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There’s a data revolution underway in Africa. It’s being driven by major international research collaborations like the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) project. This and similar initiatives are producing volumes of data the continent has never witnessed before. All of that data then needs to be carefully managed throughout every stage of the research project. That’s why data stewardship – a job that didn’t exist in academia ten years ago – has today become the key to the integrity of any academic research enterprise. Data stewardship refers to the person or people in an organisation responsible for describing data accurately, then arranging it so it’s easily found, understood in context and, ultimately, used appropriately. High-profile projects like the SKA are supported by important national infrastructure initiatives, such as South Africa’s National Integrated Cyber Infrastructure System. These help to boost the country’s capacity for high levels of research data management. The continent’s universities are also scrambling to provide necessary data services to researchers. This is important to make sure that academics comply with international funding agencies’ complex data management requirements. But there are more than technical or operational considerations to managing and sharing the huge volumes of data being sourced in Africa. Political, ideological, cultural and historical factors also matter. Data is emerging as a powerful force in the digital economy. Will other nations and regions try to control the flow of information from Africa? That’s what happened the last time Africa had something valuable to offer in the form of oil reserves and minerals. Africa must develop its capacity for data stewardship. This is a critical resource to refine the data according to “FAIR” data principles outlined by global bodies. These call for data to be open, shareable and reusable – an important way to prevent the exploitation of Africa’s research data. Opening up access The Africa Data Revolution Report 2016, backed by the United Nations Development Programme, argues that in the African context open data means not only sharing and reuse: it also requires inclusion. This means that the benefits of gathering and sharing data should accrue to all, from institutions to individual researchers and entire communities. That principle differs sharply from the historical paradigms of data production, dissemination and usage in Africa. Census planning was an early example of data gathering on the continent. Far from being a neutral act, this data was used to construct ideologies of race. It became a tool for exclusion and segregation, especially under colonial and apartheid rule. This history explains why many researchers in Africa are now committing themselves to this principle of openness. South Africa’s research community is particularly sensitive to the benefits of sharing data openly to promote social, economic and political inclusion and the integration of marginalised Those who support open data see that it drives greater scientific integrity, global participation. They understand that it enables a strategic response to Africa’s societal challenges. The continent’s public health researchers and epidemiologists are leading the way here. But of course, researchers have their reservations too. South Africa’s academics insist on the right to make the decision whether to share their data openly – and where to share it. Few universities have developed policies on research data management. These are necessary to guide research communities in collecting good, standardised data that can be shared at the end of a research project. Another concern among African scholars is the problem of “helicopter science”. The risk in international research collaborations is that non-African partners tend to drive the research agenda. They gather uniquely African data and then export it for analysis and publishing elsewhere. The African partners then lose out on research incentives like peer recognition and reward. They also can’t, for instance, patent products based on that relinquished data in future. These concerns must be taken seriously as Africa continues its data drive. A focus on collaboration among African universities and research institutions is crucial in developing national policies that both meet the FAIR principles of Open Data and ensure equity and fairness in research contracts. All of this work will ultimately offer greater protection against the risk of “helicopter science”. A collaborative ‘cloud’ One example of this sort of crucial collaboration is work that’s been undertaken by Data Intensive Research Initiatives of South Africa DIRISA. The organisation plans to develop a shared data service from core funding awarded to a consortium of universities in the Western Cape province. This consortium, established in late 2016, is known as ILIFU, a word which means cloud in isiXhosa. Part of the ILIFU project includes the deployment of the cloud-based Figshare platform. This offers an institutional repository for research data. It serves researchers who need a place to store and disseminate their data with discrimination. The project is South Africa’s first national data infrastructure grant. It will give more access to research infrastructure, software and data to all the country’s researchers. That includes those from under-resourced communities, where access to this kind of infrastructure should “leave no one behind”. The opportunity to work collaboratively in providing shared data infrastructure heralds another conscious mind shift for African research. We are beginning to see open data not as a commodity but as a source of renewable energy. It generates new value every time it’s reused – and, ultimately, it can power the world.	