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Proof in Parallelogram using vectors
I need to proof that in a parallelogram, the lines connecting one corner to the middle of its opposite sides split the diagonal of the parallelogram into three equal parts.
I've uploaded an image to clarify see attachment.
(ABCD is the parallelogram, BD is the diagonal, and AE and AF are the lines splitting the diagonal. The rest are lines I thought might be useful, but haven't found out how.
I need to do this proof using vectors. Since it's a parallelogram I know that AB=DC,BC=AD, BD||EF||IJ.
So I need to proof that DH=HG=GB.
So far all my tries lead nowhere and I'm stuck. Any help would be appreciated.
Thanks in advance. | <urn:uuid:4c6c4f18-c98d-402f-8da2-960ebc7428fd> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://mathhelpforum.com/geometry/7523-proof-parallelogram-using-vectors-print.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701150206.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193910-00004-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940871 | 171 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Newspeak is the fictional language in the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, written by George Orwell. It is a controlled language created by the totalitarian state Oceania as a tool to limit freedom of thought, and concepts that pose a threat to the regime such as freedom, self-expression, individuality, and peace. Any form of thought alternative to the party’s construct is classified as "thoughtcrime".
Newspeak is explained in chapters 4 and 5 of Nineteen Eighty-Four, and in an appendix to the book. The language follows, for the most part, the same grammatical rules as English, but has a much more limiting, and constantly shifting vocabulary. Any synonyms or antonyms, along with undesirable concepts are eradicated. The goal is for everyone except the Proles — the working-class citizens of Oceania — to be speaking this language by the year 2050. In the meantime, Oldspeak (current English) is still in common usage with Newspeak interspersed into conversation.
Orwell was inspired to invent Newspeak by the constructed language Basic English, which he promoted from 1942 to 1944 before emphatically rejecting it in his essay "Politics and the English Language." In this paper he deplores the bad English of his day, citing dying metaphors, pretentious diction or rhetoric, and meaningless words, which he saw as encouraging unclear thought and reasoning. Towards the end of the essay, Orwell states: “I said earlier that the decadence of our language is probably curable. Those who deny this would argue, if they produced an argument at all, that language merely reflects existing social conditions, and that we cannot influence its development by any direct tinkering with words or constructions."
Newspeak's contracted forms, such as Ingsoc and Minitrue, are inspired by the Russian syllabic abbreviations used for concepts relating to the government and society of the USSR, such as politburo, Comintern, kolkhoz ("collective farm") and Komsomol ("Young Communists' League"), many of which found their way into the speech of Communists in other countries.
- 1 Basic principles
- 2 Vocabulary
- 3 Grammar
- 4 Ramifications
- 5 See also
- 6 References
- 7 Further reading
To remove synonyms and antonyms
The aim of Newspeak is to remove all shades of meaning from language, leaving simple concepts (pleasure and pain, happiness and sadness, goodthink and crimethink) that reinforce the total dominance of the State. Newspeak root words serve as both nouns and verbs, further reducing the total number of words; for example, "think" is both a noun and verb, so the word thought is not required and can be abolished. The party also intends that Newspeak be spoken in staccato rhythms with syllables that are easy to pronounce. This will make speech more automatic and unconscious and reduce the likelihood of thought. (See duckspeak.)
In addition, words with negative meanings are removed as redundant, so "bad" becomes "ungood". Words with comparative and superlative meanings are also simplified, so "better" becomes "gooder", and "best" becomes "goodest". Intensifiers can be added, so "great" becomes "plusgood", and "excellent" or "splendid" becomes "doubleplusgood". This ambiguity between comparative/superlative forms and intensified forms is one of the few examples of ambiguity in Newspeak.
Adjectives are formed by adding the suffix "-ful" to a root word (e.g., "goodthinkful" – orthodox in thought), and adverbs by adding "-wise" ("goodthinkwise" – in an orthodox manner).
This would, of course, not prevent heretical statements such as "Big Brother is ungood," but not only would this statement sound absurd in the ears of the politically orthodox, it would also be impossible to elaborate on or specify exactly what the statement means since all concepts and words that can be used to argue against Big Brother (i.e. liberty, rights, freedom, etc.) would be eradicated from the language. The statement would thus be meaningless.
Some of the constructions in Newspeak, such as "ungood", are characteristic of agglutinative languages, although foreign to English. It is possible that Orwell modeled aspects of Newspeak on Esperanto; for example, "ungood" is constructed similarly to the Esperanto word malbona. Orwell had been exposed to Esperanto in 1927 when living in Paris with his aunt Ellen Kate Limouzin and her husband Eugène Lanti, a prominent Esperantist. Esperanto was the language of the house, and Orwell was disadvantaged by not speaking it, which may account for some antipathy towards the language.
To control thought
According to Orwell, "the purpose of Newspeak was not only to provide a medium of expression for the world-view and mental habits proper to the devotees of IngSoc, but to make all other modes of thought impossible. Its vocabulary was so constructed as to give exact and often very subtle expression to every meaning that a Party member could properly wish to express, while excluding all other meaning and also the possibility of arriving at them by indirect methods. This was done partly by the invention of new words, but chiefly by eliminating undesirable words and stripping such words as remained of unorthodox meanings, and so far as possible of all secondary meaning whatever." The idea that language influences worldview is linguistic relativity.
For example, the word "free" still existed in Newspeak but could only be used in terms of something not being possessed, as in "the dog is free from lice," or "this field is free from weeds." It could not be used in terms of being able to do as one pleases, as in "free choice" or "free will" since these concepts no longer existed. Newspeak was designed not to extend but to diminish the range of thought, and this purpose was indirectly assisted by cutting the choice of words down to a minimum. Any redundancies in the English language were removed.
As Orwell further states (through the character of Syme, who is discussing his work on the latest edition of the Newspeak dictionary), "By 2050—earlier, probably—all real knowledge of Oldspeak will have disappeared. The whole literature of the past will have been destroyed. Chaucer, Shakespeare, Milton, Byron—they'll exist only in Newspeak versions, not merely changed into something different, but actually contradictory of what they used to be. Even the literature of the Party will change. Even the slogans will change. How could you have a slogan like "freedom is slavery" when the concept of freedom has been abolished? The whole climate of thought will be different. In fact there will be no thought, as we understand it now. Orthodoxy means not thinking—not needing to think. Orthodoxy is unconsciousness."
Some examples of Newspeak from the novel include crimethink, doublethink, and Ingsoc. They mean, respectively, "thought-crime", "accepting as correct two mutually contradictory beliefs", and "English socialism"—the official party philosophy. The word Newspeak itself also comes from the language.
Generically, Newspeak has come to mean any attempt to restrict disapproved language by a government or other powerful entity.
In Orwell's novel, Newspeak attempts to influence thought by consolidating — i.e., decreasing — the expressiveness of the English language. In keeping with these principles, the following words serve as both nouns and verbs. Thus, crimethink is both the noun meaning "thoughtcrime" and the verb meaning "to commit thoughtcrime." To form an adjective, one adds the suffix "-ful" (e.g., crimethinkful) and to form an adverb, "-wise" (e.g., crimethinkwise).
There are some irregular forms, like the adjectival forms of Minitrue, Minipax, Miniplenty, and Miniluv (Ministry of Truth, Ministry of Peace, Ministry of Plenty, and Ministry of Love, respectively — all ministries of the active government in 1984). To say that something or someone is the best, Newspeak uses doubleplusgood, while the worst would be doubleplusungood (e.g., "Big Brother is doubleplusgood, Emmanuel Goldstein is doubleplusungood").
The word bellyfeel refers to a blind, enthusiastic acceptance of an idea.
“Consider, for example, such a typical sentence from a Times leading article as ‘Oldthinkers unbellyfeel Ingsoc.’ The shortest rendering one could make of this in Oldspeak would be: ‘Those whose ideas were formed before the Revolution cannot have a full emotional understanding of the principles of English Socialism.’ But this is not an adequate translation...Only a person thoroughly grounded in Ingsoc could appreciate the full force of the word bellyfeel, which implied a blind, enthusiastic and casual acceptance difficult to imagine today.” -Orwell’s 1984 appendix
Blackwhite has “two mutually contradictory meanings" depending on whether it is applied to an opponent — "impudently claiming that black is white, in contradiction of the plain facts" — or to a Party member — "a loyal willingness to say that black is white when Party discipline demands".
However, it is also an example of doublethink, because it represents an active rewriting of the past, which is a key aspect of the Party's control. Indeed, blackwhite is explained as "the ability to believe that black is white, and more, to know that black is white, and to forget that one has ever believed the contrary".
This blind faith can stem from respect for authority, fear, indoctrination, critical laziness, or gullibility. Orwell's blackwhite refers only to that caused by fear, indoctrination, or repression of critical thinking, rather than that caused by laziness or gullibility. A true Party member could automatically and without thought expunge any "incorrect" information and neatly replace it with "true" information. Done properly, there would be no recollection of the "incorrect" information.
Crimethink is the Newspeak word for thoughtcrime (thoughts that are unorthodox or outside the official government platform), as well as the verb meaning "to commit thoughtcrime". Goodthink, which is approved by the Party, is the opposite of crimethink. Winston Smith, the main character, writes in his diary, “Thoughtcrime does not entail death: thoughtcrime IS death.”
Duckspeak is a Newspeak term that means "to quack like a duck" (literal meaning) or "to speak without thinking". Duckspeak can be good or "ungood" (bad) depending on who is speaking, and whether what they are saying aligns with Big Brother's ideals. To speak rubbish and lies may be "ungood", but to do so for the good of The Party may be good. Orwell explains in the appendix: “Ultimately it was hoped to make articulate speech issue from the larynx without involving the higher brain centres at all. This aim was frankly admitted in the Newspeak word duckspeak […]. Like various words in the B vocabulary, duckspeak was ambivalent in meaning. Provided that the opinions which were quacked out were orthodox ones, it implied nothing but praise, and when the Times referred to one of the orators of the Party as a doubleplusgood duckspeaker it was paying a warm and valued compliment.”
An example of duckspeak in action is provided in chapter 9, when an Inner Party speaker is haranguing the crowd about the crimes of Eurasia when a note is passed into his hand. He never stops speaking or changes his inflection, but (according to the changed Party position) he now condemns the crimes of Eastasia, which is Oceania's new enemy.
"Goodsex" and "sexcrime"
Goodsex is any form of sex considered acceptable by the Party. Specifically, this refers only to married heterosexual sex for the exclusive purpose of procreation, and with no physical pleasure on the part of the woman. All other forms of sex are considered sexcrime.
Ownlife refers to the tendency to enjoy being solitary or individualistic, which is considered subversive. Winston Smith comments that even to go for a walk by oneself can be regarded as suspicious.
An unperson is someone who has been "vaporized" — not only killed by the state, but erased from existence. Such a person would be written out of existing books, photographs and articles so that no trace of their existence could be found in the historical record. The idea is that such a person would, according to the principles of doublethink, be forgotten completely (for it would be impossible to provide evidence of their existence), even by close friends and family.
Mentioning his name, or even speaking of his past existence, is thoughtcrime; the concept that the person may have existed at one time and has disappeared cannot be expressed in Newspeak.
"Un-" is a Newspeak prefix used for negation. It is used as a prefix to make the word negative, since there are no antonyms in Newspeak. For example, warm becomes "uncold". It is often decided to keep the word with a more unpleasant nuance to it when diminishing vocabulary. Therefore, cold is preferred to unwarm or unhot, and dark is preferred to unlight. The Party's choice for the less pleasant versions of an antonym may be interpreted as a way of rendering its subjects depressive and pessimistic, as well as to limit and suppress unorthodox thought.
On the other hand, the Party also controls one's ability to think negatively by sometimes allowing only the positive term preceded by the prefix "un-". For example, the concept of "bad" can be expressed only with ungood. When placed before a verb, "un-" becomes a negative imperative; for example, unproceed means "do not proceed".
- "Plus-" is an intensifier, in place of "more" or the suffix "-er"; great or better becomes "plusgood".
- "Doubleplus-" further intensifies "plus-"; excellent or best becomes "doubleplusgood".
- "-ful" is a Newspeak suffix that turns another word into an adjective (e.g., "speedful" instead of rapid).
- "-ed" is the only method of making a non-auxiliary verb past tense in the A-vocabulary. This decreases the number of words required to express tenses by removing irregular conjugations. Ran becomes runned, drank becomes drinked, etc.
- "-wise" is a Newspeak suffix used to turn another word into an adverb; for example, quickly would be speedwise. Therefore, "He ran very quickly" would become "He runned plus-speedwise."
(Some of these are only part of the "abbreviated jargon — not actually Newspeak, but consisting largely of Newspeak words — which was used in the Ministry for internal purposes" described by Orwell in chapter 4.)
- Artsem: Artificial insemination.
- BB: Big Brother.
- Crimestop: To rid oneself of unwanted thoughts—i.e., thoughts that interfere with Party ideology—in order to avoid committing thoughtcrime.
- Dayorder: Order of the day.
- Equal: Only used to describe physical equality such as height and weight. It does not refer to social, political or economical equality because there is no such concept as social inequality in purportedly egalitarian Ingsoc
- Facecrime: An indication that a person is guilty of thoughtcrime based on facial expression.
- Free: Meaning negative freedom (without), in a physical sense. Only used in statements such as "This dog is free from lice", as the concepts of "political freedom" and "intellectual freedom" do not exist in Newspeak.
- Goodthink: Orthodox thought.
- Ingsoc: English Socialism.
- Issue: Children produced by goodsex.
- Joycamp: Forced labor camp.
- Malquoted: Flawed representations of the Party or Big Brother by the press.
- Miniluv: "Ministry of Love" (secret police, interrogation, and torture).
- Minipax: "Ministry of Peace" (Ministry of War, cf.: "Department of Defense", "War Department").
- Minitrue: "Ministry of Truth" (propaganda and alteration of history, culture, and entertainment).
- Miniplenty: "Ministry of Plenty" (keeping the population in a state of constant economic hardship).
- Oldspeak: English; any language that is not Newspeak.
- Oldthink: Ideas inspired by events or memories of times prior to the Revolution.
- Pornosec: Sub-unit of the Fiction Department of the Ministry of Truth that produces pornography for proles.
- Prolefeed: The steady stream of mindless entertainment produced to distract and occupy the masses. The prole in prolefeed is reference to the Marxist concept of the proletariat.
- Recdep: "Records Department" (division of the Ministry of Truth that deals with the rectification of records; department in which Winston works).
- Rectify: Ministry of Truth euphemism for deliberately altering the past.
- Speakwrite: An instrument used by Party members to note or "write" down information by speaking into an apparatus as a faster alternative to an "ink pencil". Speakwrites are used extensively in the Ministry of Truth by both Winston Smith and others in their daily work.
- Telescreen: Television and security camera devices used by the ruling Party in Oceania to keep its subjects under constant surveillance.
- Thinkpol: Thought Police.
- Upsub: Submit to higher authority. In one scene, Winston Smith is instructed to alter a document to conform with the Party line and submit it to his superiors before filing it: (“rewrite fullwise upsub antefiling”; note that this sentence is an example of the Newspeak-influenced bureaucratic jargon rather than official Newspeak).
A, B, and C vocabulary
The "A" group of words deals with simple concepts needed in everyday life (such as eating, drinking, working, cooking, etc.). It is almost entirely made of words that already exist in the English language.
The "B" group of words is deliberately constructed to convey more complicated ideas. The words in this group are compound words with political implications and aim to impose the mental attitude of the Party upon the speaker. For example, the Newspeak word "goodthink" roughly means "orthodoxy". The B words were in all cases compound words. They consisted of two or more words, or portions of words, welded together in an easily pronounceable form. The resulting amalgam was always a noun-verb and inflected according to the ordinary rules.
The "C" group of words deals with technical vocabulary and is supplementary to the other two groups. Since the Party does not want its people to have knowledge of more than one subject, there is no Newspeak word for "science"; there are separate words for different fields.
The advantages of Newspeak are its means of preserving the secrets of the Party, preventing politically motivated actions, and promoting the use of politically correct terms. Its disadvantages include the Party using censorship and glamorization of themselves, compromised freedom of speech, and the prevention of the flow of ideas for the citizens of Oceania, who are controlled by this reduction in their language.
Words created to soften the blow of something taboo quickly absorb any negative connotations they were meant to avoid in the first place. Steven Pinker, a Harvard University linguist, calls this the “euphemism treadmill”, also known as pejoration. By creating such euphemisms, Newspeak only creates a new generation of derogatory terms. As Pinker argues in "The Game of the Name", the euphemism treadmill signifies that "concepts, not words, are in charge: give a concept a new name, and the name becomes colored by the concept; the concept does not become freshened by the name".
In expressing their opinions and concerns, the Party exercises the same rights librarians seek to protect when they confront censorship. In making their criticisms known, characters such as Winston and Julia who object to certain ideas are exercising the same rights as those who created and disseminated the material to which they object. Their rights to voice opinions and efforts to persuade others to adopt those opinions is protected only if the rights of persons to express ideas they despise are also protected.
Limiting language limits more than just words—it limits thought. Without the means to express thoughts beyond "I feel good or ungood", people lack the means to commit a thought crime. Even if it were committed, it is unlikely that people would understand enough to take action. Free speech diminishes as the dictionary slims down with each new edition. There is not much difference between this action and reducing the population that could actually read the word "dictionary" if the book were placed in front of them. Without the ability to read or write, one is unaware of the concept of "free speech" and unable to know how to prevent its erosion.
- 2 + 2 = 5
- Code word
- Dumbing down
- Language and thought
- List of Newspeak words
- Loaded language
- Distancing language
- New Soviet man
- Philosophy of Language
- Political correctness
- Sapir–Whorf hypothesis
- Thought-terminating cliché
- Soviet phraseology
- Thought reform in the People's Republic of China
- Hate Speech
- General line of the party
- LTI - Lingua Tertii Imperii (The Language of the Third Reich)
- Orwell, George (1949). Nineteen Eighty-Four. Secker and Warburg. ISBN 978-0-452-28423-4.
- "The Principles of Newspeak". newspeakdictionary.com. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
- OED: "any corrupt form of English; esp. ambiguous or euphemistic language as used in official pronouncements or political propaganda."
- "Pros and Cons of Censorship". buzzle.com. 12 July 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
- "Bad Euphemisms, Political Correctness and Censorship". wordpress.com. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
- "Intellectual Freedom and Censorship Q & A". ala.org. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
- Burgess, Anthony. Nineteen Eighty-Five. Boston: Little Brown & Co, 1978. ISBN 0-316-11651-3. Anthony Burgess discusses the plausibility of Newspeak.
- Green, Jonathon. Newspeak: a dictionary of jargon. London, Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985, 1984. ISBN 0-7102-0673-9.
- "Find in a library: Newspeak: A dictionary of Jargon", by Jonathon Green. Retrieved 21 April 2006.
- Klemperer, Victor. LTI - Lingua Tertii Imperii: Notizbuch eines Philologen.. Original German language editions.
- Klemperer, Victor & Watt, Roderick H. LTI - Lingua Tertii Imperii: A Philologist's Notebook. Lewiston: E. Mellen Press, 1997. ISBN 0-7734-8681-X. An annotated edition of Victor Klemperer’s LTI, Notizbuch eines Philologen with English notes and commentary by Roderick H. Watt.
- Klemperer, Victor & Brady, Martin (tr.). The language of the Third Reich: LTI - Lingua Tertii Imperii: A Philologist's Notebook. London, UK; New Brunswick, NJ: Athlone Press, 2000. ISBN 0-485-11526-3 (alk. paper). Translated by Martin Brady.
- Young, John Wesley . Totalitarian Language: Orwell's Newspeak and Its Nazi and Communist Antecedents. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1991. ISBN 0-8139-1324-1. John Wesley Young wrote this scholarly work about Newspeak and historical examples of language control.
- An independent compilation of the Newspeak language
- The Principles of Newspeak
- George Orwell's 1984
- New Examples of Newspeak | <urn:uuid:6afb4def-54a0-4d56-94d6-bc3368637405> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://infogalactic.com/info/Newspeak | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864776.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622182027-20180622202027-00175.warc.gz | en | 0.945266 | 5,104 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Books to Read
Allergy and Hypersensitivity - Immune Mediated Diseases
This website was developed for a reader who wants to learn more about immune mediated disease. We use the term Allergy according to the original definition included all immune mediated disease. There are different types of allergy. The immediate or type 1 hypersensitivity is easily recognized because it involves quick and dramatic symptoms. Common problems obviously related to immediate patterns of allergy include hay fever, asthma, rhinitis, otitis media, atopic dermatitis, urticaria, and anaphylaxis. Hay fever is the most common expression of type 1 allergy and is a prototype of immediate hypersensitivity. Hay fever is a reaction to airborne plant pollens in the eyes, nose and throat. Allergy tests are positive to the allergenic pollens, antihistamines help and allergy shots can reduce the reactivity over time. Delayed patterns of allergy are not so obvious and generally go unrecognized. Allergy skin tests do not show this problem nor do IgE serum antibody tests
How to Use the Allergy Center
Begin with the Introduction to Allergy that provides essential knowledge.
There are at least two kinds of allergies the immediate and the delayed patterns. To understand the distinction better, click on the section that compares and contrasts Patterns of Allergic Response.
If you are interested in Food Allergy, then click on the section devoted to that complicated and fascinating subject.
Allergic reactions to drugs resemble food allergy more than inhalant allergy. Click on hay fever, asthma, rhinitis, otitis media, atopic dermatitis, urticaria, and anaphylaxis for more information.
Listen to Allergy as Hypersensitivity Diseases
The list of allergic disorders is very long. To learn more about conditions disorders and diseases that have an immune basis go to all discussions of Allergic Disorders and Diseases
Immunology is a complicated subject that grows more dense and interesting every day. Most MDs will have a rudimentary knowledge of immunology and even the experts tend to specialize in one specific area because the field is so vast. It is possible for a smart reader to learn some basic concepts that make the subject somewhat comprehensible. Our emphasis is in providing information that's useful for self-management and for making decisions about your treatment options. Go to Immunology Notes.
The section on Diagnosis and Tests will steer the reader away from tests that look quick and easy but are invalid. The diagnosis of food allergy is the biggest, unsolved challenge. Physicians often default in the diagnosis and treatment of food-related illnesses and non-medical practitioners have launched careers in the food and chemical "sensitivity" business, using diverse and sometimes bizarre method of diagnosis and treatment.
Case Histories were chosen to illustrate the multisystem presentation of chronic, delayed patterns of food allergy.
Several Books in the Alpha Nutrition Health Education Series provide more detailed examination of specify problems such as skin and gastrointestinal disorders and celiac disease.
Hypoallergenic Nutrient Formulas
Alpha Nutrition Formulas are
hypoallergenic; they are gluten free and do not contain cows milk, soya, or egg | <urn:uuid:5f95923f-f8b2-41bf-84c2-ff88b7ecc395> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.nutramed.com/allergy/index.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393146.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00102-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920352 | 644 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) isn’t quite the same thing as regular anxiety: while it mostly stems from sexual abuse or other traumatic events, that doesn’t mean that every person who suffers a traumatic event will develop it. In a nutshell, PTSD is a form of anxiety that doesn’t go away: not only can it have obvious effects on a person’s personality and actions, but it can also be ‘triggered’ through familiar sounds, sights or other stimuli that have left an impression on the person. A common example is war veterans that can’t visit firework displays: the loud bangs can trigger their PTSD by sounding like weapons being fired or distant explosions, which makes their body panic and can cause their mind to start producing flashbacks or recalling actions from the battlefield.
PTSD is different for every person, so it’s impossible to list every single way that it can manifest in their mind, but it’s easy to tell when you have Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder compared to regular anxiety: it can last for months or years and interfere with daily life, from small things like rapid eye movements and sleeping problems to uncontrollable nightmares, a tendency for violence or a recurring ‘trance’ caused by flashbacks to a traumatic event. In some cases, it can cause dissociation and make a person’s negative experience of the world change the way they interact with other people.
PTSD can be broken down into seventeen symptoms. Not all of them will apply to everybody, and not every sufferer of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder will have all of their symptoms constantly. In fact, it’s quite common for some of them to only occur at certain times, especially after something triggers memories of the experience that gave them PTSD in the first place. Although there’s more than can be listed, these seventeen main symptoms can include:
- Major distress at memories of an event that caused trauma in the past.
- Frequent upsetting and vivid memories of a traumatic experience – these can be invasive and interrupt your trains of thought at any moment.
- Major flashbacks and repeats of past events.
- Depression and an inability to care about day-to-day life.
- Emotional numbness.
- Negative expectations of your future.
- Involuntary physical responses like an increased heart rate or sweating.
- Awful nightmares.
- Lapses in memory when it comes to events surrounding the trauma.
- A lack of connection to ‘normal’ people.
- Self-induced isolation.
- Phobias related to the trauma.
- Attempting to avoid anything remotely related to the trauma.
- Randomly having to ‘freeze up’ or losing emotional control if exposed to certain trauma-related inputs.
- Hyperarousal; inability to sleep or relax, caused by a triggered fight or flight response.
- Inability to reach REM sleep.
- Addiction to substances that make you ‘feel better’, like alcohol or drugs.
There are other symptoms that can occur, but they vary from person to person, and no two cases of PTSD will be identical. If you’re suffering from it, or have a family member that is, then a large part of therapy is taking the time to identify the causes of certain symptoms and how they can be reduced or rationalised.
The idea behind hypnotherapy is quite simple: it’s a form of PTSD hypnosis that focused on your subconscious mind, trying to open you up to positive therapy techniques and other coping mechanisms that can give you a better sense of control over your thoughts and actions. In shorts, it’s hypnosis that’s meant to help you deal with memories and feelings that your conscious mind can’t stand by using your subconscious mind instead. Results and methods can vary from person to person, but most cases of hypnotherapy for trauma are focused on sensory inputs and the parts of our mind that we don’t normally think about.
Trauma hypnotherapy isn’t a single action that’s an instant cure: there are various different methods that can be used, each of them effective in the treatment stages of a traumatic experience. Just like anxiety therapy and depression therapy, trauma recovery therapy won’t always work for everybody, so this kind of PTSD treatment needs to adapt to different patients.
Stress reduction exercises are a common way to treat panic attacks and, and stress management is one of the most baseline ways you can handle Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. A hypnotherapist may be able to ‘implant’ certain stress reduction techniques or mental phrases into a patient through recordings or frequent visits, giving them suggestions that stay with them during the day to help them avoid PTSD symptoms. This might not sound like one of the best techniques to help the problem at its root, but it depends on how the therapist carries out the hypnotherapy: PTSD comes in many forms, so some patients may just need positive reinforcement whereas others might need verbal reminders that they can listen to when the feelings associated with their trauma resurface.
Symptom titration is another method, which relies on building a sense of safety by slowly reducing the way they respond to reminders of the event they suffered. This might be done by slowly wearing down the symptoms: for example, a survivor of a traumatic event involving sexual assault might be relying on substance abuse to mentally cope, or have phobias of certain sexual sights and activities. Over multiple sessions, their brain could be ‘re-trained’ to react in less severe ways (like strong emotions, but no physical actions) without getting rid of their free will, making their response easier for them to handle layer by layer.
For victims of trauma who don’t understand their situation, trigger identification can also be a major option, helping them track their triggers and build up a technique to ignore them, ‘get over’ their fears or find a way to rationalise how they’re feeling about the trigger event. All of this can help them process symptoms with less risk and a better understanding of how they’re reacting, in a similar way to how some people can be trained to push through their irrational phobias.
Finally, hypnotherapy can help you figure out what’s actually causing the Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Not all trauma survivors will have a single set of triggers, and PTSD therapy isn’t as simple as identifying a single trauma response. Trauma imprints certain feelings that can get in the way of a brain’s normal cognitive function, but those feelings can come from other places as well. Multiple stressful events prior to trauma can all roll into a single form of PTSD.
While many people look for hypnotherapy help to deal with their PTSD, it isn’t going to work for everybody, just like any form of treatment for PTSD. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is such a difficult subject to tackle that there’ll always be people that the hypnosis therapy doesn’t work on, either because of the symptoms they have or just because they aren’t receptive to that kind of therapy. However, if it works, then it can be an extremely good way of helping a person deal with an experience that they can’t handle on their own, and can be a much more active method than just talking to them. There are many personal stories of trauma survivors that have been able to move forward thanks to hypnotherapy help, so it can definitely help people under the right circumstances.
It’s important to remember that all traumatic events can be different, and not all of them can be solved with a single type of therapy alone. If hypnosis therapy isn’t enough to solve the problem, it can still be useful as a secondary aid: having supportive or relaxing messages you can replay daily to implant into your own head can adjust your behavior just enough to make handling trauma symptoms easier while you use another method to deal with the cause of the problem.
Hypnotherapy relies on in-person communication, but it can still be done remotely if needed through video calls or audio files. Sound plays a large part, and there’s a big difference between using a private message service to PM “Hi” to somebody compared to saying it in-person. Because of this, it can also be a good way for people with social anxiety (either caused by the PTSD or just naturally developed as part of their personality) to get in contact with somebody new.
In general, hypnotherapy can’t completely erase a traumatic event from your mind, but it can be a good way to ensure that you’re finding ways to handle a past experience while making the symptoms and responses less intense. Different therapists and therapy groups will have their own versions of hypnotherapy help, such as Heart Centered Hypnotherapy’s focus on holistic methods rather than a very targeted type of support, but they all have more or less the same result. It’s important to consider treatment of PTSD on an individual basis, since no two people will have the exact same experience or show the same symptoms, even if they went through the same traumatic event and suffered the same kinds of personality changes or anxiety triggers.
Since every person is different, there isn’t a single best form of PTSD treatment and pain management that can be classed as the best option, but that also means that each person has their preferred way to deal with symptoms of a traumatic experience. If this happens to be hypnotherapy, then there’s nothing wrong with using it to try and treat or manage your PTSD, especially if you’ve tried other kinds of therapy and not had the results you were expecting.
Like all kinds of therapy, hypnosis therapy can work well for PTSD, but it’s also not guaranteed. The process could take months or years, and some people will respond better to it than others. Either way, you want a hypnotherapist with the training and certification to carry out the process properly. Finding a hypnotherapist in your area isn’t that difficult, and there are various sources of information that are still relevant in 2020: the Wellness Institute Blog is a good example, since the Wellness Institute connect with dozens of groups that offer various therapy types. You can also look for details on hypnotherapy helped different individuals and what a specific group may be able to offer you.
Like all kinds of PTSD therapy, hypnosis can be adapted to play to your strengths and help you deal with unexpected behaviours, repeating mood patterns, anger that manifests as hatred or uncontrollable emotion, unexplained terror or even a recurrence of nightmares related to the traumas you have. It can even help with sleep paralysis or having to ‘battle a monster’ that eats away at your mental stability, something that a lot of other therapy procedures might overlook. At the end of the day, if your mind has a decent level of ‘hypnotizability’ and your mind is receptive to a hypnosis therapy program, it might be worth a few sessions to see how the procedure plays out.
At worst, you might discover that you can’t have a suggestion planted in your head by a hypnotist, which can help you rule out that kind of procedure and focus on regular counselling instead. However, if it works even a little bit, you might have a chance of being able to improve your awareness of your triggers and lower your irritability to help yourself beat your traumas. | <urn:uuid:d2baf8f1-007a-4059-b8a7-846445ac9840> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://hypnotherapynewcastle.org/hypnotherapy-for-ptsd/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655880616.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200706104839-20200706134839-00548.warc.gz | en | 0.945805 | 2,401 | 3.609375 | 4 |
It is commonly thought across the world that cats and dogs are natural-born enemies. Cartoons present this age-old belief time and time again with cats often portrayed as the wily, clever species and dogs the dummies constantly chasing them. Is this simply a myth or will cats forever be dog’s nemesis?
Do cats and dogs hate each other?
The simple answer to this is no. Cats and dogs are not born with an inherent hatred for each other. They are born with predatory and survival instincts, respectively, have conflicting communication methods, and behave very differently to one another.
Not unsurprisingly as they are different animals. These are fundamentally the contributing factors to the perception that cats and dogs are natural-born enemies.
Conflicting predatory and survival instincts
Like humans, cats and dogs are predators. Interestingly, you can usually identify predators from prey by eye position. Animals that have eyes positioned on the side of their heads are generally prey animals.
This side placement provides a greater peripheral vision, enabling them to see predators approaching from the sides and behind. Predators eyes face forward, giving them greater binocular vision which provides a greater perception of depth. Predators can judge the distance of their prey better but have a decreased field of vision.
Even though they are both predators, cats and dogs have distinctly different ways of going about hunting. Dogs, both sight and scent hounds, will give chase once their eyes or noses pick up on something. Cats tend to lie in wait and pounce.
Dogs work in a pack that has a hierarchy and will back down at feeding to a more dominant member. Whereas cats are lone stalkers and are far less likely to retreat when confronted by another animal vying for their food.
These intrinsic behaviors often result in dogs chasing cats, cats hissing and clawing at dogs, and the two of them (as the old saying goes) fighting like cats and dogs.
Conflicting communications methods
There are some key ways in which cats and dogs communicate with their own species that directly conflict with one another. When you look into them a little more closely, it can be easy to see why cats and dogs end up displaying aggression toward one another.
Upon greeting, cats will walk tall and proud to another unfamiliar feline. They look each other in the eyes and blink slowly to indicate that they mean no harm.
Dogs greet one another by creating a semi-circle as they manoeuvre to the butt area for sniffing. This arched approach is accompanied by avoiding eye contact to indicate they mean no harm. Directly approaching and direct eye contact is confrontational in dog speak, but the opposite is true for cats.
Cats rarely move their tails. When they do it indicates they are getting annoyed and are about to become aggressive.
But dogs wag their tails all the time and especially when they are feeling happy. Some move their tails when nervous also, but you could see why it can be confusing for both to see the other making such a gesture.
Almost all dogs love to run! Just for fun! They run around after each other, chase balls or do zoomies for the sheer joy of it.
Cats on the other hand only run when hunting or when fleeing from a fight. Dogs run around after each other and some dogs will try to initiate play this way with a cat. Not all chasing is predatory to a dog, but it is to a cat.
How do cats and dogs behaviors differ?
Another indication given by the eyes is whether an animal is nocturnal. Large eyes have evolved to allow nocturnal animals to see better at night. Cats tend to have much larger eyes than dogs as they generally hunt at night. This means that most cats will get the majority of their sleep during the day.
Dogs will nap during the day but they get the majority of their sleep at night. This can be problematic when sharing the same living space. A sleeping cat does not want to be suddenly woken by a dog and visa-versa.
Dogs are very social animals and enjoy interacting. This is typically in the form of play. Usually in big bouncy movements that can be frenzied if particularly excited. While cats can be playful (if provoked by the mouse on a string, for example), they are more solitary creatures that enjoy relaxed environments. Their movements are considered and only ever frenzied when attacking or defending. A dog’s comical commotion can be quite unsettling for the ever-laid-back cat character.
Cats and dogs are similar when it comes to territory, however. Both will fend off intruders to their territory no matter what species they are. On the streets, if one were to step into the other’s domain, it is likely to cause a reaction. Vocally, dogs will growl, bark and snap. Cats will hiss, spit and meow.
When living together, both cats and dogs need a space they can call their own which they can retreat to should they feel the need to.
Cats and dogs can — and often do! — love each other
Often when cats and dogs are brought up in the same household, there is little-to-no friction at all. As they grow up together, they learn how to interact with one another.
Sure, there might be the odd occasion when one pesters the other but this is alike to squabbling siblings. Growing up together has allowed them to form a cat-dog language. They are accustomed to each other’s presence and neither are aware of the infamous feud between species.
I have worked with owners rehoming dogs into families with cats. With time, patience and guiding hands, in almost all cases, they learn to get along. At the very least, they tolerate each other and co-exist. But in many cases, wonderful companionships develop between them. Playing together, protecting each other, and cozying up to sleep side-by-side. | <urn:uuid:002f98e2-0e30-4b19-badd-d30f158b739b> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://wauf.com/why-cats-and-dogs-enemies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178370752.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20210305091526-20210305121526-00207.warc.gz | en | 0.961498 | 1,228 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The term blockchain has been used in numerous social and corporate conversations in recent years and everyone seems to have heard about blockchain technology, but a majority of the population has no idea what it really means.
Blockchain has the ability to completely disrupt the financial industry in the same way social media disrupted mainstream media and the way Netflix destroyed blockbuster films in theaters.
Blockchain technology has the potential of being used as a platform that provides financial services to everyone on the part of the world, this includes people in developing countries who may not have access to traditional banking services and cannot afford the rates required to make large transactions.
This technology has the potential of making major breakthroughs in nearly all major industries that are usually manipulated by big corporations.
To clearly understand what blockchain technology is, read on to give you a brief breakdown of the history of how the transaction of money has evolved.
A bit of history and popularity factors
Historically, whenever people used to exchange valuable items, there were middle men whose sole purpose was to record the authenticity of both parties and build trust between them.
Currently, these middlemen are known as banks. The use of banks and brokers has continued over time and with the emergence of digital assets like stock, electronic money, and intellectual property need for a more secure method has emerged.
This is because digital assets are usually files within a computer that are therefore vulnerable to manipulation and theft. Thus the use of the blockchain technology enables parties to transact openly and transparently ensuring that the exchange is secure and efficient.
The First Blockchain
The first blockchain is the decentralized ledger behind the digital currency bitcoin and is comprised of blocks (related batches of transactions).
A copy of the ledger is backed up in more than 50,000 computers that make up the bitcoin network.
Changes in the ledger — such as transfer of virtual coins — are cryptographically signed. This supports the data that the transfer made by the user is the actual owner of those coins, and can only be spent once.
The idea is to record how the virtual currency’s every single unit is spent to prevent unauthorized changes to the ledger.
The Three Pillars of Blockchain Technology
Decentralization alludes to any type of technology that is not governed by any organization and authority which makes blockchain and crypto tech stand out.
What makes Bitcoin so well-known is because of its individualistic trait and can be used for all kinds of online transactions between users all over the world.
This blockchain pillar is generally about networks of users and does not include any central node.
The greatest worry for each individual who engages in digital money is its security.
In this context, security, for the most part, means both wellbeing and protection. In the event that the supposed cryptographic forms of money are not verified enough, nobody will risk the entire process for contributing.
In any case, there are numerous ways that guarantee that the individuals have secure access to their contributed assets. One such technique is utilizing of crypto wallets, which have their very own computerized address, and can be a piece of online assistance platform that connects you to a particular blockchain and enable you to purchase and sell.
Scalability characterizes the blockchain’s capacity to expand its ability simultaneously, operating at an almost flawless task. This means careful processing times, framework lags, and so forth.
Blockchains, particularly the Bitcoin blockchain, get bigger because of its demand and popularity. This system must have the capability to engage with different transactions every second; and by that, it means nearly millions of transactions at a fast pace.
To better deal with real-time transactions, state-of-the-art equipment, and secure frameworks must be used.
History Of Cryptocurrency and The Condition Today
More than 10 years before the birth and rise of cryptocurrencies, the idea had been proposed by computer engineer Wei Dai.
In 1998, he published a paper where he discussed “B-money”, which was about the concept of digital currency that could be forwarded along with a network of unknown digital pseudonyms.
Also in 1998, another endeavor by the name of Bit Gold was made by blockchain pioneer Nick Szabo. It similarly investigated in the creation of decentralized computerized cash.
Szabo’s idea was comprised of inefficiencies: the expenditure in making metal coins to decrease trust inside the customary budgetary framework, for example, expecting to make coins and to lessen the measure of trust required for transactions.
While both were never implemented, these ideas truly were a part of the motivation behind Bitcoin.
Types of Crypto and Their Differences
1. Bitcoin (BTC)
Bitcoin, created in open-source programming, is one of the most common monetary standards and is seen as a digital currency of its own. The creator of the whitepaper that built up this digital currency was Satoshi Nakamoto.
2. Litecoin (LTC)
Litecoin was introduced in 2011 as Bitcoin’s substitute. This digital currency is also an open-source, decentralized global payment network which means there are no central authorities.
Here are a couple of contrasts between these digital currencies:
● Litecoin is known to have quicker transactions.
● Bitcoin’s coin limit is 21 million, while Litecoin is 84 million.
● They work on various algorithms, Litecoin using “scrypt”, and Bitcoin is “SHA-256.”
3. Ethereum (ETH)
Ethereum is yet another digital currency that focuses on operating the programming code of all decentralized application for the payment of transaction services and rates on the network.
4. Ripple (XRP)
Ripple was introduced in 2012 that performs both as a digital currency and a payment grid for online expenditures. It’s a worldwide payment protocol that is intended to make a quick, easy low-cost option of transfers.
5. Bitcoin Cash
Bitcoin Cash is another type of cryptocurrency to enhance some of Bitcoin’s features. Bitcoin Cash has the ability to add up the size of blocks for faster, continuous transactions.
6. Ethereum Classic
Ethereum Classic is another genre of the Ethereum blockchain and operates intelligent, contracts that are alike on a decentralized program.
Intelligent contracts are platforms that operate precisely as programmed without fraud, censorship, downtime, or 3rd-party applications. Like Ethereum, it provides a token called ‘great ether’ as payment to products and services.
ICOs (Initial Coin Offering) – What are these?
ICO (Initial Coin Offering) is more of an advanced class of an IPO (Initial Public Offering).
Many errors are corrected and eliminated, the thin lines between ergonomic and materialistic objects, and planning have been resolved, and tasks that are initiated have been concentrated upon an ICO.
ICO is about crowdfunding that has its sights purely on cryptocurrency which is used as a capital for many startup companies that are mostly owned and run by young entrepreneurs who have fresh and progressive ideas for the business.
For the ‘tokens’ to become ‘coins’ and be used in exchange, several procedures are observed and implemented.
Individuals who purchase tokens could sell them any time they want, even prior to the ‘exchange’ comes. Once these tokens are included in the exchange and become a ‘coin’, it becomes absolutely free from any hold from the user and is now a part of the ‘demand and supply’ chain.
With Initial Coin Offering or ICO: things go at breakneck speed, no connection to any big brands and names; and no long-term investment schemes and awaited returns. In other words, it is readily accessible for startups and entrepreneurs.
It has minimal paperwork, high liquidity with high investment returns.
The option to stick with an ICO is fast when it comes to benefits — as long as you are knowledgeable with the token’s quality and you could be sure (even the slightest) about the token’s future in the market.
The downside of ICO are volatility, it may be a fraud and the lack of infrastructure.
STO (Security Token Offering)
In many ways much like an initial coin offering (ICO), an investor is given a crypto token or coin that carries their investment.
A security token is made for any investment contract into an implicit expenditure asset, such as real estate investment trusts or REIT, funds, bonds, and stocks.
Security can be explained as a “fungible, negotiable financial instrument that holds some type of monetary value,” i.e., funding that is wholly supported by a real-world asset such as a company or property.
A security token, therefore, regards the proprietorship data of the investment product, kept on a blockchain.
When you invest in traditional stocks, for example, ownership data is recorded on a document and given as a digital certificate (e.g. a PDF).
It is the same process for Security Token Offerings, but fully kept on a blockchain and provided as a token.
Tokenized Assets – What is it?
Today, assets can be represented on a blockchain by a certain digital identifier called a token. Tokens can also be acquired as airdrops through the completion of certain tasks set by the airdrop project owner. But today we’d like to clear then mist around asset tokenization.
Tokenized assets are defined as the phase of giving a blockchain security token that digitally appears as an authentic, exchangeable asset — in many ways much like the usual securitization process, but with a modern twist.
Moving data from a real-world asset onto the blockchain affords the right to own, to forward and traded on a secure, worldwide digital platform.
Real Estate Tokenization
The real estate industry is especially appropriate at the thought of tokenization.
Think of it this way: you want to invest in real estate, but you want to start small and gradually increase your investment.
The public ledger’s task guarantees that once you buy tokens, your ownership of the asset cannot be altered or tampered with; it is undeniable.
Instead of needing large-scale investments, or holding your money for certain amounts of time, tokenization allows you to invest in any asset you choose and trade the token at any time, seamlessly.
The option to freely choose where you invest will set the motion of a new era of much greater customization and personalization in investment.
The process of tokenization includes dividing the asset into many parts called token and can be likened to a share of stock in a company. In fact, the artwork value can be volatile depending on the market.
How does it work?
Many investors deem the art sector as a good choice for potential investment to expand and diversify their portfolio.
First, a certified art curator will appraise the artwork’s value to determine the ‘pieces’ that are to be divided, followed by tokenization.
Certificates that contain the artwork’s authenticity and market value will be stored on the blockchain.
The token numbers which were defined have their respective monetary value representing ownership.
Issued token will commence the trade market share, and the owners will be given part ownership to the artwork.
IEOs (Initial Exchange Offering)
Technically speaking, Initial Exchange Offering or IEO is a segment of ICO, but IEO provides tokens/coins not directly to investors but through affiliation exchange.
In a public ICO, any individual can participate.
IEO is only for members of that given exchange are allowed to buy tokens. That said, you can partake in an exchange if you are interested in a certain coin about to be released which is convenient even to the average retail investor. | <urn:uuid:69e63203-dcfd-4d02-a5f2-5fe27a52c65f> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://thewebaddicted.com/business/blockchain-guide-use-cases/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655899931.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20200709100539-20200709130539-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.95383 | 2,413 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Physical & Physiological Risks of Alcohol Abuse
by Lily Obeck
The Mayo Clinic defines alcohol abuse as excessive drinking without the dependency on alcohol. In other words, someone who abuses alcohol may not yet be considered an alcoholic, but he is certainly toeing the line of a serious health problem. Alcohol abuse is dangerous, not only for your body but for your mind and those around you as well.
Your liver is one of your body's main tools for clearing the blood of toxins. Drinking heavily and drinking often puts immense strain on your liver and can cause alcoholic hepatitis and eventually cirrhosis, or permanent scarring and damage to the liver.
Heavy drinking elevates your blood pressure and damages your heart muscles. High blood pressure is the first step towards atherosclerosis, heart attack, stroke and other types of cardiovascular disease.
More Physical Problems
Alcohol depresses your nervous system and acts as a sedative. The more you drink, the more fatigued and weak you will feel overall. Your sensory organs, speech and muscle coordination will diminish in capacity. Drinking can also leave men impotent and can cause severe birth defects in pregnant women. The strain on your nervous system may cause your hands and feet to go numb. Your risk for cancer greatly increases with every continuous alcohol binge.
Alcohol will affect not only your body but your mind as well. Whether you are drinking to forget your depression, or depressed because of your drinking, depression and alcohol are dangerous when mixed. Alcohol acts as a mental depressant, meaning if you were upset before drinking, a drink will only exacerbate the sadness. You are less likely to care for your body and more likely to consider or attempt suicide when you have been drinking.
People that abuse alcohol will drink in private and ignore a family member or friend's plea to stop. Eventually, the person may pull away completely from her social circle. She may develop anxiety and a poor self-image and refuse to go out in public. | <urn:uuid:49066141-909d-49b1-a594-57f5c730e659> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.soyouwanna.com/physical-physiological-risks-alcohol-abuse-35521.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802776996.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075256-00040-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941341 | 399 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Science & Technology: Health Sciences
ClinicalTrials.gov offers up-to-date information for locating federally and privately supported clinical trials for a wide range of diseases and conditions. A clinical trial (also clinical research) is a research study in human volunteers to answer specific health questions. Interventional trials determine whether experimental treatments or new ways of using known therapies are safe and effective under controlled environments. Observational trials address health issues in large groups of people or populations in natural settings.
Information about this site was taken directly from the ClinicalTrials.gov website. | <urn:uuid:d88f1b02-6065-4611-b5b6-04805361220d> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://bclearnow.blogspot.com/2007/07/clinicaltrialsgov.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463612018.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20170529053338-20170529073338-00285.warc.gz | en | 0.928895 | 114 | 2.65625 | 3 |
What is the oestrous cycle?
The oestrous cycle is a series of changes that a female animal’s body goes through to prepare for fertilisation and pregnancy. These changes, both behavioural and physiological, are driven by hormonal fluctuations. Understanding how cows go into and out of heat is vital for the modern dairy farmer.
What does it mean when a cow is in heat?
