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Since the early nineteenth century the circus has been a favorite form of professional entertainment for Georgians. The circus first appeared in America in 1793, and Georgia hosted a circus as early as 1801 in Savannah. Just like circuses of today, these early shows emphasized horseback riding, acrobatics, and clowning. The circus's appeal in Georgia from the early nineteenth century to the present day provides a window into how southern tastes in popular culture and southern norms of public behavior have changed over time.
The early circus was strictly an urban amusement. Circuses performed in a single city for weeks at a time, playing in theaters or temporary wooden structures built by the showmen. In a coastal state such as Georgia, shows moved from city to city by riverboat, and before 1825 no circus played farther west than the state's short-lived capital of Louisville. But that year the introduction of a portable canvas tent into the circus business allowed shows to undertake more frequent and ambitious moves deep into the Georgia backcountry. With the addition of small towns to their itineraries, performers and workers now faced the exhausting task of moving on rutted and muddy country roads from one isolated Georgia community to another. Circuses reached the interior towns of Athens, Macon, and Milledgeville by the late 1820s and Columbus by the early 1830s, giving rural Georgians the opportunity to see the same performances that their urban counterparts had enjoyed for years.
These shows featured entertainment sure to fascinate rural and small-town southerners: the display of handsome steeds, skilled riding, exotic animals, and demonstrations of human strength and athleticism. But troupes also included risque acts like scantily dressed female equestrians and ribald clowns, all performing within the confines of a single ring. Despite, or perhaps because of, these racy features, the appearance of circus posters on fences and barns in remote Georgia hamlets brought hundreds of people of all classes and colors to town on show day. Once there, they lined the main thoroughfare to watch the circus parade before crowding under the canvas for the big show.
The diverse character of circus crowds prompted showmen to provide tented accommodations consistent with southern hierarchies of class and race. Circuses invariably attracted rowdy young men who viewed circus day as an occasion to drink, carouse, and fight, often with equally unruly circus roustabouts. Free blacks and some slaves also came out for these shows. Consequently, antebellum circuses offered special reserved seats for well-to-do white families. Lower-class whites, African Americans, and the occasional prostitute watched the show while standing in the "pit," the part of the tent that lacked seats. The pit was segregated, with whites on one side and blacks on the other. Circuses would continue to provide spectator areas segmented by class and color well into the twentieth century.
The dangerous combination of disorderly men and morally questionable entertainment prompted evangelical leaders and class-conscious elites to denounce the circus. For instance, the Methodist Book of Discipline proscribed circus attendance for church members until the twentieth century. The faculty of the University of Georgia in Athens deemed the circus an immoral entertainment and forbade students to attend such shows. Newspaper editors routinely condemned the ribald character of circus entertainment and the rough crowds that gathered to enjoy it. Such criticisms discouraged many respectable men and women from entering the tents of these traveling shows. To rebut the critiques of the circus as sinful and plebeian, showmen argued that their menageries displayed the wonder of God's creation and promised that their programs would not offend even the most scrupulous individuals.
The Civil War (1861-65) drove circuses out of Georgia, but they returned to the state in the fall of 1865. Almost all nineteenth-century shows were based in the North, but some attempted to win the favor of southern audiences by adding "Great Southern" or "New Orleans" to their titles, while spotlighting any southern members of their troupes. During these years Georgia did produce a short-lived show of its own. In 1871 an enterprising Atlanta stable owner and a prominent showman organized the Haight and Wooten Circus, which featured many southerners among its performers and staff. Haight and Wooten split as a team in 1872, and Haight formed a new circus, the Great Eastern Circus, which for many years toured not only Georgia and the Southeast but also the rest of the nation and Canada.
The 1870s also saw a shift from wagon to rail transport, which soon made size a more important circus attribute than sectional allegiance. Although in 1838 Georgia was the site of the earliest known use of a railroad by a circus, the industry did not fully embrace rail travel until 1872. Once on rails, a circus could move more equipment, men, and animals than ever before. Showmen expanded their circus tents from one ring to three, allowing seating capacities to grow from hundreds to thousands. These changes helped the circus become the nation's most popular form of entertainment during the late nineteenth century.
The use of railroads by shows also altered the social nature of circus day. Movement by wagon had meant that a small town was as likely to get a leading show as a big city. But movement by rail confined the top troupes to the growing towns and big cities along railroad lines. For rural Georgians the journey to see the circus was now as much a part of the circus-going experience as the show itself. Farmers and their families left home hours and sometimes days before a show and traveled to large towns and cities on foot, on horse, by wagon, and by excursion train. Upon arrival the country people joined with town-dwellers of all classes and colors to create huge circus crowds. The varied members of these throngs socialized, drank, fought, laughed, and generally celebrated a release from the day's labor. By the 1880s most Georgia merchants and community leaders welcomed the circus because country people spent large sums in local stores and eateries before and after they attended the show.
Georgia's African Americans particularly embraced the circus and the attendant activities of circus day. Early in the morning ambitious black Georgians erected "snack stands" near the circus grounds to vend edibles to circusgoers of both races. These booths also served as central locations for African Americans to congregate and mingle during the course of the day.
For persons of more limited means, magnificent circus parades provided free entertainment even if they could not afford a ticket to the show. But perhaps the most attractive aspect of the circus-day experience for African Americans was the limited segregation practices employed by showmen. On the circus lot, black and white patrons stood in the same ticket line, entered through the same main gate, and mingled together in the same open viewing areas of the sideshow and menagerie tents. In fact, circus managers divided the races only under their big tops. They did so by confining blacks to general admission seats located at one end of the arena; African Americans who patronized the theater, in contrast, found themselves forced to enter through the playhouse's rear entrance before being relegated to the worst seats in the house, typically in the balcony's "Negro gallery." The limited application of Jim Crow practices, when joined with the day's festive atmosphere, produced consistently heavy black turnouts at circuses.
Despite circus day's carefree ambiance, tented outfits remained magnets for immoral activities and dangerous situations. Rigged gambling games became a regular sideshow feature. Violence was another problem. Fueled by liquor, Georgia men stabbed, shot, and murdered each other at circuses with bloody frequency. Several circus men also lost their lives in violent confrontations with Georgia toughs. In 1881 a riot broke out in Cartersville between show employees and local ruffians.
Humans were not the only source of mayhem at Georgia shows. A circus elephant rampaged in Valdosta in 1902, killing one man and leaving the town terrified until the chief of police dispatched the pachyderm with a high-powered rifle. Yet not all memorable animal incidents led to such unhappiness. In 1889 an Atlanta businessman purchased the menagerie of a bankrupt circus and donated it to the city's Grant Park. This group of animals became the basis of Atlanta's first zoo (later Zoo Atlanta).
By the early twentieth century the circus had entered a period of decline. Novel forms of entertainment like movie houses, amusement parks, and professional sports competed with circuses for the attention of the Georgia public. The ever-increasing number of automobiles on the road forced shows to end the long and popular tradition of the free circus parade. Still, Georgia residents could point with pride to the fine shows that called the state their winter home. Between 1908 and 1956, Macon's Central City Park hosted five different circuses. Other Georgia cities where circuses wintered during the first half of twentieth century include Americus, Atlanta, Augusta, Savannah, and Valdosta.
Since the 1990s smaller shows like Barnum's Kaleidoscape and Cirque du Soleil have spearheaded a popular resurgence of the circus in America. Georgia's contribution to this new generation of tented troupes is the black-owned UniverSoul Circus, which debuted in Atlanta in 1994. This one-ring show offers standard circus acts like clowning, acrobatics, and performing animals but presents them with a distinctive African American aesthetic. Breaking with circus conventions, UniverSoul performers dance to the beat of rhythm and blues, salsa, and hip-hop, and its clowns draw on the realities of urban life for their humor. Yet in a return to the intimacy and interactivity of the antebellum circus, the show brings audience members into the ring to dance and sing. Through its fusion of tradition and innovation, the UniverSoul Circus demonstrates why the venerable entertainment institution of the circus will remain a part of Georgia's, and the nation's, cultural fabric. | <urn:uuid:516d9e1b-ebe9-4637-9580-24e436e54f4a> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://m.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/sports-outdoor-recreation/circuses | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218186530.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212946-00157-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957811 | 2,050 | 3.796875 | 4 |
The purpose of this guide is to introduce the researcher to the sources of international law and the basic print and electronic research tools available to find them.
Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) is generally considered to be the authoritative listing of the sources of international law. It lists them as the following:
The statute also list two "subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law.", While they are not primary sources of law, they can be cited to show evidence of international law. They are: | <urn:uuid:9d151ea0-0b39-42d0-a246-b9549f7e6206> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://law.gwu.libguides.com/PIL | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818690029.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924134120-20170924154120-00349.warc.gz | en | 0.953454 | 110 | 2.59375 | 3 |
- Category: Drought Tolerant
- Mature Height: 3'
- Mature Width: 4'
- Light Requirements: Full Sun
- Water Requirements: Moderate to Little Water
- Hardiness Zones: 10, 11, 7, 8, 9
Lantana is woody and heavy flowering perennial, or annual depending on location, that is both reliable and beautiful in any landscape. Lantana is native to central and South America and is both heat and drought tolerant. Depending on use and hardiness zone, it can become a mid-sized evergreen shrub or a low sprawling ground cover. While it is perennial in many areas, it is also often used for annual color in landscape beds and containers. Some new hybrids have a very compact habit ideal for flower beds or narrow perennial borders. Lantana blooms profusely in varying shades of white, orange, red, yellow, pink, and purple; as well as mixed colors. The blooms attract a wide variety of butterflies to the garden. The most common lantana species include L. camara (shrub) and L. montevidensis (low-growing groundcover). There are many hybrids available. Lantana is fast growing plant that is typically disease and pest free. Be sure to plant Lantana in full sun for best bloom display. In the right conditions Lantana can reseed freely but its offspring are typically not true to variety. Lantana can tolerate poor soils but prefers well-draining soil and medium moisture.View Availability | <urn:uuid:80faf5bf-95c0-41dd-b7c1-57b5f4a3cf6e> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.tynursery.com/plant-library/item/lantana-hybrid-irene/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662543264.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20220522001016-20220522031016-00439.warc.gz | en | 0.926477 | 318 | 2.75 | 3 |
15th Annual Smithsonian.com Photo Contest
Nymphaea nouchali, often known by its synonym Nymphaea stellata, or by common names blue lotus, star lotus, red and blue water lily, or blue star water lily is a water lily of genus Nymphaea. It is native to southern and eastern parts of Asia, and is the national flower of Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. This water lily has a beautiful flower which is usually violet blue in color with reddish edges. Some varieties have white, purple, or fuchsia-colored flowers, hence its name red and blue water lily.
© Azim Khan Ronnie.
All rights reserved.
||July 7, 2017, 4:55 a.m.
||Canon EOS 7D Mark II | <urn:uuid:7bfce13a-b607-4006-85ad-538036cfa1a8> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.smithsonianmag.com/photocontest/detail/natural-world/water-lily-43/?ordering=-uploaded_at&filters= | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863463.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20180620050428-20180620070428-00571.warc.gz | en | 0.79038 | 168 | 2.625 | 3 |
A solar power generator uses the sun's energy to create electricity. Unlike a photoelectric panel, which converts sunlight directly into electrical current, a solar thermal generator uses the sun's heat to create electricity. This technology offers many of the advantages of traditional power generation without the carbon dioxide emissions that come from coal and natural gas power plants.
The heart of most power plants is a turbine generator. This device creates a current when it turns, transforming mechanical energy into electrical energy. Wind farms use large fan blades attached to turbine generators to catch the wind, converting the natural energy of moving air to electricity. Traditional power plants burn coal to heat water, and once the water comes to a boil, the resulting steam flows through pipes and turns the turbine generator. Solar thermal plants use a series of mirrors to collect and intensify the sun's rays to produce the necessary heat without the emissions created by burning fuel.
The key to any solar thermal plant is the series of solar collectors used to heat water. Typically, solar collectors are a series of large, trough-like mirrors laid out in rows with a series of pipes working their way through each line of collectors. The mirrors reflect the sun's energy in such a way that they concentrate the heat onto the water pipes, super-heating the water to around 300 degrees Celsius (572 degrees Fahrenheit). The water and steam flow through the pipes to the central turbine, producing electricity.
Another type of solar plant uses a central tower to collect and heat liquid instead of allowing the water to flow through a field of trough collectors. In this system, the mirrors are parabola-shaped, and all focus on the same point instead of each mirror focusing on a different length of pipe. This allows the targeted spot to become much hotter, creating more steam and allowing the system to drive a larger turbine to produce more electricity.
Central tower systems also allow the use of alternative materials for power generation. Molten salt is a mixture of salts designed to melt and flow at the extremely high temperatures provided by concentrated solar power systems. Once superheated, the salt flows through pipes connected to a traditional steam generator, heating the water and providing steam for the turbine. The advantage of this type of system is that molten salt retains heat much longer than water, keeping the system piping hot long after the sun goes down. This allows a molten salt generator to keep producing electricity at night, when most traditional solar generators fall dormant.
About the Author
Milton Kazmeyer has worked in the insurance, financial and manufacturing fields and also served as a federal contractor. He began his writing career in 2007 and now works full-time as a writer and transcriptionist. His primary fields of expertise include computers, astronomy, alternative energy sources and the environment.
Tom Brakefield/Stockbyte/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:ae79f835-ac7f-40ed-af84-f5bb21894670> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://sciencing.com/solar-power-generator-work-7344.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474526.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224080616-20240224110616-00358.warc.gz | en | 0.908813 | 563 | 3.75 | 4 |
WHY NETCDF AND OPENDAP?
Because, as a data format, netCDF has a lot of desirable properties that are important for both long-term usability and efficient processing, for a large class of numerical data. OPeNDAP adds programmatic access to specific data inside datasets without the need to download the whole file.
What is netCDF
Many datasets essentially consist of multi-dimensional blocks of numbers associated with some variable and a physical unit, and each dimension (axis of the block) is decorated with numbers and a unit. Add global metadata describing everything needed to understand the data, stuff it all in one file, make sure it is efficient to store and process, even add support for more complex data structuers and voilá, there is your perfect data format. Exactly that is netCDF.
Support for reading and writing netCDF exists, either natively or embedded in rich distributions or through additional packages, for Python, Java, C/C++, Fortran, Matlab.
NetCDF offers infinite freedom over how to model your data and metadata within the paradigm of the annotated multidimensional array. This is nice, but for proper cooperation and interoperability you need to agree on a few things, like the physical units and their names or, more generally, names (and sometimes allowed values) of metadata fields for the dataset and its variables and dimensions. These agreements are called conventions and the most important ones are the CF (Climate and Forecast) conventions. There is a large community around the CF conventions and there are specific software tools that rely on these conventions being used. As you may expect from the name “Climate and Forecast”, netCDF is most widely used in atmospheric sciences, oceanography and related fields.
What is OPeNDAP
OPeNDAP is a
protocol enabling the use of data from a remote server without the need to download the data files. This
includes inspection of the embedded metadata as well as specific ranges, slices and subsamples of the
data. Conversely, a server can be configured to serve a set of data files (e.g. a time series with a
file for each month of data) as a single dataset. While much of this is directly accessible with a web
browser, most powerful use of OPeNDAP is through the interfaces that are available for Pyhon, Java,
OPeNDAP is especially suited (but not strictly limited) to netCDF data.
OPeNDAP and 4TU.ResearchData
At 4TU.ResearchData, we have a so-called THREDDS server that “speaks” OPeNDAP, for (primarily) netCDF files. Uploaded datasets consisting of netCDF files end up there. For datasets with mixed content (partially netCDF), we decide on a case-by-case basis whether the netCDF files be stored on the OPeNDAP server or in the regular data repository together with the rest of the dataset. In all cases, there will be a “homepage” of the dataset in the regular data repository, with metadata and a DOI, if necessary linking to the OPeNDAP data. Currently, this page also shows an overview of the files op OPeNDAP and the available options of viewing their content and/or metadata.
For large data collections involving many files, please contact us for a tailored solution.
- IDRA weather radar measurements - https://doi.org/10.4121/uuid:5f3bcaa2-a456-4a66-a67b-1eec928cae6d
- DENlab wind data - https://doi.org/10.4121/uuid:9604a1b0-13b6-4f23-bd6c-bb028591307c
- DENlab solar data - https://doi.org/10.4121/uuid:61e4eb3f-83ad-462d-b9ca-d151b717f8e3
- System identification (SYSID) benchmark for an active vibration isolation system (AVIS) - https://doi.org/10.4121/uuid:494e738d-e2aa-49e4-b076-ac96d3a142e8
- Zandmotor data - https://doi.org/10.4121/collection:zandmotor
- CHASE-PL Climate Projections: 5-km Gridded Daily Precipitation & Temperature Dataset (CPLCP-GDPT5) - https://doi.org/10.4121/uuid:e940ec1a-71a0-449e-bbe3-29217f2ba31d | <urn:uuid:d04e8017-ecff-42b9-9014-0ea619b332cd> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://data.4tu.nl/info/about-your-data/netcdf-and-opendap | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510100.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925215547-20230926005547-00574.warc.gz | en | 0.846955 | 1,030 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
A juvenile is an individual organism that has not yet reached its adult form, sexual maturity or size. Juveniles sometimes look very different from the adult form, particularly in terms of their colour. In many organisms the juvenile has a different name from the adult.
Some organisms reach maturity in a short metamorphosis, such as eclosion in many insects. For others, the transition from juvenile to fully mature is a more prolonged process – puberty for example. In such cases, juveniles during this transformation are sometimes called subadults.
In vertebrates and some invertebrates (e.g. spiders), larval forms (e.g. tadpoles) are usually considered a development stage of their own, and "juvenile" refers to a post-larval stage that is not fully grown and not sexually mature. | <urn:uuid:2089b987-a66f-4826-a719-8364539f7678> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Juvenile_(organism) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936465069.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074105-00068-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939799 | 189 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Access to the central website of the European Union, ‘Europa’, as well as European Commission staff access to email and other online working tools experienced outages on Thursday after a sustained cyber attack. The attack is thought to be a denial of service attack and affected various internet services used by the staff.
The European Commission confirmed that no data breach had occurred.
Following the attacks and disruption of services, the European Commission staff received a mass-distributed email informing them of the attack.
The email reads:
“This afternoon, the European Commission was subject to a cyberattack (denial of services) which resulted in the saturation of our Internet connection. This has had a negative impact on the external access to the Europa site and on the Internet access for staff. We are currently taking mitigating measures to restore normal services. Thank you for your understanding and patience.”
A denial-of-service attack is a cyber-attack where the perpetrator seeks to make a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users by temporarily or indefinitely disrupting services of a host connected to the Internet. Denial of service is typically accomplished by flooding the targeted machine or resource with superfluous requests in an attempt to overload systems and prevent some or all legitimate requests from being fulfilled.
These kinds of attacks do not always target data and often serve as a means of disruption and political statement.
By Thursday night all services had been restored. | <urn:uuid:9715269e-63ce-41ac-9a04-a2dacd5bff23> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.neweurope.eu/article/european-commission-experiences-cyber-attack-outages/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583700012.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20190120042010-20190120064010-00593.warc.gz | en | 0.960544 | 290 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The length of time this chemical stays in the body or continues to show in a drug test depends on many factors. These include:
- how much body fat a person has
- how often they consume the drug
- how much someone smokes
- the sensitivity of the drug test
Drugs such as alcohol may completely disappear from the body in just a few hours. In comparison, weed lingers much longer.
Drug tests can detect tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC, in urine, blood, and hair for many days after use, while saliva tests can only detect THC for a few hours. This is because of the way the body metabolizes THC.
THC is a lipid-soluble chemicalTrusted Source. This means that it binds to fat in the body, which increases the length of time it takes for someone to eliminate THC completely.
Marijuana detection windows
Research on the amount of time a test can detect marijuana shows a wide range of averages. Research from 2017 estimates a detection window for a single marijuana cigarette of about 3 days.
The same study emphasizes that detection windows vary and depend on how often a person smokes.
- For someone smoking marijuana for the first time, tests may detect it for about 3 days.
- In someone who smokes marijuana three or four times per week, the detection window is 5–7 days.
- For people who smoke marijuana once a day or more, tests may detect it in their system for 30 days or longer.
Detection windows also depend on the kind of test a person undertakes. General estimates for various marijuana tests are as follows:
- Urine tests can detect marijuana in the urine for approximately 3–30 days after use.
- Saliva tests can detect marijuana for approximately 24 hours after use. Some saliva tests have detected marijuana for up to 72 hours.
- Hair tests are the most sensitive tests, detecting THC for up to 90 days after use. However, these tests are testing the oil in skin that transfers to hair, and so they may occasionally show a false positiveTrusted Source. A person who comes into contact with a THC user could, theoretically, test positive on a hair test.
- Blood tests can only detect THC for 3–4Trusted Source hours.
How much do you have to smoke to fail a drug test?
Drug tests can detect relatively small quantities of THC, and the amount of THC in a given marijuana cigarette varies. However, little research has examined exactly how much a person must smoke to fail a drug test.
Studies consistently find that frequent weed users are more likely to fail drug tests than infrequent users. A 2012 study in the journal Clinical Chemistry examines marijuana users smoking a single cigarette with 6.8 percent THC.
Urine concentrations of THC were highest 0.6 to 7.4 hours after smoking. Using a highly sensitive urine test, researchers detected THC in the urine of 100 percent of frequent users and 60–100 percent of infrequent users.
A 2017 studyTrusted Source reports on testing where hair samples from 136 marijuana users reporting heavy, light, or no use of marijuana. For the study, researchers cut hair into 1-centimeter sections to test for exposure of up to a month prior.
Some 77 percent of heavy users and 39 percent of light users produced positive tests. No non-users had positive test results, suggesting that false positives in hair tests are relatively rare.
How Long Does It Take to Feel the Effects?
The effects of marijuana can vary from person to person. Some people may feel euphoric and relaxed while others feel anxious and paranoid. In other cases, people report feeling “dopey” and experience a loss of interest in activities or an inability to grasp concepts.
The chemical in marijuana that makes you feel “high” is tetrahydrocannabinol, also called delta-9-THC or simply THC. It enters the body’s bloodstream rapidly after smoking marijuana.
If marijuana is ingested orally rather than smoked, it takes longer to be absorbed into the blood, usually from 20 minutes to an hour and a half, but this can vary based on the amount taken as well as physiological factors such as absorption and rates of metabolism and excretion can influence drug concentrations in circulation.
Effects can be far-ranging depending on the strain, method of consumption, and amount and can include the following:
- Dry mouth
- Swollen eyelids
- Bloodshot eyes
- Pleasurable body sensations
- Increased appetite (“the munchies”)
- Distorted perception (sights, sounds, time, touch)
- Loss of coordination
- Trouble with thinking, memory, and problem-solving
- Increased heart rate
The short-term effects of marijuana on memory, learning, problem-solving, and coordination last for one to two hours, with some lingering effects for up to 24 hours. It’s been shown to impair your driving performance for up to three hours, according to the National Highway Safety Administration.
The effects of marijuana are also influenced by the terpene profiles of a given strain. For instance, citrus terpene profiles tend to be more stimulating, which may be the desired effect, or may contribute to someone feeling anxious.
It is important to know that not all marijuana is created equal. Unlike other prescription drugs, marijuana products aren’t standardized and can vary considerably in quality, makeup, and dosage.
This variance may contribute to how quickly you feel the effects and what those effects are. THC can interact with alcohol, blood thinners, and anti-anxiety medications, so it’s important to discuss your marijuana use with your doctor.
How Long Does Marijuana Last?
The half-life of marijuana is how long it takes for half of the drug to be metabolized and eliminated from the bloodstream. While there are many different cannabinoids, THC is the one most drug tests are looking for.
THC is rapidly broken down and modified into molecules known as metabolites. At least 80 different metabolites are formed from THC and may have their own effects on the body’s endocannabinoid system. These metabolites are stored in body fat and are gradually eliminated from the body through feces and urine.
Some THC metabolites have an elimination half-life of 20 hours whereas others are stored in body fat and have an elimination half-life of 10 to 13 days.
It takes five to six half-lives for a substance to be almost entirely eliminated. This is why you see advice that one-time use is probably not detectable after five to eight days.
Blood and Saliva
Because marijuana stays in the bloodstream for only a short time, blood tests for marijuana are usually not used. The exceptions are in the case of automobile accidents and some roadside sobriety checkpoints.
Blood or saliva tests can show current intoxication. However, unlike blood alcohol concentration tests, they do not indicate a level of intoxication or impairment.
Daily or near-daily cannabis consumption is likely, but not always, detectable by a hair test up to three months later. But, the hair test is not reliably able to detect infrequent cannabis use or determine the amount of cannabis used.
Urine tests for marijuana metabolites also only show recent marijuana use, not current intoxication or impairment. This is because of the time required between use and your body breaking down THC to the metabolites that are eliminated in the urine. Because many employers have a zero-tolerance for drug use, most workplaces use urine tests to detect recent use of drugs.
False Positive Testing
Workplace testing for marijuana might entail first screening the sample with an immunoassay test, known as the EMIT or RIA. If positive results are returned, the sample is again screened with a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GCMS), which is much more accurate and so false positives are rare.
No known substances would cause a marijuana urine test to return a false positive.
At one time, ibuprofen (sold over-the-counter as Advil, Motrin, and Nuprin) would cause false marijuana positives. But today’s tests have been adjusted to eliminate that problem.
In places where marijuana is legal, roadside blood tests have been known to show some false positives in people who had been legally consuming cannabis but were not actively intoxicated at the time of the test. A 2016 report detailed a Belgian policy of testing oral fluid at the roadside that found it decreased these types of false positives.
Factors That Affect Detection Time
The length of time marijuana remains in your body depends on many different factors, including frequency of use, body mass, metabolism, sex, and hydration levels.
Frequency of Use
There is some evidence that the length of time that marijuana remains in the body is affected by how often the person uses marijuana, how much they use, and how long they have been using.
People who use marijuana regularly have reported positive drug test results after 45 days since last use, and people who use more heavily have reported positive tests up to 90 days after quitting.
In a 2017 study of 136 people who use cannabis subjected to hair tests, the presence of five cannabinoids, THC, THC-OH, THC-COOH, cannabinol, and cannabidiol, were present in 77% of the heavy users and 39% of the light users.
Women often metabolize THC at a slightly slower rate since they tend to have higher levels of body fat than male counterparts.
The faster your metabolism, which can be impacted by age, physical activity, and certain health conditions, the faster marijuana will exit your body.
Body Mass Index (BMI)
THC metabolites are often stored in the fat cells in your body, so the higher your body fat (or BMI), the slower you’ll likely be able to metabolize and excrete marijuana.
When you’re dehydrated, you’ll have more concentrations of THC in the body. Flooding yourself with water won’t make you pass a drug test, however. Instead, it will dilute it and you’ll likely need to retake the test.
Smoking vs. Vaping vs. Edibles
The method of use also impacts the detection time. If marijuana is smoked or vaped, the THC levels in the body will drop faster than if you ingest it. Edibles take longer to break down in the body and leave your system. | <urn:uuid:181e58dd-92e1-4592-8346-65b226f07918> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://discreetdeliveries.org/thc-drug-test/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030338001.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20221007080917-20221007110917-00782.warc.gz | en | 0.93919 | 2,176 | 2.71875 | 3 |
purple DOCUMENT purple FASHION Magazine : S/S 2013 issue 19
One of the most renowned American anthropologists, EDMUND CARPENTER, died in July 2011. He spent his life exploring the most enigmatic forms of tribal and traditional art while also examining modern media and electronic communication. In the 1950s he and his colleagues at the University of Toronto, among them Marshall McLuhan and Northrop Frye, created a theory of global communication. Purple wanted to celebrate the richness of his research, which connects both the past and present, and diverse art forms and symbolic systems across time.
portrait by MAX SNOW
text by JEFF RIAN
Every environment teaches us something. New York City is no exception. Not long after moving there in 1980, people I’d met at the peripheries of the art world turned me toward various sources of local information. One of those sources was Edmund Carpenter’s night class at The New School of Social Research. Friends I’d made knew him well, so I entered that circle as part of my NYC education. Meeting those friends and Ted changed my life.
Edmund “Ted” Snow Carpenter was an anthropologist best known for his work on tribal art and visual media. Ted had studied anthropology with Frank Speck (a student of Franz Boas) at the University of Pennsylvania. While still at Penn, he shipped off as a US Marine to the Pacific theater of WWII, where the worst fighting for American soldiers occurred, including the infamous battle of Iwo Jima, in which Ted himself fought. Immediately after the war he took charge of 300 Japanese prisoners and directed an archaeological dig in Guam. Once back home he finished his PhD, and soon thereafter found himself teaching anthropology at the University of Toronto, where he joined Marshall McLuhan, the political economist Harold Innis, the classicist Eric Havelock and the literary critic Northrop Frye, who were all busy inventing new theories about the history of communications.
Ted veritably embodied a kind of Indiana Jones character — tough, educated, handsome, uncompromising, committed. His involvement in the history and evolution of human societies offered a way of thinking that the formal education most of us received never touched upon. He understood sensory cognition, the role of communication processes in the shaping of knowledge and experience, the difference between tactile and visual awareness, and the patterns and processes that form us and make cultures different.
My notes from his class, which I still have, include the following: The only way to teach a naked man to read is to clothe him… The printing press created language borders… Radio is nationalistic… Certain media favor certain ideas, so a new form is a revolution in itself… Competition breeds similarity not diversity… Money and numbers come with writing; they allow us to translate and reorganize… Written language is esoteric: an initiation ritual for the young that is professionally maintained…. History reveals changes in media… Books are more neurologically demanding than television, which is a world unto itself, which excites us but cannot satisfy… The art of a culture is rooted to the values of a culture; the values of a culture are rooted to its art.
Hearing such things required a reordering of my perception of living in what Ted and McLuhan called “sensory profiles” — how a culture shapes perceptions to conform with its priorities.
Ted had studied and lived with the Inuit (Eskimo) as well as the tribes of New Guinea (a place he loved and hoped the tourist industry would never discover). In Toronto he produced and hosted television shows in addition to a radio broadcast called “Explorations,” which would become a magazine that he edited with McLuhan. As an early explorer of mass-market communication, he compared and contrasted oral, literate, and electronic cultures, exploring how one devoured the other. He searched the historical record for changing patterns. Throughout his life he gathered artifacts from ancient and tribal societies, including many found in the frozen tundra of Siberia, where, to his shock, local explorers often blasted the ice with flamethrowers to speed up their own digging.
Between 1986 and 1988 Ted privately published Materials for the Study of Social Symbolism in Ancient and Tribal Art: A Record of Tradition and Continuity, a massive, 12-volume, 3,500-page edition, with 7,000 illustrations, based on the archives of Carl Schuster (1904–1969), an art historian who specialized in the study of traditional symbolism. Schuster died before he was able to publish his findings. Six hundred copies of them were distributed to libraries and scholars around the world (An abbreviated version titled Patterns That Connect: Social Symbolism in Ancient & Tribal Art, was published in 1996 by Abrams Press). Schuster collected artifacts from prehistory to modern times, from the farthest reaches of human migration — from Africa to New Zealand, and to Tierra del Fuego at the tip of Argentina. He looked for “visual statements” that peoples from all societies had inscribed onto fabrics, totems, woodcarvings, rocks, tools, utensils, tattoos, game boards, shaved sticks, and you name it (that collection is now in the Museum für Völkerkunde, in Basel, Switzerland). Ted photographed and had images redrawn from that collection for his publication, piecing them together non-historically, but stylistically, in order to reveal how our ancestors from across the world transmitted kinship and cosmological symbols in Sunbird images, ladders, games like hopscotch, and stick figures, whose similarities reach across time and culture. Ted’s comparative methodology, which was practiced by the scholars of his generation, wasn’t so much theoretical as it was practical and visual — thus creating a history of communications told in images.
The title of the Abrams book, Patterns That Connect, was taken from Gregory Bateson, a biologist who studied evolution and examined life in terms of patterns, hierarchies, relevance, and relationship. In Mind and Nature Bateson asked: “Why do schools teach almost nothing of the pattern which connects?” Both Bateson and Carpenter regarded human life as an ever-evolving relationship of sensory, technological, and cultural patterns and connections (the bibliography in McLuhan’s The Gutenberg Galaxy is a gold mine of books on such subjects).
Maybe it was luck that brought Ted to the University of Toronto at a time when like minds in that place shared an interest in interdisciplinary study and sought an understanding of a world devastated by world war and yet fully charged with new materials and technologies. They sought new words to describe this changed world. Ted sought an understanding of humans, whose physical apparatus hadn’t changed in 100,000 years but whose technological revolutions — the invention of alphabetic writing in Greece around 750 BCE; the printing press and linear perspective in the 1430s CE; and electronic media in our own times — demanded a reprogramming of culture, and how culture — especially the avaricious Western culture — is conservative in its willingness to change but all-consuming in its implementation of power. For those who knew him, his presence was a constantly stimulating revelation. | <urn:uuid:0b4e4b82-7e1a-495f-915e-f977ac8af1ce> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://purple.fr/magazine/s-s-2013-issue-19/article/444 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119645432.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030045-00287-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960716 | 1,495 | 2.625 | 3 |
To celebrate the 40th birthday of one of the world’s most famous picture books, I have 10 Hungry Caterpillar inspired activities.
- Maths: Build caterpillars from dough or clay. Count the number of segments that make up the caterpillar. Play a matching game – place the correct caterpillar on the leaf with the matching colour or number of segments.
2. Imaginary Play: My eldest followed an enveloping schema for years. She would hoard things in little bags and containers and if you ever left anything around that she could climb into, you would find her inside. On one occasion I left a fabric storage bin in her room. She promptly climbed inside declaring that she was in her cocoon and soon emerged as a beautiful butterfly. Provide material, boxes, play tunnels, blankets, wings and deely boppers.
3. Song and Rhyme: Sing the caterpillar on a leaf song or sit behind your child and pretend to crawl a caterpillar up their back. Teach them to ask ‘Whose that climbing up the garden wall?’ and you reply in a caterpillar like voice ‘It’s me’ said the caterpillar ‘I’m learning how to crawl’.
4. Paint symmetrical butterfly pictures: I’m sure we all remember these from school days. Paint on one side, fold the paper over to create a symmetrical print on the other. This can also work well by painting a piece of string, placing it between the folded paper and then pulling it out whilst the paper is still folded.
5. Movement: Read the Hungry Caterpillar and give the children movements to follow during the story. Egg – curl up in a ball, caterpillar – crawl along the floor moving to eat different types of food, big fat caterpillar – stretch out wide, cocoon – spin slowly then hang their head between their legs, staying very still, butterfly – flap their wings and fly.
6. Discovery – it is a little cold yet but once the weather is warmer, grow your own butterflies. We have done this very successfully using kits from Insectlore. It is fascinating to watch how quickly the tiny caterpillars grow and then instinctively hang upside down. You soon get to recognise when the butterflies are ready to emerge and can feed them indoors for a day or 2 before releasing them into the garden. The species that they use tend to stay within your local area for a few days after being released so you can spot them in the garden.
Find out about the butterflies and caterpillars that can be found in your locality, and print pictures of more exotic species.
7. Food: Make a fruit salad using the fruits eaten by the Hungry Caterpillar or taste some of the more unusual foods he ate. We are a big juicing family so we are going to make Hungry Caterpillar juice using:
9. Outdoors – Grow a butterfly garden. I saw some amazing butterflies in our garden last year that are fairly commonplace in this area. I’m definitely going to learn about how I can attract them this year.
10. Visit a Butterfly Farm. I can highly recommend the butterfly house at Bristol Zoo and Felinwynt Rainforest Centre in West Wales. In Seattle there is the Butterfly House at the Pacific Science Centre . Feel free to add any recommendations in the comments.
And don’t forget to read the book…… | <urn:uuid:875a9ce7-634a-4fba-90a1-69589a8184a5> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://rachelmcclary.com/2013/03/20/happy-40th-birthday-to-the-hungry-caterpillar-10-hungry-caterpillar-inspired-activities/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156613.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20180920195131-20180920215531-00313.warc.gz | en | 0.936479 | 703 | 3.53125 | 4 |
HIST 1000: Resistance in History (Johnson)
Interpreting Primary Sources
Analyzing Primary Sources
To help you interpret primary sources, you might think about these questions as you examine the source:
Place the document in its historical context:
1. Who wrote it? What do you know about this person?
2. Where and when was it written?
3. Why was it written?
4. Who was it written for? This is called the “audience.” What do you know about this audience?
Understanding the document:
1. What are the key words and what do they mean?
2. What point is the author trying to make? Summarize the thesis.
3. What evidence does the author give to support this thesis.
4. What assumptions does the author make?
Evaluate the document as a source of historical information:
1. Is this document similar to others from the same time period?
2. How widely was it circulated?
3. What problems, assumptions, and ideas does it share with other documents from the time period?
Make a Reseach Appointment
- Make an appointment with Matt OstercampUse this link to schedule a consultation with the history librarian.
Primary vs. Secondary Sources
What are Primary Sources?
Primary sources were either created during the time period being studied or were created at a later date by a participant in the events being studied (as in the case of memoirs). They reflect the individual viewpoint of a participant or observer. Primary sources enable the researcher to get as close as possible to what actually happened during an historical event or time period
What are Secondary Sources?
A secondary source is a work that interprets or analyzes an historical event or phenomenon. It is generally at least one step removed from the event and is often based on primary sources. Examples include scholarly or popular books and articles, reference books and textbooks. | <urn:uuid:d14dedce-2258-43e8-8cc4-85d9be62ba59> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://guides.northpark.edu/c.php?g=909811 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296946584.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20230326235016-20230327025016-00381.warc.gz | en | 0.96411 | 399 | 3.890625 | 4 |
Writing in History
Since the time of the ancient Greeks, writing is the principal means historians have
use to transmit knowledge to succeeding generations. Writing is the historian’s means
of storytelling, the basis of history.
- I see the components of good writing as the components of a solid building. In writing,
the foundation of a building is the mechanics, or grammar and punctuation.
- The first story of the building is a clear thesis. The thesis is the point in the
text where the writer declares to the reader exactly what he or she means to say.
- The second story of the building, or essay, is a combination of valid sources and
factual accuracy. These items give the writer a structure from which to work that
shapes the bulk of his or her paper.
- Finally, the third story, the crown on the whole thing, is felicity of expression.
This means that the writer has chosen words to create meaning that is elegant and
yet as succinct as possible.
- Students who make As display their talent for writing early in papers—generally in
the first page or two. I am typically struck by the degree of integration of all the
“stories” of the building. In addition, I can picture these same elements as teeth
on mechanical gears that lock and unlock in a continuous cycle without damaging each
other. A strong paper contains a continuing, meaningful harmony among mechanics, thesis,
facts, and expression.
- Students who make Bs, Cs, and Ds write papers in which the integration breaks down.
The degree of breakdown determines the grade I will assign. Accurate pagination is
essential because it allows me to make references within the paper in my comments
to the student. Also essential are a proper title page, proper margins, proper notes,
and a bibliography or works cited section.
- I also have a few criteria that lead to an automatic F on papers. I feel that more
than one sentence fragment in a 300- or 400-level paper reflects a fundamental flaw
in mechanical understanding. I also think that sustained, egregious punctuation problems,
subject-verb disagreements, or spelling errors constitute an automatic F. To reach
this level, these errors must be significant and distract the reader. Finally, careless
formatting errors also will result in an automatic F.
- Writing varies in my classes depending on their level. In my freshman and sophomore
classes, I typically don’t have essay exams, but I do often have a term essay. In
my junior and senior classes, every exam is essay only. I typically will assign a
term essay as well. On occasion, I also assign book reviews and reaction papers. In
general, all of my classes have a heavy dose of writing. The only difference between
each level is the length, the number of sources required, and higher expectations
for quality as class rank increases.
- History majors often continue to law school or into civil service jobs, and these positions involve massive amounts of reports, analyses, and records. However, all careers in history (and not just those mentioned previously) use writing in some way. After its start, the writing process never really stops. Historians must create written records (that’s what history is, after all), so writing never will disappear. In addition, writing is used for research and professional advancement—for example, scholarly papers, abstracts, book reviews, and book-length manuscripts. | <urn:uuid:55476eac-3158-45ef-a09c-54a938c2bf73> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.wcu.edu/academics/campus-academic-resources/writing-and-learning-commons-walc/writing-support/writing-in-disciplines/writing-in-history.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535917663.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20140901014517-00079-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944669 | 723 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Cells coated with sticky bits of DNA can self-assemble into functional three-dimensional microstructures. This bottom-up approach to tissue engineering, developed by scientists at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the University of California, Berkeley, provides a new solution to one of field’s biggest problems: the creation of multicellular tissues with defined structures. Unlike top-down methods, in which scientists build cell structures on scaffolds, the new technique allows tissue engineers to dictate the precise geometric interactions of individual cells.
Researchers started with two cell types–one that secretes a protein, called a growth factor, which the other requires in order to grow. Coauthor Zev Gartner, now a pharmaceutical chemist at the University of California, San Francisco, decorated the cells with snippets of single-stranded DNA, attached using specialized sugars incorporated into the cell membrane. The two cell types carried complementary strands of DNA, which acted as a sort of Velcro. When the different cells were combined, their complementary DNA fragments joined into double strands, linking the cells together. Joined to their protein producing partners, the protein-dependent cells flourish. Without the DNA coating, the two cell types can’t communicate, and the dependent cells die.
By varying the relative concentrations of the two cell types, the researchers could maneuver the cells into particular configurations. For instance, when the cells were combined in a one-to-one ratio, they simply formed pairs. But when the growth-factor-dependent cells vastly outnumbered their counterparts, they formed characteristic three-dimensional clusters with a single growth-factor-secreting cell in the center. The results appeared Monday in the early online edition of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
“This approach provides a new way of recreating tissue complexity,” says Ali Khademhosseini, an assistant professor at Harvard-MIT’s Division of Health Sciences and Technology and Harvard Medical School, who was not involved in the study. Most tissue-engineering methods produce three-dimensional structures with the help of scaffolding materials.
Once the microstructures had formed, Gartner and his colleague Carolyn Bertozzi, director of the Molecular Foundry nanoscience research facility at Berkeley Lab, trapped them in a gel and imaged them in three dimensions using a fluorescence microscope. Because the cell-surface DNA isn’t stable in the long term, it’s not yet clear how long the structures will hold up on their own. The researchers are currently investigating whether the linked cells will begin to generate their own natural adhesion molecules to keep them attached once the DNA links are gone.
So far these microstructures are rudimentary–far from the structural sophistication of a whole organ. But by tweaking the ratio of cell types, the density of DNA on the cells’ surfaces, and the complexity of the DNA sequences, Gartner and Bertozzi hope to build larger and more intricate assemblies. “By playing around with these variables, we can bias the type of structure that we’re making,” says Gartner.
Cellular Velcro: In a new approach to bottom-up tissue engineering, two different cell types spontaneously assemble themselves into three-dimensional microstructures like this one when their surfaces are studded with sticky single strands of DNA. Because the DNA on the red cells is complementary to that on the green cells, they naturally stick together, holding the cells in close proximity.
Credit: Bertozzi Lab
While this new method isn’t the first to tackle tissue engineering from the bottom up, Gartner says that it’s the only one capable of fine enough resolution to define how individual cells interact with their neighbors. And even if this technique turns out not to scale up well, he says, it could in principle provide structural building blocks for use in other emerging bottom-up approaches, such as layer-by-layer tissue printing or laser manipulation.
Khademhosseini says that it’s too early to tell whether the new technique will eventually produce tissues suitable for use in regenerative medicine. “It has a lot of potential, and it may provide therapies in the future, but other challenges need to be overcome to make a clinically viable product,” he says. For example, it remains to be seen where the cells to grow the tissue would come from, and how the body would generate new blood vessels to feed the transplanted tissue.
Dan Dimitrijevich, director of the Human Tissue and Cell Engineering Laboratories at the University of North Texas Health Science Center, is more skeptical. He doubts that the new approach will be able to generate stable, safe, and functional tissues that hold up when transplanted into an actual living organism. “It’s interesting science,” he says, “but as far as tissue engineering, it’s really stretching.”
Even if it doesn’t pan out in terms of regenerative medicine, Gartner believes that the technique could still prove useful as a tool for studying how different cell types communicate–for example, in the process of generating a tumor. “This now gives us a new tool to take these structures out of a human host–where obviously they’re very difficult to study for a number of technical and ethical reasons–and put them into a flask where we can study them in detail over long periods of time,” he says. | <urn:uuid:321850b5-a79f-46df-8a0a-475f3cd43918> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.technologyreview.com/2009/03/11/214970/tissues-that-build-themselves/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150266.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20210724125655-20210724155655-00139.warc.gz | en | 0.938991 | 1,121 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Have you had any thoughts regarding argumentative essays? Assuming indeed, understanding an exemplification essay won't be an issue for you. Assuming no, you don't need to stress, since we are here to let you know all that you need to think about this essay type.