<urn:uuid:2a5f9c12-6df5-441f-b844-182ce2f97c4f>	CC-MAIN-2020-50	https://africasecuritynewswire.com/governance/2017/11/30/africa-must-keep-its-rich-valuable-data-safe-from-exploitation	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141708017.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20201202113815-20201202143815-00081.warc.gz	en	0.929805	1,112	3.203125	3
Прочитайте рассказ и выполните задания 12–18. В каждом задании обведите букву A, B, C или D, соответствующую выбранному вами варианту ответа. Driverless cars are expected to be rolling into the streets within the next 20 years. In fact, they’ve legally been on the roads for the past years, approved for testing purposes. It is predicted that driverless vehicles will be commercially available at a high cost within 7 years, but it may take another 8 years for prices to drop enough to spur mass consumption. Today, the discussions focus primarily on the shifting of accident liability to manufacturers and all the goodness that comes along with reducing accidents. A truly driverless road would not be accident-free as there would still be a number of accidents caused by mechanical or computer errors, weather conditions, pedestrians and sheer random chance. But it would make the now-routine loss of life on the roads far rarer. The concept of a “driver” will be replaced with that of an “operator”, who simply programs the vehicle’s GPS to arrive at the desired destination and pushes the “Start” button to begin the trip. Since judgment will no longer be required of the operator, they won’t need a driver’s license. Theoretically, a 10-year-old child could independently take the car to school in the morning. Computer-operated cars will eventually reshape the car design as things like windshields will become less necessary. Drivers will be able to sit wherever they’d like in their cars. There will be no need for gas and brake pedals as speed will be automatically controlled by the computer. The steering wheel and the turn signal arm can also be eliminated once the public gets used to reliability of these vehicles. Each passenger will have a personal video display informing about a current location, the distance to your destination, speed and personal entertainment selections. The concept of ‘distracted driving’ will disappear as there will be no reason to pay attention to where you are going. Vehicle owners will no longer buy collision insurance since manufacturers will be solely responsible for damage. Owners will only need theft insurance and coverage for hail, falling objects or floods. To take this one step further, personal vehicle ownership may dramatically diminish. Car dealers will have lots full of vehicles for hire on a daily or hourly basis instead of vehicles for sale. When you need a car, you’ll summon one using your mobile phone. The closest unmanned vehicle will be dispatched to your home to take you where you need to go. When done, you’ll simply push the button for the unmanned vehicle to drive itself back to the rental lot. The social and cultural impact of driverless cars could cause far more upheaval than any of us could imagine. Perhaps, it would be even greater than the impact the Internet had on commerce and communication. Obviously, the picture being painted is the one that assumes total adoption, which is far from realistic. You will always have transitional delays caused by the lack of free cars, the longevity of today’s vehicles and cultural resistance. This resembles the historical factors that affected the transition from horse to the automobile. At the moment, the driverless car seems like a novelty. However, it will open up new prospects. The prospect of flying cars may soon become a reality. With computer-controlled vehicles that strictly follow traffic rules, three-dimensional roads become far less scary and more a matter of simply solving the technological challenge. Where we’re going, we may not need roads at all. 12. According to the author driverless cars will become cheap enough for most people to buy within the following … A) 7 years. B) 8 years. C) 15 years. D) 20 years. 13. Which of the following statements is TRUE, according to the text? A) The driverless cars will be voice-activated. B) The age required to operate a driverless car is likely to rise. C) Driverless cars may increase the number of road accidents. D) A driverless car operator won’t be responsible for accidents. 