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Saints Island – Lough Derg
The history of this site of pilgrimage is complicated. There was an old Irish monastery on the present Station Island. From about 1130 on, the Canons Regular of St Augustine took charge, but moved the pilgrimage to Saints Island, where they remained right down to the Reformation. The Canons then ran into problems of staffing the sanctuary. In 1631 the Archbishop of Armagh officially requested that the Franciscans be given charge of the shrine. There is some evidence to indicate that friars were working at Lough Derg before this. | <urn:uuid:cffb0637-6cec-414f-9a8c-20d659262be7> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.franciscans.ie/lough-derg-co-donegal-lock-dearg/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825147.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022060353-20171022080353-00647.warc.gz | en | 0.96968 | 118 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Focus: Squirting Water without a Gun
Fluid jets are normally made by forcing liquid through a nozzle, such as in a squirt gun or a syringe. But in the 10 July Physical Review Letters, researchers report a way to induce a fluid jet to burst from an isolated droplet. The team placed a liquid droplet on a surface and blasted it with focused surface acoustic waves–nano-sized versions of the ground-shaking waves from earthquakes–causing the droplet to shoot upward in a narrow stream. The researchers believe the technique could be useful in drug delivery, biomedical research, and inkjet printing.
One of the challenges in microfluidics, the manipulation of small amounts of fluid, is in propelling liquid. Because of high surface tension, pumping fluid through micron-scale channels requires considerable effort–like drinking a milkshake through a narrow straw. Many microfluidic devices, which are often as small as a credit card, must be attached to a big pump, resulting in an unwieldy and inefficient arrangement.
To overcome this problem, researchers led by Leslie Yeo of Monash University in Australia are turning to surface acoustic waves (SAWs). SAWs are tiny versions of the seismic surface waves (Rayleigh waves) from earthquakes (see animations here). SAW amplitudes can be just a few nanometers, and they have traditionally been used in telecommunications and in touch-screen technology, among other areas. Only in recent years have they been used to manipulate liquids, says Yeo, for vibrating and breaking up droplets, for example. Now he and his colleagues have used SAWs to generate fluid jets.
The researchers put two electrodes on a lithium-niobate piezoelectric surface, a material that converts electric voltage into SAWs. The electrodes, made from arrays of curved metal strips, or arcs, took up two 90-degree sectors of a disk shape, with a hole in the center. The arrays focused SAWs from opposite directions into the center, where the researchers placed a 1- to 5-microliter drop of water, ethanol, methanol, or octanol.
The vibrations, at a frequency of 30 megahertz, triggered different behaviors in the droplets, depending on the vertical acceleration of the waves, which the team controlled with slight changes in their amplitude. For smaller amplitudes, the force wasn’t strong enough to overcome the droplet’s surface tension, so it merely oscillated in place, sloshing between a flattened shape and a “mountain” shape, like a Hershey’s chocolate kiss. For larger amplitude SAWs, the mountain erupted into a jet 1 to 2 centimeters high, reaching speeds of several meters per second. The larger the SAW amplitude, the longer the jet. At even higher amplitudes, the jet broke up into a series of smaller droplets. The largest SAWs caused the droplet to explode in a flurry of even tinier droplets, a process called atomization.
The next step, Yeo says, is to develop more precise ways to control the jets for future applications. For example, small devices could employ jets to efficiently deliver accurate doses of drugs. The miniaturization made possible by SAW-induced jets could also result in smaller and more efficient DNA microarrays, which are used to analyze thousands of genes at once in the study of diseases. Another application is inkjet printers, which now rely on nozzles to shoot tiny drops of ink onto paper.
This work is an “interesting approach to manipulating fluids on small scales that hasn’t seen a lot of investigation in the past,” says Michael Graham of the University of Wisconsin in Madison. In addition to showing more jet control, he says, future studies should consider droplets at smaller scales, where viscosity becomes more important.
Marcus Woo is a freelance science writer in the San Francisco Bay Area.
more videos of SAW micro/nanofluidics (Yeo and Friend, Micro/Nanophysics Research Lab, Monash University)
more on SAW microfluidics (L. Yeo, Monash University)
animations comparing water waves with Rayleigh waves (Dan Russell, Kettering University) | <urn:uuid:156d0d7c-3bcb-4e87-aeb3-b89ac52cf977> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://physics.aps.org/story/v24/st2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398459875.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205419-00122-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914684 | 887 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Did you know that chronic inflammation is the only common link between cancer, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and heart disease? Researchers describe it as “the fires within” and they’re referring to the way inflammatory proteins break down tissues and organs. So how can we reduce inflammation in our bodies? Here are the three triggers to look out for and the two best inflammation crushers to go for:
Three surprising inflammation triggers
1. Sleepless nights
Rubin Naiman, sleep specialist and clinical assistant professor of medicine at the University of Arizona’s Center for Integrative Medicine, points to a whack of research that links sleep debts to a rise in cortisol levels and inflammation biomarkers. And it goes both ways. “Sleeplessness increases chronic inflammation,” Naiman says, “but chronic inflammation also increases sleeplessness.” Our bodies should do exactly what the planet does when the sun goes down, says Naiman. “All of the heat absorbed during the day should dissipate and steadily decrease throughout the night before reaching its lowest point just before the dawn and coming back up,” he says. “Sleep is a release of energy.” Scientists have found, though, that people suffering from sleep disorders don’t get cool enough at night because they’re inflamed. In some cases, their body temperature literally qualifies as a fever state (over 37ºC), says Naiman. Naiman has a few tips for those who suffer from the occasional bout of insomnia and are looking for ways to get a better night’s sleep:
Cool the room: Lower your thermostat at night to around 20 C.
Turn off the TV: A little TV humour is okay before bed, but avoid being “dramatized” by one-hour police shows or murder mysteries. Save those for the day, says Naiman. At night you want to create a release of energy, not a buildup.
Unplug your brain: Don’t take or make any phone calls or fire off any emails one hour before sleep.
Prep for rest: Use your pre-sleep hour to read a book or practise simple relaxation techniques like meditation and gentle yoga.
Set your alarm: Move your clock to somewhere you can hear it, but not see it. And if your clock has a digital display, ditch it. “Even the small amount of light from clock radios can trickle through closed eyelids, suppressing melatonin production and disrupting sleep,” says Naiman.
2. Couple stress
Have you been burned by love? New evidence shows that stress from personal relationships directly impacts our body’s inflammatory response. In fact, love gone wrong can sometimes be as bad for the body as smoking, obesity and hypertension. And, once again, women are more at risk than men because we produce more of the stress hormone cortisol than they do, and it does more damage in our bodies. Recent studies showed that women with lower marital satisfaction experience a more rapid progression of inflammation-related disorders like carotid atherosclerosis (a vascular disease affecting the arteries to the brain), arthritis and metabolic syndrome, which can lead to heart disease and diabetes. Part of this is because trusting, supportive relationships can inspire health-promoting behaviours, including better eating habits and romantic walks together, while unsupportive relationships can result in cancelled trips to the gym, more sleep disturbances, Häagen- Dazs binges and higher rates of smoking and drinking. But it’s even more subtle than that: Often, our expectations about the availability and responsiveness of our partners can influence how the body reacts to stress, especially when expectations fall short. This can lead to depression, which studies show makes us more vulnerable to infection, fuels inflammatory production and may slow down the healing process. One 2009 study from Ohio State University also found that how we love directly affects our immune systems. People who avoid conflict or withhold love (an act dubbed “attachment avoidance”) have higher levels of inflammation than those who are less evasive. In other words, experiencing your feelings, working through your problems and being open-hearted is better for your body and psyche than bottling up your feelings or pushing someone away. What’s more, when women avoid intimacy their cortisol levels spike—along with their risk of chronic inflammation.
3. Forgetting to floss
“The old ‘Brush your teeth’ should really be ‘Clean your mouth,’” says Howard Tenenbaum, head of research in the Department of Dentistry at Mount Sinai Hospital in Toronto. Ever since a bidirectional link was discovered between gum inflammation and Type 2 diabetes, and, possibly heart disease, periodontists have been sharing patients with endocrinologists and cardiologists. “We now know that treating periodontal disease—swollen and inflamed gums that bleed easily and may have a slightly bluish tinge—can improve the clinical course of diabetes,” says Tenenbaum. Although rumour has it that cleaning your mouth properly can also ward off heart disease, here the evidence is more tenuous. “There’s a strong possibility of a link,” says Tenenbaum, “but we don’t know for sure.” So why is a clean mouth so vital to our overall health? “It’s the only area of the body where a structure—the teeth— perforates the skin,” says Tenenbaum. “It’s a weak spot and a breeding ground for bacteria.” When gums are diseased they spill a whole array of cytokines into the bloodstream. Flossing and using a soft brush in circular motions along the gum line is key to eliminating bacteria and warding off inflammation, but so is brushing your tongue and sweeping the bristles over the insides of your cheeks. Tenenbaum recommends toothpastes that contain triclosan , an antibacterial ingredient, as well as antibacterial rinses. Tenenbaum’s lab is now conducting a clinical trial with a rinse containing resveratrol, a compound in red wine that has been shown to block inflammation.
Two inflammation crushers
1. The anti-inflammation diet
What you eat can determine whether you’re in a pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory state, writes lifestyle guru Andrew Weil, in his book Healthy Aging: A Lifelong Guide to Your Physical and Spiritual Well-Being. Weil, director and founder of the Center for Integrative Medicine at the University of Arizona, suggests stocking up on foods rich in omega-3s—greens, seeds and nuts, and oily, cold-water fish like salmon, sardines and black cod—while cutting back on foods high in omega-6s, found in grain-fed meat and processed foods such as cookies and candy. “Omega- 6s tend to increase inflammation by promoting blood clotting and blood-vessel narrowing,” he says, “while Omega-3s counteract each of these processes.” Weil says correcting omega imbalances would bring the North American diet in line with the Mediterranean diets, where obesity, heart disease and chronic inflammation rates are lower.
Eating low-glycemic foods (slow-digesting carbohydrates) such as yams, wild rice and beans, is also key. The high glycemic carbohydrates we love, found in cakes, waffles and doughnuts, jumpstart a process called glycation. It produces pro-inflammatory compounds called advanced-glycation end products (AGEs) that lead to oxidative stress, which can do everything from degrading the elastin and collagen in your skin to destroying blood vessels and organs. He also suggests using spices that have potent anti-inflammatory properties, such as turmeric and ginger.
Weil’s Food Pyramid presents the best food choices and serving suggestions for warding off chronic inflammation. On the bottom, you’ll find the items you should add most often to your diet, namely red and green veggies and fresh or frozen berries. This is followed by whole grains, pasta, and beans and legumes, all the way up to red wine and chocolate at the top.
2. Gentle yoga
A study published in September confirmed that regular exercise is key in lowering the number of C-reactive proteins in the body in patients with heart disease, but extreme exercise increases them. Meanwhile, a study from Ohio State University published in January was the first to present clinical evidence of the link between a particular type of yoga practice —the gentle Iyengar—and lower levels of inflammation. The study involved 50 healthy women, average age 41, half of them yoga experts and the other half with only a few classes under their belts. The novices, the study found, had over 40 percent more inflammatory markers in their bloodstream compared to those who had been working the mat once or twice a week for at least two years. What makes Iyengar so special? The mechanics of the poses and the placement of blocks and bolsters at certain points along the body are very stimulating to the adrenals (the glands above the kidneys in charge of releasing adrenaline and cortisol), says Marlene Mawhinney, president and senior instructor at Yoga Centre Toronto (YCT). Other poses improve circulation and pulse rates. YCT offers special classes in Iyengar yoga for people suffering from inflammation-based disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis and heart disease. Mawhinney has even started collaborating with scientists in research trials and presenting evidence of yoga’s medical benefits at conferences. “Doctors today are looking at a wider approach to therapies,” she says. Still, if yoga isn’t for you, any form of exercise will help lower the inflammatory response in your body. The key is to mix it up: Combine strength training with cardiovascular activity such as walking, biking or running. And just remember: Don’t overdo it—excessive exercise can trigger inflammation too!
To learn why chronic inflammation is considered the ‘secret killer’, check out this article. | <urn:uuid:904d786a-6780-419e-8a02-5ca34184202e> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.chatelaine.com/health/how-to-stop-inflammation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400283990.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200927152349-20200927182349-00286.warc.gz | en | 0.939719 | 2,101 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The education system can be improved through education reform all over the world. Education reform is the goal that is set for changing the public education all around the world. This reform is to make the education system better for everyone and improving the future.
What Is Education Reform?
The idea of changing public education as a whole is known as education reform. This reform system started in the 1980s. Education reform has focused on changing the way we educate. The biggest change comes about through a shift from input focus to one of outputs. As a result, the importance of theory-based education has changed to that of a more practical approach that improves on the creative skills on an individual rather than overshadowing it.
It is widely believed by education systems that if there is a small change in the system, a big change shall follow in the future. The methods and meaning behind education have drastically changed through the education reform act. The changes have either been made by individual teachers, or the institution itself. The change in the curriculum itself is a big step for education reform.
Why Do We Need Education Reform?
Education reform is a necessity for the improvement of the future of not only the individual, but also for the country and the world as a whole. The educational institute as of now is meant for preparing students for college and not for the greater world. The parents of individuals want the system to have higher standards so that their children have the opportunity to achieve their goals. The standards for better education can only be raised if the country invests in reforming the education system. Here are some of the reasons we need education reform:
- Availability of information.
- Fast changing technology.
- Most teenagers are rejecting the current education system.
- Teaching students to be successful.
- Preventing students from committing reckless acts and going to jail.
The current education system has several drawbacks. The educational system does not promote the creativity of a student, but focuses on the theoretical part of studies. Technology has greatly improved, and so schools should incorporate it into teaching their students the right way to utilize technology.
The education system now is such that many students refuse to attend school for several reasons, the syllabus and the treatment that they get in school being a major one. Those who diverge from school education do not get a promising future as compared to those who complete their education. | <urn:uuid:041f50be-63e2-4d5f-bd09-50a604c74946> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://chadjsmith.net/2017/04/10/why-education-reform-is-needed/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998291.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20190616182800-20190616204800-00401.warc.gz | en | 0.969983 | 477 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Humans may not revisit the moon again until possibly 2020 at the earliest, but plenty of countries and private companies have targeted Earth's rocky satellite as a prime destination for robotic explorers.
The last century's moon race between the United States and Russia has since given way to a new onslaught of unmanned lunar missions launched by Europe, Japan, China, India and the United States, which have helped uncover lunar water resources. Private entrepreneurs are also racing to land a homemade robot on the moon and win the $30 million Google Lunar X Prize, which will reward the first private team to launch and land a spacecraft on the moon.
Stirrings of a new manned lunar race between the U.S. and Chinese space programs died with the cancellation of NASA's Constellation program at the end of last year. China now looks like the "clear front- runner for reaching the moon," despite not yet officially announcing a human lunar program, according to Joan Johnson-Freese, a space policy analyst at the Naval War College in Newport, R.I.
"Since the political will was clearly not evident in the U.S. to fund our lunar program to the extent necessary for success, it put the U.S. in a position of racing back to a place we had been, in a race we had won triumphantly before, with the very real risk of coming in second this time," Johnson-Freese said in an e-mail. "While very disappointing, I think reality dictated the cancellation."
NASA has not completely given up on the moon and lunar science despite redirecting human mission plans toward the asteroids and Mars, according to officials. But its present path seems unlikely to follow the Apollo moon program's footsteps as closely as the Constellation plan did.
Send in the bots
Meanwhile, China has pushed forward with a three-phase lunar exploration program involving probes and a lander. Its human spaceflight program has so far focused on launching to Earth orbit and preparing to build a Chinese space station starting this year.
The country's second moon probe, Chang'e-2, entered lunar orbit at the beginning of this month after a five-day trip from Earth. Part of Chang'e-2's mission involves scouting possible landing sites for the Chang'e-3 spacecraft, which is scheduled for a lunar landing in 2013.
Plenty of other countries seem eager to join in the lunar rush, even if China looks set to take a strong lead. India has begun drawing up plans for its own second lunar probe launch in 2013, after the success of its Chandrayaan 1 probe, which helped confirm the presence of water on the moon.
The moon race may act as an extension of a China-India rivalry that has spilled over from Earth to human spaceflight and the development of military technologies for space.
"India in particular has been smarting from the techno-nationalist rewards that China has reaped from its space successes, and has seen China build its military space capabilities, and so jumped on that bandwagon," Johnson-Freese told SPACE.com.
The European Space Agency has its own ideas for establishing a lunar presence. It awarded $8.4 million to Europe's biggest space corporation, EADS Astrium, to design a lunar robot that could rove near the lunar south pole.
The X Factor
Japan has targeted a research robot for the moon with a landing date around 2015. And a private Japanese consortium hopes to send along some company in the form of a two-legged humanoid robot designed to walk on the moon, even if it faces funding and engineering challenges.
In an added 21st century twist, private U.S. companies have joined in the race for the moon with the $30 million Google Lunar X Prize up for grabs. Twenty-two teams are competing to land a robot on the lunar surface, have it move at least 1,650 feet (500 meters), and transmit data and images back to Earth.
But the private companies aren't going it alone. NASA recently signed contracts to buy moon data from six of the private teams competing for the Google Lunar X Prize.
"There's a synergy there, working with NASA and going to the moon," said Brett Alexander, president of the Commercial Spaceflight Federation.
The private space industry could use the Google Lunar X Prize as a stepping stone to develop techniques that could also apply to asteroid missions and harvesting minerals, Alexander told SPACE.com. Companies could then position themselves to offer their services to NASA or other government space agencies.
That's the future. For now, the moon awaits its next visitor. | <urn:uuid:d66d585e-bd80-4293-8376-b75ca0b015b4> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://www.space.com/10633-moon-race-private-companies.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320763.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626133830-20170626153830-00715.warc.gz | en | 0.958446 | 934 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Welcome to the Vectors guide at TV Tome. Vectors burst onto school television in the fall of 1987 and quickly drew raves. Not since The Mechanical Universe had computer animation worked so cleverly to teach students about the world around us. Complimenting the spectacular animation was the same trend of synthesized music we first heard in Landscape of Geometry. Vectors was the first of TVO's Concepts in Mathematics projects. These six shows discussed drawing vectors, adding them together, determining forces, and the like. There is no editor for this show. If you would like to be the editor look here for details.
Add this show to your queue to receive more information about
Vectors and we will let you know when it becomes available. | <urn:uuid:3b18c507-67f1-4299-b837-afe8af074651> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://gowatchit.com/watch/shows/vectors-3501 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187828356.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20171024090757-20171024110757-00859.warc.gz | en | 0.955423 | 155 | 3.359375 | 3 |
In our initial analyses of pathology data from the South West for our OpenPathology.net project, we have noticed subtle but consistent variation in haemoglobin test results throughout the year. Haemoglobin (Hb) levels falling below certain threshold values typically give a diagnosis of anaemia.
In the following regional sample we see that the mean Hb concentration across both males and females differs by 2-3 g/l between the summer low and the winter peak:
To put this in context, adjustments to the cutoff point for anaemia are documented for altitude (+2 to +67 g/l), smoking status (+3 to +7 g/l) and pregnancy (-10 to -15 g/l) , and haemoglobin levels also vary with age. So, the seasonality we see is relatively small and, in the context of ongoing monitoring of an individual patient, likely to be hardly noticeable.
However, over the whole tested population, it seems likely that more patients will fall under the threshold and be flagged as anaemic in summer compared to winter. We can see this effect more clearly by plotting the distribution of test result values in our region, and comparing these with the reference range limits:
We can see that in summer approximately 20% of test results for women are below the reference range (i.e. “anaemic”), but only around 18% in winter. Taking a practice with 10,000 patients requesting 500 tests per month, assuming 300 of these are for women, this could represent an additional 6 patients (60 vs 54) being flagged as anaemic in a summer month compared to winter.
Is this seasonality clinically significant? There are several sources of variation which can introduce uncertainty in test results (which we will discuss in several other blogs), and this seasonal effect appears to be another contributor, though potentially a minor one.
It is worth noting that the consequences of even mildly abnormal results can be significant – causing considerable worry for patients (e.g. video below), as well as potentially unnecessary further testing and treatment.
What could be causing it?
Perhaps the population being tested by GPs varies by month, and more people with low haemoglobin happen to be tested in summer.
A sampling effect could also be caused by our current small sample size – we’d love to include more data! (How to get involved)
Any degradation of haemoglobin in the blood sample during transport or storage could reduce the resulting test result value, which could feasibly be accelerated in warmer conditions.
We see an artefactual effect in potassium tests, where diffusion of potassium in and out of red cells is affected by temperature.
However, there is no obvious documentation of an issue with haemoglobin stability.
Natural adaptation to temperature?
Seasonality in haemoglobin levels has been noted in the literature, often in people tested routinely, including blood donors, pregnant women and thalassemia patients.
For example, more blood donors are turned away in summer due to low haemoglobin concentrations [3,4,] and thalassemia patients also report lower haemoglobin levels in summer5.
The effect has been attributed to increased plasma volume in warmer conditions, i.e. blood becomes more “dilute” to help the body acclimatise to warmer weather , but absolute haemoglobin levels remain unchanged.
This could mean that patients dropping into the “anaemic” category in summer in fact have sufficient haemoglobin levels.
Interestingly, the observation of seasonality in on-the-spot testing (such as at blood donation centres), would appear to rule out the possibility of there being a significant issue with haemoglobin stability. These observations also make it unlikely that it is a sampling issue.
We’re interested in investigating this effect across more regions, as we import more data into the tool. If your region would like to get involved please let us know. Or if you have any thoughts on this topic do get in touch.
There are many other factors that can contribute to variation in test results. Our next blog series will take a brief look at some of the problems inherent in how we define a “normal” result, and how we consider variance in measurements. | <urn:uuid:48040386-9e2b-48f9-bb88-eafc891fbbb8> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.thedatalab.org/blog/2019/10/73/openpathology-seasonality-in-haemoglobin-test-results/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107900860.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20201028191655-20201028221655-00190.warc.gz | en | 0.944904 | 875 | 2.640625 | 3 |
NEWS AND OPINION:
So what was the thinking about Thanksgiving in America 40 years ago? The 40th president had an idea or two to share.
“Two hundred years ago, the Congress of the United States issued a Thanksgiving Proclamation stating that it was ‘the indispensable duty of all nations to offer both praise and supplication to God. Above all other nations of the world, America has been especially blessed and should give special thanks. We have bountiful harvests, abundant freedoms, and a strong, compassionate people,” Ronald Reagan said in a public proclamation on Thanksgiving Day, Nov. 25, 1982.
“I have always believed that this anointed land was set apart in an uncommon way, that a divine plan placed this great continent here between the oceans to be found by people from every corner of the Earth who had a special love of faith and freedom. Our pioneers asked that He would work His will in our daily lives so America would be a land of morality, fairness, and freedom,” Reagan continued.
“Today we have more to be thankful for than our pilgrim mothers and fathers who huddled on the edge of the New World that first Thanksgiving Day could ever dream. We should be grateful not only for our blessings, but for the courage and strength of our ancestors which enable us to enjoy the lives we do today. Let us reaffirm through prayers and actions our thankfulness for America’s bounty and heritage,” the 40th president advised.
WHAT TRUMP ONCE SAID
The 45th president also had something to say about Thanksgiving.
“On Thanksgiving Day, we thank God for the abundant blessings in our lives. As we gather with family and friends to celebrate this season of generosity, hope, and gratitude, we commemorate America’s founding traditions of faith, family, and friendship, and give thanks for the principles of freedom, liberty, and democracy that make our country exceptional in the history of the world,” then-President Donald Trump said in a Thanksgiving proclamation issued on Nov. 25, 2020.
It included historical references to the nation’s first Thanksgiving, the challenges of the coronavirus pandemic and the nation’s gratitude toward “the brave American patriots” of the U.S. military, and the devotion of law enforcement personnel and first responders.
“This Thanksgiving, we reaffirm our everlasting gratitude for all that we enjoy, and we commemorate the legacy of generosity bestowed upon us by our forbearers. Although challenges remain, we will never yield in our quest to live up to the promise of our heritage. As we gather with our loved ones, we resolve with abiding faith and patriotism to celebrate the joys of freedom and cherish the hope and peace of a brighter future ahead,” Mr. Trump concluded.
RECIPE DU JOUR
The National Archives really do chronicle everything.
It is always helpful to spend time at their fine website at Archives.gov — which includes information on the nation’s founding documents, military and federal records, World War II photos and much, much more. Meanwhile, here is a Thanksgiving recipe — and yes, it is part of the official Archives collection, specifically chronicling a “White House Thanksgiving.”
This recipe is verbatim from the Archives records, which also include former President George W. Bush and Laura Bush’s recipe for deviled eggs and entries from several other U.S. presidents. Now, on to the recipe:
Ronald and Nancy Reagan’s Pumpkin Pecan Pie:
4 slightly beaten eggs
2 cups canned or mashed cooked pumpkin
1 cup sugar
1/2 cup dark corn syrup
1 teaspoon vanilla
1/2 teaspoon cinnamon
1/4 teaspoon salt
1 unbaked 9-inch pie shell
1 cup chopped pecans
Combine the ingredients except pecans. Pour into pie shell. Top with pecans. Bake at 350° for 40 minutes, or until set.
DOG HINTS OF THE DAY
Let us not forget our canine pals on Thanksgiving, who eye most everything on the table. The Old Farmer’s Almanac has assembled a list of food that dogs can and cannot eat on Thanksgiving Day.
“What morsels can you slip your pup as a treat to celebrate the season?” the publication asks.
Dog-friendly human foods include apple slices but not core or seeds, plain white or wheat bread as long as the pup isn’t allergic to wheat — but no raw bread dough, particularly yeast dough. Bite-size pieces of carrots and celery are OK — along with cheese — mozzarella and nonfat cottage cheese the preferred variety.
Corn kernels are “perfectly healthy in small amounts” but no corn cobs, the publication advises. Fresh green beans, raw or plainly cooked, are OK, but not canned beans. Plain, canned, puréed pumpkin can serve as a treat, but not spiced pumpkin pie filling. Cooked plain white rice is fine, but not brown rice.
“Good news! Turkey, the star of most Thanksgiving dinners, is perfectly safe for dogs, in general — if it is plain, unseasoned, properly cooked, and given in small amounts. White meat is best, as it contains less fat, fewer calories, and more protein. Before preparing a plate for your pooch, be sure to remove any fat or skin and never, ever give them the bones, which can splinter and cause tears or blockages in the digestive tract. Avoid giving your dog any seasoned or processed turkey, which may contain harmful ingredients,” the Almanac cautioned.
Also on the no-no list for dogs: Alcohol, chocolate, coffee or tea, garlic, leeks and onions; grapes and raisins plus rich ice cream.
Curious? Consult Almanac.com/thanksgiving-foods-your-dog-can-and-cant-eat. There is also a list of no-no foods for cats — found at Almanac.com/best-and-worst-thanksgiving-foods-cats.
POLL DU JOUR
• 40% of U.S. adults say they “love” pumpkin pie; 42% of Republicans, 38% of independents and 41% of Democrats agree.
• 30% overall say they “like” pumpkin pie; 29% of Republicans, 27% of independents and 33% of Democrats agree.
• 15% overall say they “dislike” pumpkin pie; 16% of Republicans, 15% of independents and 12% of Democrats agree.
• 9% overall say they “hate” pumpkin pie; 9% of Republicans, 8% of independents and 11% of Democrats agree.
• 6% are not sure how they feel about pumpkin pie; 4% of Republicans, 11% of independents and 3% of Democrats agree.
Source: A YouGov Survey of 1,000 U.S. adults conducted Nov. 14-18.
• Happy Thanksgiving and thank you for reading Inside the Beltway.
Soruce : https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2022/nov/23/inside-beltway-revisit-reagans-thanksgiving/?utm_source=RSS_Feed&utm_medium=RSS | <urn:uuid:44c2e3c6-c54a-486e-9cf4-2b371c5be3b1> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://breakingnewsofworld.com/inside-the-beltway-revisit-reagans-thanksgiving/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233509023.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925151539-20230925181539-00860.warc.gz | en | 0.920472 | 1,535 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Sniff Sniff What's the smell in the Dell? Well . . . it comes from a cheese. A great big cheese. A smelly, scrumptious cheese, if you please. Made from the milk of a cantankerous cow - oh, wow The one-horned, two-eared, three-legged Cowabunga. But . . . the Cowabunga cheese has gone missing, and Shelock Bones is on the case That brainy bloodhound must use all five of his senses to track down the thief. Children will have fun following the clues in this roll-off-your-tongue read-aloud inspired by the popular children's song "The Farmer in the Dell" and illustrated with Dorothy Donohue's signature cut-paper artwork. Music for the nursery song "The Farmer in the Dell" is included as back matter.
Sherlock Bones and the Missing Cheese | <urn:uuid:82337065-3e22-48e5-8d7e-6575e8d9e245> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://www.dymocks.com.au/book/sherlock-bones-and-the-missing-cheese-by-susan-stevens-crummel-9780761461869/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698540932.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170900-00105-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.911135 | 189 | 2.53125 | 3 |
|Saturday, August 17, 2002||
THE Kumaon region of Uttaranchal, bordering China in the north and Nepal in the west showcases a rich variety of nature's bounty — dense tropical and alpine forests, rivers and lakes and high mountain ranges with temples depicting exquisite craftsmanship and brilliant architectural styles. Much of the region still does not feature on the world's 'tourist map', making it an ideal destination for those who wish to explore lesser-known sites. The name Kumaon is derived from Kurmanchal, which refers to the Land of the Kurmavtar (the tortoise incarnation of Lord Vishnu). It is also known, according to Hindu legends, as Devbhoomi or the "Abode of Gods".
Nestled among the thick
deodars of these Kumaon hills is the imposing Surya temple. Located at
Katarmal at an altitude of 2116 mt, this quaint temple, built in the 9th
century, is relatively unknown as compared to the world-famous sun
temple of Konark. Besides these two, there are three other sun temples
in the country - Modhera sun temple in Gujarat, Martand temple in
Kashmir and Osia in Rajasthan.
This sun temple is one of the most important temples dedicated to the Sun God. It was built by Katarmalla, a Katyuri raja, in the 9th century. In the early medieval period, Kumaon was ruled by the Katyuri dynasty. They ruled from the 7th to the 11th century and controlled large parts of Kumaon, Garhwal and western Nepal. Bajinath, near the present-day Almora, was the capital of the Katyuri kings and a centre of art. A number of temples were built during the reign of the Katyuri kings. They used stones instead of bricks in these temples. Large stones were quarried and transported over the hilly terrain, and iron clamps were used to hold the stones together. The Katyuri Dynasty constructed about 400 temples in Almora district alone. The majestic and tranquil Himalayas in the background lend an air of purity and serenity to these temples.
The deity of the sun temple in Katarmal is known as Burhadita or Vraddhaditya (the old Sun God). The temple, noted for its magnificent architecture, artistically made stone and metallic sculptures and beautifully carved pillars and wooden doors, has a cluster of 44 small, exquisitely carved temples surrounding it. The present mandapa of the temple as well as many of the shrines within the enclosure have been constructed much later. The image of Surya in the temple dates back to 12th century. The idols of Shiva-Parvati and Lakshmi-Narayana are also found in the temple. However, the intricately carved doors and panels have been removed to the National Museum in Delhi after the 10th-century idol of the presiding deity was stolen.
Though this temple has
been declared a monument of national importance under the Ancient
Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958, this temple
is in a state of neglect. The temple, which has intricately carved
images on its walls, is bound to attract tourists if some efforts are
made to conserve it. At present, mainly foreigners visit this temple
in great numbers. | <urn:uuid:c3963433-ebab-4679-9d3c-eee73e0e7b18> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020817/windows/site.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488249738.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20210620144819-20210620174819-00363.warc.gz | en | 0.958986 | 702 | 2.84375 | 3 |
- Bicyclists follow the normal rules of the road for drivers in order to deter collisions with cars, pedestrians, and other cyclists.
- Bicyclists have the legal right to use public roadways as well as a legal responsibility to negotiate traffic safely and predictably. § 20-4.01(49)
- Bicyclists must obey red lights and stop signs. § 20-158
- When traveling slowly, use the right hand thru lane except when approaching turns. § 20-146(b)
- Ride entirely within a single marked travel lane. Do not ride on a lane line; allow drivers to use the adjacent lane to pass. § 20-146(d)(1)
- Look and yield to adjacent traffic before moving laterally. § 20-146(d)(1)
- Do not pass stopped traffic queues on the right; get in line with other traffic (wait the middle of the lane) at intersections. § 20-150.1
- Respect the traffic laws for operating around school buses and emergency vehicles. § 20-217 § 20-157
- When stopping to rest, talk or regroup, move completely off of the roadway. § 20-161
For additional information on laws, see Important NC Traffic Laws Applicable to Bicyclists
- Riding in close proximity to other cyclists requires additional care.
- The benefits of proximity include greater efficiency (lower wind resistance, less wasted effort), greater speed, and higher traffic throughput.
- Close formations require cooperation and trust. Don’t follow another cyclist at close distance without their consent.
- Physical contact with another rider or their bicycle should never be done without the other rider’s verbal request. This includes contact with a rider to assist in maintaining a consistent speed. Such contact could be unwanted or misconstrued and could also startle a rider and cause loss of control.
- Visibility is important. Approach other road users from where they are looking for traffic, and use front and rear lights at night.
- Changes in speed and position should be gradual and not unexpected when in a group.
- The most visible and predictable group formation is a double paceline (see Group Formations).
- Verbalization – Announce your movements when slowing, stopping, overtaking, and changing formation.
- Signaling – Use hand signals before moving left, right, stopping/slowing, and point out surface hazards and conditions that require moving laterally.
- Call out unexpected or potentially unseen hazards such as potholes, animals, and cars overtaking under unsafe conditions. Don’t call “car back” for every vehicle that overtakes; save warnings for situations that are unsafe or unexpected, such as when other cyclists are encroaching on the left lane, or there is a conflict with oncoming traffic.
- Surface hazards are hard for following bicyclists to see in a group, so take special care to call and/or point them out and lead followers into a safe path around them.
- If you call out, use a direction (ex: “Hole Left” or Hole center”) so following cyclists can avoid the hazard.
- Tell people right away if you experience a mechanical or health problem – this reduces the danger of a collision should you need to slow down or move suddenly, and they can help you with your issue.
- Don’t use headphones, earbuds, or cell phones while cycling. You need to be able to hear other cyclists and to be focused on your surroundings. | <urn:uuid:40364cdc-5c19-44b7-9932-c3264b9402b8> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.bikewalknc.org/group-bicycling-cooperative-principles/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588398.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028162638-20211028192638-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.912431 | 733 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Добро пожаловать на сайт электронной библиотеки! Здесь можно найти произведения русских и зарубежных авторов. Скачать множество книг и журналов различных жанров и направлений. Большой выбор художественной, бизнес, учебной и технической литературы. Все представленные здесь книги и журналы имеют подробное описание и обложку. Наша библиотека регулярно пополняется только новыми и интересными материалами!
With the development in the 13th century of co-operative tactics using crossbowmen and heavy spearmen, circumstance began to arise in which the charge by Muslim horse-archers, and then by European armoured knights, could be defied. Infantry were far cheaper and easier to train than knights, and potentially there were far more of them. Tactics emerged by which more numerous and more varied infantry played an increasing part in battles. This book traces these and other examples of this ‘jerky’ and uneven process through its regional differences, which were invariably entwined with parallel cavalry developments – the balanced army of ‘mixed arms’ was always the key to success. By the time serious hand-held firearms appeared on battlefields in large numbers in about 1500, the face of medieval warfare had been transformed.
The Medieval Archer
It is a delight to read a book which recognises the importance of warfare in medieval times...also...discusses the changing role of the archer in medieval society. SIR STEVEN RUNCIMANThis book traces the history of the archer in the medieval period,
Second World War Infantry Tactics: The European Theatre
Название: "Second World War Infantry Tactics: The European Theatre" Издано: Pen & Sword Military автор: Stephen Bull язык: English ISBN: 1848840705 год: 2012 Формат: PDF страниц: 365 pages размер: 12 MB The 'poor bloody infantry' do the
Vietnam Infantry Tactics (Osprey Elite 186)
Osprey's study of the evolving US, Viet Cong and NVA tactics at battalion level and below throughout the Vietnam War (1955-1975). Beginning with a description of the terrain, climate and the unique nature of operations in this theater of war, author
Medieval Siege Warfare (Trade Editions)
During the Middle Ages siege warfare played a vital role in military strategy. Sieges were far more numerous than pitched battles, ranging from small-scale affairs against palisaded earthworks to full-scale assaults on vast strongholds. Needless to | <urn:uuid:58baa575-3d76-4680-8f64-cd2a81e4cbae> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://vipbook.info/jurnal/voennye-i-history_zhurnal/105080-osprey-elite-189-european-medieval-tactics-2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541525.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00182-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.745825 | 906 | 3.046875 | 3 |
At the start of 2012, the United States had over 4,000 megawatts (MW) of solar photovoltaics (PV) connected to the grid, with the pace of new installations accelerating as the price continues to fall. There has never been a better opportunity for Americans to generate their own electricity on-site nor such a challenge to the electricity system paradigm and for its policy makers and regulators. The greatest challenge is to prepare: although only 0.1% of electricity is generated by solar power in 2012; within a decade, 300,000 MW of unsubsidized solar power will be at parity with retail electricity prices in most of the United States and more than 35 million buildings may be generating their own solar electricity sufficient to power almost 10% of the country.
|Read the reports:
||View the interactive map:
||View the infographic:||View presentation: | <urn:uuid:48206fb8-7ad8-470f-86aa-6843abac3913> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://ilsr.org/rooftop-revolution/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246644083.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045724-00008-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936642 | 181 | 2.90625 | 3 |
The mourning dove probably gets its name from its haunting "hoo, hoo, hoo" call. Found through all but far northeastern Minnesota on farms, roadsides, woodlands, and small towns, it is often seen on overhead wires.
General description: Mourning doves are blue-gray birds about the size of a robin. They have small heads, large breasts, and a pointed tail.
Size: Adult mourning doves are about 12 inches long.
Color: They are bluish gray with a lighter, brownish breast, and a black spot near the eye. Males have iridescent feathers on their neck. When they fly you might notice that the tail has a white tip.
Sounds: Mourning doves make a soft cooing sound that some people confuse with the hooting of an owl.
Mourning doves pair in the spring. After the male chooses a nesting site, the pair spends three to four days building a nest from twigs and sometimes grass. It might be on the ground or up to 20 feet up in a tree. The female lays two white eggs, which both parents incubate. After the eggs hatch about two weeks later, both parents care for the young until they leave the nest at 11 to 15 days of age. A pair may raise two families in a single summer. Mourning doves mate for life - about seven to 10 years. But if a mate is killed, they will find a new mate.
Mourning doves eat seeds, fruit, and insects. They also eat grain from farmers' fields.
Raccoons, cats, falcons and other birds of prey. Snakes sometimes eat eggs and nestlings.
Habitat and range
Mourning doves are common along country roads, and are also found in towns and open forests. In winter mourning doves migrate south; however, some can be seen year round in southern Minnesota.
Population and management
Doves are one of the most common birds in the United States, and dove hunting is legal in Minnesota during the dove hunting season each year.
Have you ever heard of a bird giving milk? Mourning doves have a special structure in their throats in which they make food for their young. Called "pigeon milk" or "crop milk," the food looks and smells like cheese. It has some of the nutrients found in cow's milk. | <urn:uuid:5ed57e3e-e73b-47fb-993b-6276589948c6> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/birds/mourningdove.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583659890.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20190118045835-20190118071835-00521.warc.gz | en | 0.966908 | 491 | 3.4375 | 3 |
What do you call a Native American vegetarian?
A bad hunter.
Heid Erdrich, a cook and author from the Turtle Mountain Band of Ojibwe in present-day North Dakota, references this old joke in her recent “locavore” cookbook, Original Local: Indigenous Foods, Stories, and Recipes From the Upper Midwest.She adds that this witticism used to make her mad, because it implies Indians are strictly carnivores, and she herself abides by a sort-of quasi-vegetariansim, as she puts it. But as a non-purist raised near the Great Lakes and Great Plains, where her family hunted animals, in addition to cultivating plants and gathering wild foods, Heid dedicates an entire section of her book to indigenous fish and game animals, or their domesticated descenants: bison, duck, venison, rabbit, turkey and small wild fowl.Last week, Indian Country Today Media Network featured 10 foods that Natives had long before European contact. As a follow-up, we are highlighting animals that Natives hunted pre “discovery.” Next week, read about the five foods our ancestors fished and caught, and how those culinary traditions carry on today.
1. Turkey, Goose, Duck and Small Fowl
After Indians introduced Europeans to turkey, the bird was quickly adopted as a banquet food, soon serving as the centerpiece of many holiday meals. Pre-contact, however, wild turkey was everyday fare. Some Native cultures though, like the Maya, did use the meat, broth and blood in ceremony to heal sickness, help with planting and to pray for rain.Heid E. Erdrich recommends hunting wild turkey (no easy feat, she acknowledges) or ordering a heritage turkey, which are much leaner and smaller than sedentary commercial birds. This means fast cooking at high temperatures is a better method than slow roasting, she notes. Local Harvest (localharvest.org), an online service where you can order wild turkey, even offers yummy ways to baste the bird, such as with rosemary and maple.
“Just as the term Indian was mistakenly applie to the people of an entire hemisphere, the turkey, it is said, was named for the middle eastern country. Turkey was once Mizise in Anishinaabemowin. No doubt the bird has hundreds of names in other indigenous languages, some of which must have meant really, really tasty.”
Alaska Natives regularly cook goose, explains Navajo Chef Freddie Bitsoie, who tried his culinary skills at preparing it for the first time in October 2011 while visiting the northwestern-most U.S. state, where he was filming a preliminary episode of the show Reservations Not Required. The cooking and travel program, told through the unique perspective of indigenous cultures, is hosted by Bitsoie.The rich-tasting, dark meat bird is oily and greasy like duck, “so you have to trim a lot of the fat off before roasting it.”The bird should also be cooked on a baking rack in a roasting pan to drain off excess fat. “Otherwise it will be swimming in goose fat, and you don’t want that,” Bitsoie says.Bitsoie offers a basic recipe: rub down the goose with three table spoons of melted butter mixed with a lot of fresh herbs: three tablespoons of chopped rosemary, parsley and thyme, and two tablespoons of tarragon. Before it solidifies, brush it on the goose as well as under the skin, Bitsoie says. Put extra rosemary stems on top of the goose and season it very well with salt and pepper.
He also recommends stuffing the goose with a 1/2 cup of dried apricots, a cup of dried berries, three chopped onions, two stems of chopped celery and one chopped carrot.“This will give it a sweetness. Once you plate it, you can remove the berries and celery for garnish. They serve an aromatic purpose; they’re not a side dish,” Bitsoie explains.The typical rule of thumb is to roast the goose approximately 10 minutes for every pound. “Once you remove it, it’s going to have a very nice amount of flavor,” he says. “Goose is something I think everybody should try; I absolutely fell in love with it.”
Ducks are also Turtle Island native birds. Migrating wild ducks provided indigenous peoples along the Pacific Northwest with their first fresh meat in the annual food cycle, The Mitsitam Cafe Cookbook states. “Native communities had varying techniques for capturing the ducks. The S’Klallam people of the Olympic Peninsula in present-day Washington State erected 40-foot-high poles strung with fine net into which flocks of ducks would lfy in th edim light of dawn or sunset. Other Coast Salish hunters tied nets between trees, and the Makah submerged netting covered with salmon eggs in lakes and streams where the ducks typically fed,” author Chef Richard Hetzler writes. Small game birds traditionally eaten by the Plains region indigenous peoples include quail, partridge (timber chicken) and grouse, some now protected from hunting. Erdrich describes small game birds as lean and distinct in flavor.
Elk meat is a traditional, staple food of many indigenous cultures. “A lot of our elders, that’s all they’ll eat – the traditional Indian food that we give them,” Chester Cayou Jr., a respected Swinomish tribal hunter, told NWIFC.org.Elk, and other wildlife, remains a significant element of feasts for funerals, naming ceremonies and potlatches, NWIFC states. It’s not just the meat that is cherished. The hdes, hooves, antlers and other wildlife parts are used for traditional ceremonial items and regalia. Hunting elk also mean sustaining its future by protecting its habitat. And tribal hunters are only taking about 1 percent of the total combined deer and elk harvest in the state. “We don’t impact the resource like some people think – we just take what we need,” said Edwards. “Last year, we took one elk. That’s hardly anything.”“Hunting was and is a way of life to us,” said Edwards. “It’s important to us to preserve that tradition.”Elk meat has a rich, slightly sweet flavor that is milder than other venison like caribou, deer or moose, explains Salish Country Cookbook: Traditional Foods & Medicines from the Pacific Northwest.
Elk meat stew is a coveted, traditional dish on cold Northwest winter nights. Salish Country Cookbook offers a recipe for elk meat stew, which is thickened with cattail flour (or brown rice flour) and arrowroot. It also combines quamash roots (if available), wild or conventional carrots, onions, and is seasoned with juniper berries, sage, rosemary and thyme.
Buffalo are the spirit of the Indian people, a reminder of when our ancestors once lived, free and in harmony with nature, as the InterTribal Buffalo Council puts it.“The Indian was frugal in the midst of plenty,” says Luther Standing Bear, a member of the Lakota tribe. “When the buffalo roamed the plains in multitudes, he slaughtered only what he could eat and these he used to the hair and bones.” Settlers recognized the reliance Indian tribes had on the buffalo, and began the systematic destruction of the species to cripple the indigenous people. American Indians are veterans of the struggle to pull the American bison back from near extinction, wrote Steve Russell for ICTMN. Gen. Philip Sheridan famously stated the motive: “You kill the buffalo, you destroy the Indian’s commissary.”Russell described: And so the colonists attacked the giant herbivores with repeating rifles, stripped off their hides and left tall stacks of malodorous meat to rot on the prairies until the iconic beasts were reduced by nature’s scavengers to piles of bones. The population of American bison has been estimated by biologists at 60 million in 1492. By the end of the shooting part of the Indian wars in 1890, that population was reduced to 750.
Today American Indians continue their efforts to revive the bison population, with great success. The Rapid City, South Dakota-based InterTribal Buffalo Council (ITBC), formed in September 1992, is committed to reestablishing buffalo herds on Indian lands in a manner that promotes cultural enhancement, spiritual revitalization, ecological restoration, and economic development.ITBC has a membership of 56 tribes in 19 states with a collective herd of over 15,000 bison. Bison meat can be purchased through ITBC member tribes: the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation in Montana, the Comanche Indian Tribe of Oklahoma, the Modoc Tribe of Okalahoma, the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe in South Dakota. Bison meat lends a hearty, sweet, rich flavor. The lean protein is low in fat, cholesterol and calories. Dale Carson recommends a recipe for buffalo pot roast here. Another popular use of buffalo meat, particularly among the Great Plains, Lakota, Cheyenne, Crow and other tribal cooks, is drying the buffalo and pounding it with berries and fat to make pemmican, an earlier version of today’s jerky. Hunters and warriors carried the protein-rich snack to provide sustenance and stamina when meat was difficult to find.
For millennia, deer has been among the most abundant game animals in the Northern Hemisphere and Mesoamerica.Deer meat can be grilled, fried, stewed or roasted. Beyond its culinary potential, the animal has many practical and spiritual uses. As Dale Carson, Abenaki, puts it: “While preparing venison, I think of my ancestors. When they cooked, the animal’s skin became clothing and covered dwellings. Antlers become many things: ornaments, tools or rakes. American Indians never waste any part of these animals, nor do they fail to thank its spirit for the gift of its life.
”The Mitsitam Cafe Cookbook underscores the Pueblo tribes spiritual connection to the animal. “The Pueblo tribes of the Southwest incorporate deer into their winter dances, and the Hupa of northern California perform a 10-day White Deerskin Ceremony to dissipate evil.”