An exemplification is a sort of essay that permits the author to clarify a dubious, basic, or doubtful subject by talking about and investigating two contradicting points of view on the single theme being talked about.
In case you are writing this essay yourself or have requested that an expert essay writer, guarantee the subject is all around inspected and have a wide look is given to your contention, yet make sure to adhere to one point of convergence.
Aside from this, assuming you need a more straightforward clarification to comprehend this essay, you should realize that this is a sort of essay wherein you demonstrate the expansion with the assistance of models and strong proof.
Aside from this, keep the accompanying focuses to you while writing an exemplification essay.
Zero in On The Main Topic
While writing an essay, your principal center ought to be the subject of the essay. Also in this essay, you should be centered around the primary subject of the essay. Remember that disputable things command the greater part of the notice of the peruser. This is the reason, while you are supporting your theme, ensure dubious and models that are a little out of the crate.
At the point when you are writing an essay, it doesn't just mean to stick out words essentially, indeed, your point ought to be to play with the feelings of the reader. This is the reason recollect that your clarification is an entrancing portrayal of a notable disputable issue. On the off chance that you have requested that somebody "write my paper", ensure that you examine this load of things with the author in advance.
Utilize the "no judgment" Approach
One of the significant things that makes an exemplification essay unique in relation to some other essay is that it just investigates and clarifies. There is no judgment included, and you should simply clarify your perspective with strong proof.
This is the reason you don't need to utilize the guides to and by target somebody or to scrutinize the goal of others. Simply adhere to the clarification of your perspective. Then again, recollect that, in this kind of essay, you don't need to introduce your viewpoint simply. Truth be told, your methodology ought to be to represent your perspective with strong realities and proof.
Try Not to be Over-one-sided
Being over-one-sided while writing an essay is the greatest mix-up that the students make. Extend regard towards the convictions of others and this is the reason pick a point that is ideal.
Since it is the subject that chooses the whole idea of your essay. In the event that you can't track down a decent subject, you can hit up an essay writing service with your "compose my paper" inquiry. You can likewise visit [domain] for the best ideas and direction.
Follow A Proper Essay Structure
Following a legitimate design or outline is significant regardless of the essay type you compose. The construction of an embodiment essay is equivalent to this of some other essay.
It has a starting section followed by body passages, and it closes with a conventional end. On the off chance that we talk about the word count, realize that there is no such constraint of words for this kind of essay.
In case you are pondering that is it conceivable to "pay somebody to write essay for me", then, at that point, you should realize that this choice is unquestionably accessible and can make your life simple by easing all the pressure of doing essay writing tasks. | <urn:uuid:77f013ab-be73-4059-a63a-238be09463ee> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://degentevakana.com/topics/view/20129/what-is-an-exemplification-essay-know-everything-here | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510259.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927035329-20230927065329-00816.warc.gz | en | 0.951477 | 763 | 2.625 | 3 |
Parallax BASIC Stamp Discovery Kit - USB #27807
The Parallax BASIC Stamp Discovery Kit is a complete kit for learning microcontroller programming and basic electronics. The 40+ activities in the included text teach you how to program the BASIC Stamp 2 microcontroller and make simple electronic circuits controlled by the BASIC Stamp. Once you complete the activities and learn the concepts covered, you will have the skills to start making your own electronic inventions!
|Description||Specs (0)||Pictures (6)||Resources (7)||FAQs (0)||On the blog (1)|
The Parallax BASIC Stamp Discovery Kit contains everything you need to get started with microcontroller programming and electronics, including a BASIC Stamp 2 microcontroller, a Board of Education (BOE) platform, and all of the electronics components you need for dozens of fun projects. The included What’s a Microcontroller? (5MB pdf) booklet guides you through over 40 activities that teach you how to program the BASIC Stamp to control simple circuits. The text contains clear explanations, defines electronic terms in a friendly manner, and teaches you the skills and concepts you need to get started with building your own electronic projects.
Note: This kit requires a power supply or 9 V battery, which are not included.
Here are some of the things you can do with the parts included in this kit. You will learn how to do these things by completing the activities in the What’s a Microcontroller Text (6MB pdf) included in the kit:
Parallax BASIC Stamp Discovery Kit (USB) – Project on a board.
- Send signals with blinking LEDs
- Sense contact with pushbuttons
- Read a dial using a potentiometer
- Measure brightness with a light sensor
- Control an RC servo (a special motor with built-in electronics that allows it to maintain a certain position, often used in radio-control cars for controlling steering)
- Make music on a piezo speaker
- Display data on a 7-segment LED
- Expand your projects with peripheral ICs
- Combine several circuits to prototype an invention
Parallax BASIC Stamp 2 Module #BS2-IC.
The BASIC Stamp Discovery Kit includes the following parts.
- BASIC Stamp 2 microcontroller module — The main controller or “brains” for the projects in this kit. You will learn to program the BASIC Stamp with the PBASIC programming language.
- Board of Education (BOE) USB development board — A handy carrier board for the BASIC Stamp that makes it easy to connect the Stamp to your computer for programming and to your circuits that are being controlled by the Stamp.
- USB cable — A standard USB A to Mini-B cable for connecting the Board of Education to your computer’s USB port.
- Printed What’s a Microcontroller? text (5MB pdf) — A textbook that guides you through over 40 activities that will help you learn basic programming and electronics.
- Printed BASIC Stamp Manual (5MB pdf)
- Parts kit:
- Input components: pushbuttons, single-turn potentiometer, phototransistor
- Output components: LEDs, 7-segment display, servo, piezo speaker
- Passive components: resistors, capacitors, jumper wires
- Integrated circuits: digital potentiometer, transistor
Note: You will need to install the Basic Stamp editor software from Parallax’s website to write PBASIC programs for downloading to the BASIC Stamp.
What to Expect
A great way to get an idea of what you will learn with this kit is to look at the What’s a Microcontroller Text (5MB pdf), a printed copy of which is included with this kit. To give you a general idea of how a project would go, here are the steps you might take to make a system that turns on an LED once it gets dark in the room:
- Plug in the BASIC Stamp into the socket in the Board of Education.
- Build a circuit that includes a light sensor and an LED in the prototyping area of the Board of Education. This kit contains all of the parts you need to build such a circuit.
- Add wires to connect the LED and light sensor to the correct pins on the BASIC Stamp using the BASIC Stamp access points surrounding the prototyping area.
- Write a program in the PBASIC programming language on your computer in the BASIC Stamp Editor. The program will read the BASIC Stamp pin connected to the light sensor and activate the pin connected to the LED once the light sensor indicates the room is dark.
- Connect the Board of Education to the computer with a serial or USB cable, and download the program onto the BASIC Stamp.
- Leave the board connected to the computer, or disconnect it from the computer; either way, the BASIC Stamp will be running the program to read the light sensor and will turn on the LED once the room is dark.
This version replaces the older #27207 BASIC Stamp Discovery Kit – Serial. | <urn:uuid:f147f51b-045f-494c-b561-7b0f8c8a4aaf> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.pololu.com/product/1611 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371675859.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200407054138-20200407084638-00095.warc.gz | en | 0.873048 | 1,064 | 2.625 | 3 |
FoodFirst Information and Action Network (FIAN)
FIAN is an international membership based organisation. FIAN uses various working tools to achieve the realization of the right to adquate food. In close co-operation with the affected communities, FIAN persistently approaches the responsible authorities and identifies breaches of right to food obligations.
Case-work and Interventions
At international Fact Finding Missions, FIAN identifies and addresses human rights violations. FIAN interviews people threatened or affected by violations of their right to food and verifies the facts of a situation. Face-to-face contacts to local counterparts are established and serve as a basis for trustful co-operation. On request of those affected, FIAN reacts quickly, analyses the case and mobilises members and supporters worldwide to send out Urgent Action protest letters. Violations are also followed-up in long-term case-work by local FIAN action groups. In close co-operation with the affected communities, FIAN persistently approaches the responsible authorities and identifies breaches of right to food obligations. FIAN’s analysis is based on the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights as interpreted in the UN General Comments, in particular General Comment 12 on the right to adequate food. Existing recourse mechanisms and legal remedies under national and international human rights law are applied to provide redress to the victims.
Lobby and Advocacy
Reliable contacts and networks, a sound documentation of cases and two decades of experience provide a solid basis for effective lobbying and advocating the right to food. FIAN holds states, international institutions and private actors accountable at the national and international levels. The Right to Food Guidelines adopted by the FAO in 2004 is one of the tools FIAN uses to monitor states’ right to food policies. FIAN tries to improve the existing right to food protection system and to establish new instruments. Intense follow-up work strives to secure the effective implementation of existing instruments, making the right to food politically and judicially enforceable everywhere for everyone.
Information and Education
Targeted information campaigns and awareness-raising on the right to food are at the core of FIAN’s work - to empower social movements and non-governmental organizations to hold states accountable for violations of the right to food, to clarify for governments and other duty-bearers the content and implementation needs of their obligations, and to motivate supporters from civil society to join action against human rights violations. The systematic information gathered from more than 400 individual cases over the past two decades is analyzed and fed into various professional. | <urn:uuid:8a9ef5e1-0c90-4642-b3a6-4504e1f617fc> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://humanrightshouse.org/noop/page.php?p=Articles/12398.html&d=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375098468.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031818-00102-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91773 | 518 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Who were they?
The Moors are not a specific race of people. The word has never been clearly defined and remains ambiguous and confusing. This term has been broadly used to denote various people in North Africa, people who came from Morocco or simply to describe Muslims in general. Christians in the 13th century also referred to the Moors as "Moriscos" and "Mudejares".
The word MOORS may have evolved from the Greek 'Mauros' which means 'dark'. The Greeks were in Spain around 500 BC, 300 years before the Romans. The Romans probably pinched it from the Greeks, complete with its original connotation of 'dark'.
This might explain why the Latin 'Maurus' translates literally into 'Moors', with no further definition. Borrowing directly from the Greek meaning, this would have been good enough for the Romans to describe the 'dark' skinned people of North Africa. This is all conjecture of course, but its close enough for me.
In any case, the word was first applied officially to the indigenous people of a Roman province in North Africa called Mauretania (Latin = 'land of the Moors'). This roughly corresponds to present day North Morocco and Algeria. The name Morocco is another reminder of the region's "Moorish" past.
The Moorish Warrior - William Merritt Chase (1878)
"Circa 46 B. C., the Roman army entered West Africa where they encountered black Africans whom they called 'Maures' from the Greek adjective mauros, meaning dark or black." Chandler, Wayne B. "The Moor: Light of Europe's Dark Age."
The Webster's New World Dictionary identifies Moors as "a member of Moslem people of
mixed Arab and Berber descent." This deletion of "black" or "Negro" from the term Moor is generally recent. Though the
word "Moor" originally seems to have been meant to indicate Blacks, it in time came to be applied to Muslims in general,
especially the Berbers.
When the Arabs swept westward and captured North Africa in the 7th century, the term was revived by Europeans to denote not only the indigenous Negroes and fairer skinned Berbers of North Africa, but the Arabs as well. Following the Arab conquest of the Berbers, inter-marriages were common and the two races (Berber and Arab) gradually merged together. Did the Berbers and Arabs do the inter-marriage thing with the dark skinned Negroes also? Probably. Who knows what went on behind closed doors. I wasn't there.
|Berber identity currently is linked to the language: many of the North Africans
calling themselves Arabs are more Berber in origin than Arab. In many areas (especially Tunisia), Berber identity is
regarded as a negative, principally because many Berber societies are less developed than those in urban settings, where
almost all inhabitants see themselves as Arabs. In Algeria, Berber identity is strong and proud, and there are centuies-old
tensions between the Berbers of the mountains and the Arabs of the larger cities.
Encyclopaedia of the Orient.
With regards to Spain, the term 'Moors' later became a convenient blanket term, to describe the collective Muslim conquerors and rulers in Andalucia between 711 and 1492. This is far too general for my liking. To gain a more accurate perspective into the origins of flamenco, we should try to isolate the main racial elements during the 800 years of Muslim occupation in Spain.
(I hope all this isn't putting you to sleep. There are some juicy bits coming up real soon, so stay with me if you like heroic tales of intrigue, betrayal and bloodshed.) | <urn:uuid:2ea6e0de-ca37-41d7-b083-e5299a8aed60> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://herso.freeservers.com/the_moors.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170794.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00039-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957228 | 779 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Long-Kept Secret Human Remains Found In 150-Year-Old Diorama At Carnegie Museum
Scientists were surprised when routine restoration works for the Carnegie Museum of Natural History's famous diorama, the "Lion Attaquant un Dromadaire," revealed a secret that's been kept — for the past 150 years — on display.
Though the piece is already known to have taxidermy elements in the camel and lions, the human element in the diorama has since been believed to be a mere mannequin and nothing more. However, a CT scan revealed that the mannequin had a more human component to it in the form of a complete human skull.
Lion Attaquant un Dromadaire
The Carnegie Museum's popular display features a man atop a camel defending itself against what is believed to be a Barbary lion, now extinct in the wild, while a female lion lay on the ground.
The piece was made by the Verreaux brothers, specifically Edouard Verreaux, in 1867. It was then displayed at the Paris Exposition Universelle of 1867, then at the American Museum of Natural History in New York. There it stayed until Andrew Carnegie purchased the piece for the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in 1899 for $50 where, until today, it has remained silent about its secret.
In all its years of existence, no record of the skull was ever made. This was problematic for scientists debating proper action over the skull. They find that it is unlikely for them to repatriate the skull to its country of origin given the little information that they currently have.
DNA testing is also seen as unlikely to give conclusive results, but the method is being used to see whether the lions on display are, indeed, Barbary lions.
The Verreaux Brothers' Reputation
The piece in question was first believed to be created by Jules Verreaux, but it was later known that it was his younger brother Edouard who indeed made the creation.
Though skilled in their craft, the Verreaux brothers were notorious for keeping vague and inaccurate archives, and have been alleged questionable manners of acquiring specimens.
They have even been rumored to falsify information to increase the sale value of their pieces. In this particular piece, scientists believe that the skull may have been stolen from catacombs in Paris.
Some of the brothers' works include Prints of Oceania, or geographical and historical description of all the islands of the Pacific Ocean and the continent of New Holland (1832) and Catalog of birds found in the house of E. Verreaux (1868).
Celebrating With A New Name
To mark the 150th year the "Lion Attaquant un Dromadaire" has been on display, the Carnegie Museum of Natural History partnered with the University of Pittsburgh to organize the celebration of the relocation and the new, more accurate name of the piece with a symposium.
From being called "Arab Courier Attacked By Lions," the piece will now be called "Lion Attacking A Dromedary." The new name addresses the previous question on accuracy of the human element of the piece: his garments did not accurately represent an Arab of the time.
The diorama is now on display at the Carnegie Museum in a more prominent place on the first floor, near the grand staircase. | <urn:uuid:39f9ba03-7a0a-4743-bd45-224ad7620065> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.techtimes.com/articles/195507/20170205/long-kept-secret-human-remains-found-in-150-year-old-diorama-at-carnegie-museum.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825141.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022041437-20171022061437-00863.warc.gz | en | 0.952499 | 697 | 3.03125 | 3 |
After a three-day convention, the World Health Organization (WHO) Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization announced that a single-dose schedule for the vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV) “offers solid protection against cervical cancer.”
This is a major development in the global movement to eliminate cervical cancer, which plagues women in low- and middle-income countries around the world.
According to WHO, “more than 95% of cervical cancer is caused by sexually transmitted HPV.” Mass vaccination against HPV makes cervical cancer one of the most preventable diseases in global health. But as universal health coverage schemes around the world proliferate, cervical cancer services are often pushed to the side, leaving women and girls vulnerable.
Last month, ThinkWell released four country profiles commissioned by the Union for International Cancer Control on financing challenges for cervical cancer elimination. Each profile includes analyses of current funding, key stakeholder interviews, and policy recommendations for improving national financing for cervical cancer elimination, including HPV vaccination.
While each nation studied—Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Guatemala, and the Philippines―has unique circumstances and most are pushing for increased visibility and infrastructure for cervical cancer elimination, a common theme spanned the four countries: insufficient funding.
Though low- and middle-income nations are building programs to address this gap in services, the programs languish because they don’t receive the necessary resources, including to make the HPV vaccine available and accessible. In addition to limited fiscal space, education and advocacy for cervical cancer elimination at health facilities are often poor because facilities may not prioritize it as a major women’s health issue.
A single-dose schedule for the HPV vaccine will not only ease the budgetary burden on national governments and incentivize financing vaccine programs, but it will also simplify mass vaccination for women and girls who may face physical and economic barriers associated with a two-dose schedule.
This WHO recommendation is an enormous step towards streamlined and widely accessible HPV vaccines and, broadly, cervical cancer elimination. This World Immunization Week, ThinkWell celebrates this announcement and what it means for improved universal health coverage, but the work doesn’t stop here. Continued advocacy and pressure on national governments to take advantage of this development, establish and finance cervical cancer service programs, and raise awareness of the danger of HPV are crucial in the fight to eliminate cervical cancer.
A single dose means fewer costs and wider access, but it’s up to advocates, governments, and practitioners to make sure that every woman everywhere has the means to get the jab. | <urn:uuid:7014e68e-332c-41e2-af75-910ae36a801e> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://thinkwell.global/tag/hpv-vaccine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510481.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929022639-20230929052639-00776.warc.gz | en | 0.932 | 533 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Noun(1) the state of being imprisoned
(1) the public would not be served by her incarceration(2) the public would not be served by her incarceration
3. confinement ::
4. detention ::
5. custody ::
6. captivity ::
7. restraint ::
8. time ::
9. durance ::
10. duress ::
Word Example from TV Shows
The best way to learn proper English is to read news report, and watch news on TV. Watching TV shows is a great way to learn casual English, slang words, understand culture reference and humor. If you have already watched these shows then you may recall the words used in the following dialogs.
I know you're behind
this absurd INCARCERATION of my grandson.
Game of Thrones Season 5, Episode 6
English to Bengali Dictionary: incarceration
Meaning and definitions of incarceration, translation in Bengali language for incarceration with similar and opposite words. Also find spoken
pronunciation of incarceration in Bengali and in English
Tags for the entry "incarceration"
What incarceration means in Bengali, incarceration meaning
in Bengali, incarceration definition, examples and pronunciation
of incarceration in Bengali language. | <urn:uuid:772945c0-fe9d-432e-b1d8-855eb3da3e87> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.bdword.com/?q=incarceration | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141195069.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20201128040731-20201128070731-00322.warc.gz | en | 0.823781 | 252 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Frangible ammunition is picking up steam as a round used by law enforcement for close-quarters situations. There are a number of reasons you might consider training with frangible ammo and a few disadvantages that you want to take into account as well.
Frangible ammo is a training round designed to disintegrate into dust when they strike a hard target. Manufacturers make modern frangible bullets with a powder metallurgy, pressing and “sintering” metal that is formed into fine powder.
Copper is generally the main component in frangible ammo. It’s easy to shape, pull, and compress. Copper can be drawn into various forms while still maintaining structural quality.
To keep the copper powder in the shape of a bullet, tin and other metals are used as a binding agent. The result is a mostly-copper bullet that disintegrates into tiny, harmless fragments when it hits a steel target or other hard surface.
Why Is Frangible Ammo Used?
Most traditional bullets, like jacketed hollow points or full metal jackets, are constructed from solid metals. These loads are manufactured to stay in one piece upon impact. This helps drive proper energy when the bullet impacts a target.
However, there is one specific situation where frangible ammunition gets most of its use: close-quarters training.
Police and military personnel who operate in close quarters need to train in simulation areas that involve tight hallways, narrow doorways, and small rooms. Shooting solid metal rounds in close quarters increases the chance of ricochet injuries. To mitigate that risk, frangible 9mm and other handgun rounds grew into a trusted option for these situations. Frangible ammo allows service personnel to conduct proper training with a reduced risk of injury or fatalities.
There are a few other situations where frangible ammo is used. The first is real-world close-quarters combat and law enforcement. Officers and military personnel can reduce the chances of over penetration in walls and targets by using frangible ammo. Because of advancements in metallurgy, powders, and overall cartridge design, frangible bullets have even been used in self-defense and hunting. In these cases, the bullets can penetrate a soft target without completely fragmenting like the bullet would against steel.
In some cases, frangible ammo is also used in special situations where bullet impact creates a significant safety concern. Security personnel for oil platforms, hazardous material facilities, or chemical plants may use frangible ammo to reduce the chance of a significant issue.
History of Frangible: The Amusement Park
While you might use frangible ammo for serious training, the innovation actually came from amusement park shooting galleries. Shooting galleries had problems with ricochet injuries, so a few ammo companies developed a .22 short round that was made from a compressed powder. These compressed-powder bullets became the frangible ammo that is used today.
Today, most frangible ammunition that you’ll find for sale to civilians is loaded with bullets produced by a company located in Pennsylvania called Sinterfire.
Advantages of Frangible
Safety is the top advantage of frangible ammunition. Frangible bullets reduce the chances of both ricochet and over penetration, reducing unintended injury in both training and in-the-field situations.
There are also long-term safety and health advantages because frangible rounds aren’t made with lead. Although they disintegrate into dust, they do not release lead contaminants of any kind. This means cleaner shooting environments without the health implications of lead exposure.
Another advantage of frangible ammo is that it allows you to use steel targets over paper. If you are a gun owner who goes through high-volumes of paper targets, switching to steel targets and using frangible ammo can be a more cost-effective approach to shooting. (Of course, you’ll need to consider the cost of the ammo and the cost of the targets.)
Disadvantages of Frangible
With every product in shooting and firearms, there is a give-and-take, and frangible ammunition is no different. The biggest downside of frangible bullets is the lack of deep penetration. Make no mistake, frangible ammo is lethal, but many self-defense-focused gun owners want to know that the cartridges they load will stop any threat. Some feel that frangible ammunition doesn’t bring the consistent reliability preferred by many conceal-carry holders. For this reason, frangible is often used exclusively for training.
There is also the metal dust that can become a mess after multiple shots have been made. Properly cleaning the area after each training session is crucial. This is more of an annoyance than a performance disadvantage but it is a common issue with frangible ammo.
Frangible ammo is made of a softer bullet so there is also the increased chance of fouling in the barrel. One of the potential problems with using frangible ammo for high-volume target training is that it will ruin the barrel faster and require more cleaning, leading to higher ownership costs and more hassle.
The Bottom Line: Frangible is a Training Tool
If you are considering frangible ammo, it’s probably best to only use this type bullet for training and practice situations. It does not have the penetration that most gun owners expect, but it can be an effective tool for enhancing your proficiency while using metal targets at close ranges. | <urn:uuid:8e3d0c00-075d-40f7-9303-04c26c385739> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.ammunitiontogo.com/lodge/what-is-frangible-ammo/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738855.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200811205740-20200811235740-00219.warc.gz | en | 0.946198 | 1,088 | 2.734375 | 3 |
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Philologist, born at Avenay, Marne, France, 25 March, 1800; died 13 Feb., 1881. Having finished his classical studies at Reims, he was sent by his father to Paris to study law, but devoted most of his time to literature. In 1824 he published "Apologie de l'Ecole Romantique", in which he advocated the imitation of Byron and the study of medieval art. Besides contributing articles to various literary reviews, he translated Byron's complete works (13 vols., Paris, 1827-32). In 1828 he obtained a clerkship in the manuscript department of the King's Library (now known as the Bibliothèque Nationale), and was afterwards promoted to the rank of assistant librarian. He took advantage of his position to pursue his research work on medieval literature, and publish a few old epics, "Berte aux Grans Piés" (Paris, 1831), "Garin le Loherain" (1835), and a collection of popular songs under the title of "Romancero Français" (Paris, 1833). He then turned to historical writings, publishing in 1833 "Mémoire sur la Relation Originale des Voyages de Marco Polo ", and from 1836 to 1840, the "Grandes Chroniques de Saint Denis ". His most important work as a librarian, was his book on "Les Manuscrits Français de la Bibliothèque du Roi"(Paris, 1836-48), which is not a mere catalogue, but a lengthy dissertation on the authors and contents of the Manuscripts.
In recognition of his achievements, he was elected to the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-lettres in 1837 and soon after was made a member of the committee entrusted with the task of continuing the "Histoire littéraire de la France ", a most valuable publication, begun in the eighteenth century by the Benedictines. In 1853 a chair of medieval literature was created for him in the Collège de France, and for nineteen years he lectured in a most scholarly manner on the origins of the French language , the old French epics or "Chansons de Geste", the novels of the Round Table, and the early French theatre. Medieval literature appealed to him, because he found in it a naive but strong expression of his religious faith. Busy as he was with the preparation of his lectures, he found time to publish, with dissertations and annotations, such works as "Historiettes de Tallemand des Réaux" (9 vols., Paris, 1860), "Aventures de Maître Renart et d'Ysengrin" (Paris, 1861), "Recueil complet des Poèmes de St-Pavin" (1861), "Romans de la Table Ronde" (1868-77), "Le Livre du Voir Dit", by Guillaume de Machault (1867). He resigned his chair in the Collège de France in 1872.
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Experience Inner Stillness with the
Children & Meditation
“If we can help children to be meditative we can change the whole world – its energy, its consciousness.”
The concept of meditation for children evokes a curious response for many people. While many can conceive of the potential value of meditation, there is often the question – what is the necessity? Children already exist in a state of innocence, are closer to their true nature, are more free in their expression, and are naturally meditative.
What is also true is that children often feel misunderstood, separated, alienated, and burdened by the ideas, beliefs, judgments and impositions of the world. They feel afraid, confused, and in need of guidance from adults who themselves are often struggling to attain inner clarity and peace.
What can meditation do for children?
Teaching children to meditate early on can help them learn to connect to their inner silence and find answers within themselves. With a little guidance and encouragement they can learn to listen to and trust their own inner voice, strengthen their intuition, and increase their self-awareness. As they develop the habit of looking inside through simple and fun meditation methods, children will:
- feel self-empowered
- build self-esteem and self-responsibility
- learn to focus and discipline themselves
- gain access to their inner peace and creativity
- learn to respect themselves and others
- develop their ability to stay present
- become happy, loving, & compassionate adults
Engaging, playful, and introspective
Children need to be encouraged, playful, and fully participate in life. At the same time, they also need to lean how to sit silently and look inside. Active Meditations for children incorporate active and passive stages to keep things fresh, interesting, and engaging. The active phases involve body movement, laughter, gibberish, and dance. The silent phase involves a quiet introspection. Through activity children release their pent-up emotions, fear, and anxiety, and through the silent stage feel relaxed physically and mentally. The Active Meditations for children are short and fun to practice. They can be done in a classroom setting or at home with parents.
“Children should be taught to meditate – how to remain calm, serene, silent; how to reach the state of no-mind. Children can learn to accomplish this very, very quickly. Every home should have a scheduled program to help children move into silence. And that will only be possible, when you, as parents, also practice with them. A daily hour of sitting silently should be compulsory in every home. One should even do away with a meal if necessary, but an hour of silence must be observed at all costs. It is wrong to call that house a home where an hour of silence isn’t observed daily.”
A new type of education
Over half a million babies are born on the planet each year. Every soul comes with their unique blueprint and potential, and no one knows what that potential is. The word ‘education’ means ‘to draw out’ and help the potential hidden in each child to blossom. Unfortunately, no education system in the world is set up to help children find their unique individual gifts and life purpose. Education systems have never focussed on the individual, on the contrary, they have tried to repress anything that would bring out the child‘s individuality. Our education system teaches children to compete, conform, and fit into a socially acceptable norm. it is set up to turn people into utilitarian machines programmed to serve the society and the status quo. This undermines every chaild’s creativity and inner power and prepares them for failure.
Uprooted from their potential and consciousness, children grow up to become insecure, frustrated and unhappy adults who don’t know how to look inside, trust themselves, and find their unique voice. When they become parents, they unconsciously pass on to their children the same beliefs and conditionings that they themselves were programmed with.
To break this perpetual cycle and lay a foundation for a completely new education system, teachers themselves need to start learning how to meditate and heal into consciousness. To accomplish this, all universities that are preparing future teachers must begin to incorporate meditation and self-exploration as a compulsory subject. This change has to simultaneously also begin with training the existing school teachers within the education systems how to meditate and transform their fears and beliefs into self-empowered consciousness.
A Blueprint for a Five Dimensional Education System
To help solve this deelpy rooted generational problem and create a new education system the Indian mystic Osho proposed the creation of a five dimentional education system. Below is the outline of his suggestions:
1. The first is the informative dimension: languages, geography, environmental studies etc.
We can create in the world an atmosphere of brotherhood: language connects people and language disconnects too. There is right now no international language. This is due to our prejudices. English is perfectly capable, because it is known by more people around the world on a wider scale… first, the mother tongue, then one international language…
2. The second dimension: scientific subjects, math, geometry, physics, chemistry, etc.
Here the teachers are only guides. They show how to find the latest books on a subject, how to use the computer. They make the pupils aware of the current knowledge, the latest information. The kids themselves have to do the real inquiry.
3. The third is ‘the art of living’ and sense of humor.
Every child should be helped to transform his anger, hatred, jealousy etc. into love. An important part of the third dimension should also be a sense of humour. Our so-called education makes people sad and serious – and a man who forgets the language of laughter has forgotten much of life… A reverence for life should be the foundation of the third dimension, because life is God and there is no other God than life itself.
4. The fourth dimension is art and creativity: painting, music, craftsmanship, pottery, masonry—anything that is creative.
unless a man learns how to create, he never becomes a part of existence, which is constantly creative. By being creative one becomes divine; creativity is the only prayer.
5. The fifth dimension is the “art of dying.”
In this fifth dimension will be all the meditations, so that you can know that there is no death, so that you can become aware of an internal life inside you. | <urn:uuid:a51a3607-662a-482d-80c5-2e5be0b7d454> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.madadalian.com/courses/meditation/children-meditation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578517745.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20190418161426-20190418182421-00032.warc.gz | en | 0.957644 | 1,345 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Physical assessment template for nurses. Assessment is one of the most fundamental ways of program development. The practice of evaluation has long been considered the basic process of curriculum planning. It's thought of as the most significant part any school curriculum development. There are many kinds of assessments: individual-based, group-based, application-based, and subject-specific. Educational tests
A step-by-step nursing note guide for Head-to-Toe assessments, with Vital sign ranges and common abbreviations on the back! Take this with you to every clinical, or onto the job to ensure that you never miss a thing! Simply download onto your computer, print and enjoy!
Percussion is used to assess the density of the lungs. It is also used to assess the air in the lungs. Those percussion notes include flatness, dullness, resonance, hyperresonance, and tympany. This article with 9 Helpful Tips for Performing a Nursing Health Assessment of the Respiratory System will help you in your practice. #studentnurse #nursingschool #nursingstudent #nurse #respiratorysystem #nursecepts
Nursing head to toe assessment template. Assessment is one of the most basic ways of curriculum development. The practice of evaluation has been considered that the fundamental technique of program planning. It is considered as the most important part of a school curriculum development. There are many kinds of assessments: individual-based, group-based, application-based, and subject-specific.
Hey Nurses.! If you are looking for a kind of stuff that needs in you nursing career than please check out by clicking on above. stuff like ICU Report sheet, Head To Toe Assessment Template, Lab Values, Nursing Dosage Calculations and many other important PDF files. *Get exciting discounts | <urn:uuid:c2f28366-17a9-4aef-9ed6-db40660d1773> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://gr.pinterest.com/ideas/nursing-assessment/962061252237/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711108.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20221206124909-20221206154909-00784.warc.gz | en | 0.933519 | 374 | 3.40625 | 3 |
[SaneVax: Merck, the pharmaceutical company that manufactures Gardasil, and the FDA claimed there was no viral DNA in Gardasil at the time of its “fast-tracked” approval. Once it was discovered, the tune changed. Where are the studies that prove the HPV DNA fragments found in Gardasil pose no health risk despite the fact they are bound to the aluminum adjuvant?]
Blood donations from people vaccinated against HPV may be harmful to recipients
By Rebecca Winters
(NaturalNews) A shocking new report reveals that receiving blood donated from someone vaccinated with Gardasil, the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) vaccine, may be downright dangerous to your health.
S.A.N.E. Vax, Inc., contracted with an independent lab which tested 13 Gardasil vials from 13 different lots from all over the world and found that the genetically modified HPV DNA strands present in Gardasil had firmly attached to the vaccination’s aluminum adjuvant in a whopping 100% of the samples tested.
While natural HPV DNA does not stay in the bloodstream long, the aluminum binding allows the genetically modified recombinant HPV DNA (rDNA) to behave differently, potentially entering cells and wreaking havoc. | <urn:uuid:f27b53e8-8467-4668-9294-887c365538f6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sanevax.org/are-blood-donations-from-hpv-vaccine-recipients-harmful/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571153.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810100712-20220810130712-00056.warc.gz | en | 0.911537 | 264 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Computer scientists from the University of St Andrews have developed a smartphone app that uses the device's front-facing camera to recognise what kind of surface it's sitting on.
The app is called SpeCam, and links up with an existing database of materials. When it detects a particular surface, it can trigger a specific action. The researchers suggest that you could trigger it to play jazz when placed on the sofa, or dance music if on a coffee table.
Its actions aren't limited to music. If your phone rings and you place it face-down on your laptop, it could send a message reading "sorry, I'm in a meeting", but if you put it in your pocket instead it could send a different message - perhaps suggesting that the caller contacts a colleague.
It works by using the device's screen as a multi-spectral light source, and the front-facing camera to then capture the reflection of the material that it has been placed on. After cycling the screen through different colors, the material can be detected. You can see it in action here:
"This is an example of what we call Discreet Computing or discreet interaction, where subtle and inconspicuous user actions can result in entirely new forms of interaction," said Lead researcher Professor Aaron Quigley, Chair of Human Computer Interaction at St Andrews.
"By training and hence recognising materials all the surfaces around us become a canvas for our imagination."
Hui Yeo, who contributed to the research, added: "The goal is to explore novel forms of interaction for one-handed use which can leverage what people already do with devices, without adding new hardware to the device." | <urn:uuid:7d6155e5-ea77-4b19-aa8c-eca2d03ce74b> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.techradar.com/news/this-smartphone-app-plays-smooth-jazz-when-you-put-it-on-the-sofa | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687447.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920194628-20170920214628-00300.warc.gz | en | 0.941579 | 337 | 3.125 | 3 |
There are 10 species of bats that exist in New Hanover and surrounding counties. All 10 of these species eat insects. Bats are nocturnal mammals: they hunt for insects at night and they are furry and warm-blooded.
All 10 species of bats mentioned above use echolocation to hunt. Echolocation is a method of navigating using sound waves instead of light. Bats emit calls (sounds) to their environment and then listen for the echoes. Based on how long the echo takes to get back to their ears and how intense the sound is when it gets to their ears, bats can navigate their surroundings extremely well- even in complete darkness. Bats' echolocation is so fine tuned that they can easily pick out a small beetle from a tree with rough bark. Other animals that use echolocation are whales and dolphins.
Bats of Eastern North Carolina
Illustration of bats next to bat box.
Although many bats use echolocation, it is a common misconception that they are blind. In fact, in the daylight, many bats see just as well as humans do!
Some bats are colonial and some are solitary. Colonial bats like to hang out with each other and roost (sleep) together. Solitary bats are just as the name implies- they usually only get together to mate or raise young.
In the wild, bats often roost in caves, holes in trees, or under peeling tree bark. Like birds, some bats migrate. Although they can travel as far as 800 miles for migration, most bats simply migrate a few miles in search of a frost-free roost for hibernation. Bats hibernate for much of winter, like other mammals.
Bats are great to attract to your backyard. A single bat can eat 3,000-7,000 mosquitoes in one night. Bat guano is also excellent fertilizer.
Many people do not want bats in their backyard because they are scared of them, but there is no more reason to be scared of bats than there is to be scared of a mouse or a raccoon. Bats get a bad reputation from most movies and folklore. In New Hanover and surrounding counties, we have NO vampire bats. All the bats that exist here mostly eat insects that will bite you or destory your garden/property (mosquitoes, moths, beetles, etc) and so they are very beneficial.
Another misconception is that all bats have rabies. This is not the case. Bats contract rabies just like a raccoon, opossum, or your dog might, and the numbers of bats with rabies are not significantly different from these other animals.
Also, if you feed birds and are worried about bats interfering with their airspace- don't! Birds and bats become active at different parts of the day. When birds wake up, bats go to sleep and vice versa (with the exception of some birds like Whip-poor-wills, Chuck-Wills-Widow, and owls). After all, they existed in nature together here before people ever arrived.
Attracting Bats to Your Backyard
There are several things you can do to attract bats to your backyard. Here are a few of our suggestions:
* Put up a bat house
* Leave peeling bark and standing dead trees alone (these are not only roost for bats but also nest sites for woodpeckers, eastern bluebirds, owls, chickadees, and more!)
* Place bat house at least 15ft up
* Place bat house facing south or southeast, so it gets morning sunlight (makes a nice warm sleeping place for bats)
* Don't spray your yard with pesticides (insects that die as a result may be eaten by bats, who might also die because of poisoning by pesticides)
Official bat house of the Organization for Bat Conservation. | <urn:uuid:cc929c55-1765-458a-9659-89916aa10fa0> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://www.wildbirdgardeninc.com/Bats.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247480472.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20190216125709-20190216151709-00509.warc.gz | en | 0.955454 | 801 | 3.484375 | 3 |
India brick industry: Calls to improve working conditions
4 January 2014 Last updated at 00:28 GMT
Campaigners are calling for more to be done about the appalling human cost of India's brick industry.
The brick kilns that supply the country's booming construction sector - used for buildings owned not only by Indian companies but also by British ones and multinationals - are a crucial part of India's growing economy.
There are more than 2 million brick workers in India.
Many kilns use bonded labourers working in conditions of near-slavery earning at best around £1.50 for a 12-hour day.
Many suffer ill health from the acrid smoke from the kilns and harsh working conditions leading campaigners to call the bricks they make "blood bricks" .
Humphrey Hawksley reports from the Indian city of Hyderabad. | <urn:uuid:09da94bb-5c49-4446-9f52-a54ec7aed8fa> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-25595093 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246657041.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045737-00032-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939615 | 173 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Congress has begun to set the wheels in motion to repeal the ACA. With this, legislators are looking at a host of options to serve as a replacement. One such option, proposed by House Speaker Paul Ryan (R-WI) and others in various permutations, is the return of high-risk pools.
Risk Pools Before the ACA
Prior to the ACA, 35 states had established risk pools — a guarantee-issued coverage offered to those who could not obtain coverage because of pre-existing or chronic health conditions, reports the Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF).
These high-risk pools "pooled" together individuals with high medical expenses to avoid driving up the health insurance costs of healthier groups of people. Although each state's risk pool was unique, most pools contained similar features such as high deductibles, exclusions on pre-existing conditions for 6 to 12 months, limits on lifetime and annual dollars and limited benefit options.
The KFF reports that, at their height, pre-ACA risk pools supported approximately 200,000 individuals. These high-risk pools were structured to limit enrollment, possibly accounting for the small participation numbers.
Overall, pre-ACA risk pools were considered failures, as many individuals didn't obtain coverage because of high costs and exclusions on pre-existing conditions. Additionally, these risk pools were traditionally underfunded, as states were reluctant to subsidize any funding requirements after the application of federal grants. Being underfunded prevented these risk pools from providing certain necessary health care services to the populations served. The ACA put an end to these pools by requiring that individual and small-group insurers cover all individuals, regardless of pre-existing conditions.
A Better Way
Paul Ryan's replacement proposal, A Better Way, sees robust high-risk pools as a way to help states increase the number of patients with health coverage. "High-risk pools give financial support for those who find themselves priced out of coverage, helping ensure all Americans have access to affordable health care," the replacement proposal states. The plan proposes that $25 billion in federal funds be dedicated for these programs. Additionally, high-risk pool premiums would be capped and waiting lists prohibited.
A Better Way also recommends eliminating the individual coverage mandate. The ACA's individual coverage mandate is aimed at addressing the risk pool issue, by requiring all individuals to purchase coverage, which spreads the risk of higher medical costs. However, data has indicated that sicker populations obtained coverage whereas healthier, younger individuals chose to pay the annual penalty in lieu of obtaining coverage. As a result, the premiums in ACA marketplaces have dramatically increased. Ryan's plan allows individuals with pre-existing or chronic health conditions to have coverage as long as such coverage is continuous.
According to the Kaiser Family Foundation, every 2 years approximately 32 million individuals lose coverage, resulting in coverage gaps. If an individual with a pre-existing condition breaks coverage, they could face future obstacles to obtaining affordable health care.
Empowering Patients First Act of 2015
Rep. Tom Price (R-GA), who is President Donald Trump's Department of Health and Human Services secretary nominee, also proposed a replacement plan — the Empowering Patients First Act of 2015, which contains an implementation of high-risk pools.
The plan would invest $3 billion of federal funds over a three-year time period into state-established high-risk pools covering those who are unable to purchase affordable coverage due to pre-existing conditions. Whether a $3 billion investment or Paul Ryan's proposal of $25 billion would be adequate remains to be seen.
Patient Freedom Act of 2017
On Jan. 23, 2017, Sens. Bill Cassidy (R-LA), Susan Collins (R-ME), Johnny Isakson (R-GA) and Shelley Moore Capito (R-WV) introduced the Patient Freedom Act of 2017, which addresses both the repeal and replacement of the ACA. This legislation does not provide for state-managed high-risk pools, but permits states to adopt a reinsurance and risk-corridor program that involves no Federal funds.
Although details of the repeal and replacement of the ACA are still in development, it is important for HR leaders to consider these possible plans to start to form a picture of what the future of health care for employers may look like.
Stay up-to-date on the latest workforce trends and insights for HR leaders: subscribe to our monthly e-newsletter.
Other articles in this series:
SIGN UP FOR THE SPARK NEWSLETTER | <urn:uuid:e4c99584-cd2e-454c-962c-540a87c5dc4f> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.adp.com/spark/articles/2017/02/aca-road-to-repeal-will-high-risk-pools-return.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741192.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20181113020909-20181113042253-00015.warc.gz | en | 0.955378 | 914 | 2.578125 | 3 |
If you don't have a relative currently or formerly suffering through the dreaded disease, it can be easy to forget! Let's start by identifying just exactly what Alzheimer's is and how it can affect you!
If you know me, you know that I love analogies, so here you go: think of your brain as your TV and you want it to produce images (memories). In order to do that, the TV has to receive an electrical signal via the cord that is plugged into the wall. The cord would be the neurons connecting throughout your brain to carry that electrical signal that will cause the desired result of reproducing memories and sounds. If you take the cord to your TV and shave large chunks out of the insulation, the electricity flowing through the cord will not flow as true if it even flows at all – meaning the image on your TV may appear fuzzy or not at all. Neurons in the brain of a person with Alzheimer’s disease are either missing parts of the insulation - or perhaps have no insulation - and, therefore, the signal is lost. Those of us who have experienced Alzheimer’s first hand can tell you is a heart breaking disease, not only for the patient, but especially for their friends and family.
To put things in perspective Alzheimer’s disease treatments will cost the USA $216 Billion dollars in 2016 alone. Alzheimer’s will kill more than breast and prostate cancers combined in 2016. In fact, Alzheimer’s has now moved to the 6th leading cause of death in America. The really scary number is that every 66 seconds another person is diagnosed with Alzheimer’s. With the rapid pace that baby boomers are aging, we will all be affected sooner rather than later.
For more information, or to find out what can be done in the fight on Alzheimer's disease, visit the Alzheimer's Association website. | <urn:uuid:5625a17c-ee8d-42c3-a9b5-e562dde63370> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://www.whaleysrx.com/thefountainstool/2016/rememberalzheimers1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256948.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20190522183240-20190522205240-00032.warc.gz | en | 0.954566 | 381 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Among growing demands for data security and encryption technologies in today’s connected world, random number generation remains a critical security element to ensure our safety and trusted communications.
Randomness, quantitatively measured by entropy, is the measure of uncertainty or disorder within a set of data. The higher the level of unpredictability, the more random the data is and the more valuable it becomes, particularly for cryptographic operations.
To that end, the QuRunner project, led by Nuno Silva (IT/UA), aims to design and integrate a fast, secure, and cost-effective quantum random number generator (QRNG) into IT’s internal network.
Quantum-based technologies rely on QRNGs for securing the communications on telecommunication networks, since these generators have proven to maintain security at the highest possible level.