14. To operate a driverless car, their owners will be required to … A) have a special license. B) set the destination on the GPS. C) obtain a collision insurance. D) have experience in programming. 15. Which of the following, according to the author, will a driverless car have? A) Video displays. B) A steering wheel. C) Gas and brake pedals. D) A turn signal arm. 16. The author claims that with the introduction of driverless cars … A) the number of vehicles on the roads will diminish. B) personal vehicle ownership will increase. C) people will rent vehicles instead of buying them. D) vehicle owners will spend more money on insurance. 17. According to the author, driverless cars will be … A) enthusiastically accepted by the people. B) operated without transitional delays. C) as important socially as the Internet. D) used by people with caution at first. 18. The attitude of the author towards the driverless cars may be described as …	<urn:uuid:a996bd10-dad1-4f0c-a658-7ce76b16030c>	CC-MAIN-2020-45	http://american-center-krasnodar.ru/ege_2341/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107912807.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20201031032847-20201031062847-00488.warc.gz	en	0.92154	1,202	2.515625	3
QUESTION: I don’t have room for a garden at my house, but I want to grow my own tomatoes. Can I grow tomatoes in a five-gallon bucket?- Linda K ANSWER: Five-gallon buckets make convenient containers for growing tomatoes and allow you to grow up to six plants in a 10-foot space in your small garden, yard or container garden or in small spaces such as a balcony or patio. This is a great solution if you have limited space, but you want to have access to fresh tomatoes. Container-grown tomatoes perform well in black buckets because the black soaks up heat, and tomatoes thrive in warm soil. You must drill four to six drainage holes in the bottom to use five-gallon buckets or larger containers for growing plants, as container tomatoes need adequate drainage. Homegrown tomatoes need good soil. Use a mixture of equal parts peat moss, perlite or sand, and potting mix rich in organic material to fill the buckets halfway, or up to three quarters full. Plant your tomato seedling in the soil so that only its top two to four leaves rest above the surface. Add any additional soil that’s needed to keep the plant sitting securely upright, and use your hands to gently press the soil and keep it firm. Now is the time to add staking or a trellis if you’re growing indeterminate tomatoes or determinate varieties that, because of the size of the plant, will require support. Adding the support system later can damage the plant’s root system. Water plants deeply until the water is flowing through the drainage holes in the bottom of the bucket. Provide the plants with a dose of water-soluble fertilizer. You will continue to apply fertilizer every 10 to 14 days and water the plants whenever the top inch of soil has dried out. For proper watering it’s a good idea to check the moisture level of the soil by sticking your finger into the dirt an inch deep. If the soil clings to your skin, it is still wet and you don’t yet need to water your plants. When it’s especially hot or dry, you may need to water daily. Choose a sunny spot for your tomato plants , one that gets six to eight hours of full sun per day.	<urn:uuid:aa0f7980-cbaf-4f2c-93ed-43769eadb246>	CC-MAIN-2022-40	https://www.gardeningchannel.com/five-gallon-bucket-tomato/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337631.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20221005140739-20221005170739-00186.warc.gz	en	0.915616	473	2.59375	3
Poorly controlled glycaemia in type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 (T2DM) diabetes mellitus can result in macro- and microvascular complications. Traditionally, management efforts have focused on meeting HbA1c goals (<7%) by targeting fasting plasma glucose.2,3,4,5,6,7, However, over recent years, evidence has emerged that targeting post-prandial glucose (PPG), a contributor to HbA1c and the main driver of glycaemic variability, can prevent diabetes-related complications, according to Prof Joel Dave, Head of the Division of Endocrinology at Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town.2 The primary factors determining PPG profile are: insulin secretion, insulin action in stimulating glucose uptake and suppressing glucose production, glucagon suppression, glucose effectiveness in stimulating its own uptake and production, and gastric emptying as well as incretin hormones. 