Cows, like the majority of other mammals, have an oestrous cycle. Theirs is a relatively short cycle and lasts between 17 and 25 days, with an average of around 21 days. Most of this time, cows are not fertile, but during a short period known as oestrus the cow will be receptive to mating and can get pregnant. This is known as being in heat. Cows often show behavioural changes which, along with other cues like scents and pheromones, help to let bulls know that they are ready to accept mating.
Hormonally, when a cow isn’t in heat, her progesterone levels are high and her oestradiol (an oestrogen) is low. When she starts to move into oestrus, a combination of other hormones causes a follicle containing an egg to grow on her ovary and her progesterone level starts to drop. Progesterone is very low for around 3 days and towards the end of this, the egg is released (ovulation). The period of time when a cow’s progesterone is low is oestrus or heat.
Why do we need to know?
With the move towards industrialisation of dairy farming across the world, more producers are mating their cows using Artificial Insemination (AI)1 instead of putting them to a bull. As a result, it is crucial to identify when cows are in heat so that the AI is successful. A mistimed AI can incur financial impacts from wasted straws and technicians fees, to more days open and increased calving intervals. If an already pregnant cow is incorrectly AI’d it can cause her to lose the calf or introduce infections into her system.
How can you tell if a cow is in heat?
Standing heat is the primary behavioural sign of heat. This is when a cow will stand to be mated and not move away from any other animal mounting her. Not all cows do this, however, and it can be difficult to spot this behaviour if the cow isn’t under constant observation. Standing heat does not last for long, usually only 8 – 12 hours, but other behavioural signs can sometimes be seen before active oestrous starts.
Other signs of heat might be:
- Increased activity
- Mounting other cows (bulling)
- Licking or sniffing other cows’ vulvas
- Curling her upper lip (flehmen response)2
- Vaginal discharge
- Slight increase in temperature
- Increased vocalisations
Activity monitors such as pedometers and tail paint can help to spot these behaviours. While this can increase heat detection rate, these have their own limitations and can falsely indicate heat.
The only consistent indicator of heat is a drop in progesterone levels. Of course, this is not something that can be observed by looking at a cow, but progesterone levels can be measured in a cow’s blood, or more readily, her milk. This can provide reliable and accurate information about a cow’s fertility. A cow will usually have low progesterone for approximately three days, with highest rates of AI success occurring on the second day3, and then her progesterone levels will begin to rise again.
After oestrus, if a cow is not fertilised, she will return to cycling and the same process will repeat itself in 17 – 24 days. All healthy cows continue to cycle for their entire lifespan, only stopping during pregnancy and the early post-partum period, or if there is a problem.
- Morrell, J. M. Artif. Insemin. Farm Anim. (2011)
- Houpt et al., Theriogenology (1989).
- Garcia-Ispierto, I. & López-Gatius, F. J. Reprod. Dev. (2014). | <urn:uuid:dbee0899-4f23-4017-9541-a831aed407a7> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://p4gold.com/fertility/cows-in-heat-the-bovine-oestrous-cycle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711017.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205132617-20221205162617-00487.warc.gz | en | 0.934603 | 884 | 3.78125 | 4 |
A key insect pest is one that often triggers the first insecticidal treatments in a field, and the three-cornered alfalfa hopper (TCAH) apparently has reached that status in Georgia peanut production.
“These first insecticide treatments then influence other pest activities if conditions are appropriate for their development, thus leading to more insecticidal inputs,” says David Adams, University of Georgia Extension entomologist.
Over time, he adds, key pests may change in crops. “At one time, we put out Lorsban for lesser cornstalk borers, and that might have been considered a key pest because some of the practices out in the field actually led to problems in other areas. Resistance in cutworms is one example, and sometimes it might flare problems in caterpillars,” says Adams.
That first spray could then influence what occurs in a field for the remainder of the season, he says. “When we started spraying for lesser cornstalk borers, we could count on having worm problems from that point on.”
The boll weevil on cotton was a prime example of a key pest, says Adams, because when growers had to make sprays on young seedling cotton, it caused other problems in the field with worms.
“The same thing can happen with peanuts, and we’re particularly concerned now with the three-cornered alfalfa hopper. Years ago, we knew we had three-cornered alfalfa hoppers, and sometimes we’d spray for them and sometimes we wouldn’t. We had more limiting factors that created more problems than the three-cornered alfalfa hopper,” he says.
The problem now with peanut insect pests such as the three-cornered alfalfa hopper, is that there is a research deficit as far as when and how to treat, especially over the past four years or so, says Adams. Management systems for three-cornered alfalfa hoppers now are judgment calls, with some degree of scientific backing.
After peanut production moved away from the single-variety Florunner systems, researchers started to see that yield was being lost to the TCAH, he says. “They did find that three-cornered alfalfa hoppers — at high populations and at certain periods of time — could cause enough damage to peanuts that it would be economical to treat them,” says Adams.
Limited research, he says, has shown that different peanut varieties have different levels of susceptibility to feeding from TCAH. “With this information, we would be able to tolerate higher populations in some varieties and lower populations in others. But research hasn’t kept up with the new varieties that have been introduced – it’s a judgment call.”
Since the first migration of adults occurs in late June and early July, this would be the best opportunity to control the egg-laying adult population, severely limiting the subsequent and most damaging nymph populations in August and September, says Adams. “Being a key pest, that might be the best time to spray for it because the can become indigenous in the field,” he says.
The judgment, he says, is whether there are enough three-cornered alfalfa hoppers in the early populations to warrant a treatment. It is an easy decision if there is one adult per foot of row, but what if there are only one per 3 feet of row? If this is the only limiting factor in high-yielding peanuts, then one might choose to piggy-back a treatment with a fungicide application.
“If as an agent/consultant/grower you have experience with the various varietal responses to TCAH, then it is better to yield to your best judgment. The one parameter we do know is that if peanuts are within 30 days of digging, no treatments are necessary,” says Adams.
Three-cornered alfalfa hoppers, he says, girdle the stem of the peanut plant. They feed directly into the food source of the plant as opposed to the water source. “They’re feeding into food transport system, taking out sugars that are flowing down to the plant and down into the root system, depriving the peanut plant of nutrients.”
The stem, he explains, often will be smaller below where the feeding takes place since the sugars are being reduced.
“In addition to reducing the supply of nutrients, they’re also laying eggs. The scars you often see on the plant during that early population are the egg lays. The eggs are hidden from parasites and predators, which isn’t good for the grower. If a sucking insect injures the stem, and spores are introduced into the plant, then you might have a higher level of disease in the field.”
Generally, insect management problems in Georgia peanuts were less significant this past year compared to the past several years, according to Adams. However, significant problems were encountered and insecticides were applied to many problem fields. Tobacco budworm populations occurred in mixed populations of corn earworm. In fields that needed treating for budworm/bollworm, the ratio was commonly 60/40, respectively. In 2009 county Extension agents, consultants and growers identified the budworm and initiated the appropriate insecticides for control, he says. | <urn:uuid:f4802f0f-9e2b-45c9-b85a-200b5615d110> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://southeastfarmpress.com/print/peanuts/tcah-has-new-status-peanuts | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982292675.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195812-00201-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963572 | 1,133 | 3 | 3 |
Your body comes equipped with “thermoregulation” – a mechanism that keeps you from getting too hot or cold. You sweat when your body temperature rises as a way to cool you down. Night sweats may be the result of something as simple as the air, mattress, blankets, or your pajamas being too warm. Remember to keep your room cool, well-ventilated and wear loose clothing to bed. Cotton is a good material to wear to bed because is it breathable, but any natural fiber can work well. A glass of ice water next to your bed can keep you cool, too.
Sleep experts recommend keeping your bedroom around 65 degrees at night. Your body’s temperature naturally dips as you become drowsy, reaches the lowest level in the early morning, and then goes up again. If your bedroom is too warm then it can interfere with the quality of your sleep and make you feel restless. Some studies have shown that improper body temperature regulation leads to insomnia.
Night sweats is a common problem that usually isn’t a symptom of a medical problem. In fact, many people experience night sweats every so often due to easily identified reasons, such as too many blankets, certain medications, or a symptom of menopause.
Hot flashes are a common symptom of menopause, which makes sleep difficult. These rises in body temperature are a result of the dropping levels of estrogen and altered hormones that trick the brain’s region for temperature regulation into thinking the body is overheating. A woman going through menopause should consider keeping an extra pair of lightweight cotton pajamas near the bed if she sweats excessively. An extra pillowcase, towel or spare set of sheets might also be useful. If symptoms persist, consider starting hormone therapy treatment with a physician’s guidance.
Sometimes night sweats are triggered by a medical disorder, infection, cancer or problem in the nervous system. The following medications can cause night sweats: antidepressants, antipyrectics (medications that lower the body’s temperature), hormone therapy, and hypoglycemic agents (medications that decrease the level of blood sugar). Many diseases and conditions can cause night sweats, from tuberculosis to HIV/AIDS to leukemia.
If you frequently suffer from night sweats, talk to your doctor for an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan.
For more information about night sweat treatment, call The Los Angeles Sleep Study Institute at 1-855-690-0563. | <urn:uuid:ef35f67c-4d5d-45a2-9595-23cb7eba6396> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://sleepstudyla.com/night-sweats-and-sleep | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375096686.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031816-00178-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929438 | 501 | 2.875 | 3 |
When your teenager gets behind the wheel, you can't always go along with them. That means that you can't perfectly prevent distracted driving behavior—and unfortunately, teenagers are guilty of distracted behavior behind the wheel all too often. Up to a quarter of teenagers admit to receiving and responding to text messages every time they're behind the wheel. More than 10% of drivers under the age of twenty who were involved in fatal crashes were driving distracted when the accident occurred.
The statistics speak for themselves, concurs Zev Goldstein, a NY traffic attorney, and keeping your teenager safe behind the wheel may take more than a stern admonition about keeping their phone off when driving. Thankfully, there are apps that can help prevent your teenager from using their cell phone while driving.
TextArrest allows parents to control the ways in which a phone can be used while in a moving vehicle. It can also be set up to notify parents when the teenage driver overrides the Text Arrest function, travels outside a certain geographic area, or exceeds the speed limit. The app will also allow the phone to be used in the event of an emergency with parent notification.
Canary is a free app that puts all the information in the hands of the parent. It offers text notification any time a child texts, tweets, or answers a call while driving. Canary will also provide notifications when the teenage driver exceeds a certain speed or goes outside a set perimeter on the map, so you'll always know that your child is where they're supposed to be.
CellControl is a unique program that is designed to disable only the driver's phone, leaving other passengers free to use their phones normally. CellControl prevents behaviors that have been defined ahead of time: texting, taking selfies, using social media accounts, and playing games, among others. It can also be set to simply monitor usage to determine whether or not a teenage driver is using their phone responsibly.
DriveSafe.ly reads incoming text messages and emails, including, shorthand aloud as they come in. DriveSafe.ly prevents drivers from looking down at the phone when they're on the road, but still lets them know when important information comes through.
DriveScribe blocks incoming calls and texts when the car is moving above a certain speed. In addition, the DriveScribe app notifies drivers who are traveling too fast.
They're your kids. Take the steps necessary to keep them safe. By installing one of these apps, you can enforce safe driving behavior even when you aren't looking over your kids' shoulders--and that just might be enough to save their lives.
In addition to keeping your children safe on the road, you can protect them in the digital world with Bark's award-winning monitoring service. Bark proactively monitors text messages, YouTube, emails, and 24 different social networks for potential safety concerns, so busy parents can save time and gain peace of mind. Sign up now for a free one-week trial.
[THIS BLOG POST WAS UPDATED ON 1/23/2019] | <urn:uuid:8b8d63e6-44b7-46fe-a6f7-29c7192b2bb9> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://resources.uknowkids.com/blog/7-apps-to-prevent-distracted-driving | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371799447.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200407121105-20200407151605-00086.warc.gz | en | 0.954725 | 613 | 2.5625 | 3 |
London researchers have dismissed recent health warnings over e-cigarettes as "misleading," saying they have the potential to save tens of thousands of smokers every year.
For every million British smokers who give up tobacco products in favour of e-cigarettes, more than 6,000 premature deaths could be prevented annually, experts from University College London (UCL) have said.
They estimated that would equal over 54,000 lives saved every year, were all of Britain's nine million smokers to switch.
The findings come in stark contrast to recent warnings over potential health risks associated with electronic cigarettes.
The World Health Organisation (WHO) has warned that bystanders can inhale significant levels of toxins from the vapour, and that they could be acting as a gateway to tobacco smoking.
But according to Professor Robert West and Dr Jamie Brown from UCL's Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, the concentration of toxins in e-cigarettes is in fact "very low".
In an editorial published in the British Journal of General Practice, they argued that the vapour contains "nothing like the concentrations of carcinogens and toxins as cigarette smoke".
"In fact, toxin concentrations are almost all well below one twentieth that of cigarette smoke."
Nevertheless, their figures accounted for the possibility that the devices carry an increased risk of death.
Their findings coincided with a separate report published by researchers from Kings College London who slammed WHO's findings as "misleading".
Lead author Professor Ann McNeill from the National Addiction Centre at King's College London, said: "We were surprised by the negativity of the commissioned review, and found it misleading and not an accurate reflection of available evidence.
"E-cigarettes are new and we certainly don't yet have all the answers to their long-term health impact, but what we do know is that they are much safer than cigarettes, which kill over six million people a year worldwide."
Last week WHO called for stiff regulation of the devices and a ban on indoor use.
It also suggested restrictions on advertising and on sales to minors. | <urn:uuid:2e76c0e8-2538-4981-8f85-06cdae2438e9> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://news.sky.com/story/1330462/report-e-cigarettes-could-save-thousands | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246654467.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045734-00066-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961284 | 415 | 2.921875 | 3 |
(from Morrow 1970)
The dramatic story of how American Jews and the United States helped create the state of Israel.
This is the first difinitive, dramatic account of the often moving and always fascinating story of American involvement in the creation and development of the Jewish national home.
Evoked in these pages are momentous events: the birth of Zionism, its blooming in the United States, Europe and Palestine, the at times fearsome battles among American Jews over the issue of a Jewish state and the behind-the-scenes interplay between American Jewry and the United States Government over the founding and support of Israel.
Revealed too is the ironic role played by Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who, during his lifetime, was a hero to most American Jews. Yet during the years of the holocaust President Roosevelt failed to come to the aid of Europe's Jews and he secretly told Arab statesmen he did not intend to keep the promises he publicly made to America's Jewish leaders. In contrast, it was Roosevelt's successor, Harry Truman, who finally afreed to back the Zionist cause.
But this is more than an account of an extraordinary campaign, unique to American and world history. It is also a tale of high and urgent drama: refugees fleeing Hitler's Europe on ships run by American captains; airplanes smuggled from the United States to the Middle East; the tense days in America and Israel as the Jewish state came into being; the Suez crisis, the Six-Day War and much more.
About the Author
Robert Silverberg spent two years researching this book in Israel and the United States where he interviewed many of the participants. A professional writer since 1955, Mr. Silverberg is the author of a number of books on scientific and historical subjects.
[None on record] | <urn:uuid:2763fcd9-a5bd-48ec-8d0a-f3a391efcf26> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://majipoor.com/work.php?id=487 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321025.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627064714-20170627084714-00639.warc.gz | en | 0.9535 | 364 | 2.765625 | 3 |
There are different processes specially developed for drying sewage sludge.
The drying process is inside a foiled greenhouse and happens by solar radiation and a floor heating system. Inside the hall the sewage sludge dry solid content reaches ≥ 90% DS. The biogenic granulate can be used for example in cement industry as an alternative fuel replacig coal.
The drying air is recirculated in a closed loop i.e. no odorous drying air is released to ambient.
The belt dryer is a convective dryer and is very safe. Drying air is slowly removing the moisture from the sludge particles and there is no mechanical treatment of the sludge – it is therefore a dust free method of drying.
- High Product Quality up to 90% desired dry solids
- Low maintenance expenses
- Reduce disposal cost | <urn:uuid:7a03b6dd-1651-45d2-b0e6-992bc1845035> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://mena-water.eu/en/produkte/schlammtrocknung/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038879374.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20210419111510-20210419141510-00226.warc.gz | en | 0.917043 | 170 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Turkmenistan - Religions
There is no state religion, but about 89% of the population is Muslim, primarily Sunni, with strong elements of local shamanism and Sufi mysticism included in its practices.
Although the constitution provides for religious freedom, the Law on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Organizations, which was amended in 1995 and again in 1996, also provides for significant government control of religion. For example, religious congregations are required to register with the government in order to hold gatherings and proselytize. A congregation must have at least 500 members within the locality in which it is registering. This restriction has caused problems for a number of minority religions, especially the Baha'i faith. Baha'is have been prevented from conducting services since 1997 and have been questioned by Interior Ministry authorities for holding private prayer meetings in their homes. They were permitted to gather in Ashgabat for a single day to celebrate the Nowruz (spring) holiday in March 1998 and again in 1999.
As of 2002, the only two religions that were officially registered were Sunni Islam and Russian Orthodox Christianity.
In January 1999, members of the Gregorian Armenian faith appealed to authorities to use a church pending their registration, but they have not yet received a reply. Jehovah's Witnesses filed an application for registration in January 1997 but remain unregistered, pending correction of mistakes in their application. Subsequent efforts to worship at meetings in their homes resulted in fines and seizures of religious materials.
Ethnic Turkmen, Uzbeks, and Kazakhs are nominally Sunni Muslim. Ethnic Russians, who account for about 7% of the population, are largely members of the Russian Orthodox Church. There are small communities of Roman Catholics, Pentecostal Christians, Seventh-Day Adventists, Baptists, Hare Krishnas, Lutherans, and Jews; however, none of these faiths are legally able to maintain churches. | <urn:uuid:c26e04e2-96bc-4beb-b4b8-557277809bef> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Asia-and-Oceania/Turkmenistan-RELIGIONS.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936469305.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074109-00283-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96846 | 389 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Nine short stories present characters profoundly touched by the defining battle of the Civil War.
Gettysburg presents a group of related fictional characters whose stories illuminate various facets of the bloodiest engagement of the American Civil War. Ranging from the first day of the battle until after the turn of the 20th century, the stories explore bravery, loyalty, memory, and loss. They expose the wastefulness of war and its long-lasting effects, not only for the soldiers who struggled on the frontlines but also for the women who tended them, the children who were neglected in the upheaval, and other citizens and family members confined to the home front.
Two residents of the town of Gettysburg—Mary Bowman and Hannah Casey—emerge as memorable heroines after being shocked that war could come to their quiet community. “The Home-Coming” tells the story of a frightened young soldier who realizes, as the battle rages, that he may die just yards from his boyhood home. “The Battleground” recounts President Lincoln’s visit to the site to give his famous address and how his words strengthen Mary, who is distractedly searching for her husband’s remains, her clothes still stained with the blood of the wounded. “Victory” is based on the actual wartime experiences of Frank Haskell, an aide to General John Gibbon. “Gunner Criswell” moves forward to 1910 and the dedication of a regimental monument on which a veteran cannot find his name.
With these stories, Singmaster renders the painful and lasting ways in which the battlefield affects surviving individuals, both those able to bear the scars and those subdued by them. Sentimental glorification of the battle is not her aim. As Lesley Gordon explains in the introduction, “The Civil War, like all wars, was gory, messy, and chaotic. Its effects were not entirely admirable, and its legacy remains contested. Works like Elsie Singmaster’s Gettysburg are vital to our understanding this.” | <urn:uuid:43e3f375-ade6-4ea8-9830-9ea80a8f14a7> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/gettysburg-elsie-singmaster/1103233688?ean=9780817312794 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549428325.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170727162531-20170727182531-00000.warc.gz | en | 0.967268 | 413 | 3.0625 | 3 |
|© UNICEF/ HQ05-2094/Cranston|
|A boy raises his arms in victory during a football match on an airstrip in Southern Sudan. He is wearing a T-shirt that bears the logo and the slogan “Fight for life. Fight HIV/AIDS”.|
The face of HIV and AIDS is increasingly young. For every person living with AIDS, a family and a community is affected. As the disease kills parents and caregivers, it fuels poverty and despair among children and adolescents and stretches family resources.
The impact of HIV and AIDS on children is seen most dramatically in the rising numbers of children and adolescents orphaned by AIDS. Such children face grave risks to their education, health, and well-being: They may have to forgo schooling; there may be less food or clothing for them in the household; they may suffer from anxiety, depression and abuse.
But children orphaned by AIDS are not the only children affected by the epidemic. Many more children live with parents who are chronically ill, live in households that have taken in orphans or have lost teachers and other adult members of the community to AIDS. Almost as lethal as the virus itself is the stigma and resulting discrimination faced by people living with, or affected by, HIV. Because of the ignorance and denial that cloak the disease in many parts of the world, children whose parents have died from AIDS are often singled out for abuse in places they come to for support and care – harshly treated in foster homes, denied access to schooling and health care, stripped of their inheritances, and left to the streets. Stigma and discrimination remain the most potent barrier to testing, treatment and prevention. This explains in part why, in some countries, up to 90 per cent of people who are HIV-positive don’t know their status. | <urn:uuid:7afe7207-3069-4c6c-b061-574c705cad95> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.unicef.org/youngpeople.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736672923.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215752-00115-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971103 | 373 | 3.515625 | 4 |
1. Find your own deep and compelling reason to successfully learn your subject and pass your exams.
2. Plan your time to include study, revision and social commitments – a balance of having fun, taking breaks and studying is vital.
3. Use multi-coloured Mind Maps for your notes.
4. Review your notes regularly to reinforce your new-found knowledge.
5. Swiftly skim through your text books and course material before you read them in depth to give you an overview of your subject.
6. Learn how to remember lists of things by linking each item to a location on a journey or route you are familiar with around your town. You could even use your own home.
7. Before you do any revision, warm up by doing some gentle exercise to relieve any tension in your body and to get a rush of healthy oxygen flowing to your brain.
8. Do past papers under thorough exam condition as often as possible to familiarise yourself with the format and the pressures of working under exam conditions.
9. In an exam, make sure you read the question completely and fully understand what the examiner wants before you allocate your time and begin answering the questions.
10. If you are faced with a mental block breathe deeply, relax and ask yourself “If I did know the answer to this question, what would it be?” | <urn:uuid:09c68e03-9871-4068-995e-eca87797a18d> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://physicscatalyst.com/article/tips-for-success/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863206.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619212507-20180619232507-00288.warc.gz | en | 0.954248 | 277 | 2.984375 | 3 |
In Book III of Herodotus’s Inquiries, we encounter a problem among the Persians. The untimely death of the insane king Cambyses has led to a power vacuum filled by the corrupt Magi. When the Persians finally instill a revolt against the Magi, a conspiracy of seven men decides to storm the palace and regain power. However, the problem remains for the future of Persia: what form of government should be established? How will it be decided? What is the most just regime?
The first to declare the best means forward, Otanes, encourages the men to place the government in the hands of all Persians, a democracy. He says this in reaction to a monarchical form of government wherein the regime is neither “pleasant nor good,” and as justification he reminds the men of the terrible monarchs, Cambyses and the Magus, to demonstrate that a Monarchy is unnatural and short lived. Additionally, in presenting his case, Otanes asks: how could a monarchy be coherent and harmonious when the ruler is accountable to no one? Otanes seeks for accountability and a more pleasant regime. He makes the claim that even the “best of men” will go insane by the immense amount of power placed in him, which spawns envy and arrogance, in which all evil lies, and human nature is incapable of overcoming these in the position of a tyrant. However, the rule of the majority has the most “beautiful” name of all -Equality. All actions are drawn by lot and are held accountable by the many, everything is held to an audit. Nothing is left unseen. The masses can become like Gyges and see the truth. Therefore, Otanes proposes elevating the masses of men to a ruling position, because “in the many is the whole”. As is the nature of democracy, or a rule of the people, Otanes is concerned primarily with numbers. Like the shape of a square, he longs for a mathematical equality that can be apportioned to the “whole” so as to present a safe option that does not risk corruption.
Next, Megabyzos, defends an oligarchic regime. He agrees with Otanes’s criticism of a monarchy, however he states that nothing can be more worthless than an effectual mob, which is the natural tendency of democracy. In escaping the arrogance of a tyrant, the Persians must not seek salvation in the undisciplined and uneducated common people (here, Megabyzos employs the word demos meaning common people or demes, districts located outside the center of the polis, the Acropolis. Otanes had previously employed the use of plethos, meaning a majority or koinon meaning the authority of the public or the common people). Megabyzos accuses the masses of men of behaving like an undiscerning torrent -this is a good option for the enemies of the Persians but not for the best of men among the Persians. He ends his apologia stating that the present company will be included among the future oligarchs, in the rule of the few.
Finally, Darius comes forth in defense of a Monarchy. In his central argument, he asks the men to consider the best possible regime for each -democracy, oligarchy, and monarchy. Undoubtedly the perfect man, the best of all men, is the ideal ruler who rules justly, like a philosopher king. In the rule of the few, an oligarchy on the other hand, private men’s quarrels turn to public hostilities as power is grappled for and this naturally results in a monarchy. On the other hand, in a democracy, when the people rule, they will always do so incompetently, so that the people must form compacts or friendships with one another to keep the regime alive until the people elevate one man who they much admire, capable of keeping the regime from collapsing into anarchy. Therefore, democracy necessarily results in a monarchy as does an oligarchy. Both a democracy and an oligarchy must be forcibly instated by means of a revolution, however an oligarchy is the most naturally occurring regime. Darius concludes by providing justification for the regime in that freedom for the Persians came from one man, and they should therefore preserve this inheritance by preserving their own traditional cultural values.
As in the opening sequence of Plato’s Republic wherein Socrates encounters Polemarchus and returns to the house of Cephalus, we are presented with competing visions of a city in speech. The irony of the context in which the men discuss these three regimes, as in the case of the Republic, is that they embody the various regimes. Three of the best men present defenses, putting on trial the three forms of government, however ultimately the new monarchical regime is chosen by casting of lots, Otanes is outvoted. The result is a monarchy that comes under the rule of Darius in Persia, following the rumors of divine circumstances in which lightning breaks the moment his horse whinnies outside the city, as well as subtle lies by Darius and his comrades who rig the situation (as he had alluded to earlier in Book III, foreshadowing his Machiavellian tendencies). Persia, the best polis of the barbarians, has therefore also formed the best politeia.
For this reading I used the impeccable Landmark edition of Herodotus’s Histories by businessman-turned classical scholar Robert B. Strassler. | <urn:uuid:6f32c65c-53d5-4137-a83f-b4b44c2faa76> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://greatbooksguy.com/2015/11/13/darius-and-the-new-persian-regime/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662580803.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20220525054507-20220525084507-00616.warc.gz | en | 0.959122 | 1,123 | 2.96875 | 3 |
In contemporary international relations, it is almost impossible to acknowledge the actual situation of armed conflicts without the reports of human rights NGOs. These reports often record detailed data, including the number of civilian casualties, and therefore contribute to the construction of the representation of armed conflicts. While constructivism analyzes the normative power of human rights and NGOs, it misses the struggle over the representation of armed conflicts between human rights NGOs and sovereign states. Applying P. Bourdieu’s theory of fields, this article demonstrates how human rights NGOs have fought against sovereign states and acquired a decisive influence over the representation of armed conflicts. Sovereign states and NGOs have constituted global and local fields in which actors wrangle over legitimacy by making the representation of the armed conflicts.
This article argues that the struggles over the representation of armed conflicts between states and NGOs began in the late 1960s because of several post-colonial conflicts such as the Nigerian Civil War (the Biafran War) and the Northern Yemen Civil War. In these conflicts, traditional neutrality rarely afforded protection from military attack to NGOs; on the contrary, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)’s policy of avoiding testimony faced severe criticism as this policy seemed to help genocide continue. Until the 1960s, NGOs such as the ICRC had tended to avoid publicly criticizing sovereign states in armed conflicts even when NGOs confronted genocides.
In the 1970s, human rights networks, including local and international NGOs, have been created because of serious human rights violations in Latin American countries. Various NGOs recorded human rights violations and publicly criticized authoritarian states. In the 1980s, when the Salvadoran Civil War occurred, local NGOs tracked civilian casualties and human rights violations by armed forces. With the help of these local NGOs, the newly established Americas Watch published many reports on the Salvadoran Civil War. Thereby, the Americas Watch tried to change the foreign policy of the Reagan administration that strongly supported the Salvadoran government. The data on civilian casualties was the focal point of the struggle between NGOs and the Reagan administration. This struggle contributed to the constitution of the global regime for humanitarian crises and led to the development of the methodology of fact-finding in armed conflicts. In the late 1980s and 1990s this global regime for humanitarian crises expanded as the number of human rights NGOs increased and the UN was involved in fact-finding missions.
This paper discusses how, if at all, Mandarin education affects Uyghur students in terms of the potential correlation between language and identity in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. Xinjiang is located in the north-west part of China and it has been experiencing violent incidents against government policies recently. The Communist Party of China (CPC) has applied various social policies with the aim of achieving a “harmonious society” through “ethnic unity” under “Chinese Nation” as a response to those incidents. Mandarin education is one of the ways CPC employs to achieve ethnic unity. In Xinjiang, the importance of acquiring Mandarin language is stressed to ethnic minorities, like Uyghur who are mostly Muslim. Through literature reviews, a site visit, and interviews with Uyghur, this paper reveals influence of Mandarin education on Uyghur-Han ethnic group relations and Uyghur identity. It also explores validity of Mandarin education as means to realize ethnic unity and a so-called harmonious society. Language and identity are closely related to each other. For instance, language determines ethnic identity and identity encourages its holder to learn language. Mandarin education segregates Uyghur and Han Chinese and strengthens Uyghur identity because of this correlation. As this form of education differentiates Uyghur from Han and emphasizes the difference of Uyghur ethnic identity, current education overemphasizing Mandarin is not appropriate as means to achieve CPC’s goal of ethnic unity and a harmonious society. If the CPC wants to realize harmonious society as a multi-ethnic country, it should introduce education which esteems minority languageand culture, and should promote mutual understanding from both the minority side and majority Han side. In harmonious societies and multi-ethnic states, each ethnic group maintains its traditional language and culture. Minorities and Han should seek to understand one another through ongoing interaction and mutual acceptance of cultural difference. Key words: Mandarin education, language and identity, Xinjiang, Uyghur
Despite countless international efforts for the peaceful resolution of armed conflicts, why are so many conflicts still observed today? To find an answer to this question, the author seeks to test the following hypothesis; it is difficult to find the root causes of armed conflicts because peace and conflict studies have not paid much attention to research on human emotions. By reviewing previous studies, this hypothesis has been proven true for the following reasons. Firstly, the so-called “rational model” in conflict studies (including the areas of International Law, International Relations and International Politics) does not reflect peoples' felt emotions such as hatred and fear. Secondly, the present international system is not designed to handle politically motivated, aggressive emotions properly. As a conclusion, this essay notes that a pro-social emotion such as empathy does not necessarily prevent conflicts. Interdisciplinary research efforts concerning armed conflicts are needed so that the “vulnerable human model” which indicates a person who can easily switch from victim to aggressor or vice versa will replace the “rational model” in the future research. | <urn:uuid:501efb14-fc54-4289-8b94-078ea48f1a5c> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/result/global/-char/ja?globalSearchKey=%22%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AB%22 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578527135.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419041415-20190419063415-00172.warc.gz | en | 0.773313 | 1,105 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The atomic weight of an element in nature is the weighted average,
in terms of natural abundance, of the atomic weights of its naturally
occurring isotopes. Boron is a good example since it has appreciable
amounts of two stable isotopes.
Because isotopes of the same element have such similar chemical
properties, the ratio of isotopes ordinarily is unchanged during
If individual isotopes are wanted, they must be separated by some
technique, such as diffusion or mass spectrometry, that is sensitive
to small mass differences.
To the chemist, all isotopes of an element react in much the same
way. What is important to chemical behavior is not the number of
neutrons in an atom, but the number of protons because this determines
the number of electrons, and electrons give rise to all of the important
chemical properties of the elements. | <urn:uuid:73294476-6c65-4853-85f1-a9b2eb6c4dc0> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.chem.ox.ac.uk/vrchemistry/AMM/HTML/page13.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084893397.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20180124050449-20180124070449-00570.warc.gz | en | 0.900707 | 182 | 3.8125 | 4 |
Autism Groups React to New CDC-Reported Prevalence of 1 in 68 Children
AUTISM POLICY REFORM COALITION URGES GOVERNMENT EXAMINATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSES, AND FOCUS ON TREATMENT AND SERVICES
WASHINGTON, DC (March 27, 2014)—Today, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued the newest autism prevalence statistics. For children born in 2002, the prevalence of autism was 1 in 68; 1 in 42 boys. Almost 60,000 US 12 year-olds likely have autism. Thirty years ago, autism affected 1 in 2,500 children; there has been a 37-fold increase.
Katie Weisman of SafeMinds stated, “Broader criteria and awareness cannot account for this magnitude of increase. The federal government continues to spend millions of dollars ineffectively and ‘potentially duplicatively’ according to a recent GAO report. We need to identify environmental triggers for autism, prevent them, and develop effective treatments.”
Holly Bortfeld of TACA stated, “The federal government has spent $1.6 billion on autism since 2006, but the money is not helping those affected in meaningful ways. We need to improve medical treatment for the many co-occuring health concerns of individuals with autism and address the wave of students who are aging out and entering an adult world with no plan for them. ”
The Autism Policy Reform Coalition (APRC) is advocating for changes in the U.S. Government’s response to the autism crisis and represents a constituency of over 100,000. The APRC is calling for significant changes in the Combating Autism Act, which is to be reauthorized by Congress this year.
“Since 2011, 44 U.S. children with autism have died after wandering away from a safe environment,” stated National Autism Association President Wendy Fournier. “Our federal government must recognize these deaths, and the urgent needs of our most profoundly affected population. They suffer silently in pain from untreated medical issues; they are abused, bullied, and may be at increased risk of suicide. Their deaths and injuries are preventable through an appropriate federal response, which our coalition is dedicated to securing.”
The AUTISM POLICY REFORM COALITION includes: Autism is Medical, Defending Academic Integrity and Research Foundation, Generation Rescue, National Autism Association, SafeMinds, Talk About Curing Autism, and The Thinking Mom’s Revolution. Its mission is to educate public officials and to encourage legislation that will make a measurable difference in the lives of the persons with autism and their families.
To view the report in it’s entirety, click here. | <urn:uuid:84427b16-fc54-4087-88e0-1c5de36e4403> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://nationalautismassociation.org/autism-now-affects-1-in-68-children-1-in-42-boys/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250620381.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124130719-20200124155719-00201.warc.gz | en | 0.941279 | 568 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Does your child feel shy when meeting new people? Would you like to give your child a way to handle anxiety? Can your child manage anger? Would you like to help your child understand gratitude?
We are all given gifts in the form of obstacles to ultimately help us achieve our greatest potential. Therefore learning how to effectively manage our emotions is a must! I mean let’s face it. Stress is a normal part of life.
Positive stress can help us in many ways. For example it can save your life, or challenge you to take an opportunity that may scare you initially but could also jumpstart your fabulous new idea that has been germinating for years on the backburner because you have been too scared to go for it!
Negative stress such as anxiety, worry and anger can lead to even more anxiety, worry and anger plus low self-esteem and health problems! So how do we cope? How do we manage our stinking thinking?
Emotional resilience is the ability to handle stress throughout your lifetime. It’s that amazing ability to bounce back from a crisis or stressful life change rather than letting that dreaded stress control you. So how do we teach children this skill? How do we learn to be proactive versus reactive?
A fun way to help your child build resilience and healthy emotions is through the inspiring music, lyrics and characters from the Hollywood award-winning The Magic of Think. Statistics show that music can be an outlet for expression, reduce pain, and can even work better than talk and drug therapy! (Statistics are located at the end of this post)
The Magic of Think invites children on a musical journey that addresses a variety of emotions such as anxiety, courage, gratitude, fear, love and happiness through the eyes of three adorable characters. Sing, dance and discuss your way to healthier emotions!
Janyse Jaud is an award-winning singer/songwriter, voiceover actress, author, and thinkologist working with clients such as Hasbro, Warner Bros., Marvel, Discovery, and The Cartoon Network. www.facebook.com/magicofthink
Reference: Mark Rosenberg, M.D., Natural Health News http://www.healthyanswers.com/peaceful-mind/2013/04/the-motivating-power-of-music-can-change-your-health/
Adam Ramsay, Health Journalist http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/healthy-living/wellbeing/health-benefits-of-music.htm | <urn:uuid:4cb3609f-c2e3-4157-ae99-a9b50b508546> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://themagicofthink.com/blogs/news/12379685-managing-your-emotions | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146187.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20200226054316-20200226084316-00148.warc.gz | en | 0.938114 | 515 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Techno speak says that "pH" is a unit of measure which describes the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solution. It is measured on a scale of 0 to 14, with 7 on that scale being neutral.
The term pH is derived from "p", the mathematical symbol of the negative logarithm, and "H", the chemical symbol of Hydrogen. The formal definition of pH is the negative logarithm of the Hydrogen ion activity. A little simpler and easier to remember is that the "p" stands for "potential" and "H" means Hydrogen. So that pH means the potential of hydrogen to do its thing, which is to facilitate the transfer of ions easily or not. Wow!
In even simpler terms, that means that pH is a scale (like yards on a football field) to understand the relationship between alkalinity or acidity. On the scale, "0" is the most acidic and "14" is the most alkaline. Neutral is pH 7, or in the football terms, on the 50 yard line. From your fabulous seat on the 50, the end-zone to your right is ACIDS and to the left, it is the ALKALINES. Go team go!
Soils generally range from an extremely acidic pH measurement of 3 to a very alkaline pH of 10. Most plants that we might have in our landscape like a slightly acidic condition with a pH around 6.5. Some plants including rhododendrons, azaleas, blueberries, like a very acidic pH of 4.5 — 5.5.
While the up or down pH measurement doesn't directly effect plants, it does create situations in the soil that effects the long term vitality of a plant. Depending on the soil's pH, determines how soil nutrients become available or unavailable.
For example, if you look at a young leaf and notice a yellowing between the veins of that leaf, this is an indication of iron deficiency in the plant. Not necessarily a deficiency of iron in the soil, but a problem with the plant to absorb the available iron because the soil's acidity is too low. The low acidity, or low pH, won't allow the transfer of ions through a particular plants molecular root structure. When the proper acidity level is reached for that plant, the chemical reaction can occur and the transfer is able to be completed.
Before making any changes, you must know your soil's current level. This will determine how much is needed to raise or lower the pH, if at all. Soil tests can be done at home, a private soil-testing laboratory, or your local county extension office. This will give you an accurate measurement of your soil and how you need to adjust it to bring it in to an optimal reading.
Limestone is used to raise the pH and sulfur lowers it. Both of these elements are available in pelletized form which is easy to apply with a lawn spreader. Avoid using the powders.
Ideal pH for the plants you are growing requires regular monitoring to maintain that levels. Soils that are naturally alkaline or acidic will tend to go back to those levels over time. Fertilizers applied to the beds can also cause shifts in the pH. Do the soil testing every few years or so.
You will discover easy plant propagation
techniques, landscaping ideas and advice,
tree and shrub care, as well as pruning tips,
and lawn care tips.
If it has to do with
You'll Find the Answer here! | <urn:uuid:c2c74315-c9fa-48b8-bfc9-e577b9ff5456> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://landscape-america.com/landscapes/soil/ph4.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171781.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00239-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945722 | 736 | 3.8125 | 4 |
Are Labels Preventing Students from Succeeding?
Labels play a big role in conversations at school. We have "struggling students," "students who suffer from trauma," "gifted students," and "special education students." On one end of the spectrum of conversations, labels are provided to get students the assistance they need to be successful, and are based on specific testing the student went through with a school psychologist or school counselor. On the other end of the spectrum, labels seem to put children in neat little boxes, and seem to benefit the adult in the classroom more than the student, because sometimes those labels are about getting the adult extra assistance or providing a paper trail just in time for high stakes testing.
Teachers have so many differently-abled students in their classrooms, and the labels of students in front of them. The labels that those students carry are supposed to work as beacons to help adults understand those students have special needs that may take "out of the box," thinking. Labeling may be necessary for some students, and provide them with the interventions they need from professionals who help them best.
However, we seem to have lost a balance when it comes to providing a label, and knowing when that label needs to go away. Does the process of labeling students create a glass ceiling for those students? Are educators making sure that there is a balance between labeling students and making sure that label doesn't hold those students back? Do they ask whether the label is given to help the student become more successful?
Stop Using the Label "Struggling Learner"
Labeling is a deeply complicated issue with many layers. There are students who have extreme needs and they need specialized assistance. Then there are other students who aren't ready for the content being taught at the same time their peers seem ready, so they get the label that they are a "struggling learner," simply because they are not ready.
There is a lot of pressure on teachers and leaders these days to make sure that curriculum is covered. There are instructional coaches and leaders who are sometimes put in the position of making sure that teachers at the same grade level are pacing at the exact same time. When students are falling behind that pacing, struggling is a word that is often used to describe them.
We need to minimize how often we do that.
In the recent Education Week article interviewing author Jacqueline Woodson, which you can read here, Woodson says,
Any kind of qualifier can be harmful because who we are is not static. Our abilities are constantly changing. What does it mean to be a struggling reader? I know if I was raised in this day and age, I would have been labeled a struggling reader. But what I know now is I was actually reading like a writer. I was reading slowly and deliberately and deconstructing language, not in the sense of looking up words in the dictionary, but understanding from context. I was constantly being compared to my sister who excelled, and it made me feel insecure. What gets translated is 'you are not as good,' and that gets translated into our whole bodies. That's where the danger lies.
Woodsen's feelings about labels are supported by research. For example, in Stigma of a Label: Educational Expectations for High School Students Labeled with Learning Disabilities (2013) Shifrer writes,
Poorer outcomes for youth labeled with learning disabilities (LDs) are often attributed to the student's own deficiencies or cumulative disadvantage; but the more troubling possibility is that special education placement limits rather than expands these students' opportunities. Labeling theory partially attributes the poorer outcomes of labeled persons to stigma related to labels.
Additionally, in Equity or Marginalization? The High School Course-Taking of Students Labeled With a Learning Disability Shifrer, Callahan, and Muller found,
Students labeled with an LD, with appropriate school supports, may have the potential to reach normative course-taking benchmarks. Yet our findings suggest that their course-taking outcomes are considerably poorer than those of students who are not labeled with disability but are otherwise similar. Even among students who performed similarly in early high school coursework and those with similar noncognitive skills, we found that students labeled with an LD lose ground in the completion of college preparatory coursework compared to similar unlabeled students.
And finally, in Resisting and Persisting: Identity Stability Among Adolescent Readers Labeled as Struggling, Glenn, Ginsberg and King-Watkins (2016) write,
Data also indicate that participants were especially vulnerable to school-ascribed reading identities they defined as negative. Given their presumptions of validity of school-ascribed labels, participants reported greater struggle in their attempts to persist in the self-construal of their desired identity conceptions in response to school rather than outside-of-school contexts.
Not Labeling Students?
John Hattie, someone I work with as a Visible Learning trainer, has collected the largest analysis of what works in education, which involves over 300 million students. Hattie's research involves over 1400 meta-analyses. A meta-analysis is a statistical approach that focus on influences on learning, and combines multiple individual studies that focus on that same influence (i.e. feedback, classroom discussion, reciprocal teaching, etc.). These studies that look at influences on learning are accompanied with an effect size. An effect size of .40 equates to a year's worth of growth for a year's input.
In Hattie's research, which involves over 251 influences on learning, Not labeling students has an effect size of .61. That is significantly over the .40 that equates to a year's worth of growth for a year's input. What the research shows is that providing a label to a student in many cases creates a glass ceiling, which means that the student works to their label, and not always above it.
Is it possible that not labeling a student will help the student more than labeling them does?
In the End
Jacqueline Woodson brings up a good point when she says we should stop labeling students as struggling readers. However, that may the tip of the iceberg. Schools are often in difficult positions where they cannot turn back the hands of time and get rid of all labels, but as they move forward is it possible for them to take as much times as possible to discuss the pros and cons of giving labels to students?
As a teacher for 11 years and a principal for 8, one of the statements that always came up is that "If it's good enough for a special education student, it should be good enough for any student." What that means is that students shouldn't need a label to get good teaching and impactful interventions that will help them become better learners. That impactful teaching should just be a part of their educational experience.
In your experience as a teacher, leader, parent or student...have labels helped or hurt you as a learners?
Peter DeWitt, Ed.D. is the author of several books including Collaborative Leadership: 6 Influences That Matter Most (Corwin Press. 2016), School Climate: Leading with Collective Efficacy (Corwin Press. 2017), and Coach It Further: Using Coaching to Improve School Leadership (Corwin Press. 2018). Connect with him on Twitter. | <urn:uuid:3b32eec5-bc29-40c2-bf37-11c15b920e33> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/finding_common_ground/2018/05/are_labels_preventing_students_from_succeeding.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676588972.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20180715203335-20180715223335-00541.warc.gz | en | 0.970902 | 1,496 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Brahmas arrived in the UK around 1840-1850. The name Brahma comes from the river Brahmaputra in India although the species was created in America from large feather legged birds known as Shanghais which were imported from China in the 1840s. These were crossed with Grey Chittagongs from India which produced the pea comb and beetle brow that we see in the Brahma today. They are sedate birds with broad, deep bodies, full breast and long powerful, orange or brilliant yellow legs and feet covered with abundant soft feathers which produces lovely big floppy feet. The head is small for such a large bird and the face is smooth and free from feathers with large, prominent eyes, short strong beak and a triple or pea comb and small wattles. The brow is broad which produces heavy eyebrows. They are well known as being one of the largest breeds of chicken and are often called \'The King Of Chicken Breeds\'.
Brahmas are very large, stately, docile birds who make good reliable broodies which can cover a large number of eggs due to their size. The eggs are small and low in number but chicks hatch strongly and grow quickly. Their feathering is beautiful and they are very elegant birds. They will happily stay behind 2-3 foot fencing and prefer dry conditions because of their foot feathering they can develop mud balls (or fecal balls) on their toes. If this is not removed, the loss of nails or the tips of the toes may result. They are slow maturing and take two years to reach maturity. They are trusting birds and are easy to tame. Because of their size, they do take up a lot of space but they do not fly and can be let out to roam happily in the garden. Hens don\'t start to lay until they are around six or seven months old and the eggs are as small as those of the larger miniature breeds. They do continue laying throughout the winter unlike some pure breeds. They are tolerant towards other breeds so can be kept together with other varieties without any problems and can even be submissive towards others despite their large size. Even cocks will tolerate each other. They make very little noise and even the cockerels do not crow particularly loudly. The profuse feathering makes them very good at withstanding cold winter weather.
Dark, light, white, gold, buff Columbian. In all colours, the eyes, comb and earlobes are red and the legs are bright yellow.
Tel: 01792 898310
To view all chicken breed clubs click here. | <urn:uuid:8b13f856-2b2c-4122-8c51-b050582f7582> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | https://www.omlet.us/breeds/chickens/brahma/?comment_id=21793&vote=down | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207925201.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113205-00132-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973434 | 530 | 2.96875 | 3 |
History of Kosovo/Location
Kosovo (Albanian: Kosova or Kosovë, Serbian: Косово, Kosovo, Turkish: Kosova; see: Names of Kosovo) is a self-proclaimed, de-facto independent and partially recognized landlocked country in southeastern Europe, disputed by Serbia. It borders Serbia proper to the north and east, Montenegro to the west, and Albania and the Republic of Macedonia to the south. It has a population of just over two million people, predominantly ethnic Albanians, with smaller populations of Serbs, Turks, Romani people, Goranis, Bosniaks, and other ethnic communities. Pristina is the capital and largest city. | <urn:uuid:184381e6-46bb-40c7-8304-9196693ca3e7> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_Kosovo/Location | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423769.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721102310-20170721122310-00025.warc.gz | en | 0.942952 | 148 | 3.265625 | 3 |
“Concerning a Technology that Could Help Avoid Another Columbia Disaster”
by Paul A. LaViolette, Ph.D.
This paper was submitted in 2003 to Admiral Gehman, chairman of the Columbia Accident Investigation Board investigating NASA’s Columbia Space Shuttle disaster. It describes how electrogravitic technology similar to what is used in powering the B2 Bomber could be used as a way to create a heat shield around the Space Shuttle, thereby avoiding a future mishap. More information on electrogravitics is found in the books Electrogravitics Systems and Subquantum Kinetics.