“This is a far cry from the tough times when my mother and grandmother would send my uncles out to hunt dinner,” Dale Carson says about the ability to buy domesticated rabbit today. “They would bring back one or two rabbits, skin and hang them in the cold back hallway of grandma’s house. I remember seeing them there once as a child, never realizing they were for dinner, nor did I realize that a gift made of soft grey fur was a bunny bag.”Les LaFountain, a faculty member in the social science department at Turtle Mountain Community College, who now “dabbles” with raising domestic rabbits, can relate to Carson’s culinary experience. As he told Erdrich in Original Local: “Wild bush rabbits were snared or shot and eaten as a mainstay during more difficult times on and near the Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation.”Nephi Craig, a half Navajo, half White Mountain Apache chef, demonstrated the potential of rabbit, an indigenous food, prepared with traditional French-cooking technique at one Native food festival hosted by TOCA, Tohono O’odham Community Action, at the Heard Museum in Phoenix.
Craig prepared the Native food in three ways, with very French culinary presentations:
1) Stew: braised leg meat with winter squash, root vegetable, and brussel sprout leaves, chives and rabbit jus.
2) Dumpling: rabbit tortelinni, tomato confit and wilted greens, EVOO and Apache salt.
3) Roast: pan roasted bacon wrapped loin of rabbit, braised baby turnips, young carrots and pearl onions, garnished with a rack of rabbit and yellow Apache salt. | <urn:uuid:a8fd5c86-c93c-4c3a-906b-5e25cc617f64> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://thedailycheck.net/5-foods-natives-hunted-europeans/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945037.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20180421051736-20180421071736-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.948794 | 2,578 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Glaucoma is a progressive condition associated with the eye. Over time, glaucoma leads to a complete loss of vision. A healthy eye receives light through the opening in the pupil. This light is then refracted through the lens of the eye. The refracted light is projected onto the rear inner side of the eye. Here, special cells pick up the information and transmit it to the brain. Transmission of these signals occurs through the optic nerve. The optic nerves connect each eye to the brain and are responsible for sending electrical impulses to the brain. These impulses are then processed. This is the way in which vision is made possible. Most people with vision problems suffer from improper refraction of their lenses.
Glaucoma is a condition where a fluid builds up in the eye. This fluid gradually increases the pressure within the eye. This pressure damages the optic nerve slowly. A patient with glaucoma will first experience loss of vision on the outer field of vision. This is also known as the peripheral field of vision. Gradually, this loss of vision will move closer and closer to the normal field of vision. Glaucoma is an irreversible condition. Glaucoma can be stopped if it is diagnosed and treated.
A glaucoma test may be used to measure the pressure within the eye. Another type of glaucoma testing involves the analysis of the structures within the eye. Both these tests are usually conducted one after another. The process of glaucoma testing is relatively easy and can be done by an experienced eye doctor. Once the test is complete, the doctor will prescribe various eye drops and medications to contain the problem. Surgery may also be needed to relieve the pressure within the eye.
The glaucoma test cost depends entirely on where one is having the test conducted. The glaucoma test cost also depends on the number of different procedures that are performed to analyze the problem. It is therefore best to consult with one’s doctor to figure out the glaucoma test cost. Patients should also be aware of whether the glaucoma test cost is covered under their insurance plan or not. It may be wise to secure one’s insurance before one goes in for a glaucoma test in order to cover the glaucoma test price. However, this delay should not last longer than a few days or weeks because, after all, this condition is progressive. It should also be noted that glaucoma treatment price or the glaucoma surgery price would increase with the medication after care steps that you would need to take for caring for the eyes. The test is better conducted at the earliest as once vision is lost, there is no procedure which can help repair the nerve.More articles from the Medical Tests Category | <urn:uuid:632efe08-763f-4637-b460-06a1d64f8421> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.medicalhealthtests.com/articles/353/medical-tests/how-much-does-a-glaucoma-test-cost.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398516.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00194-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950282 | 570 | 3.40625 | 3 |
When crossing into the unfamiliar territory of a new sport, it’s perfectly reasonable to ask what types of athletic skills are required. After all, every sport is different, so it should come as no surprise that the athletic skill set associated with each sport varies tremendously as well.
Lacrosse does require athleticism. In order for players to execute basic skills such as passing, catching, shooting, dodging, and defending, players must be well versed in a multitude of athletic areas, including agility, anaerobic power, balance, flexibility, kinesthetic awareness, speed, and strength.
Below, we’ll discuss exactly how the basic fundamental skills of lacrosse relate to the various facets of athleticism listed above. Read until the end of the article to see if lacrosse is a viable sport for you, even if you don’t think of yourself as a naturally gifted athlete.
In order to comprehensively answer the question of whether or not lacrosse requires athleticism, it is first necessary to establish a working definition of what athleticism is. Otherwise, it will be extremely difficult to form a cohesive argument for one side or the other.
The problem with the concept of athleticism is that it is a rather generic, all-encompassing term. As sports have emerged in popularity, fans have thrown around the words athleticism and athlete more frequently, to the point where the meaning of these words have lost value and even become slightly misconstrued.
After personally taking the time to research a working definition of athleticism, the best definition that I came across was from the National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA). In their position statement, they state:
As we analyze the relationship between lacrosse and athleticism in the subsequent sections, we’ll refer back to this definition to avoid any potential ambiguity or confusion.
Ways that Lacrosse Demands Athleticism
From the definition of athleticism provided by the NSCA, we can break down athleticism into seven different facets, each of which are listed below. We’ll go over each of these facets individually and investigate the ways that lacrosse incorporates these specific elements into its gameplay.
One of the leading athletic areas that’s thoroughly emphasized in lacrosse is agility, or the ability to move with quickness and efficiency.
If you’ve ever witnessed a lacrosse game before, this is likely one of the very first athletic skills that came to mind. Players are constantly on the move, regardless of whether they have the ball or not.
The whole premise of lacrosse is to shoot the ball into the back of the opposing team’s goal. To do so, ball carriers have to navigate their way around defenders by way of calculated, deceptive footwork. Ball carriers that are clumsy with their feet often encounter difficulty putting themselves or their teammates in scoring position simply because they’re under constant defensive pressure.
Those that have superior agility typically thrive on the offensive side of the ball. One of the best in the business at doing just that is Sergio Salcido, a professional lacrosse midfielder that’s about as quick as they come. He makes defenders trip and fall by the quickness of his footwork alone. If you don’t believe me, check out the video below!
Agility is not solely limited to offensive players, however. Effective footwork is equally, if not more, vital to lacrosse defenders. Lacrosse defenders prevent opposing ball carriers from scoring by matching feet and staying in front of them as best they can. It’s resemblant of basketball in the way that they shuffle their feet laterally and react quickly to the movements of their opponents.
Without solid footwork, you’ll be hard pressed to accomplish much on the defensive end, since offensive players are far too talented at identifying favorable matchups and taking advantage of bungling defenders.
Aside from agility, anaerobic power is another athletic facet that lacrosse requires from its players. As a quick reference, anaerobic power refers to explosive movements performed with maximal effort.
There’s no shortage of explosive movement in lacrosse. In fact, many of the fundamental movements of lacrosse are meant to be explosive, both on the offensive and defensive side of the ball.
One premier example of an explosive movement on the offensive side of the ball is the act of shooting. Contrary to popular opinion, shooting is not a movement strictly limited to the arms. It is a full body movement, incorporating everything from the arms, to the back, and even the legs. All of these muscles must work in unison to generate sufficient power behind the ball and sneak it past the goalie.
This explosive power is also required of defenders in their use of hard stick checks and body checks. Again, these movements must be performed with speed and a great deal of strength in order to drive opponents off of their intended path. If these defensive maneuvers are done halfheartedly, opposing players will be able to circumvent this pressure and reach their desired spots on the field.
This is yet another key area of athleticism that’s demanded of lacrosse players. Lacrosse is a physical sport, with players frequently trying to outmuscle each other for superior body positioning on the field. As a result, the balance of lacrosse players is constantly being tested.
Take dodging for example. Dodgers have to deal with physical contact practically every time they make a move to the goal, as defenders thwack them with metal sticks and attempt to push them off their path. This physical contact not only leaves its fair share of bruises, it also results in enough force to throw players off balance. If the player who is dodging is not that poise to begin with, they may find themselves on the turf more often than they’d like.
This is also true of on-ball defenders. As dodgers try to juke out defenders and manipulate them into shifting a particular way, on-ball defenders must retain their balance to keep themselves in proper position.
You’ve probably heard the old football adage that “the low man wins.” Not only is this adage true in football, it also holds up in lacrosse as well. Those that lower their center of gravity and optimize their balance control will win the field position battle. Whether it be a scrap for a loose ball or a clash for a high percentage shooting area, balance comes into play a lot more than you would initially believe.
The next facet of athleticism that’s needed for lacrosse is flexibility. Although flexibility is not as crucial to lacrosse as other sports, such as gymnastics or wrestling, maintaining a proper range of motion is critical for injury prevention and maximizing physical power.
To give a specific instance of where flexibility applies to lacrosse, let’s revisit the topic of lacrosse shooting mechanics.
As aforementioned, the act of shooting is a fully body movement, from top to bottom. Proper lacrosse shooting technique involves a complete extension of the arms away from body, along with a maximum rotation of the upper torso away from the goal. Generally, the more that a player is able to extend with their arms and rotate their torso, the more power they’re able to put behind their shot. It sounds easy enough, but maintaining such a vast range of motion is easier said than done.
This is a major reason why some of the fastest shooters in lacrosse have such superior shoulder mobility and torso mobility. They realize the performance benefits that accompany flexibility, which is why they prioritize this area in their training.
Many younger players are following suit, which has led to a greater overall emphasis of flexibility in the lacrosse community.
Far and away, this is the most pivotal component of athleticism that lacrosse players need. For those of you that don’t know, kinesthetic awareness is a fancy term that describes the ability to maneuver through space and sense how our body moves (source).
To succeed on the lacrosse field, this skill is an absolute must. Why you might ask?
The reason is that every lacrosse player must be competent at catching and throwing in order to give their team the best opportunity to win. Catching and throwing may seem simple at first glance, but it’s actually somewhat complicated. Most people are accustomed to carrying out athletic movements directly with their hands. In lacrosse, players are forced to perform all movements through an intermediary: the lacrosse stick. This calls for a special kind of kinesthetic awareness that takes a considerable amount of time to develop.
This special kind of kinesthetic awareness is often loosely referred to by lacrosse coaches as stick skills. If a lacrosse player lacks a competent set of stick skills, they’ll find it very difficult to earn any playing time. Every player on the field must be able to move the ball quickly and effectively, regardless of their position, to offer their team the best chance to score. Just like most other sports, lacrosse teams cannot afford to have a liability on the field that turns possession over every time they touch the ball.
Another must-have component of athleticism for lacrosse players is speed. Lacrosse has been nicknamed The Fastest Game on Two Feet. The origins for this nickname have a lot to do with the raw element of speed that’s showcased virtually every play in lacrosse.
The way the game is structured, lacrosse players are set up to put their speed on full display. The vast field dimensions, upbeat tempo, and unrestricted mobility of players all accentuate speed.
For this reason, the speediest athletes often have the easiest time transitioning to the game of lacrosse. The other aspects of athleticism are certainly important, but speed can compensate for several athletic areas where a new player may be lacking.
Speed allows a player to be better at dodging past opponents, fending off ball carriers, racing toward ground balls, and a flurry of other lacrosse-specific skills. Players that lack speed are at a marked disadvantage relative to other athletes on the field. Put simply, speed is definitely something that lacrosse athletes need to pay close attention to in order to avoid falling behind, both literally and metaphorically speaking.
Lastly, lacrosse players need to have a baseline level of strength in order to perform up to standard during games. The underlying reason why strength is such a crucial factor can be traced back to the fact that physical contact is legal in lacrosse.
Nearly every play, you will find that lacrosse players collide with one another in some way, shape, or form. Defenders apply their strength to stick checks and body checks in an attempt to dislodge the ball from an opponent’s stick. Ball carriers, on the other hand, apply their strength to bulldoze a path toward the goal and create a high percentage shot on goal.
Without adequate strength, players miss out on a valuable opportunity to diversify their repertoire. The best lacrosse players are neither pure speed or pure strength. Typically, they mix up their game strategy to implement a combination of the two. This way, their play style remains unpredictable and opponents are left guessing as to what’s coming their way next.
So if you’re wondering if you should supplement lacrosse with a lifting regiment, definitely go for it! Enhancing your strength capacities will only benefit your playing production.
Should You Play Lacrosse Even if You Don’t Consider Yourself an Athlete?
With all this talk of the required mandates of athleticism in lacrosse, it can be easy to get discouraged from trying out this sport if you don’t see yourself as a naturally gifted athlete. I’m here to tell you that regardless of whether or not you think of yourself as an athlete, you should still venture outside your comfort zone and participate in at least one season of lacrosse.
This may seem contradictory to all of the information outlined above, but it really isn’t. Even though lacrosse does require athleticism on the part of the player, this athleticism takes time to develop. It is exceedingly rare for any one player to have all of the elements of athleticism discussed above as soon as they pick up a lacrosse stick for the first time.
I will use myself as an example. When I joined the lacrosse team for my inaugural season, I was far from what you would consider the “perfect” athlete. I had a background in basketball and soccer, so I had a decent level of speed and agility, but I was severely lacking in the areas of strength and kinesthetic awareness.
I won’t lie, the going was tough at first. Trying to master the basics of catching and throwing with a lacrosse stick was difficult. Voluntarily matching up against bigger, stronger defenders that had clearance to hit me with a metal stick was not easy either. Over time, however, these former weaknesses of mine began to blossom, until I could say with confidence that I was a well-rounded athlete.
This development is not exclusive to myself. I’ve seen this same phenomenon happen with plenty of my old teammates as well. The moral of the story is that there will be unavoidable growing pains as you learn the basic mechanics of lacrosse, but there’s a high likelihood that you’ll blossom into the athlete that this sport demands as long as you stick with it. Don’t be intimidated by the prospect of failure. In the words of Winston Churchill,
The Bottom Line
In short, the sport of lacrosse does involve a high degree of athleticism in multiple forms, the most prominent of which being agility, anaerobic power, balance, flexibility, kinesthetic awareness, speed, and strength. There are likely other facets of athleticism needed for lacrosse that weren’t specifically mentioned above, but these elements made the most sense with the working definition of athleticism used for the purposes of this article.
Of course, the only true answer to this question lies in personal experience. So pick up a lacrosse stick and give this sport a try! There’s no denying that this sport is a unique way to put your athletic prowess to the test. | <urn:uuid:8daa88c3-67d2-4141-bcd3-22f57ef10a6e> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://lacrossepack.com/does-lacrosse-require-athleticism-heres-what-to-expect/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662541747.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220521205757-20220521235757-00249.warc.gz | en | 0.962289 | 2,921 | 3.25 | 3 |
By using a globe to gather and project the suns rays on a focal point of miniature panels he is able to improve the output of energy by 70% over existing solar panels.
Long gone are the days of simplistic, poorly-made garden storage sheds that only have one use. Now is the perfect opportunity to invest in a multi-functional garden log cabin.
Energy systems are becoming a more and more important part of our everyday lives. Electric and hybrid cars seem to dominate the energy conversation. This is because they rely less on petroleum, and petroleum is a subject we all care about deeply.
Oak flooring has a unique appeal due to its warm, natural appearance that adds character to any room. However, those seeking to purchase new flooring may be put off by the idea that oak – or any hard wood – products are bad for the environment.
Everyone knows that hybrid cars and electric vehicles are the way forward in terms of cutting down carbon dioxide emissions caused by transport. But ask someone how eco-friendly a hydrogen car is… and people aren’t quite so sure.
Instead, he was saying that the most important step we can take is to be the change we want to see. To live as we would wish others did – instead of thinking about it or talking about it.
Digital printing can be a more eco-friendly alternative than conventional printing processes – so long as you don’t lose its advantages by making some common mistakes.
It’s impossible to predict where car technology will go from here, but what we can be sure of is that today’s cutting edge technology that we have seen in hybrid and electric concept cars in the world’s motor shows in Frankfurt, Tokyo and LA during the last year will soon be out of date.
As part of living a greener lifestyle, everyone recycles now as a matter of course. We are encouraged to do by the local council – with different bins for different materials, and the supply of recycling sacks etc.
With hybrid cars, there’s no danger of running out of charge, and you can fill up on fuel at any petrol station. It’s probably for this reason that many environmentally-aware drivers have chosen to drive hybrids over electric cars. | <urn:uuid:bc87c4e2-be9d-4488-93e5-911d691b88c1> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.ecoblogs.net/blog/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223206647.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032006-00189-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956612 | 460 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The LED display board is coming to be an increasing number of prevalent in our culture. An LED board could display all sorts of information, such as informs to drivers on the freeway, business memos to staff members, or advertising and marketing. Sometimes, the info is updated infrequently and the adjustment could take place over night; but in other instances it is important to update in a prompt manner, as near live as possible.
The LED display board may recover its material from a data source, transform it into dot-matrix type (otherwise kept in this way), as well as map the image into its memory. This is appropriate for fixed display screens or for a collection of more or less static content.
But to provide the capability to handle unexpected emergency notices, a manual override is extremely important. When a human driver receives the notification, she or he types in the message, causes it to be exchanged image kind, and also disturbs whatever static display or revolving program of photos is presently being shown, changing it with the newly transformed immediate message. This immediate or near-instant action is the focus of this short article.
We likewise assume that there are several display boards in the system, with one centralized control center managing the data access and also updates. Simply puts, some mechanism has to transmit the mapped images to lots of boards simultaneously, not merely to a solitary board. This broadcasting activity indicates some kind of integrated timing.
The boards could all be had within a solitary structure or business center, where situation their operation is merely alleviated as an expansion of the existing synchronized clock system. Nonetheless, the layout works just as well for displays dispersed miles apart, such as for highway notifies.
There are many different forms for displaying dot matrix images, from printers to the Comics pages. Message boards nowadays utilize light bulbs, in some cases rather big, in various other instances fairly small. Traditional light bulbs could stand for binary dots (either on or off), whereas the use of filters or similar mechanisms supplies the opportunity of color, with each dot handling among many worths (with “lots of” generally = 256, 256 squared, or 256 cubed).
Normally one has to be concerned concerning maintaining all these light bulbs; when they head out they have to be replaced. Incandescent bulbs, not specifically brilliant to start with, make use of brittle filaments that are susceptible to breakage. Subsequently, their life-span is restricted to about 2,000 hours of usage.
However, for several years the incandescent bulb was practically the only sensible option. The light releasing diode (LED) was initially very weak, unsteady, as well as restricted in its monochromatic result to the red end of the visible spectrum. Just in the last years approximately have the abilities of LEDs broadened adequately for their innovation to compete seriously with incandescence.
Light emitting diodes are currently offered in all shades of the spectrum, and, though they are still monochromatic, different methods have been developed for incorporating them to synthesize white light. Furthermore, LEDs are not prone to damage, as well as they last around 50,000 hours of usage. Likewise, having exceptional luminous efficiency, they produce high brightness at a reasonably little expense in power.
For this reason, LED message boards have come to be the media of selection. They exhibit reliability, longevity, and economic situation. As well as since LEDs are relatively little, it is feasible to make a display board that uses them to have high resolution (number of pixels each area).
Upgrading the display includes replacing one image with an additional in the board’s memory. Effects such as scrolling, discolors, as well as wipes are completed with techniques that adjust the way memory banks read. Textual input is simply exchanged photo type initially.
Transforming shades dynamically is more bothersome, whether it’s an LED display screen or one making use of incandescent bulbs. The latter involves adjusting filters. The previous requires each pixel being represented by a trio of LEDs, one for each of the primary colors, and afterwards managing which mix of the three is chosen.
Electronic message boards are usually oriented in the direction of showing text instead of photos, and may be limited to merely 1 or 2 lines of text (at a time). You do not need an expensive application for transforming textual details into photo type, for the mapping is built in. Submit access from storage is quick since it is so small, and real-time overrides are implemented quickly.
These simple layouts come in handy for interior messaging in work environments. If managers need to interact immediate messages to workers, they may be able to appear a company-wide alarm of some sort signaling that everybody needs to disturb existing activities to take a look at the local message board.
Choice of screen layout boils down to economics and application requirements. Needing to show unexpected emergency updates in a prompt fashion is a lot more challenging than cycling periodically with a collection of textual memoranda. In any case there are contemporary methods that assist you upgrade your LED display board effectively and also quickly. | <urn:uuid:4ecc1dae-bbaf-4dfa-81d3-c39afc70fd81> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://bestledmessageboards.wordpress.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145654.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20200222054424-20200222084424-00532.warc.gz | en | 0.954745 | 1,044 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Creating a winter vegetable garden that is also a summer vegetable garden is not particularly difficult. It requires solid, sensible planning to be a success, and from there a bit of common sense and regular maintenance, mixed in with a bit of effort, will work wonders.
There are also a few things you need to know to help you with your planning of a winter vegetable garden. Find out the first date when there’s likely to be frost. This is not an exact science, but some historical data, coupled with local knowledge, can go a long way here. You will also need to know the growing and maturing time of the vegetables you plan to grow. That gives you a time scale to work with. Your winter vegetable garden needs to have hardy plants that can survive the harsh conditions of winter.
Once your summer vegetables have been harvested, it becomes time to think about growing vegetables that will survive the bitter conditions of winter. There are a more limited range of vegetables to grow in winter as opposed to summer, but if you make the most of what you can do, you may be surprised at how good it can turn out.
Your winter vegetable garden needs to have a crop of vegetables that can survive low temperatures, perhaps as low as minus 10 degrees Celsius. Broccoli, kale, leeks and Brussels sprouts are the vegetables that will probably make up the bulk of your winter garden. These are good, solid, no-nonense kind of vegetables, packed with solid goodness, and they provide a wonderfully appetising and nourishing addition to any meal.
Planting your winter vegetable garden should begin in spring. If possible, use a separate nursery seed bed area that will not compete directly with your summer vegetable crop. When the summer vegetables have been harvested in June or July, the winter crop can be moved in the spaces left where they will mature fully.
Leeks are especially useful in a garden. The plants can be left in the ground and only removed when they are actually needed. In this way they are as fresh as possible when you eat them. You can protect your vegetables from the worst effects of frost by using a fleece covering, but remember that Brussels sprouts can actually taste better if they are subjected to at least one frost attack.
Creating a vegetable garden that can serve you in summer and in winter is not too difficult. It requires a certain degree of planning, and of course, the necessary work. However, it will mean that you can have fresh vegetable literally all year round. If you don’t already have a winter vegetable garden, isn’t it time you did? | <urn:uuid:f09d0b6d-4222-4eff-98f0-fef964a672b3> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.writesystem.com/your-winter-vegetable-garden/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573176.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20190918024332-20190918050332-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.955525 | 531 | 2.890625 | 3 |
A method for measuring or monitoring the degree and type of neuromuscular blockade by measuring the twitch or muscle response to a train of four consecutive stimuli applied to a peripheral motor nerve at 2 Hz each for 2 seconds at brief intervals (e.g. 10 seconds), then taking the ratio of the fourth response to the first response.
This method is a reliable test for monitoring neuromuscular blockade, as well as a basis for delivering a dose of a neuromuscular blocking agent when inducing a temporary paralysis. The most common sites for this test are the ulnar nerves of the arm and the superficial peroneal nerve of the foot.
Abbreviation: TOF stimulus | <urn:uuid:d787a7a2-0f7c-459a-8064-07ec212a3c1b> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Train-of-four_stimulus | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267862929.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619115101-20180619135101-00300.warc.gz | en | 0.881855 | 139 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Nowadays, the working conditions in the developed countries are very different from that of twentieth century. In addition to that, the child labour was also subjected to these painful working conditions. Lewis has compiled these series of shocking photographs showing the conditions of the low paid child labourers.
These images compiled by Lewis Hine show that the fears of many kids at the time were quite different from the fears like going to school or laziness in doing homework. The dangers of injury when using unsafe machinery or harmful chemical fumes was part of their daily worries.
1. Miners in Pittston, PA
2. Miner children in Bessie, Alabama
3. 11 year old girl working at Crescent Hosiery Mill
4. Cigar manufacturers of Englahardt & Co., Tampa, Florida
5. Near a train station, stealing coal in Boston, Massachusetts
6. Porter for trucks at a mine in West Virginia
7. Child labour in a mine in Pittston, PA
8. 4 and 6 years old boys cleaning tobacco leaves in Kentucky
9. Boys in the textile, Bibb Mill
10. Boys doing cleaning in Lancaster, South Carolina
11. Newsboys in Jersey City, New Jersey
12. Minors in Lancaster, Pittston, Pennsylvania
13. Loggers in Dillon, South Carolina
14. Lunch break in River Fall, Massachusetts
15. A child injured on job in the River Fall, Massachusetts
16. Daughter of a foreman in Hickory, North Carolina
17. 5 year old child who picks shrimp in Biloxi, Mississippi
18. A child Wounded by his own mower
19. Employees in a can factory in Eastport, Maine
20. Cotton picker Potawotamie County, Oklahoma
These pictures have truly shocked us. They remind us that today, although prohibited in most countries of the world, child labor is still practiced in some developing countries. These working conditions are unfortunately still prevalent and deprive children of their youth. Do you think this series of photographs can serve the cause of child protection? | <urn:uuid:7e222442-e014-40c3-87cb-9f31590293e9> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.technocrazed.com/20-photographs-showing-the-child-labor-conditions-in-early-twentieth-century | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279176.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00417-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938264 | 423 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Scientists have developed various mechanisms which convert the kinetic energy of tides into electricity.
An example of such a mechanism will be seen later on this page.
Most of the devices that use the tide to produce electricity have strong resemblance to windmills.
The rotating part consists of a shaft, at the one end of which the wings are attached. The tide rotates the wings and therefore the kinetic energy of the tide is transmitted to the axis (rotating shaft) where it is converted into rotational kinetic energy. The generator (which is connected to the rotating axis) converts the kinetic energy into electrical energy.
These mechanisms are relatively new and therefore have not been studied thoroughly.
We do know that:
- they do not create solid or gaseous wastes that pollute the environment or contribute to the greenhouse effect.
- They have low environmental impact such e.g. a small increase in water temperature occurs.
- As every new technological device they have high constructions and initial installation cost. (The same had happened when the first windmills, or the first solar farms appeared, but over time the cost fell considerably, while their performance was greatly improved).
"Such mechanisms can be installed only in certain regions were the tide is strong (That means that although Greece is surrounded by sea and has many islands such systems can not install.)
"such mechanisms should be placed in areas that do not affect navigation, fishermen, tourism, etc.
Care should be taken so as seaweed, garbage, pieces of wood etc. do not reach the engine. | <urn:uuid:3dedfb90-3786-497c-a724-beca3281d965> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.garyfallidou.org/elec_prod/en_tides.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187820466.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20171016214209-20171016234209-00176.warc.gz | en | 0.953234 | 318 | 3.90625 | 4 |
America, the land of the free... and the fat. A new study published in this month’s Journal of Nutrition shows that second- and third-generation Mexican-American youth are more likely to be obese than those who were not born in the United States.
According to the study, unusual in its focus on 12- to 19-year-olds instead of adults, second-gen Mexican Americans are two and a half times more likely to be obese than their first-gen peers; third-gen are twice as likely. Given that this group is the country's fastest growing demographic, that spells serious consequences for U.S. health care.
The traditional Mexican diet focuses on healthy fruits and vegetables, such as papaya, squash, avocado, corn, and beans, with smaller amounts of meat than a typical American diet. Unfortunately, the more removed teens get from their culinary roots, the more high-fat, high-sodium foods they eat, along with copious amounts of high-fructose soda.
According to Jihong Liu, PhD, the study’s lead author, “Our findings... verified what we expected: the greater the acculturation that a young person has experienced, the less healthy their diet.”
Is food's affordability the issue?
Researchers lay some of the blame on the purported “lower socioeconomic status [of many immigrant families who] therefore cannot afford to buy fruits and vegetables and healthier foods, which are more expensive.”
But according to Martin Lopez, president and founder of Herbs of Mexico, a natural products retailer in East Los Angeles, “I don’t agree so much with the affordability or access to healthy foods for immigrants. What I believe is true is the accessibility of unhealthy foods for these young people.” Lopez spoke to retailers, manufacturers, and other attendees of Natural Products Expo West on Friday, March 9, in a session titled “Marketing to the Hispanic and Latino Populations.” In his experience, he said, education is the key. "We pass out tons of literature, focusing more on wellness before illness," he explained.
According to Liu, “Future studies should continue to examine the barriers that Mexican-American adolescents encounter in maintaining their native diet and identify strategies to address those barriers.”
What do you think will turn the tide on Mexican-American obesity? Leave a comment. | <urn:uuid:51f41960-e68e-4015-995a-18b1d9030990> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.newhope.com/blog/us-food-isnt-doing-mexican-american-teens-any-favors | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948551501.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20171215001700-20171215021700-00547.warc.gz | en | 0.965541 | 493 | 2.671875 | 3 |
This free printable worksheet goes great with the Phonics video and audio/book programs developed by Rock 'N Learn. Please visit RockNLearn.com to learn more about our educational programs.
Picture Blender (v1-28)
Beginning Blends sk, sl, sm, sn, sp, st, tr, tw, scr, spl, spr and str
Click on the image below to open a printable JPEG version or right click to save image to your computer.
Write a new word for each blend on another sheet of paper. (Answers will vary. Ex: skin, slip, etc.)
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We'll send only special offers and product news. Rock 'N Learn never sells or gives your information to any other party. | <urn:uuid:8bc46930-bc5a-4cc6-a96d-191f8ef1cdcb> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.free-phonics-worksheets.com/phonics-worksheet-28.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645538.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20180318052202-20180318072202-00630.warc.gz | en | 0.814045 | 162 | 2.75 | 3 |
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Transfection - the process of transferring genetic material into cells - is a powerful tool for the rapid and efficient manipulation of gene expression in cells. Because this method can be used to silence the expression of specific proteins or to drive the expression of foreign or modified proteins, transfection is an extremely useful tool in the study of the cellular and molecular processes that govern neuron function. However, mature neurons have a number of properties that make them difficult to transfect, so specialized techniques are required for the genetic manipulation of this cell type.
This video reviews the principles and rationale behind transfecting neurons. Three common strategies for neuronal transfection are discussed, including nucleofection, gene-gun, and viral transduction. In addition to describing how each of these techniques overcomes the challenges associated with transfecting neurons, the presentation includes a description of how all three methods are performed. Finally, several applications of neuronal transfection are introduced, such as the expression of fluorescent tubulin proteins to visualize neuron morphology, and selective gene silencing to generate a cell culture model of Parkinson’s disease.
Cite this Video | Reprints and Permissions
JoVE Science Education Database. Neuroscience. Neuronal Transfection Methods. JoVE, Cambridge, MA, (2020).
Transfection - the transfer of genetic material into mammalian cells - is a valuable tool that allows scientists to genetically manipulate neurons and neuronal tissue. The unique properties of the delicate cells make transfection challenging and necessitate specialized techniques.
This video will review the principles behind transfecting neurons and introduce strategies commonly used on these cells, including nucleofection, biolistic transfection, and viral transduction. Finally, we will discuss applications of transfection techniques in cell and molecular neuroscience research.
Let’s begin by reviewing how transfection works. While genetic material can be delivered in close proximity to a cultured cell by adding it to the surrounding medium, nucleotides cannot efficiently penetrate cell membranes.
All transfection protocols are designed to enable genetic material to bypass this barrier. Nucleotides that block protein production, like silencing RNA, can immediately carry out their function once they enter the cytoplasm. However, DNA-based constructs must be transported into the nucleus for translation before protein synthesis can begin.
In dividing cells, the breakdown of the nuclear envelope during mitosis can result in the incorporation of transfected DNA into reforming daughter cell nuclei. Because most cultured neurons are post-mitotic - or non-dividing - cells, specialized transfection protocols are required in order to successfully induce gene expression.
Let’s start our overview of these protocols with nucleofection. This technique utilizes a combination of an induced electrical field and chemical reagents, which act together to create transient, pore-like structures in both cell and nuclear membranes. Since nucleotides are charged, the electric field also drives movement of DNA through the pores.
To carry out this procedure, neurons in suspension are collected in a pellet by centrifugation prior to resuspension in commercial nucleofection reagent. The cell mixture is then combined with purified DNA and transferred to an electroporation cuvette, which features two aluminum plates that make electrical contact with the Nucleofector apparatus. This device delivers a series of rapid electrical pulses, whose number and duration are customized based on the cell type. After nucleofection, the cells can be diluted in culture medium and plated for continued growth.
Alternatively, the gene gun technique blasts through transfection barriers, by shooting bullets carrying genetic material through both cell and nuclear membranes.
To make gene gun bullets, DNA encoding your gene of interest is precipitated onto micron-scale beads, usually composed of gold. After a 10 minute incubation, the beads are washed and transferred into tubing. The tubing is then rotated as the solution dries, resulting in a uniform coating of beads. Next, the tubing is cut into cartridges and loaded into the gun. Gas-powered delivery of the genetic payload can be performed on cells growing in standard culture plates by a simple pull of the trigger.
Lastly, viral transduction takes advantage of the viral life cycle to deliver foreign genetic material into the nucleus. RNA encoding the gene of interest is packaged into modified retroviruses known as lentiviral vectors, which gain entry into target cells by binding to specific membrane proteins, triggering a membrane fusion event. The viral RNA is then reverse transcribed into a complementary DNA strand that is transported into the nucleus.
Before starting this procedure, note that viruses can infect the cells in your body as well as the ones in your dish, so following safety guidelines is extremely important.
The first step is to generate the lentiviral particles carrying your gene of interest. This is accomplished by expressing the building blocks of the virus in a human cell line optimized for viral production, like 293T cells. To avoid the unnecessary spread of engineered viruses, the genes required for their assembly are kept separate from the transfer vector, whose sequence will be included in the infectious particle.
It takes about 2 days for the fully assembled viruses to be released into the culture medium, where they can be collected and concentrated by ultracentrifugation. Next, the appropriate concentration, or titer, of virus is determined by assessing transduction success in a test cell line. The lentiviral vector is then added to the target neuronal culture and typically incubated for 24 to 48 hours to ensure infection has occurred.
Now that you are familiar with the common transfection techniques, the one you use will depend upon the specific goals of your experiments. Let’s look at some examples.
To begin, observing the maturation of neurons in culture allows for detailed analysis of the morphological changes that are important for neuronal connectivity, like the formation of dendritic spines. To visualize cell morphology over time, these researchers made use of nucleofection to deliver a fluorescent protein into cultured neurons. Here, a fluorescently-tagged tubulin protein was transfected into a subset of cells, allowing for detailed analyses of cell processes via fluorescence microscopy. Because expression levels were maintained throughout the lifetime of the neuron, morphological analysis could be performed for at least a month in culture.
Transfection can also be used to test the impact of specific genetic mutations on neuron function. A gene gun can be used to deliver DNA encoding wild type or mutant versions of a protein, and short-term impacts on cellular biology can be assessed, for example by patch clamp recording of neuron firing.
Lastly, a common strategy for testing a gene’s function is to observe what happens to cells when its expression is blocked. For these experiments, lentiviral vectors can be used to deliver silencing RNA constructs, which prevent protein synthesis. In this experiment, knockdown of genes associated with Parkinson’s disease leads to a significant decrease in cell viability.
You’ve just watched JoVE’s introduction to transfection of neurons. In this video we have introduced principles of neuron transfection, as well as procedures and applications for three common transfection strategies.
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Original article posted in spring 2016, updated with lots of new information in November 2017.
Download the visual handout of the Social Competency Model to use when discussing this concept in IEP meetings, with some of your older clients, or anywhere else you find helpful.
What does it mean to teach “social skills”? Ask 10 people and you’ll probably get 10 different answers. One of the interesting things about being in a field that teaches social skills is that despite how often we all use this term, there appears to be no collective agreement as to how to define it. How we define a concept influences the treatment we select to address the concept. It is for this very reason that, when talking to people about social abilities, one of the first things we do is encourage them to define key aspects of “social skills.” Most include some or all of the following abilities:
- Sharing ideas, feelings, activities
- Showing interest in others
- Engaging in eye-contact
- Establishing common ground
- Turning taking
- Having a conversation
- Staying on topic
Notice that people tend to define what they can observe. As a result, treatment tends to focus on teaching a defined social behavior that an individual is expected to demonstrate without learning to problem solve when and why to use this skill.
The Social Thinking Methodology takes a more expansive view. We look to the research on social, language and cognitive development, social competencies as well as various other factors that impact how people feel and think about themselves and others. This vast and constantly evolving body of evidence influences the ongoing development of our methodology, which seeks to teach far beyond what is typically referred to as “social skills instruction.”
More specifically, the focus of our work is developing interventions to help individuals who have solid to strong language skills and academic learning skills engage in deep social emotional learning so they can better interpret and form a variety of increasingly sophisticated social responses. Our methodology recognizes that language is the behavior of our thinking mind; what individuals tell us throughout their social learning process helps to inform all teaching. Having solid to strong cognitive and language skills is a game changer in how we address teaching. Through the use of language individuals think more deeply about their own and others’ thoughts and emotions in specific contexts, contributing to each person’s further development of their social competencies, which in turn propels treatment beyond focusing only on social skills.
Our social cognition – all the things that go on in our brains that direct and influence us as social beings - is not simply a set of skills; rather it is a social learning process that drives problem-solving abilities to determine social behavioral responses, some of which include, but are not limited to, social skills.
Within the Social Thinking Methodology we address many moving parts of the social emotional learning process, some of which are summarized below:
- Social attention: Establishing social attention to help individuals focus on relevant social cues that guide them toward social interpretation.
- Social problem solving: The ability to figure out people and the situation while considering our own and others’ thoughts, emotions, beliefs, intentions and knowledge; we do this to interpret and respond to the information in our mind and possibly to determine our social behavioral response(s).
- Social responses (e.g., social skills): In Social Thinking, we view this as an end result of deeper social interpretation and problem solving that leads us to figure out how to adapt our live* social behavior to encourage others to think and feel about us in the manner we had hoped. *Live response is defined as a social response produced in the company of others. This can be face-to-face or through a digital/device stream (email, phone, social media, texts, etc.).
- Social Emotional Chain Reaction: Emotions are also part of the social problem-solving/social response process. What we express, verbally or nonverbally, impacts how others think and feel, which influences how they act or react to us, which impacts how we may feel and think about others and possibly ourselves. Social behavioral responses and our emotional interpretations and responses are co-dependent.
- Social competencies involve the integration of social attention and social interpretation of self and others to socially problem solve to make decisions to guide the development of our social responses.
The Big Picture: Social Competency has Many Key Elements
For over 20 years we have spent countless hours developing effective ways to engage individuals of all ages who have solid language and measured cognition—those with and without diagnostic labels—in a deep social emotional learning process to achieve their social goals, whatever they may be.
What is a social goal? It can be as simple as not wanting to make people feel uncomfortable or as complicated as maintaining a friendship or engaging in more effective teamwork. While we routinely talk about academic goals, we rarely talk about an individual’s personal social goals, and we almost never discuss the process for learning social emotional concepts and skills to better meet our own socially-based goals. Social goals also overlap with academic goals!
Whether seeking to engage in live communication or making meaning out of passages read in a book that involve people talking to or thinking about one another, a dynamic and synergistic social problem solving process is involved as social information is attended to and interpreted. This more complex process is best described as teaching social competencies, not only social skills.
Curiously, we have found that assumptions can sink the ship of socially-based teaching and learning on multiple fronts:
- Both parents and professionals need to avoid making assumptions about what an individual understands about the social world and how they interpret and respond to socially-based information.
- Many times we are told by a parent or a professional that the student “understands everything”—but can’t do the social skills. Yet, when we get to know the individual we find he or she has weak social attention and social interpretations, resulting in limited social problem solving and decision making, and ultimately limited social behavioral responses.
- Most of us fluidly interpret and respond in the moment to aspects of the social world in which we are immersed, whether it involves live communication or making sense of people in context through reading novels, history, social studies, etc. These fluid social abilities are learned with little direct guidance, and because of this many family members and professionals assume the process of understanding our own and others’ social minds and our related social responses are less complicated and fairly easy to teach. Why else would social skills be described by members of government, leaders in education and media as “non-cognitive” or “soft skills”? There also appears to be a global presumption that if one can produce reasonable social skills, then he or she must also be able to teach others how to engage in producing culturally and developmentally sensitive social skills. In reality, no human service professional (e.g., educator, speech-language pathologist, counselor, psychologist, psychiatrist, etc.) is taught in their university program how to teach and “unpack the social experience” for individuals with weak social learning systems (e.g., ASD, ADHD, Social Communication Disorder, mental health, acquired head injury, trauma, etc.).
Given these assumptions, social instruction is based on teaching social skills in isolation, where individuals are removed from complex social contexts and social behaviors can be taught in isolation, memorized and easily measured for accuracy of their behavioral production. Most social skills programs rarely teach why the target social behavior (social skill) is important in the broader social context and how the social skill might be interpreted by others.
In general, the lack of exploration into the origin and purpose of social skills has led to inaccurate social skills instruction, such as teaching students to “make eye-contact” and “maintain conversations.” People don’t simply make “eye contact” to relate. Instead, we use our eyes to understand the context, consider others’ perspectives and feelings which helps us problem solve our social responses. In a similar vein, we don’t typically “maintain topics” during spontaneous social conversation (unless involved in an agenda-based discussion). Instead, each conversational partner pays attention to the information stream from different participants and then makes a comment or asks a question about aspects of the shared information—without maintaining a singular topic. Here is an example of what we mean to help clarify. One person might kick off the interaction with others by explaining he had a bad day because his dog was sick in the middle of the night, traffic was backed up, he ended up late to the office, and then his computer crashed. These initial comments are in fact loaded with possible topics: bad day, sick pets, traffic, computer trouble, etc. Others in the group do not have to only make comments or ask questions about the topic of a bad day. Instead, another participant may be reminded of her sick pet, so she comments. Another person may empathize with the man’s tough day and so adds that his rent has recently increased and he is struggling to make ends meet. Now the group is suddenly talking about the economy, cost of rent and rent controls until the next person mentions that he escapes from his worries by watching football. Another person says he’s more interested in watching tennis. And, on and on the conversation goes. Spontaneous conversations are made up of a series of related connected comments and questions that unfold naturally; they are not usually focused on maintaining a topic. Yet, professionals teaching social skills routinely write goals to “increase eye contact” and “maintain topics in social conversation” as though each was a distinct social skill that in and of itself could be taught in isolation of the other skills.
To that end, we have recently developed a visual tool to help interventionists—parents, teachers, therapists, counselors, and others—better understand what it means to teach social competencies, not just social skills. Our tool is called The Social Thinking® Social Competency Model.
Our model uses an iceberg as an analogy. The visible part of an iceberg is what we see above the water. At its peak, it represents a variety of social responses (e.g., observable social skills, written expression, etc.). Yet the entire iceberg is much, much bigger than that, having a large base and structural foundation that extends much deeper. The section of the iceberg we don’t see represents the knowledge, experience and development we hold, the social cues we input about ourselves and others as we learn to interpret and respond through this social problem solving process, leading us toward self-regulation as part of our many possible social responses.
Social competencies begin with attending to and then interpreting the social world, and then using this information to problem solve and make decisions from which we form our social response(s). Our social responses are the output of this process and are meant to encourage people to think and feel about us in the manner we had hoped. The four-step process defined through our Social Thinking Social Competency Model (see below) is also a four-step social emotional teaching pathway. This pathway is developmental and engages our own and others’ feelings and perspectives, while also helping us self-monitor how people think and feel about us as much as we think and feel about them. Our social responses are interpreted and judged by others; this may be our interactive partners, onlookers or audience, someone reading our written expression, watching us on YouTube, observing our posts on social media, or in face-to-face interactions.
Our Social Competency Model is informed by the research and explained through social information processing theory (Crick and Dodge, 1994; Beauchamp et. al., 2010).
A Deeper Explanation of this Four Step ProcessAt the base of the model is social attention, the foundation of social processing. Think about it. If an individual is not attending (to what’s going on in SELF and OTHERS), then he or she is unable to begin the social problem solving process. Individuals with social learning challenges often have strong attention to details, such as geometric or scientific patterns, but this is different from social attention (Pierce, et al, 2011). From our point of view, most individuals with social learning challenges struggle with some level of attention to relevant social information. Interestingly many of us in today’s world, who should intuitively develop social competencies, are not because our attention is gobbled up by digital devices. Our “social muscles” simply lack the exercise and use needed to build competencies. If we are not attentive or aware of those around us, then we may not notice or capitalize on opportunities for foundational social learning.
Our social attention fuels our social interpretation of people in context. People considered socially competent attend to and make meaning of the socially-based information around them. They do this whether in live social communication or through reading comprehension, watching some form of media, or even re-reading one’s own work to make sure it makes sense to potential readers. Making meaning of socially-based information requires us to consider the context, related knowledge of the world, personal memories about people or characters, their emotions and their experiences, personal memories of ourselves, our thoughts and emotions, our own/others’ past and possible future social behavioral responses in similar situations, spoken and nonverbal language (words, gestures, tone of voice, etc.), environmental cues, as well as any other information perceived through our senses (breathing patterns, smells, touch, etc.). Our social mind then filters information (inductive reasoning), notices patterns, and weaves this information together to form the base of our social problem solving. If engaging in live social communication each of us is also supposed to compare ourselves to others we are communicating with to consider how these people may be thinking about us or our possible social responses.
Engaging in socially-based problem solving provides us with the tools to make decisions as to what to do next (the response). Social problem solving can help us make sense of characters and storyline in a novel, figure out how to explain ourselves in an essay, as well as provide a pathway for emotional and behavioral self-regulation.
Problem solving and social decision-making involves interpreting social information from two or more points of view and/or feeling states (“SELF” and “OTHERS”) and exploring the intentions and interpretations of both self and others in context. While we almost always make sense to ourselves, this model illustrates the process whereby we consider whether the response we are considering would make just as much sense to others. Would it lead others to interpret our actions and thoughts in the manner we had hoped?
The orange wavy line is indicative of where decisions are made to form social response(s). Sophisticated social responses, those navigated through our own internal thinking and language, are not simply memorized and produced based on reinforcement of specific behaviors, but instead are the end result of this social information processing process which we also call “thinking socially.”
The fourth, and last, step in our model is the formation of social response(s) – the grand result of the process occurring before: attend—interpret—problem solve/make decisions. If our social attention is weak, we’re not able to gather relevant social information. If we have aspects of attention, but are overwhelmed by social information that does not make sense, then we are likely to struggle with anxiety (Herrington, 2017). A flood of anxiety can render our clients unable to effectively problem-solve to produce desired social responses. Instead they might react, which is in turn interpreted by others as impulsivity or dysregulation. The end result is a social behavioral response that is described as “unexpected” or “inappropriate” behaviors.
Weak social problem solving and decision making impacts not only social skills, but other social responses such as language use, group work, play and social academic interpretation and related responses. Social attention, interpretation, problem solving and decision making are required for reading comprehension of literature, written expression (writing a sentence, paragraph, essay to be read by the teacher or others), classroom participation, working in a peer group, and even playing on the playground or at home with peers. It’s so much more than social skills!
The Social Competency Model, while in the shape of a triangle, is actually more like a continuous loop. The reality is that in real time, one person’s thinking, problem solving and responses are woven into another’s with no endpoint. We remember how another person’s actions or words made us feel, even after we forget the specific details of the language or social skills. We store and use our experiences and information for future interactions as we interpret and respond in similar situations or with the same people in the future. Social memory is part of social interpretation and the problem-solving process.
Being socially competent is a fluid, highly synergistic social process. Competency requires us to shift in the moment of an interaction, demanding vigilant social attention, interpretation, problem solving and decision making to produce a desired social response. As interventionists fostering social competencies in our more sophisticated learners, we need to teach this process with the understanding that progress is measured by examining where the individual started and their change as compared to themselves, not to the peer group.