However, “in typical QRNGs schemes, random numbers are generated slowly and with very expensive equipment” says Nuno Silva.
“With this project, our goal is to explore the quantum uncertainty of the quadrature amplitudes of the vacuum state, so we can use the unpredictability and unrepeatability inherent in quantum mechanics to implement a truly random number generator.
“This technique avoids having to use expensive equipment, such as single-photon detectors, and opens the door to higher generation rates of random numbers, with simple integration with classical technology”.
The QuRunner project is a joint effort between the Optical Quantum Communications and Technologies Group, at IT in Aveiro, and the Security and Quantum Information Group at IT in Lisbon. Their research is funded by the FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia) and the MCTES (Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior).
The project will implement a QRNG prototype, giving IT researchers acess to truly random number strings which they can use in computer simulations and in classical or quantum cryptography.
The research team will also make “considerable theoretical efforts to model the experimental devices, design efficient randomness extractors, and study new source device-independent protocols for the QRNG”.
As companies increase the digitalization of their business operations and virtual services expand in the COVID-19 era, new validated QRNG services are an important step towards the development of quantum computing technology. | <urn:uuid:930cf1a3-7cb6-4729-bec0-23915c1cd79f> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.it.pt/News/NewsPost/4635 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038061562.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20210411055903-20210411085903-00339.warc.gz | en | 0.902743 | 489 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Rather than look only at what teachers are doing, I try to assess what students are being asked to do: the specific skills and knowledge that students are expected to master and the level of intellectual challenge in the lesson. What the teacher does is the means by which the students learn – not the end… I have consistently found that the kinds of questions students are asked and the extent to which a teacher challenges students to explain their thinking or expand on their answers are reliable indicators of the level of intellectual rigor in a class. If the questions require only factual recall – which is most often the case – then students are probably not being asked to do very much in the way of reasoning, analysis, or hypothesizing – and the primary skill being taught is memorization. If I see this pattern in a number of classes, then I can reliably predict how well a school's students might perform on an essay exam or how well prepared they are for college. p. 52-53
How would Wagner evaluate your classroom? Out of the approximately 250 minutes a week in your class, are students doing more factual recall or are they analyzing, synthesizing, and evaluating? How many papers – real papers – are students asked to write in a semester? Are students frequently engaged in rigorous discussion and debate, possibly in small groups so all are engaged instead of just a few, and asked to support their arguments? Wagner's questions and statements seem to line up directly with the Rigor and Relevance framework being used in our school… Thoughts?
Jump roping with some serious rigor!
Jim Collins tells us that "Great" organizations build a culture of innovation and rigorous debate guided by core values that never change. Our opening school workshops this year included presenting"SJH Core Values" (Download GTG Diagram) that are to serve as those never changing back bone strands which guide how we do business – and we then jumped into a debate about cell phone and i-pod use in study halls. Ultimately our fear of the unknown, and a lack of necessary framework, held us back from promoting the use of technology to further education.
A recent post by Scott McLeod called "4 tales out of school" raises some of these questions by making us see them from a different angle. Take a look. Do any of these tales ring close to home? Do we at SJH have practices in place that do not line up with the core values we have stated? How much of what we do falls into "quadrant A" of the Rigor and Relevance framework? Is it because it's right – or because we've always done it that way? If our assessments were quadrant B, C, and D assessments, would it matter if students found a copy of it early or took one home?
May the new year take us closer to living out the values we have articulated! | <urn:uuid:7a8cdf8a-e285-42e2-95bf-fed3ddd6b72c> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://chrislindholm.wordpress.com/2009/12/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948597585.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20171217210620-20171217232620-00597.warc.gz | en | 0.97168 | 581 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Science Labs Resources
Case Study | FAQ | Resources
A rich collection of resources is available online for those who wish to know more about
fully including students with disabilities in science labs. The following websites provide
a good start:
Comprehensive resources related to
making science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) academic programs and
courses accessible to people with disabilities.
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Project to improve the entry and advancement of people with disabilities in science, mathematics, and engineering.
American Chemical Society (ACS)
Developed the manual Teaching
Chemistry to Students with Disabilities PDF
American Printing House for the Blind, Inc.
Products for students with visual impairments including math textbooks, tactile graphics kit, rulers, and graph sheets.
Low vision aids.
Resources for teachers: Math,
Barrier Free Education
Research, instruction for teachers on how to make their coursework, classrooms and labs
more accessible, and information resources for teachers including assistive technology for
EASI (Equal Access to Software and Information)
Provider of online training on accessible information technology for persons with
The Faculty Room Knowledge Base
A searchable collection of questions and answers, case studies, and promising practices of interest to postsecondary faculty members.
Independent Living Aids
Talking, large display, and other adapted products for visually impaired individuals.
Dedicated to fighting vision loss through prevention, treatment, and empowerment.
Maxi Aids: Products for Independent Living
Talking, large display, and other adaptive products.
National Science Foundation Programs for Persons with Disabilities
Grants to increase the representation of people with disabilities in science, engineering, mathematics and technology.
Reaching the Pinnacle
Encourages students with
disabilities to enter science, engineering, and mathematics fields.
Strategies on Teaching Science to Students with Disabilities
Assistance for science teachers.
Teaching Math to Visually Impaired Students
Strategies for teachers of mathematics.
Teaching Lab Courses To Students With Disabilities
Teaching Science, Engineering, and Mathematics to Deaf Students.
The Role of Technology in Instruction and Teaching Preparation
The Winning Equation: Access + Attitude = Success in Math and Science
A video presentation and publication with strategies for fully including students with disabilities in science and math activities.
Working Together: Science Teachers and Students with Disabilities
A video presentation and publication where students suggest ways to make science activities more accessible. | <urn:uuid:5a4fc269-a19e-40d7-954b-bdd55e4b7fe0> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.washington.edu/doit/Faculty/Strategies/Academic/Science/science_lab_resources.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657133132.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011213-00329-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.821667 | 519 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Behind this fish -soup there is a long history of fear and courage.
Because, in the ancient thought the sea was a hostile, lonely world with sea monsters and fishes which were frightening to humans…. the only animal eaten in eastern Mediterranean that could eat people. Dolphins were an exception of course.
Scylla. Apulian vase. 4th cent. BC
Such negative feeling had a profound effect on visual arts and literature.
“Lie there among the fishes” says Achilles, having thrown the body of his fallen enemy into the river, ” who will lick the blood from your wound and gloat over it; your mother shall not lay you on any bier to mourn you, but the eddies of Scamander shall bear you into the broad bosom of the sea. There shall the fishes feed on the fat of Lycaon as they dart under the dark ripple of the waters…” (Homer Iliad 21.122-7. trans. Butler S. )
“Under the dark ripple of the waters” was a place of death, where drowned mariners were devoured by fish. Moreover, fish was considered a threat not only to humans but also to weaker sea-creatures, including fishes …. the only animal that eat each other. “Among fishes neither justice is of any account nor is there any mercy or love, for all the fish that swim are bitter enemies to each other. The stronger ever devours the weaker; this against that swims fraught with doom and one for another furnishes food. Some overpower the weaker by force of jaws and strength; others have venemous mouths; others have spines wherewith to defend them with deadly blows.” ( 177-180 AD, Oppian, On fishing, 2.43-50, trans. Mair)
Behind this soup there is a long history of poverty.
Fishermen. Phylakopi III, 16th ca. BC. Milos Island.
Being fisherman implied that land was so poor that could not feed its inhabitants. In Greek literature fishermen suffer from poverty, hard life and very low social status. Dedications and epigrams bring before us their hambler life in their thatched huts or out at the sea.
Hard is the life the weary fisher finds
Who trusts his floating mansion to the winds ;
Whose daily food the fickle sea maintains.
Unchanging labour and uncertain gains.
Moschus 169 (2nd cent. BC. Collections from the Greek anthology. Robert Bland, 1813)
However, it seems that fishermen who supplied the market and rich people with quality sea-food had the opportunities for enrichment.
Flatfish Painter, Apulian red-figured fish plate ca. 350–325 BC. (commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fish_plate_Louvre_K590.jpg)
Because, quality fish was very expensive, a luxurious delicacy, a symbol of wealth. During all periods of antiquity, the great value of fish as a wealth symbol was equally opposed to the stereotype of fisherman’s poverty.
Behind this soup there is a long history of technology and commerce.
The ancient fishermen might had an abundant catch only few times a year, however imagine that the Aegean fishermen of 10,000 years ago were able to catch 50-200 kg tuna in open water. But the fish is perishable. Hence, as fishing technology became more and more efficient, technologies of preservation of fish and commerce were developed too.
Fishermen did provide not only a staple element but also a significant factor in the ancient economy.
The thick fish soup (Pichti Psarosoupa, Πηχτή Ψαρόσουπα)
1 kg fresh cod
1 large onion, peeled
6 carrots, peeled
1 cup of celery, chopped
3/4 cup of celery root, peeled and halved
1/2 kg. potatoes, peeled and halved
6 small zucchinis
1/3 cup of Arborio rice or Greek Karolina
2 tbs virgin olive oil + some more
4 lemon halves
salt, to taste
freshly ground black pepper
Put fish, onions and tomatoes in a pot with enough water to cover them and bring to boil. Add salt to taste. When the fish is ready strain it through a strainer, debone it and set it aside. Add zucchinis, carrots celery, root, potatoes and olive oil and cook until tender. When they are ready strain them. In a blender puree a third of the vegetables and a third of fish meat. Set aside. Pur the rice into the broth and cook. When it is almost done add the puree and cook for 1-2 minutes. Serve the soup in bowls, season with pepper and sprinkle with lemon juice.
Serve fish and vegetables on a platter, drizzle them with olive oil, sprinkle with salt and pepper and serve with lemon halves on the side.
Or put some fish and vegetables in individuals bowls and laddle over the soup. | <urn:uuid:2e128c23-d350-4d22-b792-22b5cbb8c004> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://1historyofgreekfood.wordpress.com/tag/ancient-greece/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687833.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20170921153438-20170921173438-00411.warc.gz | en | 0.945537 | 1,074 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Castell Du (Sennybridge Castle)
History, tourist information, and nearby accommodation
The tower is 8.5 metres wide, with walls 1.8 metres thick. During World War II a pair of pillboxes were constructed and carefully camouflaged within the castle ruins.
We do not know for certain who was responsible for building Castell Du, but one possibility is Llewelyn ab Gruffudd. An intriguing historical record from 1265 mentions that Edward I destroyed 'a castle beyond Brecon', which may be Castle Du.
Note that there are several other fortifications in wales known as Castle Du, for example, there is one near Dolgran in Carmarthenshire.
About Castell Du (Sennybridge Castle)
Address: Castle Road, Sennybridge, Powys, Wales
Attraction Type: Castle
Location: At Sennybridge, off the A40, on private land
We've 'tagged' this attraction information to help you find related historic attractions and learn more about major time periods mentioned.
Find other attractions tagged with:
castle (Architecture) -
NEARBY HISTORIC ATTRACTIONS
Heritage Rated from 1- 5 (low-exceptional) on historic interest
Defynnog, St Cynog Church - 0.5 miles (Historic Church)
Camlais Castle - 2.7 miles (Castle)
Llywel, St David's Church - 3.3 miles (Historic Church)
Brecon Gaer Roman Fort - 5.3 miles (Roman Site)
Llanspyddid, St Cattwg Church - 5.5 miles (Historic Church)
Trecastle Mountain (Y Pigwyn) Stone Circles - 5.6 miles (Prehistoric Site)
Pigwn Roman Marching Camps - 5.9 miles (Roman Site)
Nant Tarw Stone Circles - 6.3 miles (Prehistoric Site)
Nearest Accommodation to Castell Du (Sennybridge Castle):
Nearest Self Catering Cottages
Nearest Bed and Breakfasts | <urn:uuid:7f32aa87-505b-4ec6-a573-b471186de046> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.britainexpress.com/attractions.htm?attraction=447 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999210.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20190620105329-20190620131329-00481.warc.gz | en | 0.869253 | 444 | 2.6875 | 3 |
At the height of Hurricane Sandy’s storm surge, the tarmac at New York City’s LaGuardia Airport was completely submerged, its jetways extending eerily into what appeared to be a rippling lakebed. When the heaviest winter rains on record drenched England earlier this year, the River Mole topped its banks and shut down half of Gatwick Airport. In Malaysia, a flash flood this spring forced arriving passengers at Penang Airport to wade through knee-deep water. And in 2011, at Bangkok’s Don Muang International, Thai Airways 777s sat wheel-deep in murky water as the worst floods on record in that city closed the airport for over a week.
As extreme weather events become more frequent, the airports of the world — often built on flat, low-lying land that was easy and inexpensive for municipalities to purchase or reclaim — are suffering the perils of their geography. “First and foremost, the history of trade put most major cities on the water,” says Richard Barone, director of transportation programs at New York City’s Regional Plan Association, which has done considerable research on the area’s aviation infrastructure. “And before the jet-age, planes often landed on the water, so as airports expanded, they did so on fill and reclaimed land.” When Newark Liberty International was built on a New Jersey swamp in the 1920s, the city’s authorities invited the public to dump their garbage on the site as infill — to this day, there are 200 bank safes under Newark’s runways, discarded there by a local junk dealer.
Now, the world’s airports’ cheap and easy locations are catching up with them. The U.S.’s National Climate Assessment for 2014 reports, “Thirteen of the nation’s 47 largest airports have at least one runway with an elevation within the reach of moderate to high storm surge,“ and notes that sea-level rise will pose a threat to low-lying airports in the New York metropolitan region, the Bay Area in California, south and central Florida, New Orleans and Hawaii.
Hundreds of other major airports around the world face similar risks. According to a report published by the European air traffic management group Eurocontrol, “in the medium- to longer-term, sea-level rise could threaten runway capacity at more than 30 European airports.”
Planners and elected officials are aware of these challenges. In the wake of Hurricane Sandy, the U.S. government granted LaGuardia airport nearly $40 million to install flood barriers and gravity drains, replace back-up generators, and revamp the airport’s power monitoring and control system. All that, however, might not be enough. Panang Airport underwent a massive $79 million upgrade in 2012 that included a new drainage system and an elevated departure hall. Though the departure hall remained dry during this year’s flash flood, the drainage system failed dramatically.
That’s not to say low-lying coastal airports can’t survive. Amsterdam’s Schiphol Airport lies 13 feet below sea level on reclaimed land that once hosted a massive naval battle. It’s undergirded by more than 150 miles of drainage structures and has a massive pumping system that can quickly expel the water that manages to collect inside the surrounding levees.
Even with such significant investment and planning, however, Schiphol isn’t flood proof — in fact it was forced to cancel some flights due to heavy rains this summer. But it is flood resistant, and planners and officials in Holland have learned to live with the presence of water and planned systems capable of quickly rebounding from flood events, like waterproof electrical equipment and elevated critical systems.
Barone, from the Regional Plan Association, sees learning to live with flood water as a smart response, but cautions that there are risks. “To a certain extent, our airports are going to have to adapt,” he says. “Allowing them to flood during large events might be a good approach, but if frequent storms impact service several times a month, that would be problematic over time.”
He foresees airlines demanding that airports tackle the flood issue, and even choosing hubs based on which ones have done so. “National air space and global air space are really one connected system. If a major hub like New York has weekly delays because of flooding, it’s conceivable that carriers would reroute air traffic or scale back their presence, and that would have profound effects for the region.”
“In the long term,” he says, “there will be a need to look at whether we can build them up, to raise portions to protect them from regular flooding.”
Could major airports be relocated inland? “Yes,” he says, “but costs aside, there’s a catch: convenience plays a significant role in air travel. In the 1970s, when Montreal tried to replace Dorval airport with a larger and more modern structure further from the city, the plan failed because customers and airlines found it inconvenient.” As with flood-proofing, it seems there’s a balance that planners must strike when it comes to airport locations.
And they will need to find it. The FAA predicts “that U.S. airlines will reach the one billion passengers-per-year mark by 2021.” And the International Air Transport Association has noted significant growth in all travel markets, particularly in China and the Middle East, which posted increases of 20.1 percent and 18.1 percent respectively from January 2013 to January 2014.
This kind of demand, mixed with predictions of sea-level rise and more frequent storms, combined with the interconnectedness of international air space, and the needs of an increasingly mobile global economy, poses a serious challenge to nations, municipalities, airlines and customers.
Graham T. Beck has written about art, cities and the environment for the New York Times, The Believer, frieze and other august publications. He’s a contributing writer for The Morning News and editor-in-chief of Transportation Alternatives’ quarterly magazine, Reclaim. He lives in New York City and tweets @g_t_b | <urn:uuid:65008574-9086-4641-8511-716dd5e6fb98> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://nextcity.org/daily/entry/nervous-their-airline-hubs-will-fly-away-cities-race-to-flood-proof-their-a | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320243.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624082900-20170624102900-00714.warc.gz | en | 0.949717 | 1,304 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food: Statistics (Census and Prices) Division: Agricultural and Horticultural Census Datasets
Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food: Statistics (Census and Prices) Division: Agricultural and Horticultural Census Datasets
The Agricultural and Horticultural Census is one of the main data gathering exercises for agriculture and horticulture in England and Wales. It is a survey of main agricultural holdings in both countries, covering about 99% of the total agricultural area, and is conducted annually on the first working day of June. It provides the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF) and the National Assembly for Wales with 'the basic physical statistics of farming: areas of land use and crops; numbers of main livestock types; and the numbers and kinds of person working on the farm summarised by parish. To 1994, the base data for the summaries was collected for all agricultural holdings. From 1995, only the larger holdings submitted annual returns, and smaller holdings were sampled on a three-yearly basis.
Broadly speaking, the 1989-1999 censuses covered the following areas:
Most of the data collected by the 1989-1999 Agricultural and Horticultural Censuses related to the situation of farmers on the census date, the first weekday in June each year. The census was a snapshot of holdings at a time of prime activity rather than a picture of holdings over an entire year. Consequently, it was complemented by surveys taken at other times, although these were not as comprehensive in their coverage.
These datasets fall into three main sub-series:
(1) Parish Summaries, in which the data was aggregated by MAFF, before transfer, to the level of the agricultural parish (on agricultural parishes, see Counties and Parishes lookup tables, below). In each dataset, the data drawn from the census is held in a single table in which there are two types of field: those which record the total of the responses in the parish to a question asked in the census, and those which record the number of holdings which answered the question. While a correlation can be drawn between most of the census questions and the fields in the datasets, this is not always the case:
(2) Counties and Parishes lookup tables. The Parish Summaries datasets include codes for agricultural parishes, in which the first one or two digits identify the county, and the remaining digits identify the MAFF/Welsh Office 'parish'. In England, MAFF's 'parishes' generally correspond to the lowest level of local authority, which typically is a parish council, although it may also be a larger administrative area where there are no parishes. The 'parishes' used by the Statistical Directorate of the National Assembly for Wales (and its predecessors in the Welsh Office) relate to units which predate community councils (the equivalent in Wales of English parish councils). In some cases, the names of MAFF 'parishes' are not identical to the names of modern local authority areas; where the names are the same, MAFF has advised that the MAFF 'parish' and the civil parish may not cover the same areas.
Lookup tables were transferred, by MAFF and by the Welsh Office, which translate the codes used for parishes in the Parish Summaries datasets. MAFF also supplied a table which translates the codes used for counties. As these tables do not relate to any particular sweep of the census, they have been treated as distinct datasets rather than as part of the Parish Summaries datasets.
(3) A series of datasets of County Summaries held in MAF 410.
The datasets in this series are available to download. Links to individual datasets can be found at piece level.
|Arrangement:||Agricultural Census and Survey System (ACS) (1968-1993): Hardware: ICL mainframes. Operating System: GEORGE (II & III). Application Software: Inhouse system written in COBOL. Enhanced and refined until its replacement by the Farm Survey System (FSS) in 1993. Tabulation Utility (TAU) was used in connection with the EC Structure Survey. In addition, there were 470 job control macros. Farm Survey System (FSS) (1993-?): Hardware: Client/Server architecture operated via a Local Area Network (LAN). The FSS LAN was connected to the MAFF data communications network (MAFFnet). The FSS ran on two servers: FSS1, the main server. This managed the Ingres relational database in which data from censuses and surveys was stored. FSS2, was used by statisticians in Stats(C&S) to carry out complex statistical analyses of the data held on FSS1. Operating System: UNIX. Application Software: Ingres database management. User Interface: Not known for ACS. FSS allowed up to 80 users to connect to the main server (FSS1) concurrently. Users moved through the system via a hierarchy of screens and menus. Logical Structure and Schema: Each of the Parish Summaries datasets consists of a single table of aggregated data for all English and Welsh parishes for a particular census. The Counties and Parishes lookup tables likewise consist of a single table each. In MAFF's view, the system can be divided into three main sub-systems: A fixed application, the same for all censuses and surveys run on the system. A survey application specific to each survey. Software tools to manipulate and analyse the data. How data was originally captured and validated: During the 1989-1996 censuses, the basic method of data capture was paper forms. Farmers were asked to return the forms within about a week of the census date in mid June. Non-respondents were sent reminders. MAFF had the power to prosecute non-respondents. Before 1997, farmers were sent either a 'short' or a 'long' form. The short omitted the sections on horticulture and glasshouses. Farmers were sent a long form unless previous census returns indicated that no horticulture or glasshouse data was likely to be present. Before 1995 forms were sent to all holdings which were classed as 'main' holdings. In 1995 an element of sampling was introduced. Thereafter, sampling was applied to main holdings with a Standard Gross Margin (SGM) of less than 9600 (SGM was 'an economic measure of a farm's profitability . . . derived from the activity being recorded on the Agricultural Census return for the farm'). 'Small main holdings', were sent a census form every three years on a rolling basis; 'very small main holdings' (those with an SGM of less than 3600) were sampled randomly each year at a rate of 10%. MAFF also attempted to integrate data collection for the census with data collection for its Integrated Administration and Control System (IACS). By 1996 Stats(C&S) were investigating the possibility of establishing closer links between IACS and the census. By 1999 this has progressed to the point that census data was derived from IACS for about 6,000 farms whose production was covered by an IACS claim. Data inputting and validation: In the 1989-1996 censuses, the forms were returned by farmers to the Parish List Section of Stats(C&S). The rate of return of forms could be as high as 10,000 in a single day. Under the ACS, receipting was done by batching the forms and sending them to ITD's PCK section for the recording of the holding numbers ('CPHing'). With the introduction of the FSS in 1993, bar-coded forms were introduced. After forms were receipted, they were scrutinised by the Parish List clerks. Data inputting was done by batching the forms and sending them to PCK section for speed keying. This continued to be the normal method of data entry after the introduction of the FSS. However, the Parish List clerks acquired the ability to input the data directly to the FSS via input screens. Once the forms were loaded into the system, a parameter sheet was generated which listed batches loaded, and the number of forms in each. A data load report (recording forms that failed to load) was also produced, and a validation error report (listing validation queries by county in the order of CPH numbers). The data was validated against previous returns, against other values on the form, and for credibility via validation rules written by statisticians. Validation queries were cleared by Parish List staff by reference to the original survey forms, by following standard instructions, and by contacting the farmer directly. Provisional results for the census were published after about 60% of the forms had been received. Final results were calculated when about 80% of the despatched forms were deemed sufficiently 'clean' to be used. In order to account for non-responses statistical techniques were employed to generate a dataset covering 100% of main holdings. Two techniques were used: Ratio estimation: 'using previous years data as a base . . . the returned sample is poststratified by farm size (SGM) and farm type to minimise non-response bias. Each item being measured is raised independently of others and so different raising factors apply. Coverage and standard errors for the estimates vary between items but relative standard errors are typically under 2 per cent for the main crops and under 5 per cent for the livestock'. Imputation: 'this involves applying an appropriate trend (obtained from responding units) to the previous year’s data for a missing farm to give a best estimate of the current year's information'. Production of final results involved the use of estimation to compensate for holdings which had not returned a form, or for returns which were being queried. Constraints on the reliability of the data: MAFF stated that the Census was 'subject to some margin of statistical error on account of the quality of the basic material and the methods which are used in adjusting and statistically treating data for non-respondents'. Validation performed after transfer: Details of the content and transformation validation checks performed by NDAD staff on each Agricultural and Horticultural Census dataset are contained in the catalogues of individual datasets.|
MAFF unpublished documents relating to the Agricultural and Horticultural Census have been transferred to NDAD, and are listed in the Dataset Documentation Catalogue.
For earlier summaries see MAF 68
Datasets summarising the results of the census at parish level are also held by the UK Data Archive (www.data-archive.ac.uk/), covering the years 1975-1988 (study numbers 2064-2066, 2075, 2082-2084, 2089-2091, 2178, 2381, 2562, 2681). The Edinburgh University Data Library http://datalib.ed.ac.uk/) holds Parish Summary datasets for some years between 1969 and 1989, as well as a separate series of datasets in which parish level data is related to grid squares at various levels of aggregation.
|Held by:||The National Archives, Kew|
|Former reference in The National Archives||CRDA/4|
|Legal status:||Public Record|
|Creator:||Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 1955-2001|
|Physical description:||21 datasets and documentation|
|Restriction on use:||This dataset was formerly closed until 2020 under the Public Records Act. Following implementation of the Freedom of Information Act this closure was reviewed and the Department agreed that no FOI exemptions apply to the data. The dataset was therefore opened in January 2006.|
|Accruals:||Further accruals are not expected.|
|Publication note:||Aggregated data from the Agricultural and Horticultural Census is routinely made available by MAFF. Provisional and final results for England and the UK were published by MAFF, via Statistical Notices or Statistical News Releases. Data from the census was also incorporated in the annual Digest of Annual Census Statistics United Kingdom. G. Clark, The Agricultural Census - United Kingdom and United States, Concepts and Techniques in Modern Geography no. 35 (Norwich: Geo Books, 1982)|
|Administrative / biographical background:||
The Agricultural and Horticultural census dates back to the nineteenth century. The first agricultural statistics to have complete coverage of Great Britain were collected in 1866 by the Board of Inland Revenue on behalf of the Board of Trade, which was responsible for the processing and publication of the returns. In 1883 publication was undertaken for the first time by the Agricultural Department of the Privy Council, to which, in 1884, the grant made to the Board of Trade for their collections was transferred. The Agricultural Department of the Privy Council began to process the forms for itself although the actual collection remained in the hands of the Inland Revenue. These arrangements continued unchanged in the succeeding years, during which (in 1889) the Agricultural Department of the Privy Council became a part of the newly formed Board of Agriculture. Later, in 1909, the excise duties of Inland Revenue were transferred to the Board of Customs. This Board became responsible for the collection of the returns until 1912, when the duty was transferred to the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries. The Board became the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (MAFF) under the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Act 1919. Responsibility for the census in Scotland was devolved in 1912 to the Board of Agriculture for Scotland (part of the Scottish Office).
The completion of the census returns by farmers was done on a voluntary basis from 1866 until the passing of the Corn Production Act 1917. The Act provided for the payment of a subsidy to farmers based on the acreage of their wheats and oats, and in turn made the completion of the census returns obligatory. Voluntary completion was re-introduced in 1921, when the subsidy paid under the Act was withdrawn. The completion of census returns became compulsory again with the Agricultural Returns Act 1925, which established the statutory authority for the census. Successive enactments since then have laid an obligation on farmers to complete the forms for the Agricultural and Horticultural Census. Since 1956 farmers have returned the forms directly to MAFF's central statistical departments. Before then, forms were collected at a local level by MAFF's County Advisory Officers (1949-1956); by a network of MAFF-employed crop reporters (1919-1949); and by excise officers (1866-1918).
The current statutory basis for the census is the Agricultural Statistics Act 1979, as amended by the Agriculture (Amendment) Act 1984, and Section 12 of the European Communities Act 1972. The legislation requires farmers in England and Wales to provide information for statistical purposes, as required by the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food and the Secretary of State for Wales. It also requires that strict confidentiality be observed with respect to the data, to protect against the disclosure of information on individual holdings. One effect of this is that data gathered in the Agricultural and Horticultural Census has only been published and made available in aggregated form.
In addition to data for publication, the Agricultural and Horticultural Census provides MAFF with the core data from which sample selections for other surveys are taken. Data from the census is often correlated to data collected in other surveys: e.g. the area of wheat is correlated to the yield. Where there is a correlation, information from the June census may be used to raise the aggregates from the sample in a survey to estimate the aggregates for the population as a whole. Thus the June census is not only important in its own right but also for the processing of many other surveys.
Information derived from the census is provided to MAFF economists and policy sections, and is used in the formulation of agricultural policy, assessment of the impact of European Community policy proposals, identification of market trends, assessment of research and development needs, and in agricultural advisory work. MAFF economists carry out survey work based on data from the June census, a prime example being the Farm Business Survey. Information from the census has also been supplied to agricultural industry customers (such as the Meat and Livestock Commission and the Milk Marketing Board, now succeeded by Milk Marque), and to other government departments: e.g. the Department of the Environment (for research into changes in land use) and the Office for National Statistics (for Social Trends and Regional Trends publications, and for national employment data). Trade associations and non-departmental public bodies produce economic analyses using census data, whilst academics use the material for both research and teaching. Local authorities rely on Agricultural and Horticultural Census data for administration and the provision of statutory services: e.g. structure plans and strategic planning. Results are also used by international bodies. The census and the parallel June censuses carried out in Scotland and Northern Ireland are the main UK sources for the European Community's Farm Structure Survey, a survey conducted by EC member states every two or three years.
Within the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, the responsibility for the Agricultural and Horticultural Census rested (in 2000) with Statistics (Census and Surveys) Division (Stats(C&S)) in the Economics and Statistics Group. Stats(C&S) design the census, gather and analyse the data, produce statistical publications, and maintain the English part of the Parish List (a register of agricultural and horticultural holdings which is used to contact farmers for the census.
Prior to the creation of the National Assembly for Wales in 1999, responsibility for maintaining the Welsh part of the Parish List, and for controlling and correcting Welsh data for the June census and larger surveys, rested with the Statistical Directorate of the Welsh Office and the Directorate's predecessors. Smaller surveys were processed by MAFF on behalf of the Welsh Office. Welsh Office staff therefore had access to MAFF's Farm Survey System, and performed their own data processing, cleaning and validation for the census using the same suite of programs. Although the Welsh Office Agriculture Department appears on some of the Welsh census forms, and as the joint author of some publications relating to the census, NDAD was told that the Department was not directly involved in the processing of census data. The census forms used in Wales from 1989 to 1993 have 'Welsh Office Agriculture Department' at the top of the form, but the contact address is given as Economic and Statistical Services Division, the predecessor of the Welsh Office's Statistical Directorate. In 1999 the Welsh Office Statistical Directorate became the Statistical Directorate of the National Assembly for Wales Executive, to which responsibility for the census in Wales was also transferred.
Context of this recordBrowse by Reference
- MAF - Records created or inherited by the Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Departments, and related bodies
- Records of Statistics and Agricultural Reports
- MAF 408 - Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food: Statistics (Census and Prices) Division: Agricultural and Horticultural Census Datasets | <urn:uuid:889fb8c1-4671-4b52-96b7-74bbd3c01fb4> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C10808 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1433195036618.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20150601214356-00005-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957057 | 3,871 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Now that Christmas is over, it’s that time of year again when we start to think of the year ahead. Maybe there are changes we could make to improve our lives and the lives of those around us? Here are a few tips on resolutions that will certainly improve your life and the environment you live in, unlike giving up chocolate for good, they are realistic enough to be able to stick to!
Join NI Water’s ‘Refillution’ campaign
In June 2019, NI Water launched its Refillution campaign, making a firm commitment to tackling the problems caused by plastic bottles which block up our rivers and drains, and pollute our seas.
Angela Halpenny, Northern Ireland Water Head of Environmental Regulation says,
“The water industry has a strong focus on the environment and we are committed to tackling the problems caused by plastic bottles which block up our rivers and drains, and pollute our seas. By switching to a reusable bottle, people can help turn the tide in helping to reduce plastic waste.”
Northern Ireland uses 145 million single use plastic bottles every year. Across the UK, 7.7 billion plastic water bottles are used each year, with the average person now using 150 plastic water bottles every year – that’s more than 3 a week. Many are discarded, and end up polluting our rivers and seas. Staggeringly if just 1 in 10 refilled just once a week, we would save around 340 million plastic bottles a year.
Drink More Water
Drinking a little more water every day really can have positive results. Water helps to increase concentration and improve memory. It also reduces the risk of cramps and tiredness, helps with healthy skin, bones, hair and nails as well as providing extra energy. Water is a basic nutrient of the body and is essential for survival. It is essential to keep your body well hydrated, flush toxins from your system whilst retaining vital vitamins and minerals. Water forms a major part of our blood (approximately 82%), lubricates joints, eyes, aids digestion and helps you look better by keeping skin smooth.
Dymphna Gallagher, Northern Ireland Water Head of Drinking Water Regulations says, “We take thousands of samples of water for testing every week, to ensure our tap water is clean and safe. Our drinking water is fresh and pure and we want everyone to benefit from it. Tap water is sugar and fat free and contains no calories. The advice from the Public Health Agency (PHA) is that we should drink 6-8 glasses a day to stay healthy and hydrated.”
Protect the Environment
Figures from a Marine Litter report (2018), conducted by Keep Northern Ireland Beautiful, have revealed that 78% of litter collected on Northern Ireland’s beaches was plastic. Plastic is one of the few materials which never degrades completely in the natural environment; instead it breaks down into smaller pieces over a very long period of time.
So how can you help to reduce single use plastic bottles, keep yourself healthy by drinking more water and protect the environment?
Take the Pledge and Join NI Water’s ‘Refillution’ campaign
· Always refill from the tap
· Always use a reusable bottle
· Remember to carry a reusable bottle with you
· Tell your friends about #Refillution
· Share your involvement on social media using the hashtags #Jointherefillution #Refillution @JoinRefillution @niwnews
With our world class drinking water, staying hydrated and reducing plastic waste is a win-win for everyone.
For more information about the campaign visit https://www.niwater.com/refillution/ | <urn:uuid:d997a697-e6d4-431a-a029-42a2e133207e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://irishbusinessfocus.ie/environment/new-years-resolutions-for-2020-join-ni-waters-refillution/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00335.warc.gz | en | 0.943523 | 756 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Finding the silent killer -- a biomarker test for atherosclerosisJanuary 13th, 2012 in Medical research
Furring of the arteries, atherosclerosis, is a leading cause of death across the world. Atherosclerosis leads to peripheral arterial disease, coronary heart disease, stroke and heart attacks. However, atherosclerosis is a sneaky killer - most people do not realize they have it until they have cardiovascular disease (CV). New research published in BioMed Central's open access journal BMC Medical Genomics has identified a set of biomarkers which can be used to test for early stage atherosclerosis.
Researchers from the University of Virginia compared biomarkers isolated from monocytes (a type of white blood cells) in blood of patients with a family history of high cholesterol levels (familial hypercholesterolemia) to healthy controls. 363 genes were found to be differentially regulated (turned up or down) between the two groups. Familial hypercholesterolemia is a well-known genetic disease caused by a mutation in the LDL receptor which causes early onset atherosclerosis. People with two copies of the mutated LDL receptor (homozygous) have an even higher risk of atherosclerosis than those with one mutated and one normal copy (heterozygous).
Dr Feng Cheng and the team were able to reduce this initial set to 56 genes by focusing on genes directly involved in inflammation, lipid, carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and genes known to be responsible for the maintenance of blood cells. Genome-wide expression profiling, gene functional inference and multivariate statistical techniques were further used to 'fine tune' the test. This 'prediction array' was able to spot the people with high cholesterol, separating the patients with familial hypercholesterolemia from the control group.
Dr Jae Lee, who led the study, explained "By splitting our 56 genes into three sets, and using the COXEN algorithm, which was originally developed to identify genes involved in cancer with potentially diagnostic or therapeutic properties, we found that we could further refine our test and separate out the very high risk group." Dr Ellen Keeley continued, "This biomarker test, which only requires a blood sample, could be further developed to predict the risk of silent atherosclerosis in clinical practice."
More information: www.biomedcentral.… medgenomics/
Provided by BioMed Central
"Finding the silent killer -- a biomarker test for atherosclerosis." January 13th, 2012. http://medicalxpress.com/news/2012-01-silent-killer-biomarker-atherosclerosis.html | <urn:uuid:b06a49c7-fdb6-43b3-be88-c4cc8334d758> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://medicalxpress.com/print245640206.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699186520/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516101306-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923412 | 534 | 3.09375 | 3 |
A Sikh temple or shrine is called a Gurudwara. Gurudwara is not just a place of worship, it is a social institution as well.
The word "Punjab" is made up of two Persian words 'Panj' and 'Aab'. Panj means five and Aab means water. This name was probably given to this land possibly in an era when this region came into close contact with Persia. The Punjab was known as land of five rivers because of the five rivers that ran through it. They are Indus, Ravi, Beas, Sutlaj and Ghaggar.
There are historical, religious and spiritual famous gurudwara in Punjab. Some of famous Gurudwara of Punjab are :
Harimandir Sahib / Golden Temple,
and there are more other
Famous Gurudwaras in Punjab.
Delhi has many beautiful and magnificent Gurudwara that surely give a feel about the prosperity of Sikhism and Sikh community. Delhi Gurudwara hold reverence not only for Sikhs, but people of other faiths as well. Also, almost all the Gurudwara in Delhi has some interesting legend attached to it.
Some of the gurudwara of Delhi are :
Make your Own Tour
Gurudwara Tours, Gurudwara Tour Packages, Delhi Gurudwaras, Punjab Gurudwaras, India Gurudwaras, Amritsar Gurudwaras, Sikh Gurudwara tours, Sikh Pilgrimage, Sikh Religious Tours, Sikh Religion Yatra, Gurudwara Yatra, Yatra of Gurudwaras in Punjab India, Religious Tourism, Religion Tourism, Sikhism Tours, Sikhism Yatra. | <urn:uuid:0c04e151-4d4b-4047-b6cf-a0a35f853845> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.sikhtourism.com/delhi-punjab-delhi.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084888041.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119144931-20180119164931-00449.warc.gz | en | 0.946714 | 364 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Recently, the children in House Room have been spending time “baking” cupcakes in the playdough area. To spur on the children’s interest and support their exploration, we decided to ask them what other materials might be needed to continue making the cupcakes.
The children listed some various items they felt they needed to continue in their baking endeavor. The list included:
- Baking tins
- Mixing bowls
- Cupcake liners
Later that day we introduced all of the new materials that the children requested, along with some flour to enhance the experience. Immediately, the children got back to work creating their cupcakes. With access to the new tools, many of the children began to create their own versions of cupcake recipes. They also began to help their friends with create their own recipes and obtain ingredients.
Dramatic play experiences like this one are important in childhood social, emotional, cognitive and creative development. The children showcased their imagination by role-playing as bakers. They merged make-believe and reality by using both real kitchen materials and representative materials like playdough as props for their baking. Inventing new “recipes” put their creativity on display, but also showed their understanding of the need for processes in real life.
The creative and imaginative aspects of dramatic play are important because they reveal a child’s understanding of real life activities, ability to make connections between real life and make-believe and challenge the children to be resourceful when filling in the gaps between reality and pretend. The inventive aspect also instills a sense of independence and confidence in one’s ability to put their personal thoughts and ideas on display.
This activity also increased the children’s group work and communication skills and allowed them to foster positive relationships with their peers. They worked as a team to form the list of needed materials, practiced sharing resources and ideas, helped one another complete tasks, showed support by learning about other’s recipes and built upon leadership skills through the teaching their own recipes.
Dramatic play is a valuable aspect of our curriculum because it encourages children to explore a variety of creative ideas, build upon cognitive processes and skills and use knowledge from past experiences to further understanding of real world concepts. | <urn:uuid:5a702041-bb14-4595-857b-959864ca62e0> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://www.thewideschool.com/blog/2016/8/17/making-cupcakes-in-play-dough-sensory | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526446.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20190720045157-20190720071157-00087.warc.gz | en | 0.96662 | 465 | 3.390625 | 3 |
The principle of the conservation of mechanical energy states that mechanical energy is constant as long as it is in an isolated system and subject only to conservative forces. Mechanical energy itself is the energy that is built up in an object due to the work done on it or due to the position of the object.Know More
Mechanical energy can be either kinetic or potential energy. This type of energy is also sometimes defined as the ability to do work. This definition comes from the fact that any object that possesses energy, be it kinetic or potential, is able to do work.
Mechanical energy gives an object the ability to apply force to another object and cause the second object to be displaced from it's original place of origin. There is a formula to calculate the total mechanical energy of an object: the sum of the potential energy and the kinetic energy added together.
Potential energy has two forms, which are gravitational potential energy and elastic potential energy. Gravitational refers to the energy stored in an object due to its vertical position or height, while elastic refers to the energy stored in an object due to stretching or compressing the object. Either form of this potential energy is considered a type of mechanical energy.Learn more about Motion & Mechanics
The law of conservation of energy states that in a closed system the total amount of energy is conserved and does not change. This means that energy may change from one form to another, but that the total amount of energy in the closed system remains constant.Full Answer >
The law of inertia is a fundamental physics principle used to describe how an object behaves in motion or at rest, particularly when forces are applied to it. The object can be anything that has mass.Full Answer >
The laws of motion and mass, as well as conservation and transfer of chemical, elastic and kinetic energy, are some of the physics concepts demonstrated with a toy slingshot. Use of the slingshot also demonstrates how variables affect these concepts.Full Answer >
Archimedes' principle states that any body completely or partially submerged in a fluid at rest experiences an upward, or buoyant, force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces. This physical law of buoyancy was discovered by the ancient Greek mathematician Archimedes, supposedly while he was taking a bath.Full Answer > | <urn:uuid:cdec3056-ddfb-4696-a1e2-b540c5877d65> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.ask.com/science/principle-conservation-mechanical-energy-59ad62c11b2b30a8 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701168011.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193928-00306-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949498 | 464 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Unborn offspring can be predisposed to schizophrenia by viral infection in the womb, research has suggested.
The discovery, made in rats, could explain a suspected link between flu and the mental illness.
Previous research has indicated that women who contract flu while pregnant may give birth to babies who are at increased risk of schizophrenia in later life.
The new study, reported in the journal Biological Psychiatry, also suggests that early use of drugs can stop the illness developing.
Scientists in Israel exposed pregnant rats to a chemical that mimics the infectious properties of a virus. Brain scans were then used to monitor the progress of their offspring.
The study showed that affected rat pups were normal at birth and during adolescence, but in early… | <urn:uuid:ef1d062e-d18a-45b9-b936-9cb1551c5cbd> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/flu-in-pregnancy-linked-to-schizophrenia-in-adulthood-ft6j2705rxk | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267159165.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20180923075529-20180923095929-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.97457 | 148 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Book of Enoch: the story of Shemihaza
The Book of Enoch
Dated between 200 B.C. and 100 A.D., the Book of Enoch is an apocalyptic text written, according to the tradition, by Noe´s grandfather. It is part of the Jewish culture but it is considered an apocryphal text by Cristian Churches, excepting Orthodox Church.
It is divided in some books. The second, entittled the Guard´s Book, narrates the fall of a second group of angels after Lucifer´s uprising.
The Guards, commanded by Shemihaza, were sent to the earth to control human activities. However, because of their desire and passion for mortal women, they were expelled from heaven and chained in hell. Their sons spread the violence over the earth so they were considered guity of the Flood that Good sent to destroy humanity.
I decided to write this article because I want to share this beautiful, romantic and tragic story that it is not very known.
A few years before the Flood, God decided to sent two hundred angels to the earth. They were called Grigori or Guards, because their mission was safeguard and stay awake for humans and supervise their activities.
These angels travelled through the earth, visiting human settlements, but they felt sad. The could only watch people but they were not allowed to related with them.
Time passed, and the Grigori began to neglect their mission, attracted by the beauty of mortal women. Their leader, Shemihaza, fell in love with a young woman who found bathing in a river. He desired to be with her but he could not do it because their union was prohibited by heaven.
Afraid that someone could denounce him, he decided to convince the other angels to take mortal women as wifes. He gathered Grigori at the top of Hermon mountain, where they made an oath. Shemihaza also promises to assume the fault in case they were discovered.
Because of the passionate love the angels felt, they began to reveal celestial secrets to their wives. Shemihaza taught them how to cut roots; Asael taught them about antimony, makeup, precious gems and dyes; Hermony about magic and witchcraft; Baraquiel and Zequiel about the signs of the lightnings and the thunders; and Baraquiel, Shamsiel and Sahariel about the omens in the stars, the sun and the moon.
At the same time, they revealed some secrets to mortal men. Asael showed them how to make swords, shields and armors and how to extract gold and silver from the earth and use them to make bracelets and other ornaments.