(File size: 73 kB) | <urn:uuid:ea96607d-77a3-40ba-b140-10b8afb55a3f> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://etheric.com/an-electrogravitic-solution-to-the-columbia-disaster/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912204857.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20190326054828-20190326080828-00237.warc.gz | en | 0.840613 | 136 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Permafrost temperatures with depth in a borehole in East Teshekpuk, Alaska (US) taken in 1989, 1995, and 2001 showing significant temperature increase in the upper 40 meters over time.
Click on image for full size
Global Warming and Thawing Permafrost
This page is not yet developed at the beginner level. Please check back for updates or click on the "Intermediate" button above.
Shop Windows to the Universe Science Store!
The Summer 2010 issue of The Earth Scientist
, available in our online store
, includes articles on rivers and snow, classroom planetariums, satellites and oceanography, hands-on astronomy, and global warming.
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Antarctica is the coldest, windiest, and driest continent on Earth. It is about one and a half times the size of the United States. Almost all of Antarctica is covered with a thick layer of ice called...more
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Sea ice is frozen seawater. It floats on the oceans that are in Earth's polar regions. The salt in the seawater does not freeze. Very salty water gets trapped in the sea ice when it forms. The pockets...more | <urn:uuid:4ad66398-b6c3-4889-aad7-2955064bdfee> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/polar/cryosphere_permafrost2.html&edu=elem | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988598.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00232-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.869661 | 460 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Steady-state experiments are performed to study the convection heat transfer from four in-line simulated chips in a vertical rectangular channel using water as the working fluid. The experimental data cover a wide range for laminar flow under natural, mixed, and forced convection conditions with the Reynolds number based on the channel hydraulic diameter ranging from 40 to 2220 and on the heat source length ranging from 50 to 2775. The heat flux ranges from . The effects of heat flux, flow rates, and chip number are investigated and results indicate that the Nusselt number is strongly affected by the Reynolds number. To develop empirical correlations, the appropriate value of the exponent of is determined to collapse all the lines into a single line to show the independence of heat flux. Based on experimental results, the empirical correlations are developed for relations using , , and . The results are compared to predictions from a three-dimensional numerical simulation, and a numerical correlation is also developed.
Analyses of Convection Heat Transfer From Discrete Heat Sources in a Vertical Rectangular Channel
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Bhowmik, H., Tso, C. P., and Tou, K. W. (August 9, 2004). "Analyses of Convection Heat Transfer From Discrete Heat Sources in a Vertical Rectangular Channel." ASME. J. Electron. Packag. September 2005; 127(3): 215–222. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1938207
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A radiologic technologist, who can also be referred to as a radiographer, is a medical professional tasked with producing medical images of the body, commonly with an X-ray equipment, analyzing the results and referring them to physicians in order to help them make diagnosis and provide treatment for the injured and sick. Should you be interested in taking on this medical career, formal education and training is the primary requirement, which can be given by hospitals, colleges, universities and radiology tech schools.
The term radiologic technologist is actually a general term which may refer to several specialties within this medical field. A professional in this field may also be called a sonographer, therapist and radiographer , all of them having different specializations.
As a radiologic technologist, you can specialize in different areas, examples of which are Diagnostic Radiography for examining bones, cavities and foreign object in the body, Sonography which employs high-frequency ultrasound to take images of the body, and Radiotherapy which uses radiation to reduce or eliminate cancerous cells.
Before a radiologic technologist can take images of a patient’s body for diagnosis, he first makes sure that patients are prepared for the examination by briefing them on the imaging procedure that they are about to undergo. X-rays are very commonly used, and these professionals make sure jewelries and other interfering objects are removed from the patient.
Radiographers make use radiographic equipment by properly positioning it at the correct angle and height over the area of the patient’s body that needs to be scanned. With the help of an instrument similar to a measuring tape, they are able to determine the appropriate thickness of the area to be scanned and control the equipment to provide images of the right detail. They then position an X-ray film underneath the body part to be scanned and make the exposure, after which the film gets developed for analysis.
It is important that the radiologic technologist accurately complies with the doctor’s orders and follow the standards involving the proper use of radiographic equipment, as well as protecting themselves, patients and co-workers from unnecessary exposure to radiation. Besides preparation of patients and equipment operation, they can also keep track of patient records, maintain radiographic equipment, prepare work schedules, and even management of a radiology department.
As with most medical profession, being a radiologic technologist requires one to be in good physical shape and stamina, as they will most likely be working actively on their feet for long periods of time and may be needed to help lift or turn disabled patients. They may also work either full-time or part time, work on evenings or graveyard shifts, even on weekends or holidays.
Despite the hazards involved in this medical profession, particularly from radiation, these are greatly minimized with the help of specialized protective gear like lead aprons, gloves and other devices that deflects radiation. Adherence to safety procedures set by your workplace can also help.
Formal educational programs for a radiologic technologist can vary from 1 to 4 years and can grant them a certificate, an associate or a bachelor’s degree. Because of its short length and the wide array of entry-level jobs available after completing it, it is commonly the two-year associate degree programs that students take. Before you decide to venture in this medical profession, it is important that you first review your qualifications and your desire to pursue this course. | <urn:uuid:1dda635c-c535-4dba-bbae-cd00ffe42569> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://www.1ultrarad.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155942.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20180919063526-20180919083526-00090.warc.gz | en | 0.960851 | 696 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Kenya on Monday launched its biggest investment in geothermal power generation with the commissioning of a 280 megawatts (MW) plant at Olkaria, Naivasha, about 100 km west of the capital Nairobi.
The project of nearly 950 million U.S. dollars will be completed in December 2014, enabling geothermal to contribute 30 percent to the country’s energy mix.
“This project is a tipping point of geothermal generation in Kenya. It is a stamp that Kenya is serious about geothermal generation,” Kenya Electricity Generating Company (KENGEN) Managing Director Eddy Njoroge said during the launch.
Kenya is estimated to have geothermal potential of 7,000 MW but currently produces just above 150 MW or about 13 percent of the total electricity production.
Geothermal resource for Kenya is located along the Rift Valley, the Coast region, Homa Hills in Nyanza and Nyambene Mountains in eastern Kenya. Geothermal generation is seen as the best source of affordable electricity for Kenya as part of its development blue print of achieving middle income status by the year 2030.
The new project has been financed by multilateral development groups including the European Investment Bank, the World Bank, German development bank KfW, and the Japanese development agency JICA.
The construction works are also being carried out by different companies including Greatwall Drilling Company of China, Toyota Tusho, Synotech Company among others.
The project is expected to place Kenya on the global geothermal map as it will be the world’s single biggest project in terms of power output.
It will also bring the country closer to claiming one of the top positions in terms of global geothermal output now rivalled by the United States at 3,000 MW and Philippines at 2,000 MW.
Kenya is seeking to generate at least 5,000 MW from its vast geothermal resource by 2030. KenGen said it will soon start generation of 65 MW from geothermal using the mobile geothermal wellhead, a new technology introduced from Iceland.
The company said it currently holds 430 MW of steam ready to be fed to the mobile geothermal wellheads once the current phase of pilot study is completed.
The Kenyan government has so far invested 329 million dollars of its own budget money in the geothermal drilling as part of efforts to increase generation to displace the expensive thermal generation.
The investment includes financing to the Geothermal Development Company (GDC) that has announced 2014 deadline for the completion of 120 wells expected to help the country produce at least additional 400 MW of electricity at the current drilling site of Menengai near Nakuru Town.
“GDC is drilling 120 wells the Menengai Geothermal Project to provide investors with enough steam for power plants which are expected to be complete by 2014,” said Dr. Silas Simiyu, the Managing Director of the state-owned GDC.
GDC was formed in 2009 by the Kenyan government to accelerate the exploration and drilling of the vast geothermal resource along Kenya’s Rift Valley to enable the country to increase the pace of benefiting from cheaper renewable energy.
The company drills the wells until the steam comes out and rents the steam to private companies who can bring in overhead generators to tap the steam, generate electricity and connect to the national grid.
Kenya has feed-in tariffs that encourage investors to participate in electricity generation projects.
“Our work is to offer investors a risk-free alternative by providing them with ready steam. All they need to do is to construct power plants and produce electricity,” said the company.
Kenya has 1,200 MW at peak demand, but which is coming under further strain from the growing demand of electricity because of an expanding economy and the rural electrification projects.
A bulk of Kenya’s electricity, or about 65 percent, comes from hydro sources, whose consistency to operate optimum is restricted by changing patterns of rainfall because of climate change among other factors. | <urn:uuid:e117b5c3-b29f-4a94-b891-dcbca512ee6f> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.evwind.es/2012/07/24/kenya-launches-biggest-geothermal-energy-plant/20241 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653930.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20230607143116-20230607173116-00168.warc.gz | en | 0.944063 | 823 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Pompeii is an ancient roman town located in the Republic of Italy, near Naples.
Pompeii along with other nearby villages and villas were in the surrounding area that was mostly destroyed and buried under 5-7 meters of volcanic ash, which was caused by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in the year 79 CE.
By the time of its destruction, it was believed that this town had around 10,000 or 11,000 inhabitants, and that the city was quite advanced for its time.
It had a complex water system, gymnasium, theatre, and more. But in an instant it was destroyed by this volcanic eruption and the city was buried and lost forever. Everyone that was in close proximity died, but there were also survivors that could be found from written sources, explaining the situation.
This site was lost for thousands of years, until it was discovered in the year 1748, and now it is part of the UNESCO world heritage site, with millions of tourists every year.
The first time we watched this goosebumps ensued. It’s an amazing video that we want to share with our readers! | <urn:uuid:ef4e2c97-b909-41d2-a011-48577f7f40b8> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://about-history.com/a-bone-chilling-animation-of-pompeiis-final-hours/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039568689.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20210423070953-20210423100953-00049.warc.gz | en | 0.993835 | 235 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Open topic with navigation
The Direct Light kernel quickens preview rendering. Direct lighting is not unbiased - this kernel should not be used for photorealistic results. This kernel is good for creating quick animations or renders.
Figure 1: The Direct Light kernel parameters
Maximum Samples - This sets the maximum number of samples per pixel before the rendering process stops. Higher values create cleaner renders. There is no rule as to how many samples per pixel are required for a good render, as it depends on the scene.
Global Illumination Mode - There are three different Global Illumination modes in the Direct Light kernel.
SpecularAmount of specular reflection, or the mirror-like reflection of light photons at the same angle. Used for transparent materials such as glass and water. Depth - Controls the number of times a ray refracts before dying. Higher values mean higher render times, but more color bleeding and more details in transparent materials. Low values can introduce artifacts, or turn some refractions into pure black.
GlossyThe measure of how well light is reflected from a surface in the specular direction, the amount and way in which the light is spread around the specular direction, and the change in specular reflection as the specular angle changes. Used for shiny materials such as plastics or metals. Depth - Controls the number of times a ray reflects before dying. Higher values lead to higher render times. Values lower than 4 can introduce artifacts or turn some reflections into pure black.
Diffuse Depth - Gives the maximum number of diffuse reflections if GI Mode is set to Diffuse.
Maximal Overlapping Volumes - Determines how much space to allocate for overlapping volumes. Ray marching is faster with low values but it can cause artifacts where many volumes intersect.
Ray Epsilon - Determines the shadow ray offset distance.
Filter Size - The film splatting width to reduce aliasing.
AO Distance - The ambient occlusion's distance in units. Always check if the amount is correct relative to scene scale. For example, you don’t need 3 units if your object is a small toy. However, if your model is a house or something large, then increase the value.
AO Ambient Texture - Specifies an ambient occlusion color or value. If you select None, OctaneRender® uses the environment instead.
Alpha Shadow - Allows any object with transparency (Specular materials, materials with Opacity settings and Alpha Channels) to cast a shadow instead of behaving as a solid object.
Nested Dielectrics - If disabled, the surface IORs are not tracked and surface priorities are ignored.
Irradiance Mode - This renders the first surface as a white Diffuse material. Irradiance Mode is similar to Clay Mode, but it applies to just the first bounce. It disables the Bump channel and makes samples that are blocked by back faces transparent.
Max Subdivision Level - The maximum subdivision level that should be applied on the scene geometry. A value of 0 disables this parameter.
Alpha ChannelA greyscale image used to determine which areas of a texture map are opaque and which areas are transparent. - Removes the background and renders it as transparent (zero alpha). This is useful if you want to composite the render over another image and don't want the background to be present.
Keep Environment - Use this option in conjunction with the Alpha Channel setting. The background renders with zero alpha, but is still visible in the final render. This allows more flexibility in compositing images.
AI Light - Enables AI lights. AI light functionality learns from the scene, and rendering becomes more efficient as more samples are rendered. When used with Adaptive SamplingA method of sampling that determines if areas of a rendering require more sampling than other areas instead of sampling the entire rendering equally., AI Light becomes even more effective as it learns pixel and light importance in a scene, and some pixels are no longer sampled.
AI Light Update - Enables dynamic updates to the AI lighting.
Light IDs Action - This parameter determines whether the L. IDs (Light IDs) and L. Inv (Light Inverse) buttons enable or disable lights with matching Light Pass ID numbers.
Light IDs & Light Linking Invert - See the section on Light Linking for more information.
Path Termination Power - High values increase render speed, but also creates more noise in dark areas.
Coherent Ratio - Increasing this value increases the render speed, but introduces low-frequency noise (blotches), which may require a few hundred or even a few thousand samples per pixel to go away, depending on the scene.
Static Noise - Keeps noise patterns stable between frames.
Parallel Samples - Controls how many samples OctaneRender® calculates in parallel. If you set it to a small value, OctaneRender® requires less memory to store the sample's state, but it renders a bit slower. If you set it to a high value, then OctaneRender® needs more graphics memory, making rendering faster. The change in performance depends on the scene and the GPUThe GPU is responsible for displaying graphical elements on a computer display. The GPU plays a key role in the Octane rendering process as the CUDA cores are utilized during the rendering process. architecture.
Maximum Tile Samples - This controls the number of samples per pixel that OctaneRender® will render until it takes the result and stores it in the film buffer. Higher values mean that results arrive less often in the film buffer.
Minimize Net Traffic - If enabled, OctaneRender® distributes the same tile to the net render nodes until it reaches the max samples-per-pixel for that tile, and then it distributes the next tile to render nodes. Work done by local GPUs is not affected by this option. This way, a render node can merge all of its results into the same cached tile until the Primary Render Node switches to a different tile.
Adaptive Sampling - Stops sampling pixels that have reached a specified noise threshold, which allows the kernel to focus its processing on areas that still need refinement.
Noise Threshold - When Adaptive Sampling is enabled, Noise Threshold specifies the smallest relative noise level. When the noise estimate of a pixel becomes less than this value, sampling switches off for this pixel. Good values are in the range of 0.01 - 0.03. The default value is 0.02, which is pretty clean.
Min. Adaptive Samples - Specifies the minimum samples to calculate before adaptive sampling kicks in. The reason for this option is the fact that the noise estimate of a pixel is just an estimate with a fairly large initial error. The higher you set the noise threshold, the higher you should also set min. samples, to avoid artifacts.
Pixel Grouping - When Adaptive Sampling is enabled, Pixel Grouping specifies the number of pixels that are handled together. When all pixels of a group have reached the noise level, sampling will stop for all of these pixels.
Expected Exposure - This value should be about the same as the image exposure, or set it to 0 (the default value) to ignore these settings. This parameter is used by Adaptive Sampling to determine the pixels that are bright and those that are dark, which depends on the exposure setting in the Octane Imager. If the value is not 0, Adaptive Sampling reduces the noise estimate of very dark areas of the image. It also will also increase the minimum adaptive samples limit for very dark areas, because very dark areas tend to find paths to light sources irregularly, resulting to an otherwise over-optimistic noise estimate.
White Light Spectrum - Controls the appearance of colors produced by spectral emitters (daylight, environment, black body).This determines the spectrum that will produce white (before white balance) in the final image.
Deep ImageRenders frames with multiple depth samples in addition to typical color and opacity channels. - Enables rendering deep pixel images used for deep image compositing.
Deep Render AOVs - Includes AOVs in deep pixel rendering.
Max. Depth Samples - Used when Deep Image rendering is enabled. This sets the maximum number of depth samples per pixel. This is covered in the Deep Image Rendering topic of this manual.
Depth Tolerance - Used when Deep Image rendering is enabled. The depth samples whose relative depth difference falls below this tolerance value are merged together. This is covered in the Deep Image Rendering topic of this manual.
Toon Shadow Ambient - The ambient modifier to control Toon shadowing.
Open topic with navigation | <urn:uuid:e27561b8-946d-4e20-9e6f-10d8cd96a9db> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://docs.otoy.com/UnrealH/Unreal/DirectLighting.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510676.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930113949-20230930143949-00176.warc.gz | en | 0.84564 | 1,772 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Updated recommendations can help people who have had a stroke or TIA lessen their chances of another "brain attack."
A first stroke often sneaks up unexpectedly. But for stroke survivors, the probability of a subsequent clot or brain bleed looms large. Nearly a quarter of the 795,000 annual strokes in the United States are recurrences. Likewise, about a third of people who experience a transient ischemic attack (TIA), often called a mini-stroke, can go on to have a major stroke within a year.
Promise of post-stroke prevention
In recognition of the lifesaving potential in lowering the chances of recurrent stroke, the American Heart Association and the American Stroke Association in May 2014 released an updated version of their stroke and TIA prevention guidelines. "The new version provides much clearer guidance for health care providers and addresses many situations that were previously left unspecified," says Dr. Lee Schwamm, a professor of neurology and co-director of the Institute for Heart, Vascular and Stroke Care at Harvard-affiliated Massachusetts General Hospital.
Inside the new guidelines
Fresh research and refined clinical understanding garnered in the three years since publication of the original document in 2011 spawned more than 50 new recommendations as well as scores of updates to existing standards. Among the highlights is a new approach to blood pressure management that targets a level below 140/90 mm Hg in previously untreated patients, which should begin after the first few days following a stroke. There's a greater focus on intensifying cholesterol control while moving away from specific low density lipoprotein (LDL) goals. The guidelines also advocate better screening for obesity and diabetes, including a new section on prediabetes.
As before, the guidelines underscore the importance of lifestyle choices in stroke prevention. The expanded nutritional recommendations emphasize a Mediterranean-style diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean fish and poultry, olive oil, and nuts, with less reliance on vitamin supplements. Dr. Schwamm puts it this way: "Eat things your grandma would recognize as food, either because they came from a farm or took some time to prepare." Regular physical activity and weight management are also singled out as key prevention factors.
Noteworthy on the medication front are refinements in the use of drugs to prevent clot formation. "A whole new group of blood thinners was shown in several trials to be safer than warfarin at preventing strokes, with similar or lower rates of bleeding complications," says Dr. Schwamm. Also emerging as an effective way to prevent a second stroke is the combination of aspirin and clopidogrel (Plavix) for periods of up to three months, a therapy that has long been used after placement of coronary stents to prevent heart attacks.
Emerging areas of research
The experts also added a new recommendation that a sleep study be considered in select people who have had a stroke in order to diagnose obstructive sleep apnea. This condition, characterized by repeated pauses in breathing during sleep, is common among stroke survivors and linked to daytime sleepiness, mood and thinking problems, poorer daily functioning, and a higher risk of death.
Surgical procedures such as carotid artery bypass or angioplasty and stenting for narrowed brain arteries are not recommended for most people without symptoms. In contrast to these intervetions, says Dr. Schwamm, "aggressive drug therapy is better than we ever thought and still improving."
Take home message for stroke survivors
For stroke survivors and people who have experienced a TIA, Dr. Schwamm strongly encourages | <urn:uuid:6b770e61-4498-48a1-a9cc-b5d49f94eaad> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/new-guidelines-for-the-prevention-of-recurrent-stroke | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542680.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00356-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947978 | 719 | 2.578125 | 3 |
I consider myself optimist with regard to the future availability of natural resources mainly because of technology; although -at the same time- I warn you of the risk of water wars if no adequate solutions are found to guarantee its redistribution.
Thomas Malthus was a British Economist (1766 /1834) that stood up for the theory that while population was capable of increasing in geometric progression, food production was just able to grow at an arithmetic rate which would lead mankind to an unsustainable situation due to the lack of natural resources to support such exponential growth in population and therefore to terrible famine even to its extinction.
It is clear that Malthus’ catastrophe prediction, not only did not occurred but that mankind has grown strongly without uncontrollable problems involving natural resources.
It is anticipated that in 2050 there will be 2.300 million inhabitants more than in the present days and that 70% of the population will be urban (49% nowadays), which raises huge logistic and supply challenges.
Despite these dramatic figures, we have to trust new technologies and to make a more efficient use of the resources which will allow us to overcome these challenges. For example, alternative energies, genetically modified food, new cultivation techniques, explosion of new materials, as well as new technologies focussed in the supply of drinking water.
Drinking water, it may be, the main problem of supply affecting wide areas of the planet in the forthcoming years. Although in the world there is plenty of drinking water, the fact is that is not geographically distributed in a fair manner and on top it must be taken into account that the agricultural activities represent two thirds of the rivers, lakes and aquifers extractions. Both technology and best practices should be able to find more efficient and with lower energy consumption ways, to ensure that drinking water arrives all over the world.
Moreover, it must be taken into account that there are lots of countries depending on the flow of rivers coming from other neighbouring countries, which is a potential source of conflict.
It would be desirable to find a proper solution to this problem, otherwise future wars probably may arise due to this element. | <urn:uuid:7c75a04f-9e6c-4700-b571-cb455c3cc6b0> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://trendencies2050.com/sh-html/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038879305.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20210419080654-20210419110654-00549.warc.gz | en | 0.956749 | 429 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Deer flies (also known as yellow flies, june flies, or stouts in Atlantic Canada) are flies in the genus Chrysops of the family Tabanidae that can be pests to cattle, horses, and humans. Otherwise similar in size and appearance to the ubiquitous housefly, the distinguishing characteristic of a deer fly is patterned gold or green eyes. The name of the genus refers to their coloration, from the Ancient Greek χρυσός (chrysós), gold, and ὤψ (ops), appearance.
Deer flies are a genus of horse-flies (Tabanidae). They are smaller than wasps, and have coloured eyes and dark bands across their wings. While female deer flies feed on blood, males instead collect pollen. When feeding, females use knife-like mandibles and maxillae to make a cross-shaped incision and then lap up the blood. Their bite can be painful, but many bites are not noticed at the time, especially if the victim is distracted. Allergic reaction from the saliva of the fly can result in further discomfort and health concerns. Pain and itch are the most common symptoms, but more significant allergic reactions can develop.
They are often found in damp environments, such as wetlands, bogs, or forests. They lay clusters of shiny black eggs on the leaves of small plants by water. The aquatic larvae feed on small insects and pupate in the mud at the edge of the water. Adults are potential vectors of tularemia, anthrax and loa loa filariasis.
Predators of the deer fly (and other Tabanidae) include nest-building wasps and hornets, dragonflies, and some birds including the killdeer.
- Milne, Lorus and Margery (1980). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Insects and Spiders. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 651. ISBN 0-394-50763-0.
- Agassiz, Louis; Corti, Elio. "Nomenclator Zoologicus". Retrieved 24 July 2015.
- Bartlett, Kristen (1999). "Deer & Horse Flies". Archived from the original on 2008-09-25. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
- Stubbs, A.; Drake, M. (2001). British Soldierflies and Their Allies: A Field Guide to the Larger British Brachycera. British Entomological & Natural History Society. p. 512 pp. ISBN 1-899935-04-5.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chrysops.| | <urn:uuid:552b8312-5927-4553-a40f-0c967280a95f> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer_flies | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463605485.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170522171016-20170522191016-00008.warc.gz | en | 0.813035 | 551 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Dr Tim Hoogenboom, a Research Sonographer, looks at the promise and perils of machine learning in medical imaging.
Medical imaging is key in today’s delivery of modern healthcare, with an immense 41 million imaging tests taking place in England in every year. Thousands upon thousands of patients safely undergo imaging procedures such as X-ray, ultrasound, and MRI every day, and the product of these tests – the images – play an essential role in informing the decisions of medical professionals and patients in nearly every area of disease.
At its core, medical imaging is the application of physics, and sometimes biochemistry, to visually represent the biology and anatomy of living humans. We have progressed from the first, blurry, x-ray in 1895, to being able to measure minute changes in oxygenation within the brain; whilst major technological advancements continue to be made every year. In the field of medical imaging, these techniques are applied to expand our understanding of the human body and disease in research settings, but much of this technology does not actually make it into every day clinical practice. For me, this has been the drive to move from a career in sonography into clinical research: to implement novel technology and investigate how it can be used to improve patient care.
One of these advancements is the use of image analysis technology to obtain more information from medical images. There has always been an interest in the use of computers to analyse medical images as computers are not biased by optical illusions or experience like human readers are. In image analysis, an image is no longer considered as visual, but rather as digital information. Each pixel contains a value representing biophysical properties, and you can write a program that finds a specific pattern or feature across the image that can represent disease. However, this process is time-consuming, and a single feature probably doesn’t represent a disease very accurately.
Machine learning – a type of artificial intelligence (AI) which gives computers the ability to learn without being explicitly programmed – could be the solution to this problem. If you feed a machine algorithm sufficient data, it will find the relevant patterns for you, and teach itself which ones are important clinically! The quality of a machine learning algorithm is highly dependent on the amount of data you put into it. With medical images being one of the fastest growing data sources in the healthcare space, we are now reaching the point where image analysis will soon see widespread use in the clinic. We could see similar algorithms to the ones Google uses to determine what ads to show you, or the ones Amazon uses to tell you what products to buy, telling your doctor if you have cancer.
The potential benefits are numerous, life-saving, and almost certainly cost-saving. Imagine the problem of a rare disease, which a trained radiologist might encounter once in their professional life. Machine learning could be applied to images obtained around the world to develop an algorithm that can diagnose a new patient within seconds. With every new patient added, the algorithm will learn and improve in accuracy.
Measuring response to chemotherapy treatment could be done in seconds by segmenting the size of every cancerous lesion almost instantaneously, and measuring whether patterns within them have changed from baseline. Currently, a radiologist has to view hundreds of images to achieve a similar, but ultimately subjective, result.
However, for various reasons, transferring image analysis and machine learning from research into the clinic is difficult. There are significant safety concerns with the use of new measurements to guide clinical decision making. Image analysis allows us to examine things in ways we couldn’t before, but the patterns a computer detects might not always make sense to us. Furthermore, the selection process of machine learning algorithms is still poorly understood, how does it decide what is important and what isn’t? Do we want to use technology if we don’t understand exactly what aspect of biology it is measuring?
There are also legal and ethical concerns that need to be considered. Who is responsible if a computer error causes a tumour to be missed or misidentified, or if a patient is bumped up the transplant list by mistake? Do we tell patients about all the abnormalities they have, even if there is no treatment (or need) to change them?
Companies might withhold investments until they are assured that they will not be held legally accountable if their software makes a mistake. Should they be? Hospitals are increasingly aware that their image archives are of tremendous value to the developers of these techniques, but there are obvious ethical concerns with them sharing images of your organs for commercial gains. The recent WannaCry hacks which devastated NHS IT systems also raise another concern; if medical images hold important health information that can be extracted by anyone with sufficient computing power, will this become a target for hackers? Insurance companies?
Currently, images used to develop and test image analysis and machine learning algorithms mainly come from clinical trials. We have certainly reached the point where any study that collects images as a part of their follow-up or assessments should ask their participants if these images can be stored for image analysis studies. For large studies, ethics committees should ask if it is appropriate for a study to be green-lighted if there isn’t an image analysis component considered as part of the main study design.
In my research within the Centre for Digestive Diseases, I use image analysis to describe vascular patterns in the liver of patients with fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. The aim is to eventually develop a method that can be used in everyday clinical practice to find those patients most likely to progress in their liver disease or develop liver cancer, so that they can be treated early. Fatty liver disease affects approximately a quarter of the global population, and it can take up to 20 years before someone starts to exhibit symptoms. We need methods that can find those patients most in need of treatment before they develop liver failure or liver cancer. I believe image analysis can help us achieve this by gathering more information from the scans we obtain so regularly.
The problems of introducing artificial intelligence and image analysis in the clinic are numerous, but I think it is important to view them as a challenge to overcome, rather than something to fear and avoid.
Tim Hoogenboom is a Research Sonographer based in the Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Diseases. He gained clinical experience as a medical imaging and irradiation expert in the Netherlands before transferring into translational research at Imperial in 2013. His current research is funded by the Imperial Health Charity and the RM partners Accountable Cancer Network in partnership with the NIHR Imperial BRC. | <urn:uuid:203d4f26-b0f8-47d3-93cd-613d3892181d> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://wwwf.imperial.ac.uk/blog/imperial-medicine/2018/01/17/how-machine-learning-will-transform-the-way-we-look-at-medical-images/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247494485.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20190220065052-20190220091052-00353.warc.gz | en | 0.954618 | 1,332 | 3.046875 | 3 |
History of the Recorder
The practice of recording land records was brought from England with the early colonist and came into use in Ohio during the 1790’s. In 1803 the Ohio General Assembly established the Recorder as a mandated county office. Initially the Recorder’s position was appointed by the associate judges of the Common Pleas Court, it then became an elective position in 1829. Originally the Recorder served a two-year term; in 1936 the Recorder’s term was extended to four years.
- A schoolhouse was temporarily used as a courtroom for one night so that Ohio could claim the territory now known as Toledo.
- The Maumee courthouse was used from 1841 to 1853.
- The first official courthouse built in Toledo was used from 1853 to 1897. It was built on Adams Street near the corner of Erie.
- The courthouse that is still in use on Adams Street was used by the Recorder’s Office from 1897-1983
- The Government Center was built in 1983 and is the current location of the Recorder’s office.
Lucas County was established in 1835 and named for Robert Lucas, the governor of Ohio at the time. According to historical records, the first court hearing in Lucas County was held in a schoolhouse. The Schoolhouse was only used as a courthouse September 7, 1835 in order for Ohio to claim the territory over Michigan during the Toledo War.
There were a number of buildings in Toledo used as temporary courthouses from the years 1835-1840 until a vote was cast to move the County seat to Maumee. In 1841 an official courthouse opened for the elected officials of Lucas County.
First Official Courthouse
In 1852 another vote was cast, this time to move the County seat back to Toledo. Again for temporary uses, a warehouse on the corner of Summit Street between Cherry and Walnut, known as Duell Block, was transformed into a courthouse until an official courthouse was built.
In 1853 Lucas County elected officials moved into Toledo’s first official courthouse. The courthouse was erected on Adams Street near the corner of Erie.
Courthouse Still In Use
Proposals for the construction of a new courthouse began in the early 1880s, but the expenditure was so steep that it was not approved until the mid 1890s. In 1897 the new courthouse was finally opened on Adams Street standing directly behind the already existing courthouse that was built in 1853. The original Adams Street courthouse was torn down in the late 1890s and possibly the very early 1900s, leaving behind our present day courthouse.
In 1983 a building was constructed on the corner of Erie, Jackson, and Huron Streets. This building is what we call the Government Center today. Since the opening of the Government Center the Recorder’s office, as well as other City, and County offices have been housed in it. | <urn:uuid:5d218ebf-ae87-4014-936f-998bdf92c88f> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://co.lucas.oh.us/index.aspx?NID=694 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170823.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00287-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980051 | 602 | 3.84375 | 4 |
I'm curious if farmers in the Great Plains are aware today of the history of the Dust Bowl, including its causes. Are there any surveys or polls on the matter among farmers, like there are (also among farmers) e.g. for climate change in general.
Some interviewing on PBS suggests that some are aware, but this could be a pretty biased sample.
Interesting enough, I found a survey that asked respondents to draw it, but it wasn't limited to farmers:
Data for this study were obtained from a questionnaire administered to 372 voluntary participants in 93 counties of the Great Plains. The 93-county study area correlates with counties of Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas that have more than 50% of their area included in any one of the three wind erosion areas identified on Worster’s ( 1982) Dust Bowl map. Because the identification of spatial variation across the study area was of paramount importance, participants were obtained via convenience sampling at each of the county courthouses in the 93 study counties. [...]
Maps were completed by 355 of 372 respondents. The remaining 17 respondents were not familiar with the Dust Bowl term and subsequently could not portray it on a map.
Nor did ask them any questions about its history.
And since someone questioned the relevance of this question to politics in comments; that paper includes and concludes with
Many counties in the historic Dust Bowl region have witnessed a significant influx of Hispanic persons in recent years (Haverluk and Trautman 2008). Interviews conducted for this research suggest that these new arrivals rarely have knowledge of the Dust Bowl, thus further contributing to the drop-off in knowledge of the human-environment relationship in the region. [...]
the documentation of an eroding knowledge-base regarding what is arguably the United States’ most acute environmental disaster is cause for concern. In spite of the appearance of “conquering geography” in the region (Lewis 1979) by the application of center-pivot irrigation, the region’s documented history of widespread, long-term drought events suggests that it is a merely a matter of time until the next challenge is presented to the human existence on the Great Plains. When the uncertainties of climate change, increasing energy costs, and groundwater depletion are considered as well, one wonders if the residents of the Great Plains can afford not to know their past.
"Goundwater depletion" refers to the Ogallala Aquifer. | <urn:uuid:cc81b315-cc42-496b-abbc-3df4002a57de> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://politics.stackexchange.com/questions/40540/are-farmers-in-the-great-plains-aware-of-the-dust-bowl | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347401004.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200528232803-20200529022803-00394.warc.gz | en | 0.955782 | 498 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Spring has finally sprung here in Portland and we are spending as much time as we can outside these days. One of Edith and Alder’s favorite outdoor activities to do is dig in a bit of empty garden bed that we have in our front yard. They dig and look for worms and slugs or plant seeds that they find. There interest in plants, digging and having a garden of their own has me seeking out tools and books to help facilitate their interest.
1. Garden Tools – Little tools perfect for little hands to help dig and plant.
2. Garden Gloves – These are not essential but are a fun little extra to make your preschooler feel like a real gardener.
3. Garden Water Bottle – You could opt to go for a small watering can but these little succulent water bottles are the perfect size for little hands.
4. Little Pizza Garden – Growing your own plants always feels like such a great accomplishment but even better what if all those plants you grew could then become the ingredients for the perfect pizza? This little pizza garden kit has everything you need just add dough and your preferred cheese (or in our case cheeze)!
5. Seeds Starter Kit – This seed starter kit contains a few more interesting vegetables. They will provide your preschoolers garden with a variety of colors, textures, and flavors while also exposing them to new veggies.
6. Too Many Tomatoes – This rhyming book shares the story of grandpa’s garden and it’s abundance of tomatoes. Such a fun and engaging story.
7. How Things Grow – Curious about how things grow? This book will answer your preschoolers inquiring mind.
8. Peek Inside The Garden – This lift-the-flap book takes you through the garden where under each flap you’ll find a variety of creatures who live in the garden.
9. Pop-Up Garden – Take a trip through the garden with pop-ups of birds, butterflies and flowers.
10. Secrets of The Vegetable Garden – This shine-a-light book is a favorite at our house. Grab your flashlight and go on an adventure to find out just how your garden grows and who lives in the garden.
Is your preschooler into gardening? Share your favorite resources and tips on how you get them engaged in gardening.
This post is NOT sponsored however there are affiliate links included. | <urn:uuid:7b2eb3b5-13f1-4af6-8e4e-b90570372dc9> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.naturallyfamily.com/2017/04/18/child-led-learning-gardening-for-preschoolers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588242.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20211027181907-20211027211907-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.942056 | 490 | 2.75 | 3 |
10 August is the Feast day of St Lawrence – the patron saint of cooks. This link comes about because Lawrence’s martyrdom involved him being grilled over a slow fire. His emblem is a Gridiron. Burghley House has, in the Ante-Chapel, a painting by Filippo Laure (1623-94) of the Martyrdom of St Lawrence.
Wednesday 10 August 1842 saw the Mines Act come into force in the UK. In parallel with their aims to improve the working conditions in factories, mills and workshops, Victorian legislators also responded to concerns about working conditions in coal mines, especially the employment of women and children. A Royal Commission Report on ‘The Employment of Women and Children in Mines’ caused widespread public dismay at the depths of human degradation that were revealed. The report brought into focus how owners showed a critical lack of concern or responsibility for the welfare of their workers. It was common for children aged eight to be employed, but they were often younger. In mines in the east of Scotland girls as well as boys were put to work. In order to reinforce its message to MPs, the Commissioners’ Report was graphically illustrated with images of women and children at their work. As a result of this the 1842 Mines Act, driven in no small way by Anthony Ashley-Cooper, Lord Ashley later 7th Earl of Shaftesbury, was enacted and came into force today. The Act stated that no female of any age, and no boy under 10 years was to be employed underground. However, Parish apprentices between the ages of 10 and 18 could continue to work in the mines. Also there were no clauses relating to hours of work, and inspection could only take place on the basis of checking the ‘condition of the workers’ but not the actual working environment. Ironically, many women were annoyed that they could no longer earn the much needed money. Further legislation in 1850 addressed the frequency of accidents in mines. The Coal Mines Inspection Act introduced the appointment of inspectors of coal mines, setting out their powers and duties, and placed them under the supervision of the Home Office. The Coal Mines Regulation Act of 1860 improved safety rules and raised the age limit for boys from 10 to 12. However, by 1870 over 1,000 lives were still being lost in mining accidents each year.
11 August 1836 – Charlotte Bronte’s entry in her journal today provides us with a very descriptive view from her window – and her reaction to an unwanted interruption: ‘ The dew was not yet dried off the field, the early shadows were stretching cool and dim from the haystack and the roots of the grand old oaks and thorns scattered along the sunk fence. I flung up the sash, an uncertain sound of inexpressible sweetness came as a drying gale from the south. I looked in that direction – Huddesfield and the hills beyond it were all veiled in blue mist; the woods of Hopton and Heaton lodge were clouding the water-edge and the Calder, silent but bright, was shooting among them like a silver arrow … I shut the window and went back to my seat. Then came on me, rushing impetuously, all the mighty phantasm that we had conjured from nothing, to a system as strong as a religious creed. I longed to write. If I had had time to indulge it I felt that these vague sensations would have settled down into a narrative better than anything I had produced before. But just then a Dolt came up with a lesson. I thought I should have vomited.’ I don’t think Charlotte ended this in a good mood!
12 August is the Glorious Twelfth – a term used to refer to the start of the shooting season for Red Grouse and Ptarmigan across Britain. It can be one of the busiest days in the shooting season, with large amounts of game being shot. The date itself is traditional, with the Game Act of 1831 enshrining it into a tradition. British law says that the start of the season cannot fall on a Sunday so the start has to be delayed – and the Glorious Twelfth becomes the ‘not so glorious’ 13th! The grouse are not, and never have been, reared to any extent for the shooting. In some seasons where certain moors are hit by low numbers of grouse, shooting may not occur at all or be over by September. Not all game, as defined by that Game Act, has the same start to their open seasons – most begin on 1 September, with 1 October being the start of the Woodcock and Pheasant season. P.S. The term ‘The Twelfth’ also applies to ‘Orangemen’s Day’ celebrations in Ulster on 12 July each year.
12 August 1944:- In researching these snapshots of the past it has become glaringly obvious that what you read is not necessarily the real truth. It’s pretty much like that old ‘joke’ from the past of ‘Send re-enforcements we are going to advance’ becoming ‘Send three and four pence we are going to a dance.’ The story I am telling here started with a reference in the Independent newspaper of 12 August 1991 which said:- ‘This was the day PLUTO – the ‘Pipe Line Under The Ocean’ – started supplying petrol across the English Channel from Shanklin Chine on the Isle of Wight to the allied forces in France. It was a combined operation by British engineers, oil companies and armed forces using a scheme developed by Arthur Hartley, a chief engineer with the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. At this time the Allied forces in Europe needed a tremendous amount of fuel and were dependent on oil tankers, which could be slowed by bad weather and were susceptible to submarine attack.
Then I found a different information source – pipelinesinternational.com which reports that construction of Operation PLUTO began on 12 August 1944. Two Hais pipes and two Hamel pipes (subtly different pipes each named after their developer) were laid during the following weeks. Petrol was initially pumped across from the Isle of Wight to Cherbourg, but the Allied Armies’ rapid advance along the French Coast made it necessary to concentrate all efforts on the Dungeness crossing, and the Cherbourg lines were shut down. The Dungeness lines were run to a beach inside the outer harbour of Boulogne, in order to save the time required to clear the heavily mined beach at Ambleteuse, which had previously been chosen. This involved a longer run and a more difficult approach, but the first was laid in October 1944 and after the technique had been perfected for laying the main lengths of Hais pipe, further lines were laid and commissioned with certainty and without incident.
Whatever are the true facts, I am confident that something significant happened on this day that took skill and dedication and saved many lives. Any views / comments / information / stories on the PLUTO project would be gratefully received.
13 August 1904 saw the British Isles rugby union team play their first Test Match in New Zealand, the only one on this part of their tour down-under. Played in Wellington in front of a crowd of some 25,000 they lost 9-3. After their successful tour of Australia, where they had won all three tests, it was a major let-down. To make matters worse they also lost to Auckland and – in an unofficial match – to a Maori 15. It was a warning for things to come because in the 1904/05 home international championships they lost all three matches to Wales, Scotland & Ireland by a total of 50 points to 3!
Friday 14 August 1908 was one of those dates that I have fun with. One of my Chambers’ information sources tells me that this day saw ‘The first International Beauty Contest in Britain – it was held at the Pier Hippodrome at Folkestone in Kent.’ I could find nothing about it apart from the fact that this source said it happened! But – I dug deeper to another potential source and this told me that ‘Felixstowe held the first international beauty contest on 14 August 1908. Entries were said to include six English girls, three French, one Irish, one Austrian and ‘a number of fishergirls from Boulogne’ – and nothing more. I will not name this source for the reasons that follow because I looked deeper and found that the Sheffield Evening Telegraph of Monday 17 August 1908 had reported that ‘Miss Nellie Jarman had been acclaimed the winner of a successful beauty show held at Folkstone. The decision was by the vote of the audience’. It included a picture of the lady but no further details. I needed more so the search continued and found ‘The West Briton and Cornwall Advertiser’ on this same Monday telling me more. This is what it said: ‘Folkestone Beauty Show: A crowded audience assembled at the Pier Pavilion on Friday evening in connection with the final of the International Ladies’ Beauty Show. Three visitors and three residents had been selected by the votes of the audience to compete against a selection of foreign beauties – representatives from Paris, Boulogne, Vienna and America. The English visitors all came from London. They were Miss Nellie Jarman from East Molesey; Miss Lever from Maida-vale and Miss Winnie Pickworth of Chelsea – who were adjudged first, second and third respectively at the preliminary adjudication. The former lady is an accomplished long-distance swimmer. The prizes were a grand cottage piano, a lady’s cycle and a gold watch. The Mayors of Folkstone, Hythe and Maidstone superintended the voting on Friday in which the audience took part. Whilst the counting process went on the ladies sat in full view of the audience. Amidst a scene of great enthusiasm the Mayor announced the winners as follows: 1 – Miss Nellie Jarman, East Molesey 470 votes; 2 – Miss Asta Fleming, Vienna 346 votes; 3 Miss Winnie Osborn, Folkestone 209 votes. Each of the losers was presented with a souvenir medal’.
15 August 1837 – On this day – less than two months after Victoria had become Queen – John Croker, an MP from 1808 to 1832 – wrote to Robert Peel: “Those who are personally interested in the young Queen complain that she is overworked, and teased with needless details. They (thoughtless people) send her all manner of things in the various official boxes for signature, and she, not yet knowing what is substance, and what form, reads all. It is suspected that this is done to give her a deep disgust for business. I don’t suspect any such deep design; but certainly the proper way would be that once or twice a week one of the Secretaries of State should attend her with papers that require her signature, and explain what is important. Lord Melbourne sees her every day, and his situation is certainly the most dictatorial, the most despotic, that the world has ever seen. Wolsey and Walpole were straight waistcoats compared to him …”
16 August 1819 saw an event in St Peter’s Fields Manchester that was later described as the ‘Peterloo Massacre’ – the large meeting held there was petitioning for Parliamentary reform and was violently dispersed by the Army. But what was the reality of the event?
The modern day – Wikipedia – version tells us that: The Peterloo Massacre (or Battle of Peterloo) occurred at St Peter’s Field, Manchester, England, on 16 August 1819, when cavalry charged into a crowd of 60,000–80,000 that had gathered to demand the reform of parliamentary representation. The end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 had resulted in periods of famine and chronic unemployment, exacerbated by the introduction of the first of the Corn Laws. (See more on this on my William Harrison blog of 11 June.) By the beginning of 1819, the pressure generated by poor economic conditions, coupled with the relative lack of suffrage in Northern England, had enhanced the appeal of political radicalism. In response, the Manchester Patriotic Union, a group agitating for parliamentary reform, organised a demonstration to be addressed by the well-known radical orator Henry Hunt. Shortly after the meeting began local magistrates called on the military authorities to arrest Hunt and several others on the hustings with him, and to disperse the crowd. Cavalry charged into the crowd with sabres drawn, and in the ensuing confusion, 15 people were killed and 400–700 were injured. The massacre was given the name Peterloo in an ironic comparison to the Battle of Waterloo, which had taken place four years earlier. Historian Robert Poole has called the Peterloo Massacre one of the defining moments of its age. In its own time, the London and national papers shared the horror felt in the Manchester region, but Peterloo’s immediate effect was to cause the government to crack down on reform, with the passing of what became known as the Six Acts. It also led directly to the foundation of The Manchester Guardian (now The Guardian), but had little other effect on the pace of reform. In a survey conducted by The Guardian in 2006, Peterloo came second to the Putney Debates as the event from British history that most deserved a proper monument or a memorial. Peterloo is commemorated by a plaque close to the site, a replacement for an earlier one that was criticised as being inadequate as it did not reflect the scale of the massacre
We can now turn to the report from the Cheltenham Chronicle of Thursday 19 August 1819 which tells us of a:- DREADFUL RIOT AT MANCHESTER
We hasten to lay before our readers an extract from a letter this day received from Manchester – it is written by a gentleman attached to the Manchester Yeomanry, and who was on the scene of action during the whole affair: “Manchester Monday August 16th 1819 – The meeting consisted of NINETY THOUSAND people, and the flag displayed bore not the motto of Reform, but of REVOLUTION!! The Magistrates declared their opinion that the peace of the town was endangered, and the Military was in consequence called out. The Manchester Yeomanry was the first corps in attendance, and made a charge in the centre of the Hustings. The 15th Hussars next came up and made a most spirited charge to the left, bringing in prisoners, HUNT, Johnston, Saxton, Mrs Johnston, and a woman who carried the Female Union Flag. The Prince Regent’s Cheshire Yeomany made a charge to the right, clearing the whole ground. I lament to say, there were six killed, (amongst them some respectable young men of the Yeomanry) and thirty wounded on the field. The Military are at this instant clearing the streets. Hunt, Johnson, Johnson’s wife, Saxton and the other woman are confined in the New Bailey, where there is a proper guard attending them.”** see below At last the Champions of Reform have thrown aside the mask, and their diabolical purpose is no longer concealed. Revolution!! Gracious God! from what a state of dreadful anarchy and destruction, may we not probably be preserved by this timely discovery. Now then the Mob-Orator stands displayed in his true colours – and we trust to the insulted laws of our country, to requite his labours seven-fold. The bitter execrations of a betrayed and deluded people, cannot fail to perpetuate the infamy of his memory.
** Extract from another Letter just received, dated Monday Night – “Several of the constables are dead, by wounds inflicted with stones and pikes; and numbers of the mob have been carried to the Infirmary, and are not expected to survive. The mob came with sticks in their hands, and pikes in their pockets, ready to fasten together, which shows their intentions to have been desperate. The Black Flag was displayed with “Liberty or Death”.