What About Those Who Struggle to Establish or Focus Social Attention?
As we mentioned earlier, language is the behavior of the thinking mind. It helps lead both the interventionist and the client to new levels of understanding about the social learning process. It is also a powerful tool to guide social attention in students for whom it is not self-organizing by nature, allowing us to direct our students’ social attention to relevant social information in context. The Social Thinking treatment methodology can be found mostly below the water line in the iceberg where we offer language-based frameworks, vocabulary, strategies and tools to direct and organize one’s attention, navigate and interpret the social learning decision-making process, learn about self and others, and propel individuals on their own path toward social competency.
A client in his forties, who sold a company he helped develop to another major technology company, struggles to speak in groups and sought help from us “to learn what to say” and also to manage his social anxiety. At our initial meeting he appeared retreated, with weak social observational skills in the group context. After explaining the basics of our Social Competency Model, he was encouraged to first spend time socially attending to people in public by simply observing them. He was encouraged to observe The Four Steps of Communication, then think with his eyes and notice if their body is in the group, how people felt, if they used social greetings, if they showed interest in others around them (brain in the group), while inferring if they had a specific relationship with the people around them (e.g., spouse, parent, individual seeking to meet new people). Through language-based explanations using Social Thinking’s Vocabulary, frameworks and strategies (in bold above), he began to observe people in his community. One day in a treatment session he explained that he didn’t love doing this, as he was more of a solitary thinker, but then he explained what he learned from the process.
“Observing the social interactions of others is very helpful to me as I formulate how to interact myself. As I learn not everyone walks with their head down avoiding eye contact all of the time. As I learn when and how to smile. As I study what makes a stranger seem approachable. In short, you have to know the rules of the game in order to play the game.”
Greg, 45 yr. old client and Technology Executive (Diagnosis of AS and Bipolar)
Consider how you are teaching social competencies. It’s so much more than teaching social skills.
To learn more about the Social Competency Model and the Social Thinking Methodology, check out our free webinar The Social Competency Model: Teaching Social Competencies, More Than Social Skills.
Beauchamp, M. H., & Anderson, V. (2010). SOCIAL: an integrative framework for the development of social skills. Psychological Bulletin, 136 (1), 39.
Crick, N.R. & Dodge K.A. (1994). A review and reformulation of social information-processing mechanism in children's social adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 115 (1), 74-101.
Herrington, J., Maddox, B., McVey, A., Franklin, M., Yerys, B., Miller, J. & Schultz, R. (2017).
Negative valence in autism spectrum disorder: The relationship between amygdala activity, selective attention, and co-occurring anxiety. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Archival Report retrieved from http://doi.dox.org.10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.03.009.
Pierce, K., Conant, D., Hazin, R., Desmond, J., & Stone. (2011). Preference for geometric patterns early in life as a risk factor for autism. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68 (1):101-9.
Schaller, U. & Rauh, R. (2017). What difference does it make? Implicit, explicit and complex
social cognition in autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47 (4), 961–979.
Winner, Tarshis, Palmer & Hendrix. (2016). We Thinkers! Volume 2 GPS: Group Collaboration, Play & Problem Solving. Santa Clara, CA: Think Social Publishing, Inc. | <urn:uuid:d6bd85dc-8ba0-4e51-8a1f-e889c4d8498e> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.socialthinking.com/Articles?name=Social-Competency-Model | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887621.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20180118210638-20180118230638-00561.warc.gz | en | 0.945619 | 4,494 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Mobile phones, remote controls, and other gadgets are generally convenient–that is, until their batteries go dead. For many consumers, having to routinely recharge or replace batteries remains the weakest link in portable electronics. To solve the problem, a group of European researchers say they’ve found a way to combine a thin-film organic solar cell with a new type of polymer battery, giving it the capability of recharging itself when exposed to natural or indoor light.
It’s not only ultraslim, but also flexible enough to integrate with a wide range of low-wattage electronic devices, including flat but bendable objects like a smart card and, potentially, mobile phones with curves. The results of the research, part of the three-year, five-country European Polymer Solar Battery project, were recently published online in the journal Solar Energy.
“It’s the first time that a device combining energy creation and storage shows [such] tremendous properties,” says Gilles Dennler, a coauthor of the paper and a researcher at solar startup Konarka Technologies, based in Lowell, MA. Prior to joining Konarka, Dennler was a professor at the Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells at Johannes Kepler University, in Austria. “The potential for this type of product is large, given [that] there is a growing demand for portable self-rechargeable power supplies.”
Prototypes of the solar battery weigh as little as two grams and are less than one millimeter thick. “The device is meant to ensure that the battery is always charged with optimum voltage, independently of the light intensity seen by the solar cell,” according to the paper. Dennler says that a single cell delivers about 0.6 volts. By shaping a module with strips connected in series, “one can add on voltages to fit the requirements of the device.”
The organic solar cell used in the prototype is the same technology being developed by Konarka. (See “Solar-Cell Rollout.”) It’s based on a mix of electrically conducting polymers and fullerenes. The cells can be cut or produced in special shapes and can be printed on a roll-to-roll machine at low temperature, offering the potential of low-cost, high-volume production.
To preserve the life of the cells, which are vulnerable to photodegradation after only a few hours of air exposure, the researchers encapsulated them inside a flexible gas barrier. This extended their life for about 3,000 hours. Project coordinator Denis Fichou, head of the Laboratory of Organic Nanostructures and Semiconductors, near Paris, says that the second important achievement of the European project was the incorporation into the device of an extremely thin and highly flexible lithium-polymer battery developed by German company VARTA-Microbattery, a partner in the research consortium. VARTA’s batteries can be as thin as 0.1 millimeter and recharged more than 1,000 times, and they have a relatively high energy density. Already on the market, the battery is being used in Apple’s new iPod nano.
Dennler says that the maturity of the battery and the imminent commercial release of Konarka-style organic solar cells mean that the kind of solar-battery device designed in the project could be available as early as next year, although achieving higher performance would be an ongoing pursuit.
The paper’s coauthor Toby Meyer, cofounder of Swiss-based Solaronix, says that the prototypes worked well enough under low-light conditions, such as indoor window light, to be considered as a power source for some mobile phones. Artificial light, on the other hand, may impose limitations. “Office light is probably too weak to generate enough power for the given solar-cell surface available on the phone,” he says.
Watches, toys, RFID tags, smart cards, remote controls, and a variety of sensors are among the more likely applications, although the opportunity in the area of digital cameras, PDAs, and mobile phones will likely continue to drive research. “The feasibility of a polymer solar battery has been proven,” the paper concludes.
Rights to the technology are held by Konarka, though the solar company says it has no plans itself to commercial the battery. | <urn:uuid:9f5c9b83-af1d-49d1-aee7-f80a7879b071> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.technologyreview.com/news/407636/flexible-batteries-that-never-need-to-be-recharged/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802767453.104/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075247-00073-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943769 | 910 | 3.09375 | 3 |
A confronting art exhibition in Adelaide exposes the cruelty suffered by women and girls who worked at Magdalene Laundries across Australia last century.
The exhibition entitled Enslaved is by New York-based artist Rachael Romero, who worked in the Adelaide laundry from the age of 14 in 1967 after she fled from her abusive father.
She remembers it as a workhouse like something from a Dickens novel and says women and girls were abused and injured.
"Women had hands like claws from the mangle, a woman with Down syndrome folded hankies next to loud machines and others had burns from the hot water," she said.
Magdalene Laundries and dormitories operated across the world and the Australian ones were run by the Sisters of the Good Shepherd, training women and girls and providing income for the church.
The workers themselves were unpaid and Ms Romero remembers long hours, poor food and token efforts to supply any education.
"The nuns derided us saying that no-one would ever want us, we would never get married, that we were horrible people and would never be anything else," she said.
Rachael Romero's artistic talent and determination to finish high school led her to leave the laundry and attend art school until she left Australia in 1972, travelled the world and settled in San Francisco and later New York.
There she became known for her art, especially work relating to political prisoners and such causes.
She said ultimately she realised much of her work was about liberating herself.
Women saw their own lives in her artwork
Ms Romero painted from her memories of the laundry and put some images online, which prompted an unexpected level of response from women across the world who had similar experiences.
"From Hobart to Queensland to Adelaide to Limerick to Queens to Canada, these places were exactly the same," she said.
"The get-up bell, go to mass bell, scrub the floor, then breakfast, do chores and then go to the laundry.
"This had gone on for 150 years."
As Ms Romero began posting her work online, an inquiry into the Magdalene Laundries in Ireland led to a formal apology from that country's leader, Enda Kenny.
But the artist thinks an apology is not worth much.
"I would be interested in a year's wages, plus interest, that would be satisfying to me, but apologies are pretty empty," she said.
Now the artist hopes her exhibition at the Hawke Building of the University of South Australia in Adelaide will remind people that children have human rights but are still facing abuse.
"I don't want hand wringing or tears, I just want people to make an effort to understand and when kids say they are being abused then do something about it," she said. | <urn:uuid:d5108201-e265-47f1-b583-034cb35db592> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-09-05/rachael-romero-art-magdalene-laundries-cruelty-to-women-girls/5720458?section=sa | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178375096.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20210306131539-20210306161539-00590.warc.gz | en | 0.986238 | 569 | 2.5625 | 3 |
sled(redirected from sledding)
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Related to sledding: sledge
sled,vehicle that moves by sliding. A sledge is typically a heavier, load-carrying sled drawn by a horse or dog, while a sleigh is a partially enclosed horse-drawn vehicle with runners that has seats for passengers. The simplest form of the sled is a board turned up in front, as in the toboggan. Developments include the addition of wooden or metal runners, the coupling of two sleds in tandem (the bobsled), and the introduction of light and graceful horse-drawn passenger sleighs. Small sleds with runners are used in winter sports.
Evidence indicates that the sled was used in the Neolithic period, before the invention of the wheel or the use of any draft animal except the dog. Probably it was first drawn by a person. Whether the sled originated in the Old World or the New, or independently in each, is not known. Eskimos used a dogsled in pre-Columbian America. In ancient Egypt sleds were used to haul blocks of stone. The sled is still commonly used in northern regions.
winter sport in which a bobsled—a partially enclosed vehicle with steerable sledlike runners, accommodating two or four persons—hurtles down a course of iced, steeply banked, twisting inclines.
..... Click the link for more information. ; lugeluge
, a type of small sled on which one or two persons, lying face up, slide feet first down snowy hillsides or down steeply banked, curving, iced chutes similar to those used in bobsledding.
..... Click the link for more information. ; skeletonskeleton,
in winter sports, a type of small, very low, steel-frame sled on which one person, lying face down, slides headfirst down snowy hillsides or down steeply banked, curving, iced chutes similar to those used in luge and bobsledding.
..... Click the link for more information. ; tobogganingtobogganing,
sport of coasting down snowy hillsides or chutes on a toboggan, a flat-bottomed vehicle made of hard wood. The toboggan, typically measuring 1.5 ft by 6–8 ft (.46 m by 1.8–2.
..... Click the link for more information. ; see also travoistravois
, device used by Native North Americans of the Great Plains for transporting their tepees and household goods. It consisted of two poles, lashed one on either side of a dog or, later, a horse, with one end of each pole dragging on the ground.
..... Click the link for more information. . | <urn:uuid:cd3ef9a2-4257-47d9-9cd6-60cf94023a02> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/sledding | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948517917.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20171212192750-20171212212750-00620.warc.gz | en | 0.896706 | 594 | 3.09375 | 3 |
In the last century, and especially in the last few decades alone, there has been a constant flow of medical and scientific discoveries being made. When paired with the mind-boggling technological advancements taking place, we end up with significant developments in regards to creating groundbreaking and innovative treatments.
One such development is biofeedback, a process created by mixing technology with alternative healing methodologies.
What Is Biofeedback?
Biofeedback is a process whereby electronic monitoring of a normally automatic bodily function is used to train someone to acquire voluntary control of that function.
Those who practice alternative healing techniques believe that “energy” based practices can produce the same results as medication can.
In the case of biofeedback, the idea is that receiving specific pieces of information about your bodily functions can, in time, help you make the necessary changes in your physical and mental behaviour required to adjust and control these functions. This method focuses highly on the belief in the power of the connection between the mind and the body’s physical state.
Essentially, it is an approach to learning how to control functions that your bodily typically carries out on it’s own, such as heart rate, muscle tension, blood pressure, etc. by first practicing various mental activities and relaxation techniques to regulate these functions while being monitored.
How Does It Work?
Biofeedback works through a variety of electrical sensors placed on one’s body that are hooked up to monitors that display feedback on how one’s body is responding to different stimuli.
The purpose of these sensors is to measure how that individual’s body reacts to stress. This does not necessarily mean how one’s body reacts when they are stressed, but rather the physical stress their body may experience due to other illnesses or conditions.
A biofeedback therapist will suggest certain exercises and relaxation techniques for the individual to try based on the problem being addressed. This may include breathing techniques, meditation, or a variety of muscle tightening and loosening exercises.
The therapist will then observe how these exercise are affecting the individual’s monitor readings and can tweak the exercises, or try new ones, until they begin seeing the desired change in the body’s responses.
There are multiple specialized forms of biofeedback currently in practice; each form uses a different type of sensor, reads different responses, and is helpful in treating different issues.
The three most popular types of biofeedback are neurofeedback, muscle tension feedback, and thermal feedback.
Types of Biofeedback
- Neuro Feedback
This method uses sensors placed on one’s scalp to monitor brain waves using an electroencephalograph (EEG).
Most commonly, this method is used to treat ADHD symptoms, but can also be useful when treating a range of brain-related conditions, such as: addiction, anxiety, autism, depression, Schizophrenia, epilepsy, insomnia, etc.
- Respiratory Feedback
This method involves sensor bands being placed around one’s abdomen and chest in order to monitor the individuals breathing patterns and respiration rate.
This type of feedback has been the most successful when treating issues such as panic disorders and asthma, as well as promoting better general heart health due to better breathing habits.
- Heart Rate Feedback
During a heart rate biofeedback session, finger and/or earlobe sensors with a device called a photoplethysmograph, or chest/torso/or wrist sensors using an electrocardiograph (ECG) are used to measure one’s heart rate and heart rate variability.
Blood pressure control and stress/anxiety reduction are two of the most common issues addressed using this type of biofeedback, but it has also been successfully used for other purposes, such as improving athletic performance.
- Muscle Tension Feedback
This technique involves placing sensors over one’s skeletal muscles (the muscles that produce all of the movements of body parts in relation to one another through voluntary movements) and using an electromyograph (EMG) to monitor the electrical activity that causes muscle contraction.
This method is commonly used to treat conditions such as epilepsy, movement disorders (such as Parkinson’s), migraines, arthritis, or stress, and is even used to help patients during surgical recuperation.
- Sweat Gland Feedback
This type of biofeedback uses an electrodermograph (EDG), with sensors attached to one’s fingers, palms, or wrists, to measure the activity of the individual’s sweat glands and the amount of perspiration on their skin.
Sweat gland feedback is most useful when treating conditions such as anxiety or stress.
- Thermal Feedback
During thermal biofeedback, sensors are attached to fingers or feet and are used to measure the blood flow to their skin.
Temperature often drops when an individual is under stress, meaning this is a good method to use in order to practice certain relaxation techniques.
As mentioned earlier, the devices used during biofeedback are typically a combination of sensors that are either attached to the individual or worn by the individual and the monitors that display the information gathered by these sensors.
The sensors most commonly used are the ones placed on one’s finger, scalp, or muscles, or the bands worn around one’s chest.
There are also a number of biofeedback devices available for home use. These are portable electronic devices that monitor different aspects of your body’s response system. These devices can help you with relaxation and changing behaviours that cause stress to your body without having to spend time and money on visiting the therapist’s office.
It is important to know, however, that not all home devices available are approved by the FDA. Not only are some of these devices not FDA approved, but many of the devices marketed make false claims of what they are capable of and the results they will provide.
If you are planning on purchasing a home-use biofeedback device, don’t forget to speak with your doctor about it first, and ensure you do the proper research required before choosing which device to buy.
What to Expect
Biofeedback sessions can range in length, typically from 60-90 minutes. The first session is typically a consultation with the therapist; during this consultation the therapist and the patient will discuss the problems that need to be treated, possible exercises and methods that may be used, potential outcomes, etc.
The number of sessions required will vary from patient to patient, with most patients needing an average of at least 10 sessions until they are capable of effectively implementing the control techniques without being monitored. This, however, is highly dependent on the condition being treated and the efficiency with which the patient learns.
During these sessions one can expect to be hooked up to one of the aforementioned types of sensors; the type of sensor used during the sessions is dependent on the condition the patient needs treated, because this dictates which bodily function is being monitored.
These sensors will be hooked up to different types of machines that will, most commonly, either beep or flash while displaying their body’s readings.
While hooked up to these machines, the therapist will have the patient practice a variety of different relaxation techniques or exercises, and will adjust these accordingly based on the changes that they make in the sensors readings.
Biofeedback does not necessarily work for everyone, and results are not guaranteed. However, if biofeedback therapy does work for you, there are a few results you may see.
First, it can help you learn how to control various symptoms you may be experiencing due to the issue being addressed (whether it be a mental of physical health problem).
Next, it can reduce or eliminate the amount of medication that was previously required to treat aforementioned symptoms.
Note that even if biofeedback is successful for you, it may not negate certain treatments you are currently receiving for the issue at hand.
Why Use Biofeedback?
There are a multitude of reasons why one may choose to try biofeedback therapy.
The main appeal of biofeedback therapy, also commonly referred to as biofeedback training, is that it can be used to help manage a variety of both physical and mental health conditions.
Some of the health conditions this type of therapy is most often used for include: anxiety/stress, asthma, headaches/migraines, various bowel problems, high blood pressure, and motion sickness.
While biofeedback therapy may not fully cure these conditions, it can help with relaxation, reduce symptoms caused by the conditions, and can even help in reducing the amount of medication needed to combat those symptoms.
Not only are the results of biofeedback desirable, but this type of therapy is attractive for a number of other reasons.
One of the largest draws to this type of treatment is that it is totally non-invasive. It does not require any surgeries, injections, etc.
It is also a great option for those who need alternatives to medications that haven’t worked, medications they cannot take, or those who simply do not want to be taking medications for one reason or another.
If biofeedback therapy is successful, it can give one the feeling of taking charge of their health. Feeling in control of your body can work wonders in terms of relieving stress and anxiety.
Giving It A Try
Biofeedback therapy is an amazing blend of technological advancement and alternative healing that has made waves in the medical world.
While monitoring and displaying your body’s various functions through sensors, you can learn to control these otherwise involuntary functions through a series of exercises by adjusting your exercises based on how your body is reacting to them.
Learning to control different bodily functions can have many positive impacts on your health. It can reduce stress, anxiety, aches and pains, and can even reduce symptoms of various mental and physical health issues you may be facing.
Biofeedback is a great option for anyone wanting to address these issues in an alternative, non-invasive, medicine-free way.
If successful, biofeedback therapy can reduce the amount of medications you need to treat the health issues you are targeting, and can give you a better sense of control over your body.
If biofeedback therapy is something that interests you, talk to your doctor about it. Your doctor can help you understand if and how this type of treatment can work for you, can refer to you a therapist, or can give you advice on the different home-use biofeedback devices available on the market.
There are very little risks involved with biofeedback therapy, so if it seems like something that can help with an issue you are facing, there is little reason not to give it a try. | <urn:uuid:7c0c5286-0753-4b85-bac2-b6f7d4362829> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.massagetique.com/blog/health-wellness/biofeedback-mixing-technology-with-alternative-healing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315558.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20190820180442-20190820202442-00096.warc.gz | en | 0.937104 | 2,202 | 3.3125 | 3 |
They’ve been told not to put their heads underwater, some are donning anti-microbial suits, and others are publicly fed up of being reminded of Brazil’s contaminated waterways. Are Olympic athletes competing in water sports really at grave risk of disease from Rio de Janeiro’s open waters?
While concern on the ground swirls around mosquitoes and Zika virus, the controversy over water quality has taken hold for athletes involved in water sports at the Summer Games.
“Like any polluted waters, the concern is infectious disease, bacteria, and viruses, leading to gastrointestinal disorders, skin problems, respiratory troubles or eye infections. It’s the whole gamut really,” Jason Tetro, a Canadian microbiologist and author of The Germ Files, told Global News.
“We’ve heard from several authorities that the water is ‘not safe’ and what that means is people in close contact need to do what they can to avoid ingesting water,” Dr. Isaac Bogoch, a tropical infectious disease specialist at Toronto General Hospital and the University of Toronto, said.
Gastrointestinal issues could mean stomach aches and diarrhea, eye problems would be conjunctivitis or pink eye, and respiratory problems could stem from bacteria that’s capable of thriving in the lungs (in rare cases).
“I don’t want to downplay it because these are world class athletes competing on a world stage and need to be at the top of their game to perform well so they want every possible advantage, but the vast majority of these potential illnesses are going to be mild,” Bogoch said.
They may not even manifest during the games, Tetro warned too. If athletes swallow too much water that could be contaminated, symptoms, like stomach cramps or diarrhea wouldn’t turn up until at least a day later.
WATCH ABOVE: Team Canada chief medical officer Bob McCormack told reporters in Rio Wednesday that the recent concerns in the media about the quality of the water for certain swimming events in the upcoming Summer Games have been overblown.
And they want to remind the public: murky waters aren’t exclusive to Rio de Janeiro and this year’s Olympics. Across North America, people aren’t encouraged to swallow water, and beaches and lakes are closed because they’re unsafe to swim in, too.
“This highlights a global issue of high levels of contamination, especially around urban areas,” Bogoch said.
“You’re always going to have some infections at every Olympics, the question is what is the proportion — is it a select few or are you going to have a widespread mini-outbreak? If the water is unclean or unsafe, there is a likelihood a lot of people could come down with something,” Tetro said.
The concern from athletes is mixed.
Adam van Koeverden, an Olympic gold, silver and bronze medallist, kayaking for Team Canada this year, told Global News the hype around Rio’s health safety has taken away from the Games and the hard work the athletes have poured into preparation.
Instead of being asked about his training or what he’s expecting from this year’s competition, van Koeverden said he and his fellow athletes are being bombarded with questions about whether they’re worried about the water, Zika or Rio’s alleged haphazard conditions.
“There’s hype that goes into these horror stories. I race on dirty water, I train on dirty water, and no one cared until we were in Rio,” he told Global News. He just wrapped up training on the Danube River in Hungary, for example.
It’s one of Europe’s most overfished and overpolluted waterways, according to some accounts. At Rio, van Koeverden plans to wear sunglasses and a visor to protect his eyes and face, and he’ll be mindful if water splashes into his mouth.
“It is time to shut up about the water quality. We’re going, we’re going to race, and we’d rather talk about how we’ve trained to represent our country,” van Koeverden told Global News.
“I’m willing to paddle through s*** for my country,” he said.
Kalmoe said the poor water quality has been sensationalized and being persistently asked about it is taking away from athletes’ efforts leading up to a world event that only happens once every four years.
“[This is not] helping anyone to be faster or perform better in Rio, so why would you do it? It seems a little mean-spirited and like you don’t care if we do well. Or that you somehow think we should not enjoy our trip to the Olympics,” she said.
“I will row through s*** for you, America,” she also said.
WATCH ABOVE: Recent tests done on Rio’s water has found that it has more than a million times the amount of pollutants compared to Canadian standards. Jeff Semple reports on what athletes are doing to avoid getting sick.
Yet the vitriol continues. The Associated Press conducted a 16-month study and learned that Rio’s Olympic and Paralympic venues have “consistent and dangerously high levels” of viruses from pollution.
In March 2015, an “astounding” 1.73 billion adenoviruses per litre were uncovered in Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon, where rowing will take place. By June, there were 248 million adenoviruses per litre.
In other accounts, Australia’s leading swim coach said the training pool in Barra da Tijuca was “cloudy” and “soupy” just days before the start of the swimming program.
The U.S. swim team is bracing for the conditions by covering up in seamless, anti-microbial suits while the New York Times said sailors called the Olympics training ground “putrid” with floating debris and tainted water.
Canadian sailor, Luke Ramsay, had a bad cut that became infected during training. He went on antibiotics for two weeks until the cut healed.
“At the end of the day, it’s about winning a medal, not staying healthy,” Ramsay told the Times. | <urn:uuid:26ba1647-4e8b-497b-902d-472f451ae1b8> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://globalnews.ca/news/2867200/rio-2016-adam-van-koeverden-willing-to-paddle-through-s-for-canada/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107894175.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20201027111346-20201027141346-00033.warc.gz | en | 0.962479 | 1,352 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Removal of the spleen had already been established as a routine technique to treat splenic trauma and other diseases affecting the spleen before the anatomy, physiology, and function of the spleen were known in the mid-twentieth century. It is now widely accepted that the splenectomized individual is at increased risk for infection, in particular, overwhelming post-splenectomy infection (OPSI). OPSI is a syndrome of fulminant sepsis occurring in splenectomized (asplenic) or hyposplenic individuals that is associated with high mortality and morbidity. Poorly opsonized bacteria such as encapsulated bacteria, in particular, Streptococcus pneumoniae, are often implicated in sepsis. The spleen is a reticuloendothelial organ that facilitates opsonization and phagocytosis of pathogens, in addition to cellular maintenance. Splenectomy is associated with an impairment in immunoglobulin production, antibody-mediated clearance, and phagocytosis, leading to an increased risk of infection and sepsis. Early identification of the at-risk patient, early blood cultures prior to antibiotic administration, urgent blood smears and fast pathogen-detection tests, and sepsis bundles should be utilized in these patients. Prompt management and aggressive treatment can alter the course of disease in the at-risk splenectomized patient. Overwhelming postsplenectomy infection can be prevented through vaccination, chemoprophylaxis, and patient education. This article evaluates post-splenectomy sepsis by summarizing the anatomy and function of the spleen, physiological changes after splenectomy that predispose the splenectomized patient to infection, and current management and prevention strategies. | <urn:uuid:5d6850de-26e9-4bef-a4b5-b6a7fd90661c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://research.monash.edu/en/publications/post-splenectomy-sepsis-preventative-strategies-challenges-and-so | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679099281.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20231128083443-20231128113443-00854.warc.gz | en | 0.899702 | 361 | 3.3125 | 3 |
In July 2010, the United Nations General Assembly created UN Women, the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women.
In doing so, UN Member States took an historic step in accelerating the Organization’s goals on gender equality and the empowerment of women.
The creation of UN Women came about as part of the UN reform agenda, bringing together resources and mandates for greater impact. It merges and builds on the important work of four previously distinct parts of the UN system, which focused exclusively on gender equality and women’s empowerment:
-Division for the Advancement of Women (DAW)
-International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women (INSTRAW)
-Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women (OSAGI)
-United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM)
The main roles of UN Women are:
-To support inter-governmental bodies, such as the Commission on the Status of Women, in their formulation of policies, global standards and norms.
-To help Member States to implement these standards, standing ready to provide suitable technical and financial support to those countries that request it, and to forge effective partnerships with civil society.
-To hold the UN system accountable for its own commitments on gender equality, including regular monitoring of system-wide progress.
HOW WE WORK
UN Women acts on two fronts. It supports international political negotiations to formulate globally agreed standards for gender equality. And it helps UN Member States to implement those standards by providing expertise and financial support. UN Women also assists other parts of the UN system in their efforts to advance gender equality across a broad spectrum of issues related to human rights and human development.
Programme and Technical Assistance
Within countries that request its assistance, UN Women works with government and non-governmental partners to help them put in place the policies, laws, services and resources that women require to move towards equality. It draws on extensive knowledge and experience with which interventions work best in a given environment, and which do the most to unlock rapid national progress in attaining national and international commitments to women.
UN Women provides grants to fuel innovative, high-impact programmes by government agencies and civil society groups through two funds—the Fund for Gender Equality and the UN Trust Fund to End Violence against Women. A multi-donor initiative, the Fund for Gender Equality is dedicated to programmes that increase women’s economic opportunities and/or political participation at local and national levels. Managed by UN Women on behalf of the UN system, the UN Trust Fund works to stop all of the diverse forms of gender-based violence that undercut women’s rights around the world.
Commission on the Status of Women
A global policy-making body, the Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) is a functional commission of the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), dedicated exclusively to gender equality and the advancement of women. Every year, representatives of Member States gather at the United Nations Headquarters in New York to evaluate progress on gender equality, identify challenges, set global standards and formulate concrete policies to promote gender equality and advancement of women worldwide.
Other Intergovernmental Processes
Aside from the Commission on the Status of Women, UN Women offers regular information on women’s rights issues to the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council, and the Security Council. It maintains the UN Secretary-General’s database on violence against women, which tracks measures to end violence taken by UN Member States and UN organizations.
Capacity Development and Training
UN Women shares its in-house expertise through a series of training programmes for national governments, often held in conjunction with other UN organizations. These strengthen national skills and capacities, including at women’s machineries, for actions to uphold women’s human rights, end violence against women, and integrate gender across national policies, programmes and budgets.
Expert Group Meetings
Expert group meetings help UN Women provide valuable inputs to the Commission on the Status of Women’s annual priority theme for discussions, and to flagship reports. Each group convenes leading experts to explore state-of-the-art research and analysis, identify good practices in achieving gender equality and develop independent policy recommendations.
UN System Coordination
UN Women leads and coordinates the overall efforts of the UN system to support the full realization of women’s rights and opportunities. It provides expertise on incorporating gender equality in the programmes of other UN organizations, and through regular monitoring helps the UN system stay on top of its internal commitments to women. As the chair of the UN Inter-Agency Network on Women and Gender Equality, UN Women helps orchestrate the efforts of 25 UN organizations to promote gender equality across the UN system.See more | <urn:uuid:6bdf6d0f-246d-493a-9897-84e2761c76ac> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.devex.com/organizations/un-women-45914 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400198287.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20200920161009-20200920191009-00034.warc.gz | en | 0.917235 | 975 | 3.4375 | 3 |
The Louisiana Purchase:Two centuries after the signing of the Louisiana Purchase, modern Americans consider the acquisition a foregone conclusion, inherent in our nation's "manifest destiny." At the time of the treaty, however, the idea of doubling the nation's size appeared to many to be impossible, undesirable, and even unconstitutional.In 1803 President Thomas Jefferson charged James Monroe and Robert Livingston with the task of negotiating with the French to keep an American port open at the mouth of the Mississippi River. Authorized to spend up to $6 million to acquire as much as possible of New Orleans and Florida, Livingston and Monroe were instead stunned to be offered the entire Louisiana territory. Seizing the opportunity, the two mean, as James Lewis writes in his lively analysis, "agreed to spend two-and-a-half times their budget to purchase a province that they had never been instructed to buy."This volume offers a thoughtful understanding of a complex moment in American history. The Louisiana Purchase later became celebrated even as it raised fundamental questions about American polity and society--questions about governance, slavery, union, and the young nation's place in the world.
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Rent The Louisiana Purchase 1st edition today, or search our site for James textbooks. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by University Press of Virginia. | <urn:uuid:332a947c-6791-4349-8a5a-70efa0ff6ada> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.chegg.com/textbooks/the-louisiana-purchase-1st-edition-9781882886234-1882886232 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1419447562842.158/warc/CC-MAIN-20141224185922-00063-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961987 | 275 | 3.609375 | 4 |
In recent months, racism in Britain has been widely discussed in the light of the killing of George Floyd, Breonna Taylor and countless other people worldwide. The Black Lives Matter movement has gained poignancy, with many supporters risking their lives to protest against systemic racism during the Covid-19 pandemic.
When discussing this issue with peers, one comment often made was, ‘I don’t understand why they’re protesting here, that’s all happening in America?’. On the surface this might seem true, however comments like these fail to address Britain’s horrifically racist past, and the continual microaggressions and discrimination people of colour face today as a result of this. And this begs the question – if we’re ‘better’ than America in this respect, can any country ever completely transcend its corrupt past?
The verb ‘transcend’ is broadly defined as the action of going beyond the limits of something, so in order to make a sound judgement on history’s ability to transcend a period of mass exploitation, we must first discover what ‘limits’ empire placed on Britain’s History. Back in school, you might remember History lessons telling you of a time when Britain ‘owned’ almost half the world – the British Empire, reaping massive economic benefits for Britain. The crimes of the British Empire need to be discussed in greater depth.
The British Empire imposed Western ideas of civilisation onto foreign cultures, and colonists committed heinous crimes. An ideological ‘them and us’ binary was instigated by the Empire; British colonists used this dehumanisation to justify horrific acts of violence and oppression against native people, alongside the stealing of land and imposition of culture. All this is delivered to British people today under the guise of either neutrality or a jubilant narrative which ignores and diminishes the atrocities of the Empire, and the lasting effects this ‘them and us’ mentality has had on the lives of BAME people in Britain.
So, while it’s understandable to hope for a History detached from Empire in today’s more progressive society, it’s integral to understand that the global devastation caused by Imperialism cannot simply be forgotten. Remember that it was only in 2015 that the British taxpayer had paid off compensation paid to families of slave owners for their loss of ‘business assets’ after it was abolished in 1833. Imperialism arguably catalysed racism, and years of Black Lives Matter protests have shown that there is no quick fix. To hope for a transcendent utopia away from this is naïve. In many ways, ‘moving on’ from Empire minimises the experiences and culture of those adversely affected by it; derailing discussion and progression in a way which mirrors using the phrase ‘All Lives Matter’ as a response to ‘Black Lives Matter’.
One method which gained huge amounts of public backing was a change to Britain’s school curriculum, in which education about the realities of Empire and colonisation are made mandatory. Many of us will remember, and have signed, the government petition for this which gained over 250,000 signatures. However, after first responding to this in July, saying that colonial education is already part of the key stage 3 curriculum (ages 11 to 14), they have now agreed to host a debate on the subject; the date for which will take over 80 days to decide.
One organisation who advocate for education on Black History in schools is The Black Curriculum. In their open letter to the Secretary of State, Gavin Williamson, they stated their aim to embed, ‘Black History in England’s National Curriculum more explicitly’, to counteract the whitewashed version of History children are taught. This would be an important step to take in tackling racism and inclusivity in schools; the founder Lavinya Stennet and her team have developed an extensive multimedia curriculum to teach Black History in an accessible way. If you’d like to support this cause, you can download their email templates to send to your MP, or donate through the link on their website.
So sadly, there’s no way for Britain’s History to transcend Empire, as this would ignore the experiences of those continuing to be affected by racism, stereotypes and the microaggressions brought about by it. Being able to see past the effects of Empire is a privilege, and one which unfortunately isn’t a reality for many British citizens, despite more information becoming available via social media to help inform everyone of changes that can be made. | <urn:uuid:474b6cb1-fa2f-40e5-b267-2971ef86c237> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://historyinpolitics.org/2020/09/13/will-britains-history-ever-transcend-empire/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107890108.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20201026002022-20201026032022-00013.warc.gz | en | 0.95198 | 946 | 3.3125 | 3 |
'Glad' in the Bible
And the anger of the LORD was kindled against Moses, and he said, Is not Aaron the Levite thy brother? I know that he can speak well. And also, behold, he cometh forth to meet thee: and when he seeth thee, he will be glad in his heart.
And Jethro was glad because the Lord had been good to Israel, freeing them from the power of the Egyptians.
On the first day, take the fruit of fair trees, branches of palm-trees, and branches of thick trees and trees from the riverside, and be glad before the Lord for seven days.
He has seen no evil in Jacob or wrongdoing in Israel: the Lord his God is with him, and the glad cry of a king is among them
On the first day of the seventh month [on New Year's Day of the civil year], you shall have a holy [summoned] assembly; you shall do no servile work. It is a day of blowing of trumpets for you [everyone blowing who wishes, proclaiming that the glad New Year has come and that the great Day of Atonement and the Feast of Tabernacles are now approaching].
And you will be glad before the Lord your God, you and your sons and your daughters, and your men-servants and your women-servants, and the Levite who is with you in your house, because he has no part or heritage among you.
And with the money get whatever you have a desire for, oxen or sheep or wine or strong drink, whatever your soul's desire may be: and make a feast there before the Lord your God, and be glad, you and all your house;
Then you are to be glad before the Lord your God, you and your son and your daughter, your man-servant and your woman-servant, and the Levite who is with you, and the man from a strange country, and the child without a father, and the widow, who are living among you, in the place marked out by the Lord your God as a resting-place for his name.
Seven days shalt thou celebrate a solemn feast unto the LORD thy God in the place which the LORD shall choose; because the LORD thy God shall have blessed thee in all thy fruits and in all the works of thine hands, therefore, thou shalt truly be glad.
"Because you did not serve the LORD your God with joy and a glad heart, for the abundance of all things;
Just as the Lord was glad to cause you to prosper and to multiply you, so He will also be glad to cause you to perish and to destroy you. You will be deported from the land you are entering to possess.
Be glad, O you his people, over the nations; for he will take payment for the blood of his servants, and will give punishment to his haters, and take away the sin of his land, for his people.
And of Zebulun he said, Be glad, Zebulun, in your going out; and, Issachar, in your tents.
And of Naphtali he said, O Naphtali, made glad with grace and full of the blessing of the Lord: the sea and its fishes will be his.
But the vine said to them, Am I to give up my wine, which makes glad God and men, to go waving over the trees?
And the chiefs of the Philistines came together to make a great offering to Dagon their god, and to be glad; for they said, Our god has given into our hands Samson our hater.
And it cometh to pass, when their heart is glad, that they say, 'Call for Samson, and he doth play before us;' and they call for Samson out of the prison-house, and he playeth before them, and they cause him to stand between the pillars.
And the priest's heart was glad, and he took the ephod, and the teraphim, and the graven image, and went in the midst of the people.
Then her husband arose and went after her to speak tenderly to her in order to bring her back, taking with him his servant and a pair of donkeys. So she brought him into her father's house, and when the girl's father saw him, he was glad to meet him.
And they sit and eat both of them together, and drink, and the father of the young woman saith unto the man, 'Be willing, I pray thee, and lodge all night, and let thy heart be glad.'
And the man riseth to go, he and his concubine, and his young man, and his father-in-law, father of the young woman, saith to him, 'Lo, I pray thee, the day hath fallen toward evening, lodge all night, I pray thee; lo, the declining of the day! lodge here, and let thine heart be glad -- and ye have risen early to-morrow for your journey, and thou hast gone to thy tent.'
They are making their heart glad, and lo, men of the city, men -- sons of worthlessness -- have gone round about the house, beating on the door, and they speak unto the old man, the master of the house, saying, 'Bring out the man who hath come unto thine house, and we know him.'
And Boaz eateth and drinketh, and his heart is glad; and he goeth in to lie down at the end of the heap; and she cometh in gently, and uncovereth his feet, and lieth down.
And Hannah, in prayer before the Lord, said, My heart is glad in the Lord, my horn is lifted up in the Lord: my mouth is open wide over my haters; because my joy is in your salvation.
Now the people of Beth-shemesh were reaping their wheat harvest in the valley, and they raised their eyes and saw the ark and were glad to see it.
And they said unto the messengers that came, Thus shall ye say unto the men of Jabeshgilead, To morrow, by that time the sun be hot, ye shall have help. And the messengers came and shewed it to the men of Jabesh; and they were glad.
So all the people went to Gilgal; and there in Gilgal they made Saul king before the Lord; and peace-offerings were offered before the Lord; and there Saul and all the men of Israel were glad with great joy.
For he put his life in danger and overcame the Philistine, and the Lord gave all Israel salvation: you saw it and were glad: why then are you sinning against him who has done no wrong, desiring the death of David without cause?
Abigail returned to Nabal, and he was there in his house holding a festival like the festival of a king. Nabal's heart was glad, and he was very drunk, so she didn't tell him anything at all until morning.
So Achish summoned David and said to him, "As surely as the Lord lives, you are an honest man, and I am glad to have you serving with me in the army. I have found no fault with you from the day that you first came to me until the present time. But in the opinion of the leaders, you are not reliable.
And they cut off his head, and stripped off his armour, and sent them into the land of the Philistines round about, to announce the glad tidings in the houses of their idols, and to the people.
Give no news of it in Gath, let it not be said in the streets of Ashkelon; or the daughters of the Philistines will be glad, the daughters of men without circumcision will be uplifted in joy.
And Absalom commandeth his young men, saying, 'See, I pray thee, when the heart of Amnon is glad with wine, and I have said unto you, Smite Amnon, that ye have put him to death; fear not; is it not because I have commanded you? be strong, yea, become sons of valour.'
And all the people came up after him, piping with pipes, and they were glad with great joy, so that the earth was shaking with the sound.
And these words of Solomon made Hiram glad, and he said, Now may the Lord be praised who has given to David a wise son to be king over this great people.
On the eighth day he sent the people away: and they blessed the king, and went unto their tents joyful and glad of heart for all the goodness that the LORD had done for David his servant, and for Israel his people.
And Jezebel his wife saith unto him, 'Thou now dost execute rule over Israel! rise, eat bread, and let thy heart be glad, -- I do give to thee the vineyard of Naboth the Jezreelite.'
Then they said one to another, We are not doing right. This is a day of [glad] good news and we are silent and do not speak up! If we wait until daylight, some punishment will come upon us [for not reporting at once]. So now come, let us go and tell the king's household.
So all the people of the land were glad, and the town was quiet; and they had put Athaliah to death with the sword at the king's house.
And Hezekiah was glad at their coming and let them see all his store of wealth, the silver and the gold and the spices and the oil of great price, and the house of his arms, and everything there was in his stores; there was nothing in all his house or his kingdom which Hezekiah did not let them see.
And they stripped him, and took his head, and his armour, and sent them into the land of the Philistines round about, to announce the glad tidings to their idols, and to the people.
And David gave orders to the chief of the Levites to put their brothers the music-makers in position, with instruments of music, corded instruments and brass, with glad voices making sounds of joy.
Glory in His holy name; Let the heart of those who seek the LORD be glad.
Let the heavens be glad, and let the earth rejoice: and let men say among the nations, The LORD reigneth.
Let the sea be thundering with all its waters; let the field be glad, and everything which is in it;
Then the people were glad because their offerings were freely given, for with a true heart they freely gave what they had to the Lord; and David the king was full of joy.
Up! now, O Lord God, come back to your resting-place, you and the ark of your strength: let your priests, O Lord God, be clothed with salvation, and let your saints be glad in what is good.
And on the three and twentieth day of the seventh month he sent the people away into their tents, glad and merry in heart for the goodness that the LORD had shewed unto David, and to Solomon, and to Israel his people.
Everybody in Judah was very glad to make their oath, because they had made their vow with all their heart and had sought him with all of their might, and they found him! The LORD also gave them rest in their surrounding lands.
Then all the men of Judah and Jerusalem went back, with Jehoshaphat at their head, coming back to Jerusalem with joy; for the Lord had made them glad over their haters.
So all the people of the land were glad and the town was quiet, for they had put Athaliah to death with the sword
And all the people of Judah, with the priests and the Levites, and those who had come from Israel, and men from other lands who had come from Israel or who were living in Judah, were glad with great joy.
Then they observed the Festival of Unleavened Bread for seven days with joy, because the LORD had made them glad, turning the heart of the king of Assyria toward them and strengthening them for their work on the Temple of God, the God of Israel.
And all the people went away to take food and drink, and to send food to others, and to be glad, because the words which were said to them had been made clear.
And on that day they made great offerings and were glad; for God had made them glad with great joy; and the women and the children were glad with them: so that the joy of Jerusalem came to the ears of those who were far off.
And on that day certain men were put over the rooms where the things which had been given were stored, for the lifted offerings and the first-fruits and the tenths, and to take into them the amounts, from the fields of every town, fixed by the law for the priests and the Levites: for Judah was glad on account of the priests and the Levites who were in their places.
On the seventh day, as the heart of the king is glad with wine, he hath said to Mehuman, Biztha, Harbona, Bigtha, and Abagtha, Zethar, and Carcas, the seven eunuchs who are ministering in the presence of the king Ahasuerus,
Then went Haman forth that day joyful and with a glad heart: but when Haman saw Mordecai in the king's gate, that he stood not up, nor moved for him, he was full of indignation against Mordecai.
Then his wife Zeresh and all his friends said to him, Let a pillar, fifty cubits high, be made ready for hanging him, and in the morning get the king to give orders for the hanging of Mordecai: then you will be able to go to the feast with the king with a glad heart. And Haman was pleased with the suggestion, and he had the pillar made.
And Mordecai went out from the presence of the king in royal apparel of blue and white, and with a great crown of gold, and with a garment of fine linen and purple: and the city of Shushan rejoiced and was glad.
And in every part of the kingdom and in every town, wherever the king's letter and his order came, the Jews were glad with great joy, and had a feast and a good day. And a great number of the people of the land became Jews: for the fear of the Jews had come on them.
Which rejoice exceedingly, and are glad, when they can find the grave?
They make songs to the instruments of music, and are glad at the sound of the pipe.
The righteous see it, and are glad: and the innocent laugh them to scorn.
If I was glad because my wealth was great, and because my hand had got together a great store;
If I was glad at the trouble of my hater, and gave cries of joy when evil overtook him;
But let all who take refuge in You be glad, Let them ever sing for joy; And may You shelter them, That those who love Your name may exult in You.
I will be glad and rejoice in thee: I will sing praise to thy name, O thou most High.
So that I may make clear all your praise in the house of the daughter of Zion: I will be glad because of your salvation.
And he who is against me may not say, I have overcome him; and those who are troubling me may not be glad when I am moved.
But I have had faith in your mercy; my heart will be glad in your salvation.
Oh that the salvation of Israel were come out of Zion! when the LORD bringeth back the captivity of his people, Jacob shall rejoice, and Israel shall be glad.
Therefore my heart is glad, and my glory rejoiceth: my flesh also shall rest in hope.
and it [is] like a bridegroom who comes out of his bridal chamber. It is glad like a strong man to run [its] course.
The precepts of the Lord are right, making the heart glad; the commandment of the Lord is radiant, making the eyes light up.
We will be glad in your salvation, and in the name of our God we will put up our flags: may the Lord give you all your requests.
O LORD, in Your strength the king will be glad, And in Your salvation how greatly he will rejoice!
For thou hast made him most blessed for ever: thou hast made him exceeding glad with thy countenance.
I will give you praise and honour, O Lord, because through you I have been lifted up; you have not given my haters cause to be glad over me.
I will be glad and rejoice in thy mercy: for thou hast considered my trouble; thou hast known my soul in adversities;
Be glad in the LORD, and rejoice, ye righteous: and shout for joy, all ye that are upright in heart.
Be glad in the Lord, O doers of righteousness; for praise is beautiful for the upright.
My soul shall make her boast in the LORD: the humble shall hear thereof, and be glad.
My soul will rejoice in the LORD and be glad in his deliverance.
Do not let my haters be glad over me falsely; let not those who are against me without cause make sport of me.
Be my judge, O Lord my God, in your righteousness; do not let them be glad over me.
Let them shout for joy, and be glad, that favour my righteous cause: yea, let them say continually, Let the LORD be magnified, which hath pleasure in the prosperity of his servant.
I have proclaimed glad tidings of righteousness in the great congregation; Behold, I will not restrain my lips, O LORD, You know.
Let all those that seek thee rejoice and be glad in thee: let such as love thy salvation say continually, The LORD be magnified.
Then I will go up to the altar of God, to the God of my joy; I will be glad and give praise to you on an instrument of music, O God, my God.
All thy garments smell of myrrh, and aloes, and cassia, out of the ivory palaces, whereby they have made thee glad.
There is a river, the streams whereof shall make glad the city of God, the holy place of the tabernacles of the most High.
O make a glad noise with your hands, all you peoples; letting your voices go up to God with joy.
God has gone up with a glad cry, the Lord with the sound of the horn.
Let mount Zion rejoice, let the daughters of Judah be glad, because of thy judgments.
Make me full of joy and rapture; so that the bones which have been broken may be glad.
Oh that the salvation of Israel were come out of Zion! When God bringeth back the captivity of his people, Jacob shall rejoice, and Israel shall be glad.