The women got pregnant and they gave birth a generation called Nephilim or Giants. The daughters of the angels and the mortal women were taller and more intelligent and beautiful than their mothers, while their sons were very tall too and strong but also cruel and violent.
Nephilim lived by human works, eating their food and stealing their properties. When humans could not maintain them, Giants started killing and eating men. Humans try to defend themselves, fighting agains Nephilim, but they could not face up to them because of their strength. The horror ande the violence spread over the earth and mankind begged God for help.
The archangels, who were watching what was happening in the earth from the sanctuary of heaven, heard their pleas.They decided to put an end to the war and they knelt opposite the throne of God, asking for a solution to that situation.
Michael and Gabriel, the warrior angels, received the order to fight against the revel angels and their sons. Rafael, was ordered to chain Asael under Dudael desert. And Sariel received the mission of meet Noe, and warn him about the Flood that would send to the earth to destroy the people who had been corrupted by the secrets revealed by the Grigori.
Enoch, who felt sadness because of the terrible punishment that awaited Grigori, went to the refuge of the fallen angels, to warm them about their destiny. He reproached them their decision of leaving heaven, taking mortal women as wives and revealing prohibited secrets to humans.He told them that they could never come back to heaven and they would be condemned to see the dead of their loved ones and then they locked up in Hell for the rest of the eternity.
The fright spread among the Grigori, who begged God forgiveness, but it was not given to them. The angels, crestfallen, stayed near the Fountain of tears, wich was located between Libano and Senir, criying and with their faces covered with their hands. They did not dare to look up to the sky because of the shame they felt.
After inform the angels, Enoc returned to heaven where a vision of a deep abyss was shown to him. There was a desert in there, surrounded by fire pillars, with seven starts similar to huge mountains burning. It has not got a firmament over there, nor earth below. It was the end of the sky and the earth, the prison of the starts.
This was the place were Grigori were locked up. After being defeated by the archangels, they were inmobilized with strong chains, made with bronze and iron by the angels of the punishment. These angels, carriying whips, led them to their prison.
As some Nephilim have survived to the fight and the mandkind were corrupted, God decided to sent a flood to finish of them.
The Grigori could not do anything to save their sons and wifes. They spent the eternity prisoners in the depths of the earth, crying for everything that they had love and then had lost forever. | <urn:uuid:ae1bec86-9dc5-48d1-8d07-c8f927eb91a9> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://hubpages.com/literature/shemihaza | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267161638.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20180925123211-20180925143611-00539.warc.gz | en | 0.983371 | 1,196 | 2.53125 | 3 |
We sometimes mistake the way things are for the way they have to be. Even when our institutions and structures fail to meet our needs we often continue with outmoded structures and practices. But occasionally people with vision are able to see clearly enough to change reality.
In the 1970s, a group of academics and professionals in Columbia looked outside their ivory tower and saw that the people around them needed help. Gustavo Correa, a former mathematics professor, describes it thus –
“The economic indicators were saying that things were getting better, but you could see that the conditions of the poor people were not improving.” (1)
Although urban areas were prospering, the rural people were being pressurized into selling their land to the huge sugar and coffee companies. Selling the land did give them an initial injection of cash but destroyed their futures as they were transformed from self-sufficient farmers to vulnerable contract labourers.
In an effort to deal with this situation they set up FUNDAEC – an acronym for Fundación par la Applicacion y Ensenanza de las Ciencias, (the Foundation for the Application and Teaching of the Sciences).
The founders of FUNDAEC wanted a new type of development. Rather than trying to superimpose a model of development they let the needs of the people dictate the provision of services. The primary need identified was knowledge.
“…they need access to scientific knowledge so as to be able to produce new knowledge that is applicable to their own situation, knowledge that works within cultural and technological restrictions that exist at the starting point of development.”(2)
So they started a rural university. This university would not only work on generating and applying the knowledge the rural Columbians needed, it would also involve them in the gathering and production of this knowledge.
“The idea of a rural university is not so much a physical place as a space of learning, a social place, where people can get together and produce and then distribute the kinds of knowledge needed for rural life.” (3)
One of the outcomes of the establishment of this rural university was the development of the “Sistema de Aprendizaje Tutorial” (SAT). This programme is a formal but flexible system of secondary education. SAT – now recognised and certified by the governments of Columbia, Honduras and Guatemala – which makes it possible for any individual – even those who live in the most remote rural areas – to have access to a full secondary education.
“If people don’t have access to knowledge, and in today’s world that means scientific knowledge in particular, then you can have all of the ‘participatory’ meetings you want but you won’t really have participation. Because the people won’t really understand.” (4)
This is a great example of a group of people who made the institutions fit the needs of the people rather than insisting that the people fit the needs of the institutions.
- Science on a Mission: Engineering a Sustainable Future for Haitians without Homes (blogs.scientificamerican.com)
- Training on value-based education (thehindu.com)
- Levels of participation in citizen science and scientific knowledge production (povesham.wordpress.com)
(1) Gustave Correa – Fundaec: Not a typical development foundation – http://www.onecountry.org/oc74/oc7413as.html | <urn:uuid:5b981ac6-183d-45a5-af15-e16e7dd36208> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://creatingreciprocity.wordpress.com/category/gate-keepers-of-knowledge/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363376.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20211207105847-20211207135847-00591.warc.gz | en | 0.952088 | 733 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Basic linear algebra is a branch of mathematics that focuses on solving systems of linear equations using matrix operations. The course will normally evolve from numbers to vectors to subspaces. It is an extremely useful area of mathematics. As pointed out in the preface of Gilbert Strang's Introduction to Linear Algebra, the speed of every new supercomputer is tested on the matrix equation Ax = b. (In case you're interested, the world speed record of 10^15 operations per second was set in 2008 by teams at IBM and Los Alamos.)
A solid introductory course in linear algebra will normally cover the following topics:
A nice set of class notes as well as an eBook in linear algebra is available as a linear algebra tutorial, made possible by professor Paul Dawkins at Lamar University. If you visited the 24HourAnswers.com Matlab subject page, you already know how useful MATLAB is for many types of mathematical calculations. There is a MATLAB tutorial in linear algebra that is quite nice for beginners. For those advanced students, follow the publication called Linear Algebra and its Applications.
Perhaps the most useful online academic resource is MIT's OpenCourseWare. If you are ready to learn linear algebra, go to their online linear algebra course.
Since we have tutors in all Linear Algebra related topics, we can provide a range of different services. Our online Linear Algebra tutors will:
With these capabilities, our college Linear Algebra tutors will give you the tools you need to gain a comprehensive knowledge of Linear Algebra you can use in future courses.
Our tutors are just as dedicated to your success in class as you are, so they are available around the clock to assist you with questions, homework, exam preparation and any Linear Algebra related assignments you need extra help completing.
In addition to gaining access to highly qualified tutors, you'll also strengthen your confidence level in the classroom when you work with us. This newfound confidence will allow you to apply your Linear Algebra knowledge in future courses and keep your education progressing smoothly.
Because our college Linear Algebra tutors are fully remote, seeking their help is easy. Rather than spend valuable time trying to find a local Linear Algebra tutor you can trust, just call on our tutors whenever you need them without any conflicting schedules getting in the way. | <urn:uuid:10e963d6-d0a5-44bb-81b6-ebdbe957c166> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.24houranswers.com/subjects/Mathematics/Linear-Algebra | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511284.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003224357-20231004014357-00593.warc.gz | en | 0.939968 | 472 | 3.75 | 4 |
15 Things You Probably Didn't Know About Taste And Smell There's a reason why tequila makes you sick, vegetables are gross, and lemons taste like candy. Molecular biologist and neuroscientist Steven Munger explained some of the most unusual facts about odor in a Reddit AMA this week.
Steven D. Munger, Ph.D., the associate director of the Center for Smell and Taste at the University of Florida, went on
Reddit to answer some fascinating questions about how we taste and smell things. Here's what we learned from his AMA:
Tongue maps are bullshit.
Dorling Kindersley / Getty Images / Via ThinkStock
The tongue map was a mistake from the get-go...a mistranslation from the early 20th century (from a German manuscript, I believe). It persists to this day, even in college textbooks," said Munger.
gifbay / Via
"When you eat something, your tongue detects chemicals in the food that elicit one or more of those five basic tastes (sweet, salty, bitter, sour, and umami)... Umami is the savory taste of glutamate... Odors from the food pass through the back of your mouth to your nose," said Munger. Your brain basically processes all these different signals to give you the perception of flavor.
Some people have a distorted sense of smell.
Cube Vision Productions / Via
The disorder is called
parosmia. Basically, people with this condition "smell something, but it's different then what it should be."
There's even such a thing as phantom smells.
Paramount Pictures / Via
phantosmia hallucinate smells. It's sometimes associated with epilepsy, said Munger.
And some people have no sense of smell at all.
FoodbeastTV / Via
People who have no sense of smell whatsoever are called
anosmics. They'll use temperature, texture or irritants (like carbonation or spices) to sense some sort of flavor. Although it will just be a diminished flavor, according to Munger.
We're not really sure why most people have anosmia. It could be an injury at birth, genetic, or something that happened during an accident or disease (head trauma or inhaling toxic chemicals), he added.
If you want to see how important smell is to flavor, you can do a taste test yourself:
MTV / Via
Basically, all you have to do is hold your nose while you eat a random jelly bean. You're not suppose to know the flavor, otherwise that will ruin
the experiment. Though Munger recommends citrus. You'll be able to tell whether the taste is sweet or sour, but you won't be able to discern the fruit.
When you open your nose while you're still chewing, you'll know what the flavor is. This is similar to how people with colds or allergies experience taste.
Most smells are not universally liked or disliked. We all have different preferences.
Ripleys / Via
It depends on how you grew up. If you grew up on a farm, for example, then you probably wouldn't think manure smells bad. But if you're not used to it then you might think it smells gross.
Smell is associated with
CBS / Via
The smell of fresh-baked cookies might be comforting, but it's not the smell itself that will make you calm or relaxed. It's the positive memory associated with the smell of grandma's cookies, for example, that will give you a good feeling.
The very smell of something — like tequila — can make you sick.
AMC / Via
A perfect example is tequila, said Munger. If you ever threw up from tequila shots, then the smell of tequila can make you sick in the future. A severe form of this is called a conditioned taste aversion.
"Flavor-tripping" is a real thing and it will make lemons taste like candy.
First Look / Via
Miracle berries are tasteless on their own, but after you eat them a lemon will taste sweet. There's an active protein in the "miracle berries" called miraculin. In acidic pH (think lemons), the miraculin "changes shape and activates the sweet taste receptor."
Wine-tasters who talk about "mineral" or "earthy aromas" are not entirely full of bullshit, maybe...
HBO / Via
"Many professionals don't have an enhanced ability to smell (though it probably also isn't damaged). But they do excel with memory... I think odors can be quite varied, but putting a label on them is hard," said Munger. However, he says wine-tasters are not necessarily wrong.
Lead acetate is sweet. And the phenomenon of "mineral" taste is likely real (perhaps is chemesthesis)," he said.
There's a reason why we have to "learn to like coffee."
Sugar seems to be a universally preferred taste.
There's even a scientific reason why some people don't like certain vegetables.
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer / Via
bitter receptor sensitive to sulfur compounds (like those found in broccoli and other similar veggies). Some people have an insensitive version of this receptor so they're indifferent to those compounds.
Some people have an extraordinary amount of taste buds.
Keep up with the latest daily buzz with the BuzzFeed Daily newsletter! | <urn:uuid:e96d38a7-ab1a-441d-b4c5-00cbf0942338> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.buzzfeed.com/natashaumer/15-things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-taste-and-smell | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487640324.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20210618165643-20210618195643-00384.warc.gz | en | 0.937137 | 1,123 | 2.78125 | 3 |
UNESCO Reports on Climate Change Research in the Arctic
19 December 2011: The UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has reported on a collaborative Climate Frontlines research project involving the French Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle and Sami reindeer herders, which focused on the impact of climate change on the forests and animal species of the North, as well as potential solutions that different stakeholders are advocating.
The Laponian Area World Heritage Site, in the Arctic Circle region of Northern Sweden, is the home of the Sami, or Lapp people. According to UNESCO, the research has contributed to an understanding of the impacts of climate change on Sami reindeer herders and different coping strategies available. In particular, UNESCO reports that changes in the climate create a crust of hard ice over the lichen, preventing the reindeers from eating. Sami have tried to adapt in a few ways, most commonly to gather the thousands of reindeer into an enclosure and feed them with livestock feed. [UNESCO Press Release] | <urn:uuid:b4a481bb-9929-4a1e-a826-a46f487af4df> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://climate-l.iisd.org/news/unesco-reports-on-climate-change-research-in-the-arctic/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246645606.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045725-00234-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933222 | 216 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Sudan is still in a transition period with the secession of South Sudan in July 2011 and the subsequent loss of about 75% of the country’s oil resources. The economy is expected to recover gradually with revival of the agriculture industry, increases in oil production and gold mining. However, soaring inflation, a high fiscal deficit and sanctions could reduce Sudan’s potential for socio-economic development.
Nearly half (46.5%) of the population of Sudan falls below the poverty line. The 2013 Human Development Report shows Sudan with a low Human Development Index (HDI) ranking of 171 out of 183 countries despite its much higher ranking National Income (GNI). In addition, Sudan ranks 129 among 148 countries on the Gender Inequality Index in the report.
Women’s political participation has increased as a result of provisions within the Interim National Constitution and the Elections Act of 2008, which mandate 25% representation of women in parliament. This has resulted in a marked increase of women parliamentarians now exceeding the quota at 28%, but short of the international threshold of 33% women's representation in parliament.
Violence against Women and Girls (VAWG) is regarded as a prevalent and critical hindering factor for human development and peace-building in Sudan. The country has a weak normative framework regarding VAWG, as it is not a state party to the Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW).
Women are disproportionately affected by the various conflicts and security situations across the country; yet their involvement in leadership and participation in peace talks, conflict resolutions, and peace building continue to reflect only token treatment.
Women lead and participate in decision making at all levels
We aim to influence the constitutional, legal and policy frameworks to increase women’s leadership and political participation in Sudan, as well as increasing women’s participation in local and national elections. This programme will contribute to building leadership capacities of women in parliament, parties and gender advocates to better influence policies and enhance women’s participation in the constitutional review process. It will contribute to building the capacity of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) to influence policies and include women in leadership and decision making.
Women, especially the poorest and most excluded, are economically empowered and benefit from development
We aim to strengthen women’s economic empowerment through the adoption and implementation of national plans, legislations, policies, strategies and budgets. This programme also aims to enhance women’s sustainable livelihoods through gender-responsive services and access to and control over means of production, resources and markets. We support initiatives to help women at all levels enhance their employment opportunities, sustainable livelihoods and resilience, including support for microcredit grants.
Women and girls live a life free from violence
UN Women Sudan advocates for laws, policies and strategies to be developed, adopted and implemented to respond to violence against women and girls. We also aim for women and girl survivors of gender-based violence to access survivor-focused services. In Sudan, the policy environment for addressing violence against women is weak due to sensitivities on data collection, International Criminal Court (ICC) indictments against key government officials alleging violations of human rights including violence against women and stigma associated with violence against women.
Peace and security and humanitarian action are shaped by women’s leadership and participation
UN Women Sudan advocates for peace talks, conflict resolution and peace-building processes to include provisions on women’s leadership, participation and protection. We aim for women, peace and security commitments and accountability frameworks to be adopted and implemented in Sudan. This programme will contribute to enhancing the capacity and engagement of women in ongoing recovery efforts, conflict resolution and peace-building activities, including the formulation of a National Action Plan on the Security Council Resolution 1325 and developing a forum about women in peace building.
Governance and national planning fully reflect accountability for gender equality commitments and priorities
We support the adoption of national strategies and plans to commit to advancing gender equality and provide mechanisms for increasing accountability of government towards gender equality. Sudan will be developing a Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) in 2014 which creates an opportunity for UN Women Sudan to engage in national planning at a strategic level. This includes integrating gender into surveys and the PRSP. This programme will also contribute to technical support and capacity building for key government institutions and other stakeholders to create gender-responsive plans and budgets. | <urn:uuid:4a32a222-4138-4614-8ca4-808a69da8d34> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://africa.unwomen.org/en/where-we-are/eastern-and-southern-africa/sudan | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00398.warc.gz | en | 0.932011 | 897 | 2.703125 | 3 |
SG | Students' Lives During World War II
What was it like to be a student in Wageningen during World War II when students everywhere were forced to sign a declaration of loyalty to the German occupiers?
Studium Generale and Theatre Production Getekend/ Marked Present: Students' Lives During World War II
As the WUR celebrates 100 years, we explore one of the most trying times in the history of the university and the nation as a whole! What was it like to be a student in Wageningen during World War II when the German forces invaded the Netherlands? University students everywhere were forced to sign a declaration of loyalty to the German occupiers. What dilemmas surrounded the decision to (not) sign this declaration and what were the consequences thereafter? What happened after afterwards and what was life like for those who signed or did not sign? Hear what students went through during this period! Bob Kernkamp (Wageningen City Archive) has sifted through the archives of CERES, Unitas and KSV. He sketches how the war impacted Wageningen and its inhabitants. What role did student organisations play in the context of occupation? Philippe Puylaert (WUR) shares excerpts from the letters his grandfather, Wageningen student Etienne Puylaert, sent to his family whilst forced to work in Germany. With unique photos, Ben Puylaert traces life in forced labour camps. Hear diary entries from Wageningen student Fons Crijns, whilst he laboured in various camps. Don't miss this opportunity to tour this gripping history in a monumental setting. | <urn:uuid:127af005-02a5-4ed1-8a9d-ac6a9a242d05> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.wur.nl/nl/activiteit/SG-Students-Lives-During-World-War-II-1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400189928.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200919013135-20200919043135-00345.warc.gz | en | 0.964817 | 331 | 3.15625 | 3 |
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The British Paediatric Association, the forerunner of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH), first published guidance in relation to research involving children in 1980.1 Prior to this time, little clinical research involved children. The 1980 guidance initiated a sea change, stating ‘research involving children is important’, ‘should be supported and encouraged’ and ‘research which involves a child and is of no benefit to that child (non-therapeutic research) is not necessarily either unethical or illegal’. Updated guidance was issued by the RCPCH in 2000.2 Both documents have been cited extensively.
The need for updating
There are now many sources of detailed information for researchers, and the purpose of this paper is not to duplicate this material. The principles that underpin previous guidance remain valid, but there have been changes in their interpretation, scope and application. Since the last RCPCH guidance, the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) has transformed the UK research environment. Changes in European Union regulations have facilitated children's research, including medicines studies.3 ,4 There have been significant changes in the UK regulation and governance of research, with the involvement of a number of agencies, most recently the Health Research Authority.5 There is a greater focus on involving children and their parents more actively in the design, review and conduct of studies. The ways in which society views clinical research have also continued to evolve. The Declaration of Helsinki that sets out the ethical principles that underpin medical research involving all human subjects has had two notes of clarification and seven amendments, the most recent in 2013.6
In recognition of these changes, a working party led by the RCPCH was established with representatives from the Royal College of Nursing, Ethics and the Law Advisory Committee of the RCPCH, National Research Ethics Service, Medicines & Healthcare Regulatory Agency, General Medical Council, Medical Research Council, WellChild, Medicines for Children Research Network (MCRN), NIHR Paediatrics (non-medicines) Speciality Group, and NIHR MCRN Young Person's Advisory Group. The remit was to provide updated practical guidance on ethical issues in relation to research involving children. Here, we provide a summary of the areas considered.
Children's rights and interests
Children require protection, but this should not preclude the claim of other rights, including the right to the highest standard of healthcare, to be informed, express their views, and influence decisions made about them.7 The view of the NIHR MCRN Young Persons Advisory Group is that children should be offered the opportunity to participate in research, and have their care ‘assured by research’. The current version of the Declaration of Helsinki makes no specific provision for children,6 only including a stipulation that special consideration is required for research involving vulnerable populations. The biology of many diseases, and the responses to treatments differ in children and adults, hence, conclusions extrapolated from studies in adults often have limited relevance and may be harmful. Innovative or experimental treatments are not necessarily better than existing treatments8 and without information from research there will be continuing uncertainties in the care that children receive. The RCPCH recognises the need to increase and strengthen children's research.9 The RCPCH supports the conduct of research in children that has the objectives of understanding, preventing and treating disease and preserving health. All clinical research must be reviewed and approved by a research ethics committee.
Every research study must be preceded by a careful assessment of predictable risks in comparison with possible benefits to the individual and the population affected by the condition. Measures to minimise risk include appropriate research design, delivery by personnel trained in the procedures to be used and experienced in caring for children, and methods to reduce the volumes of blood or tissue required. Blood sampling is often regarded as a concern in relation to the pain, and risk of research participation. However, effective anaesthetic creams are now available and sampling from indwelling lines placed as part of clinical care is painless, but expert knowledge is required of the use of these medications and the volume of blood that it is safe to take. Risk should be quantified as objectively as possible and contextualised in relation to the child's life (eg, describing the dose of radiation in terms of years of exposure to natural background radiation), and if applicable, the child's experience of the condition. The risk of the disease, treatments and clinically required procedures, should be clearly distinguished from the risk of the research.
Research should ideally carry no greater than minimal or low risk.2 However, research that involves greater than minimal risk may be acceptable if the interventions involve diagnostic procedures or treatments that are important for the individual child, and are likely to provide information that will improve understanding or treatment of the condition. Many phase 1 investigational medicinal product studies do not achieve regulatory approval because of concerns about safety and efficacy.10 In general, therefore, medicines should be tested in adults first, with testing in children deferred until phase 3 trials. Exceptions are situations where the condition is life-threatening, and no alternative therapies exist; the condition is life-limiting, and all accepted therapies have failed; or where the condition has no adult analogy, and the impact is significant.
Researchers or regulators may categorise a study as ‘high risk’, whereas, the family may consider a risk to be reasonable if the child or other children are likely to benefit. The RCPCH strongly recommends seeking the views of children affected by the condition and their parents, about the research and the risks they regard as acceptable and reasonable.
Consent, assent and dissent
The voluntary consent of a research participant who has been provided with appropriate information, or the consent of a person legally authorised to act on their behalf, remains fundamental to the conduct of research. Formal consent must usually be obtained and documented before enrolment, and should be reaffirmed, although not necessarily in writing, at each research encounter. This is especially relevant to those studies conducted over long periods in which the child's legal status changes or where their capacity to understand information about the study matures. For children lacking capacity to provide appropriately informed consent for research, this must be obtained on their behalf from a parent, or legally authorised representative; the child's active affirmative agreement (assent) should also be sought. By the age of seven, many children are able to give assent, and lack of objection should not be construed as assent. In those with capacity, consent may be withdrawn at any time without reason and without penalty.
The acquisition of capacity is a developmental continuum, and children over 12–14 years of age may have near-adult capacity. This poses potential difficulties in law. The legal test for capacity as it applies to medical treatment for those under 16 years of age, is the ability to understand what is involved and the consequences (so-called Gillick or Fraser competence).11 As there is no direct case or statute law in the UK covering non-clinical trial research, it has been presumed that the test of Gillick competence applies. In most instances, the child's assent or consent should be underpinned by parent consent, but this can be problematic where sensitive subjects, such as sexual health, contraception, and adolescent behavioural studies are involved, and there is a duty to preserve confidentiality. In such cases, the need for parental assent or consent should be carefully considered.12
The Medicines for Human Use (Clinical Trials) Regulations 2004 are the current legal basis for consent in Clinical Trials of Investigational Medicinal Products that involve children,4 though likely to be superseded by new European Union regulations in the near future. Here, a minor is defined as a child of less than 16 years of age. A person with ‘Parental Responsibility’, or a legally authorised representative, is required to provide consent on behalf of a ‘minor,’ even if s/he has evidential capacity, and the assent of the ‘minor’ should also be sought. Consent must be obtained from those over 16 years, and from participants reaching the age of 16 years during the course of a study.
Dissent is refusal to grant, or subsequent withdrawal of consent or assent. Dissent is not necessarily legally determinative, other than for Clinical Trials of Investigational Medicinal Products, especially if it places a child at risk of significant harm. However, in the context of research, dissent should be respected, even if parent consent continues.
Research involving pregnant women
Research involving enrolment during pregnancy may require the involvement of the newborn baby in the research protocol. There is an explicit legal requirement for a person with ‘Parental Responsibility’13 to provide consent on the behalf of a newborn baby, but lack of clarity in current guidance as to whether antenatal enrolment of a mother should be followed by additional formal written agreement for her baby to participate in any postnatal component of the study. In many circumstances, the involvement of the baby may involve no more than the use of routinely collected clinical data, or a simple procedure, such as obtaining the baby's weight or length, or sample of urine from the nappy. Alternatively it may involve a non-trivial procedure, such as a scan, blood sample, or additional out-patient attendance. The principle to be followed is that of consent as a continuing process as discussed above. The mother should have opportunity to discuss the study again with the researcher, and her on-going agreement obtained for the participation of her baby if there are further active interventions. It is recommended that there should be formal documentation if the baby is to be involved in more than non-trivial procedures. Whether her on-going agreement for her baby to be involved will be documented in writing should be made explicit in the research protocol and the research ethics committee approved information sheets.
Research in pregnancy may involve ‘minors’ (mothers less than 16 years of age). Here, practice in relation to consent should be based on the competence of the mother to understand the issues involved (Gillick/Fraser competence).11 The researchers should consider whether the consent or assent of the mother's mother or father, or other legal representative, is also necessary. Researchers aiming to recruit pregnant women may find it helpful to discuss these issues with experienced researchers and relevant parent groups at the planning stage.
Research in urgent or emergency situations
Research is needed to improve care in urgent and emergency situations, but should only be undertaken in these situations if absolutely necessary and if non-emergency research will not resolve the uncertainties. The Mental Capacity Act14 makes provision for research in incapacitated adults in emergency situations. It can be argued that similar considerations apply in this situation in children, and criteria that justify proceeding without initial informed consent have been developed.15 Children are particularly vulnerable to being excluded because of the difficulty in obtaining appropriately informed consent under these circumstances.16 The child, even if normally competent to make decisions, will be unable to do so, and parents, even if present, may find themselves in a position of ‘situational incapacity’ where their capacity is compromised by the extreme stress of the situation, the time-critical nature of the intervention, or their own condition, such as a mother after delivery under general anaesthesia. If enrolment were only possible with parental consent this would preclude the participation of many infants and children in emergency research. This is clearly undesirable and, hence, the concept of ‘deferred consent’ has arisen.17 Here, enrolment in emergency situations without parental consent is acceptable, if followed by explanation and information as soon as possible afterwards when formal written consent for ongoing involvement is sought, and that it is made clear that refusal for continued participation or withdrawal can take place at any time. Deferred consent is based upon the ethical principles of standard informed consent with the difference that the process is split temporally. Recent research has emphasised that parents are not necessarily averse to considering research participation for their children in such circumstances.18 ,19 However, if no parent is available, the concept of ‘substituted acceptance’ might apply. Here, someone else is consulted to confirm eligibility and provide consent as a ‘legal representative’. This may be the doctor primarily responsible for child's treatment if she or he is not involved in study as a researcher. Consideration should be given to providing general information in advance if appropriate (eg, information about newborn resuscitation research could be provided in antenatal clinics or at booking). In all cases, the parent/carer should be provided with good information at the right time, and is then able to decide whether or not to give consent for on-going involvement.
For Clinical Trials of Investigational Medicinal Products there was no exception formerly for emergencies and consent had to be given on behalf of a minor before recruitment by a person with parental responsibility or a legal representative.4 The Medicines for Human Use (Clinical Trials) and Blood Safety and Quality (Amendment) Regulations that came into force in 2008 allows minors to be entered into a trial prior to informed consent being obtained, provided that urgent action is necessary, it is not practicable to obtain informed consent prior to enrolment, and the intervention is approved by a research ethics committee.20
Research with particularly vulnerable children
Children with life-threatening illnesses, looked-after children, their families, and bereaved families require a robust evidence base for both physical and psychosocial aspects of care. However, evidence remains limited and largely focussed on aspects such as symptom relief. The fear of intruding on children who are especially vulnerable, and their families, and the perceived need to provide them with extra protection has led to reluctance to involve them in research.21 However, there is now considerable evidence that families and young people who participate in research find it beneficial rather than harmful,22 with opportunity to speak about illness and death, express painful emotions, and obtain release from isolation.23–26 There is also evidence of a ‘maturational effect’ of life-ending illnesses, where children and young people express a wish to benefit others, and benefit themselves from such ‘meaningful’ encounters.27 Research in these sensitive areas, including qualitative studies, requires review by research ethics committees that have the necessary knowledge and expertise.
Sedation for research procedures
Sedating active infants and children may be essential for some procedures, such as certain forms of respiratory function testing which, of themselves, are of minimal risk.28 Oral sedation in healthy infants and children carries minimal additional risk, and is usually associated with no more than occasional vomiting or short-lived disturbance of sleep. Children born preterm, and other at-risk groups, such as those with respiratory problems or other comorbidities may require short-stay observation facilities as they are at greatest risk of adverse effects from sedation.29–31 General anaesthesia for research purposes is normally unacceptable except where the potential benefit outweighs the risks (eg, where a tissue biopsy, imaging study or other investigation is required to assign treatment in a clinical trial of a life-threatening or progressive illness). Researchers must justify the use of sedation, and provide evidence that appropriate monitoring will be in place during the procedure, and that they possess the necessary competencies and skills to carry out the procedures, and to deal immediately with any adverse effects. The protocol must demonstrate the importance of the study, and evidence of a rigorous risk-benefit analysis.
Unexpected findings detected during research investigations
With increasing use of new technologies, unexpected findings (Health-Related Findings) may emerge in the course of a research study, for example, from a blood test, imaging, or other investigation. The spectrum of possible findings will have varying implications, treatability and severity. Researchers have a moral responsibility, and clinician researchers may have a ‘duty of care’ towards research participants. Before carrying out the investigation, investigators should consider how to address such findings and, if appropriate, explain the possibility of an unexpected finding, the course of action should this occur, such as arranging for the involvement of a senior paediatrician or the participant's General Practitioner, or taking no action. As clear guidance and consensus on how Health-Related Findings should be addressed are lacking, the Medical Research Council and Wellcome Trust have provided a framework to help investigators decide on the best approach.32
Commercial sponsorship, payment of researchers, and conflicts of interest
Commercial sponsorship and partnership provides an important source of research development, support and funding, and is a major component of UK government strategy for biosciences. Sponsorship from companies whose products are harmful to children, such as tobacco, alcohol or armaments, is in the view of the RCPCH, unacceptable. A controversial area for the RCPCH and its members and fellows is sponsorship from the manufacturers of breast milk substitutes.33 A working party of the RCPCH34 considered these issues carefully and concluded ‘Collaboration with commercial companies is important for the care of children and their families. For example, it is necessary that paediatricians should collaborate fully with research to produce drugs and other products, such as breast milk substitutes to the highest scientific standards. The College should support this process and be legitimately involved in it.’ This report and recommendations were accepted by RCPCH Council and remain valid to this time.
Sources of research funding and potential conflicts of interest should be declared and transparent. In England, the Health Research Authority through the National Research Ethics Service has responsibility for ensuring that research ethics review is independent of sponsors, funders and academic institutions. All sponsorship arrangements should be transparent, accountable and subject to appropriate scrutiny. Clinical trials must be registered, the results published or otherwise made available, and the data disclosed within a reasonable timescale, if requested.
Financial incentives for recruitment may exert undue influence on researchers and compromise the scientific validity of a study. Financial incentives for recruiting or referring children are unacceptable. Advertisements may be helpful for recruitment and are acceptable provided that they present a truthful, balanced account of risks and potential benefits, and receive research ethics committee approval.
Payments for participation of children in research
A ‘reimbursement’ is payment of expenses incurred through involvement in a research study. ‘Compensation payments’ additionally reward participants for the time and effort of involvement in the study. ‘Appreciation payments’ are small tokens given after study completion. ‘Incentive payments’ are designed to encourage enrolment through promise of financial gain.
Reimbursement of costs incurred through research participation, such as travel costs, is appropriate. Compensation for time spent in research participation is often offered in adult studies but controversial in children's studies because of the concern that they may undermine the voluntariness of consent, exploit weak and vulnerable subjects and create selection bias.35 However, evidence that they have these consequences or that they increase risk-taking behaviours is limited. The situation is further complicated in countries in which sections of the population have limited access to healthcare on financial grounds, and where research may provide ‘free access’ to a treatment they might otherwise not be able to receive.
Guidance over payments in clinical trials or other research is complex and inconsistent. The EU Clinical Trials directive prohibits incentives or financial inducements, but does permit ‘compensation’ without further specification.3 The Medicines for Human Use (Clinical Trials) Regulations 2004 has the same prohibition for children and their families, but appears to specify that compensation applies in the event of injury or loss.4
The UK NIHR MCRN has investigated young people's views on whether or not the offer of an appreciation payment would influence their decision to take part. Their view was that participation in simple, quick and non-invasive studies should be altruistic, and payment would not be expected. For invasive clinical studies, they expressed strong concern that any payment other than reimbursements and tokens of appreciation would be an inducement, and hence unacceptable. The nature of any token of thanks should be in proportion with the age of the child, approved by the research ethics committee, and made clear in the parent/patient information sheets.
Research undertaken by undergraduate or postgraduate students and trainees, can provide valuable educational opportunities, but poor research serves neither student nor participant well. Students cannot be expected to undertake major research projects, nor is it justifiable to recruit participants to a study that will not produce meaningful results. However, when well integrated into the activities of a large research group, student research can provide valuable contributions to wider goals and patient benefit, for example, through acquiring pilot or feasibility data, assisting a qualified researcher with measurements, consulting user groups, and conducting systematic reviews or meta-analyses that are an essential prelude to the design of adequately powered high quality clinical trials. It is the supervisor's responsibility to ensure that extravagant claims about the research are avoided, and that there is clarity about the reasons for the project (eg, how a small, preliminary, or pilot study carried out by a student fits into a wider research strategy to benefit patients or improve knowledge or understanding). This information, and the review and approvals process that the research has received, must be made clear to participants and parents. The supervisor should attend with the student to present the study to the research ethics committee.
It is recommended that anyone involved in clinical research receives training in Good Clinical Practice, the standard to which research should be conducted36 as laid down in the Research Governance Framework for Health and Social Care 2005 that covers research in the National Health Service in England.37 Researchers working with children must be appropriately qualified by education, training and experience and able to demonstrate that they have the necessary competencies. These include an understanding of physiology, growth and development, the pharmacological properties and side effects of any medicines involved, and the methodological, ethical and legal principles underpinning the study. They must be proficient in the techniques required, possess the necessary skill and knowledge to seek informed voluntary consent from participants and their parents, demonstrate professional integrity, openness and transparency in presenting relevant conflicts of interest, and maintain complete and honest research records. It is the responsibility of researchers to ensure that they understand the regulatory framework that governs the conduct of any study to which they contribute.
Research involving UK paediatricians conducted in other countries
Researchers based in the UK may lead, or be involved in, research in other countries. Research regulatory frameworks differ from country to country. The Nuffield Council of Bioethics provides guidance on research in developing countries, recommending, that in addition to evaluation of scientific validity and ethical acceptability, the relevance of the study to the healthcare priorities of the country where it is being conducted should be considered.38 UK research ethics committees are able to provide a view without delivering a formal opinion, and researchers might find it useful to consult a committee experienced in children's research for advice. In addition to meeting local requirements where these exist, UK paediatricians should conduct research in accordance with UK ethical principles and the Declaration of Helsinki, placing the well-being of the child foremost.
The ethical principles underpinning the participation of children in clinical research have evolved over the last decades, and will continue to evolve. Recent positive developments are, greater involvement of young people and parents in all aspects of research, and appreciation that regulation, while providing protection for participants and researchers alike, and consistency of processes, is also crucial to benefit health and well-being through facilitation of high quality research. Efforts to reduce uncertainties in care through carefully conducted, methodologically rigorous, closely regulated, ethical research is an imperative that every clinician should uphold. Confidence in conduct to the highest ethical standards will help move clinical research from the exception to the norm, a necessary pre-requisite to improve children's lifelong health, and further understanding and treatment of common illnesses and rare diseases.
We thank Dr Richard Hain, Professor Myra Bluebond-Langner, Dr Hugh Davies (Health Research Authority), representatives of the General Medical Council, Ms Fiona Smith (Royal College of Nursing), Mr Robert Wheeler (Chair) and members of the RCPCH Ethics and the Law Committee, for comments and advice, and Steven Kuo and Karina Pall for administrative support.
Contributors Members of the RCPCH Working Party held a series of face-to-face meetings and corresponded by email. The first draft of the paper was prepared by NM; all authors contributed to subsequent revisions. The final draft was reviewed and approved by representatives of RCPCH Council and all authors. The full RCPCH Guidance is available at http://www.rcpch.ac.uk/research-ethics.
Funding Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health.
Competing interests NM was RCPCH Science and Research Vice-President 2009–2014, is current President of the Neonatal Society, and Chair of the BMJ Ethics Committee; in the last 5 years. NM has held research grants awarded by the National Institute of Health Research, Welcome Trust, Medical Research Council, Acton Medical Research, Child Growth Foundation, Department of Health, Westminster Medical School Research Trust, Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership, HCA International and Bliss, and has participated in academic meetings supported by Danone, Nestle, and Ferring Pharmaceuticals. AG is current RCPCH Science and Research Vice-President; in the last 5 years. AG has held grants from the National Institute of Health Research, Department of Health, National Institutes of Health and Asthma UK, and has held grants and received honoraria from various ventilator manufacturers. VL provides ethics advice as a member of a Data Monitoring Committee that reviews information from an international trial of long acting β agonists in asthma. The trial involves four sponsors co-ordinated by a company who convened the Data Monitoring Committee at the request of the US Food and Drug Administration.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; internally peer reviewed.
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Hans Berger, inventor of electroencephalography, wanted to investigate the mysteries of the stars but ended up revealing some of the secrets of the human brain.
A recent article about Berger, born on 21 May 1873 in Neuses, in southern Germany, describes how in 1892 he’d enrolled in the Friedrich Schiller University of Jena as a mathematics student, hoping to become an astronomer.
The article, published in the journal Child’s Nervous System by Turkish researcher Rumeysa Ince and others, says Berger left school after just one semester and joined the army, where he served in the cavalry.
It was during a training exercise that he was thrown from his horse, fell into the path of an onrushing wagon, and was nearly killed. At that moment his sister, many kilometres away, sensing that he’d been in jeopardy, sent him an urgent telegram expressing concern about his wellbeing; it was the first time his family had contacted him since he’d joined the army.
A 2014 website posting from Spanish research company Neuroelectrics says Berger became “obsessed” by the incident, “which he interpreted as a mental connection between him and his sister”.
It says that years later he would write in his diary, “It was a case of spontaneous telepathy in which at a time of mortal danger I transmitted my thoughts”.
After he completed his military service, Berger returned to the University of Jena, but now he studied medicine, with the goal of establishing a career in psychiatry and neurology.
In 1897 he received his degree as a Doctor of Medicine and began working at the school’s clinic in the department of psychiatry and neurology. He became head of the clinic in 1919, and remained at the university until he retired in 1938.
A 2003 article in the Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry by New Zealand neurologist LF Haas says that in his early work “Berger had hoped to discover the physiological basis of psychic phenomena”, but was disappointed by the results. He turned instead turned to “investigating electrical activity of the brain”.
Rumeysa Ince says Berger recorded his first EEG on 6 July 1924, “on a 17-year-old boy during a neurosurgery performed by neurosurgeon Nikolai Guleke”.
An article on the Psychology Wiki says Berger inserted silver wires under the patient’s scalp, one at the front of the head and one at the back. Later he used silver foil electrodes attached to the head by a rubber bandage.
“As a recording device he first used the Lippmann capillary electrometer, but results were disappointing. He then switched to the string galvanometer and later to a double-coil Siemens recording galvanometer, which allowed him to record electrical voltages as small as one-ten-thousandth of a volt. The resulting output, up to three seconds in duration, was then photographed by an assistant.”
Haas says Berger “characterised the wave patterns, including alpha and beta waves, and coined the term ‘electroencephalogram”, or EEG.
Berger “described or touched upon a large number of normal and abnormal EEG phenomena, for example EEG changes associated with attention and mental effort, and alterations in the EEG associated with cerebral injury”.
Unrelated to EEG, Haas says, in 1920 “Berger also described intellectual changes after prefrontal cortex injuries, and in 1923 his was one of the first good descriptions of perseveration after damage to the frontal lobes”.
Renowned American-born British neurophysiologist and robotician William Grey Walter, in his 1963 book The Living Brain, says Berger “was not regarded by his associates as in the front rank of German psychiatrists, having rather the reputation of being a crank”.
“He seemed to me to be a modest and dignified person,” Walter says, “full of good humour, and as unperturbed by lack of recognition as he was later by the fame it eventually brought upon him. But he had one fatal weakness: he was completely ignorant of the technical and physical basis of his method. He knew nothing about mechanics or electricity.”
In a 2015 article in the American Journal of EEG Technology, Canadian researcher Pierre Gloor says that despite Berger’s eventual fame as the inventor of electroencephalography, “few have actually read his papers and thus have any accurate knowledge” of his contributions and motives.
Gloor says all of Bergers papers are written “in a difficult and involved German”, making them challenging to read, and contemporaries “looked upon him as an amateur, a hobbyist”.
“What a different story unfolds, though, when one takes the trouble to read Berger’s original papers,” Gloor says.
Disturbed by the rise of National Socialism and the outbreak of World War II, Berger committed suicide by hanging himself on 1 June 1941.
Jeff Glorfeld is a former senior editor of The Age newspaper in Australia, and is now a freelance journalist based in California, US.
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Onychomycosis or tinea unguium is a common fungal infection often seen in toenail and finger nails. Toenail fungus or its medical name of onychomycosis is caused by a fungus from a group called dermatophytes. Though it can also affect the fingernails, toenails are more commonly affected because the feet provide the ideal environment, trapped in shoes all day in the dark where it gets warm and damp. You can catch the fungus from public areas like pools, using another person’s shoes or towel that have it, and you can also get it from an injury to the nail, incorrect cutting or you may be more susceptible to fungus than others. But before you can start the slow process of treating toenail fungus you need to know first if that is what you have. So here is information on identifying toenail fungus symptoms.
This is often the first sign of a toenail fungus infection. At the beginning of the infection there may be small patches, spots or streaks on the nail that look white or yellow. However as the infection worsens the over all color can change to yellow, brown or even black and the shine of the nail dulls.
Nails can become more brittle and there can be crumbling or flaking of the nail. The edges can become jagged and clipping doesn’t help. If it gets to a very severe problem it can lead to the nail crumbling or breaking off. The nail gets thicker and harder to cut. If you are having this problem there are toenail clippers designed like scissors that tend to work better
Hyperkeratosis or scaling under the nail is an abnormal thickening of the skin in and around the nail and the nail bed. A soft yellow keratin material often gets accumulated between the nail plate leading to hyperkeratosis. This keratin deposit leads to thickening and hence a gap between the nail bed and the nail.
Lateral Onychomycosis is the condition when Straight Yellow Lines appear on the nails. In this case, the nail gets detached from the nail bed at the base and it’s side and helps accumulate dirt and grime. Thus the air under the nail causes yellow or brown lines.
A bad odor is often associated with any and every fungal infection. Check for any unpleasant odor coming from your toenail or finger nails and report to your doctor with immediate effect.
A distorted nail may be a sign to many conditions, related to the hormone, calcium deficiency, aging or a fungal infection related to the nails. Thus fix an appointment with your local physician for an in-depth investigation.
A complete loss of nail may be due to various reasons. Topping the list is a severe and untreated fungal infection which has been thriving and growing within the pits or the nail bed for long, thus the complete loss of a nail. A complete loss of nail might either happen gradually or suddenly one fine day, depending on the extent of the infection and external trauma.
The chipping of nails is scientifically known as Distal Onychomycosis. In this case, the nails become brittle and start splitting and starts to chip off from the sides. This can be a cause for irritation as the chipped nails get stuck to fabric and other objects leading to further chipping and painful conditions.
Leukonychia is the appearance of white flakes on the surface of the nail. This is often known as milk spots due to its white dot-like appearance or white specs often seen very prominently through the surface of the nail. This condition might also be caused due to several other conditions like arsenic poisoning, mineral deficiency or hepatic cirrhosis, thus one has to report to one’s house physician on immediate onset of the white flakes on the surface of the nail.
When yellow dots appear at the bottom of the nail, it is referred to as Proximal Onychomycosis. This nail condition, though rare in healthy people but is often found in patients who are immune suppressed. The fungus penetrates till the newly formed nail plate through the proximal nail fold. Yellow spots are often seen through the surface of the nail, especially at the bottom of the nail.
