, and performance management may not be effective in other phases. For example, a community goal setting session would be very appropriate in assisting a government to establish priorities in developing a strategic plan or in the early stages of the budget process. General approaches and timing are listed below:
- Identifying citizen preferences and satisfaction levels. Such efforts should occur before a decision has been made, or to test various ideas and approaches. Governments may solicit information for general purposes, such as strategic planning, or may solicit targeted information as input for specific projects, plans, or initiatives. Unless there is a compelling reason to target only certain segments, public involvement approaches should encourage all citizens to participate. In addition, governments should make involvement opportunities accessible to all citizens and hold meetings at various times to provide maximum participation. Local governments have used numerous mechanisms for eliciting public input. Common methods for soliciting information include the following:
- Surveys, either in person or via mail, phone, or Internet.
- Focus groups
- Comment (or point of service) cards
- Public meetings, such as public hearings, Town Hall meetings, and community vision sessions
- Interactive priority setting tools
- Creating public or neighborhood advisory groups, committees, and informal task forces. These are often ongoing and can be used both to seek information during planning and information gathering and can in connection with subsequent phases, including consideration of alternatives, decision making, implementation, evaluation, and reporting. It is important to identify specific groups that will be affected the most by the decisions made.
- Providing information to the public. This approach is appropriate at all stages and may include
- Public notices in community media
- Public hearings
- Public reports, such as Budgets-in-Brief, Popular Annual Financial Reports, or performance reports
- Web sites
- Individual or group emails, phone calls, and in-person contact
- Using technology, such as Constituent Relationship Management (CRM) systems. CRM may be used to manage service relationships as well as to identify public preferences and priorities.
Deciding how to incorporate information into decision-making
Information derived from public involvement processes provides a critical perspective for making decisions in planning, budgeting, and management. However, such information should be considered along with expert knowledge and judgment (such as the engineering expertise necessary to build a bridge) and objective data (such as economic and demographic information, both of which are also critical to good decision making).
Providing feedback to the public on how their input has been used
Governments should systematically collect, maintain, monitor, and analyze information gained from public involvement activities, maintain contact information on individuals and groups that wish to be kept informed, and use multiple communication mechanisms to ensure that those involved or interested in the process are notified of opportunities for additional feedback and of decisions made based on the public involvement process. Most importantly, governments should explain how public involvement has made a difference in plans, budgets, and performance, and gather public feedback on how successful the process has been through the publics eyes.
- Citizen Participation: Legitimizing Performance Measurement as a Decision Tool, Government Finance Review, GFOA, April 2002.
- The Voices of the People: Missing Links in Performance Measurement and Management, GFOA, 2006.
- Best Practices in Public Budgeting, NACSLB, http://www.gfoa.org/services/nacslb/. | <urn:uuid:78791ddd-6795-41fc-ac1d-48024eff7216> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://gfoa.org/public-participation-planning-budgeting-and-performance-management | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660709.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00286-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931322 | 1,502 | 3 | 3 |
Project: Becoming a Roman Expert
Task: to become an expert on a particular aspect of Roman life by becoming a Roman character
1. To research and create notes that use well-developed facts and examples to show understanding of the character and the artifact.
a. Note cards or notes
2. Demonstrate awareness and understanding of people in past societies by creating a presentation that is highly detailed and creative.
The following questions must be answered in your presentation
a. Who are you?
b. What do you do for a living? What was happening around you while you were alive?
c. When did you live? The dates of your life/how long were you alive?
d. Where in the Roman Empire did you live?
e. Why do you do what you do?
f. How do you do what you do?
g. What are your religious beliefs as a Roman?
3. Create a bibliography according to MLA guidelines using Easybib or Bibme
4. An artifact or model that is highly detailed and relates to your role and research, which you can answer questions about and talk about as an expert.
d. Models – working or manipulative | <urn:uuid:e86cb92e-4072-4952-b12d-a00fb237496b> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Become-an-Expert-of-Rome-Project-2220448 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891316.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20180122113633-20180122133633-00118.warc.gz | en | 0.961011 | 245 | 3.75 | 4 |
District characteristics: Household economic status of families diagnosed with tuberculosis in Indonesia
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
The 2016 Global TB Report stated that only 35.3% of people with TB were reported in Indonesia from around 1,020,000 estimated incidents. This of course makes the risk of people with TB who have not been found to transmit the disease will increase. Of all districts in Indonesia, not all of them have good TB case finding coverage rates. Many factors lead to this, resulting in inequality in the discovery and reporting of TB cases. It is important to know the characteristics of districts with households diagnosed with TB. The research using secondary data analysis using Riskesdas 2013 data and 2014 Podes data studied the characteristics of districts with households diagnosed with TB in Indonesia. The results showed that there was an influence of district characteristics with the proportion of low economic households (0.6%) on the characteristics of districts with households diagnosed with TB. This study suggests strengthening programs related to TB prevention and control efforts in at-risk households and as a basis for sharpening intervention priorities based on the level of TB epidemics in districts/cities.
World Health Organization (WHO). Global Tuberculosis Report 2015. Switzerland. 2015.
Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Hasil Riskesdas 2013. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan RI.
Kementerian Kesehatan RI. 2016. Pedoman Indonesia Sehat dengan Pendekatan Keluarga.
Setyowati, Sri & Murwani, Arita, 2008. Asuhan Keperawatan Keluarga, Mitra Cendikia, Yogyakarta.
Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS). Hasil Podes 2014. Jakarta: Indonesia
Mahpudin, A. H. (2006). Hubungan Faktor Lingkungan Fisik, Rumah, Sosial Ekonomi Dan Respon Biologis Terhadap Kejadian Tuberkulosis Paru BTA Positif Pada Penduduk Dewasa di Indonesia (Analisis Data SPTBC Susenas 2004). (Tesis), Jakarta: UI
Tjiptoherijanto, P. & Soesetyo, B. 2008. Ekonomi Kesehatan. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta
Adi, R. 2004. Metodologi Penelitian Sosial dan Hukum. Edisi 1. Jakarta: Granit
Ristyo SP, Mas IAA, Pepin N. Hubungan Tingkat Sosial Ekonomi dengan Angka Kejadian TB Paru BTA Positif di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Peterongan Jombang Tahun 2012. Hal: 31-38.
Copyright (c) 2022 Ema Novita Deniati, Pandu Riono, Muhammad Noor Farid
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. | <urn:uuid:d1698a51-97d6-4faa-bbe3-86e2c1d1ddfb> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.publichealthinafrica.org/jphia/article/view/2401 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100290.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201151933-20231201181933-00301.warc.gz | en | 0.786139 | 694 | 2.625 | 3 |
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What is IT ?
Information technology is the use of computers and software to manage information.
The act of one company contracting with another company to provide services
Best Practices to reduce TCO
- 3 key areas to focus on:
- People – ensure skills and training are up to speed
- Procedures – disciplined procedures must be followed
- Technology – innovation can lower costs and deliver RAS
ROI – return on investment
A measurement used to evaluate the efficiency of an investment over time
- the process of combining resources to
- gain measures of efficiency
method of creating and running multiple virtual independent operating environments on a single physical device
- delivery of computing as a service rather than a product, whereby shared
- resources, software and information are provided to computers or other
What is a Computer?
§The heart of all IT environments is the computer
§A computer is an electronic device that performs various tasks guided by software instructions
§It can process data through input devices and generate output through a number of different devices.
§Computers range in size, type, shape and ability.
a computer that performs a set of tasks on behalf of the ‘clients’ attached to it.
- Can perform ALL functions on behalf of the client
- §Run Applications
- §Shares resources (printers)
- §Data repository
device (workstation) that attaches and depends on the server to provide certain functions
- §Provide the user access to computer functions
- §Acts as an input and output device to applications
- §Attaches to the server through a network for minimal tasks
a JAVA program that runs within the web browser
ASCII (pronounced ask-key ) - American Standard Code for Information Interchange.
a commonly used data format for exchanging information between computers or programs.
an electronic pathway through which data is transmitted between components in a computer.
A desk accessory used to select a printer, or other external device, or to log onto a network.
- A portion of memory where the computer temporarily stores information. Called a Copy Buffer
- in many PC applications because it is used to hold information which is
- to be moved, as in word processing where text is "cut" and then
Clock Rate (MHz)
The instruction processing speed of a computer measured in millions of cycles per sec (i.e., 200 MHz).
the act of stringing devices together in a series (such as SCSI).
a hard disk crash caused by the heads coming in contact with the spinning disk(s)
Which is the best response to describe why
To simplify their infrastructure
What type of hard drive technology is power efficient, runs cooler and takes up less space?
Solid State or Flash Drives
2 reasons why customers would choose to
outsource their IT.
- It's not their core business.
- Financially better for them.
The fundamental responsibility of an IT
- Manage information through the use of computers
- and other technology
A customer call with an executive should be focused on which?
- Understand the customer's real requirements
- TCO and ROI numbers
- A Business discussion rather than a technical discussion
What statement is false?
TCA is the same as ROI
Which of the following provides the mediation
between hardware and the applications?
The Operating System
2 statements about Networking that are FALSE?
- You can share only printing resources
- All data must still be maintained at the workstation
What factors would you consider when discussing GREEN with a customer?
- Reduced power consumption
- Disposal of assets
- Operating procedures and efficiency
True or False: A workstation cannot act as a server – it must be a specifically designed machine.
DRAM (dynamic random-access memory)
- Allows greater densities
- Memory must be ‘charged’ in order to maintain contents (hence dynamic)
- Makes DRAM volatile if power is lost
- Early generation memory, not used today
- Used 168-240pin connector capable of 64-bit transfers
SDRAM (synchronous dynamic access memory)
Is memory synchronized with the system
Allows greater speed but also more complex than DRAM
Started out at 66MHz only but now capable of 133MHz and higher
- Most prevalent in PC’s, Laptops and game consoles
- 2 flavours of SDRAM
Buffered – has additional buffer space on motherboard before hitting the DIMM
- mostly used on servers, not on PCs because of cost
- Unbuffered – as it states, no buffer area
What would you like to do?
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