The upright man will be glad when he sees their punishment; his feet will be washed in the blood of the evil-doer.
By the power of your hand the earth is shaking and broken; make it strong again, for it is moved.
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- Rejoicing In God's Works | <urn:uuid:22133057-9d78-408a-8020-f7b401548974> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://bible.knowing-jesus.com/words/Glad | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948532873.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20171214000736-20171214020736-00532.warc.gz | en | 0.975942 | 4,534 | 2.640625 | 3 |
To illustrate this point further for my students, I would show them how fractions are hidden division problems. For example, 3/4 can be said as three-fourths or 3 divided by 4. The answer to 3 divided by 4, which is 0.75, is pretty straightforward and the answer doesn't have a remainder. The main focus of this blog post is introducing students to the concept of the repeating decimal, which is when a fraction in decimal form doesn't end neatly, but instead the answer has repeating digits that goes on indefinitely.
The first example I would use to illustrate repeating decimals to my students is 5\6, as shown in Figure 1. Now, I would tell my students that dividing by a number that is bigger than the number being divided, has a similar process as having a smaller number dividing a bigger number. So, I would use the same language that the students are familiar with when doing long division. So, 6 goes into 5 zero times. So, I would put a 0 as the first digit. Since 5 is in the ones place, then I must use the tenth place (I've designed this lesson assuming I've already discussed place values with decimals with my students). So, I need to place a decimal point at the time when I use the tenth place to show where the whole digits stop and the decimal digits begin. And that spot is right after the 0, as shown in Figure 1. Now, when I was being taught decimals using long division, the teacher had used whole numbers when subtracting. But my professor, John Golden, showed my class a way using decimals. So I will illustrate both ways in my blog post and to my students. That way, students who prefer one method over the other can choose for themselves. In this blog post, the left side of the figures will use whole numbers and the right side will use decimals.
|Figure 1: Dividing 5/6|
|Figure 2: Dividing 5/6|
|Figure 3: Dividing 5/6|
To begin one more round of long division, I need to add another 0 again. So, 500 become 5,000 and 5.00 becomes 5.000. I drop the zero down, to get 20 and 0.020. Again, 6 goes into 20, 3 times, since 6 x 3 = 18. And 6 goes into 0.020, 0.003 times, since 6 x 0.003 = 0.018. So, 3 goes into the thousandth place, and when I subtract, we will get the number 2 as the remainder again, as shown in Figure 4. This will show the students that the answer will have a repeating decimal that will continue indefinitely. It will also show the students how to recognize a repeating decimal when it happens, and that's by seeing remainders repeating during long division. I would then show them the proper notation for a repeating decimal, and that is placing a bar over the number or numbers that are repeating, as shown in Figure 4.
|Figure 4: Dividing 5/6|
In my next example, I will show the students how a series if numbers can repeat. So, I will use the fraction 1/11 to show this. I'm dividing 1 by 11, so 11 goes into 1, zero times. So, 0 goes in the ones place. Again, since I need to use the tenth place to continue, I need to place the decimal point next to the 0 to indicate where the decimal values start, as shown in Figure 5. Again, I will be using whole numbers for long division on the left side of the figure and decimals on the right.
|Figure 5: Dividing 1/11|
Now, I need to add a 0. So, 1 becomes 10 on the left, and 1 becomes 1.0 on the right, as shown in Figure 6. 11 goes into 10 and 1.0, zero times again. So, 0 goes in the tenth place. Then I subtract, and get 10 on the left side, and 1.0 on the right side, as shown in Figure 6.
|Figure 6: Dividing 1/11|
|Figure 7: Dividing 1/11|
Hopefully by the end of both of these examples my students will have a better understanding of the relationship between fractions and decimals. Furthermore, my students should be able to recognize when they will have a repeating decimal by noticing when they have a repeating remainder.
The images were created using GeoGebra. | <urn:uuid:46dc68ad-1ddd-4024-bb2b-59ea6717863b> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://magicalmystifyingmath.blogspot.com/2015/03/repeating-decimals.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590069.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718060927-20180718080927-00582.warc.gz | en | 0.948363 | 944 | 4.28125 | 4 |
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory disease of the joints characterized by pain, stiffness, and swelling, as well as an eventual loss of limb function. Rheumatoid arthritis is estimated to affect about one percent of the population, primarily women.
Use of cannabis to treat symptoms of RA is commonly self-reported by patients with the disease. In a 2005 anonymous questionnaire survey of medicinal cannabis patients in Australia, 25 percent reported using cannabinoids to treat RA. A survey of British medical cannabis patients found that more than 20 percent of respondents reported using cannabis for symptoms of arthritis. Nevertheless, few clinical trials investigating the use of cannabis for RA appear in the scientific literature.
In January 2006, investigators at the British Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic Disease reported successful treatment of arthritis with cannabinoids in the first-ever controlled trial assessing the efficacy of natural cannabis extracts on RA. Investigators reported that administration of cannabis extracts over a five week period produced statistically significant improvements in pain on movement, pain at rest, quality of sleep, inflammation and intensity of pain compared to placebo. No serious adverse effects were observed. Similar results had been reported in smaller Phase II trials investigating the use of orally administered cannabis extracts on symptoms of RA.
Preclinical data also indicates that cannabinoids can moderate the progression of RA. Writing in the August 2000 issue of the Journal of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, investigators at London's Kennedy Institute for Rheumatology reported that cannabidiol (CBD) administration suppressed progression of arthritis in vitro and in animals. Administration of CBD after the onset of clinical symptoms protected joints against severe damage and "effectively blocked [the] progression of arthritis," investigators concluded. Daily administration of the synthetic cannabinoid agonist HU-320 has also been reported to protect joints from damage and to ameliorate arthritis in animals.
Summarizing the available literature in the September 2005 issue of the Journal of Neuroimmunology, researchers at Tokyo's National Institute for Neuroscience concluded, "Cannabinoid therapy of RA could provide symptomatic relief of joint pain and swelling as well as suppressing joint destruction and disease progression."
Reprinted with Permission of National NORML | <urn:uuid:befa3d13-f1c7-4159-984d-fba552a47f83> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://www.coloradonorml.org/information/marijuana/medical/clinical/rheumatoid-arthritis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583792338.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20190121111139-20190121133139-00117.warc.gz | en | 0.929455 | 440 | 2.65625 | 3 |
International Space Apps Challenge: The Space Science Hackathon!
Space Agencies across the world are working on some incredible projects be it India’s Mars Mission or ESA’s Comet Chasing Spacecraft or NASA’s Internet experiment with Lasers! Their dreams are anything but small. Their ideas are Cool but what would be even more cooler is an “Open Source Space Mission”! Imagine the entire world working on a mission to the Sun!
The International Space Apps Challenge is the closed thing to that wish coming true! A NASA Incubator Innovation Program – The International Space Apps Challenge is a two day hackathon that is scheduled for April 12-13, 2014. Last year this event was “the largest hackathon in the history” with 9000 participants in 44 countries competing against one another building awesome apps, software and hardware projects that literally put “NASA data” in the spotlight. The objective was to create applications that NASA and the world could use.
This year, the event is scheduled for the second week of April (12-13) in several locations across the world and virtually as well. Registrations are scheduled to open early March. NASA is expected to come up with problems that they would like the Hackathon participants to work on sometime later this month. If last year’s apps are anything to go by, this is going to be one “geoawesome” event! Here’s the link to the News Section of the Contest.
Mark your calendars and set your reminders – The Space Apps Challenge is going to be an out-of-the-world experience!
Water on Mars?
We have had this question for a while now. It is more like, someone please tell me what went on that planet, and why are we spending billions of dollars to explore it? Simple answer is we want to know what might happen to our little blue ball in the future. And if we happen to understand Mars, may be we might find a way to better understand our own unpredictable fate!
We have some clues now, and when they put it as “clues” they really want to stress the word there. Researchers in Georgia Institute of Technology have found some strong “clues” about the seasonal features called “recurring slope lineae” (RSL) on Mars. As Latin as it sounds, RSL are features indicating flow and a hot topic among red planet researchers. NASA’s Mars orbiter has returned these clues which might be the strongest indication of liquid water that might exist on the planet today!!
“We still don’t have a smoking gun for existence of water in RSL, although we’re not sure how this process would take place without water,” said Lujendra Ojha, a graduate student at the Georgia Institute of Technology.
The leading hypothesis for these features is the flow of near-surface water, kept liquid by salts depressing the freezing point of pure water. “The flow of water, even briny water, anywhere on Mars today would be a major discovery, impacting our understanding of present climate change on Mars and possibly indicating potential habitats for life near the surface on modern Mars,” said Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Project Scientist Richard Zurek.
If you are still reading this post, you might really want to check the whole news article published by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Click here and get excited! | <urn:uuid:71b988ce-84ed-43c4-b337-c74ca0e10c1b> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://geoawesomeness.com/eo-hub/international-space-apps-challenge-space-science-hackathon/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500158.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20230205000727-20230205030727-00577.warc.gz | en | 0.948075 | 716 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Brushless DC Motor Working Principle
Brushless DC motor (BLDC) uses electronic phase-changing circuit to supply DC power to motor rotor winding. Since there is no mechanical brush, it is called brushless DC motor. Because of brushless DC motor with high efficiency and accurate control performance, and can use the electronic packaging to meet the needs of security specification features. Under the demands of global energy conservation and carbon reduction, it is widely applied in the field of air conditioning, such as common DC inverter, brushless DC technology; it also can be used in hybrid electric vehicle and some appliances of high economic value, such as electric fans and other products.
At present, the most common electronic driving mode is to use Hall Effect component or counter electromotive force to detect the mechanical angle and motor angle of motor rotor winding, and then accurately control the MOSFET switch to achieve continuous motor running.
Taking the way that uses hall component as an example, the Hall Effect should satisfy the following relationship:
Where VH is hall voltage, IH is hall current, KH/d is hall component electromagnetic coefficient, K is hall component unbalanced coefficient, and B is magnetic flux density. As seen from the equation, hall voltage is directly proportional to the magnetic flux density (i.e. the magnetic intensity of motor running) and hall current. Therefore, when the rotor's magnetic axis is not coaxial with hall components, the magnetic flux is small. In order to maintain the constant hall voltage, the hall current must be increased, so that the conduction sequence and time of motor rotor can be calculated accurately.
Because Hall component type brushless DC motor uses Hall components to induce the excitation sequence and time. When the phase of rotor isπ/2, the stator can be conducted, thus reducing the unnecessary energy waste. Also the necessary rotor rotating electromagnetic force can be provided timely, so as to greatly improve the motor output torque and efficiency, which is the biggest advantage provided by the brushless DC motor.
In the hardware of brushless DC motor, the mechanical phase converter and brush are replaced by the electronic circuit, so the problem of electric pollution will not appear. At the same time, for electrical signals captured by electronic circuits, other logic circuits can be used for signal amplification and comparison to improve motor operation efficiency.
And, more importantly, the problem that it is impossible to use external hardware protector to protect motor is resolved. In brushless DC motor, it is possible to use microprocessor and software to judge the electrical signal captured by electronic circuit, thus managing and protecting motor from stall, out of phase, overload, and other related security functions. | <urn:uuid:d3562ec5-4fa5-4aa3-9a92-860bb302e004> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.ato.com/brushless-dc-motor-working-principle | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703515235.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20210118185230-20210118215230-00027.warc.gz | en | 0.915483 | 543 | 3.609375 | 4 |
ABOUT THIS BOOK
In Uplift Cinema, Allyson Nadia Field recovers the significant yet forgotten legacy of African American filmmaking in the 1910s. Like the racial uplift project, this cinema emphasized economic self-sufficiency, education, and respectability as the keys to African American progress. Field discusses films made at the Tuskegee and Hampton Institutes to promote education, as well as the controversial The New Era, which was an antiracist response to D. W. Griffith's The Birth of a Nation. She also shows how Black filmmakers in New York and Chicago engaged with uplift through the promotion of Black modernity. Uplift cinema developed not just as a response to onscreen racism, but constituted an original engagement with the new medium that has had a deep and lasting significance for African American cinema. Although none of these films survived, Field's examination of archival film ephemera presents a method for studying lost films that opens up new frontiers for exploring early film culture. | <urn:uuid:b4d7dd20-1c3d-452c-8eae-5206c2b79517> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.bibliovault.org/BV.book.epl?ISBN=9780822375555 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583514355.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20181021203102-20181021224602-00205.warc.gz | en | 0.959882 | 201 | 3.15625 | 3 |
CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS FOR MENTAL ILLNESS IN ELDERLY IN INDIA
India is going through a major demographic transition with the rapid swelling of the senior population. Low birth rates coupled with longer life expectancies push the population to an ageing one. According to census 2011, 8.6 % of India’s population is 60 years and above.
Ageing process is not only affected by the physiological changes in the body but also by changes in the psychosocial conditions. Being mentally healthy not only means absence of any psychological condition but the optimum use of our cognitive functions and an optimistic thought process.
In India, mental health issues in elderly population are mostly due to the following causes:
- Urbanization and westernization play a major role in the increasing migration of the younger generation leading to weakening of the social structure and joint family system. As a result the older population is trapped in between the eroding traditional system and lack of social security systems in India.
- Due to the changes in the social structure, older adults have to undergo major changes in their lifestyle and inability to accept and adjust to these changes is one of the important causes of the increasing prevalence of mental illness.
- In the face of life stressors, individuals due to certain personality traits develop maladaptive emotional response which makes them prone to develop mental health issues.
- Old age is characterized by multiple losses in terms of loss of physical and mental capacities, loss of loved ones, loss of authority and importance. So one has to learn to draw a very intricate balance between the physical, social and psychological resources.
- Decline in the capacity of accept and adapt change makes unplanned life events difficult to handle.
- Any physical illness leading to loss of mobility and dependency can lead to elderly depression.
- Loss of loved ones, can lead to loneliness and isolation. Apart from the bereavement, such significant losses are sometimes followed by major life changes like change of residence, social roles.
- At times, even the daily stressors like the activities of daily living can become stressful for the elderly which can lead to anxiety.
Mental illness if not diagnosed at a manageable stage can have serious consequences.Some of the most common signs of mental illness in elderly are:
- Withdrawal from social activities like meeting people, going on outings etc.
- Insomnia or hypersomnia
- Intense sense of guilt most of the time
- Loss of interest in pleasurable things which they earlier liked doing.
- Feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness
- Increased confusions
- Neglecting personal care (grooming, bathing, clothing)
- Constant worry of the unknown future to such an extent that affect their daily functioning
- Frequent complaints of pain in different parts of the body in the absence of any physiological problem.
- Frequents incidents of irritation and agitation leading to anger outbursts.
While there is increasing provenance of mental illness among older adults access to mental health services is very limited. Most of the elderly avoid going to a psychologist or geriatric specialist. A number of barriers like denial of problems, lack of awareness, limited services further worsen the condition.
Combined efforts at individual level and social support system are required to address the mental health issues in elderly. | <urn:uuid:3abfe78b-4316-44e3-bb0a-b3e62aa297dd> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://samvednacare.com/blog/2015/10/08/causes-and-risk-factors-for-mental-illness-in-elderly-in-india/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794865884.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20180524014502-20180524034502-00601.warc.gz | en | 0.937914 | 676 | 3.0625 | 3 |
An add-on is a software extension that adds extra features to a program. It may extend certain functions within the program, add new items to the program's interface, or give the program additional capabilities. For example, Mozilla Firefox, a popular Web browser, supports add-ons such as the Google toolbar, ad blockers, and Web developer tools. Some computer games support add-ons that provide extra maps, new characters, or give the player game-editing capabilities.
Most add-ons are available as self-installing packages. This means the user can simply double-click the add-on package to install the files for the corresponding program. Other add-ons may require the user to manually move files into specific directories. While not all programs support add-ons, many programs are now developed with add-on support, since it provides a simple way for other developers to extend the functions of the program.
However, not all software programs refer to these extra features as "add-ons." For example, Dreamweaver supports "extensions," which add extra Web development features, while Excel can import "Add-Ins" that provide the user with extra spreadsheet tools. Many programs also support plug-ins, which may be considered a type of add-on. | <urn:uuid:816b0851-3bc8-47b1-ae57-9c799cb6f481> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://pc.net/glossary/definition/addon | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711042.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205164659-20221205194659-00504.warc.gz | en | 0.902951 | 272 | 2.921875 | 3 |
|Kingdom of Sierra|
This article is part of the series:
The legal system of Sierra is based primarily on the Anglo-American common law. Although the law has primacy over Sierra, it does apply to the entire Kingdom, except in cases of constitutional law evoked under the Charter. Instead, there are separate legal systems for Hawaii and the Deseret, the other two of the three constituent countries of the Kingdom.
Over the years, the Sierran legal system has incorporated aspects of Sierran civil law. For historical reasons, Sierra has also inherited legal traditions of Spanish law from the legacy of its time as a Spanish and then Mexican territory, particularly in regards towards community property and water rights.
The most important source of law derives from the Constitution which outlines the basic functions, responsibilities, and powers of the Sierran federal government with the concept of rule of law entrenched into the document and legal tradition. There are four primary sources of law: constitutional law, statutory law (from the Parliament or the monarch), regulatory law (from the executive branch), and the common law (includes both private and criminal law deriving from the courts system). Treaties and other international agreements are other sources of law as well. Nearly all federal law is complied and codified in the Sierra Federal Code, while the federal criminal law is indexed separately in the Sierra Penal Code.
Federal law takes precedence over provincial and local law through the Supremacy Doctrine established by the 1862 Supreme Court case Johnston-Phillips v. Province of the Inland Empire. Together, the Constitution and federal law, stand as the ultimate law in Sierra, and holds supremacy over all laws except in areas where the federal government is expressly prohibited by the Constitution and/or where the scope of law is delegated specifically to the provinces.
Most laws citizens encounter and experience are provincial laws. Under the Sierran federal system, each province are plenary sovereigns and have their own legal system and government. Provinces are largely responsible for the establishment of their own contract, criminal, family, property, and tort laws, so long as such laws do not conflict any federal/constitutional laws.
The Constitution, alongside federal laws, is the fundamental and supreme law of Sierra. The only law within Sierra that supersedes the Constitution is the Charter, which applies to the entire Kingdom, and enhances the functions and provisions of the Constitution on a larger scale. If there are any laws passed by any federal, provincial, territorial, or local government that contradicts the Constitution, and the Supreme Court of Sierra finds them unconstitutional, the Court has the constitutionally-endowed power to invalidate such laws.
The Constitution consists of a preamble, twenty-nine articles, and six amendments and its full corpus is applicable to the incorporated territory of the Kingdom. Within the Constitution, it describes the functions, responsibilities, powers, and constraints of the three civil branches of government, the monarchy, the federal system between the national and provincial governments, and civil protections and rights to its citizens.
As a consequence of Supreme Court decisions distinguishing the provinces and the territories, the Constitution is only partially applicable to Sierra's unincorporated territories in which Parliament has the power to decide which parts may apply or not. Although the Constitution can apply in the territories ex proprio vigore through the fact that the territories are subject to Parliament (or in the case of the crown dependencies, the Crown), they have not signed the Constitution ab idem as signatories as member states of the Kingdom, and consequently do not constitute a part of the Kingdom officially and therefore, are not necessarily protected by the Constitution.
Levels of law
The Constitution gives Parliament the legislative power to pass statutes and the Monarch to issue edicts for certain limited purposes. Both are federal laws that apply to the entire Kingdom. Regulations set forth by the executive ministries also carry the force of law through the principle of general deference established by the 1982 Supreme Court's decision in the Bank of the Occident v. Banking and Financial Services Administration Agency case.
Like all other countries under the common law system, court decisions and judicial interpretations of lawsuits, including those of the Supreme Court, carry the force of law under the tradition of stare decisis. Through the federal system, all lower courts within a province defer to the province's highest court, but none is bound by decisions of courts in other provinces. Only the Supreme Court has the power to hold binding decisions for all courts through a single ruling. In practice, however, any decisions settled at the federal courts of appeal which do not reach the Supreme Court are also binding to the provinces which stand-in a Supreme Court opinion.
Statutes and edicts
If the monarch provided assent to a bill proposed by Parliament, or Parliament overrode the monarch's veto, the bill becomes law, assigned a statutory citation, and organized into a catalog of session laws passed by Parliament during the legislative year. Public laws are subsequently codified into the Sierra Federal Code (or, if the bill pertains to criminal law, the Sierra Penal Code) which is officially updated biennially at the end of every legislative year. Both codes are arranged by subject matter, and all laws are organized in chronological order within each subject based on the date of their enactment.
Edicts are laws issued directly from the Monarch who may do so only in times of emergency and distress. A royal prerogative of the Monarch, it is one of the few powers the Monarch retains which cannot be conferred to their representative, the Prime Minister. Like legislative statutes, the Supreme Court can declare an edict unconstitutional and therefore, nullify it. The issuance of edicts has always been controversial, and its scope has often been limited to quelling rebellions or ordering an agency to comply with court decisions. A controversial example of an edict was issued by Smith II in 2015 where he authorized the use of military force against Mexico despite a defeated bill proposing such use in Parliament. Two months later, after harsh criticisms and protest against the edict as well as threats for impeachment, the king abdicated in favor of his daughter, Elisa.
In order to enforce the law, Parliament passes statutes authorizing federal agencies broad control over its implementation. Regulations are internal, administrative laws and rules issued by federal agencies that have the full effect of law, created in response to a statute passed by Parliament or an edict by the Monarch which had granted such agencies the authority and power. So long as the agencies' interpretation and implementation of passed statutes are reasonable, courts must defer to its effect as binding law. The Prime Minister's executive orders and proclamations also fall under the category of regulations.
All regulations and executive decisions are officially compiled and codified in the Sierra Administrative Code annually. It is supplemented by Sierra's government gazette, the Bunker Record, which documents public notices, proposed rules, and regulations.
All of the provinces and territories in Sierra follow and use the common law legal tradition as the primary system. Under the common law system, the Sierran law revolves around the concepts of stare decisis and persuasive precedent where lower courts must follow the orders of higher courts by which they are bound to and where the decisions of previous judges impact future cases simultaneously as referential sources and binding law. While both of these concepts are not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution, the Supreme Court has interpreted the "Case and Controversy Clause" in Article VI, Section II, Subsection I to incorporate precedential effect in cases.
The Constitution establishes the Supreme Court as the highest court in the Kingdom and grants it the sole authority with the official power to hold binding decisions for all courts. Inferior federal courts however, can effectively bind decisions of all the lower courts in nation by de facto as though they functioned as the Supreme Court if the latter does not intervene and override their cases. Each year, the Supreme Court selects and decides on about 230 cases, with the majority of the thousands of filed, petitioned cases from the Courts of Appeal unattended, allowing the decisions from these courts to stand.
When there is no substantial or existing Sierran decision on a particular legal issue, Sierran courts have relied on non-Sierran legal authorities for reference with strong preference to the decisions of American courts. The decisions of United States Supreme Court have been considered to be persuasive in court decisions, and has even been responsible for certain legal doctrines in contemporary Sierran law. The 1938 American case, Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins, was cited in Sierra's 1956 case Prescott Construction Ltd. v. Walker, which abolished the concept of general federal common law. The decision directed courts to apply provincial substantive law in diversity cases where there is no relevant federal statute over the matter. While the provincial courts have the power to create laws in the absence of constitutional or statutory provisions, the federal courts generally do not with the exception in few areas of issues.
All of the provinces feature a variance of common law. All twenty-two provinces of Sierra are separate, plenary sovereigns each with their own constitutions, governments, and laws. The provinces have the full authority to create laws over anything that has not been expressively delegated to the federal government, forbidden to the provinces by the Constitution, or restricted by existing federal statutes or international agreements. Unless a provincial case involves a federal issue, the supreme courts of each province are the final arbiters and interpreters of provincial constitutions and laws.
The relationship between local law and provincial law vary from province to province but all provinces guarantee and delegate a wide range of lawmaking powers to agencies, boards, cities, counties, districts, municipalities, and towns. Laws passed by local governments are generally referred to as ordinances while laws or rules set by other local entities such as water districts are known as regulations. Thus, a citizen may be subject to several layers of local law in addition to provincial and federal laws in any given area of the Kingdom with local government. Some provinces prohibit local ordinances from duplicating provincial law while others even prohibit local governments from passing ordinances in certain issues. In criminal processing cases, local ordinances are treated as provincial law. Consequently, if a citizen is convicted of a crime covered by both an ordinance and provincial law, one may only be tried by one of the two, and not both, which would constitute as double jeopardy.
Types of law
Administrative law comprises statutes, regulations, and orders that deals with the actions and operations of governments and governments agencies, particularly those within the executive branch. Much of Sierran administrative law derives from the inherent need and ability for the federal government to enforce and implement statutes passed by the Parliament. Courts specializing in administrative law review decisions based on issues of procedural fairness and substantive review.
Constitutional law is an area in Sierran law that deals with the interpretation and application of the Sierran Constitution by the courts. The Constitution itself vests the judiciary powers of government and interpretation of constitutional law to the courts. All laws at the federal, provincial, territorial, and local level must conform with the Constitution. Any laws that contradict or contrary to the Constitution have no force or effect and may be struck down by the courts.
Criminal law is the body of law that pertains to crime, criminal justice, and the prosecution by the state of such crimes. Criminal law does not cover torts, which are handled under the Sierran body of tort law. Generally, crimes result in incarceration and/or financial retribution, and in some provinces, may ultimately result in death depending on the nature and severity of the crime. Community sentences may be used in place of incarceration instead for some crimes.
Both the federal and provincial government may enact criminal law but penalties may differ among the provinces on similar crimes. Federal criminal law is codified in the Sierra Penal Code. All of the provinces have their own codified penal codes as well. All provinces distinguish crime into at least two categories: felonies and misdemeanors with the former including murder and rape while the latter including vandalism and reckless driving. Some include a third category of crime: infractions which may include contempt of court.
There are various protections for the accused, criminals, and convicts. For instance, ex post facto laws are prohibited by the Constitution, preventing individuals from being punished for crimes that had not been crimes at the time of they committed it. Persons who have been tried for a particular crime cannot be tried again for the same crime under the principle of double jeopardy. The presumption of innocence ("innocent until proven guilty"), right to a fair and speedy trial, a trial by peers, freedom from self-incrimination, and the exclusionary rule are other protections of the accused.
In Sierran law, private law is understood to concern primarily with contracts (obligations between private parties) and torts (civil wrongs that result in legal liability) although it may include family law and property law. Almost all private law is exclusively created and handled at the provincial matter. Contract law regulates the obligations set forth by agreement between private parties while tort law addresses intentional torts, negligence, and strict liability. | <urn:uuid:c983bc55-9337-4134-9b34-b58d2745a815> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://conworld.fandom.com/wiki/Law_of_Sierra | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247504594.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20190221111943-20190221133943-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.949624 | 2,667 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Music and Song
- A song for every occasion. I grew up with the sounds of RAFFI (all of you Canadian educators out there of my age are nodding and smiling right now). I love hearing the teacher and students belting them out in the classroom. Music has the magic to soothe, energize and build classroom community. (and walk in a line..."Sammy Sackett, hold onto my jacket" anyone?)
Smartboards AND Coding
- Collaborative coding on the Smartboard. All too often, Smartboards become a "teacher-only" device, but we need to remember that they are interactive. Students like to interact with them. It's really neat to see a group of students working collaboratively and problem solving using coding. And what could be better than moving enormous Angry Birds through a Smartboard-sized maze!
Print your Name Attendance
- This strategy is so simple but effective. When kindergarten students sign in for morning attendance, they find their laminated name card on the table, and have the opportunity to print it out on the lines underneath before putting it in the "I am here today" basket. The teacher simply wipes them clean at the end of the day, and they are ready for the next day.
Sent to the Office to Celebrate
- We LOVE when students ask the teacher to come to the office to show off something great that they have done. The secretary, principal and myself all have sticker stashes for the students who bring something to share with us. It never fails to bring smiles and always makes our day.
- Anchor charts, success criteria and student work posted in all of our classrooms immediately give us a sense of what students are learning. Word walls and information posted for student use provide helpful visuals. I love the fact that I can go into the Ojibway language room and find words on the walls to help me converse with students; of course, they often need to jump in and help me out with the pronunciation, which they are happy to do.
- It would be great if all learning in school could be directly linked to the real world, but it's not always possible. Next best is for the chance to emulate circumstances and occasions that students will encounter outside of the classroom. Dressing up as characters and conversing in French is great practice for any future traveling that students might do. And so much fun!
Stay tuned for more awesomeness from our school. I have so much to share about all the great things that staff are doing. | <urn:uuid:9724b3f2-ac77-4ac3-8d1b-67ed1ac15753> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://manitoulinteacher.blogspot.com/2015/11/6-even-more-awesome-things-at-our.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864795.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622201448-20180622221448-00540.warc.gz | en | 0.959991 | 520 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Audrey R. Johnson-Thornton, 93, the force behind the restoration of Belmont Mansion and a respected figure in black women’s service organizations, died Monday, April 8, of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at home.
“She was having health challenges for some time now, but at 93 years, she put up a good fight,” her family said. “Her passing was peaceful and painless.”
In 1986, Mrs. Johnson-Thornton founded the American Women’s Heritage Society, an African American women’s organization dedicated to restoring and maintaining Belmont Mansion in Fairmount Park. The colonial-era home of a family that included an abolitionist was dilapidated and abandoned.
Mrs. Johnson-Thornton was determined to preserve the building. She raised money, arranged a $1 annual lease from the City of Philadelphia, and mustered Temple University graduate students to research the structure’s past. When the team found that the mansion had been a stop on the Underground Railroad, she decided to recast the building’s past as a chapter in African American history.
“There was a 400-acre tract across this estate,” she told CBS3 in 2013. “A train would cross the grounds, and they would help the slaves jump the boxcars to get free and go up to Canada.”
An enslaved American named Cornelia Wells had worked at the mansion. Once she obtained her freedom, she became an entrepreneur.
The heritage society decided to tell the story of the Underground Railroad in an onsite museum. It also built the Cornelia Wells Banquet Hall for public gatherings, paying for the addition with grants, tour fees, and public and private donations.
The restoration had its detractors. City officials claimed the colors used were not historically accurate. They wanted to see the building put to other uses.
''The city is the one who let Belmont Mansion be abandoned and deteriorated,'' Mrs. Johnson-Thornton told the New York Times in late 1987. ''We’re not going to let them take it back.”
In 2014, after 28 years as president of the heritage society, Mrs. Johnson-Thornton stepped down. She told the Philadelphia Tribune that her Christian faith had helped her persevere.
“Looking back, I can see God’s hand in the entire process,” she told the newspaper.
Although Mrs. Johnson-Thornton is best known for her work at Belmont Mansion, she also volunteered with the African American Chamber of Commerce, served on Lincoln University’s board of trustees, and was active in the National Association of University Women. She served on the Mayor’s Commission for Women, and worked with the Urban League of Philadelphia and the Philadelphia Orchestra’s cultural diversity initiative.
Born in West Philadelphia, Mrs. Johnson-Thornton graduated from West Philadelphia High School and earned a bachelor’s degree in human services from Antioch College, as well as a master’s degree in education from Goddard University.
She started out modeling in Philadelphia and was the owner-operator of a beauty shop that sold and styled wigs for performers such as Diana Ross and Patti LaBelle.
She was married to Bernard J. Thornton Sr. Mrs. Johnson-Thornton, her parents Ruth and Lonnie Patrick, and her brothers and sisters founded and ran Timberlake Camp and Ski Lodge in Lenhartsville, Berks County. The business provided outdoor camping experiences for thousands of underprivileged youngsters before closing.
Mrs. Johnson-Thornton received many honors, including the Martin Luther King Drum Major Award from the City of Philadelphia. “She was a strong and proud black woman committed to African and black history,” said her daughter Naomi Booker.
Mrs. Johnson-Thornton’s husband died in January. In addition to her daughter, she is survived by daughters Linda and Rebecca, and four granddaughters.
A viewing will be held from 10 a.m. to 8 p.m. Friday, April 19, at the Belmont Mansion, 2000 Belmont Mansion Dr. Another viewing starting at 9 a.m. Saturday, April 20, will be followed by 10 a.m. funeral services at St. Luke’s Episcopal Church, 5421 Germantown Ave. Burial will be in Westminster Cemetery, Bala Cynwyd. | <urn:uuid:77256fbf-6e73-4432-a999-346204c06811> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.philly.com/obituaries/audrey-johnson-thornton-restoration-belmont-mansion-20190416.html?fbclid=IwAR0_Oe7oDENSkYO-_t5SP4U_LiLmjX_YOab6DLd1o9yEma4z-x9RJvUz2nE | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232255165.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20190519201521-20190519223521-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.968383 | 910 | 2.578125 | 3 |
As for how this would all work, the "moon" would actually be a giant mirror sent up into space on a satellite. Once there, it would unfurl to reveal its enormous highly reflective surface, and position itself specifically to reflect sunlight onto Chengdu during nighttime hours there. And while specific details about this grand plan are scarce, China reportedly hopes to have the moon brightening up the streets as soon as 2020, according to The People's Daily.
Of course, not everyone is super pumped about it. Some have already voiced concern that blanketing such a large swath of land with artificial light at night would potentially ruin the ability to stargaze, and could seriously disrupt the wildlife in the area.
However, as outlandish as this plan may seem, it's not the first time its been dreamed up as a way to deliver light in the dark. Back in 1999, scientists in Russia launched a similar device designed to brighten skies over Siberia, but it was a failure, per Smithsonian Magazine.
Whether or not this will ever actually happen remains to be seen. Though one thing we can be sure of is that while our real moon may not be as bright as some people wish it were, it's still undeniably awesome.
h/t Smithsonian Magazine | <urn:uuid:318f1f3d-c714-4020-b941-57eeb92a6d40> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.thrillist.com/news/nation/china-artificial-moon-launch | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583660818.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20190118213433-20190118235433-00338.warc.gz | en | 0.972393 | 254 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Alpha Centauri is one of our closest stellar neighbors at just 4.22 light years away, and astronomers think there’s an exoplanet orbiting the host star with the potential to support life.
To date, humankind has never sent any spacecraft to another stellar system, but astronomers hope to change that in the future, perhaps starting with Alpha Centauri.
Modern spacecraft propulsion systems are much too slow to send a probe to Alpha Centauri in a single lifetime, but light sail technology promises to change that. Breakthrough Starshot is one such initiative, and it involves sending a tiny probe to Alpha Centauri at 20% of the speed of light with light sails and lasers.
The idea here is that shining a powerful laser beam at the light sail will generate thrust as the charged particles bombard the light sail. More importantly, the probe would be so lightweight that it would pick up speed very quickly.
There’s a long way to go to get to Alpha Centauri, and astronomers have no idea what obstacles reside between our nearest stellar neighbor and us. For that reason, the plan would be to fire off several of these tiny probes at once to increase our odds of at least one probe arriving at its destination safely.
Will it work? No one knows; but we’ll never find out unless we try, which is why brilliant minds are already looking into ways to make Breakthrough Starshot a reality. | <urn:uuid:c5c13a6d-0a58-4f26-9483-f08a6e0e974c> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.labroots.com/trending/space/12884/getting-alpha-centauri-won-t-easy-but | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402127075.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20200930141310-20200930171310-00650.warc.gz | en | 0.956404 | 286 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Vernon in Tolland County, Connecticut — The American Northeast (New England)
Fitch Mill, Belding Silk Mills & Dart's Stone Mill
The first building constructed on this corner site was one of the earliest paper mills in Connecticut, built in 1833 by Colonel Francis McLean. (McLean was a leading figure in the early industrial development of Rockville. In 1821, he had opened the first textile mill in Rockville, called the Rock Mill.) The paper mill made paper from rags, mostly for books and news journals. In the 1860s, the mill was demolished by a fire.
The construction of the manufacturing complex seen today at the intersection of Grove Street and Main Street is attributed to the grit and determination of Albert Dart, a local blacksmith who turned to mill construction. Dart's ambitious and visionary plan was to build three mills for textile
Samuel Fitch & Sons (Daniels Warehouse)
The first of the three mill sites that Albert Dart constructed is the mill that is now known as Daniels Warehouse, fronting on East Main Street, around the corner. Dart sold the mill site in June, 1864 to Julius Rich, who formed a new company, the Carlisle Company. The mill manufactured cotton sewing thread. The Carlisle mill failed in the financial panic of 1873. Samuel Fitch purchased the mill in 1874, and manufactured a fabric known as stockinet, a flexible cloth used to line rubber boots and raincoats. The company operated successfully through the end of the 19th century. The J.J. Regan Company then purchased the plant in 1899 and operated the Rockville Worsted Company, producing worsted wool fabric. Eventually, the mill was purchased by the Hockanum Mill Company, which succumbed to the
Belding Silk Mills
Albert Dart's second mill project was the mill directly across Grove Street. In 1866, Dart sold this site to Ebenezer Kellogg Rose, who planned to manufacture silk thread. Dart constructed the mill in the Italianate style. By April, 1867 the first silk business in Rockville was operating. The Rose Silk Manufacturing Company failed one year later, succumbing to the business recession of that year. In 1870, the mill and machinery were purchased by the Belding Brothers Company for $41,000. The Belding brothers had grown a small house-to- house silk peddling enterprise in Michigan into a thriving silk business with factories in four cities, and sales offices across the country. The Belding mill in Rockville produced solely silk thread. In 1927, the mill was sold to the Keeneys of Somersville. In 1936 the mill was leased, and then later purchased, by the American Dyeing Corporation which ran a textile dyeing operation in the facility. Today the dyeing mill is known as Amerbelle Corporation and is the only textile-processing company still remaining in Rockville.
Dart's Stone Mill
Albert Dart's third mill project was constructed of stone and became known as Dart's Stone Mill. Built in 1868, it is an imposing structure that stands five stories high, with two 3-story wings, and looms over the village below. An enourmous waterwheel 55 feet in diameter powered all three sections. It was said to be the largest in the country at the time, and provided 150 horsepower. Unfortunately Dart's wonderful wheel cost $12,000 and forced him into bankruptcy. He withdrew from society, suffered ill health, and died in 1882. His mill was taken over by Cyrus White, and was occupied by the White Manufacturing Company in 1882, and later by the J.J. Regan Company. Today it is owned by Amerbelle. With the river spewing through a stone arch at its base, Dart's factory has, through the years, provided one of Rockville's most picturesque sights and has been a popular subject for artists and photographers.
Location. 41° 52.019′ N, 72° 26.534′ W. Marker is in Vernon, Connecticut, in Tolland County. Marker is at the intersection of Grove Street and E. Main Street, on the right when traveling north on Grove Street. Touch for map. Marker is in this post office area: Vernon Rockville CT 06066, United States of America.
Other nearby markers. At least 8 other markers are within 3 miles of this marker, measured as the crow flies. Fox Hill Tower - War Memorial Tower (approx. 0.3 miles away); Cogswell Memorial Fountain (approx. 0.3 miles away); Vernon Korean War Monument (approx. 0.3 miles away); Vernon Veterans Monument (approx. 0.3 miles away); Vernon Vietnam Veterans Memorial (approx. 0.3 miles away); Vernon (approx. 0.4 miles away); Ellington Wall of Honor (approx. 2.8 miles away); Constitutional Oak (approx. 2.9 miles away). Touch for a list and map of all markers in Vernon.
Categories. • Industry & Commerce •
Credits. This page was last revised on December 23, 2017. This page originally submitted on December 23, 2017, by Michael Herrick of Southbury, Connecticut. This page has been viewed 70 times since then and 6 times this year. Photos: 1, 2, 3. submitted on December 23, 2017, by Michael Herrick of Southbury, Connecticut. | <urn:uuid:dd09d74a-32eb-4583-a5f7-58af84349a7e> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=111816 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887692.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119010338-20180119030338-00009.warc.gz | en | 0.964068 | 1,120 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Acidity is produced by substances that yield hydrogen ions on hydrolysis or a substance is considered acid if it will neutralize hydroxyl ions. The definition for acidity is the reciprocal of that used for alkalinity with the substitution of the word hydrogen for hydroxyl. In other words, a substance is acidic if it will neutralize hydroxyl ions.
The determination of acidity is made at the end point pH of the indicator used in a titration.
The same requirements apply to determinations of acidity as for alkalinity. The acidity titration, however, measures a property that is somewhat difficult to describe. The usual acidity titration cannot be interpreted in terms of any single ion because some solutes react with hydroxide ions at slow rates and some of the products are unstable. Often
interpretation of the results is very uncertain. In any event, the solutes contributing to acidity are usually separately determined by other procedures.
In contrast to the alkalinity determination which can be defined for most all waters as the determination of carbonate and bicarbonate ion concentrations, the titrated acidity of a water is expressed in terms of milliequivalents per liter (meq/L) of hydrogen ions or as equivalent concentration of calcium carbonate or of sulfuric acid. The determination has no particular geochemical usefulness. It may, however, provide some indication of the behavior of water in certain treatment processes.
Among dissolved species which may contribute to acidity on titration are undisassociated or partly disassociated acids along with carbonic acid. One of the most common species of this type is the bisulfate ion, HS04- which may constitute about half the total dissolved sulfate species at a pH of 2. Also, undisassociated hydrofluoric acid could be present in significant proportions at this pH. Metal ions that combine with hydroxide and precipitate can affect the acidity titration. Metal ion species may also undergo oxidation during the titration and produce [H+] ions that combine with the titrating base.
The importance of hydroxide ions in the attack of natural waters on rock minerals has been indicated previously by the presence of hydrogen ions in most of the reaction equations that have been shown. The three sources of most of the [H+] that participate in such reactions are
1) hydrolysis, as in [H2O] = [H+] + [OH-],
2) the disassociation of acidic solutes H2CO3 = [H+] + [HCO3-], and
3) oxidation reactions such as [H2S] + 4[H20] = [S04-2] + 10[H+] + 8 electrons. ,
Once formed, the [H+] may be stored and redistributed by cationic exchange, but this is not a process by which the hydrogen ions are produced.
In natural systems where the production of [H+] is more rapid than the equilibrium rate with the minerals available, the pH may remain more acid than the equilibrium in carbonate systems. Most naturally occurring water that is strongly acid is in thermal areas where a low pH is maintained by a solution of acidic compounds, gases, and by oxidation of sulfur species. Acidity in surface or ground waters may be attributable to natural causes such as humic acids extracted from swamps or peat beds.
Usually, acidity is not a direct or specific pollutant. It is merely a measure of the effects of a combination of substances and conditions in the water.
The synergism and antagonism of toxic substances are markedly affected by acidity. Strong acids may cause the formation of carbonic acid in quantities that are adverse to the well being of the organisms present.
Addition of acids to waters may be harmful not only in producing adverse acid conditions, but also by increasing the toxicity of various components in the water. For instance, a reduction of about 1.5 pH units can cause a thousand fold increase in the acute toxicity of a metal-cyanide complex.
Also, the availability of many nutrient substances varies with the acidity. With higher pH values, for instance, iron tends to become unavailable to some plants.
In general, moderate acidity in irrigation water is beneficial to alkali soils for it helps to neutralize carbonates and prevents the precipitation of calcium. In fresh waters, the pH values and acidities of natural streams vary widely depending upon the soil and vegetation of the watershed.
Brook trout were found to live comfortably in different streams with pH values ranging from 4.1 to 9.5, but in all cases the streams were substantially unpolluted and acidity if any was due to organic acids of natural origin. Mineral acid pollution, however, can be quite detrimental to fish at pH values considerably higher than those that fish can tolerate in unpolluted waters containing only acids of natural origin.
Alkalinity of Water
pH of Water Definitions and Explanation
Significance of pH of Water
Return to pH of Water | <urn:uuid:a8694fb9-f0db-4835-a54a-b74b682dcf63> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://sciencefairwater.com/chemical-water-quality-parameters/ph/acidity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646937.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20230531150014-20230531180014-00498.warc.gz | en | 0.935038 | 1,047 | 3.890625 | 4 |
Lenz, Jakob Michael Reinhold
Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz 1751-1792
Russian-born German playwright, novella writer, poet, critic, and essayist.
Lenz is considered a leading member of Germany's Sturm und Drang literary movement, which flourished for a brief period in the mid-1770s. The Sturm und Drang, or Storm and Stress, movement was characterized by experimentalism in its “open” form of drama, an emphasis on the expression of strong and uninhibited feelings, and a preference for naturalism over rationalism. Lenz's dramas, while largely neglected for a century after their composition, influenced numerous writers of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries who appreciated their radical forms and unflinching social criticism. Although Lenz also wrote poetry and novellas, he is best known for two plays—Der Hofmeister oder die Vorteile der Privaterziehung (The Tutor: Or, The Advantages of a Private Education), which was written in 1774 and produced in 1778, and Die Soldaten (The Soldiers), written in 1776 but not produced until 1863—and a book of essays on dramatic theory: Anmerkungen übers Theater (1774; Observations on the Theater). Although he succumbed to madness and lapsed into obscurity long before his death, Lenz today receives considerable critical appreciation as a flawed genius.
The son of a parson and his wife, Lenz was born in Sesswegen in Livonia (then a Russian province). In 1759 the family moved to Dorpat, Estonia, where Lenz received his Latin grammar school education. At the age of fourteen he began writing religious poems. From 1768 to 1771 he attended the University of Königsberg, where he studied theology. He left the university one semester before he was to graduate in order to accept a position as tutor for two German nobles, Friedrich Georg and Ernst Nicolaus von Kleist. When he accompanied the young men to Strasbourg, Lenz found himself accepted into a literary group, headed by Friedrich Rudolf Salzmann, which included among its members Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, who had not yet achieved fame as a writer. Goethe and Lenz began a long, troubled friendship during which Lenz fell in love with Goethe's girlfriend, Friederike Elisabeth Brion. Lenz wrote several love poems to her that critics long believed to be the work of Goethe. The next few years witnessed a burst of creative energy, during which Lenz composed almost a dozen works. Near the end of 1777, he first fell victim to mental illness, which would become more pronounced as the years passed. He was cared for by Goethe's brother-in-law, J. G. Schlosser, until 1779, when he was sent to his home province. There he lived in poverty until 1781, when he received an appointment as in instructor at a boarding school near Moscow. After enduring years of increasingly poor physical health and debilitating mental problems, Lenz died in 1792 in a Moscow street.
Der Hofmeister, drawn from Lenz's personal experience as a teacher, rails against the institution of private tutors. The play dramatizes the lack of freedom for tutors, who must be obsequious to their employers; the damage to the students, who are denied a genuine education; and the cost to society when funds are diverted from the public education system. Die Soldaten is a work of political analysis concerned with the organization of military forces. The play offers proposals for proper military conduct, in social settings as well as in warfare, and gained notoriety for its demand that prostitution be institutionalized. Lenz was not sure whether to call it a comedy or a tragedy, though he finally settled on describing it as a comedy. His theory of comedy and many other issues related to drama are outlined in Anmerkungen übers Theater, a work that evolved from notes made by Lenz for a lecture. In one essay in the work, Lenz explains that, for him, comedy is concerned with events, tragedy with characters. Anmerkungen übers Theater has been criticized for its scattered presentation but has also been praised for the insight and compelling arguments of certain passages, including one in which Lenz presents a case for the rejection of the traditional Aristotelian unities of time, place, and action.