Several fungal infections, related to the nails are associated with frequent stinging pain in the affected area. Check for similar symptoms and report to the nearest Doctor as soon as possible. The nail can become sensitive to pressure and wearing shoes is uncomfortable. If a lot of pressure is applied or you injure the toe more pain than usual occurs.
Because the fungus causes the nail to lift slightly keratinous debris can collect under the nail and can make the nail swell. A nasty smell can come from the debris and it only cleans out permanently when the infection is cleared up.Distortion The nail can become distorted, lumpy, growing crooked and trimming doesn’t correct it. The nail can become sensitive to pressure and wearing shoes is uncomfortable.
When you visit the doctor he or she will listen to your symptoms as well as examining the toes affected. They may take a scraping to be sent to a lab to identify which fungus is the cause of the infection. It is important to deal with the condition as it can lead to nail loss and permanent damage to the nail bed. Treatment will take some dedication and patience though whichever option you decide on. Once you find any of the above symptoms of nail fungus, take immediate action in treating the same as a stitch in time saves nine. | <urn:uuid:bebcc291-f638-4162-b0cb-6a9f7a16e71a> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://topnailfungustreatment.com/symptoms-of-nail-fungus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221215843.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20180820042723-20180820062723-00010.warc.gz | en | 0.955557 | 1,130 | 3 | 3 |
AIDS out of isolation — rights are for everyoneIssues of human rights have been at the centre of the AIDS response from the outset.
Early in the response, people living with or at risk of HIV were denied their right to health because of who they are or what they do — sex workers, people who use drugs, gay men and other men who have sex with men, women and young girls, transgender people — or because of the disease they were affected by. They were denied their right to health services, their right to medicines, their right to protect themselves from infection. In being denied these rights, they were also denied their right to dignity, their right to a voice, their right to justice and their ability to live happy and fulfilling lives.
Rather than standing by and allowing increasing numbers of people to be denied services and dignity, the AIDS response utilized the power of health and human rights frameworks to leverage change. The AIDS response positioned the demand for access to HIV treatment as a right to health, showing that health services are not a privilege for the few but rather the right of everyone, regardless of their HIV status. Activists used laws and the courts to protect individual rights — when sex workers were being criminalized for carrying condoms, they took cases to court to defend the right of women to protect their own health. Communities of people living with HIV and people affected by HIV became very skilled at knowing and using the law to defend and protect themselves. Groups of people living with HIV were able to use the knowledge of their rights and the law to argue for access to new medicines. The success of the AIDS response established a path for people living with other conditions, such as diabetes, tuberculosis, hepatitis or cervical cancer, to raise their voices and demand services and
People living with or affected HIV have led the way in demonstrating the power of the right to health, but also the power of health to realize wider rights. In seeking and securing access to justice in the courts and creating the space to make their voices heard in political and scientific forums, people living with and affected by HIV have also able to realize their right to fair
treatment and their right to participate and contribute to their communities and society. People living with HIV demanded their right to work in a safe and non-discriminatory environment, to earn a decent wage and to contribute to the economy. Building on the foundation established by HIV rights-based arguments, people living with disabilities, migrants and people affected by
tuberculosis have been able to make progress in realizing their rights.
Today, a young woman may be focused on her right to a quality education and her right to seek the information and means to protect herself from HIV, sexually transmitted infections and pregnancy. However, her focus is not just on her current needs, but also on enabling her longer-term hopes and aspirations. Her immediate ability to realize her right to education and health
has consequences for her longer-term capacity to realize her right to decent work, her right to form her own opinions and the safety to express them publicly, and when and if she chooses, her right to get married and start her own family.
Similarly, an older man living with HIV will focus on his right to quality health services. In addition to his antiretroviral therapy, he will also have concerns about ensuring that he is able to benefit from the highest attainable standards of treatment and care for older people. He may need services and treatment for hypertension and diabetes. As he is getting older and is not able to work or earn money to pay for food and housing, he will be concerned about his right to be treated with dignity and respect and to be protected from discrimination in his old age. He will be focused on ensuring that his right to safety and security is fulfilled.
People living with or affected by HIV are first and foremost people, with busy and diverse lives and needs. Like all people, their lives change and evolve throughout their life, and with those changes come evolving needs that focus on different aspects of the right to health.
Read more in UNAIDS’ new report Right to Health. | <urn:uuid:b620af9b-2f85-4673-973a-dc739dff0a01> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://pancap.org/pancap-releases/aids-out-of-isolation%E2%80%8A-%E2%80%8Arights-are-for-everyone/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999964.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20190625233231-20190626015231-00460.warc.gz | en | 0.983748 | 830 | 3.859375 | 4 |
What is NIPT?
NIPT (Non Invasive Prenatal Test) is a blood test which analyses a small amount of baby’s DNA found in the mother’s blood. It can give a strong indication if the baby has Down's syndrome. There are several laboratories which carry out this analysis. We offer the Harmony test which is carried out in an accredited UK laboratory and will assess the most common chromosome conditions such as Down's syndrome (also known as trisomy 21), Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18) and Patau syndrome (trisomy 13). | <urn:uuid:b31ebb46-7924-4754-be7e-76748b9d3c84> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://oxfordfetalmedicine.com/pregnancy-scans/non-invasive-prenatal-test-nipt/what-is-nipt | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038074941.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20210413183055-20210413213055-00009.warc.gz | en | 0.94473 | 121 | 2.625 | 3 |
What is Metaphysics? The question seems to be perplexing. Let’s start from the beginning.
The term Metaphysics comes from Greek ta meta ta phusika ‘the things after the Physics’, referring to the sequence of Aristotle’s works. Basically, Aristotle wrote Physics and then Metaphysics (although he did not write the title for this).
In his book An Introduction to philosophy, George Stuart Fullerton, an American philosopher and psychologist, writes, “Metaphysics is the core, the citadel of philosophy.”
Metaphysics deals with the first principles of things, such as being, knowing, existence and reality.
Books On Metaphysics:
If you are new to the subject, you can start with any of the following books:
Once you get acquainted with the idea, you can go on to read the philosophers, both modern and ancient.
The two main branches of Metaphysics are: Cosmology (nature of universe) and Ontology (nature of being). We will study about them in detail. | <urn:uuid:4e33f8bd-3559-49fd-9089-e0eb42b560a5> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://kalampedia.com/reading-2/philosophy/metaphysics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512460.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20181019212313-20181019233813-00198.warc.gz | en | 0.935397 | 224 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Mating may occur during any month, although the majority appears to happen between February and September; the bulk of that between February and May. Oestrous (the female’s receptive period) is between four and six days, during which a sow may mate with several boars. During courtship, the male will pursue the female and he’ll bite her nape (back of the neck) during intercourse. There are reports describing a curious behaviour during which the sow runs in circles, first clockwise, then anti-clockwise, prior to mating, although it is unknown how common this is.
In their 1996 edition of Badgers, Ernest Neal and Chris Cheeseman describe some mating events. The biologists wrote:
“The first sign of interest shown by the boar is often the raising of the tail into a vertical position and the emission of a loud and often continuous deep whinnying purr. He may then approach with a shuffling motion taking short steps with the legs kept rather rigid.”
Other descriptions note the presence of mutual grooming and “ground pawing” by the boar immediately prior to mating. Many field reports describe vocalisation (particularly purring”) between badgers during copulation, serious attempts at which may last anywhere from ten minutes to an hour and a half; bouts of two to five minutes seems to indicate the sow isn’t fully receptive. Mate-guarding (i.e. males chasing away competitors from their chosen mate) is known in badgers and, in some respects, badger clans are similar to the pride system observed in lions; sows are able to move into neighbouring territories where they are apparently free to mix with, and frequently mate with, other badgers.
In a study of 548 adult female badgers from Offaly in Ireland between 1989 and 1990, Thomas Hayden and Robert Whelan found that between 80% and 90% of females mated, with 65-70% achieving successful implantation and, of these, only 35-40% lactated. These figures are similar to results from studies on badger populations in southern England, where about one-third of females breed annually. The Irish paper goes on to report that reproductive performance of yearlings was inferior to older badgers and observed some evidence for density-dependant reproduction – i.e. reproductive success was correlated with the number of badgers in the population.
All for one?
The promiscuity of badgers has long been suspected. In a relatively recent paper to the journal Molecular Ecology a team of biologists from the University of Sheffield, University of Leicester and the Central Science Laboratory in York reported on the breeding biology of the badgers in Woodchester Park, Gloucestershire. They found that males from outside of the sow's social group, typically boars from neighbouring social groups, sired about half of the cubs to which they could confidently assign paternity. Moreover, there were very few (~22%) successful matings between members of the same clan. These cases of observed and inferred promiscuity undoubtedly serve to reduce the threat of inbreeding. Indeed, a paper published in the Quarterly Review of Biology suggests that the delayed implantation coupled with superfetation may combine to help increase the reproductive fitness of female badgers.
Superfetation is a condition whereby two foetuses, fertilised at different times, are present in the uterus at the same time. Despite claims that many animals exhibit superfetation, verifiable cases are rare and the condition has only been well documented in the group of freshwater fish called mollies (Poeciliidae). The authors of this study argue that this combination of superfetation and embryonic diapause may make it difficult for dominant boars to identify cubs that are sired by other males, promoting what the biologists refer to as “cryptic polyandry”. Not only does this cryptic polyandry reduce the likelihood of inbreeding, but it may also reduce the probability of infanticide—dominant badgers are known to kill the offspring of subordinates—and increase the breeding sow's window of reproductive opportunity by increasing her scope for conception.
After fertilization, sows undergo a phenomenon known as embryonic diapause or delayed implantation. Diapause is a dramatic reduction in, or a cessation of, mitosis in the zygote at the blastocyst stage. In other words, the cells of the fertilized egg multiply to form a hollow ball (called a blastula) and then stop, remaining suspended in the uterus for between three and 15 months. Currently, reproductive biologists divide those species displaying embryonic diapause into those which are facultative (i.e. delayed implantation is induced by environmental conditions, such as in the rodents and marsupials) and those that are obligate (i.e. that present at every gestation regardless of ambient conditions). Badgers undergo obligate diapause; sows delay implantation until late December or early January, regardless when mating occurs.
In 1880, S. Fries proposed that delayed implantation may allow badger cubs to be born earlier in the growing season, thus providing them with more time to develop before they must face their first winter. Some 130 years on, Fries' hypothesis is still considered the most plausible explanation for this phenomenon. Indeed, in their paper to the journal Evolution, Michael Thom, Dominic Johnson and David Macdonald of Oxford University argued that delayed implantation is a plesiomorphic (i.e. primitive) characteristic in mustelids, which evolved several times, probably because there are costs associated with it. The observation that delayed implantation increases in frequency as you move further from the equator, argue the zoologists, strongly supports the idea that it provides the beneficial trait of being able to uncouple mating and parturition. In other words, diapause permits sows the luxury of being able to select mates at premium times (e.g. when males have survived a particularly harsh season, suggesting high quality) while allowing births to coincide with the most favourable seasons. Having three cubs born at the same time, despite having been conceived at different times and potentially by different fathers, also increases the potential genetic diversity of the litter, making it more likely at least one cub will survive to adulthood.
The biochemical cause of this diapause phenomenon has yet to be established. It has been suggested that hormones in the badger’s blood (e.g. progesterone and oestrogen) and possibly some proteinacious development factors are responsible for triggering resumption of blastocyst development. Indeed, studies in rodents have suggested that the female sex hormone oestradiol and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (Egfr) may play a role in triggering blastocyst implantation; certainly, a single injection of the female sex hormone oestrogen has been shown to terminate diapause in some species. Similarly, work by Rene Canivenc at the Universite de Bordeaux II in France has demonstrated a pronounced increase in luteal vascularization and progesterone production prior to implantation in badgers.
In April 1979, a paper published in Nature reported on the experiments of Rene Canivenc and colleague M. Bonnin on captive sows. The biologists exposed six sows to a 10:14 photoperiod (i.e. 10 hours of light, followed by 14 hours of darkness) at 5oC (41oF). Blood samples were taken from the badgers each week and analysed for progesterone, a steroid hormone secreted by the corpus luteum to prepare and maintain the uterus for pregnancy. The scientists found that when the photoperiod was decreased (i.e. more dark, less light) progesterone levels rose to those seen just prior to implantation during January in wild specimens (about 20ng per mL).
Through manipulation of the photoperiod, Canivec and Bonnin could induce “whelping” (i.e. birth) during September, while in the wild the litter would not have been born until the following spring. Ultimately, Canivenc and Bonnin succeeded in demonstrating that delayed implantation in the Eurasian badger appears to be under environmental, rather than genetic, control. Subsequent experiments by the same authors, during which the temperature was controlled, suggested it was light, rather than temperature, that triggered implantation.
These experiments give us a good idea of some of the factors at play here, but they don’t appear to tell the whole story. As Neal and Cheeseman point out, there are several questions that have yet to be answered. Among the problems is the fact that from about October-time onwards, badger emergence is entirely nocturnal and not obviously correlated with sunlight. In addition, we’d expect implantation to be earlier at northern latitudes, but we actually see the opposite. Finally, there are (admittedly rather rare) records of two sows living in the same sett giving birth several weeks apart.
Data from Stephen Ferguson and colleagues at the University of Saskatchewan in Canada suggest that reduced nutrition in the sow can lead to a lengthening of the diapause period. More recent work seems to support this idea and an interesting experiment by a team at the University of Oxford found that when females had a relatively high body condition index (i.e. were healthy and well fed), they implanted early and the cub sex ratio was male biased (i.e. more males were born than females). The important point here is that their finding goes against the reasonably well-established Local Resource Competition Hypothesis (LRCH). The LRCH states that in years when female body condition is poor animals should lower competition for local resources by producing males, which are more likely than females to disperse.
The connection between fat and hormones does seem to be an important one and Ernest Neal speculated that, given the lipophilic tendencies of steroids (i.e. they are fat soluble), hormones may be incorporated into the fat reserves built up during the summer and autumn. When the sow enters winter torpor, she begins to live off her fat reserves and as the fat is metabolised, the hormones are gradually released into the bloodstream; it may be this process that triggers implantation. There are various lines of indirect evidence that seem to suggest this is a plausible theory and, if correct, would make the rather inactive month of December a crucial time for the triggering of blastocyst implantation. Indeed, field observations seem to indicate that disturbed setts produce fewer litters than undisturbed ones.
When we consider the foregoing, in combination with reports from the field suggesting litters are closely tied with food availability (i.e. in years of poor food supply cubs are often later than usual), it becomes clear that the trigger for implantation still begs research. Ultimately, it is probably a combination of light, temperature, current body condition and food supply that interact to trigger implantation.
Gestation, birth & development
Once implantation of the blastocyst has occurred, gestation is usually between six and eight weeks, with cubs born anywhere from mid-January to mid-March with the bulk occurring in early February. Births have, however, been recorded anytime from mid-December to April. A female may produce as many as six cubs, although two appears most common. Studies from Ireland have recorded in utero litter sizes of between one and four young. Typically, any given female will only produce one litter in a single year, although under plentiful conditions more than one female in the clan may reproduce. In common with all mammals, the young are altricial (i.e. born blind and helpless). Neonatal (newborn) badgers are thin with pale grey fur and measure about 12 cm (5.5 in.). The cubs have their first teeth at about four weeks old and their eyes open after about five weeks.
The majority of cubs are born underground in a specially modified chamber close to the sett entrance, with good ventilation and a mass of bedding that is moved in prior to the birthing. Based on captive badger births, it has been suggested that the temperature inside the natal chamber is 18 to 20C (64–68F). In rare instances, a sow may give birth above ground on large mounds of straw/hay/grass/reeds. This appears to be more likely where the expectant mother is a subordinate sow looking for somewhere to give birth away from the attention of the alpha sow.
In common with all mammals, badger cubs are initially dependent on milk produced by the sow. Suckling of the cubs almost invariably happens below ground, the female lying on her back or side in a nest chamber, and the sow will return periodically during the night to check on and suckle the cubs. Up until they’re about four-weeks-old the cubs lose heat rapidly and the mother doesn’t stray far. When the cubs are 6-8 weeks old, the sow will feed away from the sett and return three or four times per night to suckle them, sometimes remaining in the sett for an hour or so before leaving to resume feeding. During periods of prolonged drought, Neal and Cheeseman note that suckling may continue to lactate well into the autumn, suggesting badgers can continue suckling even during adverse conditions. I have been unable to find any analysis of the chemical composition of badger milk.
Young badgers emerge from the nursery chamber at about eight weeks old (late April or early May) and begin supplementing their diet with food they find in the vicinity of the sett straight away, thus beginning the weaning process. There are a couple of observations, recounted by Neal and Cheeseman in Badgers, suggesting that the sow may regurgitate food for her cubs during weaning. One particular example, recounted from Chris Ferris' June 1982 diary, described a sow regurgitating “a great heap of worms which the cub proceeded to eat” in response to mouth licking by the excited cub. Unlike foxes, clan members do not bring food back for the cubs, presumably reflecting that the diet of the badger is more omnivorous than the fox and cubs can therefore find more sustenance local to the sett. The permanent dentition is complete by about 16 weeks (ca. 4 months) and the cubs are typically independent by around five months old, at the end of June or beginning of July. Cubs may be seen foraging with the sow by summer and by June the juveniles will be familiar with the clan's territory by this stage.
By the time the cubs are fully weaned the juvenile badger may weigh 6 kg (13 lbs) if conditions are good. At the end of the year it will usually weigh 8-10 kgs (19–22 lbs) and measure 70 to 80cm (2.5 ft.).
On average both males and females mature at 12 to 15 months old, although males may mature as late as two years and females may begin ovulating earlier or later than the average. Dispersal is most common in badgers of two years old and seems intrinsically related to clan stability (the more stable the habitat and social dynamics of the clan, the less likely dispersal becomes) and males have a greater tendency to disperse than females.
Studies on the badger population in Oxford's Wytham Woods by Rebecca Fell and colleagues suggest that cubs generally don't have a significant impact on sett society early in their lives, being left either completely alone or accompanied only by their mother. As they grow up, however, they loosen their grip on the “apron strings” and spend increasing amounts of time following and soliciting play from other members of the clan, until they're interacting with most of the group by the age of about four months. As Tim Roper put it in his 2010 book Badgers:
“... cubs undergo a gradual process of social integration in which they themselves, rather than adult members of the group, take the initiative.”
While watching a sett in west Yorkshire, Adrian Middleton noted that adults, even the dominant boar, did sometimes play with the cubs and described play behaviour (e.g. chasing, “whickering” and rolling around) between adults at the sett.
Generally, about half the cubs will die within their first year through causes other than infanticide (i.e. the weather, disease, on the roads etc.) and there is an average annual adult mortality of about 30%. One study from Ireland published in 1993 observed that more than 60% of cubs died during their first year, 35% to 40% of which died before they were weaned. Males were also more likely to die early in the year, with females dying later. Presumably this trend reflects the tendency for males to be bolder and thus explore further from the relative safety of the sett than females.
Disease and road accidents can have a significant effect on some populations, but weather is perhaps the most significant mortality factor. In a paper to the Journal of Zoology in 2002, a team from Oxford University's WildCRU lab report on the population dynamics of the badgers living in Wytham Woods between 1987 and 1996. During this time, the population expanded considerably, almost quadrupling from 65 adults to 228, as did badger density (15 adults per sq-km in 1987 to 38 adults per sq-km in 1996).
Despite the substantial population increase, cub survival was inextricably linked to rainfall. In 1990, a summer of unusually low rainfall resulted in 15 (65%) of the year's 23 cubs dying, although rainfall seemingly had little impact on the number of adults surviving. Presumably, during prolonged periods of dry weather, earthworms are scarce and difficult to dig for, leading to a decline in overall body condition and an increased chance of cub mortality. Fortunately for the badgers of Wytham, their population appears to have grown in response to an overall improvement in climatic conditions as well as the social rearrangement of territories observed during the study. | <urn:uuid:58d19ef1-07fb-4889-bd60-ebce2c9ce847> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.wildlifeonline.me.uk/animals/article/european-badger-breeding | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250626449.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124221147-20200125010147-00144.warc.gz | en | 0.966037 | 3,743 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Traditional Culture: Honesty, Revering Heaven and Taking Only That Which Is Yours
(Clearwisdom.net) Gongsun Mu lived during the East Han Dynasty. When he was young, his family was very poor. He was ambitious, worked hard, and he meticulously studied Han Poetry, Gongyang Spring and Autumn, and especially the ways to foretell the future in Hetu and Luoshu. He was honest and upright in his conduct.
Gongsun Mu raised pigs. When one of his pigs was sick, Gongsun Mu asked a person to sell the pig at a fair. Gongsun Mu told the person, "If the pig can be sold, you must tell the buyer that this pig is sick, and you must sell it for a cheaper and fair price. Don't deceive people and ask for a high price."
At the market, the person did not tell the buyer that the pig was sick and the pig was sold for a very high price. After learning of the sale, Gongsun Mu hurried to the fair and looked for the buyer. He told the buyer, "This pig was actually sick, I intended to sell it for a lower price. I did not expect the person to sell you the pig at such a high price." Then he returned half of the money to the buyer.
Meanwhile, there was a rich man called Wang Zhong. He told Gongsun Mu, "You can great things if you had money. I would like to give you a million coins to start a business. What do you think?" Gongsun Mu studied Hetu, Luoshu, and other books on cultivation. He understood the laws of heaven and predestination. He said, "Your kindness is deeply appreciated! Being rich or poor is for heaven to decide. I can have it only if it is in my life. I cannot take it from you!"
Because Gongsun Mu had both virtue and wisdom, he was recommended for his "Xiao Lian"* and appointed as an officer after he passed an examination. When he was an officer, his achievement was pronounced and he was enormously popular. His five sons were all well-known for their merits. The story of "Gongsun Mu Selling a Pig" became a moral example for thousands of years and the story carries praise for the virtue of honesty and integrity.
* "Xiao Lian" was one of the criteria to select an official. Xiao means honoring and loving your parents; Lian means incorruptible. The rules of the Emperor's Court proclaimed that people who did not have the virtue of Xiao and Lian were not qualified for official positions. | <urn:uuid:e20088d8-8dc3-4ea3-8ae9-3956f5da8dfb> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://en.minghui.org/html/articles/2006/1/15/68998.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703334458/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112214-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.989051 | 543 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Map turtles are freshwater turtles belonging to the genus Graptemys in the family Emydidae. They are native to North America, where they are found throughout the eastern half of the USA and northward into southern Canada. In addition to being called map turtles, they are also known as sawback turtles.
They are endemic to the continent of North American, meaning this is the only place in the world where they are found in the wild.
Map Turtle Species
There are 13 recognized species of map turtle.
|Graptemys barbouri||Carr & Marchland, 1942||Barbour’s map turtle|
|Graptemys caglei||Haynes & McKown, 1974||Cagle’s map turtle|
|Graptemys ernsti||Lovich & McCoy, 1992||Escambia map turtle|
|Graptemys flavimaculata||Cagle, 1954||Yellow-blotched map turtle, also known as Yellow-blotched sawback|
|Graptemys geographica||Le Sueur, 1817||Northern map turtle, formerly known as Common map turtle|
|Graptemys gibbonsi||Lovich & McCoy, 1992||Pascagoula map turtle|
|Graptemys nigrinoda||Cagle, 1954||Black-knobbed map turtle|
|Graptemys oculifera||Baur, 1890||Ringed map turtle|
|Graptemys ouachitensis||Cagle, 1953||Ouachita map turtle|
|Graptemys pearlensis||Ennen, Lovich, Kreiser, Selman, Qualls, 2010||Pearl River map turtle|
|Graptemys pseudogeographica||Gray, 1831||False map turtle|
||Baur, 1890||Mississippi map turtle|
||Gray, 1831||False map turtle|
|Graptemys pulchra||Baur,1893||Alabama map turtle|
|Graptemys versa||Stejneger, 1925||Texas map turtle|
What Does a Map Turtle Look Like?
Map turtles get their name from their appearance. Their carapace (the top/dome portion of their shell) has designs on it that resembles those seen on some maps. Specifically, it has been noted that the lines on their shells look like waterways on a map. These lines are often a yellow or orange color, with darker colors in between them such as greens and browns. The lines on the map turtles shell can fade some as they age.
In addition to the lines on their shell, map turtles also have thicker lines on their face and limbs. The lines are often a bright yellow, and for many specimens; they are even more noticeable than the “map lines” on their shell.
All of these bright colors and unique designs make map turtles fairly exotic looking despite the relative ease in acquiring one as a pet. While not often regarded as the most ideal pet turtle, they are certainly one of the more handsome looking genera of pet turtle.
They are relatively small when compared to other aquatic fresh water turtles, such as the Trachemys and Pseudemys genera. The females tend to be much larger than the males, with females reaching a max length of about 7 to 10 inches and the males only reaching about 3 to 7 inches. The females are often dominant to the males, and can often be the more aggressive gender when multiple map turtles are put into the same enclosure.
Another difference between the males and females is that the males have much longer claws on their front legs. These are used by the males in displays of courtship, when trying to attract a female.
Some of the species (such as the Barbour’s map turtle) have a few juts coming out of the top of their shell, resembling a line of dorsal fins. Some also have spike-like juts coming out around the base of their carapace. This helps add to their interesting appearance that makes them desirable to some potential pet owners.
Map Turtle Lifespan
The average life expectancy for map turtles is 15-20 years.
Where do Map Turtles Live?
As mentioned earlier, map turtles are endemic to North America.
They are aquatic turtles, and while they can spend time on land; most of their time is spent in the water. Map turtles do not live in salt water; they only live in freshwater environment such as ponds and rivers. They tend to prefer river systems with flowing water. Ideal map turtle environments contain lots of underwater plant matter that they can eat, as well as rocks and logs that they can rest on when heating themselves in the sunlight. Commonly referred to as basking.
Between November and April, map turtles will become dormant and spend most of their time in the water. They like to tuck themselves away during this time, hiding in places such as sunken logs or mud at the bottom of the water.
Map Turtles as Pets?
Several species of map turtle used to be very popular in the pet trade and bred in captivity in the USA, but their popularity decreased after the enactment of the Four-Inch Regulation in 1975. Prior to the new regulation, thousands of map turtles were bred and hatched out in captivity for the U.S pet trade. You can read more about the Four-Inch Regulation further down of the page.
The most popular ones were the Sabine map turtle (Graptemys ouachitensis) and the False map turtle (Graptemys pseudogeographica) – including the subspecies Mississippi map turtle (Graptemys pseudogeographica kohni).
These species are the most popular pet map turtles today as well, but they are much more rare in the pet trade than before. Other examples of map turtles that are bred in captivity in the United States are Cagle’s map turtle (Graptemys caglei), Texas Map turtle (Graptemys versa) and the Black-knobbed map turtle (Graptemys nigrinoda). The more endagered species, are more rare seen and can only occasionally be found in the pet trade. The rarer species of map turtles are more comon in the European pet trade. This is due to the fact that there are more breeders breeding the species in captivity in Europe.
There are several drawbacks to map turtles as pets, such as being a challenge to care for in captivity when compared to some other turtles such as red eared sliders.
That being said, the common species are legal to own in most cases ( allways check your local laws before buying a turtle) and their colorful designs make them desirable to some potential pet owners. They make a great addition to an outdoor garden that has a large pond area, and also look rather exotic in an indoor tank.
While reptiles in general do not need close attention and affection like dogs or cats, they have been less domesticated and therefor have very specific health needs that must be met when kept in captivity.
Are There any Legality issues to Map Turtles that I should know of?
There are several species of map turtles that are endagered and these species are in some areas illegal to keep without special permits. Since some map turtles are so small, the four-inch law can make it harder to find a good pet specimen.
The four-inch law was passed by the FDA in the United States in 1975 as a measure against the spread of salmonellosis. Turtles under the size of four inches were reportedly spreading salmonellosis to children when children placed these small turtles into their mouth or touched the turtles and then put their fingers in their mouths. The four-inch law makes it illegal to sell turtles under 4 inches in a commercial setting.
Males of some map turtle species do not exceed four inches in length even in adulthood limiting their availability in the pet trade.
It is however important to remember that the four-inch law only apply to pet stores and other public commercial operations. The law states: “Except as otherwise provided in this section, viable turtle eggs and live turtles with a carapace length of less than 4 inches shall not be sold, held for sale, or offered for any other type of commercial or public distribution.”, Sec. 1240.62 (b). The law also makes an exception for “The sale, holding for sale, and distribution of live turtles and viable turtle eggs not in connection with a business.“, Sec. 1240.62 (d)(2). It is still legal for private hobby breeders to sell map turtles smaller than 4 inches in lenght as long it is truely a hobby and not a business. This means that it still possible to buy the smaller species and smaller specimens of the larger species directly from a breeder. This also have the added benefit of knowing that you get your turtles from a dedicated breeder and turtle lover and not from some faceless turtlefarm. Turtles from private breeders can often be in better health than pet store turtles.
Internet have made buying map turtles directly from private breeders a lot easier and it is today often possible to find small turtles without ever having to leave your home.
There has been some concern in recent years about map turtles in the wild, and the loss of suitable map turtle habitats.
It might be illegal to take a map turtle from the wild in your area. Make sure to research what the regulations are in your area before considering catching a wild turtle to keep as a pet.
Taking turtles from the wild is not recommended regardless of the legaility in your are. Turtles taken from the wild are more likely to carry diseases that can be transferred to other turtles they share the enclosure with, or even humans. Turtles that were born in the wild and put into captivity also don’t tend to live as long as turtles that were originally born in captivity and stayed there.
What Should I Feed my Map Turtle?
Like many genera of turtle, Graptemys are omnivorous. This term means they eat both plant and animal matter.
Something to note about these aquatic turtles is that they only feed in water. They have greater mobility in the water and overall adapted to underwater environments to the extent that hunting food is far easier underwater than it is on land.
The type of food you give them will vary depending on which gender of map turtle you have. This is because the females are much larger than the males, and so their superior jaws can consume larger prey. The females can consume prey as large as clams and snails, whereas males have to be fed things like tiny crustaceans and aquatic insects.
Fish can be hard for them to catch, but they will sometime eat pieces off of dead fish. At pet stores, you can usually find items like frozen shrimp or meal worms, which can be thawed and then given to your map turtle. Do not feed your map turtles live meal worms. Live meal worms rich in nutrients but there is a small risk that the worms might harm your turtle.
A tip is to buy your frozen shrimp in the grocery store rather than the pet store. The shrimps are a lot cheaper in the grocery store and as long as you get brine free (unsalted) shrimps they will be suitable to use as food for your map turtles. I do this for my fish, turtles and other animals.
For plant matter, they enjoy dark leafy greens. Place the greens on their basking areas above the water, as well as have them floating in the water itself. If you have an outdoor enclosure, you can plant some aquatic plants and let them grow naturally. Research what kind of aquatic plants grow around the native area of your specific species of map turtle. There are other benefits to having aquatic plants in your map turtle’s outdoor enclosure, which will be covered later.
Typically, hatchling & young map turtles that are still growing will have a more carnivorous diet than their adult counterparts. This is because young turtles are still growing, and need the extra protein in their diet.
Where should I keep my Map Turtle?
You will need to have a large aquarium tank or a large outdoor pond if you want to keep a map turtle as a pet. They need lots or room to swim around with plenty of places to hide underwater.
Remember that they are freshwater animals, not saltwater.
You will also need areas on top of their body of water that they can climb onto, such as logs or mounds made of rock or dirt. Map turtles like to come out of the water sometimes and bask in the sun. Reptiles cannot regulate their own body heat so access to an external heat source is crucial. If your map turtle is being kept in a tank, you can have a heat lamp set up above their basking areas.
If you keep your map turtle outside, a heat lamp map can still be used and may even be necessary depending on where you live. If you live in an area where it gets too cold at certain points of the year, an outdoor pond may not be the best choice for your map turtle.
A good rule of thumb to determine if an outdoor pond is an option is to research the species of map turtle you own, and see if any live in the wild in your area. If they do live in the wild in your area, then an outdoor pond may have temperatures that are naturally hospitable to them. It is however important to remember that a small pond will get colder in the winter and hotter in the summer than a larger body of water so your pond is not necessarily a good map turtle habitat even if they live in your area.
In addition to the logs or rocks on the water’s surface that they can climb on, the map turtles will also want some accessories to go below the water’s surface. When map turtles go underwater, they sometimes like to seek out things like logs, thick plants, and mud to hide in. You should have lots of cozy little hiding places that your map turtle can use. Make sure that they can no get stuck in the hiding places. If they get stuck they might drown.
For tanks, it is recommended that you use a suitable sized filter to help keep their water clean. If you have them outdoors, keeping their water fresh can be a bit more difficult, and but using the right size pond filter can really help. It is, for this reason, recommended that you do not skimp on size of their pond. Not only do map turtles need lots of space to feel free and healthy, but smaller bodies of water are also much faster to get dirty and health-hazardous. A larger body of water will have an easier time staying fresh. A larger body of water will also, as earlier mentioned, maintain its temperature better.
Having aquatic plants planted into your outdoor pond can help oxygenate the water and keep the environment healthy for your pets. Good examples include water lettuce and duckweed.
How large your tank or pond should be depends on how many map turtles you want to keep and what species of map turtles you want to keep. They are not particularly aggressive animals and are social enough that you can keep them together. However, there can be exceptions to this if there is not enough space and food to go around.
What Else Should I know about Map Turtle care?
The lifespan of map turtles is not very long compared to other turtles. Many turtle species can live over a hundred years. American box turtles will as an example live 75 years or more. Map turtles tend to only live up to twenty-five years in the wild, and their life expectancy in captivity is lower. So while they make beautiful pets, they do not live long by the standards of a reptile.
Map turtles are overall not hospitable to being put into a strange environment. They are one of the harder turtle genera to care for as pets, and may not be a good choice for first time turtle owners. The difficulty in caring for them has kept them from being overly popular in the pet trade, despite their unique and beautiful shell designs.
Know that aquatic turtles do not like to be held or cuddled. Reptiles in general are not affectionate animals, but it is best that you do not pick up your map turtle at all unless you have to. If you do handle your map turtle, wash your hands thoroughly afterward. Aquatic turtles can sometimes spread things like salmonella. This is not too big of a danger so long as you use basic care techniques (such as washing your hands after handling) and a little common sense. Nut it is still a risk you should be aware of.
Having too little exposure to direct sunlight can negatively impact your map turtle’s health. Sunlight deprivation can cause problems with their shell and even fungal infections. If your map turtle is in an outdoor pond, make sure some of its basking areas have access to direct sunlight at any point during the day. If you keep your map turtle in an indoor tank, make sure you have a high quality lamp that simulates the sun’s rays. You may have to take your turtle outside occasionally if the lamp doesn’t seem to be doing enough. | <urn:uuid:57b635eb-5b9d-4777-990e-c49205ada82a> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.mapturtles.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500822560.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021342-00081-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958786 | 3,575 | 4.03125 | 4 |
Challenges of Early Childhood Care Education in Sustaining Girl-Child Development in Nigeria
This study was informed by the age-long abandonment of the girl child and denial of her rights and rightful place in the education and overall development of the human race. Evidence has it that the female children are not given equal opportunities for self development and self realization right from inception of life. The Early childhood care Education (ECCE) as constitution in the Nigeria system is perceived as potent instrument that can be used to redress some of the misgivings. The ECCE programme in Nigeria was designed on a sound philosophy as its purpose and role in training of qualified preschool teachers were clearly highlighted. The study made a comprehensive review of the rationale for ECCE constitution and the state of its implementation which as it were, has been disproportionately under the control of less qualified personnel. The challenges of ECCE were identified to include: poor and inconsistent standards across schools, unstimulating learning environments, preponderance of unqualified teachers and care-givers, high cost of education and exploitative and profiteering tendencies on the part of proprietors of ECCE schools/centers. Among the recommended strategies for improving the situation and for giving the girl-child ample opportunity to harness the intended benefits of ECCE included the following; full government control and regulation of establishment and running of ECCE schools/centers; training and retraining of preschool teachers and care-givers through workshops, seminars and conferences, extension of government grants/subventions to privately-owned ECCE schools; establishment of ECCE model schools in rural communities, provision of instructional facilities to ECCE school properties to highly subsidized rates and regular and close monitoring to ensure set standards and conditions are sustained.
This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences ISSN 2039-9340(Print) ISSN 2039-2117(Online)
Copyright © MCSER-Mediterranean Center of Social and Educational Research
To make sure that you can receive messages from us, please add the 'mcser.org' domain to your e-mail 'safe list'. If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox', check your 'bulk mail' or 'junk mail' folders.. | <urn:uuid:a38f930e-3b04-4fc7-ae5d-26fad43b2414> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.mcser.org/journal/index.php/mjss/article/view/671 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363332.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20211207014802-20211207044802-00496.warc.gz | en | 0.944154 | 477 | 2.671875 | 3 |
There are lots of myths surrounding children’s oral health, and as a parent, you want to make sure you’re paying attention to the right information. Following are some common facts you may have heard that we’re busting.
Cavities Can’t Form in Baby Teeth
This is certainly a myth- tooth decay that occurs in baby teeth can very easily affect adult teeth. If tooth decay happens in baby teeth, they will need to be taken out, which easily affects mouth spacing. The open space in the mouth will need to be carefully maintained, and the adult tooth may even grow in the wrong spot.
Cavities are also painful and can interfere with tasks such as eating and drinking, in adult teeth as well as baby teeth.
Children Don’t Need to Floss
Flossing is extremely vital to a complete oral healthcare routine, and by skipping over flossing, you’re actually missing about 80% of your tooth’s surfaces. Cavities can form in between teeth, and children can easily get cavities as discussed above. In addition, children are also at risk for gum disease.
Establishing flossing habits early on not only helps prevent the early onset of gum disease, but it establishes the importance and relevance of gum disease to children.
Cavities Are Inevitable So There’s No Point in Trying to Prevent Them
This is entirely false- cavities are completely preventable with the right oral care practices and recurring dental visits. The American Dental Association encourages that all children and adults should see a dentist every six months for cleanings. These bi-annual dental check-ups not only help prevent cavities and give children’s mouths a pristine clean, but they can identify and prevent other dental issues.
Children Don’t Need to Start Visiting the Dentist Until They Start School
Some parents believe their children don’t need to start visiting the dentist until after they start growing permanent teeth, or until they start school, or until problems occur. However, it’s highly recommended that children begin seeing a dentist once they turn one year old, or within six months of their first tooth coming through.
Bringing them in at a young age has a slew of benefits, such as managing oral habits such as thumb sucking and teething, assessing how their teeth are coming in, ensuring there are no glaring pediatric dental issues, watching the development of the jawline and gums, and more.
Contact Our Children’s Dentist Near Irving
If your child is nearing one year of age, they have a tooth erupting, is experiencing dental issues, or you are simply otherwise looking for a trustworthy pediatric dentist, we’d love to see you! Give our office a call to schedule an appointment today at one of our four office locations. | <urn:uuid:2bf32894-bd5f-49a6-a839-2a38ab845597> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.riodentalgroup.com/blog/2022/01/27/busting-myths-about-childrens-pediatric-dentistry/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00137.warc.gz | en | 0.951968 | 592 | 2.96875 | 3 |
ChemEd X articles address topics in chemical education ranging across the entire spectrum of the chemical sciences.
Articles are contributed by the community and are open for comments. Please see our Contribution Guidelines for information about contributing to ChemEd X. To contribute an article, use our contribution form to describe the nature of the article you intend to submit. A ChemEd X editor will respond with further instructions.
Erica Jacobsen shares highlights from the April 2017 issue of the Journal of Chemical Education that are of special interest to high school chemistry teachers.
Resources To Inform Teaching and Learning
The April 2017 issue of the Journal of Chemical Education is now available online to subscribers. Topics featured in this issue include: green chemistry; environmental chemistry; using food chemistry to teach; 2016 Jame Bryant Award; development of important skills; chemical education research: assessment; advanced laboratories; from the archives: water quality.
Throw the phrase “chemistry class” at someone to get their reaction. What do you predict it would be? A chalkboard full of stoichiometry problems? Wading through the atomic masses on the periodic table? Bubbling beakers? Something else? In any case, I’m guessing his or her first answer would not be, “Creative writing.”
Promoting Problem-Solving and Discovery Learning
The March 2017 issue of the Journal of Chemical Education is now available online to subscribers. Topics featured in this issue include: protein chemistry; making connections in in chemical education research; chemical bonding; importance of non-technical skills; courses built on reactivity; periodic table; heterocyclic compounds; teaching resources; from the archives: Using Wikipedia and Wikis to teach.
Food chemistry is an interesting and fun class for students. Read the article for some suggestions about resources along with an outline of a unit developed around water in cooking.
Julia Winter is the 2016 Conant Award winner. She is a veteran chemistry teacher from Michigan. You can watch a video interview recorded March 2016.
Fostering Creativity in Chemistry
The February 2017 online issue of the Journal of Chemical Education is now available to subscribers. Topics featured include: surface chemistry; chemical identity thinking; conceptual understanding; communicating science to the general public; activities and labs linking chemistry and art; history and chemistry; early access to research; technology as instructional support; synthesis laboratories; from the archives: bottle chemistry.
Erica Jacobsen shares highlights from the February 2017 issue of the Journal of Chemical Education that are of special interest to high school chemistry teachers.
For me, the first step toward teaching my students how to critically think about how they structured an argument or explanation was to implement the Claim, Evidence, Reasoning (CER) framework. While the premise behind CER isn’t anything new to the way science teachers already think, it provides an entirely different approach toward how students connect their experiences and previously learned content into something that is much more reflective of being scientifically literate.
Highlights from the January 2017 issue of the Journal of Chemical Education of special interest to high school chemistry teachers. | <urn:uuid:91363982-fbff-40d7-9af3-8a75755fe345> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://www.chemedx.org/page/article?highlight=3505 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118707.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00417-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928386 | 630 | 2.78125 | 3 |
COUN 141 C - Career Exploration
Designed for students undecided about their educational or career goals. Using reliable and valid assessments you will find various careers to explore.
- Interest assessment will match you with others in various careers who have similar interests and are happy in what they do.
- Personality profile will identify your preferences and how those life preferences will match up with careers.
- Values assessment will indicate those things in life that motivate you.
- Skills assessments will further direct you toward careers which will enable you to use specific skills you choose.
Researching careers allows you to make a decision for career/life planning. | <urn:uuid:fe44e548-4ce2-4a99-a321-f066a37128cf> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.cypresscollege.edu/ad/Faculty.aspx?ID=seaston | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931005387.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155645-00213-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934726 | 127 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Peripheral artery disease, or PAD, is also referred to as peripheral vascular disease or atherosclerosis. PAD occurs when a buildup of plaque deposits in the coronary artery causes the blood vessels to narrow or block entirely.
Many people with PAD experience no symptoms; those who do, however, often report fatigue or cramping in the calf, thigh, hip, or buttocks.
It is not unusual to experience pain in the toes or feet while resting. This is a sign of an advancing case of PAD. Physical symptoms in the leg that may indicate PAD include hair loss, skin cold to the touch, decreased or absent pulses in the feet, wounds that won’t heal, discoloration of the extremities, and gangrene.
The treatment for PAD concentrates on reducing symptoms and preventing further progression of the disease. In most cases, lifestyle changes, exercise, and claudication medications are enough to slow PAD progression. In some cases, these fixes are enough to reverse the symptoms altogether.
- Regular physical activity. This is often the most effective treatment. Your doctor will recommend a supervised exercise program to decrease the symptoms of PAD.
- Healthy diet. Eat foods that are low in saturated fat to help reduce your cholesterol and blood pressure.
- Smoking cessation.Avoid tobacco use. If you smoke, ask your vascular surgeon to recommend a cessation program that will work for you.
- Some medications. Your doctor may recommend that you take aspirin or similar anti-platelet medicine to prevent serious complications from PAD. You may also be required to take medication to reduce your blood pressure and/or cholesterol.
If you are suffering from leg discomfort or have questions about peripheral artery disease, talk to one of our providers about treatment options today. | <urn:uuid:6330fd3b-f431-4445-b5ad-3bfa9f03c8df> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.baptist-health.com/services/heart-health/peripheral-artery-disease-pad/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303917.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220122224904-20220123014904-00078.warc.gz | en | 0.933943 | 363 | 3.078125 | 3 |
What is Trap Shooting?
The word “trap” refers to the usage of a trap in which a live bird was placed and released on command and then an attempt was made to shoot it. The earliest printed description of this sport was in Feb. 1793 in England. It became one of England’s most popular sports and migrated to the United States in 1831. The evolution of the sport replaced live birds with glass balls and then clay targets. The clay is called a “bird” and the machine which throws the bird is the “trap” and it is housed in a “trap house”. The shooter is 16 yards behind the trap house, and targets rise and fly away from the shooter. The shooter moves moves in a semi-circle throughout the round to change the angle and difficulty of the going-away shot.