BUT – The Caledonian Mercury of Saturday 21 August 1819 has the following view: ‘Our last issue contained some account of the proceedings which took place in Manchester, and of the deplorable consequences which attended the meeting of the 16th. These consequences cannot be contemplated without a feeling of great regret. In our subsequent columns we have collected all the particulars regarding this scene of riot and confusion. The different accounts are somewhat confused, and clash with each other in some points. But they seem generally to agree in this, that there was no actual disturbance – no riot or outrage previous to the attack of the multitude by the military force assembled, and it is on this part of the transaction that we have heard doubts generally expressed as to the conduct of the magistrates. They were amply provided with troops to check the least appearance of riot and the question is, whether they would not have displayed equal prudence in waiting the result of the meeting. It is possible that the multitude might have dispersed quietly, as they did in the metropolis, in which case there would have been no loss of lives, nor any disturbance of the public tranquillity, farther than the alarm created by such a turbulent assemblage. Of the pernicious tendency of these riotous meetings of discontented workmen there can be but one opinion. They are sure to lead to evil, and they cannot possible be productive of good; and if by apprehension and punishment of the leaders, such as Hunt &c. who are far more criminal than the general mass, they could be prevented, it would certainly be doing the country an essential service. It is a strong measure, however, to attack an unarmed multitude with cavalry; and certainly the mode of conduct followed by the Magistrates in the metropolis on a similar emergency, if it could have been safely adopted, would have been preferable. According to the latest accounts from Manchester all was quiet, the multitude being completely overawed by the great military force concentrated in the town.
I leave these words with you: any comments/thoughts you may have are welcome on firstname.lastname@example.org
In compiling these Blogs I use a wide range of sources. For many, as I have done this week, I can realistically record the source used. However, for others I often use multiple sources to create a composite piece. In these cases it is not practical to include sources. If you do have any queries please do feel free to e-mail me as above. | <urn:uuid:472cc8dd-74e5-4cb2-a018-e97dae89069d> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://talkinghistoryblog.com/2014/08/10/10-to-16-august-saints-minescharlotte-bronre-glorious-12th-rugby-beauty-contests-and-a-massacre/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027313617.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20190818042813-20190818064813-00490.warc.gz | en | 0.977183 | 3,843 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Smith, Mark M. How Race Is Made: Slavery, Segregation, and the Senses. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2006.
It is perhaps best to start a discussion of Mark M. Smith’s creative book with some of his own words: “Modern discussions of ‘race’ and racial identity are hostage to the eye” (2). Although not the thesis of the book, this short statement is the book’s raison d’être. In How Race Is Made, it is Smith’s goal to expand our understanding of race to include the totality of senses: sight, sound, scent, taste, and touch. His argument, then, is that race is not made simply through sight but through all the senses. This may seem counterintuitive to many readers, given that most people associate race with skin color, but Smith reminds us that “the preference for ‘seeing’ race is as much a social construction as ‘race’ itself” (2). Only when we are able to conceptualize race as a rounded sensory construction, Smith maintains, can we fully understand the history of race in America. (Although the argument could easily be made for the construction of race globally, Smith’s evidence makes the case primarily for the United States. Naturally, it is also focused on the south.) To be sure, Smith warns, “seeing remains—and always has been—extraordinarily important for locating racial identity. But remembering that race was mediated and articulated in ways in addition to seeing helps profile ordinarily hidden dimensions of racial thought and racism” (3, emphasis mine). All the senses play a role in making race, and recognizing this reveals how race is made in ways we are not aware of. Each sense makes race in its own way, but it is the sum of the sensorial effects that creates the language of race and the grammar of racism.
Central to Smith’s argument is the claim that “nonvisual senses indexed viscera and emotion more than thought and reason” (2), which benefitted white people. As Smith elaborates, “the senses facilitated the rule of feeling and made men and women unthinkingly comfortable with their racial worlds. . . . The sensory underpinnings of slavery and especially segregation took on a visceral quality that relieved most white southerners of the discomfort of thinking, levied no tax on the mind, and allowed white conceits about blackness to go unchecked” (4). The larger point Smith makes with this idea is that the construction of race and the development of racism were not logical phenomena but emotional ones, and it is for this reason that racism was so pervasive and stubbornly resistant in American society. Although this claim—that the nonvisual senses led whites to be “unthinkingly comfortable with their racial worlds”—seems plausible, Smith isn’t able to sustain it through argument. We might ask, for example, if the senses signify the absence of thinking, how is it that whites “used the putatively premodern, proximate, nonvisual senses to invent ‘modern’ racial stereotypes” (4, emphasis mine)? The verb “invent” connotes thinking and taking thoughtful action to achieve some purpose (even if the purpose is unknown), not emotional reaction. This may be a harsh reading, but I would hope someone making this argument would be mindful of such nuances. Even if we give Smith the benefit of the doubt and say that he meant the sensory stereotypes were invented to facilitate the unthinking, emotional reactions of whites, the ontology of the sense experience comes from whites thinking during the process of invention. Furthermore, if sight—the sense most associated with reason and logic—was used to construct race along with the other senses, then reason and logic were always apart of the race equation, even if only partially.
I am not trying to suggest that Smith’s argument about the senses constructing race is entirely unconvincing; rather, I am saying the argument is unconvincing when he puts too much emphasis on the binary of feeling/emotion and logic/reason. For if white people’s “senses had stolen their capacity for reasoned thinking” (139), then the suggestion that race was constructed in “a fit of absence of mind” is only a few logical steps away. But I don’t think this is the argument Smith is making, nor do I think his lack of attentiveness to logical conclusions ruins his larger point. In fact, the larger point about the role all the senses played in the construction of race and the development of racism is quite successfully made. In other words, although his argument about the emotionality of the senses isn’t quite convincing, his contention about the culpability of all the senses, visual and nonvisual, in the construction of race is.
Part of the success of Smith’s argument comes from the way he presents and navigates the material in six chapters (not including the introduction). The book takes as its starting point the first British encounter with West Africans in the sixteenth century and continues chronologically until the landmark United States Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka in the 1950s. Although this is quite a stretch of time, he focuses mainly on slavery and segregation, as the title suggests, showing how the senses worked to construct race in unique ways during both eras. His sources comprise autobiographies, letters, periodicals, sociological accounts, memoirs, and even a few prints—practically all the sources traditionally used to write history. Though many of the sources have been used by other scholars, Smith’s innovation comes from his culling of the material for sensory qualities. This, avers Smith, is the way to a full understanding of the history of race in America: “Part and parcel of thinking beyond race entails coming to terms with the historical construction of race in all its forms and in all its senses” (10). How Race Is Made allows us to do this, and this is perhaps its greatest strength.
The phrase “in a fit of absence of mind” comes from John Robert Seeley, but he was referring to the British Empire: “We seem, as it were, to have conquered and peopled half the world in a fit of absence of mind.” J. R. Seeley, The Expansion of England: Two Courses of Lectures (Boston, Roberts Brothers, 1883): 8. | <urn:uuid:f1607bcb-92ed-4dee-aa53-339849f2e648> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://docilefiber.wordpress.com/2016/12/11/review-how-race-is-made/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158279.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20180922084059-20180922104459-00015.warc.gz | en | 0.958998 | 1,354 | 3.5625 | 4 |
We know it’s a worrying time for people with cancer, we have information to help. If you have symptoms of cancer contact your doctor.
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Oesophageal cancer starts in the food pipe, also known as your oesophagus or gullet. The oesophagus is the tube that carries food from your mouth to your stomach.
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Find out about tests to diagnose Oesophageal cancer, screening and seeing a specialist.
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Find out where oesophageal cancer can spread and about how treatment can control your symptoms.
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This is the most common treatment for early cancer of the oesophagus. Doctors remove all or part of your oesophagus.
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You might have some of these tests to help find out if an oesophageal cancer has come back or whether it has spread. The tests can also sometimes check how well treatments are working.
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Questions about cancer? Call freephone or email us | <urn:uuid:cea7133e-5901-407f-8aa7-53b646e94aec> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/oesophageal-cancer/advanced-cancer/tests | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738562.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200809162458-20200809192458-00097.warc.gz | en | 0.934748 | 571 | 2.84375 | 3 |
A guest post by Jody Gentian Bower, Ph.D. The initial quote is from her book Jane Eyre’s Sisters: How Women Live and Write the Heroine Story.
"The Aletis represents a feminine archetype every bit as important as the masculine archetype of the hero. This is why people keep writing her story, trying to put down in words something felt and understood unconsciously, something important about women."
Ever since Joseph Campbell published The Hero with a Thousand Faces in 1949, the story of the Hero’s Quest has informed the thinking and writing of countless authors, scriptwriters, folklorists, mythologists, and depth psychologists. Campbell’s work forms one of the pillars of education at Pacifica Graduate Institute and continues to be amplified by and inspire the work of many Pacifica students and faculty.
The Hero is almost always male, however, and so there has been a concurrent effort to either re-vision the Quest story from a female perspective, or to find another story that fits a woman’s journey to individuation better. Works such as The Heroine’s Journey by Maureen Murdock and The Bridge to Wholeness by Jean Benedict Raffa fall into the former category, while Christine Downing, Jean Shinoda Bolen, and Clarissa Pinkola Estés are examples of authors who have sought wisdom in myths and folktales featuring goddesses, princesses, and witches. | <urn:uuid:5c05a341-7c2d-4752-a165-5bd3d9d54525> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.pacificapost.com/topic/literature | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247481612.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20190217031053-20190217053053-00046.warc.gz | en | 0.944246 | 296 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Planting Tulip Bulbs Step-By-Step Planting Tulip Bulbs Step-By-Step
Plant tulip bulbs during the fall, anytime from October to December. Before you begin, check the specifics of the variety of tulip you have to ensure that there aren't any unique requirements regarding planting time. Follow these steps when planting to successfully add tulips to your garden.
Step 1 – Location
Most tulips prefer well-draining soil and full sun or partial shade. When selecting a location for your flowers, ensure that the species you have does not have drastically different requirements.
Step 2 – Planting
Dig a hole around 6 inches deep and twice as wide as your tulip bulb. If you are using a bulb planter, make sure the ground underneath the hole is good and compacted. Otherwise, your roots will sit in standing water and rot. To create compact soil, dig the hole bigger and fill it back up. You can also mix in peat moss or compost.
Plant bulbs at least 4 inches apart. For best results, form a clump of about 7 plants. Stick each bulb in the hole with the pointy end facing up. Cover with dirt, and then add a layer of mulch about 1 inch thick.
Step 3 – Tulip Care
While it is growing, water your tulip once a month and frequently pull weeds. Once the flower has bloomed, add water on a weekly basis.
When the petals have fallen off, cut the stems right down to the base. This helps the plants save energy for flowering. Prune back leaves once they have become shriveled and brown at the base. Simply pull the leaf with your fingers and it should fall right off. | <urn:uuid:8d845c1b-4692-4421-9871-0b9766d54b10> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.doityourself.com/stry/planting-tulip-bulbs-stepbystep | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511703.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20181018042951-20181018064451-00284.warc.gz | en | 0.911708 | 358 | 2.765625 | 3 |
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Truth be told, not everyone knows that honeybees provide more than just the obvious honey. Well, these tiny and territorial insects produce a substance called propolis in addition to other important products. Propolis in particular is produced using sap sourced from needle-leaved evergreens. It is a sticky, greenish-brown substance that is used by the bees to coat the hive. Humans have used the product for thousands of years due to its many health benefits.
The Source of Propolis’ Super Healing Power
Propolis has some amazing capabilities. This may be attributed to the 300 compounds in propolis that have been identified by scientists. Most of these compounds are polyphenols or antioxidants that prevent damage in the body and fight diseases.
It is composed of polyphenols referred to as flavonoids that are normally produced in plants as a form of defense. Flavonoids are available in foods with antioxidant properties such as:red wine, fruits, vegetables, and green tea.
Propolis has antifungal, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties. It is these capabilities that give propolis its healing power. It is widely used in food and cosmetic products. For instance, lip balms, toothpaste, lotions, shampoos, cosmetics, and ointments.
Health Benefits of Propolis
1. Defense Against Bacteria
A study done to measure the anti-bacterial capabilities of propolis found out some amazing results. When it was compared to calcium hydroxide, it was ascertained that propolis is capable of eliminating certain pathogens than calcium hydroxide. Given the fact that calcium hydroxide is one of the best anti-bacterial agents then it infers that propolis too is among the best.
Historically, it has been in use as a flu and cold remedy. The recent studies prove that it is powerful in killing bacteria.
2. Keep Blood Pressure in Check
Propolis helps keep blood pressure within required levels. A recent study that tested its benefits with respect to blood pressure found out tha tit decreases Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). TH is an enzyme that inhibits the production of nitric oxide. Without nitric oxide in the body the blood vessels will be unable to pump the blood well within the body. Therefore, since propolis decreases the level of TH in the body that means the blood pressure is kept within healthy levels.
Those who suffer from hypertension will benefit immensely when they take raw honey since raw honey contains huge amounts of propolis.
3. Treatment of Allergies
Those with seasonal allergies should take propolis since it has been found to be a good remedy for such problems. Its efficacy towards calming allergic reactions can be attributed to the fact that it inhibits the production of histamine, a compound that encourages sneezing. Histamine also results in watering of eyes and running nose. An intake of propolis stops the secretion of histamine and thus relieves allergic reactions.
4. Improvement in Athletic Ability
Propolis is rich in antioxidants that are useful in preventing overheating. This is according to an article published in the Journal of Food Science. The main ingredient in propolis that boosts athletic stamina is called Caffeic acid phenethyl or CAPE. This sparks a number of biological activities that include: antiviral, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. It also helps minimize stress which is the main cause of fatigue in athletes.
5. Counter to Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in men. Most of those diagnosed with the disease realize they have it usually when it is too late. Fortunately, now with propolis you no longer have to wait to be diagnosed with the disease. Why not include propolis as a part of your daily regimen and try to prevent the disease as much as possible? This natural product not only suppresses this type of cancer but it also prevents it from developing.
The research that was carried out to determine the efficacy of propolis in fighting prostate cancer found out some astounding results. Propolis accelerated the death of prostate cancer cells and that means it can help boost the effectiveness of chemoprevention of prostate cancer.
6. Cancer of the Colon
Recent scientific studies debunked some unexpected facts about propolis. Historically, propolis has been applied as a natural remedy to common cold, flu, and allergies. But with recent studies focused on colon cancer cells, it has been established that it is not only a powerful anti-microbial agent but is also an excellent anti-cancer product. Furthermore, it is capable of killing cancer cells through necrosis and leaves healthy cells untouched. This is unlike chemotherapy that kills both cancer and living cells.
The scientific studies carried out in the recent past have helped explain why some of the healthiest people all over the world reside in places where propolis and honeybee products are taken as part of daily regimen.
7. Wound Healing
Propolis has a compound called pinocembrin, an antifungal flavonoid that helps heal wounds. This gives the product anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties that help heal wounds. A study done recently found out that propolis accelerates the growth of healthy cells in those who have experienced severe burns. Other studies have also showed that propolis is effective for healing oral surgery wounds.
Side Effects of Propolis
Propolis is a natural product found in honey and therefore most people take it without their knowledge. Those who have an allergy to honey or bee products might respond negatively to it as well. One of the most common side effects reported is an eczema-like skin breakout. However, this happens rarely. Those with asthma or are under any kind of medication should seek advice from their doctor before they use propolis.
A Final Word
Overall, the health benefits of propolis far outweigh its negative effects. It is available in various forms in health food stores and pharmacies. Topical forms of propolis include lotions, creams, and ointments. Other forms of propolis include liquid extract, tablets, and capsules.
- Khalil ML. Biological activity of bee propolis in health and disease. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2006 Jan-Mar;7(1):22-31.
- Hausen BM, et al, Propolis allergy. (I). Origin, properties,
usage and literature review. Contact Dermatitis. 1987 Sep;17(3):163-70.
Have you ever used propolis as medicine before? Leave a comment below and let us know what your experience was like. | <urn:uuid:aedd9140-a27c-4539-a50a-d260d3d8dced> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://beekeepclub.com/health-benefits-and-side-effects-of-propolis-explained/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347414057.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20200601040052-20200601070052-00162.warc.gz | en | 0.949469 | 1,373 | 3.09375 | 3 |
The way of executing a work of art or custom of expression or capability of expression is Kalam or Style. The depiction of the characteristics features of distinguished people or a particular span or space of time could be termed as Kalam or Style. The style could be based on geographical condition also. To some extent, the Kalam or Style could be accepted as a regional language also for it represents the distinguished features of its region through paintings in an exclusive way. This regional language also draws a dividing line between two languages spoken in two different regions. In our social environment, it has the credit of language also and one who knows or has mastery in style can considered a genius par excellence. Thus to spread your subject knowledge, feelings, emotions, thoughts ideas etc. in a particular region through the medium of the brush is called Kalam or Style.
Delhi Kalam is established as a supreme and classical art form of Mughal artistry. Patna kalam like Delhi kalam is also an art form based of artistic techniques. This kalam was established by the painters of old Delhi. Later on, regional artists were influenced by them and followed their foot prints. This style got encouragement by the artists of the Mughal emperor Shahjahan and Aurangzeb and had also worked in the court of Mohammad Shah. These artists had to work under the Indian patronage after the end of Mughal Empire for their livelihood. At the downfall of the Indian patrons in 1730, these Mughal artists started to migrate Murshidabad except that , it was an important centre of Indian business. Another reason could be their exploitation by the other regional artists as these people were not familiar with the place. So Murshidabad could have been the best place as there was no court style (Durbari style) of its over and Murshidabad was establishing itself as the centre of business practices of eastern India and expanded itself to Qasimbazar, the main stream of Indian business spreading its branches on Hoogly, dealing with European countries, becoming rich and sonorous. Thus, Murshidabad a profitable business hub and attracted painters across India and established itself as a famous school of painting.
The migrated artist started living in Baluchak village of Murshidabad district situated at the bank Bhagrithi river, got the patronage of Shia Nawabs, but their court connections do not seem to have been more than temporary and occasional. They were employed to decorate the mansion walls of the court through their paintings. They were also made to do paintings on mica as is evident in paintings of procession of Moharram. These artists also made portrait paintings of Indian patron as well as European citizen living in India.
Murshidabad made the ancestor of Patna style artist available assured income and fulfilled all their requirements but 1750, once again, the time changed and some artists had to migrate in between 1750 to 1760. The reason being the downfall of Murshidabad or the rulers insolvency. The afghans and Marathas plundered and looted Murshidabad. They also robed the ships that embarked on merchandise from Hoogly river. These were a struggle for existence between the Nawabs and East India company, that resulted into the downfall of Murshidabad.
Between 1750 to 1760, these artists once again migrated to Patna. In the beginning only a few migrated to Patna with their family, but when they found Patna profitable, the others also followed them and this continued till the primitive years of nineteenth century. Finally, all of them settled in Patna. The reason for their migration to Patna is not known for the plight of Patna was no better than Murshidabad between 1750 to 1793. The social and poltical condition of Patna was unsafe and it was also suffering from the rift of Nawabs and the company. After all, it was a major city of India of great importance after Murshidabad and Calcutta. Patna situated at the bank of Ganga river, had been a commercial but since time immemorial. It exported different goods like sugar, saltpeter for gun powder, indigo, musk from Bhutan, lac, cotton, etc. during the establishment of British factory from 1650 to 1657. The city was a progress for the occidental society. The patrons of these artists were anonymous and their names had not been preserved. The migrations of artists were only from one bazaar to another.
The glimpse of European colony in the advent of 17th century proves that there was no favorable environment for the artists to settle, but at the end of 18th century, Patna established itself as the centre of new administration. The very administrative changes which weakening Murshidabad were strengthening Patna. There were also adventures, merchant and planters, while a number of rich Indian landowners of large estate and ancient lineage were residing in the suburbs. It was from that time onwards that the Patna kalam painters came into the existence and we must now consider the circumstances which led to the expansion of the school.
During this period, the European abstained from Indian relationship, but admired Indian art, Indian landscape, and Indian culture. They appreciated the paintings of Indian artists and presented them to their relatives abroad. The European people used to keep distance from Indian society and Indian culture in the 18th century but were in touch with their paintings. In spite, however, of this lack of social intercourse, many Europeans in India were interested in the Indian landscape and the Indian social scene. The Patna painters gradually expanded the market and fulfilled its requirement. Patna appeared to be a better option of Murshidabad. Gradually Patna Kalam became an essential and profitable part of Patna artistry and existed till 1830. These artists used to paint ‘sets of caste occupation’ known ‘Firka’. The contents of firka were based on common everyday life like- washer man, butler returning from the market, tailor, sweeper and slave struggling with dog etc. Patna painters depicted hawkers, bangle sellers, butchers, fish seller, carpenters, washer man, baskets seller, distillers, etc, in their paintings. They also depicted rural and urban lifestyle in their paintings. Patna painters may have been consciously adapting their style to that of a European who greatly respected for his versatility and competence. Patna painters were exploring the European market and trying to adapt their style to European fashions. While this demand for “snapshots” and scenes of ordinary life was being established, a second and further demand based on a second type of European taste had also developed. If certain European were interested in documenting Indian life, other valued a pictorial record of their own families and throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries miniature portraits on paper, vellum, bone, and later, ivory, were the fashion with the upper and middle classes.
The painters of Patna kalam first of all came to Patna in between 1750 to 1760 and settled in lodikatra, chowk, dewan mohalla and macharhatta mohallas. But the evidence of their coming to Patna and other authentic documents about them is not available. We simply know that they had come to Patna and established themselves as on painters of Kalam here. Neither the picture nor the name of any artist of this kalam as a proof or evidence is available. This is proves that the officials of East India Company carried everything to England and Europe along with them. In the London Museum, even today, the Patna Kalam gallery exhibit such many pictures and work of art, which require research.
In the year 1770 this style was properly established. Since then for the ensuing forty years, a lot of pictures are preserved. In the history of Patna Kalam, the first artist who became popular was Ram Sewak Ram (1770-1830). Before this, he was working in Murshidabad. In the collection of Ishwari Prasad, Ram Sewak’s twelve pictures was available. He got it from his grandfather Shivlal, who was also a painter of Patna Kalam. In those days, the custom of putting signature on the painting was not in vague, so the signature of Ram Sewak is not available. On the demand of European people, all these paintings were based of Indian life. The way he used to paint his picture is known as Kajli Sayahi. The pictures were painted directly by brush. Pencils were not used during those periods.
There are so many other artists also who are working in Patna, whose paintings are available. In the year 1800 Hulas Lal(1785-1875) joined the family of Lodikatra. He has come from Benaras. He was the cousin of Patna Kalam artist Jairam Das. Hulas Lal ancestors had come to Beraras from joint provinces and were working under the patronage of different kings. Shyam Bihari Lal, the grandson of Hulas Lal has acquired more popularity. The style of Hulas Lal was parallel to Ram Sewak.
A new grow of artist was in vogue apart from Hulas Lal and Sewak Ram. These painters initiated the Firka style set. On the other hand, the Firka set was in vogue, Nisar Mehdi, a Patna style artist who migrated from Murshidabad and settled in Lodikatra, earned more popularity in portrait paintings and Landscapes. His father settled in Lodokatra, Patna city after the downfall of the Mughal Empire. His ancestors had come from Iran and working as a painter in Mughal courts. Since the very beginning, Nisar Mehdi was an independent artist and his favorite subjects were portrait. Due to European influence on his artistry, the English officials used to send his paintings to their relatives as a gift. Apart from this, small pictured by him are preserved in different houses of different people and nawabs of Patna city. Apart from Nisar Mehdi, Mir Abbas Ali was also working for Patna Kalam, who died at the ripe old age of 95 in 1903. The picture is in the possession of Mr. Hassan Ahmad Khan, Rais and Zamindar of Islampur in the district of Patna, not very far from the Patna city. The Artist Mir Abbas Ali was a retained artist, an employee of Mr. Hassan Ahmad Khan’s grandfather, Chaudhury Zahurul Haq of Islampur. Mir Abbas Ali had come from Lucknow and had been enjoyed a respectable career till the above mentioned time period.
One of the paintings of Nisar Mehdi is preserved in Patna Art College of Nawab of Patna city “Nawab Meer Ghadiya”. Mohammad Hadi, Nisar Mehdi’s elder son acquired more popularity. When Mohammad Hadi was progressing in the field of artistry, Patna Kalam was at its downfall. But he started modern oil paintings along with miniatures paintings.
All these surviving pictures portray scenes of Indian life such as the European public required. They have a formalized precision, and are characterized by the pointed noses, the heavy eyebrows, the deep-set staring eyes of their subjects and their haggard faces. In the certain pictures the forms are a means to a geometric pattern, and the picture is built up as a succession of angular relations. The figure are usually in deep sepia and a somber red ochre, while the clothes are dull white with soft grey shadows enlivened by pools of deep crimson and sometimes touched with dull gold and deep peacock blue.
We can divided the picture of Patna Kalam into three categories. First from 1830-1850, second from 1850-1880 and third from 1880-1945.
In the first category from 1830-1850, the market was expanded, five artist were popular and at the peak Jhumak Lal, Nityanand Lal, Fakir Chand and Tunni Lal. We have a few pictures available apart from these painters, who made those paintings is still unknown. But one thing which is clear is that there were other active artists also. The pictures made by Tunni Lal and Fakir Chand are not available these days. We can just imagine that their market was Europe and all his paintings had been exported. Out of the few paintings which survive we may, however, distinguish three groups, a set of five scenes of Indian life by Hulas Lal. These pictures were inherited by Shyam Bihari Lal through his father, Bani Lal, and consist of Men Gambling at Diwali, a Men’s Music and Drinking Party, a Holy Scene, together with a sketch for a different version, and Women Carousing at Diwali. In Men Gambling a back ground of soft yellow fawn is relieved by Chinese white instead of gold work on the mirrors, the Dacca muslin shirts and chandeliers, while brilliant touches of soft purple and bright blue light up the lamps, chandeliers and men’s hats. The Men’s Music and Drinking Party has a similar fawn colour and is enlivened by the brilliant green of the doors. The Holy scene with its swirling lines, and the sketch for another version are in subtle shades of crimson. The Diwali scene glows with blue, green, yellow, plum, and crimson, and a far brighter than the other pictures. In these later paintings a fluid curving line links form to form and Hulas Lal uses his naturalistic figures as the material for organic rhythm. A number of miniature portraits, these include portraits on ivory of European men and women, some of which are said to be by Jairam Das, while a few are studies for Indian patrons. These latter are mostly of conventional female types known as Begum Bahu. A few early firka paintings, these have the heavy eyebrows, sunken eyes and somber colours which derive from Sewak Ram, while a portrait of great-grandfather of Rai Sahib Balgovind malaviya, with its blue stripped dari and sepia figures, although not itself a fikra painting, has all the essentials of the fikra style.
In between second period 1850 to 1880, Fakir Chand Lal noted Patna kalam painter died in 1865, and it is unlikely that after 1850 either he or Tuni Lal produced much paintings. Their families, however, remained, and from 1850 to 1880 Patna painting is dominated by the of two sons- Shiva Lal (c.1817-c.1887), the son of Fakir Chand and Shiva Dayal Lal (c. 1820-c.1880) the Son of Tuni Lal. During this period the European market reaches its peak and the patronage of Indian gentlemen also becomes of greater importance. The work of Shiva Lal falls into three distinct groups, firstly as a painter of miniature portraits he built up a large clientele of European as well as Indian customers, and at the height of his careers was making appointments much as a portrait photographer makes them today. By the end of his life he was painting similar miniatures for Indian families and also doing portraits of Indian ladies from life. But besides miniature painting, Shiva Lal also painted scenes of contemporary life for private patrons, and in this respect his wide contacts were of great importance.
Shiva Lal was also widely known in Patna City, and one of his most important paintings, the Muslim Wedding scene, was commissioned by a Patna gentleman. In addition to organizing the production on business lines, he also knew how to sell the paintings. Some of the firka sets were painted by Shiva Lal himself, and it is significant to note how his style echoed his three activities. His miniature portraits are marked by a delicate realism, a minute fidelity which borders on the photographic. His larger scenes of contemporary life have a careful precision, a balanced location of forms. The Muslim wedding is not a random collection of lifelike midgets, but an assembly of figures organized in a single rhythmical scheme. There were a limited number of firka subjects which were reproduced over and over again. Many subjects used by the artists of the earlier periods were repeated. In between 1850 to 1860 there is not very much clear pictures about how many painter are working but only increasingly clear the names of six painters are known- Gopal Lal (1840-1911), with his elder brother Gursahay Lal (1835-1915), Bani Lal (1850-1901), and his cousin Bahadur Lal (1850-1933), Kanhai Lal (1856-1916), and Jaigovind Lal (1878-1908). Other artists probably drifted through the shop from time to time, and women-folk of the family also assisted. Shiva Lal’s sister Daksho Buddhi and his daughter, Sona Kumari (the mother of Ishwari Prasad) both are painted. Their paintings were almost always puja pieces for domestic use at festivals, but sometimes they helped with fikra sets, the red border on certain pictures denoting that they were done by women.
Most of these painters were trained in Shiva Lal’s studio and began their careers as apprentices by making brushes from goat, squirrel, hog, and buffalo bristles, and preparing the various pigments. In early days the painters had made their own paper from rags or had used handmade paper from Nepal, but by Shiva Lal’s time ordinary European machine made paper was being used. Gradually the apprentices learnt to paint, not in Mughal way, but in the European way, drawing straight on the paper in pencil, then colouring the picture and finally outlining or shading in a darker colour.
The main characteristics of this collective style are the brilliance and definition of its colour combination. There is very little shading, only a faint modeling with stripling, and little blending of colour. The composition of brilliant colours and their relation one to another. In the best miniatures the areas of colour are bounded by a vigorous line which springs the moves across the picture. A Mughal picture is in essence a pattern of coloured shapes and lines. European painting in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was completely different. The Patna painters to the very end retained certain Mughal characteristics and adhered to the miniature tradition. They continued to paint flowers and birds, portraits and scenes such as wedding and processions. Novelties like the picture on mica, were a relic of Murshidabad days. Patna paintings delicacy of line is still important. Some of the best pictures, retain much of the little grace of a Mughal portrait, moreover, certain pictures the line is used as in Mughal painting to circumscribe regions of colour and link them in a single organic pattern. Some have the decorative quality of a Mughal painting, and the Mansur paintings of red flowers the Turkey cock, the Saras or Manohar’s Black Buck or Dara Shikoh album jonquil, if deprived of their elaborate borders, are merely more complex cousins of Patna paintings. Although the Patna painters often made use of scientific perspective, they only use it when it contributes to the geometric pattern of the picture. At other times they distort as they like to satisfy the picture’s design. Moreover, in Patna paintings the volumes are often sharply stressed, and every objects, in true Mughal style, is precisely placed to form a pattern and yet at the same time to suggest three dimensions.
The European influences were often diametrically opposed to the Mughal influence, and the Patna painters only accepted that part of European art which could be reconciled with his predilections. The new contact led to an extension of subject matter. The painters now look to painting portraits, even of women, from life. Since the technique of painting on ivory could easily be learnt by them, the Patna painters could complete with European artist and mimic a European miniature so cleverly that the two can scarcely be distinguished. The colour scheme was fundamentally changed; the glowing of Mughal colours gave place to the fashionable somber hues of the print when the pictures was intended for a European market. Another development was in the shading of solid forms. In the early pictures the old Mughal technique of showing shadow by minute stripling or darker tones of the same colour is given up, and shadow is shown with soft washes of colour, as in an English water-colour. The upshot of this fusion of two influences was a school of painting which, although in no sense major or of great aesthetic importance, is none the less authentic and distinct. The great majority of the paintings were essentially the work of a ‘bazaar’ school, and in the process of popularization much of the early Mughal finesse and complexity was lost. If Patna paintings have sometimes a flowing line and brilliance of colour, they are usually wanting in the subtlety and richness of the best Mughal work. Patna paintings also give a sense of dignity of labour, its mechanical serenity. Their grave precise images and solemn figures convey something of the poetry and pathos of a century. Patna Kalam was world’s first independent school of painting which dealt exclusively with the commoner and his lifestyle also helped to gain popularity.
Consequently, the influence of two different styles produced one unique style in the form of Patna Kalam or PATNA STYLE incorporating great aesthetic beauty and exuberant consciousness. Excessive number of pictures were required in the works of Bazaar Style and advancement of the excessive popularity of the Mughals deteriorated in this skill. There was a time when Patna Kalam was filled with flow of line and brightness of color, being the high demand of aristocratic families for its finery. On the other hand, the artists of Patna Kalam adopted the qualities of European pictures. A geometrical influence is visible in the pictures of contemporary lives. Indeed it’s a wonder to see the paintings of painters of Patna kalam that they broke the age old shackles of medieval conservatism for the sake of paintings of the Mughal age. On the one hand there were the paintings of high profile elite class life like- hunting, wars, music, raga, evergreen landscapes and on the other hand in Patna these artists started painting the common everyday life. In the Mughal paintings, they were free to soar high with imagination but in Patna Kalam they were restricted to commercialization of arts. But, whenever they got an opportunity to paint the hidden imagination in their unconsciousness mind in the patronage of aristocratic people, they became visible in their paintings.
The Patna Kalam paintings were based on market and value. Hence, the subject matters were given great importance. The excessive use of imaginative subject matters like landscapes, backgrounds etc., were being very expensive. To conclude, these backgrounds and landscapes which were the soul of Mughal paintings, vanished in the paintings of Patna Kalam. Patna Kalam during its downfall gave a new dimension to the future Indian art i.e. freelance painting. Paintings got freedom and liberty and as a result freelance paintings were imbibed with the feeling of nationality and played a vital role in the construction of a powerful nation. Even today, Patna Kalam holds a respectable position in the international world and is viewed with high esteem.
- Patna Painting by Mildred Archer-Published by Royal India Society-1948
- Indian Painting under the Mughals by Percy Brown, Published at Oxford Press-1924
- Indian Sculpture and Painting by E.B.Havell, published by J. Murray London-1908
- Bharat ki Chitrakal by Rai Krishna Das
- History of Murshidabad by J.H. Tullwash, London-1902
- Oriental Drawings by Charles Gold, Published by Bunney & co, London-1806
- The Patna School of Painting-Journal of the Bihar Research Society, Vol.xxxix by P.C. Manuk, pp.143-169-1943
- Patna ki Kala evam Asthapatya by Dr. Abid Hadi, Published by Novelty & Co., Patna-2003
- Different article references from newspapers, journals, souvenir and websites.
Dr Abid Hadi, Asst Professor & HOD, Dept of Fine Arts, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara-Punjab, Contact No.9316307765, Efirstname.lastname@example.org
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So you can be a better “home teacher,” we have parents take classes with the music lesson teacher who will work with you and your child. In these classes, you will learn how to play “Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star,” get some helpful ideas about how to practice at home, and learn how to set your child up for success with music.
The following material will help guide you through your parent education sessions, as well as your child’s first lessons. We also have videos on the student log-in page of our website to help get you started! The password for the student log-in page is ccg1212.
The basic premise of this document is to break "Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star" into simple steps, so the child can succeed right away. It also offers some ideas on how to get some great practicing done at home!
The Suzuki Method
For young students in the Bay area at The California Conservatory of Guitar, we have found great success with “The Suzuki Method.” Also known as the mother-tongue approach, this music lesson method uses the fundamental principles of language acquisition in the learning of music. Parental involvement, positive encouragement, and repetition are a few of this program's attributes.
The Suzuki Association of the Americas breaks this approach down further:
Just as parents are involved when a child learns to talk, parents are also involved in the musical learning of their child. They attend music lessons with the child and serve as “home teachers” during the week. One parent often learns to play before the child, so that they understand what the child is expected to do. Parents work with the teacher to create an enjoyable learning environment.
The early years are crucial for developing mental processes and muscle coordination. Listening to music should begin at birth; formal training may begin at age three or four, but it is never too late to begin.
Children learn words after hearing them spoken hundreds of times by others. Listening to music every day is crucial. Listening to the pieces in the Suzuki repertoire is helpful for the child so that they know the pieces immediately.
Constant repetition is essential in learning to play an instrument. Learning music is just like learning a language. Children do not learn a word and then discard it, but instead they add it to their vocabulary. Learning pieces is just like learning new words, adding each new piece to their repertoire. Through repetition a child’s repertoire gradually grows and becomes more sophisticated over time. Children do not learn a word or piece of music and then discard it. They add it to their vocabulary or repertoire, gradually using it in new and more sophisticated ways.
As with language, the child’s effort to learn an instrument should be met with sincere praise and encouragement. Each child learns at their own rate, building on small steps so that each one can be mastered. Children are also encouraged to support each other’s efforts, fostering an attitude of generosity and cooperation.
Learning with Other Children
In addition to private lessons, children participate in regular group music lessons and performances. From these collaborative environments, children learn from and are motivated by each other.
(All students are able to participate in the group once they have developed some facility with the instrument. All are also welcome to participate in our recitals and other performances.)
Children do not practice exercises to learn to talk, but use language for its natural purpose of communication and self-expression. Pieces in the Suzuki repertoire are designed to present challenging technical skills in the context of the music, instead of learning (rather than) through dry technical exercises.
Children learn to read after their ability to talk has been well established. In the same way, children should develop basic technical competence on their instruments before being taught to read music.
The Bow Triangle and the Steps
The above image shows the basic set-up of the “bow triangle.” Standing in the “bow triangle,” the student takes a bow. Its fun for the kids to say a long word such as “hippopotamusic”, or whatever the teacher suggests, while the student bows. This helps to make sure they do not rush through the bow.
“The Steps” (without guitar)
After taking a bow, the student stands directly in front of the chair, then moves their left foot just to the right of the footstool.
The student sits down in the stool with a straight back and a tall head. Their arms should hang relaxed at their sides.
The student places their left foot on to the footstool. You can also call this “foot on the gas”
Once the student can take a bow and go through the steps while maintaining great posture, you can add the guitar and step four - don't rush to this!
Why do this?
The bow and simple step-by-step set-up helps children develop a powerful mind-clearing habit. It also helps them develop a confidence with the guitar right away, as it is not too difficult for them to do correctly.
“The Steps” (with guitar)
When taking the bow, hold the guitar with the right hand close to where the neck and body meet.
The first step is the same, except now the child is holding the guitar.
When the child sits down, the lower part of the guitar rests on their right leg. The neck of the guitar should stick straight up and the face of the guitar should face out to the right.
Just as before, the foot goes on to the footstool (same as before). Now the student “closes the door.” They lift their right elbow and rotate the guitar so the face of the guitar faces straight ahead. Next, they “lock the door” by bringing the guitar to rest on their left leg.
The right hand now goes to the upper curve on the guitar and rests. This is called "ready position." There is a good picture of ready position at the beginning of the first Suzuki book.
Have your child do the steps without the guitar. When they are sitting on their stool with a tall back and arms hanging to their sides relaxed, place a small toy or item on top of their head. See if they can balance it there and count to ten. Once they can do the steps without the guitar, repeat with the guitar.
The Twinkle Rhythms
As you will hear on the recording of the Suzuki guitar pieces, “Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star” is learned with a few different rhythms. The students should practice clapping these rhythms in the lessons and while at home. We also have some names for each one that help the kids internalize and remember them!
Variation A - Charlie Brown and Snoopy
Clap right hand on right leg and left hand on left leg and then hands together.
Variation B - Ice Cream Cone
Clap right leg, then clap hands together and then clap left leg.
Variation C - Grasshopper
Clap hands together, then clap right leg and then clap left leg.
Variation D - Strawberry
Clap right leg, then hands together and then left leg
Variation E - Watermelon
Clap right leg and then left in even alternation.
Its a great idea to break down learning Twinkle into small, achievable steps. One of the first activities kids do to play the guitar is called “Tabletop.” There is an image for reference below so you know the string names, but remember the plucking is done over the sound hole!
The child places the guitar on their lap with the strings and top of guitar facing upwards. Make sure the neck of the guitar is to the left of the child.
The student makes a soft fist with their right hand and places it on top of their head. They then bring their hand down to the strings. The thumb rests lightly on the A string—the index and middle fingers (i and m) rest on the d-string. Make sure the thumb is slightly in front of the forefingers. The index then strikes the g-string and falls back into place on to the d-string. Once the child is comfortable you can try this with your middle finger.
In tabletop position, practice plucking the ‘g’ string with perfect alternation between i and m. The student should also practice playing the twinkle rhythms with i and m on the g-string. These are explained below.
Practice changing strings. Set-up the thumb up on the a-string and rest the index and middle fingers (i and m) on the d-string. Pluck i and then m on the g-string. Next, the index reaches to the b-string as the thumb moves to rest on the d-string. Pluck the b-string with “i” and then bring “m” over to pluck the b-string as well.
- Pluck the strings lightly, and try to not squeeze the strings with the thumb and forefinger.
- Keep a straight wrist!
- Always maintain a good posture—Do it with your eyes closed!
The Left Hand
Lets make sure we know the left hand finger numbers first. The index is ‘1’, the middle ‘2’, the ring finger ‘3’ and the pinky ‘4’. The right hand fingers are pictured below as well. The thumb is ‘p’ for pulgar, the index ‘i’ for indice, the middle ‘m’ for medio and the ring ‘a’ for anular. (The names are Spanish.)
Its also a good time to discuss the frets. The frets are the metal bars that run up and down the neck. When your teacher says, “place your third finger on the third fret,” it means you place your ring finger slightly to the left of the third fret. If you put it on top of it, you wont get a clean sound.
Getting the left hand ready for "Twinkle"
Just as we isolated the right hand in preparation for “Twinkle,” we also isolate the left hand. Start doing this by practicing finding where your left hand fingers go on the fretboard. This should be done while sitting in “ready position” with a tall back. It’s ideal for the student to be able to do this without having to look! Students often lean forward and loose a good posture when relying too heavily on their eye sight! Be sure to master finding your three before moving on! This helps center the hand!
Finding your “Three”
The first step to getting the left hand ready is called “finding your three.” Sit in ready position (as learned from the “four-steps”) with your left hand hanging to the side, you should slightly curl your left hand fingers. Then raise your thumb to the back of the neck, and place your third finger on the ‘b’ string at the third fret. If you need more stability you can place your second and third finger down together. (This is really helpful for very young students!) Make sure your finger is curled and you are directly on the tip of your finger, not on the finger pad. Your left wrist should be as straight as possible.
Finding your “Two”
Start out sitting in ready position with your left hand hanging down at your side. Curl your fingers in slightly and raise your thumb to the back of the neck. Now place your ‘2’ finger just behind the 2nd fret of the ‘g’ string. Make sure the finger is directly on the tip and not on the pad!
Finding your “One”
Again, start in ready position with your left hand hanging down at your side. Now place your one finger right behind the 1st fret of the ‘b’ string. Make sure it is directly on the tip and a little bit to the left hand side.
Ideal Environments for Home Lesson and Practice
Successful students practice everyday with their parent! We have a couple systems in place that incentivizes the students to practice daily such as our “point system” and our medals and trophies for kids who have practiced everyday for a certain amount of time.
It's crucial that the students listen to the recordings of the songs consistently everyday! The songs are all set up in the same keys with similar fingerings. If you do this and practice consistently, you will be amazed to see your child start playing songs they have not yet been taught!
Process not Product
All students taking music lessons will move at different rates. The only thing we have control over is how we practice. It's of the utmost importance to be patient with your children in their practice. We need repetition to really learn all the fine motor movements associated with learning an instrument.
“Roll a die”
You can buy some dice or ask your smart phone to roll a die for you. The student then needs to practice the specific task you’re working on that many times. This can be used in concourse with another game.
“Tic Tac Toe” Etc.
Any game that is “move” oriented will work. Once your child successfully completes a task, they get a move in the game. There are many simple apps available that one can use for these as well.
Slow, Slow, Slower!
Take out your stopwatch on your phone and time your child playing a section or doing a task. If it took them 5 seconds, challenge them to do it in 10 seconds or more. This helps to get them to slow down.
When you are helping your kid practice at home, always make sure to compliment them before you try to fix something that you and your teacher have been working on. Its always great to say, “your tone was so great" (positive compliment)" and I bet if you sit up straight, it would be even better!” Try to avoid saying the word “but”!
Before you start playing "Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star" make sure your child can:
- Take a bow!
- Do the steps without the guitar and sit up with a straight back
- Do the “Focus Game”
- Sing “Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star”
- Clap the “Twinkle Rhythms"
- Name the finger names and string names
- Play the “Twinkle Rhythms” on an open string in “Tabletop”
- Find their ‘3’, ‘2’ and ‘1’ fingers
- Do the steps with the guitar and sit in “ready position”
Putting it Together
Its time to learn "Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star"
Sitting in ‘ready position,” the student should bring their ‘p’ to the ‘a’ string, while ‘i’ and ‘m’ rest on the ‘d’ string. Now practice changing strings just like you did in “table top.” It's ideal to be able to do this with eyes closed. Note: this could take an entire week of practice to do well.
Once you can do “Step 1,” sit in ready position and find your ‘3’ finger. Can you do it without looking? Once your 3 finger is in place, repeat step 1. Play ‘g’,’g’,’3’,’3’,’e’,’e’,’3’. You just played the first notes of Twinkle!
Find your ‘2’. Set-up the right hand and play ‘2’, ‘2’, ‘g’ with i, m, i. You just played “what you are”.
Find your ‘2’. Set-up the right hand with the thumb resting on the ‘d’ string and i and m on the ‘g’ string. Now play ‘b’,’b’,’2’,’2’,’g’. Make sure you can keep the ‘2’ down while playing the b string. You just played “wonder what you are!”
Find your ‘1’. Now practice switching between ‘1’ and ‘2’ without plucking. Once you can do this, play ‘1’,’1’, and then place your ‘2’ down, and then play ‘b’,’b’,’2’,’2’, ‘g’. You just played “how I wonder what you are”.
You can now connect step 2 and step 5. You have now played the first section of “Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star”
The middle section.
"Up above the world so high. Like a diamond in the sky." This part is fingered: 3, 3, 1, 1, b, b, 2 (make sure the 2 is sustained—think of the lyrics), and then again 3, 3 , 1, 1, b, b, 2.
You now know all the notes to "Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star"!
One Last Note
Please do not rush through all of this with your child. Learning to play “Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star” can take some students who are very young almost an entire year! Focus on the process, practice well and listen to the CD. Make sure the practice at home is full of positive encouragement and games! | <urn:uuid:d1d4e90f-80e0-493c-b3a4-9b411fe42c2b> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.thecaliforniaconservatory.com/guitar-parent-education-materials | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676594954.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20180723051723-20180723071723-00600.warc.gz | en | 0.939567 | 3,768 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Designating the Configuration of Chiral Centers
Although enantiomers may be identified by their characteristic specific rotations, the assignment of a unique configuration to each has not yet been discussed. We have referred to the mirror-image configurations of enantiomers as "right-handed" and "left-handed", but deciding which is which is not a trivial task. An early procedure assigned a D prefix to enantiomers chemically related to a right-handed reference compound and a L prefix to a similarly related left-handed group of enantiomers. Although this notation is still applied to carbohydrates and amino acids, it required chemical transformations to establish group relationships, and proved to be ambiguous in its general application. A final solution to the vexing problem of configuration assignment was devised by three European chemists: R. S. Cahn, C. K. Ingold and V. Prelog. The resulting nomenclature system is sometimes called the CIP system or the R-S system.
In the CIP system of nomenclature, each chiral center in a molecule is assigned a prefix (R or S), according to whether its configuration is right- or left-handed. No chemical reactions or interrelationship are required for this assignment. The symbol R comes from the Latin rectus for right, and S from the Latin sinister for left. The assignment of these prefixes depends on the application of two rules: The Sequence Rule and The Viewing Rule. The sequence rule is the same as that used for assigning E-Z prefixes to double bond stereoisomers. Since most of the chiral stereogenic centers we shall encounter are asymmetric carbons, all four different substituents must be ordered in this fashion.
The Sequence Rule for Assignment of Configurations to Chiral Centers
Assign sequence priorities to the four substituents by looking at the atoms attached directly to the chiral center.
1. The higher the atomic number of the immediate substituent atom, the higher the priority.
For example, H– < C– < N– < O– < Cl–. (Different isotopes of the same element are assigned a priority according to their atomic mass.)
2. If two substituents have the same immediate substituent atom,
evaluate atoms progressively further away from the chiral center until a difference is found.
For example, CH3– < C2H5– < ClCH2– < BrCH2– < CH3O–.
3. If double or triple bonded groups are encountered as substituents, they are treated as an equivalent set of single-bonded atoms.