Goethe's famous remark describing Lenz as “nur ein vorübergehendes Meteor” (“only a fleeting meteor”) reflects the attitude of many of Lenz's critics over the centuries, who have focused on the flaws and signs of mental illness that characterize a number of his works. A more apt metaphor is perhaps that of a comet, for Lenz has reappeared as the object of critical notice several times since the eighteenth century. Many critics now devote their essays to refuting the negative judgments of their predecessors. M. A. L. Brown has noted that, along with the heightened respect that modern critics have granted to the Sturm und Drang movement, appreciation of Lenz's work has increased. Brown has characterized Der Hofmeister as a classic play of its type, praising its structure and crediting Lenz for writing from experience, presenting clear themes, and unambiguously offering solutions to social problems. Edward McInnes has argued that, although Lenz was ignored by literary historians and critics for more than a hundred years after his death, a time that witnessed no German stage productions of his work, he was never dismissed by playwrights, who admired his revolutionary experiments. Richard Alan Korb has viewed Der Hofmeister as a “bitingly satirical sex comedy,” contending that many critics have overlooked this work's commentary on social injustice and instead have considered its sex and violence to be gratuitous. Bruce Duncan has explicated Lenz's unorthodox views on comedy, which he argued, have caused commentators to misunderstand the aims of his work. Alan C. Leidner and Karin A. Wurst have surveyed early criticism of Lenz's work, asserting that often his rejection by critics and theater producers was due to his “anti-neoclassical instincts” as well as his refusal to create powerful, heroic protagonists. Scholars focusing on other aspects of Lenz's work include Norman R. Diffey, who has discussed the ways in which Lenz broke with other figures associated with the Sturm und Drang movement. Brigitta O'Regan has explored Lenz's existential theory of the self. Helga Madland has analyzed the question of whether Lenz actually suffered from mental illness, a view of the playwright that has been based on or reinforced by Georg Büchner's novella Lenz, which has traditionally been unquestioned by the majority of critics. Madland has also analyzed some of Lenz's radical views on art, which include the rejection of widely followed literary conventions; the insistence on portraying all aspects of nature, not just those that are traditionally considered beautiful; and the advocacy of caricature as a means of realistically depicting life. In his critique of Lenz's major works Bruce Duncan has noted that modern audiences find his plays relevant because Lenz “portrays figures who are indistinguishable from their environment, who in their language and behavior conform to the societal and economic forces that shape them.”
Die Landplagen: Ein Gedicht in sechs Büchern, nebst einem Anhang einiger Fragmente (poetry) 1769
Anmerkungen übers Theater [Observations on the Theater] (essays) 1774
*Der Hofmeister oder die Vorteile der Privaterziehung [The Tutor: Or, The Advantages of a Private Education] (play) 1774
Der neue Menoza oder die Geschichte des cubanischen Prinzen Tandi [The New Mendoza] (play) 1774
†Pandaemonium Germanicum (satire) 1775
Die Freunde machen den Philosophen (play) 1776
Petrarch (poetry) 1776
‡Die Soldaten [The Soldiers] (play) 1776
Zerbin oder die neuere Philosophie (novella) 1776
Der Engländer (play) 1777
Der Landprediger (novella) 1777
Myrsa Polagi oder die Irrgärten (play) 1782
Tantalus (play) 1798
Der verwundete Bräutigam (play) 1845
Briefe von und an J. M. R. Lenz. 2 vols. (letters) 1918
*This play was first produced in 1778.
†This work was first published in 1819.
‡This play was first produced in 1863.
M. A. L. Brown (essay date 1969)
SOURCE: Brown, M. A. L. “Lenz's Hofmeister and the Drama of Storm and Stress.” In Periods in German Literature: Volume II: Texts and Contexts, edited by J. M. Ritchie, pp. 67-84. London: Oswald Wolff, 1969.
[In the following essay, Brown explains what makes Der Hofmeister a classic Sturm und Drang drama.]
The choice of a drama to represent the Storm and Stress in a work of this kind is not surprising. Despite the undoubted affinity which existed between the Storm and Stress conception of creative genius and the poetic form of the lyric, an affinity reflected in the finest poems written by Goethe between 1770 and 1775, drama was the most popular...
(The entire section is 8350 words.)
Helga Madland (essay date 1988)
SOURCE: Madland, Helga. “Imitation to Creation: The Changing Concept of Mimesis from Bodmer and Breitinger to Lenz.” In Eighteenth-Century German Authors and Their Aesthetic Theories: Literature and the Other Arts, edited by Richard Critchfield and Wulf Koepke, pp. 29-43. Columbia, S.C.: Camden House, 1988.
[In the following essay, Madland analyzes Lenz's theory of literary creativity.]
Eighteenth-century poetics from Bodmer and Breitinger to Lenz represent a reaction against the aesthetic theories of Johann Christoph Gottsched whose thought dominated the early decades of the eighteenth century. According to Gottsched, the best rule for the dramatist is to observe...
(The entire section is 6287 words.)
Norman R. Diffey (essay date 1990)
SOURCE: Diffey, Norman R. “J. M. R. Lenz and the Humanizing Role of Literature.” In Man and Nature: Proceedings of the Canadian Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies, Volume IX, edited by Hans-Günther Schwarz, David McNeil, and Roland Bonnel, pp. 109-17. Edmonton: Academic Printing and Publishing, 1990.
[In the following essay, Diffey explains Lenz's ambivalence, even pessimism, concerning the role of literature in improving society.]
The name J. M. R. Lenz stands in a symbolic relationship with the Sturm und Drang. In life and work, his destiny was intimately linked to that of the movement in a way less true of his contemporaries. His provocative plays...
(The entire section is 4204 words.)
Edward McInnes (essay date 1992)
SOURCE: McInnes, Edward. “Lenz and the Development of Dramatic Realism in the 19th Century.” In Lenz: Der Hofmeister, pp. 72-81. London: Grant & Cutler, 1992.
[In the following essay, McInnes examines Lenz's influence on nineteenth-century theater.]
Das Schicksal thront nicht mehr über und außer der Welt, das Schicksal ist nichts Anderes als die herrschende Weltlage selber von der jeder Einzelne abhängt; es sind die aus dieser Weltlage entspringenden Sitten, Begriffe und Zustände, die für den Einzelnen als Einzelnen durchaus undurchbrechbar und deshalb für ihn eine tragische Macht sind.
(The entire section is 3447 words.)
Richard Alan Korb (essay date 1993)
SOURCE: Korb, Richard Alan. “Der Hofmeister: Lenz's Sex Comedy.” In Space to Act: The Theater of J. M. R. Lenz, edited by Alan C. Leidner and Helga S. Madland, pp. 25-34. Columbia, S.C.: Camden House, 1993.
[In the following essay, Korb discusses how Lenz used parody and satire in Der Hofmeister to deal with taboo sexual topics.]
Sexuality and the question of genre may seem to be unlikely bedmates—unless we are considering a play in which a wife tries to make her husband jealous by chasing after the young gentleman who is supposed to marry her daughter, a play in which a young woman strips a young man, who in turn climbs into the window of another...
(The entire section is 4816 words.)
Helga Stipa Madland (essay date 1994)
SOURCE: Madland, Helga Stipa. “Lenz and the Question of Madness.” In Image and Text: J. M. R. Lenz, pp. 1-16. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Rodopi, 1994.
[In the following essay, Madland considers whether or not Lenz suffered from schizophrenia or another sickness, or whether he feigned illness. She also contends that Georg Büchner's fictional account of Lenz's madness is granted too much credence.]
“Lenz lenzelt noch bei mir.”1
Of all the events in Lenz's personal and literary life, it was his January 1778 mental breakdown that left the deepest imprint on literary history. All biographical accounts...
(The entire section is 6774 words.)
Brigitta O'Regan (essay date 1997)
SOURCE: O'Regan, Brigitta. “The Paradox of Existence.” In Self and Existence: J. M. R. Lenz's Subjective Point of View, pp. 97-105. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 1997.
[In the following essay, O'Regan contends that Lenz used ambiguity and paradox in his works in order to call attention to human self-deception and the mystery of existence.]
Kierkegaard's employs a dialectical style to convey his existential truths and more often than not he makes use of paradox to communicate his insights. In addition, he insists that a subjective thinker's style of writing must have a relationship to his existence:
The subjective thinker has...
(The entire section is 3390 words.)
Bruce Duncan (essay date 1999)
SOURCE: Duncan, Bruce. “Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz.” In Lovers, Parricides, and Highwaymen: Aspects of Sturm und Drang Drama, pp. 116-50. Rochester, N.Y.: Camden House, 1999.
[In the following essay, Duncan provides a biography of Lenz and an overview of his major works.]
The world took little note when Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz (1751-1792) died alone on a Moscow street. Few people still remembered the one-time enfant terrible of German letters, and those who did often assumed that he had passed on long before. One publication had in fact mistakenly announced his demise twelve years earlier.1 Extremes of fame and oblivion have continued to...
(The entire section is 14518 words.)
Alan C. Leidner and Karin A. Wurst (essay date 1999)
SOURCE: Leidner, Alan C., and Karin A. Wurst. “The First Reviews.” In Unpopular Virtues: The Critical Reception of J. M. R. Lenz, pp. 1-19. Columbia, S.C.: Camden House, Inc., 1999.
[In the following essay, Leidner and Wurst survey early criticism of Lenz's work.]
THE CRITICAL BACKGROUND
When Der Hofmeister, Lenz's first published drama and the first of his major dramas to be performed (in 1778) appeared in 1774, modern literary criticism was still in its infancy. Although it had been a half century since Joseph Addison called the imagination more germane to the theater than neoclassical rules, and since Jean Baptiste Dubos declared...
(The entire section is 7751 words.)
Blunden, Allan. “Language and Politics: The Patriotic Endeavours of J. M. R. Lenz.” Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte 49 (October 1975): 168-89.
Speculates on Lenz's motives in promoting patriotism and analyzes his contention that a nation's language indicates the character of its people.
———. “A Case of Elusive Identity: The Correspondence of J. M. R. Lenz.” Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte 50, nos. 1-2 (April 1976): 103-26.
Claims that Lenz's style does not neatly fit into the category of Sturm und...
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Kathmandu University High SchoolCultivating socially responsible & sensible citizens
Teaching-learning Methods in KUHS
Kathmandu University High School is a leading school level institution in Nepal’s contemporary academia. It has been engaged for more than eighteen years in imparting quality education of the government-prescribed academic subjects as well as different non-academic dimensions of learning those are hugely required in this contemporary time. The organization has a team of highly educated, trained and skilful faculties who are well acquainted with the modern teaching-learning methods and even with the use of technology. Despite the fact that the School is located in such a geographical location where it is difficult to extend infrastructures, the faculties here are committed for imparting quality education by using available resources.
“Education beyond the Textbook” is the motto of this institution which connotes that a pupils’ learning should not only be confined to what the curriculum dictates, rather they must be guided towards learning of what other skills and abilities are required for them to tackle with the growing global demand and competitiveness. For that, KUHS does not just offer various curriculums prescribed by government but also facilitates for the students of learning dance, music, art and craft, sports and a wide range of other extra and co-curricular activities that make the pupils learn various skills of their interest and necessity, that come handy for their better compatibility and employability in future. The School undoubtedly has a very high sense of student centeredness inside classrooms and everywhere else. Below are described some prominent teaching-learning methods that KUHS has been adopting.
- Inquiry-based learning: Students are given to ‘read between the lines’. They are given some guidelines to study about a subject matter where teacher just facilitates them. Then they come up with a resolution through inquiry. This method is highly effective in understanding of a matter because it engages pupils themselves on what they need to learn about. This is contrary to the traditional rot-learning concept.
- Cooperative learning: The pupils form their own peer groups of required number according to teacher’s instruction or the teacher help them through to form groups. Then they are given some task to brainstorm, discuss on, and come up with some ideas. They share their ideas among themselves or, more often, with the whole class. This method is very effective because it gives the students chance to share and learn from each other’s ideas and views.
- Project-based learning: Project works help in broadening the horizon of the students’ learning because they make them ‘dig beneath the surface’. They also give them opportunity to expose their concealed skills and talents. Certain tasks are given to pupils by teachers to be completed within a specific time framework. Such tasks make them skilful of independent learning, time management and much more.
- Learning by doing: Cooking class, social research activities, and such other extra-curricular activities let pupils chance for learning by doing by themselves. On the other hand, they are given chance to organize and conduct various programmes with teachers’ facilitation time and often. Such method lets them learn by involving and develop leadership skill.
- Field visits: Field visits are quite essential for pupils’ learning through observation. Such visits are especially effective in particular subjects and are organized by the School periodically.
- Learning through audio-visual aids: Multimedia and audio-visual aids are used for teaching learning of whichever subject-matter has it necessary and effective. Documentaries and other such helpful multimedia are used time and often.
- Participatory teaching learning: Each lesson in KUHS is student-centred and thus participatory. Pupils are highly involved in classroom discussion. Various activities such as brainstorming, presentation, panel discussion, quiz, debate, extempore and so on are conducted to make the lessons interesting as well as effective.
- Instructional teaching learning: Though traditional, importance of instructional teaching method cannot be overlooked. Instructional approach is applied for discussion on subject-matters in participatory manner where and whenever is required.
Above mentioned are just the main teaching-learning methods applied in KUHS most often. There are other innovative methods of teaching learning that a particular teacher innovates and applies to their classroom. Due to the School’s modern pedagogical strategies and other bright aspects, most of the pupils and their parents often express their happiness and satisfaction for being able to admit them/ their children and graduate from this institution. | <urn:uuid:5ed7d85e-2668-4219-a7bd-00ab8a7e685c> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://kuhs.edu.np/teaching-learning-methods-in-kuhs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496665976.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20191113012959-20191113040959-00248.warc.gz | en | 0.96645 | 926 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Every year, a Saturday in early November brings us to one of the more unusual observances of the Armenian Church calendar: the feast day dedicated to the holy archangels Michael and Gabriel. We’ll greet it again this weekend, on November 9.
Angels in popular culture seem like benign, even childlike beings. But the bible depicts them as something else entirely—something truly incomprehensible to the human mind. “Fear not!” is the characteristic greeting that issues from an angel when it is sent to converse with a human being—suggesting that there is something potentially terrifying in our encounters with them.
The multitude of angels make up the “heavenly hosts”—the armies of God waging an invisible war against evil forces. The archangel Michael (whose name means “Who is equal to God?”) is symbolically shown as a warrior who protects God’s people and contends with Satan. Gabriel (“God is my strength”) is best known as the messenger who announced Christ’s impending birth to St. Mary.
The Christian tradition regards the angels as “bodiless powers”: Thought without physicality; Will without animal substance; beings of pure spirit, who do not occupy even a single point in space.
The very possibility of such creatures opens up deep questions about our experience of the material universe—and about man himself. For example: Are our thoughts just chemical reactions, or is human intelligence itself a sign of something beyond and above physical existence?
In that sense, the idea of angels enlarges our understanding of the universe that God has created, and of the place He has given to His human creations.
By Christopher H. Zakian | <urn:uuid:868ae797-f7da-4a25-b7e9-f4c065ec5676> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://armenianchurch.us/2019/11/07/the-bodiless-powers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540555616.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20191213122716-20191213150716-00338.warc.gz | en | 0.923949 | 356 | 2.6875 | 3 |
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission has directed 31 U.S. reactors to further improve their systems for safely venting pressure from their containment buildings during potential accidents.
The agency's order today supersedes a March 2012 order for the 31 reactors with "Mark I" and "Mark II" containments to install or improve their "hardened" venting systems. The enhanced order requires the vents to handle the pressures, temperatures, hydrogen concentrations and radiation levels from a damaged reactor. The enhancements also ensure plant personnel can operate the vents safely if the reactor core is damaged.
"Strengthened vents will help these plants continue to protect the public and the environment even if emergency systems can't immediately stop an accident," NRC Chairman Allison M. Macfarlane said. "By safely releasing built-up pressure and hydrogen, the plants will preserve the buildings that contain radioactive material."
The order covers venting scenarios for both "wetwells," structures meant to condense accident-generated steam and control pressure, and the larger "drywell" structures that surround the reactor. The order requires the 31 plants to complete wetwell venting improvements starting in June 2014 (depending on a plant's refueling schedule). The plants must also analyze their drywell venting scenarios and if necessary, install a drywell venting option starting in June 2017.
The NRC staff is also following Commission direction to develop a rule for the 31 plants to implement strategies to enhance filtering of radioactive material from any vented gases, as well as improve procedures for preserving containment integrity. The staff expects to hold public meetings later this month to discuss both the technical basis for the rule and the preparation of guidance for complying with the order.
Image: Simplified Mark I BWR from 1996 Sandia National Laboratory report, via Wikimedia Commons | <urn:uuid:d48f24e2-51d9-4634-8a70-8fff63edda7b> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.neimagazine.com/news/newsus-mark-i-and-ii-bwrs-directed-to-harden-venting | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948567785.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20171215075536-20171215095536-00327.warc.gz | en | 0.931523 | 364 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The specific content for any unit of Level I CPE may vary according to the needs of students or the discretion of supervisors, but the Objectives and Outcomes listed in The Standards of the Association for Clinical Pastoral Education, Inc., remain the foundation for curriculum design at Seton. The core content of the Level I curriculum consists of five elements.
- Program Objective: For students to learn about basic skills for pastoral care to persons in a variety of situations. These skills include effective use by the student of his or her religious/spiritual heritage and application of theological understanding and knowledge of the behavioral sciences in pastoral ministry to persons and groups, collaboration as pastor with members of an interdisciplinary team, and utilization of pastoral as well as prophetic perspectives in a variety of functions.
- Curriculum Emphasis: Introduction to methods and materials that enable students to demonstrate the ability to initiate helping relationships.
- Program Objective: For students to become aware of how their attitudes, values, assumptions, strengths and weaknesses affect both their self understanding as ministers and the ways in which their ministry affects persons.
- Curriculum Emphasis: Introduction to methods and materials that enable a student to articulate central themes of his or her religious heritage, theological understanding, and life experience that inform his or her pastoral self-understanding and pastoral functioning.
- Program Objective: For students to learn how to accept and utilize the support, confrontation, and clarification of the peer group for the integration of personal attributes and pastoral functioning.
- Curriculum Emphasis: Introduction to methods and materials that enable students to initiate peer group and supervisory consultation and to risk offering and receiving appropriate critique.
- Program Objective: For students to learn how persons, social conditions, systems and structures affect the lives of the students and of the people with whom the students interact, and how effectively to address these issues in ministry.
- Curriculum Emphasis: Introduction to methods and materials that enable students to integrate into their practice of ministry theoretical concepts presented in the curriculum.
Ministry Development and Management
- Program Objective: For students to become practiced in use of the clinical method of learning, the peer group, and supervision for the purpose of developing greater capacity to evaluate the ministry in which the students are involved.
- Curriculum Emphasis: Introduction of methods and materials that enable students to utilize the clinical method of learning to achieve educational goals and to formulate clear and specific goals for continuing pastoral formation with reference to personal strengths and weaknesses.
We believe that CPE is a form of adult education. Accordingly, we assume that students not only come to Seton Family of Hospitals with knowledge and experience, but also have the capacity to identify those areas of ministry about which they wish to learn. These assumptions lead us to require that each student develop, in consultation with her or his supervisor, a “contract for learning” that establishes the learning goals of the student and the means she or he will use to achieve these goals during the unit of CPE.
At the end of the unit, students in their peer group and with their supervisor will reflect on progress made toward the goals of the contract for learning and the Outcomes for Level I CPE. Students also will have the opportunity to offer oral and written feedback on the effectiveness of the curriculum. Each student will complete a program evaluation and meet for an exit interview with one or more members of this center’s Professional Consultation Committee. At their next scheduled meeting following the end of a unit, supervisors and the CPE Consultation Committee will review student feedback and engage in a process of program evaluation. | <urn:uuid:3a1697a3-d2e6-433f-9016-9fd200186968> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.seton.net/medical_services_and_programs/support_services/chaplain_services_and_spiritual_care/cpe_program/curriculum/level_i_curriculum | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928817.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00041-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93997 | 731 | 2.65625 | 3 |
If we see statistics as a process, one that takes us from the design of an experiment and the collection of data to providing sound analysis and inference, then the following course work will allow us to get from a research question (or objective) to that desired end (the answer or conclusions). Elementary Statistical Methods provides an introduction to basic Statistical process and procedures to include data collection, descriptive statistics, correlation, and least-squares regression, probability, discrete probability functions, the normal probability distribution, inference from samples to populations, and hypothesis testing.
This course introduces students to the history, doctrine and background features of those books of the Bible that were written prior to the incarnation of Jesus Christ. Our primary goal in this course is to help students become better readers of the Old Testament. Every reader of the Bible is an interpreter of the Bible. We want to help you become an active interpreter by describing central doctrines, and some of the historical, geographic and cultural factors, which figure into the formation of the He brew Scriptures we designate the "Old Testament.” | <urn:uuid:92663631-3560-4314-b246-9147bedf5ca6> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://geneva.learninghouse.com/course/index.php?categoryid=283 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424154.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170722222652-20170723002652-00184.warc.gz | en | 0.937535 | 212 | 3.8125 | 4 |
According to a new study by Oregon State University researchers, co-developing land for both solar voltaic power and agriculture could provide 20% of total electricity generation in the United States with an investment of less than 1% of the annual U.S. budget.
The concept is known as agrivoltaics – using the same land for both growing crops and generating solar energy. The proponents of agrivoltaics say that it provides more food, more energy, lower water demand, lower carbon emissions, and more prosperous rural communities.
According to the study, wide-scale installation of agrivoltaic systems could lead to an annual reduction of 330,000 tons of carbon dioxide emission in the U.S. – the equivalent of taking 75,000 cars off the road – and the creation of more than 100,000 jobs in rural communities. All of this could be achieved with minimal effects on crop yields.
The study finds that an area about the size of Maryland would be needed for agrivoltaics to produce 20% of U.S. electricity generation. That area of 13,000 square miles constitutes about 1% of current U.S. farmland.
The cost of the solar installations would be $1.1 trillion over 35 years and they would pay for themselves from the electricity generated within 17 years. Installing the arrays would create the equivalent of 117,000 jobs lasting 20 years.
The researchers are going to install a fully functional solar farm on 5 acres of university owned land to demonstrate to the agricultural community and potential future funders how the study’s findings can be applied in real world agricultural systems.
Photo, posted October 11, 2011, courtesy of Michael Coghlan via Flickr. | <urn:uuid:7ad2ef3e-e591-418b-ba21-f69492df4ec2> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://earthwiseradio.org/podcast/solar-energy-and-agriculture/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506480.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923062631-20230923092631-00750.warc.gz | en | 0.930436 | 359 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Bitcoin mining creating massive waste
The finding comes from research by data scientist and Bitcoin specialist Alex de Vries and semiconductor industry adviser, Christian Stoll.
The amount averages 272g (9.5oz) per transaction, they say. Miners earn money by creating new Bitcoins, but the computing used consumes large amounts of energy.
Attention has been focused on the electricity mining consumes and the greenhouse gas pollution caused as a result.
Additionally, as the computers used for mining become obsolete, this also generates lots of e-waste. The researchers estimate Bitcoin mining devices have an average lifespan of only 1.29 years.
The research has been published in the journal Resources, Conservation & Recycling.
Move to Application-Specific Integrated Circuits
As electricity is a key cost for Bitcoin miners, they have sought out ever more efficient processors and that has seen a move to highly specialised chips called Application-specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs).
However, ASICs are so specialised that as they become obsolete, they cannot be "repurposed for another task or even another type of cryptocurrency mining algorithm", the researchers write.
While these chips can't be reused, much of the weight of Bitcoin mining equipment is made up of components such as metal casings and aluminium heat-sinks which could be recycled.
Globally, just over 17% of all e-waste is recycled. However, the number is probably less in some of the countries in which most miners are based, where in many cases regulations on e-waste are also poor.
Ongoing chip shortages
Many industries are struggling with an ongoing shortage of microchips and the researchers add that rapid cycling through mining devices may also “disrupt
the global supply chain of various other electronic devices".
They suggest that one solution to the problem of e-waste would be for Bitcoin to change the way transactions are verified, to a different, less computing-intensive system.
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- Palo Alto Networks, Deloitte offer managed security servicesCloud & Cybersecurity | <urn:uuid:b7d9ef14-6886-433a-9f1a-0961b897bc0a> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://technologymagazine.com/digital-transformation/bitcoin-mining-creating-massive-waste | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662636717.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220527050925-20220527080925-00390.warc.gz | en | 0.936486 | 479 | 3.125 | 3 |
5 edition of The conquest of Mexico and Peru found in the catalog.
|Statement||by Kinahan Cornwallis.|
|LC Classifications||F1230 .C801|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||1 p. l, iv, 433 [v]-vi p.|
|Number of Pages||433|
|LC Control Number||05032132|
The History of the Conquest of Mexico and Peru, Vol 2 book. Read reviews from world’s largest community for readers. With its vivid language and bold str 4/5(4). Historical researches on the conquest of Peru, Mexico, Bogota, Natchez and Talomeco in the thirteenth century by the Mongols – Kublai Khan, grandson of Chingghis Khan From what I have read, these Mongols were blown off course from the Mongol Invasions of Japan in and which ended in defeat for Kublai Khan’s forces.
Author assignment according to Sabin and Paltsits. America: being an accurate description of the Nevv VVorld;: containing the original of the inhabitants; the remarkable voyages thither: the conquest of the vast empires of Mexico and Peru, their ancient and later vvars. In the conquest period and long after, Peru was far richer in precious metals than Mexico, since the Spaniards profited from the silver mining already developed by the Inca. Thus there was more to fight over, and struggles arose between the Pizarro brothers (Francisco had three) and a faction led by Diego de Almagro, Pizarro’s junior partner.
About History of the Conquest of Mexico “It is a magnificent epic,” said William H. Prescott after the publication of History of the Conquest of Mexico in Since then, his sweeping account of Cortés’s subjugation of the Aztec people has endured as a landmark work of scholarship and dramatic storytelling. The conquest of Mexico began with an expedition to search for gold on the American mainland. In Cortés led about men to Mexico and made his way from Veracruz on the Gulf Coast to the island city of Tenochtitlan, the stunningly beautiful Aztec capital situated in Lake Texcoco.
The indoor climate in the Swedish housing stock.
The heart-led leader
Starting to Paint Still Life
Olga carries on
Grain transportation in Canada
Dealing with controversy.
Annotated catalogue of newspaper files in the library of the State historical society of Wisconsin.
management of small business serving the advanced weapons industry.
Methods for the study of retail relationships
Ancient Hebrew marriage laws
Silvical characteristics of Monterey pine (Pinus radiata D. Don)
Prescott's biographer Harry Thurston Peck called The History of the Conquest The conquest of Mexico and Peru book Mexico"one of the most brilliant examples which the English language possesses of literary art applied to historical narration." Conquistadors Pizarro and Almagro are the protagonists of The History of the Conquest of Peru/5(16).
His first book “The Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella” was a great success when it was published in, as was his second great work the three volume “The Conquest of Mexico” which was published in Cited by: Prescott completed his pioneering study of Spanish exploits in the New World with the History of the Conquest of Peru (), a vivid chronicle of Pizarro's tumultuous overthrow of the Inca empire.
"The Conquest of Peru represents an author's triumph over his materials," observed Donald G. Darnell, one of the historian's several by: First published inWilliam Prescott’s _History of the Conquest of Mexico_ recounts the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire in The book (which is quite long) reads more like a novel with Cortés as the protagonist/5.
The author concentrates on the exploits of Fernando Pizarro and his successors as they loot, pillage and dismantle one of the world's great ally published inPrescott's "Conquest of Peru" is considered one of the great classics of historical writing.
Historical researches on the conquest of Peru, Mexico, Bogota, Natchez and Talomeco in the thirteenth century by the Mongols John Ranking Longman, - pages3/5(1). William Hickling Prescott () was an eminent American historian. He wrote in the Preface to this book, "Although the subject of the work is, properly, only the Conquest of Mexico, I have prepared the way for it by such a view of the civilization of the ancient Mexicans /5(8).
History of the Conquest of Mexico () - Prescott’s best-known work is a dramatic narrative description of how the war with Mexico arose over boundary disputes when Texas was annexed by the United. Signatures: [A]² B-2H (from t.p.) Containing: Invasion of Japan, from China -- A violent storm -- Mongols, with elephants, land in Peru; and in California -- Very numerous identifications -- History of Peru and Mexico, to the conquest by Spain -- Grandeur of the Incas, and of Montezuma -- On quadrupeds supposed extinct -- Wild elephants in America -- Tapirs in Asia -- Description of two.
William Hickling Prescott (May 4, – Janu ) was an American historian and Hispanist, who is widely recognized by historiographers to have been the first American scientific historian.
Prescott was a true historian and explorer. This work is about as full as a history of the conquest of Mexico and Peru could be. Thankfully it is not just facts and dates, but a story of conquest, murder, betrayal, and gold.
It makes for a great read.4/5. The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, also known as the Conquest of Mexico (–21), was one of the primary events in the Spanish colonization of the are multiple 16th-century narratives of the events by Spanish conquerors, their indigenous allies, and the defeated was not solely a contest between a small contingent of Spaniards defeating the Aztec Empire but Date: February – 13 August against the.
His works on the subject, The History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic (), The History of the Conquest of Mexico (), A History of the Conquest of Peru () and the unfinished History of the Reign of Phillip II (–) have become classic works in the field, and have had a great impact on the study of both Spain and Mesoamerica.
Home > Travel information > Peru history > THE SPANISH CONQUEST. Francisco Pizarro, along with two dozen soldiers, stumbled upon and named the Pacific Ocean in while on an exploratory expedition in Panama. all the practice that the Spaniards had had in imposing their culture on both the Moors in Spain and the Aztecs in Mexico, it took.
Description: With its vivid language and bold strokes, the magnificent History of the Conquest of Peru, first published inis one of historian William Prescott's landmark works.
The complete title page reads: "The Discovery and Conquest of Peru; A Translation of Books I to IV of Agustin de Zarate's History of these events, supplemented by eye-witness accounts of certain incidences by Francisco de Jerez, Miguel Estete, Juan Ruiz de Arce, Hernando Pizarre, Diege de Trujillo, and Alonso de Guzman, who took part in the conquest, and by Pedro Cieza de Leon, Garcialaso de la.
First published inThe History of the Conquest of Peru was a companion piece to The History of the Conquest of Mexico. Readers will follow along with famous explorers like Francisco Pizarro. SUBSCRIBE HERE TO OUR CHANNEL. FRESH CONTENT UPLOADED DAILY. History of the Conquest of Mexico, William H.
PRESCOTT ( - ) (Note: This project had some missing and. America: being the latest, and most accurate description of the New World: containing the original of the inhabitants, and the remarkable voyages thither: the conquest of the vast empires of Mexico and Peru, and other large provinces and territories, with the several European plantations in those parts: also their cities, fortresses, towns, temples, mountains, and rivers: their habits.
"It is a magnificent epic," said William H. Prescott after the publication of History of the Conquest of Mexico in Since then, his sweeping account of Cortés's subjugation of the Aztec people has endured as a landmark work of scholarship and dramatic storytelling.
This pioneering study presents a compelling view of the clash of civilizations that reverberates in Latin America to this day.4/5(3). With its vivid language and bold strokes, the magnificent History of the Conquest of Peru, first published inis one of historian William Prescott's landmark works.
A masterly study of Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro's overthrow of the Inca Empire, this astonishing chronicle is considered a classic of Latin American history.Details about MODERN LIBRARY GIANT Books: WAR AND PEACE & THE CONQUEST OF MEXICO & PERU See original listing.
MODERN LIBRARY GIANT Books: WAR AND PEACE & THE CONQUEST OF MEXICO & PERU History of the Conquest of Peru FIRST EDITION antique book set by William H.
$ Free shipping. Edition Conquest of Peru by W.H. Prescott with End date: Prescott, William H. History of the Conquest of Peru. New York: Harper, E-mail Citation» Based on Prescott’s reading of the chroniclers in comparison with hundreds of original documents, Prescott’s follow-up to the History of the Conquest of Mexico was an instant bestseller, and it has remained the most popular account of these. | <urn:uuid:5a0dcf95-21e5-4ebf-8d54-5046191668ef> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://bakytinumeleju.gulfpbc.com/the-conquest-of-mexico-and-peru-book-34694jx.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704803308.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20210126170854-20210126200854-00028.warc.gz | en | 0.9285 | 2,045 | 2.765625 | 3 |
TOGETHER China, Japan and the US are today's most important trilateral relationship. Regional and global economic integration -- along with increasing openness, mobility and democratisation -- is currently shaping US-Chinese-Japanese relations. Only domestic politics or virulent nationalism could disrupt what promises to be a positive new decade for great-power relations in East Asia.
The three countries are not in an expansive mood:
-China still grows rapidly, deriving significant clout and thereby assuming a new world role. Despite a recent leadership transition, Chinese leaders remain preoccupied with mitigating massive distortions of growth, ensuring a successful Olympics and preventing regime change. Its military modernisation arouses American angst and some regional hedging, and its international engagement has moved beyond the Asian platform. Yet China continues to be out of step with the political morality of leading countries and shows increasing heartburn with international badgering. China has a long way to go in exercising international leadership.
-The next US president, scheduled to take office early 2009, will probably inherit at least two wars, both continuing to drain high-level attention and resources, contributing to polarisation and declining government capabilities. Restoring American attention to the region, particularly Southeast Asia, could be difficult. Both Republican and Democrat candidates and their foreign-policy gurus maintain 20th-century rhetoric, enamored with US global leadership. Not recognising the profundity of change, the US obsesses on China's rise, oblivious to American impact on others. Its present economic downturn adds new complexity to America's influence and global role.
-Japan remains a major world economic player, but its economy lacks dynamism. Slow to define a comfortable global role for itself, Japan wants to be a "normal" nation without its postwar defense limitations. But it has not achieved that status. Japan remains fearful of China's competition even as both economies become more entwined. Japan and China have one major concrete dispute -- maritime claims. The US and Japan each value their alliance, but generally the US takes Japan for granted. The US would like to see greater Japanese influence in Southeast Asia -- the absence of which was clear when most East Asian nations did not support Japan's efforts to win a permanent UN Security Council seat.
Relations among the three powers, with some perturbations -- e.g., the current fracas over US military vessels visiting Hong Kong -- have improved in recent years. Whatever political problems arising from trade, substantial Sino-American cooperation has emerged on key issues with productive dialogue underway. US-Japanese ties intensified during the Koizumi era, but have some current hiccups raised by the Liberal Democratic Party's diminishing clout. Most important, Sino-Japanese tensions have diminished, trade grows rapidly, high-level visits have resumed and both countries recognise the need to check nationalist forces despite territorial differences. Still, China and Japan lack serious dialogue.
In the much-heralded Six Party Talks on the North Korean nuclear issue, China provided useful leadership, and the Bush administration did an about-face, resurrecting Clinton's pragmatic policy of bribery. Yet, the verdict on these talks is not in -- and depends on verification of North Korea's holdings of nuclear material.
Washington largely views East Asia through a strategic and military lens. The US remains a central pillar in Northeast Asia security, and most Asian countries welcome its presence as a balancing factor. From a policy standpoint, continuing US preoccupation with China's growth and modernisation obscures China's rapid integration with East Asia, the rise of more independent powers with growing confidence and the notion of an East Asian ethos.
Despite the US central role in the region, particularly in Northeast Asia, any US policy must start with the recognition that its influence has declined -- a positive consequence of the rise of Asian economies. Asian nations are not only economic competitors, but also the home of American multinationals. So relations naturally are more balanced. Diffusion of power requires the US to focus on its competitive prowess while dealing with Asia in a give-and-take way on issues like energy and East Asia's economic integration.
North Korea and China, two ongoing security problems on which the US military structure in East Asia is based, are also changing, both on a trajectory toward some better resolution:
-In the final days of Chen Shui-Bian's premiership, we may witness the last big stirrings of Taiwanese assertionism. However, despite increasing military buildups, with Taiwan the major focus of the People's Liberation Army, the threat of a unilateral declaration of independence has diminished along with the threat of war. Cool heads on both sides of the strait increasingly recognise the necessity to manage the conflict through negotiations and normal economic workings, not confrontation. The potential destabilising element is domestic politics, in the US, China or Taiwan, as leadership changes. Despite domestic political rumblings, strategic clarity dominates US policy toward Taiwan -- keep it frozen until Beijing and Taipei sort the matter out themselves.
-Predictions about North Korea, with its opaqueness and uncertain leadership transition, require more caution. Recognising that its survival depends on change, North Korea is slowly becoming addicted to South Korean largesse, Chinese trade and investment, and more contact with the world. The immediate uncertainty is North Korea's denuclearisation; if that ends badly, the climate will again change, but not necessarily toward hostilities.
-The security focus should be reducing Sino-American and particularly Sino-Japanese tensions and searching for frameworks of continued cooperation. Continued globalisation of trade, finance and culture help, but also produces discontents and economic nationalism. Thus leadership, as the Bush administration has provided against congressional protectionism, is key. Additional steps that might contribute to better trilateral relationships include:
-The US and Japan should not pursue an "alliance of values" with Australia and India, largely an amorphous anti-Chinese move that does little to deter China or improve regional security.
-On the other side, Japan deserves to be a permanent member of the Security Council, and China should end its opposition. Such a Chinese move -- unfortunately unlikely in the near future -- could change the climate in East Asia and the world.
-East Asia can benefit from consultative forums, including a trilateral one, formal or informal. This idea, long favored by non-governmental organisations, is rejected by China because of the US-Japan alliance, with possible complaints from other countries and skepticism from all as to its worth. But with relations sufficiently developed, such a forum could, for example, be an offshoot of the G-8 meeting, of which China should soon be a regular member. China, Japan and the US have plenty to talk about besides North Korea.
-Efforts toward deeper, more formal East Asia economic and political integration have lagged due to the complexity and Sino-Japanese rivalry on how to organise the region. Unless these powers -- like Germany and France in Europe -- find an accommodation, the project will stumble along. The US, largely absent from this debate, is apparently still addicted to Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, which is becoming, but doesn't have to be, a vehicle for diluting East Asian cooperation. Movement toward an East Asian economic community, not a Pacific one, offers the best vehicle for peaceful security structure in East Asia.
The last part of the 20th century was dominated by dualities like the Cold War. The 21st century is shaping up with multiple power-centers, calling for multilateral policy approaches.
China, Japan, US -- and throw India and Russia into the mix: Asia quickly becomes ground-zero for great power relations in the decades to come. Let's hope consultation and integration win the day.
Morton Abramowitz is a senior fellow at the Century Foundation. His book with Stephen Bosworth, Chasing the Sun -- Rethinking East Asia Policy, was published in 2006 by the Century Foundation Press.
© Yale Center for the Study of Globalization. All rights reserved. Reprinetd by arrangement. | <urn:uuid:ce10a1ed-b16a-4fc5-bb56-547a7ebd752f> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-18944 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934804724.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20171118094746-20171118114746-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.93296 | 1,637 | 2.6875 | 3 |
When trying to lose weight, or even to get the most out of your current strength or aerobic training, New Jersey knows that nutrition is a key element that can determine how successful you are at achieving your goals. Healthy nutrition along with adequate exercise can improve your health while making your workouts even more worthwhile. Balanced and correct nutrition varies from person to person, but there are a few key rules that everyone can live by.
Here are seven of the best nutrition tips, no matter what your reasons are for training.
- Try not to over count your calories. For most people, counting calories is not necessary, once you have a rough idea of the nutrition you need each day, simply follow sensible eating habits. Try using the fist portion rule. Meat should be the size of your palm, vegetables at least half of the plate, and carbs like rice, potatoes, grains etc. should be the same as, or preferably smaller than the meat portion.
- Try unprocessed, high fiber foods to keep you fuller longer, with more energy. This is especially helpful for those trying to lose weight.
- Eat more protein. Protein also works to help you feel fuller for longer, and it will also reduce cravings. When you’re working on building lean muscle, protein is an essential ingredient. For any weight training and mass building, protein should be one of your primary food sources.
- Increase fluid intake. Increase your fluids from healthy sources, while avoiding high sugar, nutritiously void beverages. Water, especially sports water with electrolytes should be your first choice. Always check the sugar content when buying bottled sports drinks.
- Don’t skip meals, and eat more regularly. Exercise and increased muscle mass can improve your metabolism, but so can increasing frequency of meals while reducing portions. Try spreading out 6 smaller meals over the day, instead of the usual three large meals that you’re used to. This can help you feel fuller, and will keep your metabolism active during waking hours.
- Lower your salt intake. Salt is necessary to normal function and hydration, but most of us get too much in our diet. Avoid adding salt to foods unless necessary, and avoid extremely salty foods like fried foods and processed meats. This will keep your cholesterol in check, while reducing unnecessary water retention.
- Eat more fruits and vegetables. It might seem obvious, but many people undergoing new exercise regimes overlook this simple tip. Vegetables and fruits are loaded with essential vitamins and minerals, as well as being generally healthy sources of sugar and fiber. The vitamins in vegetables can also help you to absorb nutrition from other foods, so make sure to include a serving in every meal.
Staying healthy through nutrition is not difficult, but it sometimes requires discipline. Whenever you’re not sure about nutrition for your particular needs, it can be helpful to get a full nutrition plan from a doctor or professional sports nutritionist.
With the right care and attention, you can provide your body what it needs to get the most from any New Jersey fitness training regimen. | <urn:uuid:3d842d33-872a-4d7c-9c70-e13409f128e9> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://gravitytrainingzone.com/nutrition-help-fitness-training/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039554437.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20210421222632-20210422012632-00433.warc.gz | en | 0.944723 | 620 | 2.546875 | 3 |
A panda, Molly, decides to take a slide down an incline plane of 30 degrees. She starts at the top. Her initial speed is 0 m/s. Her mass is 75 kg. The length down the hill is 250 m. At the bottom of the hill is Molly's identical twin sister, Dolly. Dolly is at rest. When Molly collides with Dolly, they hug and do not there go.There is no friction.
A. Is this an inelastic or an elastic collision? Why?
B. What is conserved in this collision? What is not conserved in
C. What is the velocity of the twins immediately after the
D. What is the total kinetic energy before the
E. What is the total kinetic energy after the
F. Are your answers for parts D and E different? Should they be different? If they are different, where did the energy go? | <urn:uuid:7e2fa4ca-c6d4-400c-ac54-534c621c5485> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/panda-molly-decides-take-slide-incline-plane-30-degrees-starts-top-initial-speed-0-m-s-mas-q3018792 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701148402.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193908-00169-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93501 | 190 | 3.234375 | 3 |
By Dr Ananya Mandal, MD
GERD stands for Gastro-esophageal reflux disease or “acid reflux” and is a common condition when the acid produced in the stomach leaks out and seeps back into the esophagus or food pipe.
The esophagus is a muscular tube than runs from the mouth to the stomach. The seepage of the stomach’s acid into the esophagus leads to heartburn or burning chest pain or discomfort, a sour or bitter taste in the back of the mouth and in severe cases pain and difficulty swallowing. (1-7)
How common is GERD?
GERD is a common condition and most people experience occasional episodes of the condition from time to time that resolves on its own or on self-medication with over-the counter drugs.
However, for those with a more persistent condition with severe symptoms, treatment on the long term is usually needed. It is estimated that 1 in 5 people will experience at least one episode of GERD per week and 1 in 10 people will have symptoms of GERD daily.
Up to four in ten people have symptoms of GERD each year in the United Kingdom.
Population-based studies have shown that between 21 and 40% of people report suffering from symptoms of heartburn and GERD in any 6 to 12 months' period. More than 60 million adult Americans suffer from symptoms of heartburn at least once a month and over 25 million experience heartburn daily.
GERD affects all age groups including children but those over 40 are more at risk. Although the condition affects both men and women equally, GERD is two to three times more common in men than women and men develop more complications than women.
Causes of GERD
GERD is caused due to multiple factors. The esophagus is guarded at its lower end by a valve-like gate called the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). The LES acts like a valve, opening to allow food to be pushed into the stomach by the propulsive movements of the esophagus and closing to prevent acid leaking out of the stomach and into the esophagus.
In patients with GERD the muscle of this sphincter may not be working properly. Those who are obese, overweight, pregnant, smokers, take pain relievers like Ibuprofen and consume a spicy or high fat diet are at an increased risk of GERD.
GERD is more common among pregnant women and a higher complication rate exists among the elderly. Patients with GERD usually have decreases in productivity, quality of life and overall well-being.
Treatment of GERD
For treatment of GERD lifestyle and diet needs to be addressed first. Once this fails, therapy is stepped up to include antacids that help to neutralise effects of stomach acid.
Medications that reduce the secretion of the stomach acid called Proton Pump Inhibitors are one of the mainstays of therapy in GERD. Surgery may be recommended when medication fails to control the symptoms.
Treatment of GERD is usually successful but relapses are common. Nearly half of the treated individuals experience a return of symptoms after a year. This mandates a long term course of medications.
If left untreated the stomach acid can irritate the inner lining of the esophagus and cause esophagitis. In more severe cases this may lead to open sores or ulcers that cause pain and difficulty swallowing.
For patients presenting with GERD symptoms, 40-60% or more have reflux esophagitis. Up to 10% of these patients will have erosive esophagitis after investigation that shows ulcers at the lower end of the esophagus. Over time in rare cases this may turn into cancers (esophageal cancer).
Reviewed by April Cashin-Garbutt, BA Hons (Cantab)
Last Updated: Apr 9, 2013 | <urn:uuid:19a9c64e-b89b-47e0-a68c-c5f3581b3f08> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.news-medical.net/health/Gastro-esophageal-reflux-disease-(GERD)-e28093-What-is-GERD.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657124607.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011204-00126-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940863 | 811 | 3.859375 | 4 |
A process for growing protein crystals encapsulated within membranes has been invented. This process begins with the encapsulation of a nearly saturated aqueous protein solution inside semipermeable membranes to form microcapsules. The encapsulation is effected by use of special formulations of a dissolved protein and a surfactant in an aqueous first liquid phase, which is placed into contact with a second, immiscible liquid phase that contains one or more polymers that are insoluble in the first phase. The second phase becomes formed into the semipermeable membranes that surround microglobules of the first phase, thereby forming the microcapsules. Once formed, the microcapsules are then dehydrated osmotically by exposure to a concentrated salt or polymer solution. The dehydration forms supersaturated solutions inside the microcapsules, thereby enabling nucleation and growth of protein crystals inside the microcapsules.
By suitable formulation of the polymer or salt solution and of other physical and chemical parameters, one can control the rate of transport of water out of the microcapsules through the membranes and thereby create physicochemical conditions that favor the growth, within each microcapsule, of one or a few large crystals suitable for analysis by x-ray diffraction. The membrane polymer can be formulated to consist of low-molecular-weight molecules that do not interfere with the x-ray diffraction analysis of the encapsulated crystals. During dehydration, an electrostatic field can be applied to exert additional control over the rate of dehydration.
This protein-crystal-encapsulation process is expected to constitute the basis of protein-growth experiments to be performed on the space shuttle and the International Space Station. As envisioned, the experiments would involve the exposure of immiscible liquids to each other in sequences of steps under microgravitational conditions. The experiments are expected to contribute to knowledge of the precise conditions under which protein crystals form. By enhancing the ability to grow crystals suitable for x-ray diffraction analysis, this knowledge can be expected to benefit not only the space program but also medicine and the pharmaceutical industry.
The prior art in osmotic dehydration for growing protein crystals involves the use of a small chamber in which a planar reverse-osmosis membrane is positioned between the mother liquor and a dehydrating salt solution. The prior art entails several disadvantages: (1) The nucleation and subsequent growth of protein crystals depend on increasing the concentration of precipitant and protein in the mother liquor; (2) there is no control over the effects of solute-driven convection on the surface of the crystal; (3) the crystals are not protected by any enclosure and thus are subject to physical damage as they are harvested and mounted; and (4) in some instances in the prior art, protein crystals have been protected by mounting them in aqueous gels, but this practice gives rise to the additional (as yet unsolved) problem of removing the gel material without adversely affecting the integrity of the protein crystals.
In contrast, the encapsulation of protein crystals in semipermeable membranes in the present process does not involve the use of gel, yet it creates closed environments that favor the growth of the crystals under prescribed conditions of controlled dehydration and protects the crystals against harsh environments that could otherwise damage the crystals.
In the present protein-crystal-encapsulation process, the microcapsules are spherical. The entire outer surface of the membrane of a microcapsule is accessible for osmotic dewatering as well as for and infiltration by hydrogen or hydroxyl ions. Such infiltration can be utilized to change the pH levels within microcapsules to favor or enhance protein saturation and subsequent crystal growth. The increase (relative to the prior art) in interfacial surface area occasioned by the transition from planar membranes to spherical microcapsules makes it possible to change conditions more rapidly throughout the mother liquor surrounding the crystal(s), thereby promoting the formation of more ordered and more nearly perfect crystals.