What Constitutes a Round of Trap?
A round for one person consists of 25 shots, five each from five shooting stations, the object being to score the greatest number of broken targets. Most competitions shoot four rounds for a total of 100 targets.
What is International Trap?
International or Olympic Trap is a faster version of the trap game. The targets are thrown about 75% faster than ATA trap. While ATA presentation is ± 22 degrees and only one height – about 2.3 meters, International trap goes ± 45 degrees and the height varies from 1.5 to 3.5 meters. A computer controls the machines so that each shooter gets the exact 25 targets, just in unpredictable order. Each shooter gets two shots at a single target, and moves stations after each shot. Finally the shells are limited to 24 gram of shot (slightly less than 7/8 oz). This is the game one must master to get to the Olympics or other Major games like World Championships, the Pan-Ams or Commonwealth Games. | <urn:uuid:1e8a3b48-b228-4f38-ade7-92a09ff1ec85> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.saskatoongunclub.com/2022/01/07/trap-shooting/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510676.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930113949-20230930143949-00055.warc.gz | en | 0.949935 | 385 | 3.453125 | 3 |
The example of herland intrinsic to zava is also evident in zava, although in a more mythopoetical sense long holds that we have to choose between herland and embarrassing contrasts the primary theme of hanfkopf's essay on constructivism is the role of the artist as writer. Herland essaysherland is the story of three men who stumble upon a society populated entirely by women this culture is superior in virtually all ways to the world of the men the narrator of the book is one of the visiting men , and he is constantly in awe of the perfection of the country. By gilman’s own estimate, her novels failed as literary experiments as a pedagogical device, however, herland is an engaging, persuasive, and highly effective effort the novel’s light, patient, sympathetic voice is a worked example of the tolerant, noncoercive instructional mode employed by herland’s exemplary tutors: somel, moadine, and zava.
Herland as a feminist work feminism is the advocating for social, political, and all other rights of women equal to those of men (random house college dictionary) this story depicts just that it is about a society made entirely of women with no need for men. Essay topic 4 analyze gilman's use of foreshadowing in herland what are some examples of foreshadowing in the novel and what are these examples hinting at essay topic 5 compare and contrast the gender roles in the men's society and the gender roles in herland how are the similar and different essay topic 6 discuss and describe the women of herland. Sample essay on “herland” “herland”, a novel by charlotte perkins gilman is a great training aid for the man to understand the women’s psychology by creating an artificial society of women who dwelled without the representatives of the opposite sex, the author made an attempt to show the women without the coverings of expectations the paternal society had always had of them.
Test your knowledge of herland with our quizzes and study questions, or go further with essays on the context and background and links to the best resources around the web. The women of herland are able to live in such universal peace and good will and mutual affection (99) because they lacked the sex motive and, with it, jealousy (99) the women of herland are free and equal because they are secure enough in themselves to offer and accept help for a joint cause, the betterment of their world. Herland study guide contains a biography of charlotte perkins gilman, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis about herland herland summary.
By gilman’s own estimate, her novels failed as literary experiments as a pedagogical device, however, herland is an engaging, persuasive, and highly effective effort the novel’s light.
Essay about herland as a feminist work - herland as a feminist work feminism is the advocating for social, political, and all other rights of women equal to those of men (random house college dictionary. | <urn:uuid:a33989aa-4d15-4529-ada3-ef566b8d4e6f> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://eyessayhvwo.frieslandvakantiebungalow.info/herland-essays.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583509170.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20181015100606-20181015122106-00107.warc.gz | en | 0.954958 | 655 | 3.03125 | 3 |
In a very Halloween-appropriate campaign, the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife recently released a new fact sheet designed to raise awareness about a little-known threatened species in Oregon: bats.
Oregon is home to 15 native bat species, eight of which are recognized as struggling species in need of help. Native bats face a number of different obstacles, including habitat loss, disease, and human development. According to a recent ODFW press release, one of the biggest reasons bats struggle for survival is because most people have a misconception about bats, including a lot of hunting, fishingand outdoor enthusiasts. The ODFW hopes to change that with their new informational flyer, Batty for Bats. Aimed at kids, the flyer includes interesting facts about the common Oregon bat as well as things you can do to help their population.
“There are a number of things that people can do to help bats—from building bat houses to leaving snags or dead trees on their property to serve as roosts,” said ODFW Strategy Species Coordinator Andrea Hanson in the press release. “One of the most important things that kids can do is to learn about bats so they understand their importance.”
Here are a few interesting pieces of information from the new bat flyer:
- Oregon’s bats eat only insects. An adult bat eats about 1,000 insects every hour!
- Bats hang upside down because it gives them an ideal position for take-off.
- Bats can fly 20 to 30 miles an hour and travel more than 100 miles a night.
- A baby bat is called a pup. Young bats can fly between two and five weeks of age.
- Bats are the only flying mammal.
Check out the Batty for Bats flyer as well as Living With Bats for more information. | <urn:uuid:872b0d16-a8f5-47e7-bbdd-a91c62c2c3d6> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.coastportland.com/blog/odfw-has-gone-batty-coast-products/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115856041.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161056-00035-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959894 | 376 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Boy Scouting was modeled after the Scouting movement founded by Lord Robert S. Baden-Powell in England in 1908.
Boy Scouting is actually owned by the National Council of the Boy Scouts of America.
It was incorporated on February 8, 1910, and chartered by Congress in 1916 .
High level organization chart:
The National Council does not attempt to administer directly the more than 150,000 registered Boy Scout units
(troops, packs, explorer posts, etc.). To achieve this, each year, the National Council issues a charter to an
autonomous organization called a Local Council. The United States and its territories is divided into Local Councils.
Local Councils are usually not-for-profit private corporations registered within the State in which they are headquartered.
The Local Council that we operate under is called the "Circle 10 Council".
The District that we operate under is called the "Great Plains District".
The Chartered Organization, in our case, is the "Wells Elementary PTA".
Chartering is done on a yearly basis.
Our Unit is called "Pack 1256".
The Pack is a group that has been assigned a unique number, and it is made up of several dens.
The Pack includes not only the boys in those dens, but also their families, and their leaders.
The Packs meets once a month with Cub Scouts, leaders, parents and other family members attending.
The Pack meeting is the climax of the month's den meetings and activities. It gives the dens something to look forward to and work toward.
This is a chance to recognize the boys, their parents, and their leaders.
A Cub Scout Pack is divided into smaller groups of about eight boys called dens, who meet weekly under the
direction of adult Den Leaders and, in some cases, Boy Scout Den Chiefs.
The Den Leaders are trained parent volunteers.
The den allows boys to get to know each other better and engage in activities that would be difficult in a larger group.
The den also provides leadership opportunities for the boys as they elect "denners" or help to teach each other.
Den meeting activities are planned around the monthly theme and include games, handicrafts, hikes and other
outdoor fun, practicing skits and stunts in preparation for the next Pack meeting and taking part in simple ceremonies and songs.
Sometimes work on advancement requirements is included, but most of that work is accomplished by the boys with
their parents (see details on the Webelos rank for an exception).
The Den Leaders may ask for special help occasionally from parents (helping with a meeting, sharing a special skill, or just providing a snack for the boys).
Dens are organized by rank, and ranks are organized by grade and age:
- Tiger Cub Dens
- Bear Dens
- Wolf Dens
- Webelos Dens
Grade and Age
Several years ago joining and advancement requirements for Cub Scouting were changed to a grade basis
(with age as backup). Age is still used by some packs whose national organization has made that determination
As a refresher, here are some age/grade requirements. Keep in mind that grade is the primary determination
and age is the backup (note the work "or"):
- Tiger Cubs -- In the first grade, (or 7 years old)
- Cub Scouts (Wolves and Bears) -- In the second and third grade, (or 8 or 9 years old)
- Webelos Scouts -- In the fourth and fifth grade, (or 10 years old)
- ARROW OF LIGHT -- Six months since completing the fourth grade, or six months since turning 10.
- Boy Scouts -- Completed the fifth grade, or age 11, or have earned the Arrow of Light.
The Pack Leadership
The pack leadership consists of Den Leaders, Den Leader Coach, the Chartered Organization Representative,
the Pack Committee Chairperson, the Pack Committee and the Cubmaster. These are adult positions.
The Pack Committee
The Pack Committee takes care of the administrative needs of the pack. It is organized and chaired by the
Pack Committee Chairperson. The committee consists of at least three people and is responsible for:
A complete Pack Committee consists of the following people:
- Finding a meeting place
- Setting the Pack policies in accordance with Boy Scouting and the chartered organization.
- Coordinatng the Pack program with that of the charter organization.
- Assist with the annual Pack charter renewel.
- Is responsible for carrying out the policies and regulations of the Boy Scouts of America.
- Provides encouragement to leaders in carrying out the Pack program.
- Provides the finances and fundraising coordination for the Pack.
- Is responsible for Pack property.
- Is responsible for the quality of the adult leadership, that the leadership is recruited and trained. This is all adult leadership, including Cubmaster.
- Responsible for recommending this leadership to the charter organization for final approval.
- Coordination between the Pack and other scouting units.
- Chartered Organization Representative
- Pack Committee Chair
- Public Relations
- Membership and Registration
- Sustaining Membership Enrollment Chairperson (a.k.a. Friends of Scouting)
- Den Leader Coach(es)
Chartered Organization Representative
This person is the liaison between the Pack, the chartered organization, and the BSA.
They make sure that the chartered organization is awaire of what the Pack is doing, and coordinates activities
between the chartered organization and the Pack. It is also the responsibility of the chartered organization
representative to communicate any relavent policies that the charter organization has to the Pack committee.
A point that a new scouter often misses is that the chartered organization 'owns' the Pack, not the Pack
committee. The Pack committee is simply an administrative arm of the chartered organization.
The Chartered Organization Representative is a voting member of the local BSA Council and District committees.
As such, they represent the Pack on these committees.
If the chartered organization has more than one unit (e.g., a Pack and a Troop) the Chartered Organization Representative serves all.
Pack Committee Chairperson
The Pack Committee Chairperson organizes and facilitates the running of the Pack committee.
This person works with the Cubmaster and Chartered Organization Representative to make sure that the
responsibilities of the Pack Committee are being met.
The Cubmaster, who is sometimes refered to as the unit leader, is up front. Most parents think they run the
show all by themselves. Now you know different. So what does a Cubmaster do? Plenty!
The Cubmaster is responsible for:
- Conducting the pack program which includes leading the monthly Pack
- meeting, with the help of the other leaders.
- Guiding, supporting, motivating, and inspire the other adult leaders. Make sure they receive training for their positions.
- Making sure the dens are functioning well.
- Plannning the den and pack programs with the help of the other leaders.
- Coordinating the total Cub Scout program for the pack.
- Helping recruit den leaders and coaches.
- Establishing and maintaining good relationships with Boy Scout Troops.
Den Leader Coach
The den leader coach is responsible for ensuring stable, active and enthusiastic den leaders for all Cub
Scout and Webelos dens. They also help to insure that:
- Leaders complete Fast Start and Cub Scout Leader Basic Training.
- A Den Leader Coach Seminar is conducted for the leaders.
- Leaders attend the monthly rountables.
- Leaders understand the purposes, policies and procedures of the chartered organization and the Boy Scouts of America.
- Help is available for new den leaders.
- Cub Scout leader recognition awards are available to the leaders.
- Monthly coach-den leader meetings are held to help plan den activities and programs.
- Information about the current and up to date program literature and material is passed on to den leaders.
- No den is ever without a leader and assistant.
- New den leaders are recruited.
- There is a communications link (usually the den leader coach) between the ubmaster and the den leaders.
For more details, please visit "Organization of the Boy Scouts of America".
Last update: August 17, 2000
Send comments to: Marius Popa, Webmaster | <urn:uuid:32cfd93d-b9f3-4241-b08c-8bc74f9601b5> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.angelfire.com/tx3/pack1256/organization.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464051165777.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524005245-00056-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941326 | 1,741 | 3 | 3 |
Over dinner on Thursday, Mike treated us to a reading a 14th century moralising poem, celebrating Grosseteste’s love of the harp, the virtues with which he associated it, and the symbolism to which it was ascribed. The poem appeared in the 1303 Handlyng Synne, by Robert Manning of Bourne/Robert de Brune. De Brune, was a Gilbertine Canon (the only native English monastic order of the medieval period) and spent most of his life in the Priory at Sempringham, 30 miles south of Lincoln. His Handlyng Synne was a translation into Middle English of the Anglo-Norman Manuel des Peches, written originally by William of Waddington. As Robert de Brune relates, and as Mike performed, the poem taken here from the marvellous Samuel Pegge’s (1704-1796) Life of Robert Grosseteste (1793) – the first major modern biographical study, Pegge himself a canon at Lincoln late in life:*Y shall you tell as I have herd Of the bysshop seynt Roberd, His toname [surname] is Grosteste, Of Lyncolne, so seyth the geste. He lovede moche to here the harpe, For mans witte yt makyth sharpe; Next hys chamber, besyde his study, Hys harper’s chamber was fast theby. Many tymes, by nightes and dayes, He hadd solace of notes and layes. One askede hem the resun why He hadde delyte in mynstrelsy? He auswerde hym on thys manere Why he helde the harpe so dere : “The virtu of the harp, thurgh fkyle and ryght Wyll destrye the fends [devil’s] myght And to the cros by gode skeyl Ys the harpe lykened weyl. Thirefore, gode men, ye shall lere, When ye any gleman here, To worshepe God at your power, And Davyd in the sauter, Yn harpe and tabour and symphan glee Worship God in trumpes and sautre: Yn cordes, yn organes, and bells ringyng, Yn all these worship the hevene kyng, &c.”
Grosseteste allegorised the harp in his commentary on Psalms (McEvoy, Grosseteste, p.100), using it powerfully to present his thought on how the Psalter should be interpreted. For Southern de Brune’s poem speaks to the cheerful and joyful nature of Grosseteste’s character, and the strength of that memory in the later Middle Ages.
* For the modern critical edition: Robert de Brunne, Handlying Synne, ed. F. J. Furnivall, Early English Text Society (1901), pp. 158-159, ll. 4739-74. | <urn:uuid:28e14805-03eb-452c-ad3e-c93791782aa3> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://ordered-universe.com/2014/10/19/grosseteste-and-the-harp/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628000613.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20190627035307-20190627061307-00429.warc.gz | en | 0.871098 | 652 | 2.609375 | 3 |
A common barrier to effective planning In watersheds around the world is the complexity of the multi-faceted issues, incomplete and inaccessible data, jurisdictional fragmentation, transboundary issues and poor communication between stakeholders.
In such a disjointed environment, the tracking and communication of data can help highlight where significant progress is being achieved, as well as where trends may be worsening.
As a solution, IISD promotes watershed indicator systems that highlight key data and serve as a common reference point for all stakeholders (e.g., agricultural groups, governments, conservation/watershed groups, non-governmental organizations). Indicators tracked can include environmental, social, and economic measures, resulting in a rich picture of status, potential linkages and progress towards sustainability.
This brochure outlines IISD’s work with indicators, and describes the expertise possessed by the organization’s staff to collaborate with partners who wish to develop indicator sets and systems to visualize data or integrate indicators into decision making. Two examples provided of successful indicator initiatives include the sustainability indicator system for Lake Balaton (Hungary) and the “Peg” community indicator system in Winnipeg, Canada. | <urn:uuid:29f3b33c-001a-47fd-b35c-966e97475822> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://iisdl.iisd.ca/library/watershed-indicators | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514571360.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20190915114318-20190915140318-00497.warc.gz | en | 0.910474 | 238 | 2.921875 | 3 |
We also can get goose bumps when emotionally stimulated, such as when startled or listening to a heart-felt story. According to Heng, the goose bump reflex is triggered by the limbic system, the part of the brain structure connected to emotions.
Why do we get hiccups after drinking too much or laughing?
Blame it on the temperamental diaphragm. Hiccups are an involuntary contraction of the diaphragm, and each contraction causes quick intake of breath followed by a sudden closure of the vocal cords, producing the “hic” sound.
Irritation of the phrenic nerve, which controls the diaphragm, is responsible for the contractions or spasms. Things that can cause the irritation and consequently result in hiccups include drinking too much alcohol, eating or drinking too quickly, or any rapid intake of breath, such as laughing or coughing.
Home remedies for an occasional bout of hiccups include everything from holding your breath and breathing into a paper bag to swallowing a teaspoon of sugar and gargling with ice water. If hiccups last longer than a day or two, see your doctor.
Why do we get forehead pain when eating ice cream?
Here’s the scoop on brain freeze: When cold food or drink touches the soft palate at the roof of the mouth, nerves there are stimulated, causing a chain reaction.
“Cold stimuli cause one of the nerves to cool down, and it sends signals to other nerves in the brain to prepare for more noxious stimuli. This causes the nerves to fire rapidly and produce the head pain,” Heng says.
Eating or drinking cold foods and beverages slowly seems to reduce the effects of the cold. The fastest way to thaw brain freeze is to drink something warm.
Why does chopping onions make us weep?
Slicing an onion releases enzymes, which in turn produces a gas called propanethial sulfoxide. The gas reacts with the tears in our eyes to produce a mild sulfuric acid that stings like crazy.
“To clear away the acid as fast as possible, the brain sends a message to the eye’s tear ducts to make more tears to dilute and flush out the sulfuric acid,” explains Dr. Eunice Sanchez-Mata, a family medicine physician at Sharp Rees-Stealy Medical Center.
You may be able to curtail the tears by chilling the onion in the freezer for about 10 minutes before cutting it, because cold temperatures slow the release of the enzyme.
Why do our joints occasionally make a cracking sound?
There’s fluid lubricant around joints that contains dissolved gases such as oxygen and nitrogen. When you move your neck, shoulders, knees or ankles suddenly or stretch those joints too far, the gas bubbles release and you may hear a snap, crackle or pop. The sound can also be due to a tendon snapping in and out of place or a ligament sliding over bumps on the bones, Sanchez-Mata says.
Arthritic joints are more apt to make a noise caused by the loss of smooth cartilage and the roughness of the joint surface. | <urn:uuid:a178c5e4-a5e0-41c9-b348-dd0be19dac18> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2009/Oct/27/corpus-detective1027/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462035.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00230-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924196 | 656 | 3.0625 | 3 |
John Marshall, the son of Jeremiah Marshall, a linen draper from Leeds, and Mary Cowper, was born in Rawdon in 1765. Jeremiah had been a Baptist but by the time John was born he had become a Unitarian and attended the same chapel as Joseph Priestley.
Mary's first two sons died in infancy, and when John fell seriously ill when he was five years old, it was decided that it would be safer if he went to live with an aunt, Sarah Booth, in the village of Rawdon. After being educated at the local school until the age of eleven, John attended Hipperholme School in Halifax.
John joined the family business when he was seventeen. Five years later, Jeremiah Marshall died from a stroke and John became the controlling partner in the company. He also inherited a new house, warehouse and £7,500 in cash.
A few months before his father died, Marshall heard that two men in Darlington, John Kendrew, a glass-grinder, and Thomas Porthouse, a watchmaker, had registered a patent for a new flax-spinning machine. Marshall visited the men and purchased from them the right to make copies of their invention.
After obtaining two partners, Samuel Fenton, a Unitarian draper, and Ralph Dearlove, a linen merchant, Marshall leased Scotland Mill near Leeds. Early in 1788, Marshall, Fenton and Company, began spinning flax yarns. At first the machines did not perform well. Breakages frequently occurred and the yarn came out lumpy and hairy.
Although Marshall had little technical experience, he spent the next two years trying to improve its performance. He made little progress until he recruited a talented engineer, Matthew Murray, to help him. By 1790 the two men had created an efficient flax-spinning machine that produced good quality yarn.
In 1790 Marshall terminated his lease at Scotland Mill and paid William Nayor £600 for an acre of freehold land at Water Lane in Holbeck. Just outside Leeds, the site had distinct advantages over Scotland Mill. Transport problems were solved by the Aire Navigation and the Liverpool Canal. Recruiting labour was also made easier as Holbeck and Leeds had a population of over 36,000 people.
By the time Marshall had built Temple Mill, installed a 20 horse-power Boulton & Watt steam-engine, twenty-eight handlooms, fourteen spinning frames and fourteen carding engines, Marshall, Fenton and Company had an overdraft of £3,783. However, trade was good and by 1793 the 200 workers at the mill were annually producing 85 tons of cloth for sale.
Despite the increasing trade, the heavy investment in machinery had prevented any profits being made. Samuel Fenton and Ralph Dearlove, unconvinced that the venture would ever be profitable, left the partnership. Marshall talked to merchant friends who attended Mill Hill Unitarian Chapel, and managed to persuade two brothers, Benjamin and Thomas Benyon, to invest money in the venture.
Between 1793 and 1800 Marshall's business grew rapidly. Marshall and his partners purchased a new mill at Castle Foregate on which they spent £17,000 in buildings and equipment. Marshall did not find it easy working with the Benyon brothers and in 1804 he had enough capital to buy them out.
Employees at Temple Mill and Castle Foregate worked a 72 hour week. Two-fifths of the people employed by Marshall were young women aged between thirteen and twenty and about one fifth were under thirteen. Marshall treated his workers better than most factory owners. Overseers were forbidden to use corporal punishment to control the workers. Marshall also installed fans and attempted to regulate the temperature of the mill.
Between 1803 and 1815 both Temple Mill (£238,000) and Castle Foregate (£82,000) made healthy profits. By 1820 Marshall was worth over £400,000. Leaving his sons to run the business, Marshall began to take an interest in social problems. He believed that the only way "to promote the improvement of the rising generation was through education". In 1822 he persuaded the owners of several other firms in Holbeck to join him in establishing a school in the area.
During the day children were taught to read and write. Girls also learnt to sew and boys did a course in accounting. Evening classes were held for the older children who worked during the day in the mills. The charge was 3d. a week, or 2d. if they brought their own candle. The teaching methods used at the school were based on those popularized by Joseph Lancaster. Under this system one master taught a select group of older pupils, the monitors, and these in turn taught the rest.
In May 1825, John Marshall began sending children from his mills to day school. At first he selected thirty children aged between eleven and twelve, who he believed would most benefit from schooling. Soon the number had increased to sixty and fifty more of the older children were educated free every Monday evening. Overseers were instructed to send only those who were "well-behaved and wanted to go".
Marshall was also involved in the founding of a Mechanics' Institute and an Literary and Philosophical Society in Leeds. In 1826 he also began a campaign to establish a university in the town. Marshall gave money to the Leeds Library and with Peter Garforth and a small group of Unitarians, helped to re-establish the Leeds Mercury under the editorship of Edward Baines.
In 1826 Marshall decided he wanted to become an MP. He agreed to pay £4,500 for the rotten borough of Rye, but when this deal fell through, he purchased Petersfield for 5000 guineas. Soon after entering the House of Commons in 1827 Marshall became seriously ill. Marshall failed to recover his health and in 1830 decided to leave Parliament and retired to his home in the Lake District.
John Marshall died in 1845.
My attention was accidentally turned to spinning of flax by machinery, it being a thing much wished for by the linen manufacturers. The immense profits which had been made by cotton spinning had attracted general attention to mechanical improvements and it might be hoped that flax spinning, if practicable, would be equally advantageous. It would be a new business, where there would be few competitors, and was much wanted for the linen manufacture of this country.
To a person wishing to be conversant in flax spinning the investigation of Marshall's works could not fail to be useful and interesting. These works are the most extensive and the best regulated of the kind in Britain, and their eminence has been entirely brought forward by the exertions of a single person: John Marshall who has entirely raised himself from a humble individual to possess an income of not less than a hundred thousand pounds per annum.
By skillful, faithful and altogether human conduct in his (John Marshall) flax and linen manufactory at Leeds had made a large fortune and as a man worth having known, evidently a great deal of human worth and wisdom lying funded in him.
The hands had very particular printed instructions set before them which are as particularly attended to. So strict are the instructions that if an overseer of a room be found talking to any person in the mill during working hours he is dismissed immediately. Everyone, manager, overseers, mechanics, oilers, spreaders, spinners and reelers, have their particular duty pointed out to them, and if they transgress, they are instantly turned off as unfit for their situation.
My chief motive for having a seat in the House of Commons is a wish to see the mechanism by which the affairs of the men who take the lead in public life, and the principles on which they act. I also desired it as being creditable to my family and an introduction to good society.
Another parliament would have been too much to look forward to. He is wise to withdraw from this very arduous office which he has so honourably and usefully held. I fancy Mr. Marshall the gladdest of the glad on returning to his beautiful home among the mountains, free to stay in the quiet retirement that you all love so much. | <urn:uuid:3c2a06e1-dbfd-4415-b910-4524a7564ed0> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://spartacus-educational.com/TEXmarshall.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500830746.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021350-00211-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.985661 | 1,668 | 3.15625 | 3 |
issue 238 - December 1992
...that have always intrigued you about the world will appear in this,
your section, and be answered by other readers. Please address
your answers and questions to ‘Curiosities’.
Are broad-leafed trees better than conifers in terms of soaking up
excess carbon dioxide - and so helping to reduce global warming?
. Yes, in principle, because they are 30 per cent more dense than coniferous trees. But it may make more sense, in the short term, to plant fast-growing conifers such as spruce or radiata pine. These can grow to a large size relatively quickly - around 20 to 25 years. It would take an oak tree 80 to 100 years to reach the same size. The oak would soak up 10 to 30 per cent more carbon but the time-scale required might make planting it less ecologically appropriate.
WS Taylor Milton
Is unleaded petrol more polluting than leaded petrol?
. Rosemary Thompson's answer in the September issue (NI 235 Curiosities) is wrong. Benzene is not - as she asserts - a fuel additive like tetra-ethyl lead. It is a fuel, which is burnt in the engine to produce power. And it does not pass through unchanged, as she claims.
The whole subject of engine efficiency is enormously complicated. Currently I believe that it is true to say that the best efficiency and the lowest emission is achieved by the modern diesel engine. Next best efficiency coupled with good emissions performance is achieved by a lean burn engine running on high octane unleaded fuel. The very worst efficiency (greatest fuel wastage) is achieved by a petrol engine using a catalytic converter. It is also the dirtiest engine in the first miles of travel before the converter warms up. The increase in fuel consumption caused by running on low octane unleaded fuel is usually less than that caused by using a catalytic converter.
Can anyone recommend a book about trepanning or tell me anything
about the benefits of having a hole bored in the skull?
. The ancient practice of trepanning still exists today, though under a different name. Originally it was thought to release 'bad humours' from the skull. This possibly worked by letting out collections of pus or blood which would otherwise press dangerously on the brain. Some sufferers from migraine say they think their headache would feel better if somebody drilled a hole to let the pressure off, so this may have contributed to its original use. Today it is used for extradural haemorrhage - where a bruise forms just under the solid skull, pressing on the soft brain. Now it is called a burr-hole, and is performed with a surgical drill. I do not know of any book on trepanning, but any text book on neurosurgery or emergency surgery would have instructions on performing burr-holes. I am very curious to know why Dafydd Saer wants to know the technique. Does he suffer from bad headaches?
Is it true that the menstrual cycles of women living together in women-only
communities (convents, for example) synchronize? And if so, why?
Zoe Simpson Green
How did the wretched term (economic) 'basket case' originate?
Who used it first and in reference to which country?
If you have any questions or answers please send them to Curiosities,
New Internationalist, 55 Rectory Road, Oxford OX4 1BW, UK,
or to your local NI office (click here for addresses).
This first appeared in our award-winning magazine - to read more, subscribe from just £7 | <urn:uuid:75b6d95c-3638-43ca-8e3d-09183ad08ad7> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://newint.org/features/1992/12/05/curious/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398454553.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205414-00243-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951947 | 760 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Wallman Family History
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Wallman Name Meaning
English: variant of Wall. Swedish: ornamental name composed of the elements wall, an old spelling of vall ‘grassy bank’ + man ‘man’. German (Wallmann): variant of Wall 4 and 5.
Source: Dictionary of American Family Names ©2013, Oxford University Press
Similar surnames: Wellman, Kallman, Hallman, Waldman, Ballman, Wollman, Willman | <urn:uuid:feee66ee-07ae-470a-a6ff-0d285cf43560> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.ancestry.com/name-origin?surname=wallman | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540515344.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20191208230118-20191209014118-00313.warc.gz | en | 0.722382 | 107 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Gimtosios kalbos, tautinio tapatumo ir dalykinės kalbos sąsaja ugdant būsimus statutinius pareigūnus
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Language for specific purposes linguistics as an autonomous branch of Linguistics of science was formed only in the 20th century, with the emergence in the sixties to seventies communicational-functional, pragmatic approach to language. The concept of the term technical terminology has been developed by German linguists who are treated by the indication of the language as a part of everyday language, which measures a variety of the language allows to communicate both – professionals and non-professionals. In addition to the culture, customs, traditions, and history of the territory defined in a common language, there is a strong identification of the individual with a particular national group. Statutory officers (police officers, border guards, cadets) are also associated with the national identity, because they carry out the function of nation's protection and represents the country as some of the nation's territory. After the interviewing the future statutory officers about the relationships of national identity, native language and their future profession, it became evident that majority of respondents linked national identity with their native language and native language with history. Thus, the subject of the article – the link of national language, language for specific purposes, national identity and profession of future statutory officers. In this context, the aim is to give an overview of the language of the article subject, as one of the features of the importance of developing national identity, the future statutory officers. Purpose shall be appointed for a few tasks: 1) to discuss the relationship between the language for specific purposes and national identity; 2) to evaluate the data of the inquiry; 3) to link theoretical insights with test results. In conclusion the results obtained, it can be argued that many of the ethnic identity of the respondents associate with language, and this is with a story. All of these elements are linked and lead to the presence of one another. The research results also show that a lot of respondents find the links between language and national identity. The research participants also admitted that the relationship between the development of national identity and language for specific purposes is also of great importance.
- Straipsniai / Articles | <urn:uuid:1b8fbe3b-b22a-40fc-be99-ca46df8d3f3e> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://repository.mruni.eu/handle/007/15151 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657138752.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20200712144738-20200712174738-00210.warc.gz | en | 0.920789 | 478 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Rattlesnakes reports surface in San Diego year-round, but their volume rises in the spring and summer.
Locally, the only venomous snakes are rattlesnakes with three types living in the coastal and mountain areas: the Southern Pacific Rattlesnake, the Southwestern Speckled Rattlesnake and the Red Diamond Rattlesnake.
In the desert, you may also find the Colorado Desert Sidewinder.
"It is springtime," said County of San Diego Animal Service spokesperson Dan DeSousa. "People will be seeing more and more of them out there."
On April 2, local fashion designer Jere Dean posted this picture of a snake he spotted whlie hiking in Mission Trails, describing it as a "good size about 4."
If you come face to face with a rattlesnake, would you know what not to do?
And even if you or someone else becomes a rattlesnake bite victim, DeSousa says not to blame the snake since it was likely the human who encroached on its territory.
If you see a snake near your property, you can always call firefighters or county animal services to remove it, DeSousa said. | <urn:uuid:84641ee3-8bdb-4a4f-b2a4-dd9ddde33dc3> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/Rattlesnakes-What-Not-to-Do--119425114.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223206672.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032006-00636-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94939 | 252 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Non-fungible tokens or NFT are a new form of file type where a particular item is logged on a blockchain. It globally announces your ownership of a specific product. NFTs are basically an unexchangeable commodity that accepts the buyer as the sole owner of the product. To buy or sell an NFT, you need to have some form of cryptocurrency wallet used in the form of Ethereum. To conduct a transaction, you need to go to a marketplace like Openc to trade. NFTs have been recently associated with artwork, but they can be used for anything bought online with cryptocurrency. NFTs decentralize finance and allows the creators to sell their products at a reasonably good price. | <urn:uuid:d7b17037-3661-4c8b-905b-58ff0b3604a1> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://24m.io/2021/11/nft-and-the-new-era-of-ownership-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711108.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20221206124909-20221206154909-00373.warc.gz | en | 0.963289 | 142 | 2.84375 | 3 |
For more than 300 years, the Navajo have created great works of art on their distinctive, upright looms. For many generations, Navajo artists specialized in making gorgeous, wearable blankets. These amazing blankets were often adorned with stripes or bands of color; when the wearer wrapped the blanket around him or herself, the bands would connect, creating one beautifully continuous line.
In the late 1800s, manufacturing companies like Pendleton began making blankets on machines. These blankets weren’t works of art, but they were inexpensive and could be made quickly. The demand for blankets hand-woven by Navajo artists decreased sharply. In response to this change in their economy, Navajo textile artists concentrated their talents on weaving rugs.
To this day, Navajo artists handcraft colorful, durable rugs which collectors treasure as family heirlooms. The Navajo tribe is the only Native American tribe that still produces a significant amount of this traditional weaving. The Navajo Indian Reservation, where many of the Navajorug.com artists live, is quite remarkable. The Reservation is the largest in the United States, occupying land in three states (including the whole of north eastern Arizona!). Pictured below is Kathy Marianito, one of the most talented Navajo Master Weavers of today………. at her loom.
The repopulation of the Navajo Indian Reservation with Navajo-Churro sheep is one of the most exciting Navajo weaving developments in recent decades. The Spanish brought Churro sheep to the Americas in the 1500s; when the Navajo began weaving in the early 1700s, they relied heavily on this wonderful breed of sheep with its marvelous, distinctive wool. Navajorug.com owner Steve Getzillwer and other enthusiasts and breeders have helped resuscitate this formerly scarce breed. With these exciting changes, your rug can represent a true piece of Native American culture. | <urn:uuid:cf956405-f0a6-4270-bea1-8eb363ca3bdb> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://navajorug.com/navajo-artists/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400380464.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123300-00201-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958917 | 375 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Central Park is one of those places that make New York such a great place to live. The huge park, 341 hectare large (843 acres), is located in the center of Manhattan. Its design has served as an example for city parks around the world.
The park boasts several lakes, theaters, ice rinks, fountains, tennis courts, baseball fields, many playgrounds and other facilities. It is also home to the Central Park Zoo and the Metropolitan Museum of Art
. Especially during the weekends, when cars are not allowed into the park, Central Park is a welcome oasis in this hectic city.
When the terrain for Central Park was bought by the City of New York in 1853, it was faraway from civilization, somewhere between the City of New York and the village Harlem. The area contained sheds from colonists, quarries, pig farms and swamps.
In 1857, the city of New York organized a competition for the design of this new park, which had to rival with the great parks in London
. A design by Frederic Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, named 'the Greensward Plan' was chosen.
Charles A. Dana Discovery Center
This plan featured an English style landscape with large meadows, several lakes and hills. Winding pedestrian roads were separated from main roads and the huge number of trees ensured the city's buildings were not visible from within the park.
To convert the swampy area into the park the designers had envisioned, several hundred thousand trees were planted, more than 3 million cubic yards of soil was moved, roads and bridges were constructed and a large reservoir was dug out. It took more than 15 years before the 20,000 workers had completed the park.
Central Park immediately became a popular place for all New Yorkers, attracting millions of visitors each year.
From Relaxation to Recreation
Frederic Law Olmstead's goal was to create a place where people could relax and meditate. He saw the park as a kind of social experiment where people from both upper and lower classes would meet, a rather revolutionary idea at that time.
After the appointment of Robert Moses in 1934 as New York City Parks Commissioner, the focus of the park shifted from relaxation to recreation.
Small bridge at The Pond
During Moses's 26 year tenure he constructed many sports facilities, playgrounds and the Wollman rink. He also renovated the Zoo, and installed several sculptures including
'Alice in Wonderland '.
Decline and renovation
After the departure of Moses in 1960, Central park started to decline. Graffiti, garbage and criminality kept both citizens and tourists from visiting the park. In the 1970s the park became a symbol of New York City's decline.
Rowboats at The Lake
The tide started to turn in 1980 when a group of citizens created the Central Park Conservancy. Together with the city, it started a 50 million dollar renovation project. Several parts of the park, including Sheep Meadow and Bethesda Terrace were restored. Three employees were hired to remove the graffiti - it took them three years to complete this task. Criminality was reduced with the deployment of a large police force.
Thanks to these efforts by both the city and private groups, Central Park is now a relatively clean and safe place, visited by more than 30 million people each year.
Sights & Attractions
There's plenty to see and do in Central Park. Sports facilities can be found all over the park but most of the interesting sights are found in the lower half of Central Park. You'll come across historical buildings, statues, monuments, beautiful bridges, and of course plenty of nature. Some of it is quite rugged like the forest-like Ramble while other parts of the park are more manicured and feature beautiful flowers and shrubs.
There are eighteen gated entrances to the park. Each of them has its own name. Several of these gates are ornate such as the Vanderbilt Gate, Engineers' Gate and in particular Merchants' Gate at Columbus Circle
Central Park Zoo
Many people enter the via the Scholars' Gate at Grand Army Plaza
, near Fifth Avenue
, which leads to a nice pond with a beautiful stone bridge. More to the north is one of the park's most popular attractions: Central Park Zoo. The zoo has exhibits divided into several regions such as a tropic zone and polar circle. Some of its popular residents include polar bears, snow leopards, red pandas and penguins. Just north of the Central Park Zoo is the Tisch Children's Zoo, where small children can see and touch domestic animals.
West of the Central Park Zoo is the Dairy, a Victorian style cottage created in 1870. The picturesque building houses a Visitor Center where you can get maps, guides, gifts, and information on events that are planned in Central Park. The Dairy is located at a former pasture, where cows grazed to provide fresh milk for the city's children, hence the name of the building.
Bethesda Fountain and Terrace
The Mall, a wide boulevard lined with American elm trees, brings you from the Dairy to the Bethesda Terrace, one of Central Park's architectural highlights. The terrace has a central covered arcade flanked by two staircases that lead to a plaza. The focal point of the plaza is the Bethesda Fountain, installed here in 1873. The fountain's statue, Angel of the Waters, was created in 1842 by Emma Stebbins to commemorate the opening of the Croton water system, which for the first time provided New York with clean water. Bethesda Terrace overlooks The Lake and the Loeb Boathouse, where you can rent rowing boats or even a gondola.
Alice in Wonderland
Remote controlled model boat enthusiasts head to the Conservatory Water, a pond situated east of The Lake. There are two statues near the pond that are very popular with children. At the west side of the pond stands a statue of Hans Christian Andersen while a sculpture group of Alice in Wonderland and her friends can be found just north of the Conservatory Water. Children love to climb on the giant mushroom. Another famous statue in Central Park shows Balto, a Siberian Husky sled dog who in 1925 helped transport medicine across Alaska to deliver a serum necessary to stop a deadly outbreak of diphtheria.
Sheep Meadow and Great Lawn
Just west of the Mall is one of Central Park's largest open spaces: Sheep Meadow, an expansive pasture popular in summertime with sunbathers. The Great Lawn, more to the north and at the geographical center of Central Park, is even larger. The oval lawn, created in 1937, often plays host to free summer concerts.
Metropolitan Museum and Cleopatra's Needle
The most important monument in Central Park is Cleopatra's Needle
, an authentic Egyptian obelisk, located east of the Great Lawn. The 20 meter tall granite obelisk was originally erected at Heliopolis and later moved to Alexandria. In the mid-nineteenth century it was donated to the US as a gift from Egypt.
The obelisk stands near the Metropolitan Museum of Art
, one of the world's most important museums, with an enormous collection of artwork from all continents, covering a period from prehistory to today.
Strawberry Fields is a memorial garden situated near the entrance to Central Park at W 72nd Street. It was created in honor of John Lennon, who was shot dead in front of the Dakota Apartments
, where he lived. The tear-shaped garden was dedicated in 1985 as a garden of peace. It is named after a Beatles song written by John Lennon.
Strawberry Fields Mosaic
The famous mosaic with the word Imagine (another Lennon song) was a gift from the city of Naples in Italy.
Bow Bridge and Ramble
There are many bridges in Central Park - each with a unique design. One of the most interesting is the 18 meter (60 ft) long cast-iron Bow Bridge, that spans The Lake between Cherry Hill near the Bethesda Terrace and the Ramble, a 15 hectare (38 acre) large woodland. Here Central Park is at its most natural, with narrow paths winding through thickets of trees. This is a popular place for bird-watching: the Ramble is on a trans-Atlantic migration route and more than 250 different bird species have been spotted here.
Just north of the Ramble is the Belvedere Castle, situated at the highest point in the park. The castle was created in 1869 as a lookout tower after a design by Calvert Vaux. The tower overlooks Turtle Pond, named for the many turtles that live here.
Shakespeare Garden was created in 1913 as the Garden of the Heart. Three years later, on the 300th anniversary of the Shakespeare's death, it was dedicated to the famous play writer. The garden contains plants that were mentioned in Shakespeare's plays. Stairs connect the garden with the Swedish Cottage, a replica of a Swedish school from the nineteenth century. It was transported to Philadelphia on the occasion of the Centennial International Exhibition of 1876 and it eventually ended up here in New York's Central Park.
The upper part of Central Park is less visited and there are also less interesting sights. One major exception is the Conservatory Garden, the only garden in Central Park with a formal layout. It is divided into three sections: a central Italianate garden flanked by a French-style garden to the north and an English-style garden to the south. The gardens are adorned with several beautiful fountains, including "Three Dancing Maidens", created in 1910 by the German sculptor Walter Schott.
Charles A. Dana Discovery Center
Further up north, bordering Harlem, is Harlem Meer, one of the largest lakes in Central Park. The pretty Victorian-style building near the lake is much younger than it looks: it was built in 1993. It is home to the Charles A. Dana Discovery Center, an environmental educational center targeting families and children.
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Common names: beach sheoak
Casuarina equisetifolia (beach sheoak) is an evergreen tree (family Casuarinaceae) with tiny red flowers and needle-like leaves found in the Sacramento Valley, San Francisco Bay area, south coast ranges and desert ranges of California. It has both female and male flower parts. It is native to northern Australia and Southeast Asia. It occurs in dunes. It freely self-seeds in disturbed areas. Migrating gold finches, parrots and parakeets feed on the seeds and disperse them. Wind also disperses the winged seeds.
Cal-IPC Rating: Watch
Plant Risk Assessment
Plant Risk Assessment- An evaluation of the potential for a plant to be invasive in California.
Weed Management NotesNo Weed RIC Management Notes are available for this species. Check for information on other species in the genus on the Weed RIC site.
Cal-IPC Newsletter Articles
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Cal-IPC Symposium Presentations
Presentations are linked where available. Where a presentation is not available, find more information by reading the abstract in the Cal-IPC Symposia Archive.
There are no Symposium presentations associated with this species yet.
Other Casuarina equisetifolia Information
- CalPhotos - Images of plants taken mostly in California.
- Calflora - See the distribution of this species on Calflora's map of California.
- USDA PLANTS Database - Federal database with information on identification and distribution, and links to websites in individual states.
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GLRPPR Sector Resource: Energy's Water Demand: Trends, Vulnerabilities, and Management
Energy's Water Demand: Trends, Vulnerabilities, and Management
The nation's energy choices embody many tradeoffs. Water use is one of those tradeoffs. The energy choices before Congress represent vastly different demands on domestic freshwater. The energy sector is the fastest-growing water consumer in the United States, in part because of federal policies. Much of this growth is concentrated in regions that already have intense competition among water uses. Whether the energy sector may exacerbate or alleviate future water tensions is influenced by near-term policy and investment decisions. These decisions also may determine whether water will limit U.S. capacity to reliably meet the nation's energy demand. Part of the energy-water policy issue for Congress is identifying the extent of the federal role in responding to energy's growing water demand. Currently, the energy industry and states have the most responsibility for managing and meeting energy's water demand. The energy sector's water consumption is projected to rise 50% from 2005 to 2030. This rising water demand derives from both an increase in the amount of energy demanded and shifts to more water-intense energy sources and technologies. The more water used by the energy sector, the more vulnerable energy production and reliability is to competition with other water uses and water constraints. Climate change impacts that alter water patterns may exacerbate this vulnerability in some regions. While energy's water demand is anticipated to rise across the United States, the West is likely to experience some of the more significant constraints in meeting this demand. Local or regional competition for water often is what makes energy's water demand significant. These local water resources are often consumed to support not only local energy demand but also national demand. Examples of regional water consumption concerns related to energy are shale gas production using hydraulic fracturing in many regions across the nation, solar electricity generation in the Southwest, and biofuel production in the High Plains. A significant challenge in contemplating a federal response to energy's water demand is that the responses available are not equally needed, attractive, or feasible across the United States. The 112th Congress may see energy's water demand raised in a variety of contexts, including oversight and legislation on energy, environment, agriculture, public lands, climate, and water issues. Alternatives for addressing energy's water demand range from maintaining the current approach to taking a variety of targeted actions. One option is to minimize the growth in energy's freshwater use (e.g., through promotion of water-efficient energy alternatives and energy demand management), which could be accomplished through changes to broad policies or legislation targeted at water use. Another option is to improve access to water for the energy sector. While water allocations and permits generally are a state responsibility, limited federal actions are possible. An additional option is investing in data and research to inform decision making and to expand water-efficient energy technology choices. These policy approaches can be combined. They represent different potential roles and expenses for government, the energy sector, and energy consumers. Legislation considered in the 111th Congress proposes actions that fall under many of these options, including provisions in H.R. 469, H.R. 2454, H.R. 3598, H.R. 1145, S. 1462, S. 1733, S. 3396, and Subtitle IV of P.L. 111-11 (H.R. 146), the Secure Water Act of 2009.