For example, C2H5– < CH2=CH– < HC≡C–
The Viewing Rule
Once the relative priorities of the four substituents have been determined, the chiral center must be viewed from the side opposite the lowest priority group. If we number the substituent groups from 1 to 4, with 1 being the highest and 4 the lowest in priority sequence, the two enantiomeric configurations are shown in the following diagram along with a viewers eye on the side opposite substituent #4.
Remembering the geometric implication of wedge and hatched bonds, an observer (the eye) notes whether a curved arrow drawn from the # 1 position to the # 2 location and then to the # 3 position turns in a clockwise or counter-clockwise manner. If the turn is clockwise, as in the example on the right, the configuration is classified R. If it is counter-clockwise, as in the left illustration, the configuration is S. Another way of remembering the viewing rule, is to think of the asymmetric carbon as a steering wheel. The bond to the lowest priority group (# 4) is the steering column, and the other bonds are spokes on the wheel. If the wheel is turned from group # 1 toward group # 2, which in turn moves toward group # 3, this would either negotiate a right turn (R) or a left turn (S). This model is illustrated below for a right-handed turn, and the corresponding (R)-configurations of lactic acid and carvone are shown to its right. The stereogenic carbon atom is colored magenta in each case, and the sequence priorities are shown as light blue numbers. Note that if any two substituent groups on a stereogenic carbon are exchanged or switched, the configuration changes to its mirror image.
The sequence order of the substituent groups in lactic acid should be obvious, but the carvone example requires careful analysis. The hydrogen is clearly the lowest priority substituent, but the other three groups are all attached to the stereogenic carbon by bonds to carbon atoms (colored blue here). Two of the immediate substituent species are methylene groups (CH2), and the third is a doubly-bonded carbon. Rule # 3 of the sequence rules allows us to order these substituents. The carbon-carbon double bond is broken so as to give imaginary single-bonded carbon atoms (the phantom atoms are colored red in the equivalent structure). In this form the double bond assumes the priority of a 3º-alkyl group, which is greater than that of a methylene group. To establish the sequence priority of the two methylene substituents (both are part of the ring), we must move away from the chiral center until a point of difference is located. This occurs at the next carbon, which on one side is part of a carbonyl double bond (C=O), and on the other, part of a carbon-carbon double bond. Rule # 3 is again used to evaluate the two cases. The carbonyl group places two oxygens (one phantom) on the adjacent carbon atom, so this methylene side is ranked ahead of the other.
An interesting feature of the two examples shown here is that the R-configuration in both cases is levorotatory (-) in its optical activity. The mirror-image S-configurations are, of course, dextrorotatory (+). It is important to remember that there is no simple or obvious relationship between the R or S designation of a molecular configuration and the experimentally measured specific rotation of the compound it represents. In order to determine the true or "absolute" configuration of an enantiomer, as in the cases of lactic acid and carvone reported here, it is necessary either to relate the compound to a known reference structure, or to conduct a rather complex X-ray analysis on a single crystal of the sample.
|The module on the right provides examples of chiral and achiral molecules for analysis. These are displayed as three-dimensional structures which may be moved about and examined from various points of view. By using this resource the reader's understanding of configurational notation may be tested. |
This visualization makes use of the Jmol applet. With some browsers it may be necessary to click a button twice for action.
Configurational drawings of chiral molecules sometimes display structures in a way that does not permit an easy application of the viewing rule. In the example of carvone, shown above, the initial formula directed the lowest priority substituent (H) toward the viewer, requiring either a reorientation display or a very good sense of three-dimensional structure on the part of the reader. The Fischer projection formulas, described later, are another example of displays that challenge even experienced students. A useful mnemonic, suggested by Professor Michael Rathke, is illustrated below. Here a stereogenic tetrahedral carbon has four different substituents, designated 1, 2, 3 & 4. If we assume that these numbers represent the sequence priority of these substituents (1 > 2 > 3 > 4), then the R and S configurations are defined.
The viewing rule states that when the lowest priority substituent (4) is oriented behind the triangular face defined by the three higher priority substituents (shaded light gray here), a clockwise sequential arrangement of these substituents (1, 2 & 3) is defined as R, and a counter-clockwise sequence as S.
Now a tetrahedral structure may be viewed from any of the four triangular faces, and the symmetry of the system is such that a correct R/S assignment is made if the remote out-of plane group has an even number sequence priority (2 or 4), whereas the wrong assignment results when the out-of plane group has an odd priority (1 or 3). Once one recognizes this relationship, the viewing options are increased and a configurational assignment is more easily achieved. For an example, click on the diagram to see the 1:3:4-face, shaded light gray. oriented in front of substituent 2. Note that the R/S assignment is unchanged. | <urn:uuid:7da857e4-4866-4fc6-a1e8-c3571757425c> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Chirality/Stereoisomers/Chirality_and_Symmetry/Configurational_Nomenclature | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662658761.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220527142854-20220527172854-00027.warc.gz | en | 0.910275 | 1,828 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Eczema in Infants and ChildrenI think my child has eczema. What now?
Before you visit your child's doctor, try a few self-care measures and make lifestyle adjustments to see if your child's skin clears or symptoms lessen.
- Soothe the itch. Reduce inflammation and itch by applying cool compresses to inflamed skin. Give an over-the-counter, age-appropriate dose of antihistamine to reduce the itch during a flare-up. Apply a gentle moisturizing lotion at least twice per day.
- Follow a gentle bathing routine. When it comes to the extremely dry skin of eczema, water can be the enemy. Ask your pharmacist to help you choose delicate, non-soap products to cleanse your child's skin, avoiding potentially irritating bath products, like detergent soaps, bubble bath, or products containing fragrance. Oatmeal-containing bath products are soothing. Pat-dry your child's skin and apply a thick lotion to lock in moisture while skin is still damp.
- Trim your child's nails. Keep those tiny nails trimmed short to prevent injury from over-zealous scratching. You might also give your child light gloves to wear at night to keep from scratching, which can let bacteria get beneath the skin and cause infection.
- Choose itch-proof clothing and diapers. Shun fabrics that are itchy or binding. Loose-fitting cotton clothing will let your child's skin breathe and help to prevent overheating or excessive sweating, both of which can trigger a flare-up. Wash clothes in hypo-allergenic laundry detergent. Notice if your choice of diapers seems to cause any irritation and make a switch to see if symptoms lessen.
- Keep cool - and be careful at the pool. Heat can worsen the symptoms of eczema. When spending time outdoors or in the sun, be sure your child takes breaks from the heat. Chlorine from the pool can inflame skin, but you can minimize the risk by cleansing your child's skin right after swimming. And if you are hesitant to slather sunscreen on your child's sensitive skin, shop for formulas specially designed for sensitive or eczema-prone skin.
- Clear out dust mites. Children's symptoms may be reduced if you can keep dust mites from accumulating in your home. Clean your child's room each week, wiping surfaces with a damp cloth and airing the room once you have finished. To limit the amount of dust in your child's room, limit the number of surfaces in the room, meaning minimal furniture and a no-furry-pets policy. Place plastic covers over your child's box spring, mattress, and in between pillow and pillowcase. Hardwoods can be easier to keep dust-free, but carpets and rugs should be fine if they're diligently vacuumed.
- Track your child's triggers. See if you can pinpoint a pattern in your child's skin flare-ups. You may note that your child's skin worsens after playing with a certain toy or when wearing a particular outfit. Triggers include detergents, soaps, fragrances, smoke, some foods, and emotional stress. Knowing what might cause your child's skin irritation could also help with diagnosis if you do decide to see a doctor. If food might be a trigger, talk to a dietitian about the safest way to eliminate foods from your child's diet without increasing the risk of nutritional deficiencies.
Make an appointment with your child's doctor if your child's skin does not improve after self-care steps and trigger-tracking or if the condition suddenly worsens. Seek prompt care if you notice signs of potential skin infection, including fever; redness or warmth on or around affected skin; pus-filled papules; or areas on skin that look like cold sores or fever blisters.
Did you find what you were looking for on our website? Please let us know. | <urn:uuid:1642b8a4-c329-4a44-93a9-b1640e95efa4> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.medbroadcast.com/channel_health_features_details.asp?health_feature_id=658&article_id=1647&channel_id=2003&relation_id=10373&rot=24 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928486.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00344-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925588 | 812 | 2.734375 | 3 |
September 3, 2009
After the emergence of the H1N1 virus last spring, many are concerned about the impending flu season. The Center for Disease Control (“CDC”) has produced excellent resources to assist schools in preparing for and responding to influenza during the 2009-2010 school year. The CDC’s “Guidance for State and Local Public Health Officials and SchoolAdministrators for School (K-12) Responses to Influenza During the 2009-2010 School Year” provides instruction on non-medical ways to decrease the spread of infectious diseases, recommends actions to take this school year and suggests additional responses for conditions of increased influenza severity. This document is available at http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/schools/schoolguidance.htm.
The CDC has also published “Preparing for the Flu (Including 2009 H1N1 Flu): A Communication Toolkit for Schools (Grades K-12),” which includes questions and answers about the CDC’s response guide, fact sheets for school, officials, teachers and parents, and template letters for schools to send to parents. This publication is available at http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/schools/toolkit/pdf/schoolflutoolkit.pdf. The CDC has also made flu prevention posters available on its website at http://www.cdc.gov/germstopper/materials.htm.
The emergence of the H1N1 virus also brought about a great deal of discussion about addressing pandemic illness outbreaks. To prepare your staff, we recommend adopting policies and procedures for handling a pandemic. If your district already has such a policy, the start of the school year is a good time to review it with staff to make sure all personnel are working together to minimize the chance of an outbreak.
In developing or reviewing a pandemic policy, school districts need to consider all of the ways a pandemic would affect its operations and policies. For instance, a pandemic policy should:
1. Address coordination with local and state health departments;
2. Delineate accountability and responsibility;
3. Establish a succession plan in case board members or administrators are unable to fulfill their duties;
4. Provide guidelines for preventing the spread of disease;
5. Set forth an action plan for all stages of an outbreak (e.g., before, during and after an outbreak);
6. Address school closure procedures and the impact of closure on wages, hours and terms and conditions of employment during a pandemic;
7. Develop strategies for remote learning and providing necessary student services (e.g., free and reduced lunch) during school closures;
8. Establish procedure for identification, segregation, treatment and transportation of sick students and staff;
9. Encourage early treatment for high-risk individuals;
10. Address central office a operations during a pandemic (e.g., payroll and communication with the school community); and
11. Set forth policies unique to a pandemic for staff and student absences (e.g., use of sick leave during a pandemic and return-to-work policies).
Please do not hesitate to contact your attorney at Scariano, Himes and Petrarca, Chtd. to develop or review a pandemic policy or to seek counsel regarding response options in the event an outbreak of flu or other illness occurs in your schools. We also take this time to wish your Board of Education, the Administration and Staff a successful 2009-2010 school year and look forward to assisting you along the way. | <urn:uuid:87e1c08d-0f77-494a-a8a3-ddc930983f0f> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://www.edlawyer.com/eblackboard/2015/6/26/preparing-for-flu-season | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376825123.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20181214001053-20181214022553-00487.warc.gz | en | 0.941783 | 748 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Cities Should Do More to Protect Nature – UN
SPAIN: October 9, 2008
BARCELONA, Spain – The world’s burgeoning cities must do more to safeguard animals and plants by increasing parkland, planting trees and recycling resources, the UN’s top biodiversity official said on Wednesday.
“The battle for life on earth will be won or lost in cities,” Ahmed Djoghlaf, executive secretary of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity, told Reuters.
Cities cover just two percent of the planet’s land area but dictate 75 percent of the use of the world’s natural resources, he said. City dwellers have an impact far into the countryside, with rising demand for water and food.
“This growth of cities is not in developed countries, but in developing countries where there is still biodiversity. We want to make sure that this growth is not at the expense of biodiversity,” he said.
“Cities are not incompatible with the environment,” he added during an Oct. 5-14 International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) congress in Barcelona. The IUCN said this week that a quarter of the world’s mammals are at risk of extinction.
Djoghlaf urged more cities to join a 2007 plan launched in Brazil when 34 mayors agreed to protect biodiversity, for instance by setting aside more land in parks, planting trees, shifting to renewable fuels and improving recycling.
That would make them better places, both for people and wildlife. A reforestation drive in the Japanese city of Nagoya, for instance, helped cut peak daytime temperatures by up to 4 degrees Celsius (7 Fahrenheit).
UN statistics show that half the world’s population now lives in urban areas and the proportion is likely to rise to two-thirds by 2050. Djoghlaf said 150 new cities would reach the size of New York by mid-century.
Many creatures and plants can paradoxically thrive in cities.
“We often tend to believe that cities are just stones,” he said. But he said Germany’s Munich “has more birds than other parts of the countryside — intensive use of agriculture means biodiversity is finding refuge in cities.”
Wild boars were living in some urban areas in France while foxes thrive in London.
“The idea is to engage people,” he said. “The battle for life on earth will not be won only by bureaucrats…We are over-consuming, the footprint is exceeding the capacity of the planet.”
— For Reuters latest environment blogs click on: http://blogs.reuters.com/environment/ (Editing by Ralph Boulton)
Story by Alister Doyle, Environment Correspondent
REUTERS NEWS SERVICE | <urn:uuid:96646627-4a13-444b-b925-1ee3fa53e08e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://risingtidenorthamerica.org/2008/10/cities-should-do-more-to-protect-nature-un/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474573.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225003942-20240225033942-00849.warc.gz | en | 0.922438 | 582 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Demonstrations and public acts, led by both coca growers and traders, took place on Monday, March 12, 2012, in many cities in Bolivia demanding the international depenalisation of the coca leaf.
Local media informed [es] that 40 thousand people were due to join “coca-chewing day” [referred to in Bolivia as acullicu orpijcheo].
These public events are part of the Bolivian government’s international strategy for depenalising the coca leaf, and took place at the same time that President Evo Morales, himself a former coca grower and union leader, was addressing the Commission on Narcotic Drugs at the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) in Vienna, Austria three years after his last visit.
Coca is a native plant to the Andes. It has been cultivated and consumed for centuries in the region. It is used for medicinal and ritual purposes, and is also well known as a natural energy supplier. Popular tradition, particularly in the western part of Bolivia, considers coca a “sacred” leaf.
In spite of its nutrients and the traditional consumption, coca leaves are also the raw material for cocaine production, a fact that the Bolivian government acknowledges and pledges to deal with.
Eduardo Bowles, a blogger based in La Paz,commented on his blog [es]:
“En las últimas semanas se ha estado hablando hasta el cansancio sobre los preparativos del viaje del presidente, pero además de la noticia de que Evo Morales masticará coca frente todos en Viena, que viajará acompañado de algunos dirigentes cocaleros y que llevará consigo algunas “hojas sagradas” cultivadas en los Yungas, es poco lo que se conoce sobre el contenido de la posición boliviana ante la JIFE [Junta Internacional de Fiscalización de Estupefacientes]. Debemos recordar que no es la primera vez que el mandatario boliviano cumplirá con el ritual del acullico en la ONU, hecho que no redundó en beneficios palpables para la imagen de la coca en el mundo.”
[eng:] “There as been endless talk in the last weeks about the travel arrangements of the president, but apart from the announcement that Evo Morales will chew coca in front of everyone in Vienna, will be accompanied by some coca growers, and that he will bring with him some “sacred leaves” grown in Yungas, little is known about the contents of the Bolivian position before the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB). We must remember this is not the first time the Bolivian president will deliver the ritual of acullico [coca-chewing] at the UN, which has not resulted in tangible benefits for the image of coca in the world.”
The goal of coca-grower unions and Bolivia’s government is to depenalise not only coca production but also its consumption, which is banned by the United Nations Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, something President Morales has called a “historic mistake”.
In June 2011 the Bolivian government decided to withdraw from the 1961 UN Convention. According to the government’s current strategy, the country would join the convention again after a reverse on the coca ban. I have written a more in-depth analysis on the 1961 UN Convention and the coca leaf on my personal blog [es].
During his speech in Vienna President Morales emphasized that there is no evidence that the coca leaf, in its natural state, is harmful to human health (the speech is available on this external podcast). Nevertheless, Mario Duran Chuquimia, a blogger based in El Alto, comments[es]:
“Al respecto, son interesantes algunos datos, el presidente Morales utiliza las hojas de coca producidas en los Yungas ya que las del Chapare tienen otras características, tampoco se menciona los destinos de la coca prensada y que en Bolivia 6 de cada 10 habitantes no acostumbra acullicar.”
[eng:] “In this regard, there is some interesting data: President Morales consumes the coca leaves produced in Yungas [traditional region] as the coca produced in Chapare has other characteristics [not for traditional purposes], he has not mentioned the final destination of pressed coca, nor the fact that in Bolivia 6 out of 10 people do not usually chew coca.”
The issue of coca leaf production in Bolivia is frequently addressed on mainstream international media from a narcotics standpoint. However, in Bolivia the situation is more complex.
On Twitter, civil society expressed its support for traditional coca consumption but also stressed the fact that coca is part of cocaine production.
As anonymous Twitter user @LaMarielle, while sharing a video of a popular song against American intervention and for coca traditional consumption, said [es]:
“Y me uno a la jornada de acullicu en protesta por la falta de una política nacional de dignificación de la hoja de coca”
[eng:] “and I join the coca-chewing day as a protest for the lack of national policy of dignity of the coca leaf”
Also, Tuffi Aré (@tuffiare), a journalist based in Santa Cruz, commented on Twitter [es]:
“Un estudio del Celin establece que el acullico tiende a bajar. Identifica al sector minero como el que mas pijchea coca”
[eng:] “A Celin research [a well-reputed institution on the coca issue] said that coca-chewing is decreasing. It identifies miners as those who chew coca the most”
Another journalist, Andrés Gómez (@AndrsGomezV), director of community radio network Erbol, also commented on Twitter [es]:
“Buenos días en el día destinado a recordar que el acullicu está prohibido injustamente en Bolivia por la Convención de 1961″
[eng:] “Good morning on the day to remember that coca-chewing is unfairly banned in Bolivia by the 1961 Convention”
In reply to Andrés Gómez, Carlos Salas (@carlos_rs131) wrote on Twitter [es]:
“es parte de nuestra CULTURA el acullicu, pero no dejemos que lo sea el narcotrafico”
[eng:] “coca-chewing is part of our culture, but let’s not allow drug trafficking to be part of it too”
Eduardo Bowles, concludes on his blog-post [es]:
“Hubiera sido plausible que el Gobierno lleve ante un foro tan importante, el estudio sobre la coca que tanto le ha prometido al país, los resultados de la política de industrialización y por supuesto, logros más alentadores en materia de lucha contra el narcotráfico. Nadie va a discutir que la coca merece un estatus especial en Bolivia y sería iluso pensar en que debe ser erradicada por completo o considerada una droga, pero lamentablemente su defensa luce poco seria.”
[eng:] “It would have been plausible for the Government to present to such an important forum, the study on coca he has promised the country, the results of the industrialization policy, and of course, the promising achievements in the fight against drug trafficking. Nobody would disagree that coca deserves a special status in Bolivia and it would be naive to think that it must be eradicated completely or considered a drug, but unfortunately their defense strategy doesn’t look too serious.”
This is a cross post from Global Voices.
For further information on the topic, check out the following articles:
Finally, you can also refer to this publication, Coca, Drugs, and Social Protest in Bolivia and Peru. | <urn:uuid:1abd882f-f71b-48f9-af4a-e6e7ce17df1f> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://isnblog.ethz.ch/global-voices/bolivia-a-serious-bid-to-lift-un-ban-on-the-coca-leaf | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500824970.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021344-00173-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.758491 | 1,855 | 2.59375 | 3 |
- February 25, 2021
- Posted by: LCBA Canada
Waste and Plastics
In addition to general solid and liquid waste, this sector also deals with methane emissions from municipal land fill operations and fugitive methane associated with waste-water treatment. In 2017, contributions from these sources amounted to 42 Mt CO2e or 6% of the national inventory. These numbers are expected to remain constant by 2030.
Canadian capacity in landfill management and methane capture is high due to the deployment of specialty membranes, monitoring technology, and gas capture technologies. However, avoiding landfill use by capturing and reusing waste is a strength of the European Union. Circular economy deployments that cover plastics, metal, batteries, minerals, biomass, nutrients, etc. are all circular economy opportunity areas with GHG reduction potential.
Anaerobic digestion was noted previously for agriculture and can also be deployed in municipal landfills and wastewater treatment facilities. Canada has some strength in this area; however, opportunities exist for different scales of deployment. | <urn:uuid:2a6e7cb3-f874-4b8a-8e28-7b64d7924d22> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://lcbacanada.com/services/waste-and-plastics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780055684.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20210917151054-20210917181054-00122.warc.gz | en | 0.943003 | 204 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Vitamin B12 naturally occurs in some foods and is added to the others. It is also available in the form of dietary supplements and prescription medication for people, who do not eat meat (vegans and vegetarians) or for people with gastrointestinal disorders affecting nutrient absorption from the gut.
Vitamin B12 exists in several forms. As it contains the mineral cobalt, it also has another name – cobalamin. This nutrient plays an integral role in the proper functioning of the nervous system and the production of red blood cells. It is also involved in many metabolic processes occurring in the human body. It primarily affects fatty acid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and DNA synthesis.
The beneficial effects of vitamin B12 on the central nervous system are numerous. It keeps the nerve cells needed for neurotransmitter signaling healthy and helps in the formation of the myelin sheath, which is a protective covering for the nerve cells. That is why a deficiency of vitamin B12 might deteriorate your cognitive abilities.
The required daily amount of vitamin B12 ideally is 2.4 mcg. For pregnant and lactating females, the recommended daily intakes are 2.6 mcg and 2.8 mcg respectively.
The deficiency of this vitamin in the body is characterized by fatigue, constipation, muscle weakness, megaloblastic anemia, weight loss, and the loss of appetite. #B12 #Novus #IVNutrition
Read the full article at: medlicker.com | <urn:uuid:e03a5961-1848-4298-b403-0e2f99c4b705> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://thenovuscenter.com/Novus_News/17-must-eat-foods-rich-in-vitamin-b12/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934809419.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20171125051513-20171125071513-00228.warc.gz | en | 0.921918 | 301 | 3.203125 | 3 |
For adults, X-rays are a common aspect of regular dental checkups. However, many parents wonder what purpose this procedure can serve for their children. This radiologic procedure is a significant aspect in any medical field, even in dentistry. In fact, X-rays are just as important in dentistry for kids in North York as for adults.
Are They Safe for Children?
Some parents worry that X-rays may be dangerous for their kids. Whereas excessive radiation can lead to cell and tissue damage, dental X-rays use a minimal amount of radiation. This means they are very safe, and the risk of negative side effects is low.
The dentist will take measures to protect your child. For instance, he or she will only perform this procedure on the parts of the mouth that need examining, keeping the rest safe with a shield over your child’s face. The dentist will also place a lead apron over your child’s body.
Why Do Kids Need Dental X-rays?
These are useful for preventive dentistry, such as for detecting decay or disease in its early stages, before it is visual to the eye. X-rays also allow dentists to check permanent teeth before they erupt to ensure there is sufficient space in the mouth, that your child is losing baby teeth at the right time, and that there are no missing or extra teeth under the gums.
This radiologic procedures are also valuable for adolescents. The dentist can determine when wisdom teeth are likely to erupt and see if they are impacted.
How Often Should Kids Receive Dental X-rays?
The dentist will likely only take Xrays of your kid’s teeth on occasional checkups. The frequency will depend on factors including risk of decay and need for orthodontic care. Your child will also undergo such procedure in the case of an injury to the mouth or jaw. | <urn:uuid:6f505f47-61c7-4014-951d-2b5c3046621b> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://northyorkdentaloffice.com/category/dental-radiology | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232255536.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20190520021654-20190520043654-00027.warc.gz | en | 0.959777 | 387 | 3.375 | 3 |
[The following is the constitution, drafted by Gandhiji, for the Congress on the day of his assassination. His intention was to show how the Congress which was till now mainly concerned with achieving political independence may convert itself into an Association for the Service of the People (Lok Sevak Sangh), and work for the establishment of a non-violent society. —Ed.]
Though split into two, India having attained political independence
through means devised by the Indian National Congress, the Congress
in its present shape and form, i.e. as a propaganda vehicle and
parliamentary machine, has outlived its use. India has still to
attain social, moral and economic independence in terms of its seven
hundred thousand villages as distinguished from its cities and
towns. The struggle for the ascendency of civil over military power
is bound to take place in India's progress towards its democratic
goal. It must be kept out of unhealthy competition with political
parties and communal bodies. For these and other similar reasons,
the A.I.C.C. resolves to disband the existing Congress organization
and flower into a Lok Sevak Sangh under the following rules with
power to alter them as occasion may demand.
Every Panchayat of five adult men or women being villagers or
village-minded shall form a unit.
Two such contiguous Panchayats shall form a working party under a
leader elected from among themselves.
When there are one hundred such Panchayats, the fifty first grade
leaders shall elect from among themselves a second grade leader and
so on, the first grade leaders meanwhile working under the second
grade leader. Parallel groups of two hundred Panchayats shall
continue to be formed till they cover the whole of India, each
succeeding group of Panchayats electing a second grade leader after
the manner of the first. All second grade leaders shall serve
jointly for the whole of India and severally for their respective
areas. The second grade leaders may elect, whenever they deem
necessary, from among themselves a chief who will, during pleasure,
regulate and command all the groups.
(As the final formation of provinces, or districts is still in a
state of flux, no attempt has been made to divide this group of
servants into Provincial or District Councils, and jurisdiction over
the whole of India has been vested in the group or groups that may
have been formed at any given time. It should be noted that this
body of servants derive their authority or power from service
ungrudgingly and wisely done to their master, the whole of India.)
worker shall be a habitual wearer of Khadi made from self-spun yarn
or certified by the A.I.S.A. and must be a teetotaller. If a Hindu,
he must have abjured untouchability in any shape or form in his own
person or in his family and must be a believer in the ideal of
inter- communal unity, equal respect and regard for all religions
and equality of opportunity and status for all irrespective of race,
creed or sex.
He shall come in personal contact with every villager within his
He shall enroll and train workers from amongst the villagers and keep a
register of all these.
He shall keep a record of his work from day to day.
He shall organize the villages so as to make them self-contained and
self-supporting through their agriculture and handicrafts.
He shall educate the village folk in sanitation and hygiene and take
all measures for prevention of ill health and disease among them.
He shall organize the education of the village folk from birth to death
along the lines of Nayee Talim, in accordance with the policy laid
down by the Hindustani Talimi Sangh.
He shall see that those whose names are missing on the statutory
voters' roll are duly entered therein.
He shall encourage those who have not yet acquired the legal
qualification, to acquire it for getting the right of franchise.
For the above purposes and others to be added from time to time, he
shall train and fit himself in accordance with the rules laid down
by the Sangh for the due performance of duty.
The Sangh shall affiliate the following autonomous bodies :
*1. A. I. S. A.
2. A. I. V. I. A.
3. Hindustani Talimi Sangh
4. Harijan Sevak Sangh
5. Goseva Sangh | <urn:uuid:616cec2e-847d-46a1-88ea-645111613e36> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.mkgandhi.org/mynonviolence/chap157.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375096870.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031816-00285-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953828 | 958 | 3 | 3 |
1.4 kilometres of core samples. 10 different locations. Drill holes down to 140 metres. All to ensure that one of Norway's largest metro projects is built on safe ground.
To ensure the durability of the tunnels at one of the largest infrastructure projects in Norway, a group of engineering geologists are currently working on core samples from sediments and rocks.
The project was won by COWI and Multiconsult last September and involves construction of a new metro line from Majorstuen in Oslo to the heart of Fornebu.
Laura Smids Arneson is one of the geologists currently working on 140 metres of new core samples. A full 1.4 kilometres of samples are to be analysed.
It's a time-consuming process. We open each box, look at the lithology and the geology, and study every single crack to see if it's a natural crack or a mechanical fracture. But everything is just an engineering challenge. You find out what you've got and you engineer around that.
COWI's analyses will reveal any cracks and anomalies that could cause water leaks and therefore require special safety measures. The result of the core logging forms the basis for the safety level in the tunnel. See video below for more details.
Knud Erik Christensen
Senior Market Director
Major Projects, Denmark | <urn:uuid:7ed0e028-fad8-4d72-9189-d9748a745f26> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.cowi.com/about/news-and-press/1,-d-,4-kilometres-of-core-samples-are-key-to-ensure-durability-of-new-major-metro | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224654097.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20230608035801-20230608065801-00203.warc.gz | en | 0.928607 | 296 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Researchers have been able to reconstruct words based on the brain waves of patients thinking those words, using computer modeling technology.
They were able to do it by gathering the electrical signals directly from the patients' brains, and a computer model was used to reconstruct the sounds of words that the patients were thinking of, the BBC reported.
The system is seen as a future way to help comatose and locked-in patients to communicate. To do the tests the researchers implanted electrodes directly into the same part of participants' brains.
The work was led by Brian Pasley of the University of California, Berkeley. Pasley and his team of researchers focused on an area of the brain called the superior temporal gyrus, or STG.
This region of the brain is part of the hearing apparatus and also one of the "higher-order" brain regions which help us make linguistic sense of the sounds we hear.
Pasley and his team monitored the STG brain waves of 15 patients who were undergoing surgery for epilepsy or tumors, while at the same time also playing audio of a number of different speakers reciting words and sentences.
The team then used computer modelling to map out which parts of the brain were generating which brain waves in response to the different frequencies of sound being played.
Using this model patients were then presented with words to think about, and the team were then able to guess which word the participants had chosen. And using the computer model they were also able to reconstruct some of the words by converting the brain waves back into sound.
More details on the research can be found in the Public Library of Science here
This story, "Researchers Develop Computer Modeling to Read Words in People's Thoughts" was originally published by Computerworld UK. | <urn:uuid:227b1ca8-e3fc-461a-aa80-78db550717d4> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.pcworld.com/article/249318/researchers_develop_computer_modelling_to_read_words_in_peoples_thoughts.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141686635.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20201202021743-20201202051743-00484.warc.gz | en | 0.972207 | 353 | 3.796875 | 4 |
- School-Based Vaccination Programs Using FluMist(R) May Serve as Model to
Help Vaccinate Large Numbers of Eligible Children -
GAITHERSBURG, Md, Feb. 27 /PRNewswire/ -- MedImmune, the manufacturer of FluMist(R) (Influenza Virus Vaccine Live, Intranasal), today lauded the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) for its unanimous vote to expand recommendations for routine seasonal influenza vaccination to include all school-age children up to the age of 18 years as soon as feasible but no later than the 2009-2010 influenza season. To support this move by the ACIP, MedImmune is preparing to manufacture a record number of FluMist doses -- about 12 million -- for the upcoming flu season, with the intention of continuing to substantially increase production in subsequent seasons.
"MedImmune applauds the ACIP for expanding its recommendations and stands ready to support this move by nearly tripling its production of FluMist doses for the 2008-2009 flu season," said Frank J. Malinoski, M.D., Ph.D., senior vice president of medical and scientific affairs.
"We also believe that positive experiences using FluMist in school-based programs point to the importance -- and opportunity -- of using non- traditional venues, in addition to traditional venues, to help achieve the goal of vaccinating a larger number of school-age children against the flu," added Malinoski.
Research has shown statistically significant reductions in influenza like illness (ILI), child doctors' office visits, medication use and work/school absenteeism among households whose children attended schools/daycares with influenza vaccination programs, compared to those whose children attended schools/daycares without these programs(1)(2).
Since introduction of the nasal spray vaccine to the U.S. market in 2003, FluMist has been increasingly utilized in schools, public health centers, and other community-based programs to efficiently vaccinate a large number of people.
"Our experience has been that children are generally quite accepting of a vaccine that does not involve a needle," Malinoski said. "Additionally, parents and health care providers may appreciate that FluMist works differently than the flu shot in that it uses live, attenuated -- or weakened -- vaccine viruses within the vaccine to help stimulate an immune response that closely resembles the body's natural protective response to an influenza infection. This may also explain why we have observed some protection against mismatched strains in past seasons."
While past clinical trial results are not indicative of future results,
in multiple studies across several seasons FluMist demonstrated that it
could help offer protection against mismatched influenza A strains(3).
-- In a two-year, multicenter, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled
trial (conducted between 1996-1998) in children 24 months-71 months of
age, FluMist provided comparable protection in a year with matched
strains (95 percent protection -- year two) and a year with mismatched
strains (87 percent protection -- year two). The mismatched strain
that circulated during the studied season was A/Sydney (H3N2).
-- In a head-to-head study conducted during the 2004-2005 influenza season
that included over 4,000 children between two and five years of age,
when looking specifically at strains that were mismatched, there were
54.2 percent fewer cases of flu in children who received FluMist versus
those that received the flu shot (Attack rate 3.2 percent vs 7.1
percent, respectively). The mismatched strains that circulated during
the studied season were A/California-like (H3N2), B/Florida and
B/Victoria lineage strains.
MedImmune strongly supports the CDC's efforts to encourage vaccination against influenza throughout the season even if there is evidence that some circulating strains are not well-matched to the vaccine. According to the CDC, an influenza vaccination can provide enough protection to help prevent or lessen illness severity and help prevent flu-related complications.
FluMist is a live attenuated influenza virus vaccine indicated for active immunization of individuals two to 49 years of age against influenza disease caused by influenza virus subtypes A and type B contained in the vaccine.
FluMist is contraindicated in individuals with history of hypersensitivity to eggs, egg proteins, gentamicin, gelatin or arginine or with life- threatening reactions to previous influenza vaccinations, and in children and adolescents receiving concomitant aspirin or aspirin-containing therapy.
Do not administer FluMist to children less than two years of age due to an increased risk of hospitalization and wheezing that was observed in clinical trials. FluMist should not be administered to any individual with asthma and to children less than five years of age with recurrent wheezing unless the potential benefit outweighs the potential risk. Do not administer FluMist to individuals with severe asthma or active wheezing.
If Guillain-Barre syndrome has occurred with prior influenza vaccination or if an individual is immunocompromised, the decision to give FluMist should be based on careful consideration of the potential benefits and risks. FluMist should not be administered to individuals with underlying medical conditions predisposing them to wild-type influenza infection complications unless the potential benefit outweighs the potential risk. FluMist should be given to a pregnant woman only if clearly needed.
Most common adverse reactions (occurring in 10 percent or more of individuals receiving FluMist and at a rate at least five percent higher than in those receiving placebo) are runny nose or nasal congestion in recipients of all ages, fever more than 100 degrees F in children two to six years of age, and sore throat in adults.
FluMist may not protect all individuals receiving the vaccine. FluMist is for intranasal administration only.
Please see complete Prescribing Information for FluMist, call 1-877- FLUMIST (1-877-358-6478) or visit http://www.flumist.com for additional information.
Pricing and Insurance Coverage
FluMist is priced per-dose to be competitive with the flu shot. In addition, 94 percent of health insurance plans with immunization benefits provide coverage for FluMist, which is also available to eligible children at no cost through the federal Vaccines for Children (VFC) program.
MedImmune strives to provide better medicines to patients, new medical
options for physicians and rewarding careers to employees. Dedicated to
advancing science and medicine to help people live better lives, the
company is focused on cardiovascular/gastrointestinal disease,
neuroscience, oncology, infection, respiratory disease and inflammation.
With approximately 3,000 employees worldwide and headquarters in Maryland,
MedImmune is wholly owned by AstraZeneca plc (LSE: AZN.L, NYSE: AZN). For
more information, visit MedImmune's website at http://www.medimmune.com.
(1) King JC, et al. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:2523-2532.
(2) Hurwitz ES, et al. JAMA. 2000;284:1677-1682.
(3) In past studies, FluMist has not provided protection against
different-lineage, mismatched B strains.
Copyright©2008 PR Newswire.
All rights reserved | <urn:uuid:c1bdf0ad-7167-4ed0-b3a0-0a102d740448> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.bio-medicine.org/medicine-news-1/MedImmune-Prepared-to-Support-Implementation-of-Expanded-ACIP-Recommendations-for-Influenza-Vaccinations-12905-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701151880.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193911-00024-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931402 | 1,549 | 2.609375 | 3 |
There are three types of snakes on Menorca.
They are "invaders" and have probably been brought by ship during the Roman era.
All three species are harmless for the human being!
The most comon snake is the ladder snake ("serp blanc" in Menorquin).
This is the largest one of the three species and you may come across it in the Southern part of Menorca, in the fields and between stones.
Its diet consists of fair sized vertebrates such as rats or mice.
The viperine water snake has its habitat in humid areas such as in the Ravine of Algendar in the municipality of Ferrerias.
It feeds on small amphibious.
When attacking, it contracts its neck mussles and makes the head more triangular. Although it may jump at you quite aggessively, it does not bite; it will only give you a slight hit.
The false smooth snake ("serp de garriga") is the least common of the three species of snakes on the island of Menorca.
It is originally from Africa.
You may recognise it by a dark line that crosses its eyes.
This is the only poisenous species (yet not for humans). The snake uses the poison to paralyse its victims and then to swallow them it their entirety as it cannot masticate.
With the introduction of ornamental olive trees, more and more montpellier snakes are being introduced on the island of Menorca as these species hide inside those trees. | <urn:uuid:913659e4-ce11-4961-9b06-e3b59306f846> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.menorca-tips.com/EN-Snakes-on-Menorca.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250590107.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117180950-20200117204950-00227.warc.gz | en | 0.9548 | 319 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Higher plants are autotrophic organisms that can synthesize all of their molecular components from inorganic nutrients from the local environment. The mineral nutrients taken up by plants are converted into carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids. It is called nutrient assimilation.
Nitrogen is a key element in many of the compounds present in the plants. It is found in nucleotides and amino acids that form the building blocks of nucleic acids and proteins.
Biological Nitrogen Cycle
The atmosphere contains 79% nitrogen by volume, however this not available to plants directly because plants are unable to break stable triple covalent bond between two nitrogen atoms. The plants are able to assimilate nitrogen present in the form of nitrate or ammonia. This results in further movement of nitrogen in the food chain. The nitrogen is returned to the soil through the death and decomposition of plants and animals by the action of bacteria and certain fungi that convert organic nitrogen to gaseous nitrogen.
The cycle of fixation of gaseous nitrogen, assimilation of fixed nitrogen by plants and then animals, and return of gaseous nitrogen to the atmosphere by denitrifying bacteria is called the biological nitrogen cycle.
The conversion of molecular nitrogen into other forms such as ammonia or nitrate is known as nitrogen fixation. It can occur as a result of both natural and industrial processes.
Under the conditions of elevated temperature (200 °C)’ and high pressure (about 200 atmosphere), molecular nitrogen will combine with hydrogen to form ammonia (Haber process). About 12% nitrogen is removed each year from atmosphere by industrial methods.
About 5% of natural fixation occurs as a result of lightening during thunderstorm. It causes water vapours, oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere to combine to form nitric acid which is brought down by rain to the surface of the earth. The remaining 95% of natural nitrogen fixation occurs through certain micro-organisms, mainly bacteria and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae).
Several steps are involved in nitrogen fixation by micro-organisms:
- The ammonia produced during biological nitrogen fixation is assimilation by green plants into amino acids, proteins and other nitrogenous products. Some plants may be consumed by animals. The animals waste and dead plants and animals and micro-organisms undergo decay during which complex organic nitrogenous compounds are decomposed into simpler compounds such as amino acids.
- Ammonification: A group of soil bacteria together with certain fungi converts amino acids into ammonia. This is called ammonification. The ammonia produced reacts with other chemicals present in the soil to form ammonium salts such as ammonium carbonate.
- Nitrification: Two groups of soil bacteria oxidize ammonia of ammonium salts to nitrite (Nitrosomonas) and nitrite to nitrate (Nitrobacter). The process is called nitrification.
- Denitrification: Finally, the nitrates into the soil are reduced by certain soil bacteria to nitrogen and volatile nitrogen oxides, which escape into the atmosphere. This process is called denitrification. Denitrifying bacteria are especially active under anaerobic conditions in wet soils with high organic matter content.
Biological Nitrogen Fixation
The nitrogen fixed through the action of micro-organisms is termed as biological nitrogen fixation.
Biological nitrogen fixation is carried out by free-living bacteria and cyanobacteria, and by bacteria that are in symbiotic association with plants. These organisms contain enzyme systems that can catalyze chemical reactions involving molecular nitrogen.
The nitrogen fixing micro-organisms are known as free fixers.
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria can be aerobic, facultative or anaerobic.
Aerobic Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria: These bacteria flourish in aerobic conditions. These include Azotobacter that fix nitrogen during night.
Facultative Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria: This type of bacteria is able to grow under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. However, they generally fix nitrogen only under anaerobic condition.
Anaerobic Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria: They do not require oxygen. These may either by photosynthetic. For example; Rhodospirillum; or non-photosynthetic, such as Clostridium.
Although free-living nitrogen fixing bacteria are found in many soils. However, they contribute to the nitrogen content of the soil only under very special soil conditions such as presence of sufficient decayed plant material and high water contents.
The cyanobacteria that fix nitrogen consists of chains of cells in long filaments contain specialized larger colorless cells with thick walls called heterocysts. These cells are able to fix nitrogen. About forty species of cyanobacteria are capable of fixing nitrogen. These are more active in wet tropical soil, e.g., rice fields. Cyanobacteria uses sunlight energy for nitrogen fixation. | <urn:uuid:9f2543a9-eee8-4985-abd3-4c1b6fb27416> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://botanystudies.com/nitrogen-cycle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256100.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20190520182057-20190520204057-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.932242 | 984 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Ennis Class Year 3
Welcome to Ennis Class! Year 3 is a great year! Everyone is busy working hard with lots and lots going on! Our teachers in Ennis are Miss Gray, Mr Caddick, Miss Gledhill and Mrs Wilson.
This terms topic is Time Travellers! We are looking at prehistoric time periods including The Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age. We welcome the children to do any research or related activities out of school, so they can share what they know and have learnt with the whole class! The BBC Bitesize website has some great videos and resources!
Our reading target this half term is 3 times per week! We really want everyone to enjoy reading and become amazing readers so please, any chance you have to read with your child, take it! | <urn:uuid:757f9071-b88d-4846-b96e-cb29af0e2f2b> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://www.overthorpecofe.co.uk/classes/hobbits-class | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125936914.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20180419110948-20180419130948-00017.warc.gz | en | 0.956387 | 163 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The Asian Longhorned Beetle is a destructive beetle introduced from Asia, probably in wood packing material. Adults are usually 1 to 1½ inches long, shiny black with random white spots, 6 legs and long, jointed antennae with white bands. They are most active in mid-summer to fall.
Larva tunnel into trees, cutting off movement of water and nutrients, usually killing the tree. Early signs of infestation include yellowing or dropping leaves, oozing sap, dime-size exit holes in trunk and limbs, shallow scars under the bark, sawdust material where branches meet other branches or at the base of the tree and dead limbs. Common trees attacked include birch, goldenrain tree, willow, horse chestnut, elm, katsura tree and especially maples.
Be on the lookout for damaged trees and Beetles, especially in mid- to late summer. Report suspicious findings to the USDA at www.Asianlonghornedbeetle.com.
The Asian Longhorned Beetle is found in select areas of the Northeastern and Midwestern United States, including Indiana, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York and Ohio. (As of November 2016)
Similar or Related Pests
Emerald Ash Borer | <urn:uuid:e333f2ff-13da-4a86-9e8c-51decbbbbbf7> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://bioadvanced.com/asian-longhorned-beetles | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499829.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130201044-20230130231044-00356.warc.gz | en | 0.927954 | 258 | 3.0625 | 3 |
By James Bourassa
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This learning object is a really straight forward way of teaching the phase and line voltage relationships.
In this interactive and animated object, learners examine the flow of electron current into and out of hot and neutral sockets during each alternation of an AC waveform. A brief quiz completes the activity.
Learners consider why an impedance matching transformer is needed to connect an antenna to a television.
Learners examine the impedance matching capability of a transformer and how to select the proper turns ratio to achieve this function. A brief quiz completes the activity.
You'll learn some concepts related to radio frequency modulation. | <urn:uuid:543a5240-85ed-4c09-ab68-5f7f92c6c02a> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://www.wisc-online.com/learn/technical/electrical/iey807/three-phase-wye-transformer-calculations | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948512054.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20171211014442-20171211034442-00209.warc.gz | en | 0.877715 | 143 | 3.75 | 4 |
Humor or humour
is the tendency of particular cognitive experiences to provoke laughter and provide amusement.
People of all ages and cultures respond to humor - the majority of people are able to be amused, to laugh or smile at something funny and thus they are considered to have a "sense of humor".
Appropriate humor is a powerful intervention that offers as therapeutic means of coping with a loss.
Research suggest that, in most situations, physical reactions to humor are beneficial. Laughter reduces stress, aids ventilation, accelerates the exchange of residual air, exercises the myocardium, increases arterial and venous circulation, and reduces vascular stasis.
True humor has emotional significance because it:
- relieves tension, punctures pretense, and restores perspective
- allows the mind to function more effectively and enables people to deal with difficulties more creatively
- enhances the sense of wholeness
Storey P and Knight CF. Unipac five: communication and the physician's role in the interdisciplinary team. American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine. 1998. | <urn:uuid:e4a10265-7d2c-4fc5-9ca0-a0fcaddbcb0a> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://pallipedia.org/humor/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084893300.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20180124030651-20180124050651-00549.warc.gz | en | 0.912653 | 220 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Because the severity and side effects of cerebral palsy (CP) can vary so greatly, there is no single way to determine if a child has it. Common signs of cerebral palsy in newborn babies include muscular stiffness, limpness, difficulty feeding, seizures, and more. In some cases, medical personnel recognize these clinical signs and diagnose cerebral palsy within the first few months of life. In other cases, cerebral palsy isn’t detected or diagnosed until the child misses important developmental milestones around the age of four or five. Cerebral palsy can be caused by complications during pregnancy, labor and delivery, or shortly thereafter. Many times medical errors cause cerebral palsy. Throughout this FAQ page, our team will discuss the common signs and symptoms that help parents, caregivers, and medical professionals determine if a child has cerebral palsy.
Although cerebral palsy (CP) can be difficult to identify before the child reaches an age in which physical development and/or cognitive capacities begin maturing, it is critical that it be diagnosed as soon as possible. Early diagnosis gives patients the ability to begin treatment earlier. Physical therapy and other interventions increase a child’s physical and mental capacities, and the earlier these interventions are initiated, the better the outlook for the child with cerebral palsy.
Babies who experienced a traumatic or risky delivery or who had heart rate abnormalities (nonreassuring heart tones) during labor and delivery are at an increased risk of developing cerebral palsy (CP), as are babies whose mothers had abnormal pregnancies. Medical professionals must closely monitor at-risk newborns. Clues that a baby may have cerebral palsy include abnormal behavior, delay in physical and emotional reactions, and abnormal mouth and eye activity (i.e., the baby cannot control mouth and facial muscles and drools excessively). In addition, babies who have normal functional development and behavior, but who appear to have mildly limp muscles (mild hypertonia) or muscles that are too stiff or flexed (hyperreflexia) should be very closely observed for signs of cerebral palsy. If these particular abnormalities are the only ones present, they often will resolve after the child reaches nine months of age.
Cerebral palsy diagnoses are often not made on a single abnormality. Instead, they are often based on multiple signs and findings, which can include the following:
- Motor delays, which are delays in muscle function and movement milestones (such as crawling and walking)
- Neurological signs, which include excessive irritability or excessive docility (baby is overly compliant)
- Abnormal postural reactions, such as a posture wherein the head and neck are thrust backwards and held in that position
- Persistence of primitive reflexes, which are early reflexes in a baby.
Early diagnosis and intervention is crucial with all types of cerebral palsy (CP). Research shows that cerebral palsy diagnoses are often missed at one month of age. For this reason, head imaging (usually by magnetic resonance imaging) should be performed shortly after birth when a brain injury is suspected, and the baby must be closely observed. Head imaging is also performed at regular intervals after the initial MRI, so that physicians can see the progression of the brain injury. When the brain is injured due to oxygen deprivation and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), for example, there can be a progression of the injury that causes cerebral palsy. Sometimes, however, the brain damage does not progress to cerebral palsy, but the child nonetheless experiences certain developmental delays.