This work was done by Dennis R. Morrison of Johnson Space Center and Benjamin Mosier of the Institute for Research, Inc. For further information, access the Technical Support Package (TSP) free on-line at www.techbriefs.com/tsp under the Materials category.
This invention is owned by NASA, and a patent application has been filed. Inquiries concerning nonexclusive or exclusive license for its commercial development should be addressed to
the Patent Counsel
Johnson Space Center
Refer to MSC-22936. | <urn:uuid:af77d093-d5b8-40bd-b5d5-b399c0a39289> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/tb/pub/techbriefs/materials/1146 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178365186.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20210303012222-20210303042222-00377.warc.gz | en | 0.910855 | 916 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Electricity’s share in transport energy is projected to increase sevenfold from its 2011 level by 2050. Yet while great strides are being made in the electrification of passenger vehicles, commercial vehicles and other heavy vehicles are slower on the uptake. Here, Roger Brereton, head of sales at steering systems specialist Pailton Engineering, explains some of the unique challenges on the road to electrification in different sectors.
If we look at progress toward the electrification of vehicles, we find a lack of uniformity. Electrification of passenger vehicles is accelerating, but different sectors present unique challenges. The opportunities presented by electric vehicle technology also varies depending on the type of vehicle we are looking at. For this reason, the uptake will be slower and more complicated in some sectors and we should not expect the success of passenger vehicles to be easily replicated in every other sector.
According to many predictions, electrification of bus fleets will proceed at a rapid pace in the coming years. Currently, approximately 17% of the world’s buses are electrified. According to Bloomberg New Energy Finance, that figure is likely to rise to 60% by 2040.
The increase is being driven by improvements in the technology but also by active government intervention. In California, for example, it is mandated that by the end of this decade, any new purchases of bus fleets by mass transit agencies must be of electric buses.
When looking at these figures we need to consider the impact of the Chinese market. Of the 425,000 electric buses in the world last year, 99% of them were in China. The largest bus fleet in Europe was in London, which recently celebrated a deal to add 78 electric double deck buses to its existing fleet of approximately 200 buses.
For bus electrification to become more widespread outside of China, substantial infrastructural challenges will need to be overcome. Building expensive charging infrastructure in densely populated urban areas is difficult. However, charging is an equally significant problem for buses outside of cities, which must travel longer distances and therefore suffer from even greater range anxiety. In the wake of the coronavirus pandemic, the sector will need significant government support and far-sighted policies to achieve the optimistic growth forecasts.
There is also the issue of standardization. Engineers and manufacturers have not coalesced around a standard for where in the bus the battery should be located. Competitive innovation will help drive the technology forward, but it also means that the conventional parts of the vehicle, such as the steering system for example, must often be custom built.
Solaris Bus & Coach
Similar issues with range anxiety, lack of infrastructure and excessive battery weight hold back the uptake of electrification in the commercial vehicle sector. These vehicles face different demands in comparison to passenger cars.
For example, long haul vehicles are heavier and so require larger and heavier batteries to get them moving. Research by Benchmark Mineral Intelligence has estimated that a 1,000 L (264.2 gal.) fuel tank weighing 800 kg (1,763.7 lbs.) would provide the equivalent level of energy to a 20,000 kg (44,092.5 lbs.) lithium ion battery.
Electric vehicles cannot travel as far on a single charge, when compared with vehicles that used an internal combustion engine. They also take longer to charge.
For the reasons above, the uptake of electrification in this sector has been and will continue to be slower when compared to other vehicle types. Nor is it clear whether electric battery powered vehicles will be better suited to this sector than other low carbon alternatives like the hydrogen fuel cell.
In the meantime, there are alternative ways of reducing vehicle emissions. For example, platooning is one option being explored. This involves the linking of two or more vehicles in a convoy, often employing automated technologies. Another example is greater emphasis on high quality parts. Improved conventional components that can reduce both the overall weight of the vehicle and the friction generated while driving can also improve fuel efficiency.
The military sector is a major contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. One prominent academic study reached the conclusion that if the U.S. military were a country, it would be the 47th largest GHG emitter in the world. The sector faces strong political pressure to reduce its carbon footprint.
There are exciting reports of developments in hybrid technology. In August, for example, the Ministry of Defence announced its latest round of investments in electric and hybrid drivetrains. As well as the environmental benefits, advocates of alternative fuel types for military vehicles claim operational benefits, such as quieter and therefore stealthier vehicles.
However, there is good reason to expect the uptake of this technology in the military sector will be at a very slow pace. Diesel vehicles will continue to dominate in the coming years and the reasons behind this fact have more to do with the inherent limitations of the electric battery technology than with politics.
The key obstacle to electrifying military vehicles is the weight of the battery. If the vehicles are too heavy, they simply cannot perform or compete in the way a vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine would. This factor is particularly important in the context of rising demand for light-weight, nimble vehicles that are better suited to the asymmetric warfare and complex battlegrounds of the 21st century.
Different vehicles face different demands. The challenges and opportunities from electrification are not uniform across each sector. In comparison to passenger vehicles, many other sectors face a steeper uptake of the technology because of issues like greater range anxiety and inadequate infrastructure. In some sectors, it may be the case that electrification is still a long way off or is less viable than alternative means of cutting emissions. Design flexibility and innovation will therefore be key.
©cherezoff – stock.adobe.com
This article was contributed by Pailton Engineering which provides custom-engineered steering systems and steering parts for heavy goods vehicles. | <urn:uuid:836cd9f6-94a8-4a15-900a-4f432c344e07> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.oemoffhighway.com/trends/electrification/article/21203728/heavy-vehicle-electrification-uptake-to-be-slower-as-design-challenges-remain | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704833804.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20210127214413-20210128004413-00432.warc.gz | en | 0.952437 | 1,191 | 2.53125 | 3 |
We can describe fundamental trends as being overall economy movements in the world or in one country. These help the consumer trends and the financial markets to be shaped. The fundamental trends are currently analyzed by governments, business owners and all investment dealers with the purpose of predicting consumer preferences and future corporate growth.
When you incorrectly interpret a trend or you miss the fundamental trend, market volatility appears and inflated commodity prices and/or inflated stocks will appear.
Fundamental Trend Definition
Financial markets are influenced by many different factors. Most of those are temporary like wards, cost spikes and political instability. The short term modifications will bring in a dramatic impact on market liquidity and share prices. Various investment tools are presented on sites like Financial Tipsor and have been developed to help investors take advantage of these as soon as they appear.
The fundamental trends can be described as having a more permanent nature. These are influenced by shifts in technology, knowledge and even underlying views. A fundamental trend will slowly move the market but will have an enduring effect.
As a simple example, we can look at China. The country sees a growth in demand for goods from Western countries and lifestyle standards are rising. When a country rises its living standard, consumer spending patterns are changed forever. Thus, we have a fundamental trend.
In order to quickly identify a fundamental trend, we need to understand trend drivers. Some of the best examples include:
- Innovation leaps
- Resource scarcity
- Consumer taste changes
- Economic advancements
A trend that is highly unlikely to be reversed will become a driver and will bring forth a fundamental trend.
Financial Markets And Fundamental Trends
Many believe that a fundamental trend is just positive as the country is influenced by ongoing change. That is not the case. Most of the fundamental trends will be noticed by the forecasters and changes can appear when there is a need to adapt. If there are negative fundamental trends that appear, the financial market will be negatively affected.
According to efficient market theory, fundamental trends are always public knowledge. Because of this, they can be incorporated into future and current pricing. This is usually achieved and correct but we have to understand that there are also other factors that appear and that have an influence. Financial markets are never going to move fluidly and smoothly. Market influences constantly appear. We have sudden pulls and pushes of pricing. Fundamental trends can thus be dampened or amplified.
Not Thinking About Fundamental Trends
Commodity traders, individual investors and stock brokers are practically forced to always be aware of all fundamental trends that appear in a market. These have to be followed in order to predict valuations. We have trends that will impact some industries and trends that will impact the entire market of a country.
Certain industry trends are hard to predict and take advantage of but you should never limit your growth as a financial startup at a psychological level. For instance, when a technological breakthrough appears in processing or manufacturing, growth appears overnight. However, when thinking about the fundamental trends that appear at a large scale, they bring in really good long-term investment opportunities.
Fundamental trends are crucial in investment as they have an impact on both demand and supply. Supply is increased as the trend will improve distribution or production efficiency. Demand will be impacted when the fundamental trend is connected to consumer preferences.
We can say that you make money by simply knowing the fundamental trends that have an impact on the investments you have or you consider since you have a knowledge of what market moves should be done while understanding what market moves have to be avoided. Financial markets are driven by fundamental trends and have an impact on large scale future consumption. As an investor, you simply cannot afford not to know them! | <urn:uuid:c3c37873-0504-4144-bced-81de7b21a30d> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://www.wealthwayonline.com/money-management/fundamental-trends-can-make-money/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039750800.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20181121193727-20181121214816-00050.warc.gz | en | 0.945683 | 742 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Durhane Wong-Rieger, PhD, President, Anemia Institute for Research & Education.
Anemia affects tens of thousands of Canadians, including many older people. While some types of anemia are relatively easy to diagnose and treat, complications such as chronic disease or complex medication regimes can often interfere with diagnosis and management of this condition.
The Anemia Institute for Research & Education (AIRE) is the first and only nonprofit organization in the world committed entirely to generating and sharing knowledge about anemia. AIRE supports patients in understanding anemia, its causes, effects and the available treatment options. The Institute partners with numerous patient and professional groups to facilitate patient education on anemia and blood safety and supply. Furthermore, through a yearly research grant competition, AIRE sponsors numerous anemia research studies. All in all, the Anemia Institute is working hard to ensure that anemia is treated seriously.
For Physicians: Anemia Guidelines for Primary Care
In a 2001 survey of family physicians across Canada, 90% of doctors indicated their interest in clinical practice guidelines on anemia for family practice. The Anemia Institute responded, initiating the development of Anemia Guidelines for Primary Care with MUMS Guidelines Clearinghouse (Medication Use Management Services), to be published in May 2003. The Anemia Guidelines is the fifth book in the Orange Book guideline series published by MUMS. This easy to use, peer-reviewed and fully-referenced book provides diagnostic and treatment guidelines for the full range of anemia conditions (see Table 1 for a selection of topics covered).
A limited number of complimentary copies of the Anemia Guidelines is available from AIRE. To order, please visit www.anemiainstitute.org and go to the Healthcare Professionals section.
For Your Patient: Anemia Educational Tools
The Anemia Institute's series of patient leaflets covers the most common types of anemia. Patient Educational Leaflets include:
- What is Anemia?
- What is Hemoglobin?
- Anemia & Nutrition
- Anemia & Iron Deficiency
- Anemia & Cancer
- Anemia & Kidney Disease
- Anemia & Surgery
- Anemia & Hepatitis C
- Anemia & HIV/AIDS
- Anemia & Children and Teens.
Anemia Awareness Week is the Institute's yearly campaign to raise awareness of anemia among the general public. This takes place each year during the last week of March. In March 2003, the public were invited to visit numerous hemoglobin screening clinics and anemia display booths in pharmacies and hospitals across Canada. Similar events are planned for Anemia Awareness Week next year, March 22&endash;26, 2004.
Research & Development Fund
The Anemia Institute Research & Development Fund supports research initiatives through a yearly, peer-reviewed grant competition. Projects currently funded include:
- the role of anemia and red blood cell substitutes in traumatic brain injury;
- new strategies to treat post-transplant anemia;
- anemia among the inner city homeless.
More information on the AIRE research grant process, including funding priorities and application procedures, can be found on the Internet at www.anemia-institute.org. | <urn:uuid:cb3cb9c1-0a44-4b63-b295-5a946ea04d41> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.healthplexus.net/keyword/education | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224645595.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530095645-20230530125645-00018.warc.gz | en | 0.909003 | 657 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Roach's mouse-tailed dormouse
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|Roach's mouse-tailed dormouse|
Roach's mouse-tailed dormouse (Myomimus roachi), also known as the ground dormouse or mouse-tailed dormouse, is a species of dormouse in the Gliridae family. It is found in Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey.
Source[change | change source]
- Amori G. 1996. Myomimus roachi[permanent dead link]. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 30 July 2007. | <urn:uuid:e929431c-33ad-4151-8218-45485529594f> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roach%27s_mouse-tailed_dormouse | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662521152.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220518052503-20220518082503-00616.warc.gz | en | 0.816102 | 186 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Saltville, VA excavations
ETSU Researchers Discover Giant Bear and Other Ice Age Fossils in Saltville
JOHNSON CITY—East Tennessee State University paleontologists recently returned from conducting excavations at an Ice Age fossil site in Saltville, Va., where they rediscovered the location of a giant short-faced bear that researchers had been trying to relocate, leading to the discovery of more of the creature's remains.
The university-led excavations have focused in two areas, one of which held a mammoth skeleton that was heavily scavenged and chewed on by large carnivores. The second area contained a wide variety of fossils, ranging from giant short-faced bears to tiny salamanders and from musk-oxen to huge mammoths. This wide variety of fossils give researchers a more detailed picture of what the southern Appalachians were like at the very end of the last Ice Age, which is a time when climates were changing dramatically, people were just becoming established on the continent, and the megafauna, or large animals, were on the verge of extinction.
One of the most significant finds for the ETSU team was a simple rock, because in 2000 a giant short-faced bear jaw was recovered by another excavation team, and the location information for the dig, and the jaw, was lost. However, a picture existed of the jaw sitting next to a specific rock and the general area was known. After much searching for the past five years, the exact rock was rediscovered this year and the research team was able to put a cast of the jaw back in place and map it. As a result, paleontologists were able to continue the excavations in that area and recover more of the short-faced bear skeleton, including teeth. Scientists expect future digs to uncover much more.
The ETSU research team consists of Dr. Blaine Schubert, Dr. Jim Mead and Brian Compton. Schubert is the director of the Don Sundquist Center of Excellence in Paleontology, director of the ETSU and General Shale Brick Natural History Museum, and an associate professor in the Department of Geosciences. Mead is professor and chair of the Department of Geosciences and a curator at the museum. Compton is a surveyor and preparator at the museum.
The researchers were accompanied by ETSU's Sandra Swift, museum research technician, who oversaw the screenwashing activities, ETSU graduate students, other museum staff, students from other universities, and volunteers from as far as New York state. In addition, the ETSU Governor's School visited the site for one day to participate in the excavations, and there was a one day paleo camp for kids, which was overseen by Sarah Mullersman, museum education and exhibit coordinator.
Schubert has led excavations at Saltville since 2008, after a curation agreement was developed between the town and ETSU. ETSU maintains two major excavations, Saltville (which ranges in age from 11,000 to >40,000 years old), and the Gray Fossil Site (which dates to 4.5 to 7 million years old).
Fossils have been known from the Saltville Valley since the late 1700s, when Thomas Jefferson first wrote about the large animals recovered from there. At that time he thought that mammoths and other large critters may still be alive in western North America. Though a number of paleontologists have conducted work in the valley over the years, very little has been published to this point and much remains to be learned.
Gray Fossil Site Excavations - 2013 Field Season
Alligators, red pandas, camels, and beavers have highlighted the 2013 field season at the East Tennessee State University and General Shale Natural History Museum and Visitors Center at the Gray Fossil Site. Throughout 2013, paleontologist found new species and added a variety of specimens to the collections of fossils that have been found during previous dig seasons.
"This has been a good year for us," said Dr. Steven Wallace, museum curator and Gray Fossil Site director "We had a busy field season and were able to find a new beaver, horse material, more panda, camel, and more than one 3D tapir skull. Several of these finds were from our spoil piles, which are piles of dirt that were moved during construction of the museum in 2005."
The 2013 finds include a second type of beaver, which was found in the spoil piles. The first one, found several years ago, is the size of a muskrat. This new find is the same size as beavers today. Having two types of beavers at the same locality suggests that they had very different lifestyles; otherwise they would be competing for the same resources.
Alligators have been a highlight from the dig season as well. A nearly complete skeleton with skull and jaws was recovered late in the field season. Several isolated bones found near the primary alligator skeleton, suggest that a second individual is present. Paleontologists hope to recover more of this second individual next summer.
A tibia, or shinbone, similar in size to that of a Fisher, a medium-sized member of the weasel family, was found in several pieces. One section was recovered in place, whereas the other was within a jacket containing alligator material.
"We haven't found any carnivorans of this size," said Wallace, "so the tibia represents a new species for Gray!"
A summer-camper found a peccary tusk in one of the spoil piles. Peccaries are America's version of a pig. Today's peccaries are much smaller than the fossil forms found at Gray. Most live in Central and South America, but the collared peccary spills into southwestern U.S. deserts.
"Even though we have at least three kinds of peccaries at Gray, they are rare at the site, so every specimen is important," said Wallace.
Several other rare finds were discovered during the field season, such as a camel hoof core, which is significant because camels are rare at Gray. Excavators also uncovered a few 3D tapir skulls, which are unusual because sediment in Gray is clay as opposed to rock, so fossils have been compressed over time, which leads to most skulls found at Gray being crushed. Museum preparators generally spend several weeks piecing together each skull found.
Paleontologists also found more red panda material, which is becoming one of the common animals at the site. Red panda fossils have been recovered in all the test pits at Gray. Some of the panda fossils found represent individuals that are at least three times the size of a living red panda.
This year more focus has been placed on recovering microfossils, which has led to the discover of several associated rabbit teeth, a squirrel jaw with teeth , which is likely a small chipmunk, bird material, snakes, and lizards. In fact, enough salamander material was recovered that a graduate student (Hannah Darcy) will be studying the finds for her thesis. In addition, Sandy Swift, ETSU Vertebrate Paleontology Laboratory Collections Manager, Jim Mead, ETSU Geosciences Chair and Professor, and Blaine Schubert, Director of the Center of Excellence in Paleontology and its Natural History Museum, are currently working on a small bone that belongs to an extinct form of venomous snake. To identify the bone requires that the same bone from all forms of pit vipers from North America, Central America, and eastern Asia be photographed and analyzed. The big project on the small bone is nearing completion. | <urn:uuid:65e6a502-3f00-4c6b-918a-949592127f2d> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://etsu.edu/naturalhistorymuseum/collections/discoveries.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223207046.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032007-00385-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975006 | 1,582 | 2.953125 | 3 |
It’s no secret that birds, bats and insects can meet fiery deaths when they fly into the hot zones around Ivanpah solar plant’s behemoth towers, but what’s unknown is how often it happens.
Scientists with the U.S. Geological Survey say in a recent study that video surveillance should be used to track how often creatures fly into what’s called the “solar flux” areas around the towers – where temperatures exceed 800 degrees.
Bird deaths are now estimated based on a sampling of carcasses found on site. But video technology would allow researchers to count birds that get injured but continue to fly beyond the boundaries of the plant – as well as track insects and small birds that burn up completely.
“The video images provide enough information that tell the difference between insects and birds entering the flux,” said Robert H. Diehl, lead author of the study, which was published in the online journal PLOS ONE.
“This is an important first step,” said Diehl, a migratory bird biologist based in Bozeman, Mont.
Pam Bierce, a spokeswoman for the Pacific Southwest region of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, said her agency needs more time to evaluate the work of Diehl and his colleagues before deciding whether to use video surveillance at Ivanpah.
David Lamfrom, California desert manager for the National Parks Conservation Association, said the true consequences to wildlife are unknown and video surveillance could help researchers better understand the impact of the Ivanpah project and others like it that use thousands of mirrors to focus heat on boilers mounted on top of tall towers.
“We have to use every tool we have to understand and reduce the impacts,” he said.
The solar plant – off Interstate 15 near the Nevada border – is just five miles from the Mojave National Preserve and is in the Pacific Flyway for mitigatory birds, Lamfrom said.
David Knox, a spokesman for NRG Energy, the plant operator, said Ivanpah’s current monitoring program is effective.
Any “additional tools would need to be more fully evaluated to determine their potential contribution, effectiveness and limitations to provide greater insight,” he said.
Diehl and his colleagues spent two 10-day periods at Ivanpah in 2014, the plant’s first year of commercial operation.
They tested both video and radar to monitor birds at the site, where 71 species have been observed.
Radar showed most, but not all of the birds flying over the 5.6 square mile site. Three 460-foot towers created “blind spots” in the radar, making it impossible to see many of the birds that enter the solar flux areas.
Video cameras, however, not only showed animals flying into hot zones, but the footage also allowed scientists to distinguish between insects and birds. Cameras can measure heat from a burning animal, a indication of the severity of the encounter, Diehl said.
When 700 hours of video were reviewed, 15 birds were seen going into the flux, he said. Smoke was trailing off five of them.
Knox, the company spokesman, said video reviewed by the U.S. Geological Survey provided “independent verification of the minimal impact Ivanpah has on bird populations.”
But Diehl said he and other researchers never reached such a conclusion.
“The study did not assess impacts (of the solar flux),” Diehl said. “The study assessed the technology.”
Before a full video-surveillance study can be done, more analysis is needed to determine how many cameras will be needed to cover all the flux areas, he said.
The plant now estimates birds deaths by counting carcasses found on site. This data is published in reports to the California Energy Commission.
The most recent report tracked deaths for a year, ending in October 2015, and concluded the plant’s effect on birds “did not rise above the ‘low’ category,” meaning that deaths and injuries did not harm the survival of a particular species or group of species.
The report, released last month, estimated 6,186 birds died at the site, but only 2,500 were from known causes. Of these, 1,145 died from burns, while 1,355 died from colliding into mirrors and other equipment at the plant.
Plant operators insist that the impact is minimal.
But a report two years ago by investigators with the Fish and Wildlife Service described the solar towers as a “mega death trap” for winged wildlife. Insect-eating birds pursue the bugs, followed by falcons and other raptors trying to catch the smaller birds, and they all burn when they hit scorching air around the tower tops.
That report called for video surveillance as well as on-site carcass collections to assess the impacts.
Knox said the plant has taken several steps to deter birds from entering the hot zones.
These include spraying mist containing a harmless but irritating grape seed extract from each. Plant operators also are working with Sandia National Laboratories and the Department of Energy to find ways to position the mirrors that shrinks the solar flux areas without reducing energy production.
Contact David Danelski at 951-368-9471 or email@example.com
Contact the writer: 951-368-9471 or firstname.lastname@example.org | <urn:uuid:f0b9adde-34d2-4a06-8d6e-c44218a1f9f8> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.pe.com/2016/07/31/desert-solar-heres-how-researchers-hope-to-track-bird-deaths-at-ivanpah-plant/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347392057.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200527013445-20200527043445-00169.warc.gz | en | 0.950945 | 1,131 | 3.046875 | 3 |
This article throws light upon the top fifteen ways by which education brings about social change in India. Some of the ways are: 1. Changing the Attitude of People 2. Creating a Desire for Change 3. Promoting Capacity to Welcome and Adopt Social Change 4. Evaluation of Social Change and Others.
Way # 1. Changing the Attitude of People:
The chief medium of education for effecting social change is mind, the sixth sense of man. Mind is the creator of the new and explainer of the old and the present.
Education assists in altering the attitude of people in the right direction by which people can fight superstitions, traditional beliefs, prejudices etc.
It can bring about change in attitude in favour of small family, rising above orthodoxy, obscurantism, caste-class syndrome, religious dogmas and accepting secularist outlook. Besides, it helps in creating the right kind of institutions which in turn assist-in changing a new pattern of group relationship in the society. As such, change in attitude accelerates social change in the society.
Way # 2. Creating a Desire for Change:
Education not only assists in molding the attitudes of people but also in creating desire for change by providing right knowledge and sharpening their thinking. It makes people aware of the social evils and stigmas like dowry, casteism, infanticide, child marriage, alcoholism, drug addiction, gambling, begging, bonded labour, child labour, corruption, nepotism, bribe, prostitution etc. and helps in preparing the mind to fight for them in order to accelerate the pace of progress of the society.
Besides, education helps to the down-trodden and under-privileged groups by creating awareness of their plights which provides a fillip to them to improve their conditions. Moreover, it helps in identifying plus points in our social structure, social gaps and in gaining required knowledge and skills which are pre-requisites for achieving spectacular progress in the society.
Way # 3. Promoting Capacity to Welcome and Adopt Social Change:
Education creates sound conditions for the people to welcome and adopt social change by bringing good things, utilities and desirability’s of it home to the people. Education promotes capacity of the individuals to accept and adopt change in a meaningful way.
So, building up capacities among individuals is one of the important functions of education towards social change. Education does it by providing right knowledge, information and skill to the people through its formal, non-formal and informal agencies.
Way # 4. Evaluation of Social Change:
Evaluation of social change is done by education in the form of sharpening the intellect and establishing certain standards which act as criteria for analysis of social change. Therefore, through the search light of critical analysis, undesirable elements of social change are decried and discarded and desirable elements of social changes are accepted and propagated.
Way # 5. Assist in Surmounting Resistance to Change:
Education assists people to realize the necessities of overcoming resistance to social change for harnessing progress of the society. People are convinced of merits of reinforcing change in the society. Thus, dissemination of right kind of knowledge and information is sine-qua-non for encountering any forms of resistance to change and education serves the purpose.
Way # 6. Aids the Emergence of New Social Changes:
Education strives to banish social evils such as untouchability, child marriage, mal-treatment to women, sati, infanticide, superstitions, blind beliefs, fatalism, social injustice, derogatory practices, dogmatism, etc. by creating a sound and enlightened public opinion which is sine-qua-non for emergence of new social change.
In the past, socio-religious reform movements in India and abroad were initiated and guided by education to ameliorate the conditions of people in general. In other words, progress of the society solely depends on the education. Education in today is used as a sure and chief instrument to bring about a scheme of change in every spheres of human life.
Way # 7. Promotes Unity and Integration among people:
Education promotes unity and integration among people by broadening the visions of people, helping in shedding parochial attitude, stimulating cosmopolitan thinking and cultivating fellow-felineness and nationalism in the minds of people.
Education helps people in realizing the necessities of unity and integration among people. Unity binds all people in one rope and education brings unity in them to fight for a common cause of making society advanced and modernized.
Way # 8. Leadership Role in Social Change:
Education takes the leadership role in developing capacity to challenge various social ills and maladies infecting our society. Education prepares people for assuming leadership roles as social reformers and nation builders.
For example, in India Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Swami Dayanand Saraswati, Vivekananda, M.K. Gandhi, Ram Manohar Lohia, Jayaprakash Narayan, Vinoba Bhave. J.L. Nehru, etc. made all possible efforts to hasten changes in our society.
Similarly, Nelson Mandela in South Africa, Abraham Lincoln in U.S.A. Marshal Tito in Yugoslavia and other emerging leaders in other countries in the world have taken able leadership roles in making their societies advanced and dynamic. Therefore, education is considered as a creator of condition to transform the society from old to modern and advanced.
Way # 9. Advances the Areas of Knowledge:
Today, explosion of knowledge has been an accepted fact. The area and scope of knowledge have been widened due to the contribution of researches and investigations undertaken by educated individuals. Research findings help in increasing the spheres of knowledge.
Knowledge contributes to the progress of society and as such becomes the basis of social change. Knowledge is subject to change and any type of addition in it facilitates change in the society.
Way # 10. Perpetualizing Eternal Values:
Eternal values are part and parcel of any culture which stabilize the society. Ralph Linton, a great sociologist stated that whenever these perennial values lose their hold, the society begins to decay and degenerate. In such times of crisis, education protects and guards these eternal values, insulates them from the pernicious effects of change and instills adequate knowledge and skills to have faith in these values.
Education should protect, preserve and promote these values, for they are the blood-veins of a society.
Way # 11. Transmission of Culture:
Education lends stability and continuity to the society by transmitting worthwhile culture of a society from generation to generation. Besides, it prepares the society to adopt desirable and adequate social reforms. Therefore, education is labeled as a creator, generator and director of all social changes.
Way # 12. Stabilizing Democratic Values:
As a stabilizing force, education helps in fostering democratic spirit and values for leading a better life. Democratic values such as liberty, equality, fraternity, justice, fair-play, tolerance, mutual respect, respect to dignity of individuals, feeling of brotherhood and inherent faith in peaceful methods are nurtured by the vibrant force of education.
These values are precursors of social change. A democratic society is a dynamic one which accelerates the pace of social change and education makes this society vibrant and advanced.
Way # 13. Reducing Cultural or Social Lag:
It occurs when different aspects of the society fail to adjust themselves to changes affected in some of its parts. According to Ogburn, “when there is change in material aspect of the culture, non-material aspect of culture does not keep pace with that of the former, there emerges a gap or lag between the two parts of culture: material and non-material.”
For example, changes in ideas, beliefs and value systems are slower in comparison to the rapid changes witnessed in material aspects i.e. technological aspects. This situation is not conducive for a balanced change in the society. There is, therefore, needed education to function in such a manner to reduce the gap or lag in the culture for better progress of the society.
Way # 14. Economic Development:
An emergent social order is needed for fair play of freedom, equality, social justice and equal opportunity. Education helps in the emergence of new social order. Economic development is essential for sustenance of new social order and education plays very vital rob in the economic development of the nation by injecting knowledge and skill in the minds of people for the growth of economy—the pre-requisite for the national progress and prosperity.
Education helps in tapping and husbanding the resources: human and non- human for accelerating economic development of a country. Therefore, the engine of economic growth is education, for it creates and develops human resource.
Way # 15. National Development:
Education opens the vista of national development. National development includes every aspects of nation to be developed to its fullest—political, economic, cultural, scientific, social, and development of human resources—the key to national development.
So, the all round development of the individuals is essential for unlocking the treasure of national development. Sound knowledge base is required for speeding up the pace of national development.
To conclude, by whatever means and media the change may be brought about, education always plays an important part in the process of change. Education through its aims, curricula, methods and multifarious functions brings about changes in the society.
Mind is the chief instrument of social change and education helps in evolution of free and creative mind which accepts and propagates social change in its true perspectives.
Education provides practical knowledge and stimulates thinking for development of mind which contributes to the progress and modernisation of the society. It is the role of the teacher that cannot be overlooked. It is the teacher whose duty is not to teach but to act in such a manner that he/she can accelerate the changes in the society.
So, he/she can manipulate and direct the multitude minds to create something and help in the evolution of adaptable mind—key to national progress and reconstruction of the society. Therefore, it is admitted on all hands that education develops the mind and transforms people towards art enlightened and advanced society.
For facile understanding the relationship between education and social change, it is felt necessary to summaries the contributory role of education in social change in the following manner:
(a) Education prepares the individual for social changes.
(b) It determines the values which act as criteria/measures for the analysis of social change before its acceptance.
(c) It initiates, directs and guides social change and helps in abolition of a host of social ills and malaise.
(d) It produces social reformers and leaders who make concerted efforts to bring about changes in the society.
(e) It helps in evolution and development of mind—the gateway of knowledge for generating changes.
(f) It helps in disseminating knowledge and skill in the growing minds to work for the progress of the society.
(g) It determines the nature of social changes which ought to be brought about-slow or fast, violent or peaceful.
(h) It helps in preservation of worth-while cultural heritage, transmission and promotion of cultural patterns by assisting in assimilation of good cultural traits of other cultures of the world. Therefore, it heralds an open ended society which is receptive to any types of incoming cultural contents which are assimilated after proper analysis and evaluation.
Therefore, education is recognized as a powerful instrument of social change. An analysis of the role of education in different societies and nations reveal the glaring note that effectiveness of educational system determines the pace of social change. It is rightly said that education prepares the ground for changes to be brought about in the society | <urn:uuid:f991ba39-4369-44ea-bde6-27ab52533f59> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/education/education-and-social-change-in-india/76837/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280801.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00151-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922497 | 2,406 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Table of Contents
Do we really need the added ontology of the concept of sources? Surely, Occam’s razor dictates that a concise, esthetically appealing theory is to be preferred over one that introduces new concepts like 'sources of truth'. And indeed, it is esthetically more appealing to simply assess the truth of sentences directly, rather than assessing the reliability of sources and subsequently the truth of the sentences (or ‘accounts’) that may be derived from these sources.
I believe that the concept of source is essential. For one, consistency is a crucial aspect of truth. But consistency cannot be assessed of an individual (atomic) statement, as it is a quality that applies to a set of statements. Sources offer sets of statements. So only sources can either be qualified as consistent, or disqualified as inconsistent. Similarly, the necessity of an individual rational statement can not be recognized. Only rationality as a source can be recognized as necessary.
As far as usefulness, objectivity and univocality are concerned, sources offer a predictability of these qualities for individual statements. Having found that all known statements from a source are useful, objective or univocal, we induce that future statements from the same source will also be. To develop such a loyalty to a source is a very human thing to do.
In my analysis, truth is certainly not vacuous. For example, truth can not be claimed for a statement that is subjective or equivocal. Thus, 'subjective truth' is a contradictio in terminis. There are only subjective opinions.
It also follows that social or political sciences have no claim on truth, when the notions they employ are equivocal or nominal. This appears to be the rule, rather than the exception. Are we then to conclude that they are irrelevant? I believe that there is a way out.
We may now define 'robustness': A robust statement is potentially equivocal, but in fact univocal for all practical interpretations occurring among the speakers of a language.
Where truth is unachievable, robustness is the highest attainable. | <urn:uuid:7e8d67a3-238b-463e-8d51-c71eb54d1fa7> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://iframe.openbook.pub/books/Truth+and+Power/conclusion | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247490107.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20190219122312-20190219144312-00309.warc.gz | en | 0.942017 | 434 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Study: Closing Schools Slowed COVID-19 Spread, Prevented Deaths
There is a connection between lower COVID-19 cases and fewer deaths and closed schools, according to a report published in the Journal of the American Medical Association. Dr. Katherine Auger of Cincinnati Children's Hospital says states that closed schools early in the pandemic saw fewer new cases and fewer deaths than states that closed later.
Auger says they looked at schools in all 50 states. "And what we found was that last spring, when states closed schools, we did see a significant association with both the number of COVID cases that occurred in communities as well as the number of deaths."
Auger says the link might not be just because kids are staying home, but because parents were as well. "It's hard to say how much of the effect of school closures is related to kids not being with other kids, but also it could likely be related to parents staying home from work to take care of kids."
She says kids need to be in school, for their own well-being. She says closing schools disrupts their lives and the lives of their parents.
The study began, Auger says, when she was talking with another parent as Ohio's schools first closed. "And they said to me, 'I really hope they know what they're doing.' And I thought at the time, 'Wow. We really don't know whether or not if school closure is going to make a difference in terms of these numbers.' "
Auger says the findings tell her there are three things to consider before opening a community's schools back up: how widespread the virus is in the community; how well the school is following hygiene guidelines; and what's happening at home.
"Does a child rely on things like meals for school, and school nutrition programs? Does a child rely on in-person therapies? In which case, those kids need to be back at school as soon as possible to provide the best services that they can possibly get," she says.
Auger says it boils down to this: schools need to be flexible as the new semester approaches.
Copyright 2021 91.7 WVXU. To see more, visit . | <urn:uuid:3224ffd3-fb64-49f4-a64e-153fb777444c> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://news.wosu.org/wvxu-stories/2020-07-29/study-closing-schools-slowed-covid-19-spread-prevented-deaths | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662545548.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20220522125835-20220522155835-00283.warc.gz | en | 0.988109 | 452 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Do you remember the mobile app '100 Floors', or have gone to an escape room? We have. What we've noticed, though, is a heavy emphasis on visual clues. We mixed it up by having some riddles you can answer, with Alexa!
What it does
It's just a fun game to play. I could imagine playing this on a computer, laptop, or even on a TV with a Wii remote.
How we built it
The main part of the game is run with the PyGame library of Python. The vocal recognition was done with Alexa's built in function. We handled the level structure with Python running on Amazon's Lambada. This pretty much involved calling a function whenever Alexa tells us she has heard a phrase we recognize.
Challenges we ran into
Finding a way to communicate between Alexa and the game. We ended up using the so-called Homo Sapiens method: side-stepping this problem by using the player, who tells a clue to Alexa, who says a code to be entered in-game.
Accomplishments that we're proud of
We figured out how to make an Alexa skill, including initializing it and triggering different steps.
What we learned
How Alexa and other assistants like Siri or Google Assistant work; they can tell that many phrases told to Alexa mean the same thing. With Alexa, we can do this with intents: an intent can have many different phrases (utterances) that trigger it. We discovered:
- the danger of accidentally bringing up find-and-replace and deleting all mention of a variable
- the productivity slump after pulling an all-nighter
Who would win, hundreds of lines of code, or one weird slashy boi?
What's next for Chemical Escape
The three demo levels are all somewhat rudimentary. We can have longer levels with multiple puzzles, or clickable items that are false ends. Alexa could play background music in between answers, and put a time limit on the total time.
We can have a lot better integration between Alexa end and the PyGame. For example, if we had servers for this game, we could send data between the two ends, meaning that we could allow a level change when we say something to Alexa, and change the music when we walk into a new room.
Since this isn't published on Amazon, you'll have to set up Alexa yourself if you want to complete the game properly on your AWS account. Might spoil the plot a bit. | <urn:uuid:42d78eaf-7da2-4db0-aa1b-f8cc11e98e84> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://devpost.com/software/chemical-escape | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401632671.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200929060555-20200929090555-00427.warc.gz | en | 0.945395 | 510 | 2.578125 | 3 |
As a parent, your job is to protect your child from harm. Kids look to you to keep them safe from injury, protect them from illness, and to teach them skills to navigate safely and make good decisions.
A child’s physical, behavioural, cognitive and emotional growth development is a lifelong process that begins early and influenced by healthy lifestyle choices.
Positive mental health requires your guidance and support to ensure children learn and practise the social and emotional skills needed to overcome challenges and reach their potential.
Positive interactions with your child provide the opportunity to inspire good relationship skills, teach them what makes a relationship healthy and to help children develop skills important for future health. | <urn:uuid:ee6ab23d-614d-4c36-9968-5edfebafc15e> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://lambtonpublichealth.ca/health-info/your-kids-health/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154432.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20210803061431-20210803091431-00428.warc.gz | en | 0.948014 | 136 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Discussions Prioritize Self-determination Rights for Indigenous Data
Open and accessible data on Indigenous Peoples in Thailand are being developed. A key challenge in this undertaking, however, is that the names of different ethnic groups — specifically in Thai language — are often spelled differently by implementing agencies, and even among the Indigenous groups themselves. This is a serious gap that stakeholders and beneficiaries need to address to enable Indigenous Peoples to exercise self-determination over their identities. Proper data collection and disaggregation of these data on Indigenous Peoples has therefore been identified as an urgent priority in order to both accurately reflect the situations of Indigenous Peoples and to find solutions to tackle them.
Recognizing the importance and challenge of addressing this issue, activists commenced a discussion during the events celebrating this year’s Thailand’s Indigenous Peoples Day and the International Day of the World’s Indigenous Peoples, held in Bangkok from August 6–9, 2022.
Indigenous population data in Thailand collected by the Department of Social Development and Welfare are widely used. However, these data are not seen as being representative of the six million populations they attempt to capture. One reason for this is that, as found in both academic research on Indigenous Peoples’ languages and cultures conducted by Mahidol University and the Indigenous profiles collected by the Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre (SAC), there are a variety of terms used to identify Indigenous and ethnic groups in Thailand. In addition to creating confusion in the data, these variations pose a serious challenge to Indigenous rights of self-identification, because some terms have not yet been agreed by the communities themselves.
For example, an ethnic group called “Mien” can be rendered differently by different implementers: “เมี่ยน (Mien)” or “เย้า (Yaow)” in academic research; “เย้า (เมี่ยน) (Yaow Mien)” in the governmental data; “เมี่ยน (Mien)” by the Council of Indigenous Peoples in Thailand (CIPT); and “อิ้วเมี่ยน (Eiw Mien)” in the SAC database.
The naming of Indigenous groups represents more than just identity. Indigenous identity is linked to the uniqueness of their valuable cultures, knowledge, and languages, which is reciprocally tied to time and space. They have been the natural stewards of many of the country’s unique and diverse regions. Protection of these lands is sacred and essential to their survival as a collectivized Indigenous Peoples.
However, legal biases and prejudices towards Indigenous Peoples in Thailand have been perpetuated over the decades. This discrimination has deprived them of basic rights — to land, territories, and other natural resources; to livelihood and food security; and to healthcare. The inability to access these rights and continued violations has led to a loss of Indigenous Peoples’ identity, culture, and traditions. Expansion of emerging infrastructure and other exploitative developments and lack of legal protection frameworks have resulted in significant degradation of their lands and the displacement of many Indigenous Peoples, and has thus heavily impacted their livelihoods and ability to maintain their identity.
To tackle this long-standing problem, a participatory approach which includes leaders and members of Indigenous Peoples’ groups is needed to ensure that the Indigenous database is reliable, acceptable by all stakeholders and beneficiaries, and ultimately supports Indigenous Peoples’ self-identification and self-determination rights.
During the Bangkok event, the SAC leadership hosted a consultation meeting on August 8 to discuss how to implement an integrated approach for developing an open Indigenous database in the country. Approximately 30 participants — including government officials, academic institutions, representatives from CIPT, and leaders of the Indigenous networks across Thailand — attended this meeting. The meeting offered a solution to allowing Indigenous Peoples to take control of their own self-determination, and involving a representative of stakeholders and beneficiaries in future meetings to making a decision of naming issues and other indigenous rights as of concern.
During the celebration recognizing Indigenous Peoples and ethnic groups in Thailand, communities gathered in Bangkok to push forward five pending draft bills on the promotion and protection of traditional livelihoods of ethnic groups in Thailand. These bills were first initiated in 2007 and are still under discussion in parliament. It is anticipated that if the draft bills are successfully adopted, they will transform protections of cultural and livelihood rights and support Indigenous Peoples’ rights, creating equality and equity based on respect for the dignity of ethnic minorities and Indigenous Peoples. | <urn:uuid:3755ed00-3bbd-4941-96ea-62647edeeb19> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://opendevelopmentmekong.net/stories/discussions-prioritize-self-determination-rights-for-indigenous-data/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499634.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20230128121809-20230128151809-00180.warc.gz | en | 0.943317 | 966 | 3.1875 | 3 |
A bit map (often spelled "bitmap") defines a display space and the color for each pixel or "bit" in the display space. A Graphics Interchange Format and a JPEG are examples of graphic image file types that contain bit maps.
A bit map does not need to contain a bit of color-coded information for each pixel on every row. It only needs to contain information indicating a new color as the display scans along a row. Thus, an image with much solid color will tend to require a small bit map.
Because a bit map uses a fixed or raster graphics method of specifying an image, the image cannot be immediately rescaled by a user without losing definition. A vector graphics graphic image, however, is designed to be quickly rescaled. Typically, an image is created using vector graphics and then, when the artist is satisfied with the image, it is converted to (or saved as) a raster graphic file or bit map. | <urn:uuid:8a679256-eff6-4f35-a974-3f7b35da48ee> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/bit-map | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246640124.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045720-00010-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.911811 | 194 | 3.796875 | 4 |
by A.C. Fisher Aldag
(Article originally published in The Llewellyn Journal.)
We Americans love our automobiles. Commuting to work, carpooling with the soccer team, driving to the mall; many of us spend more than three hours a day in the car. Others ride the subway or bus, hop on a bicycle to save gas, or walk for fitness and fun. However we get there, a spell of protection for travel can help us arrive in safety, and return swiftly home again.
Travelers throughout history have used spells and magically charged items to guard and guide their vehicles. The nomadic Romani people of Europe (also called Rom or Gypsies) created ornate talismans to protect their wagons. These power objects are still used today in modern automobiles. Native Americans of the Great Plains drew sigils on their horses, not only to identify which mount belonged to which hunter, but also for magical purposes. The ancient Mesopotamians and Greeks painted eyes on the prows of their boats, to help the vessel "see" where it was going. The tribes of Siberia wove beautiful rugs decorated with silver ornaments to cushion their saddles, and also to keep their horses from spiritual and physical harm. Originally, a mermaid or sea nymph figurehead was more than just a decoration for a ship—she protected the sailors from storms and sea monsters. Rituals such as "christening" a ship, or naming an aircraft after a significant person, may have roots in the tradition of calling on a specific entity to ask for magical aid.
Deities of many pantheons are aligned with transportation: Apollo with his chariot of the sun, Rhiannon or Epona astride her mystical horse, Neptune in his craft drawn by dolphins, Mercury speeding to carry messages on winged heels, Odin astride his eight-legged steed. Until recently, St. Christopher was the patron saint of travel in the Catholic tradition. Many people still carry a St. Christopher's medal for protection. Hercules, King Arthur, Jason, Rama, Isis, Vainamoinen, and Gilgamesh are associated with mythic quests. The Element most connected with transportation is Air, the Archangel attributed to movement is Raphael, and the Astrological ninth house represents travel. Animals related to an excursion include the horse (of course!) but also donkeys. llamas, elephants and camels; birds—especially wild geese and swallows; fish or sea mammals, particularly salmon and dolphins; and dogs including greyhounds, hunting hounds and the pack animals of Native American Indians. Totemic beasts associated with spiritual journeys include the eagle, wren, or sparrow; black or white dogs often thought to bring messages from the Otherworld; the white deer with seven antler points; the Celtic salmon of wisdom; and mystical steeds including the unicorn or Pegasus.
Real witches may not ride broomsticks, but we often perform traveler's spells before getting behind the wheel of a car. If your family has a teenager who is learning to drive, an elder who loves to attend bingo games after dark, or if you must commute to your job on busy city streets, you might wish to perform your own protective ritual for your vehicle. Even if you only jump in the car once a week to go to the grocery store, a talisman hanging from your rear-view mirror can be beneficial. Our family wouldn't dream of driving anywhere without saying a little prayer, doing a quick magical rite, and checking to make sure the "car charm" is in place. This small ritual may have saved my husband's life.
We live in a sparsely populated area, and we discovered that we needed to do a protection spell after a herd of deer bounced into our brand new minivan's front fenders. So for every Pagan holiday gathering and Sabbat celebration, we dutifully created an amulet for each car. I'm very glad we did. My husband Dave must drive to work on a dark, scary, lonesome country road at three o'clock in the morning. During a thunderstorm with raging sixty mile-per-hour winds, a huge maple tree swayed, cracked, and fell. Right on top of Dave's pickup truck. Yes, it actually fell onto the vehicle as he was driving it! The tree trunk crushed the entire hood. Its impact mangled the engine and flattened the tires, as one thick branch shattered the windshield. My husband walked away from the crash with only scratches. Afterward, our protective talisman looked as though it'd been burnt to a crisp. But it worked.
Magical adepts will remind us that incidents which we perceive as "bad" might actually be a learning experience, Karma, or a warning to heed the voice of the Universe. We can't always prevent every single problem with magic. Yet often we can minimize the severity of a catastrophe such as a car accident. Performing rituals, creating talismans, carrying power objects, casting spells, and saying prayers can grant us the capability of protecting ourselves from serious harm. My husband's truck was wrecked, but Dave lived to tell about it. That's good enough for me!
Llewellyn authors have published numerous books that can help a seeker to understand the magical process, such as Donald Michael Kraig's Modern Magic. This reference helps explain the "nuts and bolts" of a magical working. Further reading about a specific magical tradition, such as Wicca, Druidry, or Shamanism, may help you to perfect your technique. Once you know the basics, my simple eclectic rituals and spells for travel protection can be done by anyone, from a beginner to an adept. They can be adapted to a coven or group, or performed by a solitary Witch.
Many Americans give their vehicle a name, decorate its interior, and plaster the trunk with clever bumper stickers. Witchy folks can go one step further, and consecrate a car just as we would any other tool for magical use. You can perform a spiritual rite for your transportation, casting a Circle or creating sacred space around it. Acknowledge the directions, Elements, spirits, totems, and other entities related to travel, or call on your own personal deities and request their assistance. Ask your Guides to help protect you, to keep your vehicle safe from harm, and request that all its mechanical components work properly.