Congressional Research Service
Date of Publication:
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Owe A Ball - Billiard Term Definition
Welcome to the billiard, pool, and snooker glossary of terms. This is the definition of Owe A Ball as it relates to cue sports. You can also view the entire billiard dictionary
Definition of Owe A Ball
Owe A Ball is a billiards term that is a part of Scoring Terminology.
A player is said to owe a ball, or owe balls, when they scratch or foul but do not at the time have a ball available to be spotted. Typically players mark such owed balls by placing one coin on the rail near their pocket for each ball owed.
Owe A Ball - Usage
It looks like we are even from what is on the table, but I actually owe a ball.
Billiards - Owe A Ball
- Title: Owe A Ball
- Author: billiardsforum (Billiards Forum)
- Published: 4/16/2006
- Last Updated: 10/24/2007 9:49:43 AM
- Last Updated By: billiardsforum
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|Science with Neutrons|
Neutron detection is the effective detection of neutrons entering a well-positioned detector. There are two key aspects to effective neutron detection: hardware and software. Detection hardware refers to the kind of neutron detector used (the most common today is the scintillation detector) and to the electronics used in the detection setup. Further, the hardware setup also defines key experimental parameters, such as source-detector distance, solid angle and detector shielding. Detection software consists of analysis tools that perform tasks such as graphical analysis to measure the number and energies of neutrons striking the detector.
- 1 Basic physics of neutron detection
- 2 Types of neutron detectors
- 2.1 Gas proportional detectors
- 2.2 Scintillation neutron detectors
- 2.3 Semiconductor neutron detectors
- 2.4 Neutron activation detectors
- 2.5 Fast neutron detectors
- 3 Applications
- 4 Experimental neutron detection
- 4.1 Challenges in neutron detection in an experimental environment
- 4.2 Experimental setup and method
- 4.3 Separating neutrons from photons
- 4.4 Rate control
- 4.5 Finer detection points
- 5 See also
- 6 References
- 7 Further reading
Basic physics of neutron detection
Signatures by which a neutron may be detected
Atomic and subatomic particles are detected by the signature they produce through interaction with their surroundings. The interactions result from the particles' fundamental characteristics.
- Charge: Neutrons are neutral particles and do not ionize directly; hence they are harder than charged particles to detect directly. Further, their paths of motion are only weakly affected by electric and magnetic fields.
- Mass: The neutron mass of 6649156(6) u. 1.008 is not directly detectable, but does influence reactions through which it can be detected.
- Reactions: Neutrons react with a number of materials through elastic scattering producing a recoiling nucleus, inelastic scattering producing an excited nucleus, or absorption with transmutation of the resulting nucleus. Most detection approaches rely on detecting the various reaction products.
- Magnetic moment: Although neutrons have a magnetic moment of 0427(5) −1.913μN, techniques for detection of the magnetic moment are too insensitive to use for neutron detection.
- Electric dipole moment: The neutron is predicted to have only a tiny electric dipole moment, which has not yet been detected. Hence it is not a viable detection signature.
- Decay: Outside the nucleus, free neutrons are unstable and have a mean lifetime of ±0.8 s (about 14 minutes, 46 seconds). 885.7 Free neutrons decay by emission of an electron and an electron antineutrino to become a proton, a process known as beta decay:
- n0 → p+ + e− + ν
- n0 → p+ + e− + ν
- Although the p+ and e− produced by neutron decay are detectable, the decay rate is too low to serve as the basis for a practical detector system.
Classic neutron detection options
As a result of these properties, detection approaches for neutrons fall into several major categories:
- Absorptive reactions with prompt reactions - low energy neutrons are typically detected indirectly through absorption reactions. Typical absorber materials used have high cross sections for absorption of neutrons and include helium-3, lithium-6, boron-10, and uranium-235. Each of these reacts by emission of high energy ionized particles, the ionization track of which can be detected by a number of means. Commonly used reactions include 3He(n,p) 3H, 6Li(n,α) 3H, 10B(n,α) 7Li and the fission of uranium.
- Activation processes - Neutrons may be detected by reacting with absorbers in a radiative capture, spallation or similar reaction, producing reaction products that then decay at some later time, releasing beta particles or gammas. Selected materials (e.g., indium, gold, rhodium, iron (56Fe(n,p) 56Mn), aluminum (27Al(n,α)24Na), niobium (93Nb(n,2n) 92mNb), & silicon (28Si(n,p) 28Al)) have extremely large cross sections for the capture of neutrons within a very narrow band of energy. Use of multiple absorber samples allows characterization of the neutron energy spectrum. Activation also allows recreation of an historic neutron exposure (e.g., forensic recreation of neutron exposures during an accidental criticality).
- Elastic scattering reactions (also referred to as proton-recoil) - High energy neutrons are typically detected indirectly through elastic scattering reactions. Neutron collide with the nucleus of atoms in the detector, transferring energy to that nucleus and creating an ion, which is detected. Since the maximum transfer of energy occurs when the mass of the atom with which the neutron collides is comparable to the neutron mass, hydrogenous materials are often the preferred medium for such detectors.
Types of neutron detectors
Gas proportional detectors
Gas proportional detectors can be adapted to detect neutrons. While neutrons do not typically cause ionization, the addition of a nuclide with high neutron cross-section allows the detector to respond to neutrons. Nuclides commonly used for this purpose are helium-3, lithium-6, boron-10 and uranium-235. Since these materials are most likely to react with thermal neutrons (i.e., neutrons that have slowed to equilibrium with their surroundings), they are typically surrounded by moderating materials.
Further refinements are usually necessary to isolate the neutron signal from the effects of other types of radiation. Since the energy of a thermal neutron is relatively low, charged particle reaction is discrete (i.e., essentially monoenergetic) while other reactions such as gamma reactions will span a broad energy range, it is possible to discriminate among the sources.
As a class, gas ionization detectors measure the number (count rate), and not the energy of neutrons.
3He gas-filled proportional detectors
An isotope of Helium, 3He provides for an effective neutron detector material because 3He reacts by absorbing thermal neutrons, producing a 1H and 3H ion. Its sensitivity to gamma rays is negligible, providing a very useful neutron detector. Unfortunately the supply of 3He is limited to production as a byproduct from the decay of tritium (which has a 12.3 year half-life); tritium is produced either as part of weapons programs as a booster for nuclear weapons or as a byproduct of reactor operation.
BF3 gas-filled proportional detectors
As elemental boron is not gaseous, neutron detectors containing boron may alternately use boron trifluoride (BF3) enriched to 96% boron-10 (natural boron is 20% 10B, 80% 11B). It should be noted that boron trifluoride is highly toxic.
Boron lined proportional detectors
Alternately, boron-lined gas-filled proportional counters react similarly to BF3 gas-filled proportional detectors, with the exception that the walls are coated with 10B. In this design, since the reaction takes place on the surface, only one of the two particles will escape into the proportional counter.
Scintillation neutron detectors
Neutron-sensitive scintillating glass fiber detectors
Scintillating 6Li glass for neutron detection was first reported in the scientific literature in 1957 and key advances were made in the 1960s and 1970s. Scintillating fiber was demonstrated by Atkinson M. et al. in 1987 and major advances were made in the late 1980s and early 1990s at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory where it was developed as a classified technology. It was declassified in 1994 and first licensed by Oxford Instruments in 1997, followed by a transfer to Nucsafe in 1999. The fiber and fiber detectors are now manufactured and sold commercially by Nucsafe, Inc.
The scintillating glass fibers work by incorporating 6Li and Ce3+ into the glass bulk composition. The 6Li has a high cross-section for thermal neutron absorption through the 6Li(n,α) reaction. Neutron absorption produces a tritium ion, an alpha particle, and kinetic energy. The alpha particle and triton interact with the glass matrix to produce ionization, which transfers energy to Ce3+ ions and results in the emission of photons with wavelength 390 nm - 600 nm as the excited state Ce3+ ions return to the ground state. The event results in a flash of light of several thousand photons for each neutron absorbed. A portion of the scintillation light propagates through the glass fiber, which acts as a waveguide. The fibers ends are optically coupled to a pair of photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) to detect photon bursts. The detectors can be used to detect both neutrons and gamma rays, which are typically distinguished using pulse-height discrimination. Substantial effort and progress in reducing fiber detector sensitivity to gamma radiation has been made. Original detectors suffered from false neutrons in a 0.02 mR gamma field. Design, process, and algorithm improvements now enable operation in gamma fields up to 20 mR/h (60Co).
The scintillating fiber detectors have excellent sensitivity, they are rugged, and have fast timing (~60 ns) so that a large dynamic range in counting rates is possible. The detectors have the advantage that they can be formed into any desired shape, and can be made very large or very small for use in a variety of applications. Further, they do not rely on 3He or any raw material that has limited availability, nor do they contain toxic or regulated materials. Their performance matches or exceeds that of 3He tubes for gross neutron counting due to the higher density of neutron absorbing species in the solid glass compared to high-pressure gaseous 3He. Even though the thermal neutron cross section of 6Li is low compared to 3He (940 barns vs. 5330 barns), the atom density of 6Li in the fiber is fifty times greater, resulting in an advantage in effective capture density ratio of approximately 10:1.
LiCaAlF6 is a neutron sensitive inorganic scintillator crystal which like neutron-sensitive scintillating glass fiber detectors makes use of neutron capture by 6Li. Unlike scintillating glass fiber detectors however the 6Li is part of the crystalline structure of the scintillator giving it a naturally high 6Li density. A doping agent is added to provide the crystal with its scintillating properties, two common doping agents are cesium and europium. Europium doped LiCaAlF6 has the advantage over other materials that the number of optical photons produced per neutron capture is around 30.000 which is 5 times higher than for example in neutron-sensitive scintillating glass fibers. This property makes neutron photon discrimination easier. Due to its high 6Li density this material is suitable for producing light weight compact neutron detectors, as a result LiCaAlF6 has been used for neutron detection at high altitudes on balloon missions. The long decay time of Europium doped LiCaAlF6 makes it less suitable for measurements in high radiation environments, the cesium doped variant has a shorter decay time but suffers from a lower light-yield.
Semiconductor neutron detectors
Semiconductors have been used for neutron detection.
Neutron activation detectors
Activation samples may be placed in a neutron field to characterize the energy spectrum and intensity of the neutrons. Activation reactions that have differing energy thresholds can be used including 56Fe(n,p) 56Mn, 27Al(n,α)24Na, 93Nb(n,2n) 92mNb, & 28Si(n,p)28Al.
Fast neutron detectors
Fast neutrons are often detected by first moderating (slowing) them to thermal energies. However, during the slowing-down process the information on the original energy of the neutron, its direction of travel, and the time of emission is lost. For many applications, the detection of “fret” neutrons that retain this information is highly desirable.
Typical fast neutron detectors are liquid scintillators, 4-He based noble gas detectors and plastic detectors. Fast neutron detectors differentiate themselves from one another by their 1.) capability of neutron/gamma discrimination (through pulse shape discrimination) and 2.) sensitivity. The capability to distinguish between neutrons and gammas is excellent in noble gas based 4-He detectors due to their low electron density and excellent pulse shape discrimination property.
Detection of fast neutrons poses a range of special problems. A directional fast-neutron detector has been developed using multiple proton recoils in separated planes of plastic scintillator material. The paths of the recoil nuclei created by neutron collision are recorded; determination of the energy and momentum of two recoil nuclei allow calculation of the direction of travel and energy of the neutron that underwent elastic scattering with them.
Neutron detection is used for varying purposes. Each application has different requirements for the detection system.
- Reactor instrumentation: Since reactor power is essentially linearly proportional to the Neutron flux, neutron detectors provide an important measure of power in nuclear power and research reactors. Boiling water reactors may have dozens of neutron detectors, one per fuel assembly. Most neutron detectors used in thermal-spectrum nuclear reactors are optimized to detect thermal neutrons.
- Particle physics: Neutron detection has been proposed as a method of enhancing neutrino detectors.
- Materials science: Elastic and inelastic neutron scattering enables experimentalists to characterize the morphology of materials from scales ranging from ångströms to about one micrometer.
- Radiation safety: Neutron radiation is a hazard associated with neutron sources, space travel, accelerators and nuclear reactors. Neutron detectors used for radiation safety must take into account the relative biological effectiveness (i.e., the way damage caused by neutrons varies with energy).
- Cosmic ray detection: Secondary neutrons are one component of particle showers produced in Earth's atmosphere by cosmic rays. Dedicated ground-level neutron detectors, namely neutron monitors, are employed to monitor variations in cosmic ray flux.
- Special nuclear material detection: Special nuclear materials (SNM) such as uranium-233 and plutonium-239 decay by spontaneous fission, yielding neutrons. Neutrons detectors can be used for monitor for SNM in commerce.
Experimental neutron detection
Experiments that make use of this science include scattering experiments in which neutrons directed and then scattered from a sample are to be detected. Facilities include the ISIS neutron source at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, the Spallation Neutron Source at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and the Spallation Neutron Source (SINQ) at the Paul Scherrer Institute, in which the neutrons are produced by spallation reaction, and the traditional research reactor facilities in which neutrons are produced during fission of uranium isotopes. Noteworthy among the various neutron detection experiments is the trademark experiment of the European Muon Collaboration, first performed at CERN and now termed the "EMC experiment." The same experiment is performed today with more sophisticated equipment to obtain more definite results related to the original EMC effect.
Challenges in neutron detection in an experimental environment
Neutron detection in an experimental environment is not an easy science. The major challenges faced by modern-day neutron detection include background noise, high detection rates, neutron neutrality, and low neutron energies.
The main components of background noise in neutron detection are high-energy photons, which aren't easily eliminated by physical barriers. The other sources of noise, such as alpha and beta particles, can be eliminated by various shielding materials, such as lead, plastic, thermo-coal, etc. Thus, photons cause major interference in neutron detection, since it is uncertain if neutrons or photons are being detected by the neutron detector. Both register similar energies after scattering into the detector from the target or ambient light, and are thus hard to distinguish. Coincidence detection can also be used to discriminate real neutron events from photons and other radiation.
High detection rates
If the detector lies in a region of high beam activity, it is hit continuously by neutrons and background noise at overwhelmingly high rates. This obfuscates collected data, since there is extreme overlap in measurement, and separate events are not easily distinguished from each other. Thus, part of the challenge lies in keeping detection rates as low as possible and in designing a detector that can keep up with the high rates to yield coherent data.
Neutrality of neutrons
Neutrons are neutral and thus do not respond to electric fields. This makes it hard to direct their course towards a detector to facilitate detection. Neutrons also do not ionize atoms except by direct collision, so gaseous ionization detectors are ineffective.
Varying behavior with energy
Detectors relying on neutron absorption are generally more sensitive to low-energy thermal neutrons, and are orders of magnitude less sensitive to high-energy neutrons. Scintillation detectors, on the other hand, have trouble registering the impacts of low-energy neutrons.
Experimental setup and method
Figure 1 shows the typical main components of the setup of a neutron detection unit. In principle, the diagram shows the setup as it would be in any modern particle physics lab, but the specifics describe the setup in Jefferson Lab (Newport News, Virginia).
In this setup, the incoming particles, comprising neutrons and photons, strike the neutron detector; this is typically a scintillation detector consisting of scintillating material, a waveguide, and a photomultiplier tube (PMT), and will be connected to a data acquisition (DAQ) system to register detection details.
The detection signal from the neutron detector is connected to the scaler unit, gated delay unit, trigger unit and the oscilloscope. The scaler unit is merely used to count the number of incoming particles or events. It does so by incrementing its tally of particles every time it detects a surge in the detector signal from the zero-point. There is very little dead time in this unit, implying that no matter how fast particles are coming in, it is very unlikely for this unit to fail to count an event (e.g. incoming particle). The low dead time is due to sophisticated electronics in this unit, which take little time to recover from the relatively easy task of registering a logical high every time an event occurs. The trigger unit coordinates all the electronics of the system and gives a logical high to these units when the whole setup is ready to record an event run.
The oscilloscope registers a current pulse with every event. The pulse is merely the ionization current in the detector caused by this event plotted against time. The total energy of the incident particle can be found by integrating this current pulse with respect to time to yield the total charge deposited at the end of the PMT. This integration is carried out in the analog-digital converter (ADC). The total deposited charge is a direct measure of the energy of the ionizing particle (neutron or photon) entering the neutron detector. This signal integration technique is an established method for measuring ionization in the detector in nuclear physics. The ADC has a higher dead time than the oscilloscope, which has limited memory and needs to transfer events quickly to the ADC. Thus, the ADC samples out approximately one in every 30 events from the oscilloscope for analysis. Since the typical event rate is around 106 neutrons every second, this sampling will still accumulate thousands of events every second.
Separating neutrons from photons
The ADC sends its data to a DAQ unit that sorts the data in presentable form for analysis. The key to further analysis lies in the difference between the shape of the photon ionization-current pulse and that of the neutron. The photon pulse is longer at the ends (or "tails") whereas the neutron pulse is well-centered. This fact can be used to identify incoming neutrons and to count the total rate of incoming neutrons. The steps leading to this separation (those that are usually performed at leading national laboratories, Jefferson Lab specifically among them) are gated pulse extraction and plotting-the-difference.
Gated pulse extraction
Ionization current signals are all pulses with a local peak in between. Using a logical AND gate in continuous time (having a stream of "1" and "0" pulses as one input and the current signal as the other), the tail portion of every current pulse signal is extracted. This gated discrimination method is used on a regular basis on liquid scintillators. The gated delay unit is precisely to this end, and makes a delayed copy of the original signal in such a way that its tail section is seen alongside its main section on the oscilloscope screen.
After extracting the tail, the usual current integration is carried out on both the tail section and the complete signal. This yields two ionization values for each event, which are stored in the event table in the DAQ system.
Plotting the difference
In this step lies the crucial point of the analysis: the extracted ionization values are plotted. Specifically, the graph plots energy deposition in the tail against energy deposition in the entire signal for a range of neutron energies. Typically, for a given energy, there are many events with the same tail-energy value. In this case, plotted points are simply made denser with more overlapping dots on the two-dimensional plot, and can thus be used to eyeball the number of events corresponding to each energy-deposition. A considerable random fraction (1/30) of all events is plotted on the graph.
If the tail size extracted is a fixed proportion of the total pulse, then there will be two lines on the plot, having different slopes. The line with the greater slope will correspond to photon events and the line with the lesser slope to neutron events. This is precisely because the photon energy deposition current, plotted against time, leaves a longer "tail" than does the neutron deposition plot, giving the photon tail more proportion of the total energy than neutron tails.
The effectiveness of any detection analysis can be seen by its ability to accurately count and separate the number of neutrons and photons striking the detector. Also, the effectiveness of the second and third steps reveals whether event rates in the experiment are manageable. If clear plots can be obtained in the above steps, allowing for easy neutron-photon separation, the detection can be termed effective and the rates manageable. On the other hand, smudging and indistinguishability of data points will not allow for easy separation of events.
Detection rates can be kept low in many ways. Sampling of events can be used to choose only a few events for analysis. If the rates are so high that one event cannot be distinguished from another, physical experimental parameters (shielding, detector-target distance, solid-angle, etc.) can be manipulated to give the lowest rates possible and thus distinguishable events.
Finer detection points
It is important here to observe precisely those variables that matter, since there may be false indicators along the way. For example, ionization currents might get periodic high surges, which do not imply high rates but just high energy depositions for stray events. These surges will be tabulated and viewed with cynicism if unjustifiable, especially since there is so much background noise in the setup.
One might ask how experimenters can be sure that every current pulse in the oscilloscope corresponds to exactly one event. This is true because the pulse lasts about 50 ns, allowing for a maximum of ×107 events every second. This number is much higher than the actual typical rate, which is usually an 2order of magnitude less, as mentioned above. This means that is it highly unlikely for there to be two particles generating one current pulse. The current pulses last 50 ns each, and start to register the next event after a gap from the previous event.
Although sometimes facilitated by higher incoming neutron energies, neutron detection is generally a difficult task, for all the reasons stated earlier. Thus, better scintillator design is also in the foreground and has been the topic of pursuit ever since the invention of scintillation detectors. Scintillation detectors were invented in 1903 by Crookes but were not very efficient until the PMT (photomultiplier tube) was developed by Curran and Baker in 1944. The PMT gives a reliable and efficient method of detection since it multiplies the detection signal tenfold. Even so, scintillation design has room for improvement as do other options for neutron detection besides scintillation.
- Bonner sphere – tool for determining neutron energies
- Nested Neutron Spectrometer - A field portable neutron spectrometer based on the Bonner Sphere Principle
- Large Area Neutron Detector
- Neutron Probe
- European Muon Collaboration
- Anger camera - position sensitive neutron detectors are developed using technologies of the Anger camera
- Microchannel plate detector - position sensitive neutron detectors are developed using technologies of the microchannel plate detector
- Particle Data Group's Review of Particle Physics 2006
- Particle Data Group Summary Data Table on Baryons
- Tsoulfanidis, Nicholas (1995). Measurement and Detection of Radiation (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Taylor & Francis. pp. 467–501. ISBN 1-56032-317-5.
- Materials with a high hydrogen content such as water or plastic
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- Abel, K. H.; Arthur R. J.; Bliss M.; Brite D. W.; et al. (1993). "Performance and Applications of Scintillating-Glass-Fiber Neutron Sensors". Proceedings of the SCIFI 93 Workshop on Scintillating Fiber Detectors: 463–472.
- Abel, K. H.; Arthur R. J.; Bliss M.; Brite D. W.; et al. (1994). "Scintillating Glass Fiber-Optic Neutron Sensors". Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings 348: 203–208.
- Bliss, M.; Craig R. A.; Reeder P. L. (1994). "The Physics and Structure-property Relationships of Scintillator Materials: Effect of Thermal History and Chemistry on the Light Output of Scintillating Glasses". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 342: 357–393. Bibcode:1994NIMPA.342..357B. doi:10.1016/0168-9002(94)90263-1.
- Bliss, M.; Craig R. A.; Reeder P. L.; Sunberg D. S.; Weber M. J. (1994). "Relationship Between Microstructure and Efficiency of Scintillating Glasses". Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings 348: 195–202.
- Seymour, R.; Crawford, T.; et al. (2001). "Portal, freight and vehicle monitor performance using scintillating glass fiber detectors for the detection of plutonium in the Illicit Trafficking Radiation Assessment Program". Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 248: 699–705.
- Seymour, R. S.; Craig R. A.; Bliss M.; Richardson B.; Hull C. D.; Barnett D. S. (1998). "Performance of a neutron-sensitive scintillating glass-fiber panel for portal, freight and vehicle monitoring". Proc. SPIE 3536: 148–155. doi:10.1117/12.339067.
- Seymour, R. S.; Richardson B.; Morichi M.; Bliss M.; Craig R. A.; Sunberg D. S. (2000). "Scintillating-glass-fiber neutron sensors, their application and performance for plutonium detection and monitoring" (PDF). Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 243: 387–388.
- Nucsafe Inc. website
- Van Ginhoven, R. M.; Kouzes R. T.; Stephens D. L. (2009). "Alternative Neutron Detector Technologies for Homeland Security PIET-43741-TM-840 PNNL-18471".
- Yanagida, T.; et al. (2011). "Europium and Sodium Codoped LiCaAlF6 Scintillator for Neutron Detection". Applied Physics Express 4: 106401. Bibcode:2011APExp...4j6401Y. doi:10.1143/apex.4.106401.
- Kole, M.; et al. (2013). "A Balloon-borne Measurement of High Latitude Atmospheric Neutrons Using a LiCAF Neutron Detector". Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record (NSS/MIC) (IEEE).
- Mireshghi, A.; Cho, G.; Drewery, J. S.; Hong, W. S.; Jing, T.; Lee, H.; Kaplan, S. N.; Perez-Mendez, V. (1994). "High efficiency neutron sensitive amorphous silicon pixel detectors". Nuclear Science (IEEE) 41 (4 , Part: 1–2): 915–921. Bibcode:1994ITNS...41..915M. doi:10.1109/23.322831.
- van Eijk, C. W. E.; de Haas, J. T. M.; Dorenbos, P.; Kramer, K. W.; Gudel, H. U. (2005). "Development of elpasolite and monoclinic thermal neutron scintillators". Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record (IEEE) 1: 239–243. doi:10.1109/NSSMIC.2005.1596245. ISBN 0-7803-9221-3.
- Stromswold, D.C.; AJ Peurrung; RR Hansen; PL Reeder (1999). "Direct Fast-Neutron Detection. PNNL-13068, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA.".
- Pozzi, S. A.; J. L. Dolan; E. C. Miller; M. Flaska; S. D. Clarke; A. Enqvist; P. Peerani; M. A. Smith-Nelson; E. Padovani; J. B. Czirr; L. B. Rees (2011). "Evaluation of New and Existing Organic Scintillators for Fast Neutron Detection". Proceedings of the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management 52nd Annual Meeting on CD-ROM, Palm Desert, California, USA. July 17 – 22.
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- Cates, G. D., Day, D., Liyanage, N. (2004). "Neutron Tagged Bound Proton Structure to Probe the Origin of the EMC Effect" (PostScript). Jefferson Lab. Retrieved 2005-06-09.
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- DOE Fundamentals Handbook on Instrumentation and Control, Volume 2 | <urn:uuid:7ac8b564-c37d-40b2-a978-1e96e750d31d> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_detection | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701164289.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193924-00170-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.834332 | 8,082 | 4.4375 | 4 |
The Greek Art of Painting in the 19th Century
- Greek Painters of the 19th century
- Famous Greek painters of that time are the following:
- More Articles on european-heritage.org:
Greek Painters of the 19th century
The history of Modern Greek Painters coincides with the history of the independent Greek state. In December 31st, 1836, the “School of Fine Arts” is established by the new state in Athens. It was open only on Sundays for free, where foreign teachers, mostly German and French, taught the art of painting and gave scholarships to students so they could continue studying abroad. The Greek painters were sent in the “Arts Academy of Munich”. During this first period of Modern Greek art, the themes in the paintings are portraits, historical scenes, moments of everyday life, people wearing local clothes and sea sceneries. European centres which influenced the Modern Greek Art apart from the Art Academy in Munich where those of Italy, Austria, and France.
Famous Greek painters of that time are the following:
He was born in Thiva in 1814. His father was honked by the Turk, as a soldier in the War of Independence, when he was 15 years old. He studied with scholarship in the Academy of Munich. He was the first Greek painter who studied there. He is one of the main representatives of historical paintings at that time, with precise representations of Greek history. The paintings he drew were made in order to promote heroism and encourage the Greek spirit in the War and were used as propaganda to reinforce the Greek spirit. In his images he focused on the clothing of the people and the scenery setup around them. He is considered to be the first Greek painter of the Independent Greece.
He died in Munich in 1878.
He was born in Tinos island in 1832. When he was 18 years old he studied in the “School of Arts” in Athens for six years. Then he continued in the Royal Academy of Munich with scholarship. In 1866 he was appointed professor in the
”School of Arts” of Athens, where he taught for thirty-eight years. He got married in 1879 and had six children. His art mainly consists of themes concerning Dead Nature (seeds, food and dead animals) and Ethography (customs and morals of a nation or a place, shown as images). He painted moments of people living in nature on their everyday life. Significant amount of his paintings concern childhood images. He tries to imprint moments of children wearing local uniforms doing their activities. He was also the official portraitist of Athens’ high society.
He died in 1904 in Athens.
He was born in Tinos island in 1842. He began his studies in the “School of Arts” in Athens when he was seventeen. In the meanwhile he took lessons in block print and copper print. In 1865 Gyzis accepted a scholarship in Germany and started studying in the Academy of Munich. Soon he got recognition and success there. In 1873 he went on a trip with Lytras in the East from where they both evolved artistically. He got married in 1877 in Greece and returned to Munich where he became a professor in the university. From 1886 he gradually turned from the detailed realistic depictions towards compositions of a singularly impressionistic character. Towards the end of his life, around 1890s, he took a turn toward more religious themes.
He died there in 1901 in Munich.
Battle of Lissa
He was born in Heraklion, Krete in 1837, where he spent his childhood. He moved to Tergest in 1856 as an accountant at his uncle’s commercial house. He began his first drawings there imprinting his impressions from the harbor. He studied in Munich, in the Academy of Fine Arts for 3-4 years, where he specified in painting seascape. In 1883 he returned to Greece where he got appointed as a professor in the “School of Arts”. His favorite subject is painting the sea, fishermen, boats, mornings and sunsets, night in the moonlight. Sea is present in almost all his paintings, although it is used as background.
He died in Athens in 1907.
|Girl from Megara|
He was born in Lesvos island in 1853. He studied in the “School of Arts” in Athens and he was an excellent student. In 1877 he continued his studies with scholarship in Munich. He also opened a studio there after his studies where he painted taking part in national exhibitions and wining various awards and medals. In 1900 he returned to Athens where he undertook the organization of the National Art Gallery. He also got elected as professor in the “School of Fine Arts” and later on he became Principal of the school. At the same time he maintained a luxurious studio where he used for painting portraits of the wealthy people of Athens. Amongst his most significant paintings are the children’s scenes, where children and grandparents are pictured in a symbolic way: people getting old, meeting life, affection of the elder and children’s egoism. Iakovidis is considered to be the “painter of the children”.
He died in Athens in 1932.
- Read more: George Iakovidis
Follow the link to the
“Georgios Jakobides” Digital Museum
The first difital art museum in Greece, located at Chidira, a mountainous village on th eisland of Lesbos.
The Georgios Iakovidis Digital Museum, located at the painter's birthplace, the village of Chidira on the island of Lesbos, is the first fully digital museum of art in Greece. Organized according to a special museological study based on new technologies, it presents the life and work of the renowned Greek painter through a variety of digital means. The Georgios Iakovidis Digital Museum was created on the initiative of the N. G. Papadimitriou Educational and Cultural Foundation. It is intended to function as a meeting place for Technology and Art, offering visitors of all ages a visual experience that combines both pleasure and knowledge.
The ground floor offers an insight of Iakovidis's personality and the major milestones of his life (1853-1932), through digital applications using archive material illustrating family events, his professional accomplishments and his social circle. Also on this floor, the "Georgios Iakovidis, His Life and Work" application offers visitors an alternative way of further exploring the distinguished artist's life and work.
The first floor is devoted to Georgios Iakovidis's multifaceted oeuvre, from his early years of study under his teacher Nikiforos Lytras and the works he created in his mature years in Munich, to the portraits of his grandchildren painted at the end of his life. Mythological subjects, scenes of childhood, landscapes, portraits, still life, flower compositions, come alive through a variety of digital means, such as TFT screens, touch screens, bilingual text panels with duratrance images, holoscreens. Various tricks, like the magnifying lens pointing out details on a painting, the illustration of significant elements through interesting graphics and their comparison to other works of Iakovidis himself, his teacher Nikiforos Lytras and major German painters, are but some of the media the Digital Museum uses to enhance the 'educational' aspect of art.
At the lower level, visitors can watch a video on Iakovidis artistic career. The same space is also used for educational activities.
The Georgios Iakovidis Digital Museum organizes educational programs for groups of all school levels, as well as guided tours for adults. The CD-Rom "Inside Georgios Iakovidis Studio", designed especially for children, presents the painter's works accompanied by interpretive texts and games. All programmes aim at getting the visitor better acquainted with the painter's multifaceted oeuvre, as well as at encouraging children's creativity.
The Museum Shop offers CD-Roms, books, posters, cards and objects related to Georgios Iakovidis work.
- Read more: George Iakovidis
Simon (Simeon) Savvidis
|Boats in Vosporos|
He was born in 1859 in Pontos of Asia Minor. He studied in Constantinople (Istanbul) then he continued in the Commercial School in Halki. He started his art studies in Athens when he was 19 years old, in “School of Arts”. Then he left to Munich, in the “Academy of Fine Arts”, studying archaic model sketching. During that time he met with Gyzis and Volanakis who were also in Munich. He lived there for forty-five years working and exposing his paintings there. In his work he tries to represent reality the way he sees and understands it. Light and colours are of great importance in his paintings. He focused on the human form as well as the eastern scenery. He painted authentic Oriental scenes, inspired by his repeated trips to his fatherland, in which he captured not only the atmosphere but also the light that enlivened the profuse colour of the Orient.
He moved to Athens permanently in 1895 and died in 1927.
|Child with Rabbits|
He was born in Salamina island in 1848. When he was a child he stayed in a monastery for two years, where he learned to paint with the monks. His talent was detected there by a monk who, with the financial help of the monastery, convinced his parents to send him to Athens in the School of Arts. He went to High School and studied at the same time. Then he continued his studies in Munich and in 1880 he returned to Athens where he started working there. He painted portraits, the nature of Greece, the sun, the sea and the trees, scenes from agricultural life. In his last years he painted for the church (painting of Holy). He was a loner in his life, lived on the side, most of the time in his studio, painting.
He died alone, poor and unknown in 1913.
|Portrait of Zoe|
He was born in Crete island in Hania in 1829. He left with his family in Odessa, a big commercial port if Russia, after the Turk’s persecution. At the age of 12 he started studying in the Academy of Fine Arts in Petersburg. There he was awarded with the first prize in painting. He mostly drew perfect portraits in romantic and strict poses. He also drew nude, in severity, where the expression in the faces seems noble and humble. After Russia he visited Italy, where he settled in Florence. There he married Zoe Kabani, but she died a year later. He travelled for some years and ended up in Cairo Egypt where he died in 1869 at the age of 40.
He was born in Athens in 1849. He had his first studies there, in the School of Fine Arts, with scholarship. He graduated first in his class in 1871 having Nikephoro Lytra and Vicenzo Lanza as teachers. Later he went to Munich only for a few months. He preferred to go to Marseille where he stayed and worked there with his brother for a few months. After that he went to Paris, which was an international cultural center where the impressionism popped out. In 1873 he went to Brussels where he settled there permanently. He drew mainly landscapes, seascapes, and portraits. His paintings are full of sensitivity and vivid colors. At the same time he had a son with Eugenie Philipette.
His health was getting worse and he died of consumption in 1884.
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It's called a repeating fast radio burst. And we don't yet know what it means. It could be anything from aliens (really) to a highly magnetized star (more likely) to a phenomenon that gives us a glimpse of how the universe was born. We've only ever detected two, and Canadians have found both of them.
It doesn't grab headlines like shuttle launches and space stations, but Canada quietly does a ton of the research and development that allows us to explore to the outer edges of the solar system, and in recent years, well beyond that. Canadian tech is in the Curiosity rover, under the hood of other spacecraft and it was a Canadian project that created the super telescope that detected the most recent repeating FRB. We've been learning more than ever what's hiding in the distant galaxies, and if we ever do find life, it won't happen without Canadian technology.
GUEST: Nicole Mortillaro, senior science reporter, CBC | <urn:uuid:5e7e9486-bb1e-4a29-abdf-40fc987e64aa> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://thebigstorypodcast.ca/2019/01/14/canadian-astronomy-discover-space-nasa-signals-outer-space/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100651.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207090036-20231207120036-00739.warc.gz | en | 0.965934 | 194 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Anna Karenina is a story of split, conflict, schism and divide. Anna’s battle for love, her struggle between what she needs and what she desires, her hatred of lies and her usage of them, her vacillation between libre penseur – liberal values- and old patriarchal and moral values – all reinforce the theme of internal conflict that leads to inevitable destruction. Leo Tolstoy, however, in a brilliant stroke of genius, uses the seemingly insignificant remark made by a passerby on the death of a guard in the first section of the book to elicit the overarching theme of brutal divide in Anna’s struggle for love. By using a death to gain insight into a love affair, Tolstoy reveals his ability to weave apparently isolated and disconnected instances into the cloth of the overall work in a style so unique that it makes Matthew Arnold’s tribute for the novel ring true: “We are not to take Anna Karenina as a work of art; we are to take it as a piece of life.” Indeed, Tolstoy creates life in a book, transforming it into a place full of vitality and strength. The fascinating nature of the work lies in the way Tolstoy binds the novel together through an intrinsic and subtle thread of organization, where apparently delineated ideas are brought together in a functional coherence, a concept Tolstoy terms as the “labyrinth of linkages”. This idea is ingeniously expressed by Richard F. Gustafson in “Leo Tolstoy: Resident and Stranger”, where he writes that “Tolstoy organizes his work by a principle of inner spirit which unites not by logical connection but by a unity inherent within the variety.” (Gustafson 281). Establishing the “inner spirit” in the novel is what gives life to Anna Karenina. Just like the current binds the voluminous velocity of the youthful river, it is this “unity inherent within the variety” that binds the novel together. The code to decrypting the work, therefore, lies in the understanding of how, as Tolstoy puts it, “images, actions and situations” (Gustafson 281) work in collaboration with the overall plot. The entirely isolated and unrelated incident of a guard’s death then becomes an important key in understanding the conflict that overrides the novel as a predominant theme. This paper contends that although the death of a guard during the first meeting between Anna and Vronsky at the railway station in St. Petersburg (I, xviii) is an apparently disparate and isolated incident, however, through close analysis of the “images, actions and situations” employed in the scene, one finds the key to understanding the dark, destructive and divisive nature of Anna’s battle for a love that is displaced in the society in which Leo Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina is set.The setting of the death of the guard is an important link in understanding the nature of Anna’s adulterous love for Vronsky. Set in a crowded railway station of Saint Petersburg, the incident is the first death of the novel, and coincides with the first meeting of Anna and Vronsky. A physical death thus becomes the harbinger of the spiritual death of Anna Karenina. Not only is the railway and the city of St. Petersburg one of the repetitive symbols in Anna Karenina, it is of special significance in the symbolism of the guard’s death. St. Petersburg is the city of modern, liberal values and one that is home to the followers of comme il faut – where everyone does what everyone else is doing, and individuality and spirituality are not central to the lives of its inhabitants. Furthermore, the station is the stark opposite of nature – the dark, imposing forms of metal and industry flourish here instead of the scenic beauty of nature. It is here in a city marked by hypocrisy and physicality, and in a station marred by ugliness that a guard is crushed to death, and Anna and Vronsky’s ill-fated love story begins. The station is described in the following words in Chapter xvii, Part I;“The approach of the train was more and more evident by the preparatory bustle in the station, the rush of porters, the movement of policemen and attendants, and people meeting the train….The hiss of the boiler could be heard on the distant rails, and the rumble of something heavy.”In the next chapter, Tolstoy describes the scene in which the guard is crushed under the train, this way: “Just as they were getting out of the carriage, several men ran suddenly by with panic-stricken faces. The stationmaster too ran by in his extraordinary coloured cap. Obviously something unusual had happened. The crowd who had left the train were running back again.” The words “bustle”, “rush” and “movement” used in chapter xvii all elicit the frenetic activity on the station, where important looking men in uniforms – porters, policemen and attendants – all are in a busy commotion. The “heavy” train, the reason of the entire fuss, is ominously approaching the station – it is threatening in its “rumble”, while the “distant” boiler gives off an evil “hiss”. Furthermore, in the same chapter, the words “quivering”, “hanging low”, “frost”, “stooping figure”, “whining”, “swaying” and “oscillating” have been effectively used to create a miserable image of an unwelcoming station, where happiness is nonexistent and gloom prevails. There is a “bitter frost”, and a man has been “crushed” by the moving train. The “mutilated corpse” and the talk of the “horrible death” augment the dreary tone. The dark language not only foreshadows the death of the guard, but the fatally destructive meeting of Anna and Vronsky. Tolstoy uses anaphoric device in which similar words are repeated consecutively to emphasize the importance of a particular theme. In this case, the station is linked with Anna’s struggle for love, by binding it together with the theme of destructive despair. It is this element of dark, destructive gloom that is the “inner spirit” which binds the isolated station in St. Petersburg with Anna’s experience of love. Indeed, the fulfillment of her physical desire with Vronsky in chapter xi, part II is described in equally dark, destructive and gloomy words: “She dropped her once proud and gay, now shame-stricken, head, and she bowed down and sank from the sofa where she was sitting, down on the floor, at his feet.” In addition, the repeated use of the words “guilty”, “sinful”, “humiliation”, “horror”, “awful”, “revolting”, “fearful”, “shame”, “pitiful”, “loathing” and “despair”, all closely packed together within one short chapter, reinforces the disgust and shame that Anna feels. What was meant to be the reward of her passion for Vronsky is described in terms of punishment and despair, and the language serves to reinforce this sense of loss. David H. Stewart in his article “Anna Karenina: The Dialectic of Prophecy” elaborates on how an individual incident is connected to the overarching theme in the Anna Karenina: “The (individual) episode’s power derives not only from the way in which Tolstoy conceived it but from the stylistic presentation in which poetic and rhetorical techniques assist in activating many areas of the reader’s mind and in this way distribute his response over a broader, more generalized area of experience” (Stewart 268). In this case, through the use of language, specifically anaphora, two isolated situations have been intertwined in the patchwork of the overall theme of Anna’s despair with a subtle thread.In addition to the gloom of the setting, the atmosphere at the station is one of utter confusion, a feverish rush akin to doomsday. This chaos is the immediate response of the crowd once they realize “something unusual”, in this case, the guard’s death, has happened. The terrified people running aimlessly around the station, not yet knowing what has happened, create a situation where intimate contact appears absurd and out of place. Anna and Vronsky, however, experience love at first sight in this very setting, which marks out the beginning of their love affair as an absurd happening that is out of place of the social milieu in which they exist, highlighting the socially unacceptable nature of their love. The public humiliation that follows the Anna-Vronsky love affair is also foreshadowed in this scene. “People coming in were still talking of what had happened.” (I, xviii) Again, the particular has been used to explain the general theme. The element of a buzz among the crowd over the death has been magnified manifold, and transformed into scandalous gossip as it is projected forth in Anna’s relationship with Vronsky. The public eye, its scrutiny of the characters’ actions and the systematic outlawing of the society’s “criminal” is a dominating feature of Anna’s destruction. She resents her being ostracized from the Russian society she was once an endearing part of, especially when she speaks of her public humiliation at the opera, “Unpleasant…hideous! As long as I live I shall never forget it. She said it was a disgrace to sit beside me.” (V, xxxiii) The public dishonor that mortifies Anna is in a sharp parallel to the “talking” at the station. However, while the dead guard is oblivious to his being the talk of the town, Anna, being alive and sensitive to the gossip around her, finds it torturous to cope with it.Tolstoy once wrote in response to a critic that Anna Karenina is a piece of architecture in which the “vaults are joined in such a way that you cannot notice where the keystone is”. Apart from the creation of specific situations that draw links to the overall themes of the novel, Tolstoy has employed recurrent images throughout the course of the text that belie the presence of a centrally wedged and binding keystone within the structural design of Anna Karenina. Indeed, images are dispersed throughout the novel at crucial points in the plot, and when the strands of these images are pulled together, a magnificent fresco is created. The images in the station scene of part I, chapter xviii are crucial strokes in the painting that is Anna’s love affair with Vronsky. Symbols of the train, the “muffled up” guard and the “mutilated corpse” are effectively used in describing the death of the guard, while simultaneously drawing links to elicit an understanding of Anna’s conflict for love. The train is a symbol of brutal destruction and irreconcilable divide. The train is “heavy” and ominous; it is the harbinger of industrialization and modernity that introduced liberal values to Russia, corrupting its spiritual soul. The train is a recurrent image of destruction whose main function is to divide – metaphorically and literally. While the watchman was quite literally “cut in two pieces”, the train symbolizes the advent of modernity and European ideas of physicality, which served to divide Anna. Like Russia, Anna was split physically and spiritually. The guard’s end was violent, drawing parallels with the violent nature of Anna’s adulterous affair with Vronsky – she rips herself out of the comfortable social position she enjoys, and flings herself in the dangerous path of adultery. In physical and spiritual terms, she was “cut in two” as a result of this. She is torn between the need to have a fulfilling family, and the desire to have a passionate love life. The violently divisive nature of her love clearly stands out as a dominating feature, and is heavily reflected in the death of the crushed guard. The image of the “muffled up” watchman is another example of a linkage that connects the specific to the general. Tolstoy describes the death of the guard in one simple yet striking sentence: “A guard, either drunk or too much muffled up in the bitter frost, had not heard the train moving back, and had been crushed.” This one sentence is packed with strands of the overall themes of Anna Karenina. The train, the brutal destruction, the “muffled up” insensitivity of Anna and the unfavourable conditions of the “bitter frost” surroundings all resonate within this one intelligent sentence. The guard is oblivious to his surroundings, and parallels can be drawn to Anna’s oblivion to her husband’s feelings and the society’s condemnation while she is pursuing the affair. She, like the “drunk” guard, is too caught up in the passionate physicality of Vronsky’s love that she fails to take into account how deeply grave her situation is. For instance, in chapter xxiii, part II, Anna is “terrified at what she had done” when she thinks of “her son, and his future attitude towards his mother”. However, she tries to “reassure herself with false arguments” and forces herself to imagine that “everything would remain as before”. Anthony Thorlby writes that Anna’s thoughts to herself belie a sense of “the pressure of unspoken considerations, of evasions and pretences” (Thorlby 60). Her inability to think of her situation in practical terms, and remain “muffled up” in her own world is one of the main reasons of the conflict her conscience is subject to. As Gustafson puts it, “Anna is not punished by Tolstoy for her sexual fulfillment. In a fuller sense, Anna’s story is a moral tragedy of self-enclosure…in her pursuit of love, she hides from her own truth.” (Gustafson 132). Her terror of experiencing the worst scenario possible causes her to underestimate the gravity of her situation. Anna is not honest to her own self, and in failing to confront her reality, she is crushed like the guard who does not realize the train is “moving back”. Anna’s love for Vronsky was, indeed, surrounded by the cold and unwelcome snare of the Russian society, and was fuelled by Anna’s blind ignorance of the consequences of her illicit passions. In the end, just like the watchman, Anna is “crushed”, both physically and spiritually. The image of the “mutilated corpse” is disturbing, not only for the characters present at the station, but also because the image comes back to haunt at a time when Anna has consummated her relationship with Vronsky. At the station, Oblonsky is distressed over the sight of the body; he not only becomes “evidently distressed”, but frowns and is “ready to cry”. His repeatedly laments “How awful!”, and “Anna, if you had seen it!”, implying the horrendous nature of the deformed corpse. The body, as we learn later, is “cut in two pieces”, and is distorted beyond repair. In chapter xi of part II, we see fulfillment of Anna’s physical desire demarcated by the image of a lifeless body falling at the feet of its murderer. Vronsky has fulfilled the “one absorbing desire of his life”, yet he feels “what a murderer must feel, when he sees the body he has robbed of life”. Instead of ecstatic elation, there is a deep sense of shame. In Anna he sees the proof of his crime – and “in spite of all the murderer’s horror before the body of his victim, he must hack it to pieces”. The murderous brutality of the guard’s death resonates in this scene, where Anna, the object of Vronsky’s love, is likened to a dead, lifeless corpse who must be cut up mercilessly. Anna has died before her death. She has become the “mutilated corpse” that invokes pity and horror in its onlookers. Just like Oblonsky is moved on how “awful” the guard’s corpse was, Anna too, invokes pity at her shameful condition. The image of the guard’s corpse thus, is powerful in its ability to connect with the fate of Anna’s love. Tolstoy, with his keen observation of the minutest details, describes his characters’ actions and expressions in such a way that they serve to reveal significant truths about the individual character, or the society that particular character represents. Tolstoy is a master of depicting the minutest details and changes in his characters and, with his penchant for forming a subtle network of links throughout his plot, skillfully connects the particular to the general. In closely looking at how the characters behave at the station in chapter xviii, part I, important links can be drawn to understanding the nature of Anna-Vronsky love affair. Through Vronsky’s eyes, Tolstoy gives us a detailed view of the exquisitely charming facial expressions of Anna Karenina, as we, along with Vronsky, see her for the first time. Apart from the loveliness of her features, what enthralls Vronsky is the liveliness in her expressions, the “suppressed eagerness which played over face, and flirted between the brilliant eyes and the faint smile that curved her red lips.” Her eyes and smile are enchanting to behold. However, alongside her beauty of her charm, the “suppressed” nature of it is also revealed throughout the chapter. “It was as though her nature were so brimming over with something that against her will it showed itself now in the flash of her eyes, and now in her smile. Deliberately she shrouded the light in her eyes, but it shone against her will in the faintly perceptible smile.” Yet again, Tolstoy employs anaphora to convey a sense of the restraints and limitations Anna’s life has. The life in her nature is revealed “against her will”, “brimming” out from underneath her inner depths, struggling to express itself. She “shrouded” this life, pushing it back within her “deliberately”, but it resisted her efforts and once again “shone against her will” in her “faintly perceptible smile”. The repetition of words and phrases that elicit Anna’s struggle to contain the life within her give us a glimpse of the restraint she has accustomed herself to in her years of marriage to Alexey Karenin. It seems as if, after years of suppressing herself, she is allowing herself to live for the first time: “As she spoke she let the eagerness that would insist on coming out show itself in her smile.” A part of her has been locked away for years, and it is at this moment that we see glimpses of it. Interestingly, at this point of the story, Vronsky, just like the reader, knows nothing about Anna and how cold and unappealing her husband is. He is unaware of the lack of love she feels towards her husband, or how her womanhood has been reduced to the role of a dutiful wife and mother. He has not been introduced to the Anna that yearns for a passionate love, yet in this first glimpse of Anna, Tolstoy gives a peek into her restrained life. Indeed, Anna’s battle for love revolves around this very suppression she feels within her marriage and her lack of fulfillment in her married life. The failure of the marriage is the cause of the destructive love affair – a link that has been effectively established in the very first meeting between the ill-fated lovers.Countess Vronsky is another conspicuous character in the scene, whose actions and gesture reveal the menacing nature of Russian society. Tolstoy uses strikingly effective word choice to introduce this lady in the novel: “His mother, a dried-up old lady with black eyes and ringlets, screwed up her eyes, scanning her son, and smiled slightly with her thin lips.” The image this one sentence conjures is dark, unpleasant and threatening. Vronsky’s mother, we have been told before, is a woman of a colourful past, having multiple affairs during her youth. Here, the “black” soulless eyes, the scrutiny with which she looks at her son and the mean smile that spreads on her lips serve to enhance the image of Countess Vronsky as a dishonest and insincere figure. There is a cruelty in the way she scrunches up her eyes to look at her son. This is not the look of love a mother would give to her son. In a small gesture, the crude nature of her character is revealed. Emile Melchior writes in her criticism of Anna Karenina, that Tolstoy “observes, listens, takes in whatever he sees and hears, and for all time, with an exactness which we cannot but admire.” (Melchior). It is this acute observation that pours out forth from the pen of Count Leo Tolstoy, and breathes life into his words. Indeed, in the depiction of the Countess, and her “wrinkled hand”, Tolstoy gives a sense of the wretchedness of the lady who says clichéd phrases that make one cautious of her sincerity towards the other. The Countess, in her character, is an image of the wretched high class Russian society. The society, just like the Countess, is a victim of comme il faut – it is kind towards the ones who put up appearances, and spiteful of those who don’t. Such a society disregards Levin and esteems Oblonsky and Vronsky despite Levin’s moral superiority over both men. It is the same Countess, and indeed the same Russian society, that ostracizes and disgraces Anna for her love affair with Vronsky and pushes her into the destructive despair that leads to her death. Thus, through the pitiful depiction of Countess Vronsky, Tolstoy has in effect depicted the Russian society that is equally pathetic. Anna Karenina is a story of destructive divide that has been told in a powerful style that is unique to Tolstoy. The “inner spirit” Gustafson speaks of, that resides in the novel, is one that is forcefully alive within the station scene in chapter xviii, part I. The scene begins with an unusual meeting between Anna and Vronsky, while the station, the setting of their meeting, is frenzied at the oncoming of a train. The end is demarcated by the violent and brutal death of the “muffled up” guard, which Anna sees as an “ill omen”. The death, indeed, lays out the sequence of events for Anna’s ill-fated love affair with Vronsky: it is bizarre, chaotic and in the end, brutal. | <urn:uuid:7a2f1680-c798-4de1-bc3a-317b82cc88ed> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://literatureessaysamples.com/category/anna-karenina/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573533.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20190919142838-20190919164838-00014.warc.gz | en | 0.961827 | 5,016 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Signs that your child may have Intellectual Disability
The clinical picture in a child with Intellectual Disability will vary depending upon the Intelligence Quotient (IQ).