If a brain injury is suspected – whether or not any definitive signs are present – the baby should be given hypothermia treatment (brain cooling) as soon as possible after the brain insult. Research shows that when a baby experiences oxygen deprivation that can damage the brain, the chances of cerebral palsy (CP) are reduced when a baby’s brain is cooled for about 72 hours, beginning shortly after the insult. For best results, the hypothermia treatment should be started within six hours of the oxygen-depriving insult. Often, babies are deprived of oxygen during the labor and delivery period, and when this occurs, hypothermia treatment should be initiated soon after birth.
Of course, clinical signs of cerebral palsy (CP) evolve as the baby’s brain and nervous system mature, which is why continuous observation and serial examinations of the baby are imperative. All children should have a detailed history taken by the physician, as well as a thorough physical exam. It is especially important to determine that the condition is a non-progressive one (characteristic of cerebral palsy) rather than one that is progressive or degenerative.
What Types of Delays and Abnormal Behaviors Are Seen in Children with Cerebral Palsy?
Signs of cerebral palsy typically appear in the early months of life, although the condition sometimes is not noticed until the child is two years of age or older. Babies with cerebral palsy frequently have developmental delays and are thus slow to reach development milestones. Decreased muscle tone can make babies appear overly relaxed and floppy (hypotonic), while increased muscle tone (hypertonia) makes other babies appear stiff or rigid. In some cases, the baby may have hypotonia that progresses to hypertonia after the first two to three months of life. Babies and children with cerebral palsy may have unusual posture or favor one side of their body when reaching, crawling, or moving.
Listed below are signs and behaviors that may indicate a child has cerebral palsy. Not all signs occur in babies with the condition, but the presence of three or more abnormal signs/behaviors in a baby at eight months of age is highly predictive of cerebral palsy.
Signs of Cerebral Palsy in Babies and Young Children
- The baby or child is stiff and has increased tendon reflexes and clonus, which is involuntary, rhythmic, muscular contractions and relaxations.
- The baby’s primitive reflexes, such as rooting, may be asymmetric or they may continue well past the age in which they should stop.
- The postural reactions may be delayed. Postural reactions are motor skills that develop during the first year of life and form the basis of functional motor skills. These reactions automatically maintain the body in an upright position through changes in muscle tone, in response to the position of the body and its parts.
- The tone in the baby’s extremities may be normal or increased (stiff muscles).
- The baby has abnormal mouth and tongue patterns, such as retracting and thrusting the tongue, biting hard and not letting go (tonic bite), an overly-sensitive mouth, or frequent grimacing.
Signs of Cerebral Palsy in Babies Younger Than Six Months
- When the baby is picked up while lying on his or her back, the head lags. However, increased tone in the neck muscles may make head control seem more normal than it actually is.
- The baby feels either very stiff or floppy or has shaky arms and legs.
- When the baby is picked up, the legs get stiff and cross or scissor.
- The baby is irritable, has difficulty feeding and sleeping, vomits frequently, is difficult to handle and cuddle, has poor visual attention, and may be overly docile (the body doesn’t appropriately tense or stiffen).
Signs of Cerebral Palsy in Babies Older Than Six Months
- The baby doesn’t roll over in either direction.
- Poor head control.
- The baby reaches out with one hand only while keeping the other one in a fist.
- Holding the hands in fists continuously.
- Inability to bring the hands together.
- Inability to push up with the hands while lying on the stomach.
- Difficulty bringing the hands to the mouth.
- Frequent vomiting
- The baby is difficult to handle and cuddle
- Poor visual attention
- Extreme docility (the body doesn’t appropriately tense)
Signs of Cerebral Palsy in Babies Older Than Ten Months
- The child’s crawling is lopsided; the baby pushes off with one hand and leg while dragging the opposite hand and leg
- Inability to sit independently
- Inability to stand without support
Causes of Cerebral Palsy (CP)
There are many different injuries and complications that can cause cerebral palsy. Below are some of the many causes of cerebral palsy:
- Oxygen deprivation
- Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE)
- Brain bleeds
- Infections in the mother that cause infection in the baby’s brain (chorioamnionitis, group B strep, urinary tract infections, bacterial vaginosis, herpes simplex virus, and others)
If you have questions about your child’s development, it is wise to consult with your pediatrician and other medical specialists as soon as possible. If you believe that your child’s cerebral palsy was due to a medical error, you should also seek the assistance of an experienced birth injury attorney.
Cerebral Palsy Lawyers Representing Victims of Medical Malpractice
If you are seeking legal help for a loved one with cerebral palsy, it is critical that you choose a lawyer and firm that focus solely on birth injury cases. Here at Reiter & Walsh ABC Law Centers, we have exclusively been helping children with birth injuries since 1997. Our team of award-winning birth injury attorneys works closely with our in-house nursing staff, top medical experts, forensic specialists, and care-planning professionals to fight for birth injured children and their families. We work together to understand the causes of our clients’ injuries, the areas of medical negligence, and the long-term care needs of our clients. Our exclusive focus on birth trauma and birth injury allows our attorneys to extend exceptional legal service to our clients.
If your child was diagnosed with a birth injury from medical malpractice, such as cerebral palsy, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), Erb’s palsy, or a seizure disorder, the birth injury lawyers at Reiter & Walsh, P.C. can help. We have helped children throughout the country obtain compensation for lifelong treatment, therapy, and a secure future, and we give personal attention to each child and family we represent. Our birth injury firm has numerous multi-million dollar verdicts and settlements that attest to our success, and no fees are ever paid to our firm until we win your case. We encourage you to reach out to our team in any of the following ways:
Free Case Review | Available 24/7 | No Fee Until We Win
Related Reading on Cerebral Palsy
- Early Signs of Cerebral Palsy
- About Cerebral Palsy
- Birth Injury and Cerebral Palsy
- Cerebral Palsy Resources
- Legal Help for Cerebral Palsy
- About Reiter & Walsh, P.C.
- Verdicts & Settlements
Video: Michigan Cerebral Palsy Lawyers Discuss Birth Injuries
View our video library to see Michigan cerebral palsy lawyers Jesse Reiter and Rebecca Walsh discuss causes of and treatments for cerebral palsy and other birth injuries.
- Miller G. Diagnosis and classification of cerebral palsy. In: UpToDate. Hoppin, ED (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA, 2013.
- Burns YR, O’Callaghan M, Tudehope DI. Early identification of cerebral palsy in high risk infants. Aust Paediatr J 1989; 25:215.
- Allen MC, Alexander GR. Using motor milestones as a multistep process to screen preterm infants for cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 1997; 39:12.
- Capute AJ. Identifying cerebral palsy in infancy through study of primitive-reflex profiles. Pediatr Ann 1979; 8:589.
- Foley J. Physical aspects. In: Cerebral Palsy and the Young Child, Blencowe SM (Ed), E&S Livingstone, London 1969. p.15.
- Zafeiriou DI, Tsikoulas IG, Kremenopoulos GM. Prospective follow-up of primitive reflex profiles in high-risk infants: clues to an early diagnosis of cerebral palsy. Pediatr Neurol 1995; 13:148.
- Scherzer AL, Tsharnuter I. Early Diagnosis and Therapy in Cerebral Palsy, Marcel Dekker, New York 1982.
- Yokochi K, Shimabukuro S, Kodama M, et al. Motor function of infants with athetoid cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 1993; 35:909. | <urn:uuid:fe7fa074-a8e5-49b3-b8b1-e2e3006185d6> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.abclawcenters.com/frequently-asked-questions/how-can-i-tell-if-my-child-has-cerebral-palsy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814105.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20180222120939-20180222140939-00540.warc.gz | en | 0.91435 | 2,664 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Telltales, tufts, indicators, flappers, woollies – a dear child has many names. No matter what you call them, they are an essential aid in steering and trimming.
The telltales make the trimming of the sails and the steering of the blokart® easier. You shouldn’t stick too many telltales on your sails – when sailing, the amount of information streaming in exceeds the capacity of the sailor, so keep it as simple as possible. In this article we explain which telltales are essential and sufficient at the same time. We recommend not having more telltales than that. The telltales in the leech should be made of a rather strong nylon strip. The telltales in the luff should be of woollen yarn glued onto the sail with a colourful sticky-back.
The telltales near the luff of the sail are used as a steering aid when sailing upwind. If you are pointing too high the windward telltales “stall”, i.e. point straight up or stream forwards or twirl around restlessly. If you are sailing too low the leeward telltales hang down and die, which is a sign of a serious steering error – the leeward telltales should always stream steadily aft.
The windward telltales indicate different things depending of the wind strength. In light winds your heading is correct when both the windward and leeward telltales stream steadily aft. The maximum speed is achieved by steering so high that the windward telltales are just about to twirl. In medium winds the best speed is achieved when the windward telltales jump up at steady intervals. Telltale 1, telltale 2, telltale 3 – jump – telltale 1…
steering for v.m.g. (velocity made good)
The steering telltales are most useful when sailing upwind. Steering according to the telltales in light and medium conditions normally maximizes VMG, i.e. your speed towards the mark is the greatest. A high VMG does not necessarily mean the highest speedometer values, but indicates the ideal combination of kart speed, pointing and leeway.
You should have two to four telltales on the leech, which used to monitor sheet tension. The leech tails, as well as the telltales for steering, are of the most value in light to medium air. The telltale at the end of the top batten pocket is essential when adjusting the proper twist for the main sail. When the telltale disappears behind the sail, the sheet is too tight and the sail has too little twist. In a light winds (5 to 10 knots) the top telltale should be flying for about half of the time. In less than about five knots the leech tails won’t work properly. When the wind picks up, the sail is flattened and all the telltales normally stream aft.
The two telltales below the top one tell us about the overall shape of the sail. When the top telltale streams steadily aft but the second one is stalling, your sail is either too full in the middle and /or too flat in the top. Bending the mid-section of the mast normally helps.
The main sheet is the most important trimming device on your blokart®, and the top leech tail is the best indicator of the main sheet tension. The required tension on the main sheet depends of the rig size and mast setup you have; use the top leech tail when you are looking for the right trim in different condition. In less than 5 knots of wind adjust the sheet so that the upper tail is visible only sometimes. In medium air the upper tail should show itself about 50% of the time, and in heavy air all leech tails must fly constantly.
on a reach…
… telltales are used for trimming the sail. As you steer the blokart® to the next mark of the course keep trimming the sail so that the telltales stream steadily aft. On a reach the top telltales are good value when determining the right amount of twist, which is otherwise very difficult. If the windward top telltales are stalling, ease the main sheet slightly to increase the sail’s twist. Remember that you can rely on the telltales only in light and medium conditions. In strong winds the heel becomes the main trimming indicator and the excess power has to be released by increasing the twist. Normally it is very difficult to get both the top and bottom telltales to work well together. Don’t use the luff telltales when looking for the right amount of main sheet tension – the information you get is often more harmful than beneficial.
below: If the leeward telltales are stalling or streaming forward, you are sailing too low. Come up a bit, or ease the sheet a bit. In light air, steer just on the verge of collapsing the leeward tails.
above: If the windward telltales are continuously jumping up but the blokart® isn’t trying to heel excessively, you are sailing too high. In medium air on an ideal heading the telltales jump up at three to four second intervals. In stronger winds (15 knots +) ignore the telltales and steer by the heel angle
Telltales make trimming and steering easier. One should not, however, stare his eyes out at them. If the cut of your sail is too flat, you will achieve the best speed by steering the blokart® so low that the leeward telltales are partly stalling. On the other hand, if your sail is too full (which inevitably happens to all sails at some stage when the wind picks up) you should steer the blokart® so that the windward telltales are twirling up. In strong winds, let the telltales live their own lives and steer the blokart® according to heel and track position.
flow separation & boundary layers
When the wind sweeps past the sail its velocity near the sail surface decreases because of the friction.
This so called boundary layer can be over 30mm thick in the middle on the windward side and in the leech on the leeward side of the sail. When the velocity of the air stream decreases to a certain point the boundary layer separates from the sail. The telltales indicate how the boundary layer is behaving at different moments in different parts of the sail. The separation of the boundary layer always means a significant loss in power and is to be avoided at all cost. This is why the telltales are so useful, and why we try to trim the sail so that they always stream steadily aft.
The sail is often compared to a wing of an airplane. A sail, however, has one aerodynamic characteristic that makes the comparison feeble. In the luff of a sail the airflow always gets separated from the sail surface on one side or the other, creating a separation bubble. The thick and round leading edge of a wing – or a keel of a sailboat – eliminates the separation of the boundary layer, which improves the efficiency of the foil considerably.
windward side bubble
When the airflow meets the luff of the sail in too steep an angle, it separates and a separation bubble forms. The bubble is like a small eddy where air circulates around in the same spot. The tighter the sail is sheeted the longer the separation bubble will be. The airflow reattaches to the sail behind the separation bubble.
Depending on the size of the bubble and the position of the steering telltales they either stream steadily aft, twirl in a funny way or in the worst case even stream forwards against the wind.
If you are pointing too high the bubble forms on the windward side of the sail. The bubble on the windward side is less harmful than the one on the leeward side; in heavy winds there is always a bubble of some length on the windward side of the sail
The very luff of the sail nearly always has a separation bubble on one side or the other which is why the telltales shouldn’t be installed too close to the luff. When the sail is sheeted properly and the boat is on its ideal course, the telltales on both sides of the sail stream steadily aft.
In this case, the separation bubble at the luff is then extremely small and alternates from one side to the other. The airflow meets the luff of the sail at an ideal angle and the flow is smooth at both sides of the sail.
leeward side bubble
If you are sailing too low, or if the sail is sheeted in too hard, a separation bubble forms on the leeward side. This is very harmful to the performance and should be avoided at all times.
Independently of the luff separation bubble, the airflow may get detached from the sail just before the leech on the leeward side. The eddy formed like this makes the leech telltale disappear behind the sail. For the sake of clarity, the size of the separation bubbles is exaggerated in the drawing. | <urn:uuid:d9ddc736-ae2f-4705-a17b-e4e820b94f76> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://capitalblokartclub.org.nz/blokart-sailing/tips-and-tweaks/telling-tales/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806736.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123050243-20171123070243-00304.warc.gz | en | 0.882982 | 1,918 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Tropical Storm Emily formed and made landfall within 24 hours in the Gulf of Mexico. Emily hit western Florida making landfall in Anna Maria Island with Tropical-Storm-Force winds of 45 mph. Torrential rainfall of up to 7 inches per hour flooded parts of Florida. A cold front had moved south into the Gulf of Mexico and stalled. With very little shear, warm sea-surface temperatures and a surface-low that had developed along the stationary front, a tropical depression was born. Only two hours after Tropical Depression 6 had formed, radar indicated maximum sustained winds of 45 mph forming a tropical storm with gusts measuring at nearly 60 mph. Taking the tropical storm out of the equation, forecasters were already expecting showers and thunderstorms to form along the stationary front and come across Florida. Add the tropical storm back into the equation and the result is heavy rain and damaging winds. Damage includes roofs being blown off, trees being downed, widespread power outages and road closures. The Sunshine Skyway bridge connecting St. Petersburg to Manatee County was closed due to high winds. A confirmed tornado by the National Weather Service had touched down near Bradenton, Florida damaging barns and greenhouses. After Tropical Storm Emily was downgraded to a tropical depression, the torrential rainfall didn’t end as Miami streets were flooded. Roads and businesses were closed due to the flooding and power outages.
While the tropical system has moved off of the east coast of Florida, rain is still a threat as the front remains stationary. More torrential rainfall can be expected from some of the thunderstorms moving onshore adding to the flooded areas from Tropical Storm Emily. The image above shows the remnants of Tropical Storm Emily to the east of Florida and more showers and thunderstorms are shown to the west of Florida.
“Turn around. Don’t Drown.”
Stay tuned for more on the tropics here!
ⓒ 2017 Meteorologist Brandie Cantrell | <urn:uuid:5aaba470-6f22-4e4c-bdb8-465b6dae25e4> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.globalweatherclimatecenter.com/tropical-cyclones/parts-of-florida-under-water-due-to-tropical-storm-emily-photo-credit-noaa | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105187.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818213959-20170818233959-00120.warc.gz | en | 0.966278 | 398 | 2.546875 | 3 |
How to Read Literature Like a Professor Short Summary
- Date:Aug 16, 2019
- Category:How to Read Literature Like a Professor
- Topic:How to Read Literature Like a Professor Summaries
Thomas C. Foster gives a guide on how to deal with literature. The piece identifies specific convention that guides the preparation and understanding of literary pieces. People need to understand these concepts in their interaction with literature. To become a professional in the analysis of pieces of literature, you need to know how to read pieces analytically.
Foster only picks on a few literary elements out of the many that are available. The ones picked are those that are most crucial. It focuses on specific literary texts and describes the literary elements they contain. For example, chapter 4 is about monsters. Whenever these monsters are used, the authors intend to communicate the taboo message of sex. The author explains the various symbols that are used in literature.
He goes on to talk about Shakespeare and the description of the works. His main focus is the way conversations are used in Shakespeare’s pieces. He draws the similarities in the works of Shakespeare and the Bible.
Chapter 7 is about children literature. In these pieces, the authors draw the elements of fairytale that is also seen in the Bible. Myths are explained in chapter 8 as stories that explain the various elements of human existence. The stories connect human beings since most of them are similar though they originate from different cultures.
The symbols use in different pieces are explained in chapter 9. The author goes onto explaining to the readers that literature and the literary devices do not come by chance. The writers always think and connect their ideas in an organized fashion. He illustrates how these symbols are used to communicate political and religious messages.
From chapter 18, the author focuses on the meanings of being drowned in water. It can mean that one is being baptized to a representation of good fortune. The other elements that the author picks and explains their significance in the works of art include the physical settings, the depiction of weather, and how organizations are structured. Themes such as visual impairment issues, supernatural creatures, and the use of irony are also discussed. These are the important aspects that lovers of literature always come across.
The various questions concerning literature are also answered. They include the specific definition of various literary pieces, how people react to messages in the literary pieces, and why people read in the first place. By the end, you gain more understanding of the literature. | <urn:uuid:cf02b117-9e9c-4d07-ae23-bed6b7a621fd> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://summarystory.com/how-to-read-literature-like-a-professor/how-to-read-literature-like-a-professor-short-summary/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943625.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321033306-20230321063306-00421.warc.gz | en | 0.950758 | 523 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Python range() Function
· The Python range type generates a sequence of integers by defining a start and the end point of the range. It is generally used with the for loop to iterate over a sequence of numbers.range() works differently in Python 2 and 3. In Python 2, there are two functions that
Python range() function
Example 3 – Python range() with specific start and end In this example, we will create a range object which represents a sequence that starts at 4 and ends before 8. As the default value of step is 1, we should get sequence of integers 4, 5, 6, 7.
python-ranges · PyPI
By default, the start is included and the end is excluded, just like python’s built-in range() function. If you use keyword arguments and don’t specify either the start or the end of the range, then the Range’s bounds will be negative or positive infinity, respectively.
Python Looping Through a Range
Python Looping Through a Range Python Glossary The range() Function To loop through a set of code a specified number of times, we can use the range() function, The range() function returns a sequence of numbers, starting from 0 by default, and increments
How to use Python range and xrange functions with 5 …
The purpose of range function in Python By default, the range starts from 0 and steps at 1. So in a case of a range of 5, it will start from 0 and end at 4. You may also specify the start and end of numbers, e.g. starting from 5 and ending at 9. You may also specify the step
[Python] for in range()使用以及列表字符串反轉方法
[Python] for in range ()使用以及列表字符串反轉方法 step默認是1,也可以指定step. [start,end]區間范圍左閉右開,沒有區間定義的話默認從0開始，同時也介紹 range 最常跟 for 迴圈搭配使用的範例。 以下內容將分為這幾部份介紹， range 基本用法 range 搭配 for 迴圈使用 將 range() 產生的序列轉成串列 list range 基本用法Python 內建 range 函式，n-1結束。
Python program to print all odd numbers in a range
· Given starting and end points, write a Python program to print all odd numbers in that given range. Example: Input: start = 4, end = 15 Output: 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15 Input: start = 3, end = 11 Output: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 Example #1: Print all odd numbers from given list using for loop
Python xrange() 函數
Python 面向對象 Python 正則表達式 Python CGI 編程 Python MySQL Python 網絡編程 Python SMTP Python 多線程 Python XML 解析 Python GUI 編程(Tkinter) Python2.x 與 3 .x 版本區別 Python IDE Python JSON Python 100例 Python 測驗
The ”range” function is seen so often in for statements that you might think range is part of the for syntax. It is not: it is a Python built-in function which returns a sequence following a specific pattern (most often sequential integers), which thus meets the requirement of providing a sequence for the for statement to iterate over.
Python for loop
#!/usr/bin/python word = “cloud” for let in word: print(let) We have a string defined. With the for loop, we print the letters of the word one by one to the terminal. $ ./for_loop_string.py c l o u d This is the output of the example. Python for loop else The for loop has an optional else statement which is executed when the looping has finished.
The Pendulum Indicator for Range Trading. A Python …
It is a volatility-adjusted price range with a moving average to smoothe it out. The steps needed to create the Indicator can be summed be as follows: Select a lookback period to be used for the
Python range() function [ Full Tutorial ]
Syntax for Python range() function Syntax: range ( Start value, End value, Step value) Step value: In the syntax, it is noted that the step value is an optional one. It will have a default value of 1. The step value is generally used for the increment or decrement
Python program to print all negative numbers in a …
· Output: Enter the start of range: -15 Enter the end of range: 5 -15 -14 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 Attention geek! Strengthen your foundations with the Python Programming Foundation Course and learn the basics.To begin with, your interview preparations
Allow `range(start, None, step)` for an endless range
Currently, to iterate over finite arithmetic sequences of integers, range is used, as in: for i in range(10): print(i) For an infinite arithmetic sequence, there are a few approaches. One can replace the ‘10’ with a long sequence of nines, write a generator function or just switch to a while loop, but the current ‘best’ way is using itertools: import itertools for i in itertools.count
Python range 用法與範例
本篇介紹 python range 用法與範例 | <urn:uuid:a220ef0e-226a-42d5-a119-04e96d8fef98> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.excavtari.xyz/python-for-range-start-allow/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104514861.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20220705053147-20220705083147-00052.warc.gz | en | 0.695228 | 1,425 | 4.15625 | 4 |
World’s richest 10 percent people produce 50 percent CO2: Oxfam
New Delhi, Dec 3 (IANS) The world’s richest 10 percent of the people are responsible for around 50 percent of global carbon emissions, said a study by Oxfam.
The report, titled ‘Extreme Carbon Inequality: Why the Paris Climate deal must put the poorest, lowest emitting and most vulnerable people first’, was released at a time when global leaders have met in Paris for the crucial UN Climate Change Conference.
“The poorest half of the global population are responsible for only around 10 percent of global emissions, yet live overwhelmingly in the countries most vulnerable to climate change – while the richest 10 percent of people are responsible for around 50 percent of global emissions,” the report said.
Climate change is “inextricably linked to economic inequality”, it said, adding that, “it is a crisis that is driven by the greenhouse gas emissions of the ‘haves’ that hits the ‘have-nots’ the hardest”.
“Governments in Paris need to stand up to their influence, and stand up for their citizens – the poorest, lowest emitting and most vulnerable among them first and foremost – if Paris is to deliver an agreement for those who need it most,” said the study that was released on Wednesday.
While CoP 21 in Paris will see a deal negotiated between governments on the basis of the total emissions produced in their territories, “the real winners and losers will be their citizens”, the study added.
Comparing the average lifestyle consumption footprints of richer and poorer citizens in a range of countries, the study says that “some emerging economies like China, India, Brazil and South Africa have high and rapidly rising emissions”.
The lifestyle consumption emissions of even these countries’ richest citizens remain some way behind that of their counterparts in rich OECD nations – an international economic organisation of 34 nations which includes US, Britain, Canada and others, it added. | <urn:uuid:ebb1c67b-f299-4ff5-8e23-2a47bf4d613e> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://southasiandaily.com/worlds-richest-10-percent-people-produce-50-percent-co2-oxfam/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590169.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718115544-20180718135544-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.946485 | 421 | 2.78125 | 3 |
For the first time in history, and for only three days, the four surviving original copies of the Magna Carta will be reunited in the British Library during the document's 800th birthday, which will be celebrated in 2015. The document was first introduced by British nobles in 1215—800 years ago—which also explains why only 1215 select members of the public will be able to see it.
As you were surely told in your junior high history class, the Magna Carta is essentially the precursor of documents like the U.S. Constitution, putting as it does checks and balances on people in power. It is also, somewhat less relevantly, in the title of a middling Jay-Z album.
In 1215, baron pushed this document onto King John in hopes of protecting their own rights and property from royal power. At the time, King John was gaming the feudal system through a series of loopholes and abusing the reach of the crown—15 chapters of the Magna Carta were focused on that, the BBC explains. The next ten chapters had to do with finances and people's rights under Common Law. "It is these latter that have been seen as crucial, as they subjected the king to the law of the land for the first time in Britain's history," the BBC adds.
As with that Jay-Z album, the critical reception of the Magna Carta was not a good one. King John had signed it as a bargaining chip to quell a growing rebellion against him and boost his image. He had every intention of trying to diminish the document's power. "It was only valid for less than 10 weeks," Clair Breay, the British Library's lead curator of medieval manuscripts, told reporters, explaining that King John had the Magna Carta annulled by Pope Innocent III.
And despite its rocky start—after it was annulled, it was re-issued multiple times post-John—the Magna Carta's basic tenets still have staying power today. The Associated Press cites the document's most significant quote:
No free man shall be seized or imprisoned, or stripped of his rights or possessions, or outlawed or exiled, nor will we proceed with force against him, except by the lawful judgment of his equals or by the law of the land.
That's the 800-year-old basis of what we now know as a trial by jury. And, as the AP notes, its commentary on "extortionate taxes" certainly resound with the Tea Party movement today.
"Bringing the four surviving manuscripts together for the first time will create a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for researchers and members of the public to see them in one place, and will be a fantastic start to a year of celebrations," said Breay, which will allow a group of researchers along with those lucky 1215 members of the public to research the pieces. | <urn:uuid:326273f2-b03e-40a9-a5f0-5caf136f3d66> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.thewire.com/global/2013/07/britains-magna-carta-reunion-has-nothing-do-jay-z/67162/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398454160.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205414-00236-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978227 | 594 | 3.90625 | 4 |
According to an estimation, almost half of the energy is wasted as heat, for example heat generated by vehicle and heavy equipment.Most of the heat generated is wasted as it escapes in the air. The rising demand of energy has generated the need of trapping the wasted heat, which can serve as readily available source of energy. The phenomenon of using this thermal energy to generate electricity is being used widely through thermoelectric devices. Thermoelectric effects are conversion of temperature differences to electricity or vice versa. The workingprincipal of thermal harvesting devices is based mostly on Seebeck effect. The thermoelectric devices are widely used for heating or cooling. However, more recently the manufacturer are trying to use them in generating electricity on a broader basis. Although there are many products belonging to this category, the market is still considered as niche segment with very few buyers.
The thermoelectric devices generate the voltage using the temperature difference between metals called as Seedbeck effect, or inversely using voltage generate thermal energy as in Peltier effect. The market has seen limited growth in the past few years. Earlier thethermoelectric devices’ market was divided in consumer cooling applications and some niche applications such as waste heat recovery. However, in recent year the companies are working on bringing up more efficient product ranging in varied sector. According to the recent applications, the upcoming segmentscan be seen in the form of wireless sensors & networks, waste heat recover system for vehicles, military & aerospace and innovative consumer applications.
The thermo generatorscan be used to power the wireless sensors in places having temperature difference. This would help to eradicate the issues in sensors such as battery life and consistency. Some of the applications developed in this types have extremely low energy demand thus increasing the acceptance of the technology. Companies such as Das Volkswagen, Ford, BMW and others have collaborated with NASA to develop the waste heat recovery systems for vehicle. The systems developed so far can produce power output nearly around 1000W and provides 3-5% improvements in fuel economy. In consumer applications, the recent products include thermo-powered cooking sensors, mobile phones power supplier, watches, sensory wristbands, clothing, and apparel among others. The wide product portfolio may result in accelerated growth of the market.
There are more than 300 laborites worldwide working on thermoelectric devices technology. The USA, Germany, Japan and Korea are among the major countries focusing in development of this technology. The major hindrance in the spread of thermoelectric device’s market is the huge cost of installation. On the brighter side the efficiency of these devices has been proved useful in sector such as military and aerospace where cost is not a major concern. These technology is being used formore than a decade in this sector for applications such as satellite and space probe. The property of providing reliablepower supply in extreme conditions has helped in generating the millions dollar market for thermoelectric technology,in this sector.
Some of the key players in thermoelectric devices market are Gentherm,Evident Thermoelectrics, greenTEG AG, KELK Ltd., II-VI Marlow, Inc., Perpetua Power Source Technologies, Inc.,Romny Scientific, Inc.,Laird Technologies, Inc.,Ferrotec (USA) Corporation, RGS Development, B.V. Tellurex Corporation, and Micropelt GmbH, among others.
This research report analyzes this market on the basis of its market segments, major geographies, and current market trends. Geographies analyzed under this research report include
- North America
- Asia Pacific
- Middle East and Africa
- Latin America
This report provides comprehensive analysis of
- Market growth drivers
- Factors limiting market growth
- Current market trends
- Market structure
- Market projections for upcoming years
This report is a complete study of current trends in the market, industry growth drivers, and restraints. It provides market projections for the coming years. It includes analysis of recent developments in technology, Porter’s five force model analysis and detailed profiles of top industry players. The report also includes a review of micro and macro factors essential for the existing market players and new entrants along with detailed value chain analysis.
Reasons for Buying this Report
- This report provides pin-point analysis for changing competitive dynamics
- It provides a forward looking perspective on different factors driving or restraining market growth
- It provides a six-year forecast assessed on the basis of how the market is predicted to grow
- It helps in understanding the key product segments and their future
- It provides pin point analysis of changing competition dynamics and keeps you ahead of competitors
- It helps in making informed business decisions by having complete insights of market and by making in-depth analysis of market segments
- It provides distinctive graphics and exemplified SWOT analysis of major market segments
Note: Although care has been taken to maintain the highest levels of accuracy in TMR’s reports, recent market/vendor-specific changes may take time to reflect in the analysis.
Note : All statements of fact, opinion, or analysis expressed in reports are those of the respective analysts. They do not necessarily reflect formal positions or views of Transparency Market Research. | <urn:uuid:346efd5a-61fd-499e-97f7-0e51204cefec> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/thermoelectric-devices-market.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886979.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20180117212700-20180117232700-00614.warc.gz | en | 0.937279 | 1,068 | 3.359375 | 3 |
If you are a regular NeuropathyDR® blog reader, you know that we tend to focus on the latest developments and research in treating neuropathy pain. With peripheral neuropathy, though, pain is only one component. This week, we’re going to talk about how neuropathy can affect your muscles, also called motor neuropathy.
There are essentially three kinds of motor neuropathy. The first is the overall weakening effect of the muscles, especially in the extremities, which often accompanies peripheral neuropathy. This can occur because the nerves which control motor function in the muscles have become damaged, or—in the case of a compression neuropathy—constricted. The second kind is called multifocal motor neuropathy, and takes place when the immune system itself begins to attack the nerves, as can happen after a series of infections or after an illness. The third kind is Hereditary Motor Sensory Neuropathy, which, as the name suggests, is genetic in nature. Hereditary Motor Sensory Neuropathy, or HMSN, occurs when there is a naturally-occurring deterioration in the nerves that control the muscles, causing the muscles to not be used, become weak, or even atrophy.
Motor neuropathy usually starts in the hands and feet, and can affect the full extension of fingers and toes. In addition to the dexterity problems this obviously causes, it often also has a visual appearance of “clawlike” fingers. The condition is degenerative, getting worse over a period of months and years. Twitching and spasms can also happen in affected limbs. While motor issues associated with peripheral neuropathy usually accompany pain, tingling, and numbness, multifocal motor neuropathy involves no pain (only the motor nerves are affected). Generally, none of the varieties of motor neuropathy are life-threatening, although they can absolutely impact your comfort and quality of life if you suffer from them.
When we met our patient Robert, he complained of a steady and declining loss of strength in his feet, which he had experienced over the past 4 years. Robert had had cancer during that time, culminating in having his prostate removed. His motor neuropathy caused Robert to have trouble walking or standing for long periods, and he even had trouble feeling his feet on some occasions. He also complained of shooting pain, tingling, and soreness in his feet, all typical calling cards of peripheral neuropathy. Since in cases of multifocal motor neuropathy, the sensory nerves are usually unaffected, Robert’s pain and numbness ruled that out. Sure enough, when we performed a battery of tests, we found that Robert’s sensation to vibration was all but gone in several places on his feet.
Robert did not respond with the typical level of relief we usually see after treating a patient with electro-stimulation. Over the course of three treatment sessions, Robert’s level of strength and comfort in his feet did not change in any meaningful way. While this is unusual, it highlights an important theme: neuropathy is a complex problem with many symptoms and manifestations, and NO single therapy technique or tool—even those with a very high rate of success—can stand on their own as a complete treatment.
We designed a treatment for Robert intended to produce more long-term benefit, as his short-term progress was not substantial. Motor neuropathies require an extensive MULTI-MODAL level of treatment, sometimes pharmaceutical and sometimes homeopathic, and usually involving some level of regular exercise and controlled diet. Robert is currently improving steadily, and is seeing his NeuropathyDR® clinician as prescribed to monitor his condition and progress.
If you suffer from weakness or pain in your limbs, you may have peripheral neuropathy. If so, we are here to help! Contact NeuropathyDR® right away and we will help you find the best course of treatment for your specific symptoms. We can even put you in touch with a specially-trained NeuropathyDR® clinician who can help you develop a therapy plan that will get results. | <urn:uuid:affd556c-454c-49ce-8b29-4ea5416b7b75> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://neuropathylincolnnebraska.com/category/treatment-applications/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347392142.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20200527075559-20200527105559-00437.warc.gz | en | 0.965802 | 823 | 2.671875 | 3 |
In 1965, as hundreds of people prepared to march from Selma to Montgomery to demand the Constitutional right of Black citizens to vote, Alabama Gov. George Wallace ordered Alabama Highway Patrol Chief Col. Al Lingo to “use whatever measures are necessary to prevent a march.” So he did.
Col. Lingo was reportedly a member of the Ku Klux Klan. He wore a lapel button with one word in black letters on a white background:
Col. Lingo’s order for Alabama State Troopers to attack marchers on the Edmund Pettus bridge was broadcast nationwide on TV. The horror of white law enforcement officers viciously attacking peaceful Black citizens helped gain support for the 1965 Voting Rights Act, which passed Congress not long after. | <urn:uuid:615a623f-a960-4808-9f18-0f00cf57cb7e> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://learningtoseecolor.com/?p=1733 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154214.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20210801123745-20210801153745-00063.warc.gz | en | 0.933976 | 152 | 2.828125 | 3 |
To identify the processes in the operating system each process is assigned a process identification number(PID). As Operating System supports multiprogramming, it needs to keep track of all processes. Process Control Block is used to track the process execution status.
Open Source refers to any program whose source code is made available for use or modification as users other developers see fit. Usually, this kind of operating system is developed as a public collaboration and made freely available to everyone. Most of the open-source operating system was released under a license where the copyright holder allows others to study, change as well as distribute software to other people | <urn:uuid:f3cf507b-e5d3-40d2-a2b9-3054f81817b7> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://thequickblog.com/tag/opensource/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510707.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930181852-20230930211852-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.952865 | 124 | 3.40625 | 3 |
A regular reader who I will call Bob M (you know who you are, Bob!) responded to yesterday’s post by asking about, or suggesting “Spotted Dick.” I am not sure that this represents an ethnic slur, but it certainly sounds like it is intended as a slur to someone. The very name can trigger everything from sniggers to blushes to extreme rapidity in covering the childrens’ ears (which is not for fear that they will be frightened, but that the parents will be embarrassed by the loud questions as to what is so funny about it that everyone else is giggling.)
Spotted Dick is an English pudding. It is not to be laughed at. It is a very serious suet pudding studded with spots of currants, rolled into a a …. log or sausage shape, and steamed or boiled. Occasionally it is called Spotted Dog: there are two occasions when this is permissible. Firstly, the legitimate variation produced when the currants are sprinkled generously over the outside after the dough is rolled up, giving a Dalmation-like appearance. Secondly, when the grandchildren, the maidenly aunt, or the vicar are visiting.
There are all sorts of theories about the name. The spotted part is obvious. Moving quickly away from the obviously graphic to the wimpily linguistic we have:
- The idea that ‘dick’ is somehow derived from ‘dough’. Now, ‘dog’, I can believe comes from ‘dough’, but the other is difficult to appreciate no-matter what the accent.
- That it derives from ‘pudding’ via ‘puddink’ to ‘puddik’ to ‘dick’. An explanation which just may get it ethnic slur status.
- Reverse nomenclature. The Dalmation dog when it was introduced was named the Pudding Dog because of its curranty spots. Which gives us, perhaps, Spotted Dog, but not the other.
It is quite obvious that linguists are desperately scraping the bottom of the barrel for explanations, isnt it?
Oddly, ‘dick’ also used to refer to a type of hard cheese (the OED says so), which has almost certainly got nothing to do with the pudding, but which I thought you would find interesting. Specifically, it used to be a skim-milk cheese also called “Skim Dick”, in several English counties. It was poor cheese made too early in the season from poor milk from poor cows before they could get out in the spring pasture, the poor milk being made even poorer by skimming.
On second thoughts, it is always possible the cheese idea is related. The French call a number of things fromage because they are compressed or shaped like cheese – fromage de fruits for example. A pale slab of dough has its pale slabbiness in common with the cheese – and if the local dialect word for the latter is dick, then it is possible that this also became the nickname for the pud. It is no sillier than fromage de fruits.
‘Dick’ also can mean a leather apron, a ditch or dike (or the bank thereof), a short way of saying dictionary, and a slang name for a detective. I cant see any pudding clues there.
I offer you two recipe variations of Spotted Dick. The first is a cheat because it uses butter, not suet. What you gain in flavour you lose in stodgy texture.
6 ounces of flour
3 ounces of butter
4 ounces of sultanas or raisins
1 teaspoon baking powder
Chop the butter as you would suet, and mix into it the flour with the sultanas or raisins, and the baking powder. Add as much water as will make a paste thick enough to roll out, as for roly-poly pudding or jam roll. When rolled out, fold over, and put into a pudding cloth, and boil for about one hour.
Meatless Cookery. Maria Gillmore. 1914.
The second is a cheat as the mixture is cooked in a basin rather than the traditional elongated shape. It will give you the correct flavour with less embarrassment.
4 oz. self-raising flour
4 oz. (or 2 level teacups) fresh white breadcrumbs
4 oz. shredded beef suet
2 oz. castor sugar
3 oz. cleaned currants
finely grated rind of 1 lemon
milk to mix.
Sift together the flour and salt into a mixing basin. Add the breadcrumbs, suet, sugar, currants, and lemon rind and mix well. Stir in enough milk to mix to a soft dropping consistency, then spoon into a well-buttered 1 ½ pint pudding basin. Cover with buttered double-thickness greaseproof paper – buttered side inwards, and with a pleat to allow pudding to rise and tie securely. Steam gently for 2 ½ hours.
The Times, November 1968.
Quotation for the Day …
“Hallo! A great deal of steam! the pudding was out of the copper. A smell like a washing-day! That was the cloth. A smell like an eating-house and a pastrycook's next door to each other, with a laundress's next door to that. That was the pudding.”
Charles Dickens in 'A Christmas Carol' | <urn:uuid:9fb59763-0692-4845-9826-0f2a13497f83> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://www.theoldfoodie.com/2008/10/spotted-what.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657145436.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200713131310-20200713161310-00550.warc.gz | en | 0.964071 | 1,152 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Are tortoises starving to death in Joshua Tree?
The corpses of apparently starved and dehydrated tortoises are littering part of Joshua Tree National Park, and the culprit may be climate change.
In 1978, researcher John Barrow began surveying Agassiz’s desert tortoises in a one-square-mile patch of the park in the Sonoran Desert, California. During that year, Barrow marked any tortoises he found by notching their shells with a metal file. Other researchers continued the work in the 1990s and early 2000s, marking the animals with epoxy tags or yellow or green paint.
The authors of the current study returned to the site in 2012 and conducted 14 surveys of the plot. They searched for tortoises and investigated burrows with flashlights and sticks. The team also collected coyote scat to find out if these predators had eaten tortoises.
The researchers found 14 living and 64 dead tortoises, they report in Biological Conservation. About 30 percent of the deaths probably occurred since 2008. “The postures and positions of a majority of dead tortoises found in 2012 were consistent with death by dehydration and starvation,” the team writes.
The estimated number of tortoises also dropped from about 200 to less than 50 between 1996 and 2012. Many of the carcasses had been picked over by other animals; some tortoises were missing their heads or limbs, and four coyote scat samples contained tortoise remains.
The authors speculate that longer, more frequent droughts may have hastened the tortoises’ deaths. The dry weather might also have caused small mammals, such as rabbits, to reproduce less. Faced with a food shortage, predators that normally eat rabbits might have then attacked tortoises instead. — Roberta Kwok | 17 December 2013
Source: Lovich, J.E. et al. 2013. Climatic variation and tortoise survival: Has a desert species met its match? Biological Conservation doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2013.09.027.
Image © Ryan M. Bolton | Shutterstock
Should farmers practice ‘weed conservation’?November 27th, 2014
Accounting for meat: The hidden emissions in your steakNovember 26th, 2014
Could seals follow acoustic fish tags to find dinner?November 25th, 2014
Unlikely partners: Rhino poaching & sea snake exploitationNovember 21st, 2014
Does climate change spell trouble for airlines?November 20th, 2014 | <urn:uuid:effb75da-6457-4b8b-99ca-b5bd3fdefd4a> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://conservationmagazine.org/2013/12/tortoises-starving-death-joshua-tree/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931011030.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155651-00053-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928757 | 519 | 2.75 | 3 |
Today's focus--How to insert direct quotations into an analytic paragraph: Last Chance Dance (Slides 1, 2, and 3)
Listen toTina Turner's song, "We Don't Need Another Hero." As you listen, pay close attention to the lyrics.
Handout--"We Don't Need Another Hero"--(Here is a link to the assignment.)
Why doesn't the speaker in this song need a hero?
Answer this question in one fully developed paragraph. Include a topic sentence that clearly answers the question. Support the topic sentence with at least three direct quotes from the song. Introduce and analyze each quote carefully, explaining how it supports your idea.
The paragraph is due at the end of the hour. Print it and place it on Mrs. Makovsky's desk.
- Create index cards for Vocabulary Lesson 6. Due tomorrow.
- Think of a movie or a book about a hero that you will compare to a hero in The Kite Runner. Tomorrow, we will complete the hero chart and begin brainstorming the synthesis essay. | <urn:uuid:be98864b-d6c9-408f-b301-d8b0aff8c37f> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://leclaire2014english10.blogspot.com/2013/10/october-22-2013-whats-happening-in.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608058.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170525083009-20170525103009-00401.warc.gz | en | 0.8988 | 220 | 2.796875 | 3 |
The Web Services Distributed Management (WSDM) standard offers a way for you to publicize and manage machines and web services using web services and associated technologies. If you’re confused by that statement then you probably need to read my new tutorial, Understand Web Services Distributed Management (WSDM).Here’s the abstract:
Management through Web services simplifies the numerous interfaces and solutions that provide management tools for network-attached systems and devices. These range from simple printers to more complex operating system management issues. The Web Services Distributed Management (WSDM) standard defines two different environments, Management Using Web Services (MUWS) and Management of Web Services (MOWS), that define the structure and environment required to support these systems. This tutorial looks in detail at the definition and implementation issues of WSDM and how you can use WSDM within grid environments for the management of grids and grid services.
Read on for the full Understand Web Services Distributed Management (WSDM) tutorial. | <urn:uuid:e6887dce-0d5b-461f-a290-26a9180fd192> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://mcbguru.blog/2005/07/21/understanding-web-services-distributed-manage/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583513760.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20181021052235-20181021073735-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.873383 | 208 | 2.53125 | 3 |
For decades, politicians and community leaders have perpetuated myths as the cycle of drug abuse, gangs and violence continued from one generation to another.
The 5 myths are:
1. Police can keep us safe.
2. Money will solve problems.
3. Laws control behavior.
4. Racism keeps the community down.
5. Poverty keeps people from progressing.
Myths have some truth but they don’t change community behavior.
Myth #1 Police can keep us safe.
Police have a limited role. An additional 100,000 police on the streets can increase response time, as their job is to react to crime. The national average is 2.5 police for every 1000 citizens. The police cannot keep us safe.
Myth #2 Money will solve problems.
In the past 40 years, billions have been spent on education, programs, home security, guards, swat teams, training, scanning equipment, shot spotter and surveillance cameras. Money doesn’t stop rival gangs, demand for drugs or violence on our streets. As an area receives funding, violators move to another neighborhood.
Myth #3 Laws control behavior.
A politician’s job is to keep the public safe. That is critical for national security but laws have limited power. Law-abiding citizens obey laws. Criminals, gangs, pimps and drug dealers pay no attention.
Myth #4 Racism keeps the community down.
The blame game divides and distracts from real solutions. Blaming police or blaming people just because they look different perpetuates anger. Anger gives disconnected youth an excuse to join rival gangs as gang leaders gain a false sense of power. Gangs, like warring tribes, turn youth into uneducated, uncivilized men.
Myth #5 Poverty keeps people from progressing.
Politicians gain power as they create an illusion of compassion. For decades, billions of dollars have been spent on programs including the “War on Poverty” and the “War on Drugs.” In our zeal to “help” poor people, we destroyed their self-confidence and motivation. We created dependency.
We are at a crossroads…will security require more surveillance and less freedom or will we focus on supporting neighborhoods and strengthening families?
Americans can no longer ignore our largest group of crime victims…children. They are “canaries in the mine.”
Our national goal must be to strengthen families. Freedom is an inner journey with support for families and disconnected neighbors.
We need a major shift in thinking to create peaceful cities. We need:
1. A spiritual awakening to raise children with a conscience.
2. Community participation to create strong communities.
Ever wonder how low-income citizens get off drugs when they don’t have money to pay for medication or counseling?
I worked with the homeless for 4 years and started a support group for men. They have incredible stories of pain and survival. However, they learned how to take charge of their lives. (Foundation for writing, "Street Safe Kids.")
When youth understand their potential, they make responsible choices. Children need support to discover their strong, resilient inner power and identity. Most inner city youth, do not join gangs, take drugs or become violent but they do need a supportive, involved neighborhood.
City leaders can support neighborhood involvement by providing stipends to train citizen community coaches. Youth will see neighbors participating in problem solving and neighborhood projects, as they become teachers and mentors.
Civic, church and community groups who know and trust each other should be encouraged to adopt one block to help build relationships with neighbors. As community support grows, cities will become safer for everyone.
Stephanie L. Mann, Crime and Violence Prevention Consultant
Author: “The Adopt-A-Block Guidebook: 10 steps to a safe and healthy neighborhood.”
“Street Safe Kids: 10 step guide to building self-esteem and staying centered.” | <urn:uuid:4cbd0373-1716-4368-bb54-65613c5efbc2> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://safekidsnow.blogspot.com/2010/06/5-myths-keeping-inner-cities-locked.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549436321.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170728022449-20170728042449-00464.warc.gz | en | 0.945324 | 818 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Middle School Web Design Courses that Teach Actual Code!
August 21, 2017
A teacher called yesterday looking for a web design course that teaches real web design coding skills. Like other teachers I’ve personally spoken to, she understood that dragging around blocks on screen, where the app writes the code for the student, is not nearly as effective as the student actually writing the code!
… Teachers quickly discover that students don’t learn much about coding with blocks. 🙁
So many code courses fallback on the misguided practice of using block-based teaching apps, thinking that this is helping students. As the teacher observed herself, with these systems, students quickly get bored and just follow the pattern.
Teaching code by having students write the code
Motivate your students!
Nothing motivates a student like seeing their code produce actual real-world results!
With the StudioWeb web design curriculum, your students interest levels will skyrocket, as they quickly see their code magically transform into websites that flex and flow on small smartphones, all the way up to giant 4k displays.
… Web developers call that ‘responsive’ design and your students will learn those marketable skills with StudioWeb.