Summon power for a purification ritual, especially if the vehicle has been pre-owned. Smudge your car with sage and aspurge it with clear water, just the same as you would for your home or workspace. Or wait until you're at the carwash, and perform a cleansing rite during the rinse cycle. If you follow a shamanic path, drum around your automobile, and burn a pinch of cedar in the ashtray. Wiccans might bless the car with ritual implements related to the Elements, such as a splash of water for West or a candle to represent Fire. (Caution: Be very careful with lit candles, incense, or smudge sticks around vehicles. Upholstery can be flammable.)
You may wish to give your car a magical moniker, such as "Sleipnir" for Odin's horse, or "Speedwell" like the New England ship. Anoint it with essential oils, such as frankincense, sandalwood, or heliotrope. Some Celts and Norsemen toast their pickup trucks with mead or ale. Other Witches even go so far as to paint magical sigils onto the car body or dashboard. If this isn't workable, you can use oils, holy water infused with herbs, or even washable markers to inscribe a blessing on your automobile.
You can adapt this ritual to other forms of transportation. Traditionally, a bottle of wine has been used to bless and consecrate a boat before "her" maiden voyage, granting it a female name. Innuit folks washed their dogsleds with snow, which also can be done to a snowmobile. Some rural Pagans even ritually protect their farm tractors.
A Talisman for Travel:
You may wish to perform this ceremony on a Wednesday during the waxing moon, or check Llewellyn's many reference books on planetary alignments to help you find the most favorable time. Cast a circle or otherwise create a protected space, such as drumming away any harmful energies and calling the ancestor spirits by shaking a rattle.
Using yellow fabric, make a "mojo bag" by placing a few power objects on the material, then drawing it up around the items, and fastening it with red ribbon or yarn. Yellow is the color of sunshine, air, and travel, and red is the color of defense. (If you use other colors in your tradition, that's fine—this is your personal charm!)
Plants and herbs related to journeys and protection include acorns; ash leaves; the seeds of "traveling" plants such as maples, milkweed, thistles, catalpa trees, or dandelions; ivy; rue; birch bark; and pine pitch. Stones and metals associated with transportation include turquoise, periodot, jasper, iron, copper, lodestone or magnetite, and flint. Especially potent is an arrowhead, which doesn't have to be ancient—they're available at many museums, Pow-Wows, trading posts and reenactments. Bird feathers work well for a transportation rite, especially those from cardinals or seagulls, but if you can't find a wild bird feather, use any yellow, red or white feather purchased from a craft store. Horse hair, soil gathered from a favorite vacation spot, a piece of deer antler, or other power objects with personal magical significance may be used as well.
You can write a phrase such as "guard this truck and all who ride within," on parchment or colored paper, using a magical alphabet such as Theban or Hebrew. Or use a Rune, planetary sigil or other protective inscription. Fold up the paper and place it within your talisman, or tuck it behind the sun visor. Magical sigils can be drawn in clay and baked, or carved or burned into a wooden disc. The Magician's Companion by Bill Whitcomb has hundreds of magical correspondences. Find the symbols representing travel and protection that best speak to you.
Next, magically"charge" your talisman with energy. Call upon your Guides. Anoint your power objects with essential oil. Drum, dance, sing, braid the yarn for the mojo bag's tie, light a candle, or perform any other ritual that raises energy. Use a chant such as "Goddess Isis protect me, Lord Apollo ride with me, as my will so mote it be." (I'm sure you can come up with something much better! See "Words of Power," below.) Or read the Dr. Suess rhyme I used for the title of this article. Any repetitive chant which affirms your intent, creates a magical state, and is respectful to the Unseen World will help to charge an object with power. Don't forget to thank and dismiss any entities you've summoned in your ritual.
Place your talisman in the sunlight for a day or two, then hang it from your rearview mirror, hide it away in the glove box, or tie it to your gearshift. This rite can also be adapted to a bicycle, riding lawnmower, boat, or any other vehicle. When your charm begins to look ragged, or if you perceive that its energy is wearing out, it's time for a new one. Some Witches make a new talisman for each Sabbat holiday or full moon.
Any of Llewellyn's magical encyclopedias, such as Cunningham's Encyclopedia of Crystal, Gem & Metal Magic, can provide you with appropriate correspondences for specific workings. Silver's Spells for Protection by Silver RavenWolf provides a few car spells, and is good for constructing an overall protective ritual. Sons of the Goddess by Christopher Penczak has a great spell for transportation, geared toward young men.
Words of Power:
Magical speech can include summoning the aspect of deity associated with transportation, chanting, or singing a song that Witches use to invoke power. Any tune about travel, such as "Happy Trails to You," "Magical Mystery Tour," "On the Road Again," or the cute theme song from the animated movie about cars, will work just fine. Keep your mind focused on protecting your vehicle from harm. The intent is what matters, whether you sing a pop song or create your very own car chant.
One pre-travel ceremony utilizes words of power, combined with acknowledging the directions, gestures, visualization and other magical techniques. Standing at the front of your vehicle, raise your right hand. Using just your index and pinky fingers, make the "horns of Cernunnos" and draw a Pentagram (or other sacred symbol) in the air. Walking clockwise around the car, inscribe the sigil at each cardinal direction, or on each side of the vehicle. As you move, speak your words of power.
Each time our family takes a trip uptown, we recite a prayer to the Gods for a safe journey. You may not need such an elaborate ritual, but after so many close encounters with trees and deer, we're not taking any chances!
Dave's Car Spell:
Front: May this vehicle be protected from all harmful magical energies, or any other malevolent influences.
Passenger Side: May it only have positive encounters with man, nature, their creation or the authorities.
Back: May it run properly and well, and maintain itself in good working condition.
Driver Side: May it remain in one piece until it returns onto this spot (or until it returns home) to rest for the night.
So Mote It Be, and Thank You!
This rite is limited only by your own level of comfort (chanting and gesturing might attract unwanted attention in the supermarket parking lot). If privacy is at a premium, do your ritual while sitting inside the car. Speak quietly, and make the symbolic motions below window level.
Some traveling Witches visualize the Goddess "riding shotgun" with them in the front seat, or picture the Wild Hunt running ahead of the car, scaring away any harmful entities. You might envision a shimmering light surrounding your vehicle, or a cone of power protecting you from all negative influences.
These ceremonies can be adapted to other vehicles, or even a journey on foot. In fact, the magical beings associated with the natural environment might especially favor travelers who use non-polluting forms of transportation. For more information on ecologically-friendly practices, read Ecoshamanism.
Ethics: Our Guides, the spirits, elementals and deities, give us boundaries to live within. So does the law of the land. Carrying a talisman in your car, or chanting an invocation for divine protection, does not mean we can break the speed limit or run the red light. Nor can we throw caution to the winds. My priestess friend calls such actions "Fishing for Karma." We still must wear our seat belts, check for oncoming traffic, and periodically change the oil. Remember to "act in accord" with your magic.
Now that you're ready to roll, have a safe and wonderful journey!
Article originally published in The Llewellyn Journal. Copyright Llewellyn Worldwide, 2007. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:b6b68366-07aa-4695-bf74-e3c3fbd62a6b> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://kajama.com/protection-magic-magical-spells-for-transportation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710978.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20221204172438-20221204202438-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.939499 | 3,222 | 2.75 | 3 |
Patrick Hall’s case is a living example of inhuman, racial discrimination against the African-Americans, just because of their black skin color. It is a classic case in itself, where civic authorities and police department humiliated a respected citizen in this manner.
“I thought racial discrimination was something one reads about in history books; I was wrong.” Said Patrick Hall.
Patrick Hall filed a lawsuit for claims including violations of his civil rights.
It mentions that Patrick Hall served the United States army and now he is a decorated member of the Army services. After his retirement from the services, he decided to study further and took admission in western Illinois University at Macomb.
It was early 2006, and at the same time, he started his own tavern business in the city of Macomb. He was the first ever African-American entrepreneur in the history of Macomb city. He employed many of his fellow African-Americans. He was dreaming of a better future for himself and his employees.
For a society so white conscious, it was unacceptable to see a black man helping himself and his fellow Afro-Americans. Some racists’ authorities, including the police department started humiliating and terrorizing him. The Macomb city police department even denied his civil rights as a citizen. Police officers raided his business premises a number of times. Cops carried out search operations as if some illegal and criminal activity is going on at the work place.
Patrick Hall’s loss of composure did not stop here. Cops started put in an appearance at his work place sporadically. These police officers enquired with employees and other people. They managed spreading rumors among employees, his customers and public at large. It became problematical for Patrick Hall to reach at his work place. Police officers even used to stop and search him. They even did the same with other African-American employees and searched their vehicles.
Patrick Hall then decided to file a complaint against some police officers but he was bluntly refused. Circumstances were so detrimental that Patrick Hall could not run his tavern business anymore. He had to close it down. Left with no option, Patrick Hall had to leave the city of Macomb.
“I was treated like a convicted criminal,” said Patrick in his petition. | <urn:uuid:d5447663-bdc0-4088-afe0-d38b44bc9494> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://ashvaj.wordpress.com/2007/10/28/racial-discrimination-against-african-americans-disgraceful-abuse-of-authority/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886103316.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817131910-20170817151910-00198.warc.gz | en | 0.990327 | 466 | 2.734375 | 3 |
1. Key Characteristics of Bombay Cats
- Weight: 6–12 pounds
- Life Expectancy: 15 years or longer
Bombay cats are medium-sized, muscular cats who resemble a miniature panther.
The large eyes are shades of copper and gold, and are set far apart. The rounded head has medium-sized ears that tilt slightly forward.
The short, glossy coat is black with no other colors or markings.
2. Where Bombay Cats Came From
Nikki Horner developed the Bombay cat breed in 1965. She wanted a cat to resemble panthers from India, so she crossed Burmese cats with black American shorthairs.
The Cat Fanciers’ Association recognized and afforded championship status to Bombays in 1976. The International Cat Association did the same in 1979.
Once the cat was accepted, Horner stopped her breeding program. Cat breeders Herb and Suzanne Zwecker developed new Bombay lines and were instrumental in helping the breed avoid extinction.
Don’t Miss: 7 Cat Myths and Superstitions — Debunked!
3. How Friendly Are Bombay Cats?
Bombay cats are easygoing and intelligent. They are inquisitive, always ready to play and love children.
They get along with other animals when properly socialized and introduced.
It’s not unusual for a Bombay to follow you around like a puppy. They can be demanding when it comes to getting attention and don’t do well if left alone for a long time.
Also, be warned — they’re known as pretty vocal cats.
4. Is This the Right Cat for You?
HIGH: Active and curious, Bombays love to play and are commonly known to play fetch even as young kittens.
Keep them occupied with toys and towers, and make sure to set aside time to play with them each day.
Bombay cats don’t like to be ignored and will let you know when they want something.
LOW: The short coat of a Bombay cat needs little maintenance and doesn’t shed much. Bathe your Bombay occasionally or as needed, and brush the coat each week to keep it looking glossy.
And don’t forget to perform these important tasks:
LOW: Bombays are generally healthy cats.
The only notable health issues they might have include heart problems and high tear production in the eyes.
This video shows Ralph, a 15-week-old Bombay cat, playing fetch on the stairs:
5. Where to Adopt a Bombay Cat
Check local shelters and rescues to find your Bombay cat. You can start with our free online adoptable cat search.
If you decide to contact a breeder, be aware that kitten mills do exist. Always ask to see the breeder’s home or facility and the parents being bred to ensure they are healthy and happy. | <urn:uuid:7f834dae-3c68-44b7-b09b-e179df0a36a7> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.petful.com/cat-breeds/cat-breed-profile-bombay/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525046.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20190717041500-20190717063500-00127.warc.gz | en | 0.913643 | 595 | 2.53125 | 3 |
If you have scrolled through Netflix’s new releases lately, chances are you’ve heard of the documentary that is sweeping the nation, “What the Health?” It’s a documentary that attempts to expose the animal agriculture industry for perpetuating harmful diseases caused by the consumption of animal products. (https://youtu.be/Jf44vLndiRM). The film has been both praised by advocates for veganism and criticized by doctors for “cherry-picking” information. Regardless of what you thought of the film, it has contributed to the conversation about “health” with regard to animal agriculture.
According to Author Erik Marcus in his book entitled, Meat Market, between 1950 and 1980, the number of small dairy farms in the U.S. decreased from 3.65 million to 278,000. Most small pig farms have been driven out of business entirely. Currently, large industrial factory farming accounts “for 99.9% of chickens, 97% of chickens for eggs, 99% for turkeys, 95% for pigs and 78% for cattle” . Small- and medium-scale livestock farms have been almost eliminated and replaced by large factory farms that contain thousands of cows, pigs, and chickens concentrated into small facilities. These facilities are known as concentrated animal feeding Operations (CAFOs). These facilities are large factory farms that mass produce animal products, and while they can often provide low-cost meat, dairy, and eggs, there are significant health risks associated with mass-industrial farming. 70% of drugs given to animals are non-therapeutic which is alarming considering that the CDC reported 22% of antibiotic-resistant illness in humans are in fact linked to animal product consumption . Additionally,preventable diseases such as E-coli caused by improper sanitation, and contamination are still a main concern with respect to animal agriculture .
Vendetta: Industry v. Consumer Health
The CAFO industry is compromising consumer health through the use of harmful antibiotics and improper waste management and sanitation for the sake of providing lower cost food. While mass production of meat and dairy products lowers costs for consumers, we must consider the long-term costs associated with the environmental and health problems associated with this production model.
The National Association of Local Boards of Health published an essay that discussed concentrate animal feeding operations and their impact on communities. According to this essay, “When properly managed, located, and monitored, CAFOs can provide efficient feeding and housing of animals, and when CAFOs are proposed in a local area, it is usually argued that they will enhance the local economy and increase employment. The effects of using local materials, feed, and livestock are argued to ripple throughout the economy, and increased tax expenditures will lead to increase funds for schools and infrastructure” . Additionally, the industry argues that sheer demand that the market requires can only be met by mass farm production.
Contrary to the industry’s adamant insistence, factory farming is not the only sustainable method. First, CAFOs are responsible for several health and sanitation risks because they produce an astronomical amount of waste. A facility with 800,000 pigs, for example, is estimated to produce up to 1.6 million tons of waste per year . This makes accidental waste contamination almost inevitable because “when manure is applied too frequently or in too large a quantity to an area, nutrients overwhelm the absorptive capacity of the soil, and either run off or are leached into the groundwater” . Subsequently, air and water quality is affected which increases risk of food contamination. In addition to air and water quality, CAFOs treat their animals with antibiotics to promote growth.
There are a few current policy options to create solutions to these problems.
- The Department of Agriculture regulations have required that CAFOs acquire a permit for waste disposal.
- The CDC has recommended the elimination of the use of antibiotics.
Although requiring better waste disposal management and eliminating the use of antibiotics seem like viable options, waste disposal is costly. Furthermore, antibiotics are necessary to prevent disease in the crowded packs of animals.
The only way to solve for the root cause of the negative environmental and health effects of CAFOs is to create higher demand for organic, locally grown, free range animal products to promote a healthier industry with farms that raise animals in lower concentration. The economic efficiency of CAFOs seems to be the strongest argument for supporting the industry, but this notion operates on the assumption that high density farms are the only way to promote food sustainability and production efficiency. In reality, these farms have created a corporate establishment within the agricultural industry and perpetuate the narrative that there are no adequate alternatives to factory farming. This assumption dismisses new farmers that are responding to food safety and sustainability concerns as small, niche markets and diminishes the ability to strive for socially responsible farmers to grow their industry.
“The market for organic foods has been growing at a rate approaching 20% per year over the past 20 years, doubling every three to four years” . Increasing demand for organic is not simply a desire to eliminate pesticides, but is more of a reflection of society’s health concerns and of their food choices on the environment and resources. Increasing demand for these products proves to both consumers and the animal agriculture industry that factory farming is not the only way. To help the elimination of factory farming, visit the website of the Socially Responsible Agriculture Project (http://www.sraproject.org/), a non-profit organization dedicated to promoting local, sustainable, socially responsible farms . It may seem unrealistic to eliminate high-density farming facilities; however, with enough support of small farmers in rural communities, it is possible that the farming of the past can become the farming of the future.
Marcus, E. (2005). Meat market. Boston, Mass.: Brio Press.
Farm Sanctuary. (2017). Farmsanctuary.org. Retrieved 22 August 2017, from https://www.farmsanctuary.org/learn/factory-farming/factory-farming-and-human-health/
Antibiotic Resistance | NARMS | CDC. (2017). Cdc.gov. Retrieved 22 August 2017, from https://www.cdc.gov/narms/faq.html
Hribar, C. (2010). Understanding Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations and Their Impact on Communities. National Association Of Local Boards Of Health.
Economics of CAFOs & Sustainable Alternatives. (2017). Web.missouri.edu. Retrieved 22 August 2017, from http://web.missouri.edu/ikerdj/papers/Fairfield%20IA%20-%20Economics%20of%20CAFOs.htm
Socially Responsible Agricultural Project. (2017). Socially Responsible Agricultural Project. Retrieved 22, August 2017, from http://www.sraproject.org/ | <urn:uuid:47e6dcfd-4db1-4112-94b1-8a7708e4aee9> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://pvnn.org/2017/08/23/old-macdonald-wants-farm-back/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655886516.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200704170556-20200704200556-00504.warc.gz | en | 0.939101 | 1,415 | 2.84375 | 3 |
The New York Times Magazine | March 7, 2004
IN ENDORSING the passage of a constitutional amendment that would restrict marriage to the union of men and women, President Bush established himself as the country's most prominent advocate of same-sex marriage.
To be more precise, he established himself as the most prominent advocate of the best arguments for gay marriage, even as he roundly rejected gay marriage itself. Consider the words that he spoke in the Roosevelt Room of the White House on Feb. 24.
The union of a man and woman is the most enduring human institution . . . honored and encouraged in all cultures and by every religious faith. Correct. Marriage is indeed the bedrock of civilization. But why would the establishment of gay matrimony erode it? Would millions of straight spouses flock to divorce court if they knew that gay couples, too, could wed? Today, a third of all American children are born out of wedlock, with no help from homosexual weddings; would the example gays set by marrying make those children's parents less likely to tie the knot?
Children, parents, childless adults and marriage itself are all better off when society sends a clear and unequivocal message that sex, love and marriage go together. Same-sex marriage affirms that message. It says that whether you're gay or straight -- or rich or poor, or religious or secular, or what have you -- marriage is the ultimate commitment for all: the destination to which loving relationships naturally aspire.
Ages of experience have taught humanity that the commitment of a husband and wife to love and to serve one another promotes the welfare of children and the stability of society. Correct again. And the commitment of gay partners to love and serve each other promotes precisely those same goals.
A solitary individual lives on the frontier of vulnerability. Marriage creates kin, someone whose first ''job'' is to look after you. Gay people, like straight people, become ill or exhausted or despairing and need the comfort and support that marriage uniquely provides. Marriage can strengthen and stabilize their relationships and thereby strengthen the communities of which they are a part. Just as the president says, society benefits when people, including gay people, are durably committed to love and serve one another.
And children? According to the 2000 census, 27 percent of households headed by same-sex couples contain children. How could any pro-family conservative claim that those children are better off with unmarried parents?
Marriage cannot be severed from its cultural, religious and natural roots without weakening the good influence of society. By ''roots,'' Bush had in mind marriage's traditional definition as male-female. But at least as deep as marriage's roots in gender are its roots in commitment. Marriage takes its ultimate meaning not from whom it excludes but from what it obliges: ''To have and to hold from this day forward, for better, for worse, for richer, for poorer, in sickness and in health, till death do us part.'' For gay people to join other Americans in embracing that vow only strengthens ''the good influence of society.''
Yes, letting same-sex couples wed would in some sense redefine marriage. Until a decade ago, no Western society had ever embraced or, for the most part, even imagined same-sex marriage. But until recently, no Western society had ever understood, to the extent most Americans do today, that a small and more or less constant share of the population is homosexual by nature. Homosexuals aren't just misbehaving heterosexuals. Fooling straight people into marrying them is not an option. Barring them from the blessings of marriage is inhumane and unfair, even if that is a truth our grandparents did not understand.
So today's real choice is not whether to redefine marriage but how to do so: as a club only heterosexuals can join or as the noblest promise two people can make. To define marriage as discrimination would defend its boundaries by undermining its foundation.
Government, by recognizing and protecting marriage, serves the interests of all. Correct yet again. A marriage license uniquely bestows many hundreds of entitlements and entanglements that publicly affirm the spouses' mutual responsibility and that provide them with the tools they need to care for each other. Far from being just a piece of paper, a marriage license both ratifies and fortifies a couple's bonds. And marriage, like voting and other core civic responsibilities, is strongest when universal. It best serves the interests of all when all are eligible and welcome to serve.
Our government should respect every person and protect the institution of marriage. There is no contradiction between these responsibilities. Indeed, there is not. Allowing and expecting marriage for all Americans would show respect for the welfare and equality of all Americans, and it would protect the institution of marriage from the proliferation of alternatives (civil unions, domestic-partner benefits and socially approved cohabitation) that a continued ban on same-sex marriage will inevitably bring -- is, in fact, bringing already.
The logic of Bush's speech points clearly toward marriage for all. It is this logic, the logic of marriage itself, that Bush and other proponents of a constitutional ban defy in their determination to exclude homosexuals.
In all that lies ahead, let us match strong convictions with kindness and good will and decency. Amen. And let us have the courage to follow where our convictions and our compassion logically lead. | <urn:uuid:b48f8dd3-150b-4433-9e0a-7964bb167c36> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.jonathanrauch.com/jrauch_articles/gay_marriage_4_bushs_case_for_it/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042989018.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002309-00341-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955095 | 1,093 | 2.625 | 3 |
From Morning Star Gali
Copyright © 2008 Gali
SAN FRANCISCO, CA - On February 11, 2008, Longest Walk 2 participants will embark on a five- month journey across America to Washington, D.C. arriving on July 11, 2008. In commemoration of the 30th anniversary of the historic Longest Walk of 1978 that resulted in historic changes for Native America, hundreds of communities are participating in the Longest Walk of 2008 to raise awareness about issues impacting our world environment, to protect Sacred Sites and to clean up Mother Earth.
The original Longest Walk of 1978 was conducted in response to proposed legislation in Congress that would have abrogated Native Treaties that protected our Native American sovereignty. It defeated those 11 bills and in the following month, the American Indian Religious Freedom Act (AIRFA) of 1978 was passed. As a result of The 1978 Longest Walk, Indigenous people were granted the federal legislative right to freedom of religion, a fundamental right guaranteed to all Americans under the U.S. Constitution.
"In 1978, our communities faced many hardships such as non-existing religious rights and criminalization of our people who fought for cultural survival, this is why the Longest Walk was necessary. As Indigenous Peoples in the United States, our environment and our cultural survival are directly correlated and are still imperiled today, this is why we must walk once again" states Jimbo Simmons of the International Indian Treaty Council.
The Longest Walk 2 is an extraordinary grassroots effort on a national level to bring attention to the environmental disharmony of Mother Earth. The Longest Walk 2 intends to create educational awareness about the health and wellbeing of Our Mother Earth, The health and wellbeing of our people and communities and the protection and preservation of Sacred Sites. The message from the Longest Walk of 1978 will be carried and continued: "The Longest Walk is an Indian spiritual walk, an historical walk; and it is a walk for educational awareness to the American and the world communities about the concerns of American Indian people." American Indian Movement Co-founder Dennis J. Banks states, "From Alcatraz Island to Washington, D.C., through the elements of the seasons, we shall walk; nothing shall deter us from completing our mission: All Life is Sacred, Protect Mother Earth."
Longest Walk 2 is part of many communities ongoing commitment to protect sacred sites, cultural preservation, and to create awareness about the environment. We are walking to promote positive change in our world. The Longest Walk 2 invites veteran walkers that participated in the 1978 Longest Walk and reach out the new generations of the future to join us.
The Longest Walk 2 will take two routes. The Northern route will travel the original route of 1978 across 11 states and 3,600 miles. The Southern route will follow the 2006 Sacred Run route across 13 states and 4,400 miles. Both routes will visit Sacred Sites across the Nation and promote educational awareness for Sacred Sites protection and preservation. The Southern route will be launching The Clean Up Mother Earth Campaign where Longest Walk participants will work together to clean up our country's highways and roads by collecting debris found along the Longest Walk route. | <urn:uuid:2bf52a1f-0240-46cd-8665-a3e67f9815a1> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.yvwiiusdinvnohii.net/NAIIP-News-Releases/2008/PR-Gali080114LongestWalk.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535919066.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20140901014519-00220-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923651 | 644 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Here's where all the magic (sense 2b) begins: with magic.
The word magic goes back to the 1300s, and it originally referred to rituals, incantations, or actions thought to have supernatural power over the natural world. This is the sort of magic that shows up in the Harry Potter series, and the kind that the people accused of witchcraft in 17th-century Massachusetts were accused of performing. By the 1700s, magic had also come to refer to anything that seemed like a supernatural power
...there's magic in thy majesty!
— William Shakespeare, A Winter's Tale, 1616
and by the 1800s, magic was also applied to the tricks and sleights of hand that conjurers and magicians did.
But the word has its origins in something that's not necessarily magical in any modern sense. The word comes from an ancient Iranian word, borrowed into Greek, that gave us the names of the Magi.
For those not up on their Christmas lore, the Magi are three men, sometimes reckoned as kings, priests, or astrologers, who traveled from their homes east of Israel upon reading a portent in the sky (a star) in order to pay homage to the infant Jesus. The name Magi was also given to a hereditary class of Zoroastrian priests of the ancient Medes or Persians—though this use of the word Magi in English comes several hundred years after the name given to the traditional "Three Wise Men." (Magi is plural: magus is the singular.)
The root from which both magus and magic stem refers to a sorcerer. The Old Persian magûs also gave us a word familiar to gamers: mage. | <urn:uuid:48d11c0d-56b7-41fe-b3a0-b7458ec3db04> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/magical-words/magic | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202872.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20190323141433-20190323163433-00204.warc.gz | en | 0.965612 | 349 | 2.890625 | 3 |
The Jackson Purchase included the area of West Tennessee and southwestern Kentucky between the Tennessee and Mississippi Rivers. The Chickasaws had historically occupied this large tract, which they ceded in the Treaty of Tecumseh, negotiated by Andrew Jackson and Isaac Shelby in 1818.
After statehood Tennessee continued to be troubled by conflicting land claims by Native Americans and settlers. Governors John Sevier, Archibald Roane, Willie Blount, and Joseph McMinn looked to the federal government for help, and a series of treaties forged between 1798 and 1819 reduced the land occupied by Native Americans to a small Cherokee claim in the southeast corner of the state. In 1818 Andrew Jackson and former Kentucky governor Isaac Shelby were appointed to oversee negotiations for an agreement with the Chickasaws. In 1783 the tribe had established a boundary at the watershed between the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers, but in the intervening years they had dropped claims to territory in Middle Tennessee that conflicted with Cherokee cessions. Their claim to land west of the Tennessee River was unopposed, however, and the state government had a flood of North Carolina land warrants to honor. Jackson and Shelby argued that the land warrants prevented federal action to deter settlement, and the Chickasaws agreed to sell the tract for three hundred thousand dollars.
In 1819 the region opened for settlement, and the general assembly created Hardin County that same year. Speculators John Overton, James Winchester, and Jackson quickly established the town of Memphis. Within six years of its opening, the Jackson Purchase contained sixteen counties.
Published » December 25, 2009 | Last Updated » January 01, 2010 | <urn:uuid:68144f80-5342-4257-ab91-61806edf87d9> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=698 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982296931.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195816-00250-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961637 | 330 | 4.25 | 4 |
How to become a music producer will involve completing a formal training or degree program in addition to internships. The producer will work by combining vocals and instrumental elements in order to mix audio tracks. Often, working as a top producer in the industry requires earning a bachelor’s degree with a concentration in music production and the completion of an internship or senior project.
But succeeding in the music industry can take much more than just formal training and making important connections.
A successful producer is able to work with a wide range of musical styles. The majority of producers have an appreciation and respect for different styles of music and will often catch live performances whenever possible. A producer must be technically skilled and have the ability to use computer software programs and mics in order to engineer quality sounding recordings.
A producer will usually work with music industry professionals and record companies in order to help an artist to achieve more exposure for their tracks. Staying on top of music trends and production technology is important for this position.
A Love for the Game
The average producer will work with artists in a recording studio and record tracks. They will set up, arrange and use recording equipment and mics. They will also generate ideas for a more creative approach to recording tracks and market their skills to potential clients who are looking to record.
The producer will oversee the development of tracks and ensure that the visions of investors and musicians are fulfilled in terms of sound effects, vocals and instrumental arrangements. Technical skills will be required for this position in order to playback tracks, operate soundboards, edit, mix and record tracks. The management duties for the producer can involve booking recording sessions, hiring audio engineers and coordinating studio time. The music producer will also have the final say in regards to how a track is edited.
Producers will also need to interact well with others in order to ensure that every party involved with the creation of an album or tracks shares the same artistic vision. They will also need to have the ability to articulate musical concepts in simple terms and be able to easily and tactfully resolve any type of creative difference.
In order to be successful, the aspiring producer will need a combination of skills, the most important of which is paying attention to your instincts when it comes to how a track should sound.
In this business, people skills are also important, as important as the music you create. When you work with big stars in the industry, you’ll need to know how to relate to them and make them feel at ease. The industry is full of different types of people and the producer needs to be able to feel them out and learn how to adapt to their personality and music style.
But being a successful producer isn’t just about hanging out with celebrities. Most pros in the business actually spend much of their workday alone, editing tracks, mixing and connecting with other team members. It can be a lonely job when you have a deadline and an album to drop. And these major projects can take several months to complete.
So what’s some solid advice for those individuals who are looking to break into the music industry? Never be afraid to ask questions and get feedback. While it’s important to trust your instincts in terms of how you want a track to turn out, it’s also important to get feedback from the artists and members of your team. In the end you’ll go with your gut, but your team members can open your eyes to issues or options you didn’t know were there.
Education and Training Options
Currently, there are no formal education requirements for music producers. Having a background in audio engineering can provide a producer with an advantage when it comes to managing engineers. Additionally, knowledge of music theory can be very useful when coordinating vocal and instrumental arrangements.
There are a number of bachelor’s degree programs that are dedicated to aspiring music producers. Areas of study for these programs can include digital mastering, recording, sound techniques, production and mixing. There are also master’s degree programs available in similar field, for individuals who want to advance quickly in this field. The master’s degree programs are three years in length and will also often feature an internship component. The length of the internship for both types of degree programs can vary from school to school, but it will usually take place during the final semester of a program.
During a degree program, the student will participate in a number of internships, which will take place at recording studios, radio stations and TV stations. These internships will help the student to get their foot in the door for this very competitive industry while also providing them with the hands on experience that’s needed in order to qualify for immediate employment after graduation. Often, an internship at a recording studio can lead to employment after the intern has graduated.
Accelerated programs for the bachelor’s degree are available at select colleges around the country. These programs will allow you to obtain a bachelor’s in music production in just three years. But given the heavy workload most accelerated programs offer, only full-time students can qualify for enrollment.
Often, even these accelerated programs will include an internship at a local recording studio, which is an excellent way to earn hands on experience while networking with professionals in the industry. The length of these internships can vary, but if you prove yourself during this time, many studios are more than willing to hire their engineers and producers straight out of school. However, you will still be expected to work your way up the ladder.
After graduation, relocation is definitely an option, with so many recording studios located all over the country. States that feature the best employment opportunities for this position include Chicago, Nashville, Los Angeles and New York. | <urn:uuid:1b4d3b5c-0617-4d33-9896-7cb3dc8f4664> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.asunnyafternoon.com/how-to-become-a-music-producer-in-just-a-few-short-years/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107880519.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20201023014545-20201023044545-00173.warc.gz | en | 0.966544 | 1,165 | 2.71875 | 3 |
KINDERGARTEN – 5TH GRADE
St. Clare Catholic School offers a solid learning foundation for the primary and intermediate years of formal education starting with Kindergarten through fifth grade. During the critical developmental years, we offer a nurturing environment to encourage cognitive, emotional, and spiritual growth in an academic environment in the following core subject areas.
Strong reading skills are a foundation of academic success. Our reading curriculum includes Houghton-Mifflin Journeys Series. With Journeys, readers are empowered by skill mastery; inspired by authentic, award-winning text; and confident that they are building the skills needed for college and careers. Backed by proven results, Journeys is the most widely-used reading program in the country. Journeys is a research-based, comprehensive English Language Arts program designed to provide solid instruction that is clear and focused with realistic pacing and manageable resources.
Progress in Mathematics provides rigorous content focused on building deep conceptual understanding of key math skills and concepts at each grade level. With Progress in Mathematics you will:
Provide students with the foundational skills needed to become proficient in math
Use a consistent instructional approach with stepped-out lessons, to help students gain confidence and master skills
Strengthen students’ comprehension levels with ample opportunities to implement the Standards for Mathematical Practice
Find on Sadlier Connect: bonus online resources
Support concrete lesson presentations with Manipulative Kits
Critical Thinking for Active Math Minds: This supplemental program provides step-by-step guided instruction and extensive practice in critical thinking that equips elementary students with test-taking strategies that get results.
No matter their inclination to explore science, our goal for all students is to encourage an appreciation and understanding of science and its applications in daily life. St. Clare School uses the Science Fusion Series curriculum. It is a state-of-the-art science program designed for building inquiry and STEM skills and optimized for learning in the classroom or at home, on a laptop, tablet, or using a science textbook. The digital curriculum, virtual labs, hands-on activities, and write-in science textbook develop important critical-thinking skills that prepare students for success in future science courses and in the workplace. Highlights of our program include field trips to Butterfly World, the Palm Beach Zoo, Loggerhead Marine Life Rehabilitation Center, and High Touch High Tech visiting scientists. High Touch High Tech offers Science Programs that tap into children’s natural curiosity to help make learning FUN! Our supplies and equipment encourage hands-on learning for all children.
Social Studies is integrated into the curriculum at each grade level as our students explore the world in which we live. Our students utilize the Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Kids Discover Social Studies program which is a comprehensive K–5 curriculum designed to engage and motivate every student. Through stories of intriguing people, exciting places, and fascinating events that make social studies relevant to their lives, students gain a global perspective. They also learn the social studies themes and skills they need to become informed, participating citizens who consider diverse points-of-view, use critical thinking skills, and are active in their communities. This program includes American history, Florida history, as well as exploring other cultures and continents. Highlights of the program include field trips to the South Florida Museum, the Little Red Schoolhouse, and the Jupiter Lighthouse.
Religion is a daily component of the curriculum at all grade levels. Our religious education program follows the Diocesan curriculum and standards. Our second graders spend the year preparing for their First Communion and Reconciliation. We utilize the Sadlier series in K through fifth grades and reinforce our learning about our religion and virtues through participation in class, Masses, and by receiving the sacraments. St. Clare Catholic School believes that Religion is taught 24 hours a day and we are proud of our Catholic morals and values. We not only prepare our students for high school, we prepare them for Heaven. | <urn:uuid:533a5858-7855-4d6d-91c4-52c792df9c1f> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.stclareschool.com/curriculum/lower-school-k-5.cfm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578558125.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20190422155337-20190422181337-00177.warc.gz | en | 0.917761 | 804 | 2.921875 | 3 |
How much sleep do cats need?
Do you ever leave for work with your cat snoozing in their favorite sunny spot and return to them still fast asleep in the exact same spot? It makes you wonder if they’ve moved at all or just spent the entire day in a peaceful slumber. These interesting facts will help you understand why cats need so many catnaps!
How much sleep
Excluding bats and opossums, cats are the sleepiest mammals. On average, cats sleep twice as much as humans. That translates to roughly 12 to 16 hours each day. Some lazy cats even snooze up to 20 hours every day!
Cats are natural predators. In the wild, it is important for cats to conserve their energy to hunt for food. Even indoor cats that always have a bowl full of food have the natural instinct to be conservative with their energy for hunting.
Most active at night
Cats are nocturnal because of their natural instinct to hunt at night. This explains why cats are so active at night. Domesticated cats are able to adapt fairly easily though. If you are on a consistent daily schedule, your cat may adjust to that schedule and become more active during the day. Cat wants to spend time with their humans so they will often start to sleep while you sleep or while you are away at work.
Different states of sleep
Cats experience different levels of sleep that are similar to human’s sleep stages. They can go between a light or deep state of sleep. This light state of sleep is sometimes referred to as a “catnap”. While cats are napping, they often lay in a position where they can easily jump up if they need to. Their ears will move if they hear a sound and their eyes may even open slightly. In this state they are still able to get the rest that they need while staying alert. Cats are much less alert and aware when in a deep sleep. Cats will turn on their sides and actually dream when they are in a state of deep sleep. | <urn:uuid:df9d7360-00ca-4bdd-a8fa-42ee1f7fb8c8> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://blog.pettreater.com/2018/02/23/why-do-cats-sleep-so-much-understanding-your-cats-strange-sleeping-habits/?shared=email&msg=fail | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030333541.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220924213650-20220925003650-00102.warc.gz | en | 0.972524 | 425 | 3 | 3 |
How To Incorporate American Community Survey data from TIGER Files
A 'how to' reference for students to join American Community Survey (census long form data) with TIGER data for use in ArcGIS. Thanks to Allison Meezan from Foothill Community College Los Altos Hills, CA.
Going Places With GPS
Easy GPS Activities for Clubs, Classroom and Beyond is the first GPS book with fun and exciting lessons and activities that you can do with your GPS. This book eases the beginning user into using a GPS with straight forward, simple exercises and then gradually adds to the level of difficulty. This book is a must for any educator or club advisor who uses or wants to use GPS technologies in their courses. Families will thoroughly enjoy this book too!
GPS Units by GIS Etc.
Our friends at GISEtc are world-class GIS educators who know the best units for teaching students about GPS technology.
GPS Hardware Recommendations for K12
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a navigation and precise-positioning tool. Developed by the Department of Defense in 1973, GPS was originally designed to assist soldiers and military vehicles, planes, and ships in accurately determining their locations world-wide. Today, the uses of GPS have extended to include both the commercial and scientific worlds. | <urn:uuid:921602c6-8a3d-43d6-986c-081010129e87> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.geotechcenter.org/technology.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886110471.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822050407-20170822070407-00104.warc.gz | en | 0.931605 | 276 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Every tyrannical regime tries their very best to control the narrative of events. In today’s world that may mean flooding social media with fake news generated by bots, whereas in the twentieth century, it meant taking control of television and radio broadcasts, either directly, through state-sponsored broadcasting, or indirectly, by closing down alternative channels and stations till the only voice remaining was an echo of whatever the regime of the time wanted.
Perhaps the most famous example of state propaganda was Nazi Germany’s. Hitler spent three chapters of his book Mein Kampf discussing propaganda, reflecting his belief that one of the reasons Germany lost WW1 was hugely superior British propaganda. In opposition, the Nazis established newspapers and magazines, but once in power, the Third Reich established a formal Ministry of Propaganda, with Joseph Goebbels at the helm.
Hitler’s ideas were nothing new. Even in the days before technology allowed radio and television broadcasts, autocratic rulers tried to silence political opponents and those who were considered a threat. The Ummayads were no different. Why was Hussain’s camp rerouted and forced towards the desert of Karbala and killed there? Yazid, the tyrannical ruler of his time, had no wish for the battle to take place in or near a major city, where more people would become aware of the situation. He wanted Hussain’s message to die with him, in the isolated and sparsely populated desert.
And this may well have been the case, had it not been for Hussain’s sister Zainab. After the battle, the women and children of Hussain’s camp were taken as captives, and led on the long route between Karbala (present day Iraq) and the Caliph’s capital in Shaam (present day Damascus).
When they reached there, they were presented in front of the Caliph, Yazid, who was surrounded by his viziers, ambassadors and army generals. He mocked the prisoners and revelled in his superiority. A man present in Yazid’s court asked the Caliph if he could take one of the women prisoners as his wife. At this point, Zainab objected in fury, and took her opportunity to speak truth to power. She berated the Caliph for all his wrongdoing, reminded him of his family’s humble beginnings, and condemned his actions in Karbala.
She lit a fire in the hearts of the people, and in the years that followed, there were many uprisings against the Ummayid caliphs, culminating in their overthrow a few decades later. Many of these uprisings evoked the memory of Hussain and cited his struggle as the inspiration for their uprising against the same tyrannical and oppressive dynasty. Till today, uprisings and revolutions against tyranny the world over, cite Hussain as their inspiration.
Had it not been for the struggle of Zainab in the court of Yazid and the years afterwards, these people may have never had known of the revolution of Hussain. His message may have, as Yazid had intended, died with him in the desolate plains of Karbala. Zainab was the bridge between that sacrifice on the day of Ashura, and those who are inspired by Hussain till today. This is even more impressive when you consider the environment in which she lived: a backwards, patriarchal, male-dominated society, where women were concubines and slaves. In the face of this systemic oppression, for a woman to stand up and speak the truth to power, to defy the most powerful man in the empire, and to spread the message her brother gave his life for, shows Zainab’s bravery and courage. | <urn:uuid:24dce198-2476-4cdb-b256-9532de87d2b9> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://whoishussain.org/es/the-critical-role-of-zainab-the-sister-of-hussain-after-the-battle-of-karbala/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146809.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20200227191150-20200227221150-00130.warc.gz | en | 0.984416 | 763 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Adilene Ariane March 9, 2021 Worksheet
Before creating the worksheet for children, it is important to understand why the worksheet is being made. Is there a message to be conveyed? Can students record information that can be understood later? Is it being created to just teach a basic concept to little children? A well designed worksheet will make its objective clear. The different aspects that should influence the design of the worksheet are the age, ability and motivation of the students.
Color Recognition – The obvious reason is to teach your child the different colors so that they can recognize them and name them. This is one of the many indicators used to determine whether your child is ready for kindergarten.
Your students will find learning easy since they will be able to fill in the word from the available list. Especially when they are still at the formation stages, your students learning will be enhanced a great deal. You can create your own worksheet by following some simple steps. You can be having a template to assist you while creating fonts, shapes of the grid and many more. You can also choose how your letters will be replaced after your students have completely have filled them to ensure that it’s used for learning purposes again.
Teachers use printable writing paper sheets. They let their students trace the numbers, letters, words or dots as this is the perfect way for a child to practice the controlled movements of his fingers and wrist. With continued practice or tracing, he will soon be able to write more legibly and clearly.
There are many types of writing worksheets. There is the cursive writing worksheets and the kindergarten worksheets. The latter is more on letter writing and number writing. This is typically given to kids of aged four to seven to first teach them how to write. Through these worksheets, they learn muscle control in their fingers and wrist by repeatedly following the strokes of writing each letter.
There are many kinds of worksheets made for the teaching help. The colored pages highly appeal the children. The worksheets are also teaching the best ways about reading and writing the text. This also makes the children to catch up the sound of letters and they can easily produce the writing of characters in their later times. The worksheets are designed according to age groups and teachers try to find out the best means to produce the options suitable to children.
Tag Cloudgrade 5 multiplication easy christmas worksheets adding and subtracting fractions worksheets math drills gemscool free arithmetic worksheets grammar worksheets for high school christmas math puzzles ks2 can 0 be an integer multiply by 4 games subtraction word problems year 4 adding and subtracting algebra worksheets second grade learning math sites for 7th graders domino math worksheets touch mathematics statistics answers generator preschool skills worksheets printable math sheets for 3rd grade math is fun solving inequalities multiplication games free for 3rd graders | <urn:uuid:fabd7859-cdca-412e-9851-958cbd0fae49> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://istandwithilhan.org/0kz2394lx/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039626288.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20210423011010-20210423041010-00018.warc.gz | en | 0.946922 | 601 | 3.125 | 3 |
Chemists are reporting a major advance toward developing a safer, fully-synthetic version of heparin, the widely used blood thinner now produced from pig intestines. The U. S. Food and Drug Administration last spring linked contaminated batches of the animal-based product, imported from China, to more than 80 deaths and hundreds of allergic reactions among patients exposed to the drug for kidney dialysis and other conditions.
The purer, non-animal version could improve the drug's safety and bolster regulatory control of its manufacture, the researchers say. Scientists expect demand for heparin, which prevents blood clots, to increase in the future due to rising rates of diabetes, heart disease, and other health complications linked to sedentary lifestyles. Global heparin sales total about $4 billion annually.
"With the problems associated with contaminated heparin produced from pig tissues in China, a non-animal source of this essential drug is gaining importance," says study co-author Robert J. Linhardt. "A safer version of the drug could result in less adverse effects and fewer deaths."
Linhardt points out that processing of pig intestines to extract the raw materials is often done in small, family-run workshops in China, which supplies about 70 percent of the world's heparin. Those mom-and-pop shops often fall outside the normal supervision and regulatory control standard in the pharmaceutical industry. The lack of oversight increases the risks of heparin contamination or adulteration with harmful chemicals, viruses, or other agents, he says. MTS
ARTICLE #2 EMBARGOED FOR RELEASE: Sunday, Aug. 17, 1:30 p.m., Eastern Time
For full-text of press release:
|Contact: Michael Woods|
American Chemical Society | <urn:uuid:62916bef-e1be-4506-bc88-00c856f4d7a2> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.bio-medicine.org/biology-news-1/American-Chemical-Societys-Weekly-PressPac----Aug--13--2008-4523-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246633972.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045713-00036-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.902708 | 364 | 2.515625 | 3 |
By Bloomberg editors
Americans may be largely unaware of the extreme and pervasive dangers facing American Indian and Alaska Native women.
According to a National Institute of Justice study, more than half have been sexually assaulted. More than a third have been raped, a proportion more than double that of white women. For girls and young women aged 15 to 24, homicide is the third leading cause of death. And thousands of American Indian and Alaska Native women and girls have simply gone missing.
It is a crisis that has been too long ignored. The federal government funds police services, criminal investigation, detention facilities, tribal courts and more. But the assistance has been stretched too thin to bring crimes against women under control.
One underlying problem is that many tribal law enforcement agencies are severely understaffed, yet need to police vast territories. The Navajo reservation, with roughly 350,000 residents on 17 million acres across Arizona, New Mexico and Utah, has fewer than 200 police officers and 30 criminal investigators. That’s a police-to-population ratio significantly lower than the national average. Yet the reservation’s murder rate is many times higher than the average.
Another problem unique to tribal law enforcement is jurisdictional confusion. A crime on or near reservation land can cross the desk of tribal officers, local police, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Bureau of Indian Affairs and state police, leading to delays and miscues in investigations. In one instance in 2016, when a girl was kidnapped in New Mexico, poor coordination among police authorities led to an eight-hour delay in issuing an Amber Alert.
Outside of reservations, too, American Indian and Alaska Native women face extraordinary danger. Many who live in cities end up missing or killed, and city police departments often do a poor job of tracking them. A study by the Urban Indian Health Institute identified 153 missing or dead women whose cases did not exist in law enforcement records, and cited more than one police department whose reports conflated American Indians and Indian-Americans. Until they have good data on the violence done to American Indian and Alaska Native women, police will struggle to end it.
Sens. Lisa Murkowski, R-Alaska, and Catherine Cortez Masto, D-Nevada, have just reintroduced legislation to focus attention and resources on the problem. Named “Savanna’s Act” in honor of Savanna LaFontaine-Greywind, a 22-year-old who was murdered in North Dakota in 2017, the bill would require, among other things, annual consultations between U.S. attorneys and Indian tribes on sexual violence, training and technical assistance for tribal police, and new rules for reporting and sharing crime data and responding to violent crimes. In addition, last week Sen. Jon Tester, D-Montana, proposed a bill directing the Government Accountability Office to review federal agencies’ response to the crisis and to recommend solutions.
These would be modest first steps toward improving relations between tribal authorities and state and federal law enforcement, gathering crucial crime data, and funding tribal government efforts to protect indigenous women and girls. Congress should pass the legislation without delay.