- Children with Mild ID may not get diagnosed up until they reach school. They have scholastic backwardness. Social and communication skills start lagging behind as compared to their peers, as they grow older. Vocational skills may remain adequate enough so they can support themselves. Although these children achieve some social and vocational skills, they need a supportive environment.
- Children with Moderate ID are usually diagnosed at a younger age. They have academic difficulties and also communication and social skills are affected. In supportive settings and a high level of supervision, they are able to achieve some vocational competency.
- Children with Severe ID not only have scholastic difficulties, but their speech and motor development is also affected. They may need extensive supervision and can be taught basic level of self care.
Children with Profound ID are severely limited in communication and motor skills and need constant supervision. They usually need nursing care even in adulthood.
Some children display behavioural disturbances in the form of aggressive behaviours, self harming behaviours, anger outbursts, etc.
What are the primary causes
Causes can be various and at times multi-factorial.
- Many genetic diseases may lead to certain Syndromal disorders that may have ID as a part of their symptomatology; for e.g.: Down’s Syndrome.
- Sometimes infections that a mother acquires during pregnancy or exposure of developing foetus to radiation or illicit drugs (consumed by pregnant mother), for e.g.: alcohol. Certain complications of pregnancy like Hypoxia in the newborn may be a contributing factor.
- Post- pregnancy complications can also be causative.
- Even in the early developmental period, head trauma, infections, other childhood disorders may become responsible.
Treatment/Therapy for Intellectual Disability
Most parents that accompany their children do so in view of either scholastic difficulties or behavioural issues. Parents may present with a younger child in cases of severe ID. In cases of mild to moderate ID, parents may recognise the signs later on.
- The children are evaluated in detail, regarding the clinical history. In cases of children, the history right from conception to pre-natal history to birth history to post-natal to developmental history is noted. The history is important so as to establish etiology. Etiology is clearer in cases of severe/ profound ID. A neurological examination may be needed. In some children additional testing in the form of chromosomal studies, urine and blood analysis, Electroencephalography, Neuroimaging and other tests like Hearing and Speech evaluations may be done.
- In some cases, psychological testing (IQ tests) may be needed for establishing the diagnosis. If clinically diagnosable, psychological testing is still recommendable so as to diagnose the severity of ID.
- Once diagnosed and the severity established, the further management depends greatly on the severity of ID. In Mild and Moderate cases, vocational training is recommended. In severe and profound cases, teaching child self care and basic communication is more important. In all cases, certification is highly recommended.
- For behavioural disturbances, medication maybe prescribed. Remedial education maybe tried for scholastic difficulties in mild or borderline cases. In some parents, counselling regarding the child’s diagnosis and learning parenting skills/ techniques to deal with behavioural issues of child become more important. | <urn:uuid:49cd6d8f-198c-4535-aec5-1f9d2982fe54> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.manovikasclinic.com/child-psychology/intellectual-disability-mental-retardation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027330786.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20190825173827-20190825195827-00189.warc.gz | en | 0.938325 | 708 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Are our spaces made of words?
University College London
Journal of Consciousness Studies, 15, No. 1, 2008, pp. 63-83
The author’s concept of consciousness appears to be closely aligned to the ideas of David Bohm. Edwards proposes that the elements of the universe are best viewed as dynamic processes that transfer and in some cases experience ‘pure’ or ‘active information, when they interact with one another. He accepts the conventional view that what we experience is a model produced by our brain, rather than the external world as it actually is. He refers to evidence (1. Smythies, 2003) that our spatial experience is based on models or maps that are based on selected aspects of the external world.
In contrast to a lot of mainstream consciousness studies, Edwards takes the view that there is something in the brain that has access to already-interpreted information, such as the mapping of external events, memory and emotional responses. In fact, in his own words, he is bringing the homunculus back into the mind, in defiance of the rulings of Dennett. Edwards concept of the homunculus is something receiving inputs, not from the external world, but from internal maps and information. The brain is seen as having maps in many areas, and he takes the view that there is probably no single place in the brain where everything comes together.
Edwards sees the interaction of fundamental as the type of event that produces active information. As an example of this, radio waves being diffracted by buildings are seen as an indivisible process distributed in spacetime. Nothing pushes or pulls. The process just happens according to the fundamental law. It is a pattern of probabilities that something will occur, and as such represents pure information, or what Bohm and Hiley called active information.
Edwards goes from the idea of pure or active information to the suggestion that human subjectivity is itself a fundamental process. He looks for something in the brain that could be regarded as such a fundamental process. Modern physics suggests the oscillation of quanta as a fundamental process. He sees the best candidates for this as being an elastic phonons in the dendritic trees of neurons with a wave length close to the distance between synapses, and coupled to the electrical potential across the cell membrane. A recent study of neuronal membrane excitation (2. Heimburg & Jackson, 2005) suggests that this is dependent on coupling to an elastic wave for the propagation of the action potential. The author suggests that anaesthetics decouple the elastic wave and in doing this remove consciousness. In this model, consciousness in the form of the elastic wave, is seen as crucial to neuronal function.
Edwards admits that while this may serve as a theory of consciousness, it still does not actually solve the binding problem. We may be conscious of a circle, and we may be conscious of blue, but how do these two qualia become integrated into a blue circle? Edwards suggests that this integration may be similar to the integration of a series of words into an overall meaning. Unfortunately, this process is also not properly understood. One suggestion is that there is a pattern of electrical perturbations in the dendrites that is a code for producing an integrated experience. It is suggested that this would involve phonons in the neuronal dendrites.
In summary, the active information in the brain forms the basis of the appearance of the world to us in our subjective experience. The exchange of active information in the brain is determined by fundamental processes, which can be observed to be governed by the laws of physics. The fundamental process may handle bits of the active information in an analogous manner to the way that words are handled in a language.
1.) Smythies, J. (2003) – Space, time & consciousness – Journal of Consciousness Studies, 10, (3), pp. 47-56
2.) Heimburg, T. & Jackson, A. (2005) – On soliton propagation in biomembranes and nerves – Proceedings of National Academy of Science USA, 102, pp. 9790-5 | <urn:uuid:feb4a2a6-dd16-4a5c-b164-9608f75c3605> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | http://quantum-mind.co.uk/theories/david-bohm/are-our-spaces-made-of-words/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540569146.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20191213202639-20191213230639-00354.warc.gz | en | 0.94325 | 838 | 2.828125 | 3 |
MATURITY AND HARVESTING
The timing of commencement of harvesting is a compromise between the better yields obtained from fruit of higher sugar content and the increased later in the season. This dilemma has resulted in the practice of beginning harvest on a more or less fixed date after mid-August.
METHOD OF HARVESTING
The grapes are hand-picked into the container (“dip tins” or “buckets like plastic baskets”). The most commonly used containers are made of sheet steel and plastic baskets have perforated bottoms and sides to allow free flow of dipping lye through the fruit during dipping.
Early in season, Sultanas may be dried by simply placing them out in the direct sun, without any pre-drying treatment. In this way “naturals” similar to American Thompson Seedless raisins are produced. They are dark reddish brown, with bluish tinge due to the bloom, and have a distinctive flavor.
However, in Turkey pre-drying treatments that hasten drying are used. Sultanas are dipped in an alkaline lye known to growers as dipping lye.
Drying times are reduced from about 3-4 weeks for untreated Sultanas to 7-10 days for treated Sultanas dried on a bed under average conditions. Such fast drying leads to rapid rise in sugar concentration, which inhibits the action of the enzyme (polyphenol oxidase) responsible for darkening in untreated fruit. The enzyme is localized in the skin of the berry where drying begins. The natural golden-yellow color of fresh sultanas is thus preserved in treated grapes dried under good conditions. However, when rain or high humidity interrupts fast drying, conditions may become suitable for the darkening reaction to proceed, and darker fruit is produced.
Standard / Small / Medium / Jumbo
Nearly all raisins are made from different grapes; Thompson Seedless, Muscat, Sultanas, Black Corinth.
The grapes are dried into the following types of raisins.
The large, yellow-green grapes that are dried into these raisins are particularly flavorful and soft. Sultanas are most popular in Europe. The fresh Sultana variety grapes is dipped in an alkaline olive oil emulsion and sun-dried for 2-3 weeks.
Made from small black Corinth grapes, currants are seedless and very dark in color. About one-fourth the size of other raisins. Mainly produced in the Greek Islands first grew in the Island of Corinth. Those types are sun-dried without the usage of drying oils.
3. MUSCAT RAISINS
Large, brown and particularly fruity-tasting, these raisins are made from big, greenish-gold Muscat Grapes. Their type is mechanically dehydrated without the use of drying oils.
4. DARK RAISINS
(Natural Seedless) The sun-dried Thompson grapes constitute 95% of the Californian raisins crop. The green grapes naturally develop a dark brown color as they dry in the sun, a process that takes from 2-3 weeks, after they have been treated with drying oils.
5. GOLDEN RASINS
Like natural seedless raisins, these are also Thompson seedless grapes, but are oven-dried to avoid the darkening effect of sunlight. They are also treated with sulfur dioxide to preserve the light color and mainly mechanically dehydrated.
SULTANAS are mainly used in the traditional cakes, breads and biscuits.
CURRANTS are used for baking hot cross buns and cookings.
MUSCAT used especially in fruitcakes.
DARK RAISINS are most popular for cooking, baking, salads and desserts.
GOLDEN RAISINS used wherever a light colored raisin is desirable. Popular for fruitcakes and confections.
In bulk polyline carton boxes of 5-10-12,5 kgs.
Consumer bags from 50 grs to 4 kgs. in cartons
All the goods supplied are with the certificates of
Grape, common name of an edible fruit in the buckthorn family and of the vines that produce the fruit.
The European Grape has been used as food since prehistoric times. Grape seeds have been found in the remains of lake dwellings of the Bronze Age in Switzerland and Italy and in Tombs of ancient Egypt. Botanists believe that the Caspian Sea region was the original home of the European Grape. Distribution of seeds by birds, wind and water carried the plant westwards to the Asian shores of the Mediterranean. Grape Culture, practiced in Palestine during biblical times, was introduced in the Mediterranean region by seagoing Phoenicians. The Ancient Greeks cultivated grapes and use of the fruit was later adopted by Rome and its colonies.
Turkey has the most suitable climate conditions for vine growing in the world and is the origin of the vine genes. The archaeological findings in Anatolia proved that this culture of vine growing dates back to 3500 BC.
Grape figures, found in different locations of Anatolia points out to the fact that growing grapes has been the part of the Culture for centuries.
In the periods of Hittites, that is 1800-1550 BC, grape growing and wine making was developed and during religious ceremonies there were votive offering to the Gods. Hittites had agricultural laws similar to todays in order to protect the vineyards.
A grape bunch shaped wine container, dating back from 1800-1600 BC, was found in Çorum Alacahöyük, another town in Central Anatolia. Historical coins with grape figures were used in Western Anatolia. Grapes and wine have always played an important social and commercial role in Western Anatolia.
The Romans and the Byzantines were much progressed in the viniculture. In Persia, the Armenians were busy with perfecting world’s first seedless grapes. Experts say that the grapes may have been grown exclusively for ruling Sultans of the day. “Sultanas” means in Turkish “for the Sultan”.
The first raisins were undoubtedly grapes that had dried naturally on the vine, but more than 3000 years ago people were picking grapes and laying them in the sun to dry. A process that has remained virtually unchanged.
Today, most raisins are still sun-dried, though some are dried in ovens.
Raisins have been a precious trade item in the ancient near East as well as in ancient Rome (where two jars of raisins could be exchanged for a slave).
Spanish missionaries brought them to Mexico and California in the 18th century. In the 20th century Australia became an important producer as well.
Scientific Classification: Grapes belong to the family Vitaceae.
The European Grape is classified as Vitis Vinifera, the northern fox grapes Vitis Labrusca, the summer grape as Vitis Aestivalis, the riverbank grape as Vitis Riparia and the muscadine grapes as Vitis Rotundifolia.
The dictionary meaning of Raisins is sun-dried grapes without seeds.
Sultanas is the common name for the raisins grown in Turkey, Greece and Iran. However, the quality of Sultanas may be modified by weather conditions, but it is largely dependent on the cultural production differs from year to year due to the weather conditions.
Wine grape production in the world is effected between 20-52 latitudes in Northern Hemisphere and 20-42 latitudes for Southern Hemisphere. Weather conditions do not allow the wine production areas any further towards north. Sultana Raisin Harvesting time is August and September in the Northern Hemisphere, March and April in Southern Hemisphere. The major producers are USA, Chile, South Africa, Australia, Turkey, Greece, Iran and Afghanistan. Wine yards are located only at certain locations of these countries.
In the Aegean Region of Turkey since the 18th century the major grape production is Sultanas which is a variety of seedless type. It has been a part of Sultan’s diet with its original taste and that is where this type inherited its name. | <urn:uuid:26a32a8b-06c1-407c-bdf9-7374000b2fc0> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://provideal.com/product/dried-fruits/1/sultanas.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662560022.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523163515-20220523193515-00053.warc.gz | en | 0.959571 | 1,726 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Chronic venous insufficiency affects up to 5% of people in the US. Postphlebitic syndrome may affect 20 to 50% of patients with deep venous thrombosis (DVT), usually within 1 to 2 years after acute DVT.
Venous return from the lower extremities relies on contraction of calf muscles to push blood from intramuscular (soleal) sinusoids and gastrocnemius veins into and through deep veins. Venous valves direct blood proximally to the heart. Chronic venous insufficiency occurs when venous obstruction (eg, in DVT), venous valvular insufficiency, or decreased contraction of muscles surrounding the veins (eg, due to immobility) decrease forward venous flow and increase venous pressure (venous hypertension). Fluid accumulation in the lower extremities (eg, in right heart failure) can also contribute by causing venous hypertension. Prolonged venous hypertension causes tissue edema, inflammation, and hypoxia, leading to symptoms. Pressure may be transmitted to superficial veins if valves in perforator veins, which connect deep and superficial veins, are ineffective.
The most common risk factor for chronic venous insufficiency is
Other risk factors include
Idiopathic cases are often attributed to a history of occult DVT.
Postphlebitic syndrome is symptomatic chronic venous insufficiency that follows DVT. Risk factors for postphlebitic syndrome in patients with DVT include proximal thrombosis, recurrent ipsilateral DVT, and body mass index (BMI) ≥ 22 kg/m2. Age, female sex, and estrogen therapy are also associated with the syndrome but are probably nonspecific. Use of compression stockings after DVT decreases risk.
Clinically evident chronic venous insufficiency may not cause any symptoms but always causes signs; postphlebitic syndrome always causes symptoms. Both disorders are a concern because their symptoms can mimic those of acute DVT and both can lead to substantial reductions in physical activity and quality of life.
Symptoms include a sense of fullness, heaviness, aching, cramps, pain, tiredness, and paresthesias in the legs; these symptoms worsen with standing or walking and are relieved by rest and elevation. Pruritus may accompany skin changes. Signs occur along a continuum: no changes to varicose veins (rare) to edema to stasis dermatitis on the lower legs and at the ankles, with or without ulceration (see table Clinical Classification of Chronic Venous Insufficiency). The calf may be painful when compressed.
Clinical Classification of Chronic Venous Insufficiency
Venous stasis dermatitis consists of reddish brown hyperpigmentation, induration, venous ectasia, lipodermatosclerosis (fibrosing subcutaneous panniculitis), and venous stasis ulcers.
Venous stasis ulcers may develop spontaneously or after affected skin is scratched or injured. They typically occur around the medial malleolus, tend to be shallow and moist, and may be malodorous (especially when poorly cared for) or painful. They do not penetrate the deep fascia. In contrast, ulcers due to peripheral arterial disease eventually expose tendons or bone.
Leg edema tends to be unilateral or asymmetric; bilateral symmetric edema is more likely to result from a systemic disorder (eg, heart failure, hypoalbuminemia) or certain drugs (eg, calcium channel blockers).
In general, unless the lower extremities are adequately cared for, patients with any manifestation of chronic venous insufficiency or postphlebitic syndrome are at risk of progression to more advanced forms.
Diagnosis is usually based on history and physical examination. A clinical scoring system that ranks 5 symptoms (pain, cramps, heaviness, pruritus, paresthesia) and 6 signs (edema, hyperpigmentation, induration, venous ectasia, blanching hyperemia, pain with calf compression) on a scale of 0 (absent or minimal) to 3 (severe) is increasingly recognized as a standard diagnostic tool of disease severity. Scores of 5 to 14 on 2 visits separated by ≥ 6 months indicate mild-to-moderate disease, and scores of ≥ 15 indicate severe disease.
Lower-extremity duplex ultrasonography reliably excludes or confirms DVT. Absence of edema and a reduced ankle-brachial index suggest peripheral arterial disease rather than chronic venous insufficiency and postphlebitic syndrome.
Treatment depends on the disorder's severity and involves
Some experts also believe that weight loss, regular exercise, and reduction of dietary sodium may benefit patients with bilateral chronic venous insufficiency. However, all interventions may be difficult to implement.
Elevating the leg above the level of the right atrium decreases venous hypertension and edema, is appropriate for all patients, and should be done a minimum of 3 times/day for ≥ 30 minutes. However, most patients cannot adhere to this schedule during the day.
Compression is effective for treatment and prevention of the effects of chronic venous insufficiency and postphlebitic syndrome and is indicated for all patients. Elastic bandages are used initially until edema and ulcers resolve and leg size stabilizes; commercial compression stockings are then used. Stockings that provide 20 to 30 mm Hg of distal circumferential pressure are indicated for smaller varicose veins and mild chronic venous insufficiency; 30 to 40 mm Hg is indicated for larger varicose veins and moderate disease; and 40 to > 60 mm Hg is indicated for severe disease. Stockings should be put on when patients awaken, before leg edema worsens with activity, and should exert maximal pressure at the ankles and gradually less pressure proximally. Adherence to this treatment varies; many younger or more active patients consider stockings irritating, restricting, or cosmetically undesirable; elderly patients may have difficulty putting them on.
Intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) uses a pump to cyclically inflate and deflate hollow plastic leggings. IPC provides external compression, squeezing blood and fluid out of the lower legs. It effectively treats severe postphlebitic syndrome and venous stasis ulcers but may be no more effective than compression stockings alone and is much less practical for patients to adhere to on an ongoing basis.
Topical wound care is important in venous stasis ulcer management. When an Unna boot (zinc oxide–impregnated bandages) is properly applied, covered by compression bandages, and changed weekly, almost all ulcers heal. Occlusive interactive dressings (eg, hydrocolloids such as aluminum chloride) provide a moist environment for wound healing and promote growth of new tissue; they may be used for ulcers with light to moderate exudate, but they probably add little to simple Unna bandaging and are expensive. Dry passive dressings are absorptive, making them most appropriate for heavier exudate.
Drugs have no role in routine treatment of chronic venous insufficiency, although many patients are given aspirin, topical corticosteroids, diuretics for edema, or antibiotics.
Surgery (eg, venous ligation, stripping, valve reconstruction) is also typically ineffective. Grafting autologous skin or skin created from epidermal keratinocytes or dermal fibroblasts may be an option for patients with stasis ulcers when all other measures are ineffective, but the graft will reulcerate unless underlying venous hypertension is managed.
Primary prevention involves adequate anticoagulation after DVT and use of compression stockings for up to 2 years after DVT or lower extremity venous trauma. However, a recent study using sham-compression stockings failed to show any decrease in postphlebitic syndrome. Lifestyle changes (eg, weight loss, regular exercise, reduction of dietary sodium) can decrease risk by decreasing lower extremity venous pressure.
Skin changes range on a continuum from normal skin or mildly ectatic veins to severe stasis dermatitis and ulceration.
Symptoms are more common with postphlebitic syndrome and include heaviness, aching, and paresthesias.
Diagnosis is based on inspection, but patients should have ultrasonography to rule out deep venous thrombosis.
Treatment is with elevation and compression; drugs and surgery are typically ineffective. | <urn:uuid:911b5bcf-95ab-4cb1-8d8b-18ffa2d3e9c6> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-pr/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/peripheral-venous-disorders/chronic-venous-insufficiency-and-postphlebitic-syndrome | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038085599.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20210415125840-20210415155840-00183.warc.gz | en | 0.906743 | 1,794 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Back pain difficulties affect more and more people around the world. Some decide to do something about it while others don’t. Because of this, you should to learn about back pain problems. If you who need to do something about it, gives them more know-how to do this. For those who don’t, this provides them an opportunity to do a whole 180 degree turn that may possibly preserve their backs and their lives.
Back pain complications may come with age since there are certain degenerative conditions that can cause it. These conditions are largely bone illnesses such as osteoporosis and osteomyelitis. However, other bone conditions that are not degenerative can also be the cause of back pain problems such as spinal stenosis.
Back pains can be due to an organ disorder or disease. These organs include the heart, lungs, kidney and bladder. At the same time, lumbar pain complications may be caused by something as simpler such as muscle strain.
If the back pain issue is caused by an underlying illness, then the only way to eliminate the problem is by curing the disease itself. However, if the cause is muscular issues, it may be treated directly by applying liniments and other non-pharmacological ways. If the issue is severe, then pain medications could be taken provided that it’s prescribed by a doctor. The medications should also be taken as approved regardless how serious the back pain issue may be.
Doctors order an x-ray when a patient comes in with back pain issues. An x-ray can accurately confirm the presence of an injury to the skeletal muscles or the presence of a bone breakdown that may be caused by a bone condition. Blood tests will also be ordered to check if there’s any sign of any organ failure that may cause the back pain complications.
Back pain issues could be very hard to handle. But, the most crucial thing is to try out all of those other non-pharmacological ways first before shifting onto medicines not unless the individual is advised to do normally by the physician. | <urn:uuid:816160be-14bf-4b7f-a7a4-e862e9a4c602> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://themetabolism.com/back-pain/back-pain-difficulties-factors-diagnostic-examinations-and-remedies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591578.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720100114-20180720120114-00432.warc.gz | en | 0.955709 | 420 | 2.75 | 3 |
In this week we introduce binary numbers and how they relate to the number systems we are used to. A knowledge of binary is essential to understanding how the computer works. Again we model unplugged exercises which can be developed further depending on the students in your school.
In terms of the programming element, we introduce functions using turtle graphics in Python. Using functions early on in programming enables students to develop good programming habits from the beginning and develop the skills of abstraction and decomposition, aspects of computational thinking.
Starter program 1 (download and save)
Starter program 2 (download and save)
Answers to the Python exercises can be found here:
Trainers’ notes (password protected) | <urn:uuid:2f428d0b-4f01-4484-81a3-484e88e5dd9c> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://teachinglondoncomputing.org/ks3-week-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370524604.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20200404165658-20200404195658-00378.warc.gz | en | 0.889811 | 143 | 4.21875 | 4 |
Seventy-five years ago, America's first study-abroad program was launched at the University of Delaware when a young professor walked into the president's office with a daring plan-to send students abroad for their junior year.
Prof. Raymond W. Kirkbride, an instructor in the Modern Languages Department and a World War I veteran, had seen firsthand what disagreements between nations could do; he had seen smoldering ruins and burned-out buildings across the French countryside. But, he had also met and greatly enjoyed the French, and he understood the potential that travel and study had for promoting cross-cultural understanding. And now, in 1921, he was home in Newark, standing before the desk of University President Walter S. Hullihen, pitching his idea to send students to France for their junior year.
At the time, study abroad was unheard of, and America's isolationist tendencies were still strong. But, Hullihen recognized that the Delaware Foreign Study Plan, which came to be known as the Junior Year Abroad, had far-reaching influence. It would, he felt, produce better-rounded students, train future foreign language teachers and provide experience for students who wanted to go into careers with international aspects.
The logistics of setting up a year of study abroad were daunting. Kirkbride and Hullihen turned to prominent private and public figures for assistance and support. In Washington, D.C., Hullihen met with then-Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover, who heartily endorsed the plan; closer to home, Hullihen enlisted the support of regional philanthropists and businessmen, including Pierre S. du Pont.
On July 7, 1923, the first Delaware group sailed for France aboard the Rochambeau. Kirkbride's group of eight juniors included Austin P. Cooley, Francis J. Cummings, David Dougherty, Herbert L. Lank, William K. Mendenhall, J. Cedric Snyder, T. Russell Turner and J. Winston Walker. After six weeks of intensive language immersion at Nancy, they moved to Paris, where Lank met his future wife; Turner became a basketball hero; and Turner and Cummings won the Sorbonne's highly coveted diploma of French civilization.
The first Junior Year Abroad was a success, and the University continued to send student groups to France, and later to Switzerland and Germany. Students from a number of colleges and universities, including Columbia, Penn, Wellesley, Wesleyan, Brown, Smith, Harvard and Princeton, participated in the program, and between 1923 and 1948, 902 students spent their junior years abroad with the University of Delaware.
In 1948, the Delaware Foreign Study Plan was discontinued because of post-war conditions in Europe and a different University president who did not consider foreign study a priority.
But, the Delaware Foreign Study Plan had made an impact, especially among its participants. As early as 1930, the "Delforians" were holding reunions, publishing alumni directories and newsletters and holding regional alumni get-togethers. When World War II broke out, the group began a campaign to finance "Delforian Ambulances for France," according to University archivist Jean Brown. In 1987, members of the XIIIth Group held their 50th reunion-in Paris, where they had first met.
Study abroad resumed in 1970, when the University instituted Winterim, a short term between the fall and spring semesters now called Winter Session. Early Winterim destinations included London, Paris, Rome, Vienna, Munich, Berlin and Hamburg. Geneva became one of the most popular destinations, and the program has gone every year but one since 1971.
So many students took advantage of the opportunity to spend their winter break abroad that Delaware could book large airplanes exclusively for the students. Pan American Airlines painted the fuselages of two airplanes with the words, "Delaware Clipper." The English department also launched a study-abroad program in London, which was the first of the semester-abroad programs (others now include Costa Rica, Paris, Granada and Bayreuth). Eventually, Winterim study abroad evolved into its own University department, Overseas Studies, which is currently under the umbrella of International Programs and Special Sessions.
Lawrence P. Donnelley, associate provost for international programs and special sessions, says that study abroad is more popular than ever among college students. (Peterson's Study Abroad: A Guide to Semester and Year-long Academic Programs for 1997-98 lists more than 1,500 foreign-study programs.) UD remains a leader in study abroad, Donnelley says. This year, programs will be offered in Costa Rica, the Czech Republic, Ecuador, England, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Martinique, Mexico, Panama, Scotland, South Africa, Spain and Switzerland.
- Lisa Kochanek
For more information, telephone (302) 831-2852 or toll-free at 1-888-UD1-INTL, or visit the program's website www.udel.edu/IntlProg/studyabroad>. | <urn:uuid:2f00e218-be6d-4d25-9dd2-e56330d4dd6b> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.udel.edu/PR/SpecialUDelivery/vol1no1/anniversary.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131298228.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172138-00117-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958767 | 1,040 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Myxovirus, any of a group of viruses of the families Orthomyxoviridae (agents of influenza) and Paramyxoviridae, members of which can cause the common cold, mumps, and measles in humans, canine distemper, rinderpest in cattle, and Newcastle disease in fowl. The virus particle is enveloped in a fatty membrane; is variable in shape, from spheroidal to filamentous, and in size, from 60 to 300 nanometres (1 nanometre = 10-9 metre) in longest dimension; is studded with spikelike protein projections; and contains ribonucleic acid (RNA). These viruses react with mucin (mucoprotein) on the surface of red blood cells (hence the prefix myxo-, Greek for “mucin”); many of them cause red cells to clump together (agglutinate). Compare retrovirus.
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
Retrovirus, any of a group of viruses that belong to the family Retroviridae and that characteristically carry their genetic blueprint in the form of ribonucleic acid (RNA). Retroviruses are named for an enzyme known as reverse transcriptase, which was discovered independently in 1971 by American virologists Howard Temin and David… | <urn:uuid:334f3076-d573-46f8-8b70-7c787c2e30fd> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.britannica.com/science/myxovirus | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247511174.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20190221213219-20190221235219-00411.warc.gz | en | 0.91872 | 280 | 3.828125 | 4 |
Aims and objectives
This is a set of problem solving activities to develop and test
mathematical reasoning and logic. Students will be presented with
two containers of differing capacities and a target volume that
they have to reach. The containers can be filled, emptied or their
contents transferred from one to the other. There are a number of
different ways to meet the target but there is also a minimum number
of possible moves. This is a familiar problem but presented in an
No previous knowledge is required for this activity as it is reliant
on students’ problem solving skills. It would be useful as
an introduction, however, if the principles of the model could be
demonstrated by the teacher using real containers and water before
the students get involved with the ‘virtual’ activities.
In the classroom
The student is faced with two different sized containers and a target
volume to achieve. The aim of the activity is for one of the containers
to be left with the target amount. This is achieved by filling the
containers with a liquid, transferring the contents from one container
to the other and then emptying the containers until the target is
There are five different combinations from which to choose. Each
activity has a minimum number of 'moves' to achieve the target.
If a pupil manages the task successfully, feedback will let them
know if they have achieved the result with the minimum number of
The activities promote problem solving in a familiar context and
incorporate elements of mental maths, prediction and lateral thinking.
They also work well if used in small groups as this encourages dialogue
between pupils and allows assessment of problem solving strategies.
This can prove to be a really successful exercise if used with
an interactive whiteboard with large groups or even the whole class.
Not only can the students become involved in dialogue and talking
about the problem solving approaches, but also the underlying mathematics
can be drawn out.
Mathematics – KS3:
Ma2 1a, c, d; 4b | <urn:uuid:d29b9116-8b15-42b1-9631-59701b78ab10> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | http://rupertcollins.com/tlfe/resources/li1240867/netmedia_ll/ks3/maths/vol_cap/nindex.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662625600.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20220526193923-20220526223923-00172.warc.gz | en | 0.93263 | 447 | 4.5625 | 5 |
Possessive Nouns in Sentences Fun Deck helps students learn how to change singular and plural nouns into possessive nouns and use them correctly in sentences. The Teaching Cards show how to change nouns into possessives.
- Singular nouns – add ’s
- Plural nouns NOT ending in “s” – add ’s
- Plural nouns ending in “s” – add ’
Use the color-coded Answer Key to teach possessives by category:
- Singular nouns NOT ending in “s” (blue)
- Singular nouns ending in “s” (green)
- Plural nouns NOT ending in “s” (yellow)
- Plural nouns ending in “s” (red)
The illustrated Playing Cards let students choose the correct possessive noun in a sentence from three answer choices.
Includes 56 Playing Cards, 4 Teaching Cards, Game Ideas, and Answer Key. Cards measure 2½" x 3½" and come packaged in a sturdy storage tin. | <urn:uuid:c65017a0-1641-4091-a934-ed1323eeb7da> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.superduperinc.com/products/view.aspx?pid=FD164 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701146196.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193906-00014-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.902588 | 232 | 3.328125 | 3 |
The greatest historical journeys
Many of the books in Charles Darwin's personal library at Down House contain a wealth of scrawled notes. (Cambridge University Library/PA Wire)
In the olden days of long-haul travel, wild explorers knew nothing of accepted luxuries like phone cards or lightweight backpacks. In an ode to the great travellers of centuries gone by, we created a list of great historical journeys, taken from Lonely Planet’s 1,000 Ultimate Experiences. So pack your compass, shoe your donkey and follow in the footsteps of these famous travellers.
Follow in the fictional footsteps of Phileas Fogg, who travelled around the late-Victorian world in less than three months. Published in 1872, Around the World in 80 Days was Jules Verne’s ode to the technological advancements of the 19th Century. So, limiting the journey to rail, steamer and… elephant… your itinerary is as follows: London to Suez to Bombay to Calcutta to Hong Kong to Yokohama to San Francisco to New York and then back to London. And your time starts… now.
Book a round-the-world airline ticket and create your own adventure; or for inspiration, check out the Jules Verne film festival.
The superior military intelligence of Genghis Khan, born in the 13th Century, was responsible for uniting the tribes of Central Asia to form the formidable Mongol Empire between 1266 and 1368. He made his conquering way from Mongolia to Beijing, eastern China, western China and finally Russia. If you are going to follow this ruthless historical leader, do your best to restrain from slaughtering 30 million people - the estimated number of people who died during the reign of Khan - along the way.
Most foreigners need a visa to enter Mongolia. Check your country’s status. Travel insurance is highly recommended.
Born in Morocco in 1304, Ibn Battutah was a scholar and jurisprudent. At the age of 20 he set off on a pilgrimage to Mecca and kept on travelling for almost 30 years. The published account of his travels, called the Rihla, tells of journeys covering 120,700km, taking in the entire Muslim world and beyond, including 44 modern-day countries.
Lost to the world for centuries, the Rihla was rediscovered in the 1800s and translated into several European languages. Grab yourself a copy, set aside the next 30 years and bon voyage.
Western pilgrims can access Mecca travel advice at www.abhuk.com.
British naturalist Charles Darwin set sail in 1831 on a five-year odyssey aboard the HMS Beagle to observe and document the natural environment. His Journal and Remarks was published in 1839 and is popularly known as “the Voyage of the Beagle”. He travelled to South America, the Galápagos Islands, Tahiti and Australia before heading home again via the Keeling Islands. His notes on biology, geology and anthropology were, in hindsight, the precursors to his world-changing ideas on evolution.
Consider supporting the Beagle Project, which aims to build a replica of HMS Beagle and repeat Darwin’s epic journey.
Alexander the Great
Deemed “Great” by some and “Grotesque” by others, Alexander III was probably the most successful military commander of the ancient world (and modern times to boot). His conquests took him and his armies across 16 countries from Greece to India. Alexander’s period of conquests spanned almost a decade and included the defeat of the Persian Empire and the invasion of India. And he did so on a magic horse, between untangling mythical puzzles, losing friends and lovers, and variously being declared a god and a destroyer.
Start at Pella, where Alexander was born; mosaics from the palace are still intact. The Pella museum has artefacts from local archaeological sites.
Travel was in the blood for Marco Polo (1254 to 1324), whose father was also a well-known explorer. Born in Venice, Marco sailed along the west coast of Greece to Turkey and followed the Silk Road through the Middle East and Central Asia to China. There is some speculation as to the extent of Marco’s travels (which he put at more than 39,000km), with sceptics accusing him of being something of a fibber. Were they just jealous?
Be inspired by two filmmakers who have retraced the whole 40,000km journey. Pick your starting point along Marco’s original route. | <urn:uuid:4e7fafb3-6766-4616-8905-86e6aab52dec> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20110630-greatest-historical-journeys/1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119645329.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030045-00163-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940715 | 945 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Klah is a restorative drink that is commonly drunk around Pern. It is made from the bark of the Klah tree. Though the taste is very different, it is considered to be the Pernese equivalent of coffee, described as being like a mix of coffee and chocolate, with a faint aftertaste of cinnamon. The EEC team which first discovered it liked it very much, and brought back some for the team-member on the ship to sample.
The younger tree bark was harsh, but it worked for Menolly, the bark is ground up, and brewed, if left too long on the fire, it can become very bitter.
All About Klah (taken from The Dragonlover's Guide To Pern, Second Edition, by Jody Lynn with Anne McCaffrey)
- "This spicy drink is generally served hot, possibly with milk and/or sweetening, sometimes with a splash of a warming liquor. It is brewed from the bark of a native tree. The flavor is something like cinnamony chocolate, with a touch of hazelnut and coffee. It can be drunk cold, but the preferred taste is warm. Klah contains a mild stimulant like caffeine and is used as the morning drink. Everyone but infants drinks klah. Children frequently mix theirs with sweetening and milk until they get used to the pungent infusion."
An Earth equivalent to klah
- Mix together:
- 2 tablespoons sweet ground chocolate
- 1/2 cup dark cocoa
- 3/8 teaspoon cinnamon
- 1 teaspoon dark instant coffee crystals, ground to powder
- a small pinch of nutmeg
- Use two to four teaspoons of the mixture per cup of boiling water. Stir well. The klah should be thick, much like hot cocoa. | <urn:uuid:7494d152-6554-45cd-9f97-4db0f02eb06d> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://pern.fandom.com/wiki/Klah | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998986.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20190619123854-20190619145854-00503.warc.gz | en | 0.955718 | 368 | 2.578125 | 3 |
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