If you would like to learn more, check out StudioWeb.com | <urn:uuid:18d3c430-8dd2-479e-b906-04bfce4d6934> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://blog.studioweb.com/2017/08/21/middle-school-web-design-courses-that-teach-actual-code/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816083.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225011315-20180225031315-00561.warc.gz | en | 0.945906 | 263 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Over the last couple of years, I've occasionally written Ruby programs using RSpec and (more recently) Cucumber. These two tools are inspired by Test Driven Development (TDD), a school of thought which says you should write unit tests before implementing a feature.
When doing TDD, you work inwards from the interface to the implementation. You start by writing a test case against the interface you wish you had, and then you make that test case work. This is a subtle shift in how you approach a design problem, but it frequently results in beautiful APIs. (And you also get a fully automated test suite for your software, liberating you to make much larger changes without fear of breaking things.)
The problem with the word "test"
Unfortunately, the name "Test Driven Development" is misleading. Most folks think of "testing" as something you do after development is complete. But TDD is really more of a design activity---you're specifying how your APIs should work before you actually start coding.
Dan North spent some time struggling to teach developers about TDD. After a while, he decided that the main barrier to understanding was the word "test." He proposed replacing TDD with Behavior Driven Development (BDD), and he started referring to unit tests as "specifications."
In the Ruby community, the most popular BDD tool is RSpec. Using RSpec, you might specify an API something like this:
describe "simplify_name" do it "should convert all letters to lowercase" do simplify_name("AbC").should == "abc" end it "should remove everything but letters and spaces" do simplify_name(" Joe Smith 3 -+\n").should == "joe smith" end end
After writing this specification, you would then go ahead and implement
simplify_name. And from then on, whenever you changed your program, you could automatically check it against this specification.
Using specifications to communicate with clients and users
By itself, RSpec is mostly useful for programmers. Sure, a specification looks a lot like English. But would you really want to show it to an end user?
Cucumber goes one step further. Instead of using code to specify how an API should work, it uses plain text to describe how a user interface should work. For example:
Feature: Log in and out As an administrator I want to restrict access to certain portions of my site In order to prevent users from changing the content Scenario: Logging in Given I am not logged in as an administrator When I go to the administrative page And I fill in the fields | Username | admin | | Password | secret | And I press "Log in" Then I should be on the administrative page And I should see "Log out" Scenario: Logging out ...
Here's the neat part: This specification is actually an executable program. Each line of text corresponds to a "step", which is defined in another file. Here's an example from the standard
Then /^I should see "([^\"]*)"$/ do |text| response.should contain(text) end
Cucumber encourages you to think at a very high level, and to specify how different users will actually use your software. It's particularly helpful if you need to communicate between programmers and end-users.
My experiences with RSpec and Cucumber
I've been using RSpec on and off for a couple of years now, and Cucumber since late last year. Initially, I found both tools fascinating, but also a bit frustrating. Both RSpec and Cucumber have very strong opinions about how you should write software. Now, I found those opinions very interesting, and I was quite happy to be influenced by the assumptions built into the tools. But every now and then, I would need to do something that the authors of RSpec and Cucumber hadn't anticipated, and I would inevitably wind up struggling to make things work.
But recent versions of RSpec and Cucumber are richer and more flexible. They cover more important cases straight out of the box, and they're easier to customize. So I can finally recommend both tools for real-world projects: They'll still guide your thinking, but they should give you enough flexibility to handle the corner-cases.
The RSpec (and Cucumber) book
Unfortunately, the documentation for RSpec and Cucumber is scattered around the web, and there aren't enough online guides showing the best way to solve common problems.
But the Pragmatic Press is working on The RSpec Book, which contains a large section on Cucumber, and a walkthrough of a typical development session using Cucumber and RSpec.
Currently, the RSpec book is available as a "beta book". This is a downloadable, DRM-free PDF, with periodic updates throughout the publishing process. Right now, between one-third and one-half of the chapters have been roughed in, and the book is already very useful. | <urn:uuid:b357ccff-74e2-4b44-a280-ffae97cfe905> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://www.randomhacks.net/2009/04/30/rspec-cucumber-book-recommendation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376825029.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20181213171808-20181213193308-00483.warc.gz | en | 0.933948 | 1,040 | 2.59375 | 3 |
What Is Sleep Apnea?
As we are up typing this right now, it is 4 o’clock in the morning. Although there is no one up in the house with us, we know that we are not alone. There are millions of other Americans up right now with us, all over the United States. Thirty-five percent of adults in America do not get the standard 7 hours of sleep required for good health. Thirty percent of us miss sleep at least 2 days a week.
Many Americans are suffering from a sleep disorder, which causes them to sleep fewer hours less restfully than others. One of the sleep disorders that is most common in the United States is sleep apnea. Sleep apnea affects 22 million Americans. If it is left untreated, it can cause problems for your mind and body. It can even be fatal. If you don’t know the warning signs for sleep apnea, keep reading. Spektor Dental can give you a little more information about this troubling, but treatable, illness.
What is Sleep Apnea?
Sleep apnea is considered a serious sleep disorder. That’s because sleep apnea causes you to have breathing trouble while you are sleeping. If you have sleep apnea, you don’t breathe normally during the night. You have pauses in your breathing during the night. Your breathing stops for a few seconds several times while you are trying to sleep. Your body, thinking that you are having trouble with your breathing, wakes you up. While your body knows it's up, you are technically still asleep. You won’t usually remember waking up over and over again, but you will. Because your body constantly wakes you during the night, you never approach the hours of restful sleep your body and mind need.
There are several symptoms of sleep apnea. You will snore loudly; so loudly that often your partner will hear you during the night. Not only are you keeping yourself up, but you are keeping them up as well. You may wake up each day feeling more tired than when you went to bed. You may wake up with a blinding headache. You may also have a difficult time getting to sleep some nights.
Sleep apnea sometimes runs in families. People who are overweight or obese also have trouble with sleep apnea. If you have a larger neck, bigger than 17 inches in diameter, you are more likely to have sleep apnea. Men are more likely to get sleep apnea than women, especially if they have elevated blood pressure.
Treatment for Sleep Apnea
Luckily, treatment for sleep apnea is quite simple. People have several different types of treatment options available. You can wear a mask for sleeping, to make sure you are breathing correctly. Many people find the mask uncomfortable. There are also surgical procedures to remove excess flesh in your throat. One of the most popular treatments for sleep apnea is the use of a night mouthguard. The guard pulls your jaw forward while you are sleeping, and allows you to breathe throughout the night without stopping.
If you have been told you have sleep apnea, why not give Spektor Dental a call at (425) 247-3629? | <urn:uuid:7e9d7b7e-48db-4869-8b2e-5e3950ac7b24> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://spektordental.com/p/dentist-Bellevue-WA-Sleep-Apnea-p46094.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153515.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727233849-20210728023849-00362.warc.gz | en | 0.961081 | 654 | 3 | 3 |
Geographic information about people and the planet is critical to making better decisions and using resources more wisely, and will be vital to achieving the new Sustainable Development Goals that countries have recently agreed on, according to a United Nations expert on the issue.
“There’s a recognition of the need and the benefit that can be realized from this kind of activity,” Tim Trainor of the United States, one of three co-chairs of the Committee of Experts on Global Geospatial Information Management (UN-GGIM), said in an interview during the body’s fifth session held last week at UN Headquarters.
Geospatial – or geographic – information shows where social, environmental and economic conditions occur. It helps answer questions such as: where are people at risk of rising sea levels? How do we protect the people living there? Where is disease occurring? How do we contain it? How many hectares are forests are there? Are we managing them sustainably?
Such data is indispensable for advancing the global development agenda, particularly the 17 Sustainable Development Goals that world leaders will formally adopt next month in New York with the aim of ending poverty, and promoting prosperity and people’s well-being while protecting the environment, by 2030.
“If you look at the Sustainable Development Goals… all of them deal with information and all of that information has some relationship to where those events or where those activities are happening on the Earth,” Mr. Trainor explained. “In order to make the Sustainable Development Goals really meaningful, they have to know where these events are happening.”
Efforts to increase the availability of high-quality, timely and reliable data, disaggregated by geographic location, will be critical, he stressed.
“The whole notion of this Committee of Experts on Global Geospatial Information Management is really attempting to alert leaders of the world about the importance of geospatial information so that they can make better informed decisions… so they can answer those questions and understand better the condition of their populations, or the condition of their economy, or the condition of their natural resources and environment and so forth.
“By making them aware and by promoting the notion of the importance of geospatial information within their country, they can make better informed decisions.”
Although it is probably not as well-known as some other UN committees, the Committee of Experts formulated the first geospatial resolution adopted by the General Assembly in February this year. This landmark resolution recognized the global importance of location and positioning for many areas of development.
This year’s session of the Committee brought together over 290 participants consisting of ministers, heads of national mapping agencies, geospatial information management authorities and industry observers from over 85 countries.
Twenty countries participated for the first time, signalling – according to the Committee – the increasing global reach of the body and the growing awareness of the use and value of geospatial information to underpin economic growth and as a vital part of sustainable development.
Among the issues discussed at its three-day session last week were guidelines to assist Member States in implementing and adopting international geospatial standards and best practice, as well as the application of geospatial information to land administration and management.
“The monitoring of the Millennium Development Goals over the past 15 years taught us that data are an indispensable element of the development agenda,” Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs Wu Hongbo told the Committee during its session.
“Knowing where people and things are, and their relationship to each other, is essential for informed decision-making, and to measure and monitor outcomes.”
Over the next 12 months, one of the major objectives of the Committee will be to ensure that geospatial information is included in the preparation of the indicators to measure the new Sustainable Development Goals. | <urn:uuid:2d62574a-fdcc-4d25-b1f3-9322795fc119> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://blueandgreentomorrow.com/uncategorized/un-warns-sustainable-development-goals-depend-on-accurate-data/amp/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474784.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229035411-20240229065411-00045.warc.gz | en | 0.939974 | 784 | 3.625 | 4 |
According to scientists, sugar is the greatest single threat to health
Experts say that the white stuff contributes to 35 million deaths each year
Today it is found in everything from bread to wine and savory sauces
Along with causing obesity and diabetes, it also wreaks havoc on the skin
My name is Polly and I’m a sugar addict. When I’m tired, upset or hormonal I reach for a chocolate bar, biscuit or cupcake. I add sugar to my coffee and tea and stir honey into my porridge every morning.
I’ve had a sweet tooth since childhood and, until now, I didn’t think it was a major problem. I like desserts — so what?
But a growing number of scientists believe sugar is the greatest single threat to human health, contributing to 35 million deaths worldwide each year.
They say it not only causes illnesses including obesity, type-2 diabetes, heart disease, cancer and liver problems, but also wreaks havoc on our skin and ages us prematurely.
It has even been linked to fertility problems in women and increases the risk of dementia and rheumatoid arthritis. Crikey.
Luckily, I’m neither overweight nor unhealthy, so I figure I don’t need sweet rehab quite yet — or do I?
Last month it was revealed the average Briton consumes 238 teaspoons of added sugar every week — an all-time high. Surely to eat that much you’d have to munch on Mars bars while drinking liters of Coke and stuffing your face with Jelly Babies?
But when I work out my daily sugar consumption I’m surprised: 85 teaspoons a week is less than half the national average but it’s still 425g — almost half a normal bag of sugar — a week.
Even more disturbing was how much of it came from what experts call ‘invisible sugar’. This is sneaked into savory foods including bread, pasta sauces and even bacon by manufacturers to make them tastier.
A Which? report found some savory foods contain more sugar than ice cream. So while sales of raw sugar have fallen over the past 50 years, there has been a threefold increase in the amount of sugar we consume and ‘invisible sugar’ is mainly to blame.
‘Food manufacturers have a lot to answer for,’ says nutritionist Dr Sam Christie. ‘Over the past 30 years, they’ve doubled the amount of sugar they add to their products and our bodies haven’t adapted.
‘We absorb sugar very quickly, which causes our pancreas to produce insulin in order for our cells to turn the sugar into energy. If we eat a lot of sugar, over time our cells become insulin resistant and we develop type-2 diabetes.
‘We also become overweight. Glucose is delivered to the liver, and when the liver’s reserves are full, a biochemical process converts it into fat.’
So time for a detox: a month without any added sugar. Cutting out the white stuff en masse is what the growing ‘No Sugar’ movement is all about.
Its chief proponent, endocrinologist Robert Lustig, whose lecture Sugar: The Bitter Truth, has been viewed more than three million times on YouTube, claims sugar, rather than fat, is to blame for our sky-rocketing obesity levels. This could explain how we’ve become so much fatter despite consuming fewer calories than we used to.
The average energy intake per person was 28 per cent lower in 2010 than in 1974.
‘Even for people who aren’t at risk of diabetes or obesity, eating less sugar is greatly beneficial,’ says Dr Christie.
‘Unrefined food contains more nutrients to protect our health, fewer empty calories, and allows us to avoid peaks and troughs in blood sugar, keeping our moods and energy levels stable.’
Only when giving up sugar did I realize that I was far more dependent on it than I’d assumed. And when I began to research its impact, I realized why. Sugar cravings are real. French scientists have reported in animal trials that rats chose sugar over cocaine.
The good news is it’s possible to reverse the impact of a sweet tooth by replacing it with natural foods including wholegrain, vegetables and fish, which contain nutrients to replenish our stores of insulin.
Dr Christie also recommends you take a supplement, such as Nature’s Best Multi-Guard Balance (£19.95 for 120 tablets, naturesbest.co.uk) to help your body cope with the process.
My first challenge was finding sugarless foods to eat. I love toast, but the packet of my usual Hovis granary loaf showed it contained 1.6g of sugar per slice. And that’s before I’d added my preferred spread, peanut butter, which has almost 1g of sugar in 10g.
The honey I use to sweeten my porridge had to go, as did the teaspoon of sugar I usually add to my morning cup of tea. Breakfast tasted the way I imagine Oliver Twist’s workhouse gruel would have.
After a couple of mouthfuls of undrinkable bitter tea, I realized I’d have to give up caffeine, too. It wasn’t a great start.
Lunch was similarly difficult. Without bread, options were severely limited, so I opted for a salad, only to find I was hungry again a couple of hours later.
Unable to snack on chocolate or crisps (they also contain sugar) I ate a handful of cashew nuts to boost my blood-sugar levels.
For dinner, I eschewed my usual pasta (the Sacla sauce I use contains a whopping 6.6g of sugar) and cooked salmon and vegetables. I felt virtuous, but slightly annoyed.
My biggest challenge was alcohol. I love wine and rarely have a day without at least a couple of glasses, but a glass of my favorite sauvignon blanc contains 6.4g of sugar. Red wine is better sugar-wise, but I opted for gin and slimline tonic when I met a friend for drinks.
As I reluctantly refused to share a bottle of wine with her, she said: ‘You won’t be much fun this month, will you?’ I couldn’t disagree.
On my third no-sugar day, I felt awful. Cheery colleagues irritated me and I snapped at someone for offering me a cup of tea. I felt exhausted, teary and had the shakes. In short I was detoxing.
When Princeton University scientists fed rats sugar as well as their regular food, then stopped it, the rats — like me — showed signs typical of drug addicts.
How terrifying that something we eat every day can cause such severe withdrawal symptoms.
Later that week, when my blood sugar levels had evened out and I felt less jittery, I absent-mindlessly stuffed a miniature brownie into my mouth when offered it by a colleague.
I used to love them, but it tasted strangely synthetic — and sweeter than a bowl of sugar cubes. For the first time I was pleased I’d started to retrain my taste buds.
By the second week, I had less frequent spikes in my energy-levels, too. I was cooking more from scratch to avoid too much ‘invisible sugar’ and my skin was clearer.
‘Sugar attaches to fats and proteins in the cells in a process called glycation,’ explained Dr Christie.
‘The proteins in skin most prone to glycation are the same ones that make the skin plump and springy — collagen and elastin. Sugar attacks them and makes the skin less radiant and more wrinkly and saggy.’
I also started to taste the natural sweetness in fruit such as strawberries — previously I automatically added more sugar.
The following week, I noticed I’d lost a couple of pounds and my cravings for chocolate had vanished. I still hadn’t trained myself to drink tea and coffee without sugar, but I was surprised by how quickly I got used to porridge without honey.
At lunch, I opted for sushi and salads and ate plain yogurt, adding my own berries rather than buying sugar-laden fruit flavors.
By the end of the month, I felt more energized and alive, probably because I was no longer trapped in a cycle of blood sugar peaks and troughs. I felt calmer and less prone to mood swings.
So I’ll continue trying to avoid sugary food where possible. After a month without cakes and chocolate, what would be the point of reminding my taste buds how delicious I’d once found them? | <urn:uuid:63bd6da7-0698-4008-8945-733f13754f4e> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://worldtruth.tv/mood-swings-the-shakes-what-happened-when-sugar-addicted-polly-dunbar-tried-to-quit-the-sweet-stuff/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499890.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20230131190543-20230131220543-00111.warc.gz | en | 0.954982 | 1,853 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Diabetes is unfortunately a disease that increases dangerously especially among our children. For that reason, an early detection is highly recommended. In this article, we show you how this can be done and what are the signs to which you can pay attention.
- The first thing to notice is when your child asks to drink water all the time.
- Also, if your child urinates frequently day and night (more than normal) it can be an alarming sign too.
- For children who no longer urinate in their beds, it can be alarming if they start doing it again.
- A sudden loss of weight should be taken into consideration especially if your child has a normal appetite.
- Finally, your child might feel dizzy, have stomach aches and feel tired (knowing that at this age, children are full of energy).
When many of these symptoms are gathered, it is urgent to take your child to see a doctor.
What would a doctor do?
At an early stage, a simple test in a urine sample is enough to detect the illness. If the result is positive, the child will be given an appropriate treatment adapted to their age.
Where does it come from?
At this early age, it is considered as an autoimmune disease. Meaning that the child’s defense system destroys some of his own cells; eventually the pancreas’!
As a result, the sugar level in the blood increases and is present in the urine (that’s why the urine test can be revealing).
What impact does it have on the child’s life?
When the test is revealed positive, your child will need a balanced diet just like any ordinary child. However, you should prevent them from taking sweet drinks and snacks. Your child can also eat at the school’s canteen, play sport, or just play with his friends. You only have to coordinate the efforts with the school and the doctor. | <urn:uuid:89c83d0c-8710-425c-9887-f8eef8a17021> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://dailyadvisor.net/alarming-signs-to-detect-the-childs-diabetes/?replytocom=361 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578530527.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20190421100217-20190421122217-00328.warc.gz | en | 0.962657 | 400 | 2.828125 | 3 |
On this date in History: February 7, 1301 Prince Edward of Carnarvon (future King Edward II) was created and invested with the title of Prince of Wales.
Edward II, King of England, Lord of Ireland, Duke of Aquitaine & First English Prince of Wales
Edward II (April 25, 1284 – September 21, 1327), was the son of Edward I and his first wife, Eleanor of Castile. Edward’s name was English in origin, linking him to the Anglo-Saxon saint Edward the Confessor, and was chosen by his father instead of the more traditional Norman and Castiliannames selected for Edward’s brothers: Edward had three elder brothers: John and Henry, who had died before Edward was born, and Alphonso, who died in August 1284, leaving Edward as the heir to the throne.
The last Welsh princes, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, was killed in battle in 1282 by Edward I. In the spring of 1301, the king declared Edward the Prince of Wales, granting him the earldom of Chester and lands across North Wales; he seems to have hoped that this would help pacify the region, and that it would give his son some financial independence.
Coat of Arms of the Prince of Wales
As title of heir apparent
The tradition of conferring the title “Prince of Wales” on the heir apparent of the monarch is usually considered to have begun in 1301, when King Edward I of England invested his son Edward of Caernarfon with the title at a Parliament held in Lincoln. According to legend, the king had promised the Welsh that he would name “a prince born in Wales, who did not speak a word of English” and then produced his infant son, who had been born at Caernarfon, to their surprise. However, the story may well be apocryphal, as it can only be traced to the 16th century, and, in the time of Edward I, the English aristocracy spoke Norman French, not English (some versions of the legend include lack of knowledge in both languages as a requirement, and one reported version has the very specific phrase “born on Welsh soil and speaking no other language”).
Edward II was King of England, Lord of Ireland and Duke of Aquitaine from 1307 until he was deposed in January 1327. | <urn:uuid:299650e7-51f1-4f2e-9c71-158a2573dcb4> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://europeanroyalhistory.wordpress.com/2019/02/08/on-this-date-in-history-february-7-1301-prince-edward-of-carnarvon-future-king-edward-ii-was-created-and-invested-with-the-title-of-prince-of-wales/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710690.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129064123-20221129094123-00385.warc.gz | en | 0.984404 | 495 | 4.03125 | 4 |
The Copenhagen Climate Conference (7-18 December 2009) is the most important meeting this decade for global climate protection efforts. The European Parliament will be represented there by an official delegation. Over the years Parliament has become a voice of ambition, calling for EU leadership in the fight against climate change.
Parliament already co-legislates with Member State governments on EU environment policy, but the Lisbon Treaty's entry into force, on 1 December 2009, has given it an even more prominent legislative role: its consent is now required for international treaties. A new Copenhagen climate protection agreement might even become the first test case.
The mandate and position of Parliament's delegation are outlined in a resolution on "EU-Strategy for the Copenhagen climate change conference", which was passed with a huge majority on 25 November 2009.
Parliament asks for:
- an ambitious and legally binding international agreement, in line with the latest developments in science and consistent with the 2ºC objective,
- collective reductions in greenhouse gas emissions in the developed countries at the high end of the 25-40 % range for 2020 compared to 1990 levels,
- the recognition of the "common but differentiated responsibility principle" between the industrialized and the developing countries, and
- the effective protection of forests and actions against deforestation.
Parliament also emphasises the responsibility of developed countries to provide sufficient, sustainable and predictable financial and technical support to developing ones (the EU contribution towards developing countries' mitigation efforts and adaptation needs should not be less than €30,000 million/year by 2020).
This resolution will guide Parliament's Copenhagen delegation in its contacts with Parliamentarians, government representatives, NGOs and other players from across the world in the common effort to create a strong global basis for climate protection.
Jo LEINEN - Chairman of the EP Delegation to COP15 | <urn:uuid:40b4c3ad-d5ee-489d-baa4-51ed55d9423e> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.europarl.europa.eu/climatechange/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824217.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00107-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941846 | 369 | 2.9375 | 3 |
An atrophic scar is an indented scar that heals below the normal layer of skin tissue. Atrophic scars form when the skin is unable to regenerate tissue. As a result, it leaves behind imbalanced scarring.
Atrophic scars are the most common type of acne scars. They are subdivided into three main categories: ice pick, boxcar, and rolling scars. Treatment depends on the type of scar you have. Atrophic scars can be difficult to treat and can require multiple procedures that may need to be repeated over a period of time.
A licensed dermatologist can guide you through your treatment and provide recommendations to help speed your recovery. When discussing your options with a dermatologist, understand there is a risk your treatment may not be effective and could leave behind a new scar.
1. Chemical peels
Chemical peels are a common treatment method. The peeling process involves destroying the damaged layer of skin by applying chemicals to its surface. The chemical solution causes your skin to peel, producing a fresh layer underneath.
This regeneration decreases the appearance of atrophic scars. Peels can take days to weeks to show improvement. In some cases, your skin requires substantial time to heal.
Different chemical agents are used depending on the severity of your scarring. They range from mild chemicals used in everyday skin care products — such as glycolic acid — to chemicals used in deeper peels — such as phenol — that require sedation before being applied to the skin.
Soft-tissue fillers are a common treatment specifically for rolling atrophic acne scars. They are used to level or raise the indented scars to match the normal layer of skin. Fillers are injected under the scar and provide almost immediate results. Over time, the soft tissue fillers improve skin volume and decrease scarring appearance.
3. Skin needling
Skin needling or microneedling therapy is a method that punctures the skin to regenerate a healthier layer. The microneedling procedure involves rolling a group of needles over your skin in various directions. These needles create hundreds of punctures on your skin and cause new collagen to form.
This therapy method triggers your skin to regenerate and increase collagen, a protein necessary to maintain skin elasticity and health.
4. Punch excision
Punch excision treatments are another common method for treating and eliminating atrophic acne scars, specifically ice pick scars. In this procedure, your doctor uses a needle the size of your scar to cut out the scar tissue. Then, your doctor closes the wound with stitches. If your scars are more severe, your doctor will take a small skin graft from behind your ear to fill the wound.
The punch excision and replacement graft methods may result in an uneven skin pigmentation and marks from the stitching. Be sure to discuss the risks with your doctor before starting.
Subcision is an inexpensive surgical procedure best used to treat rolling atrophic scars. While effective as a solo procedure, subcision is often combined with other treatments including microneedling and chemical peels.
The subcision method loosens the area around the indented scar and creates a new wound that can heal properly and match your normal layer of skin.
During this procedure, your doctor will insert a needle under the skin repeatedly in various directions around the scar tissue, using a fanning motion. After the procedure, pressure and ice should be applied to the affected site to prevent bleeding. Subcision may be repeated if your scar is more severe.
Treating atrophic scars can reduce the appearance of indentations in your skin and eliminate feelings of insecurity. It is important to understand that there are no quick fixes to treat atrophic scars.
Each treatment method comes with its own set of risks. Some may leave you with new scarring or may not completely eliminate the initial scar. Other treatments may need to be repeated to provide the best results. Before choosing any treatment method, discuss your options with your doctor. | <urn:uuid:5ddd8685-57d4-43b6-82ea-19b9023e1deb> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.healthline.com/health/atrophic-scar | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370504930.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200331212647-20200401002647-00206.warc.gz | en | 0.916232 | 805 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Image credit: blog.squashthebeef.com
Level: Upper Intermediate/Advanced
Lesson type: Conversation/Video lesson
Topic: Comedy and T.V.
Lesson time: 1h approx.
Note: Although understanding humor and wordplay is quite an advanced skill, this lesson plan can still be adapted to lower intermediate levels by removing certain sections (such as the cross-cultural matching activity or the reading activity) and spending more time on others, such as the script reading activity. This lesson is also useful for students who want to practice listening to different accents.
- This scene from The Office U.K., followed by this one from The Office U.S.
- Handout 1: Pictures of well-known U.S. and U.K. comedians
- Handout 2: Audio transcript of both scenes
- Handout 3: Article written by Ricky Gervais about the differences between American and British humor (optional)
Brainstorm: Ask students if they know any American or British comedy shows/series and comedians – they can do this in pairs or as a group. If they don’t come up with anything, show them Handout 1 (in order of appearance: Seinfeld, Monty Python, Hugh Laurie and Stephen Fry and Louis C. K.). Discussion: What are the main differences between Americans and Brits when it comes to their sense of humor?
Cross-cultural matching activity: Write the following words on the board – dark, self-deprecating, surreal, puns/wordplay, innuendo, irony, physical. Select one or two familiar countries (i.e., neighboring countries or students’ home countries, if your class is multicultural), in addition to the United States of America and the United Kingdom. Then, ask students to match these humor related words with the countries listed. What do these cultures typically consider funny, or unfunny/taboo? Pair discussion followed by group feedback.
Pre-teaching and watching the videos
Lead-in: Ask students if they’ve heard of the T.V. show The Office. Is it an American or a British T.V. show? (If they don’t know, explain that the U.K. version came first, then the U.S. version.) Have they ever watched either of the versions? Did they enjoy it? Why/Why not?
Pre-teaching vocabulary: Tell students that they are about to watch the same scene from The Office, one taken from the U.K. version and the other from the U.S. version. Let them know that there will be some vocabulary differences (such as jelly/jell-o) and slight changes to the script, but that the general structure and dialogue are very similar.
If necessary, elicit/feed the following words: to reprimand, to discipline, official warning, to pounce, tippex.
Viewing questions: Both scenes rely on puns/wordplay. What examples of these can the students identify? Feedback after watching both videos.
Post-viewing activities and consolidation
Script reading (wrap-up): As a consolidation activity, give students copies of the audio transcripts (Handout 2). If they are interested in working on their listening comprehension, you can also replay the videos and have them follow the dialogue, pausing when needed.
Go through the dessert related puns in both clips and clarify, if necessary. Which version did they find the funniest and why? Do they know any other puns in English?
Reading activity (optional): Read and discuss Ricky Gervais’ article in Handout 3. Since it is quite challenging vocabulary-wise, you can create an extra activity with the underlined words/expressions – either a dictionary race, or a definition game (where the teacher reads definitions out loud and the students need to say which underlined word corresponds to the definition). Discuss the article at the end, relating it to the clips the students have watched – this can be done in pairs, then group feedback. | <urn:uuid:67a10d5c-af4e-435e-896b-302c78193b3e> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://markmywordsservices.com/2018/10/03/esl-video-lesson-american-vs-british-humor/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668782.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20191117014405-20191117042405-00549.warc.gz | en | 0.915383 | 841 | 3.546875 | 4 |
The choice is clear: truth, justice, freedom or lies, injustice, bondage? The good life and a just society depend on truth telling, but perhaps we are more comfortable with lies and fake news? How can we recognize the truth when everyone does "what is right in their own eyes"? When we accept and expect lies, how is civil society possible? How can we decide what is true, good, and right? If everyone has their own moral compass, is there any compass at all? This book addresses the skepticism about our capacity to know anything for sure and the inevitable consequences of moral relativism. The author says that skepticism and relativism cannot provide effective barriers against the drift by democracies into authoritarianism--characterized by the heavy use of state power to impose the culture of one kind of Me on us all.
In the past religion provided a beacon of hope and as the bedrock for our society and its laws. Now, religion is confined to the private and often silent recesses of the person. How then can we speak of God, truth, power, and justice as a society? These are some of the questions that the book takes up. Long begins by saying that truth and freedom promote human flourishing and concludes by pointing us to how we can discern and practice truth telling as private citizens and as people of faith. | <urn:uuid:9d738c4a-49a7-4e49-9c09-21579163bdfc> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.cokesbury.com/9781945935503-Truth-Telling-in-a-Post-Truth-World?refq=Truth%20Telling%20in%20a%20Post-Truth%20World | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573988.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20190920092800-20190920114800-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.970626 | 267 | 2.75 | 3 |
Headaches are common during pregnancy, especially during the first and third trimesters. They rarely signal a serious problem.
Causes of headaches during pregnancy
The cause of headaches is uncertain. In the first few months of pregnancy, they may be caused by normal changes in your hormone levels and an increase in blood volume and circulation.
In the second trimester, pregnancy-related headaches may disappear as your body becomes used to the hormonal changes. Towards the end of pregnancy, headaches tend to be related more to posture and tension from carrying extra weight.
During the second and third trimesters, headaches may also be caused by a serious condition called preeclampsia (high blood pressure during pregnancy). Preeclampsia requires immediate medical attention (see below).
Headaches and other pains
Some women often have tension headaches, which cause squeezing pain or a dull ache on both sides of the head or the back of the neck. The headaches may increase during pregnancy, especially if the woman experiences any of the following:
Some women may have migraine headaches for the first time in early pregnancy. These headaches cause severe, throbbing pains on one side of the head. The woman may also have nausea or vomiting. But many women who are prone to migraines may notice that they improve during pregnancy. Some migraine sufferers may notice no change during pregnancy or may find that their headaches become more frequent and intense.
What you can do
Before taking any medications or herbal remedies, always talk to your health care provider. If you regularly suffer from migraines, ask your health care provider before taking the medications you normally used before becoming pregnant. The following tips may safely help relieve or prevent headaches during pregnancy:
Use warm or cold compresses.
Rest and exercise.
Eat well-balanced meals.
Take care of your body.
Avoid headache triggers.
When to talk to your health care provider
While most headaches during pregnancy are harmless, some can be a sign of a more serious problem. If you have a migraine for the first time during pregnancy, or if you have a headache that feels unlike any you've experienced before, call your health care provider to make sure it is not a sign of more serious problems. Call your health care provider right away if your headache:
In the second or third trimester, headaches can be a sign of preeclampsia, a serious condition that includes high blood pressure. Contact your health care provider immediately if your headache:
Knowing the signs of pregnancy can help you tell if you’re pregnant. Here are some signs that you might be pregnant:
If you have any of these pregnancy signs and think you may be pregnant, go to your health care provider. The sooner you know you're pregnant, the sooner you can begin prenatal checkups and start taking good care of yourself and your growing baby.
You'll start feeling your baby's kicks at around the 28th week of pregnancy. By this time, your baby's movements are usually well established and some health care providers recommend keeping track of these movements.
Keep counting until you've felt 10 movements from baby. If baby doesn't move 10 times within 1 hour, try again later that day. Call your health provider if your baby's movement seems unusual or you've tried more than once that day and can't feel baby move 10 times or more during 1 hour.
Popcorn popping. A little fish swimming. Bubbles. Butterflies. Tickles. These are common words used by women to describe their baby's first movements. Also known as "quickening," it's a reassuring sign that your baby is OK and growing. This milestone typically starts sometime between 18 to 25 weeks into pregnancy. For first-time moms, it may occur closer to 25 weeks, and for second- or third-time moms, it may happen much sooner.
At first it may be difficult to tell the difference between gas and your baby moving. You might not feel movement as early as you are expecting to feel it, but you'll notice a pattern soon. You'll start to learn when the baby is most active and what seems to get her moving. | <urn:uuid:8ecbbbe4-2540-466d-a916-6b94847d7578> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.marchofdimes.org/pregnancy/print/headaches.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042982013.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002302-00206-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959139 | 843 | 2.765625 | 3 |
- General Symptoms of Sexually Transmitted Diseases
- Diagnosis in Sexually Transmitted Diseases
- Pubic Louse
- Genital Herpes
- Hepatitis B
- AIDS (HIV)
- HPV (Human Papillomavirus)
- Molluscum Contagiosum
- Sarcoptes scabiei
- Gonorrhea (the clap)
- Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Sexually transmitted diseases are communicable diseases which are transmitted from one person to another through vaginal, oral or anal sex. In addition, they may also be transmitted through the needles that are not properly sterilized. They may be transmitted from the mother to the baby during the birth as well as through breast feeding. They can be transmitted by blood as well. The transmitting agents are bacteria, parasites, fungi and viruses. They can cause disease both in men and women. They can be dangerous in women, especially the pregnant ones. Most diseases are transmitted after sexual intercourse without condoms. (safe sex)
General Symptoms of Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Discharge from the female genital organ, discharge (in small or greater amounts) from the male urinary canal, ulceration on the external genital organ and burning sensation during urination are among the symptoms of sexually transmitted diseases.
Diagnosis in Sexually Transmitted Diseases
A physician can diagnose most of the sexually transmitted diseases with a simple examination and treat them easily. The blood test is crucial for the diagnosis of syphilis. Some sexually transmitted diseases may be asymptomatic. For this reason, the use of condoms is critical.
What are preventive methods?
Condom use, circumcision, and vaccination against hepatitis A-B and human papillomavirus (HPV).
Chlamydia is among the most frequently sexually transmitted diseases. They are generally asymptomatic in women. When it gives symptoms, they may be in the form of change in the vaginal discharge, cystitis and light abdominal pain. Without treatment, it may cause pain in the pelvic region (lower abdominal zones) and during sexual contact. Light bleeding may be seen in between menstrual periods.
Syphilis is a bacterial disease characterized with pain in the genial zone and it is transmitted through sexually. It is common in the countries with backward healthcare systems and in the countries where sex trade is widespread. It is more common among women. It can be easily treated with antibiotics.
These lice are found in the pubic hair that grows in the skin above the public. They cause itchiness. These lice feed on human blood. Their treatment is simple.
This virus is found in the male and female genital skin and cervix. It has two types. It is a chronic disease. As the disease is asymptomatic, most patients do not know that they are ill. Its first type is transmitted from person to person with direct contact, or vaginal, oral and anal sex. The other type can be transmitted with commonly used materials such as handkerchief. Its rare symptoms include vaginal discharge, tiny wounds in the cervix, painful urination and lassitude. Small, red and painful pustules may be seen in the genital region.
Hepatitis B is transmitted with the semen, blood, saliva or other body fluids of a virus infected person. It may also be transmitted through the needles that are not properly sterilized. It may further be transmitted through breastfeeding. The disease affects the liver and may create serious liver disorders, including cancer. For this reason, blood donors are always tested for Hepatitis B blood transfusion.
It is a virus that attacks the immune system. It is progressive. It is transmitted via semen, blood, breast milk and vaginal discharge. It may be transmitted with vaginal, oral or anal sex or blood transfusion, breastfeeding or birth. The medical professionals who treat the patients with the AIDS must act with caution because the disease can be transmitted by blood. There is no cure for the disease; only its progress can be slowed down.
HPV (Human Papillomavirus)
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is caused by a virus which lives in wet areas in the human body. There are more than 100 types of HPV. Some 40 types of it live in genital areas. These types may cause cervical cancer. The genital wart form of HPV is widespread usually in developed countries. It is spread via vaginal and anal sex. As the disease is asymptomatic, the ill person may transmit it to other person without knowing that they are ill. Vaccines provide protection against this virus.
It is transmitted via a parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis via sexual contact. Its symptoms are seen generally in women. Foul-smelling vaginal discharge, pain during sexual intercourse and painful urination are among the symptoms of Trichomonas. The virus spread to men during sexual contact with a woman infected with the virus. It can be treated easily with drugs.
One of its four types is transmitted through sexual contact. It is a widespread disease. It becomes visible with small rounded pustules on the skin. Without treatment, they will disappear. But they may reappear 2 years later. These pustules are treated with chemicals, electrical current and freezing therapy. Some drugs may prove useful.
This parasite leaves its eggs inside the skin. It is characterized with excessive itchiness. It quickly spreads around the body. It can be transmitted via body contact or sexual contact. Excessive itching may result in inflammation. It may be seen in the genital areas, armpits, and many areas in the body. Its treatment is easy.
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease. It can be transmitted from mother to baby. It may lead to pre-term birth and congenital anomalies. Symptoms are seen 21 days after the infection with the bacterium. In its early stages, it can be easily treated. It can be treated easily with antibiotics.
Gonorrhea (the clap)
It is second most frequently sexually transmitted disease after chlamydia. The disease is asymptomatic in most women. If left untreated, they may give rise to serious disease findings in pelvic organs. In men, it may cause diseases in the urinary canal, testicles and prostate. In men, a dark, inflammatory discharge comes from the urinary canal. It causes pain in the testicles. First symptoms appear usually 2-10 days, and, in some cases, 30 days, after the sexual contact. Its treatment is simple as it is bacteria-induced.
Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Chlamydia, syphilis, gonorrhea, trichomonas, sarcoptes scabiei and public louse are the diseases that can be treated. It must be noted that the other sexual partner should be treated as well. These diseases can be easily treated using antibiotics.
Hepatitis B, herpes simplex (HSV), HIV (AIDS), human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are viral and dangerous diseases. They cannot be treated with drugs. It is crucial to use condoms in order to prevent these diseases. Circumcision has been reported to be preventive against several sexually transmitted diseases.
What happens is sexually transmitted diseases are left untreated?
The complications include miscarriage, male and female infertility, arthritis, cardiac disease, and cervical cancer (in particular human papillomavirus). | <urn:uuid:309da78d-c446-4534-ae66-d33a1bf4c0be> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.onoluroloji.com/sexually-transmitted-diseases/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153474.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727170836-20210727200836-00691.warc.gz | en | 0.936353 | 1,526 | 3.1875 | 3 |
National Climate Report - June 2016
Maps and Graphics
Temperature and Precipitation Ranks
U.S. Percentage Areas
- Climate Highlights — June
June Average Temperature Departures
June Percent of Average Precipitation
- The June temperature for the contiguous U.S. was 71.8°F, or 3.3°F above the 20th century average. This was the warmest June on record and surpassed the previous record of 71.6°F set in 1933.
- Above-average temperatures spanned the nation from coast to coast. Seventeen states across the West, Great Plains and parts of the Southeast had June temperatures that were much above average. Above-average temperatures continued for Alaska, which had its ninth warmest June with a temperature 2.4°F above average. Arizona and Utah were each record warm with temperatures 5.9°F and 7.0°F above average, respectively.
- The warm and dry conditions across the West created ideal wildfire conditions with several large fires impacting the region. The Erskine fire charred nearly 48,000 acres in Southern California, destroying more than 280 homes and killing two people.
- The contiguous U.S. average maximum (daytime) temperature during June was 84.9°F, 3.6°F above the 20th century average, the third warmest on record. Above-average maximum temperatures were observed across most of the country with much above average values across the West and Northern Plains. Utah had its warmest June maximum temperature at 86.7°F, 7.9°F above average.
- The average minimum (nighttime) temperature was 58.6°F, 3.0°F above average, and the second warmest on record. The record warmest June minimum temperature was observed in 2015 at 59.1°F. Much above average minimum temperatures were observed across the West, Great Plains, and parts of the Southeast. Arizona and Utah both had record warm June minimum temperatures at 6.2°F and 6.1°F above average, respectively.
- During June there were 5,768 record warm daily high (2,383) and low (3,385) temperature records, which is more than seven times the 819 record cold daily high (408) and low (411) temperature records.
- Based on NOAA's Residential Energy Demand Temperature Index (REDTI), the contiguous U.S. temperature-related energy demand during June was 79 percent above average and the ninth highest value on record.
- The June precipitation total for the contiguous U.S. was 2.46 inches, 0.47 inch below the 20th century average, the 14th driest on record.
- Below-average precipitation was widespread across the Northern and Central Plains, Midwest and Northeast. Five states — Massachusetts, Nebraska, South Dakota, Rhode Island and Wyoming — had June precipitation totals that were much below average.
- Above-average precipitation was observed across parts of the Southwest, Southern Plains, Midwest and Mid-Atlantic. In Arizona, rainfall associated with the seasonal monsoon caused flooding across parts of the state.
- Despite West Virginia having a June statewide precipitation total that only ranked as the 14th wettest, on June 23-24 a series of thunderstorms passed over southern parts of the state dropping upwards of 10 inches of rain on already saturated soils. The rapid rainfall rates across the mountainous terrain caused massive runoff and record flooding in the valley floors. Over 1,500 homes were destroyed and at least 23 fatalities were blamed on the flooding, including 15 in the small town of Rainelle.
- On June 6, Tropical Storm Colin made landfall along Florida's Gulf Coast with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph. Colin brought heavy rainfall and high surf along Florida's coast. As the storm moved over the Southeast, it transitioned to an extra-tropical cyclone, bringing heavy rainfall to parts of Georgia and the Carolinas. Despite the localized heavy rainfall associated with Colin, June as a whole was relatively dry across most of the Southeast.
- According to the June 28 U.S. Drought Monitor report, 16.2 percent of the contiguous U.S. was in drought, up about 3.5 percent compared to the end of May. Drought conditions worsened across parts of the Southeast and Northwest with drought developing in the Northeast and parts of the Upper Midwest and Northern Plains. Drought conditions remain entrenched across much of California.
- Climate Highlights — year-to-date (January-June)
Jan-Mar Average Temperature Departures
Jan-Mar Percent of Average Precipitation
- The contiguous U.S. year-to-date average temperature was 50.8°F, 3.2°F above the 20th century average, making it the third warmest on record. Only 2012 and 2006 were warmer with six-month average temperatures of 52.1°F and 50.8°F, respectively. Although when rounded the tenth of a degree, 2016 and 2006 appear tied, but when including additional precision to the hundredths of a degree, 2006 was marginally, or 0.03°F, warmer.
- Above-average temperatures spanned the nation for the first six months of 2016, with every state being warmer than average. Thirty-three states across the West, Great Plains, Midwest and Northeast were much warmer than average, while parts of the Southern Plains and Southeast observed above-average temperatures. No state in the contiguous U.S. was record warm.
- Alaska was record warm for the year-to-date with a statewide temperature of 30.4°F, 9.0°F above the 1925-2000 average. This bested the previous record of 27.9°F set in 1981. Record warmth spanned the state. The year-to-date temperature in Anchorage was 40.8°F, 6.8°F above the 1981-2010 normal and 2.3°F higher than the previous record set in 1981.
- The contiguous U.S. average maximum (daytime) temperature during January-June was 62.5°F, 3.2°F above the 20th century average, the fifth warmest on record. Above-average maximum temperatures were observed across most of the country with much above average maximum temperatures across the West, Great Plains, and Northeast. Only Alabama had a near-average year-to-date maximum temperature.
- The contiguous U.S. average minimum (nighttime) temperature was 39.0°F, 3.3°F above average, and the second warmest on record. The record warmest January-June minimum temperature was observed in 2012 at 39.7°F. Every state across the contiguous U.S. had an above-average minimum temperature for the six-month period with much above average minimum temperatures across the West, Great Plains, Midwest, and along parts of the East Coast. The Montana minimum temperature was record warm at 30.3°F, 5.6°F above average, surpassing the previous record of 30.0°F set in 1992.
- The contiguous U.S. year-to-date precipitation total was 15.58 inches, 0.27 inch above average, and ranked near the middle value in the 122-year period of record.
- Year-to-date precipitation totals across the contiguous U.S. were mixed. Above-average precipitation was observed for parts of the Northwest, Great Plains, Midwest, and Southeast. Below-average precipitation fell in a string of states from the Mid-Mississippi Valley to the Gulf Coast and across the Northeast. No state was record dry or wet for the six-month period, but Connecticut had its ninth driest year-to-date.
- The U.S. Climate Extremes Index (USCEI) for the year-to-date was 80 percent above average and the fifth highest value on record. On the national scale, extremes in warm maximum and minimum temperatures, the spatial extent of wetness and one-day precipitation totals were much above average. The USCEI is an index that tracks extremes (falling in the upper or lower 10 percent of the record) in land-falling tropical cyclones, temperature, precipitation and drought across the contiguous U.S.
- On the regional scale, the Northern Plains and Rockies observed its seventh highest CEI due to extremes in warm maximum and minimum temperatures and one-day precipitation totals. Much above average CEI values were observed in the South due to extremes in warm maximum and minimum temperatures, the spatial extent of wetness, and one-day precipitation totals and in the Northwest due to extremes in warm maximum and minimum temperatures.
**A comparison of the national temperature departure from average as calculated by NCDC's operational dataset (nClimDiv), the U.S. Historical Climatology Network (USHCN), and the U.S. Climate Reference Network (USCRN) is available on our National Temperature Index page.**
These regional summaries were provided by the six Regional Climate Centers and reflect conditions in their respective regions. These six regions differ spatially from the nine climatic regions of the National Centers for Environmental Information.
- Northeast Region: (Information provided by the Northeast Regional Climate Center)
- The Northeast wrapped up June with an average temperature of 65.6 degrees F (18.7 degrees C), 0.4 degrees F (0.2 degrees C) above normal. Ten of the region's twelve states were warmer than normal, with Rhode Island having its 19th warmest June on record and Connecticut having its 20th warmest. State average temperatures ranged from 0.4 degrees F (0.2 degrees C) in Maine to 1.1 degrees F (0.6 degrees C) above normal in Connecticut and West Virginia.
- June precipitation for the Northeast totaled 3.41 inches (86.61 mm), which was 81 percent of normal. Ten states received below-normal precipitation, with five ranking this June among their top 20 driest: Massachusetts and Rhode Island, 12th driest; Connecticut, 14th driest; and New Jersey and New York, 20th driest. Conversely, West Virginia had its 14th wettest June on record. State totals ranged from 34 percent of normal in Rhode Island to 145 percent of normal in West Virginia.
- The U.S. Drought Monitor released on June 2 showed 39 percent of the Northeast was abnormally dry (D0) and 1 percent of the region was experiencing moderate drought (D1). D0 and D1 expanded in New England, New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey due to below-normal precipitation, low streamflows, and declining soil moisture. Conversely, above-normal rainfall eased lingering dryness in West Virginia and western Maryland. By the end of June, 53 percent of the Northeast was abnormally dry and 12 percent of the region was experiencing moderate drought. West Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware were the only states without areas of D0 and D1.