The above editorial appears on Bloomberg Opinion. | <urn:uuid:fbf0f20c-3a6a-4c56-bd25-1d4d3eac9ae3> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.heraldnet.com/opinion/commentary-confront-violence-against-native-american-women/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195528635.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20190723002417-20190723024417-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.942648 | 643 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The Psychological Effects of Terrorist
By Terence T. Gorski
January 19, 2002
Goal of Terrorism: One goal of terrorism is to disrupt a society by causing wide spread
psychological damage and social disruption. The recent terrorist
attacks on America are no exception.
Psychological Effects of September 11th: Therefore, it's not surprising that the terrorist attacks of September
11, 2001 have unleashed an epidemic of stress-related mental health,
substance abuse, and stress-related medical problems upon the American
Stress-related problems Before September 11th: Even before the terrorist attacks, Americans were
not strangers to stress-related problems. In 1999 anxiety-related
disorders cost the U.S. about $42 billion a year in medical and
Effects of the Ongoing War on Terrorism: In the aftermath of the terrorist attacks and in the presence of the
ongoing threat of new attacks many experts expect a radical increase in
the number of people experiencing serious problems with alcohol,
prescription, react ional drugs, mental health problems, and
stress-related medical problems. This could result in higher
than expected costs for addiction, mental health, and health-care
services that can further strain an already ailing economy.
Populations In High Risk of Psychological Effects: Those
who are most at risk of developing traumatic
stress reactions, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and related
anxiety and panic disorders are the people who were directly involved
the tragedies. This includes victims who were physically injured
or exposed to life-threatening danger, those who watched the events
unfold from a nearby vantage point, and those who lost a loved one.
friend, or coworker in the attacks. Experts estimate that
somewhere between 70,000 to 100,000 people in New York City alone had
the kind of exposure to the terrorist attacks that puts them at
risk for developing PTSD.
Subclinical States of chronic High Stress: Countless other Americans have been plagued by chronically high stress accompanied
by a variety of stress-related problems such as irritability, problems
sleeping, difficulty concentrating, and tendency to feel run down or
burned out. There is another group that experienced a state of heightened
and chronic anxiety.
Effects of Deliberate Mass Violence: The rates of PTSD and stress-related problems are
greater following events caused by deliberate violence than after
Recovering Populations At Risk: Individuals with previously diagnosed addiction and mental health are
most likely to suffer from more severe cases of PTSD marked by both more
frequent symptom episodes and more severe symptoms during each episode.
of Traumatic Events: There are two types of traumatic experiences which result in different
types of traumatic stress responses.
Incident Traumatic Stress Experiences: A single time limited
episode of traumatic violence that occurs and ends with no serious
threat of recurring episodes of traumatic violence
Traumatic Stress Experiences: Prolonged ongoing experiences marked
by continuous threat of or actual recurrence of episodes of traumatic
Effects of Multiple-incident Traumatic Stress Experiences: Multiple-incident Traumatic Stress Experiences tend to produce more
damage than Single Incident Traumatic Stress Experiences.
America's War On Terrorism Is An Ongoing Multiple Incident Traumatic
Stress Experience: The September 11th Terrorist Attacks on America marked the beginning of
a prolonged sequence of Multiple-incident Traumatic Stress Experiences
which is still ongoing at the time of this writing in January of
2002. The nation has remained at a constant state of high alert
for repeat terrorism, is in the midst of a foreign war against terrorism
in Afghanistan with clear indications that the war will be prolonged and
expanded to other parts of the world. The nation has been
subjected to continuous upgrading of homeland defense procedures.
There was an anthrax attack whose perpetrator has not been identified as
of this writing. The American are being told repeatedly that they
are in a clear and present danger of biological, chemical, and perhaps
even nuclear terrorist attack.
Effects of Ongoing Terrorist Threats: The ongoing threat of new
terrorist attacks, especially biological & chemical attacks, causes
adverse psychological effects to large percentages of the
population. The primary adverse psychological effects
Chronic states of high stress resulting in stress-related health
Chronic states of low grade suspicion, paranoia, and hyper vigilance;
Persistent feelings of anxiety, fear, and dread;
Confusion, and uncertainty.
Reduced resiliency, increased depression and demoralization as a result
of continuous exposure to the threat of recurrent trauma.
Ramifications of Effects of Ongoing Threats: Some experts believe that the long-term psychological ramifications of
chemical or biological terrorism may be more damaging than any physical
effects from an actual attack. | <urn:uuid:5b5634a3-4c73-4ec1-a455-7bc52501d855> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://tgorski.com/Terrorism/talking_points_bulletin_01_psych_effects_of_terrorism.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806768.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123085338-20171123105338-00162.warc.gz | en | 0.926085 | 999 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The Horn of Plenty that is used today by many families to decorate their Thanksgiving table actually dates back to the 5thCentury BC. Today it is usually a basket that is curved and overflowing with brilliant colors of fruit, flowers, grains and whatever else the decorator desires, but in the beginning it really resembled a curved goat’s horn.
There are two versions of the origin of the horn that are the most common, both are from Greek mythology. The first version is about a feud between Hercules and the river-god, Archelous. During a battle when Archelous changed himself into a bull, Hercules tore off one of his horns. The horn was treated as a sacred object and filled it with beautiful flowers.
There second version is a little easier to understand, it is about Zeus. When he was born his mother sent him away to hide him from his father. She sent him to Cretewhere he was raised by some of the king's daughters. Zeus broke off one of Amalthea's horns, the goat that provided his milk. The horn had the power of becoming filled with whatever its owner desired. Zeus later gave the horn to the daughters as a way to say thank you and from then on it was known as the symbol of plenty.
Though today it has changed from a horn to a basket the original meaning remains the same. Thanksgiving is a time to gather with family and/or friends and share plenty of food so it is fitting that a Thanksgiving table be decorated with a cornucopia, or horn of plenty, to symbolize abundance.
By Cindi Hinton
|Become a Fan of Newby Realty on Facebook||Newby Realty - Manufactured Home Sales|
|Newby Realty provides sales of new and used manufactured (mobile) homes throughout Florida in Bradenton, Clearwater, Debary, Edgewater, Ellenton, Fort Pierce, Hudson, Lakeland, N. Fort Myers, New Smyrna Beach, Ocala, Palmetto, Port Charlotte, Port Richey, Sarasota, Winter Springs, Zephyrhills.| | <urn:uuid:1490f773-1289-4543-af29-9a6c5e86ef0f> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://blog.newbyrealty.com/2011/11/history-of-horn-of-plenty.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999652873/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060732-00097-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973795 | 436 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Diagnosis and therapy both have their pros and cons. During the diagnosis process, a health history is analyzed and a physical examination is performed. During this time, the doctor may order tests to make a formal diagnosis. These tests may include blood tests, imaging studies, biopsies, and more. Once a disease has been identified, the doctor will decide on the appropriate therapy. This decision is based on the severity of the patient’s symptoms and the associated risks and benefits of treatment. Sometimes, a patient may not meet all of the criteria for a formal diagnosis, but still need to be treated.
Diagnosis and therapy may be used for different purposes. The purpose of diagnosis is to guide treatment. A treatment can be given for physical or behavioral problems. The purpose of diagnosis in a therapeutic context is to identify the exact cause of a particular condition. A proper diagnosis helps the doctor prescribe appropriate treatment. In addition, it can help a patient achieve a higher level of mental well-being. It is important to remember that the diagnosis is not an end in itself.
While there are benefits to diagnosis, it is not the right option for every patient. It is important to know that there is a difference between a diagnosis. Some people do not benefit from a medical diagnosis, while others may benefit from it. For some patients, however, a diagnosis can help them find treatment options that work for them. In some cases, it can also improve the patient’s life.
While diagnosis and therapy can be a necessary part of care, they are not right for everyone. Not everyone can get the help they need. There are many other ways to treat a problem, but it can be confusing to choose the best one for you. The first step is identifying the underlying cause. If you’re unsure, you can ask your healthcare provider to confirm the diagnosis. You can also try a few alternative treatments.
A diagnosis is an important component of therapy. It allows a counselor to better understand a client and determine the best treatment plan. It also removes a barrier to mental health care. While counseling and mental health services are expensive, a diagnosis can give clients access to treatment they would otherwise be unable to afford. By providing a valid diagnoses, your insurance company can pay for your therapy, which can help you get the treatment you need.
Diagnosis can take many forms. The process of identifying symptoms is called a diagnosis. It can be a naming exercise or a medical classification. The process of determining a diagnosis can be helpful for people with a variety of medical conditions. It may also be an important part of psychotherapy. It can provide the most effective treatment for a patient. You must make sure you do this before beginning a therapy. | <urn:uuid:c7772edf-01e9-4013-ada7-c7731249a4b6> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.jameslowmusic.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337595.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20221005073953-20221005103953-00782.warc.gz | en | 0.947851 | 557 | 3.109375 | 3 |
COVID-19 causing more stress in America than other nations, survey shows
(HealthDay)—Americans are faring much worse mentally and financially during the COVID-19 pandemic than citizens of other high-income countries around the world, according to an international analysis.
"Data from our research demonstrates that U.S. adults, when compared to people in eight other high-income countries, face greater mental health and financial consequences from the COVID-19 pandemic," said Reginald Williams II, a vice president at Commonwealth Fund, a private foundation that studies health care issues. "It is also notable that few U.S. adults believe that national leadership has done a good job of managing the pandemic when compared to other countries."
Only one-third of Americans said President Donald Trump has done a "very good" or "good" job in handling COVID-19—a lack of faith in government not shared by most people in other developed nations, the survey found.
"It's no secret that at a time when countries around the world are reopening, ours is still struggling to return to work and daily life," said Dr. David Blumenthal, president of the Commonwealth Fund.
"As the number of confirmed COVID cases and deaths in the U.S. continue to climb, we need to start implementing public health measures that we know work, like mask-wearing, social distancing, and robust testing and tracing that can help us stop the spread of COVID-19 as so many others have effectively accomplished," he said.
The Commonwealth Fund has been comparing health systems around the world for decades, but the COVID-19 pandemic presents a rare instance in which every nation surveyed is facing the same crisis at the same time, Blumenthal said.
Between March and May, the organization interviewed more than 8,200 adults in nationally representative samples from Australia, Canada, France, Germany, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States.
The results were not flattering to the United States, which has lost quite a bit of international stature due to its COVID-19 response:
- 33% of Americans reported emotional problems related to the pandemic, compared with between 10% in Norway and 26% in the United Kingdom and Canada.
- 31% of U.S. adults said they were able to get the mental health care they needed, compared with 47% in Canada and 54% in Australia.
- 31% of Americans said they were unable to pay for basic necessities and were either draining their savings or borrowing money to get by, compared with between 6% in Germany and 24% in Canada.
- Americans are the least pleased with their government's response to COVID-19, with only 33% saying Trump is meeting the challenge and 51% praising their state or local government leaders. In all other countries, at least half of people are happy with their nation's response.
The crisis has revealed weaknesses in the United States' approach to health care compared with other industrialized nations, said Dr. Eric Schneider, senior vice president for policy and research.
"The COVID-19 pandemic is revealing and amplifying the health challenges related to low income and poverty," he said. "In light of this, we see five general features of the other countries' health systems that may be blunting the mental health and economic challenges experienced by people of other countries and may be useful to the U.S. as it responds to the pandemic and looks to improve its resilience for future health disasters."
Schneider said these features include:
- Universal insurance coverage, including the elimination of underinsurance that exposes Americans to high out-of-pocket costs.
- Providing everyone access to a reliable primary care physician.
- Guaranteeing social support systems that will help people through rough times, including paid sick leave, unemployment insurance and child care assistance.
- Avoiding politicization of public health crises by basing decisions on science and expertise.
"As the pandemic continues to challenge all of our nations at different times, we will, for better or worse, have a chance to learn more from other countries about ways to strengthen our U.S. health system," Schneider said.
More information: The Commonwealth Fund has more about its new international survey.
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Politicians, pundits, and scholars have wrestled over a central question throughout American political and constitutional history: What role should the government have in the lives of ordinary citizens?
For Jeffersonian Conservatives, such as Grover Cleveland, the government has no business involving itself in areas outside its limited, constitutional role, and should never take a position as a “custodian;” the people should be free to pursue their own dreams without government interference, to rise as high and as far as their God-given talent, abilities, and determination will carry them. Success or failure depends on the individual.
Some liberals on the other side of the political spectrum believe the government should play a vital role in the lives of the people, from cradle to grave. They believe the lowly masses cannot take care of themselves. For Democrats, government must step in and take up the role of caretaker. As Nancy Pelosi said in 2011: “I view my work in politics as an extension of my role as a mom.”[i] This progressive viewpoint is known as government paternalism, and has been defined as “a policy or practice of treating or governing people in a fatherly manner, especially by providing for their needs without giving them rights or responsibilities.”[ii] Continue reading
Whenever friends and family find out the subject of my new book, one of the first questions I am usually asked is: “Why Grover Cleveland?” My answer: “Why not?” For Grover Cleveland, who served as both the 22nd and 24th President of the United States, was one of the greatest conservative statesmen in American history, a steadfast advocate of Jeffersonian political principles, the bedrock of conservatism. The Last Jeffersonian: Grover Cleveland and the Path to Restoring the Republic is an examination of the true nature of conservative thought, exemplified by the public life of Cleveland, and a pathway to a restoration of the republic crafted by our Founding Fathers.
During my first semester of graduate school, at the University of Southern Mississippi, I became seriously interested in Grover Cleveland and his political life after reading a less than stellar biography. As I delved deeper into his policies, I soon realized that the career of this forgotten statesman offers answers to modern America’s most pressing political issues, such as the public character and behavior of our politicians, direct governmental assistance to the people, actions during an economic depression, foreign intervention, and upholding political principles. It is only with the study of history, and the solutions Cleveland provided for us, that we can solve our problems and restore the constitutional republic. Continue reading
America is at a crossroads. The 2012 election, as well as those in the very near future, could very well determine what kind of nation we will leave for posterity. Yet, while on our current political trajectory, America is in danger of losing the constitutional republic created by the Founding Fathers, and once lost, it might be gone forever.
My new book, The Last Jeffersonian: Grover Cleveland and the Path to Restoring the Republic, examines the true nature of conservative thought, the present direction of the nation, and the changes we must make in order to preserve our great political heritage. Exhibit A in achieving these three goals is a study of the public career of Grover Cleveland, who served as the 22nd and 24th President of the United States, from 1885-1889 and from 1893-1897.
As a great public servant – mayor, governor, and president – Cleveland confronted many of the same troubles we face in our time – the public character and behavior of our candidates, the role of government in the everyday lives of the people, the burden of taxation, the distribution of wealth, government involvement in an economic depression, spending, constitutional interpretation, and complex foreign affairs. Continue reading
This week President Barack Obama, in a tough bid for re-election warned the American people that the 2012 race for the White House would be the starkest since 1964. So let us re-examine that famous presidential election in light of the campaign the Obama team has in store for presumptive GOP nominee Mitt Romney:
They said he was crazy, mad, a loose-canon, an extremist, a warmonger. The nation was warned over and over and over again, by Democrats and their friends in the media, that if Barry Goldwater won the presidency in 1964, Armageddon might be the ultimate result. Surely he would plunge headlong into a war in Vietnam that might bring in the Chinese or worse, the Soviets. Social Security and any aid from Washington would be taken away. The country would revert back to the nineteenth century, if not the eighteenth.
The only logical choice was the sitting president, Lyndon Johnson, who assumed the office tragically on November 22, 1963 when the beloved John F. Kennedy fell to an assassin’s bullet. LBJ would carry the nation forward, not backward. Progress would be the order of the day. Continue reading | <urn:uuid:d4d91022-3ad1-4b52-9cf9-cab57d4542b2> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://ryanswalters.net/2012/04/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741340.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20181113173927-20181113195345-00038.warc.gz | en | 0.963492 | 1,019 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Dengue fever (DF) is the most rapidly spreading mosquito-borne viral disease in the world. In this decade it has expanded to new countries and from urban to rural areas. Nepal was regarded DF free until 2004. Since then dengue virus (DENV) has rapidly expanded its range even in mountain regions of Nepal, and major outbreaks occurred in 2006 and 2010. However, no data on the local knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of DF in Nepal exist although such information is required for prevention and control measures.
We conducted a community based cross-sectional survey in five districts of central Nepal between September 2011 and February 2012. We collected information on the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants and their knowledge, attitude and practice regarding DF using a structured questionnaire. We then statistically compared highland and lowland communities to identify possible causes of observed differences.
Out of 589 individuals interviewed, 77% had heard of DF. Only 12% of the sample had good knowledge of DF. Those living in the lowlands were five times more likely to possess good knowledge than highlanders (P<0.001). Despite low knowledge levels, 83% of the people had good attitude and 37% reported good practice. We found a significantly positive correlation among knowledge, attitude and practice (P<0.001). Among the socio-demographic variables, the education level of the participants was an independent predictor of practice level (P<0.05), and education level and interaction between the sex and age group of the participants were independent predictors of attitude level (P<0.05).
Citation: Dhimal M, Aryal KK, Dhimal ML, Gautam I, Singh SP, Bhusal CL, et al. (2014) Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding Dengue Fever among the Healthy Population of Highland and Lowland Communities in Central Nepal. PLoS ONE 9(7): e102028. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102028
Editor: Eric S. Halsey, CDC, United States of America
Received: December 4, 2013; Accepted: June 13, 2014; Published: July 9, 2014
Copyright: © 2014 Dhimal et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This research was performed as a part of the collaborative research project “A longitudinal study on Aedes mosquitoes and climate change along an altitudinal transect in central Nepal” by the Nepal Health Research Council (NHRC) and the Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F). It was financially supported by a research grant from the Government of Nepal, a DAAD PhD scholarship to MD and the research funding programme “LOEWE – Landes-Offensive zur Entwicklung Wissenschaftlich-ökonomischer Exzellenz” of the Ministry of Higher Education, Research and the Arts of the State of Hesse, Germany. The funding bodies had no role in the study design, data collection, data analysis, interpretation of results, decision to publish or preparation of manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Dengue virus (DENV) infection has globally become a major public health concern since the incidence of dengue fever (DF) has increased more than 30-fold over the last five decades and the disease is now endemic in 128 countries . According to a recent study , 390 million DENV infections are estimated to occur per year; over three times more than previous estimates by the World Health Organization (WHO) had suggested . Despite progress with the development and clinical evaluation of vaccines against DENV infection, no such vaccine is on the market yet and there is no specific treatment against DF. Thus, controlling the populations of DENV vector mosquitoes, especially Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, and limiting their dispersal to new regions is crucial to prevent DENV transmission .
Over the last decade, the geographical distribution of DF has included new countries and more rural areas, making it the most rapidly expanding arboviral disease in the world . In the WHO South-East Asia Region, where expansions of areas with DENV transmission have been documented in Bhutan and Nepal since 2004 and 2006, respectively , , the annual economic burden of DF was reported to be US$ 590 million (US$1.65 per capita) in 12 countries for the period of 2001–2010 . Nepal was not included in that study, and information about the socio-economic aspects of DENV infection in this country is lacking.
In Nepal, DF is rapidly expanding its geographical range from south to north. The first case of DF was reported in a Japanese volunteer in 2004 , and the first isolation of DENV (serotype 2) was also made from a Japanese traveller to Nepal . In 2006, the discovery, in southern lowland districts, of DF in patients without any history of travel to endemic areas along with the presence of the primary dengue vector mosquito A. aegypti confirmed the establishment of local DENV transmission in Nepal . In addition, clinical and laboratory test results confirmed the circulation of all four DENV serotypes during the 2006 outbreak in Nepal . This first DF outbreak in Nepal in 2006 led to the official recognition of local transmission in the country. The 32 confirmed cases of the 2006 outbreak were followed by 27 confirmed cases in 2007, 10 in 2008, 30 in 2009, and 917 including five deaths in 2010 when a major outbreak occurred in central Nepal , . Although the travel history of cases reported from the capital of Nepal, Kathmandu, during the 2006 outbreak is not known, a case of DF without a history of travel to endemic areas was again reported from Kathmandu during the 2010 outbreak . Kathmandu, a city with about one million susceptible inhabitants, is located in a mountain valley at around 1,300 m above sea level (asl). The two most important vectors of DENV infections, A. aegypti and A. albopictus, are established and widely distributed in the urban areas of this city , .
The impression of the major outbreak of DF in central Nepal in 2010, our findings regarding the distribution of DENV vectors in the capital of this Himalayan country , and the lack of relevant studies on the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of the people in Nepal regarding DENV transmission and DF prevention prompted us to conduct the present study. Our aim was to assess and compare the KAP of people residing in lowland and highland areas of Nepal, and to thereby guide and assist efforts to design information, education and communication (IEC) materials as well as behaviour change communication (BCC) programmes for dengue control in Nepal. In our present study, we have addressed the following major research questions:
Can differences in people's KAP of DF be explained by their socio-economic background?
Does the area of residence in Nepal (i.e., lowland and highland) affect the KAP level on DF?
A prospective study on Aedes mosquitoes and climate change along an altitudinal transect in central Nepal was designed to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of dengue vectors and assess risk factors of DENV infection among inhabitants living in central Nepal. In this project, environmental scientists, entomologists, public health physicians, sociologists and biologists collaborated closely. As a part of this interdisciplinary project, we conducted a descriptive cross-sectional KAP study of households in three distinct ecological regions of Nepal: lowland (so-called terai), hill and mountain districts. Data were collected from September 2011 to February 2012. The study area cut through five administrative districts of central Nepal and covered a transect that extend along a major highway with an altitudinal range from 80 m to 2,100 m asl.
Study site selection and its justification
The selected sites for this study were the Parsa, Makwanpur, Kathmandu, Nuwakot and Rasuwa districts of central Nepal. They represent broad vertical cross-sections of the three major ecological regions of Nepal. In the south, the study area starts in Birgunj (Parsa district; average altitude 88 m asl) at the southern border with India. It then extends to Hetauda (Makwanpur district), Kathmandu and Ranipauwa (Nuwakot district) in the hills, and to Dhunche (Rasuwa district; average altitude 2,050 m asl) in the mountain region bordering Tibet in the north. These sites were selected based on the existing road network from south to north, the mobility of the population and the level of urbanization which ranges from metropolitan (capital city) to rural areas in the mountain districts. The parts of the study area below 1,500 m asl were categorized as lowland (terai and hill region) and those above 1,500 m asl as highland areas (mountain areas). Furthermore, lowland and highland areas were based on known distribution of DENV vectors before the start of this study. The lowland areas included in this study are predominantly urban areas compared to the rural highlands areas, but all are densely populated and have good access to means of transportation and water supply. The key characteristics of each study site are given in Table 1.
Study sample and instruments
In the first phase, five districts from central Nepal were selected. In this selection, districts in which the major DF outbreak of 2010 had occurred were excluded because this experience could have biased the results of the study. In the second phase, we targeted 625 households (125 from each district) for the study employing a systematic sampling method. Five vector collection sites were randomly selected from each district for the KAP survey. Thereby, households located within a 50 m radius of each site were listed by doing a social mapping exercise and 25 households selected by systematic random sampling. One adult member was selected randomly from each household selected. Healthy individuals aged 15 years and above were included in the study. People having reported febrile illness and those who had migrated from other districts and countries within the past six months were excluded. Individual members of households (either the household head or a family member) were the study participants. The KAP questionnaire previously used in Jamaica was adapted for our study. The questionnaire was modified for content, wording and cultural appropriateness following an extensive review of the literature published in English and expert opinions. The questionnaire consists of (1) socio-economic information (area of residence, age, sex, marital status, education level, religion and annual family income); (2) health information relating to whether the respondent might have had DF or not and sources of information; (3) knowledge of symptoms, signs and transmission modes of DENV infection; (4) attitude towards DF; and (5) preventive measures against DENV infection (e.g., methods used to reduce mosquito-human contact and mosquito breeding opportunities). As none of the study districts had a history of DF outbreak except a few reported cases from the lowlands, we excluded questions on the knowledge of DF management. Other changes to the content of the original questionnaire were minimal. The final draft of the questionnaire was translated into Nepali and re-translated into English to ensure that the meaning of the questions remained unchanged. Before its use in the main study, the questionnaire was pre-tested among the members of a community in Kathmandu which was not included in the final analysis. Cronbach's Alpha was used to assess the reliability coefficient which is a measure of the internal consistency of the questionnaire. The result showed that Cronbach's Alpha coefficients of KAP domains were 0.82, 0.7 and 0.71 respectively. A minimum of 0.7 is considered to reflect acceptable reliability , . Local university graduates were recruited and trained for data collection. The same individuals were involved throughout the data collection process in all districts. However, the interviewers were not aware of either the study hypotheses or correct answers to survey questions in order to avoid interviewer bias during data collection. Questions related to knowledge, attitude and practice were asked one-by-one sequentially to avoid bias. The interviewers also observed the availability of potential breeding places of mosquitoes in and around the house. These observations were further validated by a supervisor in the field.
The protocol of this study was approved by the Ethical Review Board (ERB) of the Nepal Health Research Council (NHRC). The objectives of the study were explained to local community people including community leaders and health professionals. Sufficient time was given to ask questions and it was emphasized that participation was voluntary and they could quit any time during the interview. As our research design involved no more than minimal risk and the literacy level of the majority of household heads was low leading to reluctance giving signatures or thumb prints on consent forms, oral informed consent in the presence of a local person or adult family member was obtained from all research participants before the beginning of any interview. In the case of minors, oral consent was first obtained from their household head (father or mother) and then from all child participants. Taking oral consent only was approved by the ERB in agreement with the National Ethical Guidelines for Health Research in Nepal .
Survey data analysis
All completed questionnaires were double-checked and verified on the same day for completeness and consistency. The data was then entered into a database by trained personnel using the Epi Data 3.1 Software (EpiData Association, Denmark). All data files were checked and cleaned by two of the authors before analysis. The analysis of the data was performed in R computing software using the “epicalc” package . KAP assessment was executed using a scoring system. A participant's KAP score was computed as the sum of correct responses for the respective domain. The response was defined as correct if it was valid (i.e., supported by current literature; positive attitude; can identify appropriate measures to prevent mosquito breeding and DENV transmission). Each correct answer was scored 1 and wrong answers 0. We pooled “Do not know (DNN)” responses with wrong answers and scored them as 0 which is a conventional practice as “DNN” responses either come from the least knowledgeable respondents or the vast majority of those saying “DNN” really do not know . Treating “DNN” as a wrong answer appears reasonable and justifiable in our study although it is a conservative strategy . In contrast, dropping “DNN” responses from the data set reduces sample size, may introduce sample selection bias and result in serious loss of information . Hence, we did not exclude “DNN” in the analyses. These scores were added to arrive at a single value out of a possible total score of 24 for knowledge, six for attitude and 20 for practice. Respondents' levels were defined as “good” or “poor” based on an 80% cut-off point. For example, with a total 24 of questions in the knowledge domain, a respondent securing 19 or more scores was categorized as having good knowledge level. In our survey, the non-response rate was 6%, and those data were not included in our analysis. Furthermore, individual non-response items were coded “NA” and were deleted during analysis in R. As only the income variable had missing responses (<5% of total), listwise deletion of “NA” items may not introduce bias in our analysis involving income.
The socio-economic composition of the samples included in the study was described as lowland, highland and overall. The KAP of people living in highland and lowland areas was compared using a Chi-square test. Fisher's exact test was used where more than 20% of the cells had expected cell counts less than five. Spearman's rank correlation (rs) was used to calculate correlation values between KAP scores because the KAP scores were not normally distributed as revealed by a Shapiro-Wilk normality test. We used Fisher's R- to- Z transformation to calculate confidence intervals (CI) and compare the correlations of KAP scores between highland and lowland areas. As Kathmandu is the densely populated metropolitan capital city of Nepal, we performed separate analyses excluding Kathmandu to compare highland and lowland areas. However, these additional analyses did not reveal significant differences.
Logistic regression analysis was carried out to identify determinants of the KAP level of DF. Independent variables included in the model were household location, household income, education level, and the age and sex of the respondent. A dependent variable introduced to the model was the separate KAP level (i.e., “good” vs. “poor”). Confounding factors were explored observing the difference between the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) in multivariate analyses and the crude odds ratio (OR) from univariate analyses of a particular independent variable with another independent variable. Determinants having a screening significance of P<0.25 in univariate analysis were selected for multivariate analyses . The full model was fitted including all possible two-way interactions of selected variables from the univariate analyses. Model simplification was carried out using a stepwise procedure in R. In the first step, all two-way interactions were deleted and the reduced model was compared with the full model using a likelihood ratio test. If the deletion caused an insignificant change in deviance, the reduced model was selected; otherwise interaction terms were put back in the model using an update function. This process was continued removing the least significant terms from the model until the minimum adequate model was achieved. We also used Akaike's information criterion (AIC) to select the final model using an automated step function. When comparing two models, the smaller AIC was accepted as indicating the better fit . Both procedures yielded exactly the same final model. We assessed multicollinearity of predictors for each model using variance inflation factors (VIFs). The VIFs for all predictor variables were less than 2.0. In the final model, we tested the main effects of determinants and the confounding interactions between them. All P-values are two tailed and were considered statistically significant at P<0.05.
Socio-economic characteristics of the study population in central Nepal
Table 2 presents the socio-economic characteristics of the study sample as obtained during the KAP household survey. Out of a total of 625 households/individuals targeted for the study, 589 participants could be enrolled for the questionnaire survey with a response rate of 94%. Among the 589 participants interviewed using the structured questionnaire, 41% were residents of highland areas and 59% were from the lowlands. Of the total study participants, 41% were female and 59% were male. Most of the study participants were married (70%) and 29% were single. The median year of completed school education was grade 10; 12% of the participants were illiterate. The majority of the participants belonged to the Hindu religion (70%) followed by Buddhist (23%). Among the socio-demographic characteristics, only sex (P<0.05), annual income (P<0.01) and religion of participants (P<0.001) were significantly different between lowland and highland areas (Table 2).
Knowledge of people about symptoms and signs of dengue fever
Only 455 (77%) of the research participants had previously heard about DF with significantly higher number in lowland compared to highland areas (P<0.001). The majority of participants (99% and 97%) were able to correctly identify general symptoms of DF like fever and headache, respectively, with no significant difference between highland and lowland areas. However, when further queried about the typical symptoms of DF, a significantly lower number of participants from the highland areas compared to the lowland residents were able to correctly identify these (P<0.05) (Table 3).
Knowledge of dengue virus transmission
Few participants (16%) knew that not all mosquitoes can transmit DENV and 19% knew that certain Aedes mosquitoes transmit DENV. Both responses were not significantly different between the highland and lowland study populations. On the other hand, more than half of the participants were aware of the fact that flies and ticks do not transmit DENV. Only 8% of the lowland and 5% of the highland participants knew that DENV transmitting A. albopictus and A. aegypti mosquitoes bite during day time, and only 8% of the lowland and 6% of the highland participants thought that they could identify these mosquitoes. Only responses about biting behavior were statistically significantly different by area of residence (P<0.001). About 92% of the participants responded that DF could be contracted through blood transfusion with significantly higher responses from highland compared to lowland areas (P<0.01) (Table 4).
Sources of information on dengue fever
Figure 1 presents findings on sources of information on DF. The majority of the research participants reported that they had heard of DF through the radio (83%) followed by television (81%). None of the sources of information were statistically significant between the highlands and lowlands except loud speaker announcement and neighbors (P<0.05) which were reported by more participants of lowland than highland areas. However, not much information was obtained from loud speaker announcement and neighbours (<20%).
Attitudes towards dengue fever
Table 5 summarizes participants' attitudes regarding DF. Most of them strongly agreed (51%) or agreed (40%) that DF is a serious illness. Thus, 91% of the participants effectively appreciated the serious nature of the disease. None of the research participants strongly disagreed on facts related to DF. The attitude of people living in highland and lowland areas was significantly different (P<0.05) except for the statement that DF can be prevented.
Preventive measures against dengue fever
Table 6 shows that almost all respondents stated that preventing mosquito-man contact is the best strategy for the prevention of DF. The measures to reduce mosquito-man contact that were most commonly used by the majority of participants were: covering water containers in the home (95%), cutting down bushes in the yard (94%), eliminating standing water around the house (95%), disposing of water holding containers such as tyres, parts of automobiles, plastic bottles, cracked pots, etc. (91%), preventing any stagnant water (90%), cleaning out garbage/trash (92%), using window screens to keep mosquitoes out of the house (81%), using insecticide sprays (80%), turning containers upside down to avoid water collection (90%) and using mosquito coils (69%). Responses about preventive practices such as cutting down bushes in the yard, using mosquito coils, using fans and covering water containers in the home were significantly more common among lowland participants (P<0.05). Some responses on preventive measures that were less frequently given (e.g., using mosquito repellents/cream and using professional pest control to reduce mosquitoes) were significantly more common in highland areas (P<0.001).
Correlation between knowledge, attitude and practice
The correlation of KAP scores overall revealed a significant positive correlation among knowledge-attitude (rs = 0.39, P<0.001), knowledge-practice (rs = 0.43, P<0.001) and attitude-practice (rs = 0.26, P<0.001). However, the degree of correlation was fair (rs<0.5). The correlation between knowledge-practice only was higher in the highland compared to lowland (Table 7).
Effect of socio-economic factors on the KAP level of dengue fever and its prevention
Regarding KAP scores, 12% of the participants achieved at least 80% on the knowledge score (good knowledge), 83% obtained at least 80% on the attitude score (good attitude) and 37% obtained at least 80% on the preventive practice score (good practice). In the univariate analysis of the associations between KAP and socio-economic variables of the study population (Table 8), we found increased odds of having good knowledge if the respondent lived in a lowland compared to highland area (OR: 5.07; 95% CI: 2.12–12.12). Similarly, we found increased odds of having a good attitude if respondents had completed higher education compared to illiterates (OR: 4.01; 95% CI: 1.59–10.12) and decreased odds of having a good attitude if they were older than 59 (60–84) compared to 15–29 years (OR: 0.15; 95% CI: 0.05–0.51). Furthermore, we found a significant association between preventive practices and the education level of the participants (P<0.05).
Table 9 shows determinants of practice and attitude of DF in multivariate logistic regression analysis. Although age and education level of the participants were significant predictors of attitude level in univariate analyses, after adjusting for confounding factors in multiple regressions, only education level and the interaction term of sex and age remained significant predictors in multivariate analyses. Study participants who had completed higher secondary education (aOR: 3.04; 95%CI: 1.11–8.35) were found to have a higher odds of good attitude compared to illiterates. Furthermore, females of older age group had significantly higher attitude scores than males. Similarly, education level only was a significant predictor of practice level. Participants who had completed higher secondary education (aOR: 1.68; 95%CI: 0.75–3.76) and secondary education (aOR: 1.32; 95%CI: 0.6–2.99) were found to have better practice compared to the illiterate group.
After a decade with reported autochthonous DF cases followed by a series of outbreaks and a rapid expansion of the geographical range of DENV in Nepal , , , , , , there still was no study of the knowledge, attitude and practice aspects of DF and its control in this country except a single hospital based study from 2011 . The findings of our present study suggest that there are relatively good attitudes and practices regarding DF control in Nepal despite a low level of knowledge. The knowledge level, on the other hand, was statistically significantly lower in highland than in lowland areas. Interestingly, the knowledge level was significantly lower in highland areas even when Kathmandu was analysed separately from the lowland areas. However, good practice levels were lower in the lowlands (albeit this difference was not statistically significant) indicating a higher risk of DF from this point of view. In all lowland study areas and the Kathmandu valley, the primary DENV vector A. aegypti had already been reported prior to this study , , . In addition, A. albopictus is widely distributed in Nepal at least in the low and intermediate elevations including Kathmandu where it had been collected as early as the 1950s , , , . Although its role in DENV transmission in Nepal remains to be elucidated, it is a known vector of DENV in other parts of the world –.
The level of knowledge on DF reported in this study is comparable to that found in similar KAP studies conducted in India, Pakistan, Thailand and Jamaica , –. Most respondents were not able to correctly identify typical symptoms of DF apart from a few who identified fever and headache as obvious symptoms. Fever and headache were also the most frequently stated symptoms in similar studies conducted in India, Thailand, Laos, Nepal, the Philippines and Jamaica , , , , –. The most common clinical signs and symptoms reported during the 2010 DF outbreak in central Nepal included fever (100%), headache (97%), body ache (93%), nausea (85%), vomiting (63%), retro-orbital pain (49%), itching (43%), abdominal pain (42%), skin rashes (27%) and diarrhoea (26%) . Presumably the participants in our study could not state typical symptoms of DF because they had not personally experienced the disease nor witnessed a case from a close relative or member of the community. The poor knowledge of symptoms associated with DF among our study population means that this disease may easily be confused with other common causes of fever such as influenza, typhoid, etc., inviting delays for check-up until complications develop as reported in a study from Jamaica . A possible reason for this low level of knowledge on DF may be that there have been no regular awareness programmes on this infection except at the time of the 2010 outbreak and that the disease itself only recently emerged in the country.
Knowledge on the transmission pathways of DENV was low. The dengue vectors A. aegypti and A. albopictus bite mostly after dawn and before dusk , . Although A. aegypti usually does not bite at night, it will feed at night in lighted rooms . However, only about 7% of the research participants were aware of this unique day biting habit of the DENV vectors. Aedes aegypti is a nervous feeder which may consecutively feed on more than one person, increasing its epidemic efficiency by infecting many members of a family . Although DENV is transmitted by the bites of infected A. aegpyti and A. albopictus, only 19% of the respondents stated that Aedes mosquitoes transmit DENV and only 7% could identify such mosquitoes. In contrast to ours, a study from Laos showed that about 93% of the participants knew that A. aegypti was the specific mosquito species that transmits DENV . More importantly, more than 56% of the participants in our study were not aware of the fact that ordinary person to person contact does not transmit DENV, highlighting the need for proper education about the protection from Aedes mosquito bites and the care of community members suffering from DF.
Interestingly, 92% of the participants stated that DF could be contracted through blood transfusion. Although, transmission of DENV by blood transfusion was not documented in the past, there is increasing evidence of DENV transmission by blood products – suggesting an additional risk to blood safety in DF endemic countries. For example, an estimated risk of DENV ranging from 1.6 to 6 per10,000 blood transfusions in Singapore during 2005 and an average estimated risk of viremic donations of 7 per 10,000 in Puerto Rico over a period of 1995 to 2010 were reported.
Our study shows that only 77% of the respondents had heard of DF, and that this proportion was significantly higher in the lowlands (P<0.001). In a multi-country study conducted in India, Indonesia, Myanmar, the Philippines and Thailand, the vast majority of respondents (>90%) had heard of the disease except for a few in the Philippines . Most respondents in our study (>80%) reported that radio and television had been their predominant sources of information on DF followed by health professionals. Similar findings were reported from Jamaica , Laos and the Philippines . In Pakistan, the major source of information on DF was reported to be television followed by newspapers and relatives/friends/family . In the present study only about one third of the participants had received information about DF from health professionals. This indicates that health professionals in Nepal are not adequately mobilized for awareness raising programmes and thus IEC materials need to be developed and distributed so that health workers can maximize the benefits of health facility visits by also communicating correct information about DF and its prevention.
Regarding attitude towards DF control, the majority of participants (82%) in our study were classified as having good attitude with a statistical non-significant higher proportion in the highlands (85% vs. 82%). This shows that the majority of people had perceived a risk of DF and seemed supportive towards DF control. However, this result might also be partially influenced by the Nepalese culture of trying to please the enumerators, who are regarded as guests, by agreeing or strongly agreeing to interview questions. In fact, none of the respondents indicated that they strongly disagreed with any of the statements, possibly due to the same cultural context. Similar findings on the attitude of people on DF risk and possible cultural influence was reported in a study in Malaysia . Nevertheless, frequent DF outbreaks in the lowlands and an increasing mosquito nuisance in the highlands in recent years might have triggered a higher risk perception of DF in this study.
In our study, a translation of knowledge and attitude into practice was clearly observed. For example, more than 90% of the participants each from lowland and highland areas stated that stagnant water around the houses is the breeding source of mosquitoes and that controlling the breeding places of mosquitoes is a good strategy to prevent DF. They consequently also stated in the practice section that eliminating standing water around the house and disposing of water holding containers such as tyres, parts of automobiles, plastic bottles, cracked pots, etc., was useful to reduce the number of mosquitoes. It was not possible in our study to determine how all these reported practices were translated into actual practice. In similar studies conducted in Malaysia a discrepancy between knowledge and practice was reported , . However, the observations made by the interviewers and the supervisory team of the present study suggested that there were very few suitable breeding places around the houses and that the yards were kept clean better in highland compared to lowland areas, supporting the validity of the reported practices.
Overall, in our study, the good practice level was many times higher than the good knowledge level. This sharply contrasts with similarly unexpected findings in a study in Thailand where persons with knowledge of DENV vector breeding sites had more potential breeding sites in and around their houses than persons without such knowledge . In another study from northern Thailand, the reported use of preventive measures was also found to be higher than the reported knowledge of preventive measures . One of the reasons for the higher practice levels attained in this study may be that many questions on the practice level were related to daily practices for the control of other mosquito-borne diseases and mosquito nuisance in general whereas questions on the knowledge dimension were very DF-specific, and many of the research participants had neither had DF themselves nor seen an A. aegypti mosquito. Our findings on practice levels are contrary to those of other studies which reported high levels of knowledge but low levels of practice , , but consistent with those from a hospital-based study conducted in the lowlands of Nepal and a study in northern Thailand . Nevertheless, only about one third of the participants of our study reported good practices for DF prevention. We could not observe any significant difference between the KAP levels of highland and lowland areas even when Kathmandu was excluded from the lowland areas in the analyses.
In our KAP study we found that good knowledge on DF and its vector mosquitoes was scarce, good practice levels fairly high, and a good attitude towards DF control very common. Among all socio-demographic variables, the overall knowledge of the participants was significantly associated only with the area of residence (i.e., highland or lowland). There was no significant association of knowledge with sex, age or education level of the participants, a finding consistent with results from Malaysia . This may be explained by the fact that formal school and university curricula in health education do not have contents on DF in Nepal and respondents obtained information elsewhere (e.g., from radio and television). A significant association was observed between attitude and the socio-demographic factors age and education level of the respondents. Attitude was negatively associated with increasing age, being significantly worse in the 60–84year age group. It increased with education level and was significantly better in respondents who had completed higher secondary education.
We found a significant association between the practice of controlling DENV transmission and socio-economic factors. Education level was associated with good practices among the respondents who had completed secondary or higher secondary education. In comparing this result with those of other countries, our findings are consistent with those from a study in Thailand . On the contrary, a lack of significant association between socio-economic factors and practice level was observed in Malaysia and Jamaica , , possibly because the practice in the community is influenced mainly by local tradition and culture. However, practice levels were better in highland compared to lowland areas of Nepal despite the high risk of DF in the lowlands. As many breeding places such as discarded tyres and stagnant water are common in the lowlands where mosquitoes have been a nuisance for ages, lowland people might have ignored preventive practices. In contrast, mosquito nuisance only recently appeared in many highland areas of Nepal , and people there show a greater interest in controlling mosquito breeding places to avoid bites. This can also be observed in a higher correlation of knowledge and practice in the highlands (Table 7). Thus, poor practices along with a high density of the human population, movement of people and goods, and a suitable environment for the perennial distribution of DENV vectors in lowland Nepal might contribute to the greater risk of transmission there.
Only the area of residence of participants was found to be an independent predictor of knowledge levels in the study population. Participants living in lowland areas were five times more likely to possess good knowledge compared to those living in highland areas. The higher knowledge level among study participants in the lowlands may be due to relatively frequent DF outbreaks in the lowlands of Nepal in recent years , , , and occasional awareness programmes at the time of outbreaks . The higher attitude level among older female participants may be attributed to the major role of women in domestic works, collecting and storing water for domestic use, caring of ill members of the family and cleaning the breeding places of mosquitoes and to the fact that DENV vectors are primarily domestic and peri-domestic breeders , . Furthermore, people who had completed primary or further education had a higher probability of good attitude, and those who had completed secondary and further education had significantly higher good practice levels. This underscores how important education is for changing the attitude and practice levels of people. Sex of participants was a significant predictor of knowledge in a study conducted in northern Thailand , and education of practice level in another study from Thailand . In contrast to our findings, a study conducted in Pakistan identified only income and type of hospital presented to as independent predictors of knowledge . We predict that education will make people more aware of their health and related health seeking behaviours such as the control of risk factors of diseases and cooperation in order to tackle community health problems. We found a significant positive correlation between the knowledge, attitude and practice of respondents in our study. Furthermore, the correlation between knowledge and practice only was higher in highland compared to lowland areas. No significant correlation between knowledge about DF and preventive practice was reported in a study from Jamaica .
We did not include any lowland districts where DF outbreaks had occurred in 2010 in order to avoid biases such as higher knowledge, attitude and practices among the participants whose family members or neighbours had had DF or been subjected to the awareness campaigns that had been organized in outbreak areas. However, omitting outbreak districts might also constitute a missed opportunity, as it would have allowed for interesting comparisons with non-outbreak districts. Nevertheless, a hospital-based study conducted after the DF outbreak in 2010 suggested better knowledge and attitude among people from outbreak districts, but this difference was not significant . We also conducted separate analyses excluding Kathmandu from the lowland area data under the assumption that Kathmandu was the capital and metropolitan city of Nepal and hence might affect the comparison. However, the exclusion of Kathmandu did not change our findings.
The results of our study must be interpreted with caution because the study was cross-sectional, assessed relationships based on one point in time and did not account for the dynamics of relationships between the factors analysed. More importantly, it is possible that some respondents might have provided socially desirable responses to some questions , especially in the attitude domain, since the survey was conducted by an interviewer-based use of a structured questionnaire. Thirdly, we collected data along the highway in densely populated urban and semi-urban areas of one altitudinal transect within a 50 m radius from the vector collection sites only which may not be representative for the whole country. However, this study provides crucial baseline information on the overall KAP of people regarding DF and on relevant differences between people living in highland and lowland areas of Nepal.
We found a low level of good or sufficient knowledge on DF in our sample population based on overall scores. Despite this low level of knowledge, the practice level was fair and attitude level very good. Compared to people in the highlands, lowland people are at particularly high risk because they were found to have lower practice levels and DENV vectors are widely established in the lowlands of Nepal. Therefore, there is an urgent need for massive awareness programmes to raise the knowledge of community people in Nepal. For this, social mobilization and communication programmes could be developed. These can be achieved through the development of IEC/BCC programmes on DF and the use of radio and television for broadcasting messages on DENV vector control and orienting more health professionals, school teachers and community leaders about these topics. The mobilization of female community health volunteers will be very important in this context as they have very good networks at the household level and represent the largest work force of the health sector in Nepal. Most importantly, the inclusion of DF and its prevention and control should be promoted in school and university curricula to raise awareness among students and use them as multipliers. This is important because the good knowledge level among literate people was also low in our study although good attitude and practice levels were higher compared to illiterate people or those who had only completed primary education. Such programmes will be crucial to win community support towards adopting effective measures for preventing DENV transmission, improving surveillance and healthcare-seeking behaviour, and better controlling outbreaks.
We are grateful to the NHRC for providing ethical clearance to conduct this study. We thank Mr. Haridatt Joshi, Mr. Bikram Dhimal, Ms. Manchita Aryal, Mr. Arjun Poudel, Mr. Raju Sapkota, Ms. Sabita Oli and Mr. Prakash Marasini for their contribution during data collection and data entry. We are also grateful to Mr. Medin Lamichhane for helpful comments in manuscript writing. We also thank Dr. Erick S. Halsey, and two anonymous reviewers for valuable comments that helped us to improve our manuscript. Last but not least, we express our sincere gratitude to all individuals who agreed to participate in this study.
Conceived and designed the experiments: MD KKA IG UK. Performed the experiments: MD. Analyzed the data: MD. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: CLB UK SS MD. Wrote the paper: MD MLD UK.
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