- Numerous rounds of severe thunderstorms moved through the region in June. Nine weak tornadoes touched down during the month: five in West Virginia, three in Pennsylvania, and one in Maryland. In addition, strong thunderstorm winds downed trees and power lines and caused structural damage. Hail up to 3.25 inches (8.26 cm) in diameter was also reported. Flash flooding occurred several times throughout the month, but the most significant event happened in southern West Virginia on June 23 due to extreme rainfall. Radar estimated precipitation totals exceeded 10 inches (254 mm) in some areas. White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia reported 8.29 inches (210.57 mm) of rain between 6am on June 23 and 6am on June 24. Lewisburg, West Virginia received 8.00 inches (203.2 mm) of rain during the same 24-hour period. This made it a 1-day 1,000-year storm for both sites, meaning rainfall of this magnitude is only expected to occur on average once in a 1,000 year period. Both sites had their all-time wettest day on record. In addition, June 2016 became the all-time wettest month on record for both sites. The runoff led to rapid rises on waterways, with preliminary data indicating record or near record water levels on some rivers. For example, preliminary data showed the Elk River at Queen Shoals in Kanawha County crested at 33.37 feet (10.17 m), which was 14.37 feet (4.38 m) above flood stage and 1.37 feet (0.42 m) above its previous record high crest in 1888. Early estimates indicated that more than 1,000 homes were severely damaged or destroyed. In addition, roads were washed away, tens of thousands lost power, and numerous water rescues took place. With 23 fatalities, it was the third deadliest flooding event in the state.
- For more information, please go to the Northeast Regional Climate Center Home Page.
- Midwest Region: (Information provided by the Midwest Regional Climate Center)
- June across the Midwest region ranked the 18th warmest on record (1895-2016) with an average temperature of 70.7 degrees F (21.5 degrees C) which was 2.2 degrees F (1.2 C) above normal. Missouri, with a statewide average temperature 3.8 degrees F (2.1 C) above normal, ranked 9th warmest on record. Iowa (10th), Illinois (13th), Kentucky (14th), and Indiana (23rd) also ranked among the warmest 20 percent since 1895. The warmest temperatures in the region were in the southwest with monthly average temperatures as much as 5 degrees F (3 C) above normal. Slightly below normal temperatures were limited to the northern portions of the Midwest, from northeast Minnesota to Upper Michigan. Temperatures in northern areas of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan dropped to freezing or below on the mornings of the 8th and 9th, with some areas in Minnesota and Michigan experiencing a hard freeze of 28 degrees F (-2 C). Much warmer temperatures spread across the region over the following week, with the warmest temperatures of the month at many locations recorded between the 10th and the 13th. Temperatures reached triple digits (100 degrees F or 38 C) in Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Minnesota, and Missouri during the month. Year-to-date (January to June) statewide temperatures in 2016 rank among the warmest 10 percent (top 12) on record in all Midwest states except Kentucky.
- The Midwest was drier than normal in June, ranking as the 26th driest on record (1895-2016). Missouri recorded its 15th driest June on record with a statewide total at 50 percent of normal, 2.33 inches (59 mm) compared to a normal of 4.62 inches (117 mm). The other Midwest states were below normal with the exception of Wisconsin, which had 128 percent of normal precipitation and ranked as the 28th wettest (5.37 inches (136 mm) versus a normal of 4.21 inches (107 mm)). Above normal rainfall extended across northern Minnesota, parts of Upper Michigan, nearly all of Wisconsin, southeast Minnesota, northeast Iowa, and northwest Illinois. Further to the southeast, including much of Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio, totals were near normal with totals generally between 75 and 125 percent of normal. Below normal areas, from 25 to 50 percent of normal, were common from western Minnesota to Missouri and southern Illinois along with Lower Michigan.
- June began with no drought in the region and just under 14 percent of the region classified as abnormally dry according to the May 31st release of the US Drought Monitor. The areas of dryness were mostly in the western half of the region at the onset of the month, with Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Lower Michigan all free of drought and abnormally dry conditions. Areas of abnormally dry, and a few areas of drought, were introduced and expanded as the month went on. As of the June 28th release, drought covered 3.4 percent of the region and another 23.6 percent was abnormally dry. The moderate drought areas included west central Minnesota, southeast Iowa, northeast Missouri, and west central Illinois. Dryness touched all Midwest states except Wisconsin.
- The corn crop in the Midwest was nearly all planted by the beginning of the month and the remaining acres were quickly finished in the first week or so of June. The soybean crop was well over half way planted at the beginning of the month and was nearly all in the ground by the latter part of the month. Corn condition, according to the June 27th National Agricultural Statistics Service, were good or excellent for a majority of the region. Statewide conditions of good or excellent ranged from 86 percent in Wisconsin to 63 percent in Missouri and Michigan. Soybeans were similar with good or excellent conditions ranging from 84 percent in Wisconsin to 57 percent in Missouri. The warm and dry weather dried out topsoil in the region from the May 30th to June 27th reports, particularly in Missouri (7 to 51 percent short or very short topsoil moisture) and Michigan (28 to 60 percent).
- Severe weather was spread across the month of June with the 7th being the only day with no reports of severe weather. Several other days only had a handful of reports but there were also many days with widespread severe weather. All nine Midwest states had multiple days with severe weather reported and six of the states had tornadoes reported in June (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin). The northern half of the Midwest was more active in June than the southern Midwest. Among numerous tornadoes in northern Illinois on the 22nd, were two EF2 tornadoes, one of which near Pontiac, Illinois was responsible for four injuries. A microburst in Kentucky on the 15th killed one, while thunderstorm winds in Minnesota on the 19th caused one death and one injury. Large hail, over 2 inches (51 mm) in diameter, fell from storms, on several days (8th, 19th, 22nd, and 25th) over Minnesota and also one day (15th) over Wisconsin. The largest report was 4 inch (102 mm) hail on the 19th in Minnesota.
- For further details on the weather and climate events in the Midwest, see the weekly and monthly reports at the Midwest Climate Watch page.
- Southeast Region: (Information provided by the Southeast Regional Climate Center)
- Temperatures were above average across much of the Southeast region, with numerous extremes observed during June. The greatest departures were found across portions of central and northern Alabama, northern Georgia, South Carolina, and western North Carolina, where mean temperatures were 3 to 4 degrees F (1.7 to 2.2 degrees C) above average. Fort Lauderdale, FL (1913-2016) tied its third warmest June mean temperature on record (83.1 degrees F; 28.4 degrees C), and Columbia, SC (1887-2016) observed its fourth warmest June mean temperature on record (83.0 degrees F; 28.3 degrees C). With 20 days at or above 85 degrees F (29.4 degrees C) during the month (tied for fourth greatest June count on record), Asheville, NC (1877-2016) tied its third warmest average maximum temperature for June on record (85.7 degrees F; 29.8 degrees C). Several stations, including Tampa, FL (1890-2016) and Charleston, SC (1938-2016), recorded average minimum temperatures that were ranked within their top 3 warmest values for June on record. Temperatures were also above average in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands during the month, as Juncos, PR (1931-2016) observed its third warmest mean temperature for June on record (82.1 degrees F; 27.8 degrees C). The warmest weather of the month occurred on the 24th and 25th, as the Bermuda High expanded westward across the region. Daily maximum temperatures exceeded 95 degrees F (35.0 degrees C) across much of the southern portion of the region, with several locations reaching the lower 100s F (38.3 to 39.4 degrees C). In contrast, the coolest weather of the month occurred on the 18th and 19th, as a continental high pressure system ushered in cooler air from the northwest. Daily minimum temperatures fell below 70 degrees F (21.1 degrees C) across much of the region north of Florida, with a few elevated locations in western North Carolina reaching the lower-to-middle 40s F (5.0 to 7.8 degrees C).
- Precipitation was highly variable across the Southeast region during June, with numerous extremes recorded. The driest locations were found across portions of eastern Alabama, central and northern Georgia, Upstate South Carolina, western North Carolina, and the Florida Keys, where monthly precipitation totals were between 5 and 50 percent of normal. Anderson, SC (1949-2016) observed its fifth driest June on record with only 0.63 inch (16 mm) of precipitation, and Toccoa, GA (1893-2016) observed its fourth driest June on record with only 1.27 inches (32.3 mm) of precipitation. In contrast, the wettest locations were found across portions of Florida, southern Georgia, the eastern Carolinas, and central Virginia, where monthly precipitation totals were between 150 and 400 percent of normal. Cape Hatteras, NC (1893-2016) observed its third wettest June on record with 10.51 inches (267 mm) of precipitation, and St. Petersburg, FL (1893-2016) observed its fourth wettest June on record with 14.80 inches (376 mm) of precipitation. In addition, Lexington, VA (1889-2016), a town located about 45 miles northeast of Roanoke, observed its third wettest June on record with 8.58 inches (218 mm) of precipitation. Several extreme rainfall totals were observed in Florida with the landfall of Tropical Storm Colin on the 6th. Gainesville, FL (1891-2016) recorded its second wettest June day and tied its eighth wettest day all time with 5.65 inches (144 mm) of precipitation. From 0700 EDT on the 5th through 0700 EDT on the 8th, a three-day storm total of 17.99 inches (457 mm) was measured at the 1 ENE Seminole CWOP station near Clearwater, FL. Precipitation was generally above normal across western Puerto Rico and below normal across eastern Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands during the month.
- There were 995 severe weather reports across the Southeast during the month, which is near normal (based on the median frequency of 977 reports for June during 2000-2015). At least one severe weather report was recorded within the region on 26 days during the month, but over 40 percent of the reports (423 of 995) occurred on just two of these days (16th and 17th). At least 75 severe weather reports were recorded in every state across the region, with the greatest numbers occurring in Virginia (283; 28 percent of total) and Georgia (205; 21 percent of total). There were seven reports of large hail (i.e., at least 2 inches in diameter or hen egg-sized) during the month, including 3-inch hail in Loudoun County, VA on the 16th. Strong thunderstorm winds accounted for 90 percent (895 of 995) of all severe weather reports during June. On the 16th, winds associated with a vigorous squall line caused widespread areas of downed trees and power lines across Virginia, with sporadic damage to homes and vehicles. A 77 mph wind gust was recorded near Lynchburg as the line of thunderstorms moved through central Virginia. The next day, another squall line produced extensive damage and resulted in at least 6 reported injuries across parts of Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, and the Florida Panhandle. Strong winds from this squall line caused a large oak tree to fall onto a house in Troup County, GA, killing an infant inside. Only four tornadoes (2 EF-0s, 1 EF-1, 1 unrated) were confirmed across the region during the month, which is well below the short-term (2000-2015) median frequency of 16 tornadoes observed during June. On the 25th, an EF-0 tornado touched down in Carteret County, NC. Several mobile homes were damaged, and one resident was injured while trying to prevent yard furniture from blowing away. On the 6th, Tropical Storm Colin made landfall along the Big Bend of Florida with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph. The Sunshine Skyway Bridge near St. Petersburg, FL was temporarily closed due to the high winds, as a 51 mph wind gust was recorded that morning at St. Petersburg – Clearwater International Airport. During the month, a total of two fatalities and eight injuries were reported from lightning strikes in coastal Florida and South Carolina.
- Drought conditions intensified and expanded in coverage across several areas of the Southeast region during June, including northern Georgia, northern Alabama, and western portions of the Carolinas. By June 28th, severe (D2) drought conditions, with a few localized pockets of extreme (D3) drought, had developed across nearly 25 percent of Georgia and 15 percent of Alabama. Small areas of severe drought also emerged in far western portions of the Carolinas. Drought conditions did not change across Puerto Rico during the month, as a small southeastern portion of the island remained under moderate (D1) drought. A persistence of above-average temperatures and lack of rainfall during June severely stressed field crops (corn, cotton, and soybeans) and pastures across Alabama and Georgia. Many livestock producers in these areas had to begin a supplemental feeding for their herds due to a shortage of forage grasses. Unfavorable growing conditions resulted in well below average wheat yields in Virginia and North Carolina, and over 50 (25) percent of the peach crop in Virginia (North Carolina) was reported to be in poor condition, primarily due to the two freeze events in early April. Some corn fields in South Carolina were infested with an unusually large number of stink bugs, which can be partially attributed to a mild winter season.
- For more information, please go to the Southeast Regional Climate Center Home Page.
- High Plains Region: (Information provided by the High Plains Regional Climate Center )
- A major pattern change occurred in the High Plains in June, as cooler and wetter conditions in May abruptly transitioned to warmer and drier weather to start the summer season. Such extremes in moisture were evident in Concordia, Kansas, which went from having its 10th wettest May to its 10th driest June on record (period of record 1885-2016). Grand Island, Nebraska continuously missed out on rainfall, receiving only 0.05 inches (1 mm) of precipitation and having its driest June on record (period of record 1896-2016). Above-normal temperatures also returned to the region. Several locations reached 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C), including Colorado Springs, Colorado, which has an elevation of over 6,000 feet (1,829 m). Locations that had a top 10 warmest June were common across the entire region. Impressive records occurred in Alamosa, Colorado, which had its 2nd warmest June, and Scottsbluff, Nebraska, which tied for its 2nd warmest June on record (Alamosa period of record 1906-2016, Scottsbluff period of record 1893-2016). Heat waves occurred on several occasions, especially during the first two-thirds of the month, as ample atmospheric moisture combined with high temperatures to create uncomfortable conditions.
- The warmth and dryness experienced in June caused impacts around the region. Drought developed in the eastern Dakotas and south-central Nebraska, and it intensified rapidly in western South Dakota and northeastern Wyoming. Topsoil dried out quickly, and subsoil moisture began to decline. However, as of the end of June, drought conditions appeared to have caused only localized impacts to crops or rangeland. Despite the high temperatures and lack of adequate precipitation and soil moisture, crop and pasture conditions were mostly in good shape. This was likely due in part to cool and wet conditions in May, although this is likely to change if dryness continues into July. Dry weather also had positive impacts around the region, as it accelerated maturation of small grains in North Dakota and allowed for harvesting of winter wheat in Kansas.
- June was very warm across the High Plains region, as most locations experienced temperatures of 3.0-6.0 degrees F (1.7-3.3 degrees C) above normal. Many locations had a top 10 warmest June on record, and all six states in the High Plains had at least one location with a top 5 warmest June. In Nebraska, Omaha and Lincoln hit 80 degrees F (26.7 degrees C) every day during June, which happened for the first time on record for both locations, according to a meteorologist at the NWS Omaha Weather Forecast Office (WFO) (Omaha period of record 1871-2016, Lincoln period of record 1887-2016).
- The heat was most evident during the first two-thirds of the month. High temperatures combined with a moist atmosphere to create sultry conditions, prompting several NWS WFOs to issue heat advisories for high heat index values. To demonstrate the danger of heat inside an enclosed vehicle, staff at the NWS Omaha WFO cooked bacon and eggs and baked cookies inside a vehicle on one of the especially hot days!
- Several locations hit 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C) for the first time this year, including a few high-elevation cities in Colorado and Wyoming, which was particularly impressive. For instance, Casper, Wyoming and Colorado Springs, Colorado both experienced their earliest 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C) day on record (Casper period of record 1939-2016, Colorado Springs period of record 1894-2016). In fact, Colorado Springs hit 101 degrees F (38.3 degrees C) on the 21st, which tied with June 26, 2012 for its highest temperature on record. Reaching 100 degrees F (38.3 degrees C) is uncommon in Colorado Springs; it has only happened 8 times since record-keeping began in 1894.
- The wet pattern that was present in May throughout the High Plains was reversed in June, as most of the region experienced below-normal precipitation. Departures were greatest in southeastern Nebraska and eastern Kansas, as precipitation in these areas was about 3.00-5.00 inches (76-127 mm) below normal. Grand Island, Nebraska had its driest June on record, receiving only 0.05 inches (1 mm) of precipitation and smashing the previous record of 0.43 inches (11 mm) set in 1922 (period of record 1896-2016). Other locations that had a top 5 driest June included Lincoln, NE (3rd driest), Omaha, NE (tied for 4th driest), and Sheridan, WY (5th driest).
- Warm and dry weather led to drought expansion and parched soils across the region. At the end of May, soil moisture was adequate in most areas due to the widespread excessive precipitation that was received throughout the month, but it declined rapidly in June. This was especially the case in South Dakota and Nebraska. At the beginning of the month, topsoil moisture was just 12 percent short to very short in South Dakota, but that number more than quadrupled to 50 percent by the end of the month. In Nebraska, topsoil moisture went from 7 percent to 33 percent short to very short during June. Subsoil moisture also suffered regionwide, as South Dakota was faring the worst at the end of the month with 39 percent short to very short, followed by 31 percent in Wyoming. The deficiencies in soil moisture were impacting agriculture, as visual stress to corn was reported in southern Nebraska and northeastern South Dakota.
- The High Plains experienced some positive impacts as a result of the dry weather. While June is typically one of the most active months for severe weather in the region, fewer storm systems moving across the country limited occurrences of such weather nationwide. According to the Storm Prediction Center, the preliminary number of tornadoes in June was far below the 2013-2015 average and down significantly from the preliminary number of tornadoes in May. In addition to fewer occurrences of severe weather, some crops benefited from the dryness. In North Dakota, dryness aided crop maturation of small grains. Oats, barley, and spring wheat entered the heading stage early, and the percent headed was far ahead of the 5-year average. Dryness was welcomed by winter wheat producers in Kansas, as it allowed them to get out in their fields to harvest the crop.
- Warm and dry conditions in June caused streamflows to decline in some areas of the High Plains. Streamflows were below normal to much below normal in the Upper Missouri River Basin, including most of Montana, northern Wyoming, and the western Dakotas where it had been especially dry since May. These areas received 50 percent of normal precipitation in June, at best. However, in some areas, streamflows were still high from snowmelt and excessive precipitation in May. Higher streamflows were present in Colorado, Nebraska, and Kansas, and especially along the North Platte River in western Nebraska. Despite June dryness, an extremely wet May and rapid snowmelt in the Rockies caused streamflows in these areas to continue to be above normal. However, flooding is not expected in these areas through the first half of July.
- The warmth and dryness experienced across most of the region in June caused expansion of drought conditions in several locations. According to the U.S. Drought Monitor, the area experiencing drought or abnormally dry conditions (D0-D4) increased from about 9 percent to over 27 percent in the last month. The largest area in drought extended from far southwestern North Dakota southward to include most of western South Dakota and northeastern Wyoming. Dryness that has been present since spring has caused several impacts, such as increased fires, low productivity of rangeland, reductions in livestock, hay losses, and early irrigation. The continued dryness prompted the introduction of severe drought (D2), and then extreme drought (D3), to part of the region by U.S. Drought Monitor authors.
- A second area of drought developed in northeastern South Dakota/southeastern North Dakota in June. This region has been rather dry since May. The combination of high temperatures and little precipitation was causing stress to lawns and corn.
- Dryness also developed across central/eastern Nebraska and eastern Kansas during June, prompting the introduction of widespread abnormal dryness (D0) to the region, as well as a small area of moderate drought (D1) in south-central Nebraska. Dry topsoil was being reported by extension educators in eastern Nebraska. If above normal temperatures and dry conditions continue into July, drought is likely to spread and intensify across the region.
- For more information, please go to the High Plains Regional Climate Center Home Page.
- Southern Region: (Information provided by the Southern Regional Climate Center)
- With the exception of southwestern Texas, the Southern Region experienced a warmer than normal June. Temperature anomalies were quite consistent throughout the region, with most stations averaging 2-4 degrees F (1.11-2.22 degrees C) above their monthly expected values. The statewide monthly average temperatures were as follows: Arkansas reporting 78.90 degrees F (26.06 degrees C), Louisiana reporting 80.70 degrees F (27.06 degrees C), Mississippi reporting 80.40 degrees F (26.89 degrees C), Oklahoma reporting 79.20 degrees F (26.22 degrees C), Tennessee reporting 76.50 degrees F (24.72 degrees C), and Texas reporting 80.10 degrees F (26.72 degrees C). The state-wide temperature rankings for May are as follows: Arkansas (fifteenth warmest), Louisiana (thirty-first warmest), Mississippi (eighteenth warmest), Oklahoma (twenty-first warmest), Tennessee (eleventh warmest), and Texas (fifty-first warmest). All state rankings are based on the period spanning 1895-2016.
- As expected during the month of June, precipitation in the Southern Region was predominantly controlled by convective activity. This ultimately resulted in a very scattered pattern of precipitation, with islands of both negative and positive precipitation anomalies. In general, precipitation in the Southern Region averaged below normal. Conditions were quite dry in western Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma, with stations reporting less than twenty-five of normal. Conversely, conditions were quite wet in west central Texas, with stations reporting over one hundred and fifty percent of the monthly normal. The state-wide precipitation totals for the month are as follows: Arkansas reporting 2.99 inches (75.95 mm), Louisiana reporting 6.33 inches (160.78 mm), Mississippi reporting 4.16 inches (105.66 mm), Oklahoma reporting 3.14 inches (79.76 mm), Tennessee reporting 3.75 inches (95.25 mm), and Texas reporting 3.42 inches (86.87 mm). The state precipitation rankings for the month are as follows: Arkansas (thirty-eighth driest), Louisiana (thirtieth wettest), Mississippi (fifty-sixth wettest), Oklahoma (forty-seventh driest), Tennessee (fifty-third driest), and Texas (thirty-eighth wettest). All state rankings are based on the period spanning 1895-2016.
- Drought conditions across the Southern Region have did not change much in the Southern Region from the month of May. As of July 5, 2016, Arkansas and Texas remain drought-free. There is some new moderate (D1) drought in central Oklahoma, and conditions have deteriorated in Mississippi, which is now showing a fair amount of moderate and some severe (D2) drought in the central counties. In Tennessee, drought conditions have improved in the north-central counties, however, conditions have gotten a bit worse in the southern counties of middle Tennessee. An area of severe (D2) drought now covers the south central counties of the state.
- On June 13, 2016, a tornado was reported in Potter County, Texas. There were no reports of damage, or casualties.
- Dozens of wind reports occurred throughout the state of Mississippi on June 17, 2016. There were no reports of injuries or fatalities, and most of the damage was limited to trees and power lines.
- In Texas, there were many fatalities due to adverse weather conditions. Sixteen people died toward the beginning of the month due to drowning from the floods in Northern Texas. Of those killed, nine of them were Fort Hood soldiers, who were trapped under their truck which flipped and went under the floodwaters. Over three thousand people had to evacuate their homes and there were at least a reported three hundred high water rescues. Governor Greg Abbott issued disaster declarations to forty-six counties from flooding and severe weather. In addition to this, he requested for federal aid from President Obama, who granted the request to twelve counties affected by the recent flooding. This extra aid would help the citizens hit the hardest by the floods and severe weather to rebuild their lives. FEMA was also available to grant assistance to people in need. Sadly so far forty-seven children age ranging from two months to seventeen years old have died due to drowning (Information provided by the Texas Office of State Climatology).
- Texan farmers ranged from the over watering issues from floods to over heating throughout the month bringing them hardships with their crops. During the flooding many farmers could no longer reach their crops with their equipment due to it being too dangerous, limiting harvesting, spraying pesticides, and performing other maintenance, resulting in an overall harvest delay; harvesting was already six percent behind schedule at the beginning of the month. Some areas in East Texas received a break and had a dry spell where they were able to make hay bails before the next round of storms could roll into their area. Storms also damaged crops and caused everything from delays in planting to changing crops, which farmers thought would fair better in the weather conditions, to newly planted seeds and sprouts just washing away in oversaturated soils (Information provided by the Texas Office of State Climatology).
- For more information, please go to the Southern Regional Climate Center Home Page.
- Western Region: (Information provided by the Western Region Climate Center)
- Temperatures were well above normal this month in a wide swath from southern California northeast to southeastern Montana. Above normal precipitation was observed in the lee of the Sierra Nevada, southern Nevada, southern and central Arizona and several other scattered locations in the West. The Inland Northwest, northern Rockies, California, northern Nevada, and much of Utah were drier than normal.
- A few low-pressure systems impacted the West at mid-month, bringing late season precipitation to some areas. Red Bluff, in northern California, observed 1.27 in (32 mm) rainfall, 270% of normal and the 7th wettest June since records began in 1933. Further east, Ely, Nevada recorded 1.56 in (40 mm) for the month, 233% of normal. The orientation of these storms favored the lee of the southern Sierra Nevada, where Bishop, California, logged 0.5 in (13 mm), 263% of normal and the 8th wettest June since records began in 1895. The Southwest received some precipitation associated with these systems, though above normal precipitation in this area was dominated by pre-monsoon activity during the last week of the month. Tucson, Arizona, observed 1.59 in (40 mm), 795% of normal and the wettest June since records began in 1946. Most of this precipitation (1.15 in/29 mm) fell on the 29th, now the second wettest June day in Tucson's record. Las Vegas, Nevada also experienced monsoon-related precipitation and recorded 0.49 in (12 mm) for the month, 700% of normal and the 3rd wettest June since records began in 1948. Isolated areas of southern New Mexico, Colorado, northeast Montana, and eastern Washington also observed above normal precipitation. Drought improvement was seen in west-central Nevada and across south-central and eastern New Mexico.
- Most of the Inland Northwest and the northern Rockies saw drier than normal conditions. Pocatello, Idaho, recorded only 0.05 in (1 mm) precipitation, 5% of normal for June and the 4th driest June in a 78-year record. In central Montana, Lewistown reported 0.76 in (19 mm), 25% of normal and 3rd driest June since records began in 1896. June is typically Lewistown's wettest month. Drier than normal conditions were observed across Utah. In the eastern part of the state, Duchesne logged 0.05 in (1mm) rainfall, 6% of normal. Much of California and northern Nevada received little or no precipitation this month, not uncommon for June. Drought conditions worsened in northeastern Oregon as well as along the eastern Montana-Wyoming border.
- Heat waves during the first week and latter half of the month brought record June temperatures to some areas of the Desert Southwest. Needles, in southeastern California, reported an average temperature of 97.5 F (36.4C) for the month, 6.8 F (3.8 C) above normal and the warmest June since records began in 1941. The temperature at Needles rose to 125 F (51.7 C) on June 20th, tying the all-time record high temperature at that location. Las Vegas, Nevada, also observed its warmest June on record at an average of 92.8 F (33.8 C), 6.1 F (3.4 C) above normal. Phoenix, Arizona, tied 2013 for warmest June on record at an average 94.8 F (34.9 C), 4 F (2.2 C) above normal. In the Great Basin, Salt Lake City, Utah, tied 2015 for warmest June at an average 77.5 F (25.3 C), 7.8 F (4.3 C) above normal. In far southeastern Montana, Broadus reported an average June temperature of 73.2 F (22.9 C), 8.1 F (4.5 C) above normal. This was the second warmest June since records began in 1920.
- Most locations throughout Hawaii observed above normal precipitation this month, though June is typically the driest month of the year across the state. On the leeward side of the Big Island, Kawaihae reported 1.63 in (41 mm), 262% of normal and the 2nd wettest June since records began in 1977. In Alaska, June was wetter than normal for the Southcentral region, some interior locations, and the North Slope. Fairbanks reported 3.29 in (84 mm), 240% of normal and the 4th wettest June in an 88-year record. Western Alaska saw drier than normal conditions; Nome reported 0.34 in (9 mm) of precipitation, 34% of normal. Temperatures were near normal for the interior of the state and above normal in coastal areas. Kotzebue, in northwestern Alaska, recorded an average June temperature of 51.2 F (10.7 C), 5.5 F (3.1 C) above normal and the 5th warmest since records began in 1897.
- June (all month): Large Fires in the West: Several large fires impacted the West this month, especially in Arizona and California. The largest in Arizona was the Cedar Fire in the east-central part of the state, which consumed 45,977 acres (18,600 hectares) since it ignited on June 15. The cause of the fire is under investigation. In southern California, the Erskine Fire burned over 47,864 acres (19,370 hectares) near Lake Isabella. Also in southern California, the Sherpa Fire charred 7,474 acres (3,020 hectares) near Santa Barbara. In northern California, by the 30th the Trailhead Fire grew to 2151 acres (870 hectares) and threatened over 2,500 homes, forcing evacuations.
- June 28-29: Monsoon-related flooding in Arizona and Nevada: Extensive flooding occurred in several parts of Arizona in association with a major monsoon storm of the year. Flagstaff's Southside neighborhood in particular saw heavy flooding and street closures. Runoff and debris from the Cedar Fire contributed to flooding and road closures in Cedar Creek in east-central Arizona. Las Vegas, Nevada, also observed heavy precipitation and flooding resulting in several rescues and road closures.
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Victor-Marie Hugo, novelist, poet, playwright, dramatist, essayist and statesman, (February 26, 1802 – May 22, 1885) is recognized as one of the most influential Romantic writers of the nineteenth century. Born and raised in a royalist Catholic family, Hugo would—like so many of the Romantics—rebel against the conservative political and religious establishment in favor of liberal republicanism and the revolutionary cause. Hugo, like Gustave Flaubert, was disgusted with what he saw as the corruption of imperial France and with the Church's complicity in social injustices, and he devoted much of his energies (both in fiction and in essays) to overthrowing the monarchy.
While he made significant contributions to the revolutionary cause, Hugo was much more than a political activist. He was one of the most gifted writers of his times. Like Charles Dickens in England, Hugo became immensely popular among the working classes, viewed as a hero who exposed the underbelly of French society.
Hugo was recognized and continues to be lauded as a major force within the literary community. More than perhaps any other French author with the exception of François-René de Chateaubriand, Hugo ushered in the literary movement of Romanticism in France, which would become one of the most influential movements in the history of French and all European literature. Hugo espoused the virtues of Romanticism—liberty, individualism, spirit, and nature—which would become the tenets of high art for generations.
In his poetry, which in France is considered to be of equal worth to his frequently-translated novels, Hugo brought the lyrical style of German and English Romantic poets into the French language, in effect setting into motion a sea-change in the style of nineteenth-century French poetry. Among many volumes of poetry, Les Contemplations and La Légende des siècles stand particularly high in critical esteem. In the English-speaking world his best-known works are the novels Les Misérables and Notre-Dame de Paris (sometimes translated into English (to Hugo's dismay) as The Hunchback of Notre-Dame).
Hugo is a towering figure in French literature and politics, and in the Western movement of Romanticism.
Victor Hugo was the youngest son of Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo (1773–1828) and Sophie Trébuchet (1772-1821). He was born in 1802 in Besançon (in the region of Franche-Comté) and lived in France for the majority of his life. However, he was forced to go into exile during the reign of Napoleon III—he lived briefly in Brussels during 1851; in Jersey from 1852 to 1855; and in Guernsey from 1855 until his return to France in 1870.
Hugo's early childhood was turbulent. The century prior to his birth saw the overthrow of the Bourbon Dynasty in the French Revolution, the rise and fall of the First Republic, and the rise of the First French Empire and dictatorship under Napoleon Bonaparte. Napoleon was proclaimed Emperor two years after Hugo's birth, and the Bourbon Monarchy was restored before his eighteenth birthday. The opposing political and religious views of Hugo's parents reflected the forces that would battle for supremacy in France throughout his life: Hugo's father was a high-ranking officer in Napoleon's army, an atheist republican who considered Napoleon a hero; his mother was a staunch Catholic Royalist who is suspected of taking General Victor Lahorie as her lover, who was executed in 1812 for plotting against Napoleon.
Sophie followed her husband to posts in Italy where he served as a governor of a province near Naples, and Spain where he took charge of three Spanish provinces. Eventually weary of the constant moving required by military life, and at odds with her unfaithful husband, Sophie separated from Léopold in 1803 and settled in Paris. Thereafter she dominated Victor's education and upbringing. As a result, Hugo's early work in poetry and fiction reflect a passionate devotion to both the king and faith. It was only later, during the events leading up to France's 1848 Revolution, that he would begin to rebel against his Catholic Royalist education and instead champion Republicanism and free thought.
Like many young writers of his generation, Hugo was profoundly influenced by François-René de Chateaubriand, the founder of Romanticism and France’s pre-eminent literary figure duing the early 1800s. In his youth, Hugo resolved to be “Chateaubriand or nothing," and his life would come to parallel that of his predecessor’s in many ways. Like Chateaubriand, Hugo would further the cause of Romanticism, become involved in politics as a champion of Republicanism, and be forced into exile due to his political stances.
The precocious passion and eloquence of Hugo's early work brought success and fame at an early age. His first collection of poetry Nouvelles Odes et Poesies Diverses was published in 1824, when Hugo was only 22 years old, and earned him a royal pension from Louis XVIII. Though the poems were admired for their spontaneous fervor and fluency, it was the collection that followed two years later in 1826 Odes et Ballades that revealed Hugo to be a great poet, a natural master of lyric and creative song.
Against his mother's wishes, young Victor fell in love and became secretly engaged to his childhood sweetheart, Adèle Foucher (1803-1868). Unusually close to his mother, it was only after her death in 1821 that he felt free to marry Adèle the following year. He published his first novel the following year Han d'Islande (1823), and his second three years later Bug-Jargal (1826). Between 1829 and 1840 he would publish five more volumes of poetry; Les Orientales (1829), Les Feuilles d'automne (1831), Les Chants du crépuscule (1835), Les Voix intérieures (1837), and Les Rayons et les ombres (1840), cementing his reputation as one of the greatest elegiac and lyric poets of his time.
Hugo did not achieve such quick success with his works for the stage. In 1827, he published the never-staged verse drama Cromwell, which became more famous for the author's preface than its own worth. The play's unwieldy length was considered "unfit for acting." In his introduction to the work, Hugo urged his fellow artists to free themselves from the restrictions imposed by the French classical style of theater, and thus sparked a fierce debate between French Classicism and Romanticism that would rage for many years. Cromwell was followed in 1828 by the disastrous Amy Robsart, an experimental play from his youth based on the Walter Scott novel Kenilworth, which was produced under the name of his brother-in-law Paul Foucher and managed to survive only one performance before a less-than-appreciative audience.
The first play of Hugo's to be accepted for production under his own name was Marion de Lorme. Though initially banned by the censors for its unflattering portrayal of the French monarchy, it was eventually allowed to premiere uncensored in 1829, but without success. However, the play that Hugo produced the following year—Hernani—would prove to be one of the most successful and groundbreaking events of nineteenth century French theatre. On its opening night, the play became known as the "Battle of Hernani." Today the work is largely forgotten, except as the basis for the Giuseppe Verdi opera of the same name. However, at the time, performances of the work sparked near-riots between opposing camps of French letters and society: classicists versus romantics, liberals versus conformists, and republicans versus royalists. The play was largely condemned by the press, but played to full houses night after night, and all but crowned Hugo as the preeminent leader of French Romanticism. It also signaled that Hugo's concept of Romanticism was growing increasingly politicized. Romanticism, he expressed, would liberate the arts from the constraints of classicism just as liberalism would free the politics of his country from the tyranny of monarchy and dictatorship.
In 1832 Hugo followed the success of Hernani with Le roi s'amuse (The King Takes His Amusement). The play was promptly banned by the censors after only one performance, due to its overt mockery of the French nobility, but then went on to be very popular in printed form. Incensed by the ban, Hugo wrote his next play, Lucréce Borgia (see: Lucrezia Borgia), in only fourteen days. It subsequently appeared on the stage in 1833, to great success. Mademoiselle George the former mistress of Napoleon was cast in the main role, and an actress named Juliette Drouet played a subordinate part. However, Drouet would go on to play a major role in Hugo’s personal life, becoming his life-long mistress and muse. While Hugo had many romantic escapades throughout his life, Drouet was recognized even by his wife to have a unique relationship with the writer, and was treated almost as family. In Hugo’s next play (Marie Tudor, 1833), Drouet played Lady Jane Grey to George’s Queen Mary. However, she was not considered adequate to the role, and was replaced by another actress after opening night. It would be her last role on the French stage; thereafter she devoted her life to Hugo. Supported by a small pension, she became his unpaid secretary and travel companion for the next fifty years.
Hugo’s Angelo premiered in 1835, to great success. Soon afterward the Duke of New Orleans and brother of King Louis-Philippe, an admirer of Hugo’s work, founded a new theatre to support new plays. Théâtre de la Renaissance opened in November 1838 with the premiere of Ruy Blas. Though considered by many to be Hugo’s best drama, at the time it met with only average success. Hugo did not produce another play until 1843. The Burgraves played for only 33 nights, losing audiences to a competing drama, and it would be his last work written for the theater. Though he would later write the short verse drama Torquemada in 1869, it was not published until a few years before his death in 1882 and was never intended for the stage. However, Hugo's interest in the theater continued, and in 1864 he published a well-received essay on William Shakespeare, whose style he tried to emulate in his own dramas.
Victor Hugo's first mature work of fiction appeared in 1829, and reflected the acute social conscience that would infuse his later work. Le Dernier jour d'un condamné (“Last Days of a Condemned Man”) would have a profound influence on later writers such as Albert Camus, Charles Dickens, and Fyodor Dostoevsky. Claude Gueux, a documentary short story that appeared in 1834 about a real-life murderer who had been executed in France, was considered by Hugo himself to be a precursor to his great work on social injustice, Les Miserables. But Hugo’s first full-length novel would be the enormously successful Notre-Dame de Paris (“The Hunchback of Notre Dame”), which was published in 1831 and quickly translated into other European languages. One of the effects of the novel was to shame the City of Paris to undertake a restoration of the much neglected Cathedral of Notre Dame, which was now attracting thousands of tourists who had read the popular novel. The book also inspired a renewed appreciation for pre-renaissance buildings, which thereafter began to be actively preserved.
Hugo began planning a major novel about social misery and injustice as early as the 1830s, but it would take a full 17 years for his greatest work, Les Miserables, to be realized and finally published in 1862. The author was acutely aware of the quality of the novel and publication of the work went to the highest bidder. The Belgian publishing house Lacroix and Verboeckhoven undertook a marketing campaign unusual for the time, issuing press releases about the work a full six months before the launch. It also initially published only the first part of the novel ("Fantine"), which was launched simultaneously in major cities. Installments of the book sold out within hours, exerting an enormous impact on French society. Response ranged from wild enthusiasm to intense condemnation, but the issues highlighted in Les Miserables were soon on the agenda of the French National Assembly. Today the novel is considered a literary masterpiece, adapted for cinema, television and musical stage to an extent equaled by few other works of literature.
Hugo turned away from social/political issues in his next novel, Les Travailleurs de la Mer (“Toilers of the Sea”), published in 1866. Nonetheless, the book was well received, perhaps due to the previous success of Les Miserables. Dedicated to the channel island of Guernsey where he spent 15 years of exile, Hugo’s depiction of man’s battle with the sea and the horrible creatures lurking beneath its depths spawned an unusual fad in Paris, namely squid. From squid dishes and exhibitions, to squid hats and parties, Parisiennes became fascinated by these unusual sea creatures, which at the time were still considered by many to be mythical.
Hugo returned to political and social issues in his next novel, L'Homme Qui Rit (“The Man Who Laughs”), which was published in 1869 and painted a critical picture of the aristocracy. However, the novel was not as successful as his previous efforts, and Hugo himself began to comment on the growing distance between himself and literary contemporaries such as Gustave Flaubert and Emile Zola, whose naturalist novels were now exceeding the popularity of his own work. His last novel, Quatrevingt-treize (“Ninety-Three”), published in 1874, dealt with a subject that Hugo had previously avoided: the Reign of Terror that followed the French Revolution. Though Hugo’s popularity was on the decline at the time of its publication, many now consider Ninety-Three to be a powerful work on par with Hugo’s better-known novels.
Les Misérables (trans. variously as “The Miserable Ones,” “The Wretched,” “The Poor Ones,” “The Victims”) is Hugo's masterpiece, ranking with Herman Melville's Moby-Dick, Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace and Fyodor Dostoevsky's Brothers Karamazov as one of the most influential novels of the nineteenth century. It follows the lives and interactions of several French characters over a twenty year period in the early nineteenth century during the Napoleonic wars and subsequent decades. Principally focusing on the struggles of the protagonist—ex-convict Jean Valjean—to redeem himself through good works, the novel examines the impact of Valjean's actions as social commentary. It examines the nature of good, evil, and the law, in a sweeping story that expounds upon the history of France, architecture of Paris, politics, moral philosophy, law, justice, religion, and the types and nature of romantic and familial love.
Les Misérables contains a multitude of plots, but the thread that binds them together is the story of the ex-convict Jean Valjean, who becomes a force for good in the world, but cannot escape his past. The novel is divided into five parts, each part divided into books, and each book divided into chapters. The novel's more than twelve hundred pages in unabridged editions contains not only the story of Jean Valjean but many pages of Hugo's thoughts on religion, politics, and society, including his three lengthy digressions, including a discussion on enclosed religious orders, another on argot, and most famously, his epic retelling of the Battle of Waterloo.
After nineteen years of imprisonment for stealing bread for his starving family, the peasant Jean Valjean is released on parole. However, he is required to carry a yellow ticket, which marks him as a convict. Rejected by innkeepers who do not want to take in a convict, Valjean sleeps on the street. However, the benevolent Bishop Myriel takes him in and gives him shelter. In the night, he steals the bishop’s silverware and runs. He is caught, but the bishop rescues him by claiming that the silver was a gift. The bishop then tells him that in exchange, he must become an honest man.
Six years later, Valjean has become a wealthy factory owner and is elected mayor of his adopted town, having broken his parole and assumed the false name of Père Madeleine to avoid capture by Inspector Javert, who has been pursuing him. Fate, however, takes an unfortunate turn when another man is arrested, accused of being Valjean, and put on trial, forcing the real ex-convict to reveal his true identity. At the same time, his life takes another turn when he meets the dying Fantine, who had been fired from the factory and has resorted to prostitution. She has a young daughter, Cosette, who lives with an innkeeper and his wife. As Fantine dies, Valjean, seeing in Fantine similarities to his former life of hardship, promises her that he will take care of Cosette. He pays off the innkeeper, Thénardier, to obtain Cosette. Valjean and Cosette flee for Paris.
Ten years later, angry students, led by Enjolras, are preparing a revolution on the eve of the Paris uprising on June 5 and 6, 1832, following the death of General Lamarque, the only French leader who had sympathy towards the working class. One of the students, Marius Pontmercy, falls in love with Cosette, who has grown to be very beautiful. The Thénardiers, who have also moved to Paris, lead a gang of thieves to raid Valjean’s house while Marius is visiting. However, Thénardier’s daughter, Éponine, who is also in love with Marius, convinces the thieves to leave.
The following day, the students initiate their revolt and erect barricades in the narrow streets of Paris. Valjean, learning that Cosette's love is fighting, goes to join them. Éponine also joins. During the battle, Valjean saves Javert from being killed by the students and lets him go. Javert, a man who believes in absolute obedience of the law, is caught between his belief in the law and the mercy Valjean has shown him. Unable to cope with this dilemma, Javert kills himself. Valjean saves the injured Marius, but everyone else, including Enjolras and Éponine, is killed. Escaping through the sewers, he returns Marius to Cosette. Marius and Cosette are soon married. Finally, Valjean reveals to them his past, and then dies.
Among its many other themes, a discussion and comparison of grace and legalism is central to Les Misérables. This is seen most starkly in the juxtaposition of the protagonist, Valjean, and the apparent antagonist, Javert.
After serving 19 years, all Jean Valjean knows about is the judgment of the law. He committed a crime for which he suffered the punishment, although he feels that this is somehow unjust. Rejected because of his status as an ex-convict, Valjean first encounters grace when the bishop not only lies to protect him for stealing the two silver candlesticks from his table, but famously also makes a gift of the candlesticks to Valjean. This treatment that does not correspond to what Valjean "deserves" represents a powerful intrusion of grace into his life.
Throughout the course of the novel, Valjean is haunted by his past, most notably in the person of the relentless Javert. It is fitting then that the fruition of that grace comes in the final encounter between Valjean and Javert. After Javert is captured going undercover with the revolutionaries, Jean Valjean volunteers to execute him. However, instead of taking vengeance as Javert expects, he sets the policeman free. The bishop's act of grace is multiplied in the life of Jean Valjean, even extending to his arch-nemesis. Javert is unable to reconcile his black-and-white view with the apparent high morals of this ex-criminal and with the grace extended to him, and commits suicide.
Grace plays a positive moral force in Jean's life. Whereas prison has hardened him to the point of stealing from a poor and charitable bishop, grace sets him free to be charitable to others.
After three unsuccessful attempts, Hugo was finally elected to the Académie Francaise in 1841, solidifying his position in the world of French arts and letters. Thereafter he became increasingly involved in French politics as a supporter of the Republican form of government. He was elevated to the peerage by King Louis-Philippe in 1841, entering the Higher Chamber as a Pair de France, where he spoke against the death penalty and social injustice, and in favor of freedom of the press and of self-government for Poland. He was later elected to the Legislative Assembly and the Constitutional Assembly, following the 1848 Revolution and the formation of the Second Republic.
When Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III) seized complete power in 1851, establishing an anti-parliamentary constitution, Hugo openly declared him a traitor of France. Fearing for his life, he fled to Brussels, then Jersey, and finally settled with his family on the channel island of Guernsey, where he would live in exile until 1870.
While in exile, Hugo published his famous political pamphlets against Napoleon III, Napoléon le Petit and Histoire d'un crime. The pamphlets were banned in France, but nonetheless had a strong impact there. He also composed some of his best work during his period in Guernsey, including Les Miserables, and three widely praised collections of poetry Les Châtiments (1853), Les Contemplations (1856), and La Légende des siècles (1859).
Although Napoleon III granted an amnesty to all political exiles in 1859, Hugo declined, as it meant he would have to curtail his criticisms of the government. It was only after the unpopular Napoleon III fell from power and the Third Republic was established that Hugo finally returned to his homeland in 1870, where he was promptly elected to the National Assembly and the Senate.
Although raised by his mother as a strict Roman Catholic, Hugo later become extremely anti-clerical and fiercely rejected any connection to the church. On the deaths of his sons Charles and François-Victor, he insisted that they be buried without cross or priest, and in his will made the same stipulation about his own death and funeral.
Due in large part to the church's indifference to the plight of the working class under the monarchy, which crushed their opposition, Hugo evolved from non-practicing Catholic to a Rationalist Deist. When a census-taker asked him in 1872 if he was a Catholic, Hugo replied, "No. A Freethinker." He became very interested in spiritualism while in exile, participating in séances.
Hugo's rationalism can be found in poems such as Torquemada (1869), about religious fanaticism, The Pope (1878), violently anti-clerical, Religions and Religion (1880), denying the usefulness of churches and, published posthumously, The End of Satan and God (1886) and (1891) respectively, in which he represents Christianity as a griffin and rationalism as an angel. He predicted that Christianity would eventually disappear, but people would still believe in "God, Soul, and Responsibility."
When Hugo returned to Paris in 1870, the country hailed him as a national hero. He went on to weather, within a brief period, the Siege of Paris, a mild stroke, his daughter Adèle’s commitment to an insane asylum, and the death of his two sons. His other daughter, Léopoldine, had drowned in a boating accident in 1833, while his wife Adele passed away in 1868.
Two years before his own death, Juliette Drouet, his lifelong mistress died in 1883. Victor Hugo's death on May 22, 1885, at the age of 83, generated intense national mourning. He was not only revered as a towering figure in French literature, but also internationally acknowledged as a statesman who helped to preserve and shape the Third Republic and democracy in France. More than two million people joined his funeral procession in Paris from the Arc de Triomphe to the Panthéon, where he was buried.
Hugo was almost as prolific an artist as he was a writer, producing about 4,000 drawings in his lifetime. Originally pursued as a casual hobby, drawing became more important to Hugo shortly before his exile, when he made the decision to stop writing in order to devote himself to politics. Drawing became his exclusive creative outlet during the period 1848-1851.
Hugo worked only on paper, and on a small scale; usually in dark brown or black pen-and-ink wash, sometimes with touches of white, and rarely with color. The surviving drawings are surprisingly accomplished and modern in their style and execution, foreshadowing the experimental techniques of surrealism and abstract expressionism.
He would not hesitate to use his children's stencils, ink blots, puddles and stains, lace impressions, "pliage" or foldings (Rorschach blots), "grattage" or rubbing, often using the charcoal from match sticks or his fingers instead of pen or brush. Sometimes he would even toss in coffee or soot to get the effects he wanted. It is reported that Hugo often drew with his left hand or without looking at the page, or during spiritualist séances, in order to access his unconscious mind, a concept only later popularized by Sigmund Freud.
Hugo kept his artwork out of the public eye, fearing it would overshadow his literary work. However, he enjoyed sharing his drawings with his family and friends, often in the form of ornately handmade calling cards, many of which were given as gifts to visitors while he was in political exile. Some of his work was shown to and appreciated by contemporary artists such as Vincent van Gogh and Eugene Delacroix. The latter expressed the opinion that if Hugo had decided to become a painter instead of a writer, he would have outshone the other artists of their century.
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