2,8,9 Normal insulin secretion happens in two phases, explained Prof Dave:2,9 - Phase 1: occurs within five minutes of eating - Phase 2: occurs about 90 minutes after eating. To effectively manage diabetes, clinicians need to stimulate the normal physiology of insulin secretion and target PPG, which is possible with new agents. These agents mimic the physiologic action of endogenously secreted insulin more closely, resulting in improved PPG control, stressed Prof Dave.2 Optimal timing of mealtime insulin dosing key to controlling PPG Optimal timing of mealtime insulin dosing is a key factor in controlling PPG levels, but timely and accurate mealtime insulin dosing are often challenging for people with diabetes, said Dr Landi Lombard, an endocrinologist based in the Western Cape.2,10 Lane et al conducted a multinational, online study to explore attitudes and behaviours around mealtime insulin dosing and the impact of mealtime dose timing (particularly with regard to premeal dosing [15–20 minutes before a meal]) in patients with T1DM.10 The team found that 91% of adults with diabetes experience at least one of the following challenges:11 - Not sure what to eat (either type of meal or amount of carbohydrate) to dose accurately - Not sure when to eat to dose at the right time - Interruptions after dosing causing delays to eat - Forgetting to take insulin in timeframe needed (and having to delay eating) - Missing social events due to concerns around dosing and food intake - Dosing after start of a meal to be more certain of when and what to eat - Having to inject more insulin after eating due to eating more/different food than expected - Having to eat extra food after end of the meal, due to eating less/different food than expected - Completely forgetting to take the mealtime insulin - Not sure how much to eat to dose accurately. The vast majority of adult patients (82%) felt that having to administer insulin 15–20 minutes before their meals, negatively affected their lifestyle greatly or to some extent.10 Most patients (91%) worry about PPG levels after a meal, because it increases the risk of hypoglycaemia.Furthermore, 67% of adult patients claim that having the freedom to administer insulin at mealtime either immediately before or after the start of a meal, would have a positive impact on their lives.10 According to Dr Landi Lombard, taking cognisance of the challenges that patients with diabetes face, there is little doubt that better and faster meal-time insulin was needed. Faster insulin aspart is a big step towards achieving this goal, giving us an ultra-fast mealtime insulin, he added.2 He explained that the main aims of ultra-fast analogues are to:2 - Improve PPG control - Allow for more flexible mealtime dosing, resulting in improved quality of life (QoL) - Be effective for use in insulin pump therapy - Improve absorption after injection - Improve onset of action - Ensure greater potential for early glucose lowering without late postprandial or nocturnal hypoglycaemia. One of the biggest benefits of faster insulin aspart is the flexibility to inject just before having a meal, five minutes before or even after a meal (the latter is not ideal), which meet patient requirements, thus resulting in improved QoL, concluded Dr Lombard.2 Faster insulin aspart – the clinical evidence The safety profile of faster insulin aspart is similar to conventional insulin aspart, with respect to hypoglycaemia and treatment emergent adverse events, said Prof Thomas Danne, Director of the Department of General Paediatrics and Endocrinology/Diabetology at the Auf der Bult Children’s Hospital in Hannover, Germany, and President of the International Society for Paediatric and Adolescent Diabetes.2 The efficacy and safety of faster insulin aspart in adult and paediatric patients with T1DM and T2DM have been confirmed repeatedly in the ONSET phase 3 clinical trial programme, and can be used as pump or injection therapy, he added.12,13,14,15 In the ONSET 1 trial, faster insulin aspart administered 20 minutes after the start of the meal was non‐inferior (0.4% margin) to mealtime insulin aspart regarding change in HbA1c after 26 weeks of treatment.12 In the ONSET 8 trial, mealtime faster insulin aspart was superior to insulin aspart for one‐hour PPG increment using a meal test (estimated treatment difference [ETD] −0.90mmol/L). Self‐monitored one‐hour PPG increment favoured faster insulin aspart at breakfast (ETD, −0.58mmol/L) and across all meals (−0.48mmol/L).13 ONSET 5 showed that faster aspart was superior to insulin aspart in change from baseline in one-hour PPG increment after a meal test with, statistically significant reductions also at 30 minutes and two hours.14 ONSET 7 showed that in children and adolescents with T1DM, mealtime and postmeal faster insulin aspart with insulin degludec provided effective glycaemic control, with no additional safety risks versus insulin aspart. Mealtime faster insulin aspart provided superior HbA1c control compared with insulin aspart.15 Faster insulin aspart – in clinical practice In T1DM, the recommended starting dose of faster insulin aspart is about 50% of the total daily insulin dose, and in T2DM the recommended initial dose is four (4) units at one or more meals, noted Prof Danne.2 Individual doses should be based on the carbohydrate content of the meal and the number of injections, and titration will depend on individual glycaemic targets and carbohydrate consumption.2 Patients already on a mealtime insulin can be converted to faster insulin aspart on a unit-to-unit basis. Close glucose monitoring (CGM) is recommended during the transfer from other mealtime insulins and in the initial weeks thereafter. Patients switching from other insulins will require training on dose timing, he stressed.2 Prof Danne cautioned that there may be a need for a change in dosage when switching to faster insulin aspart. Dose adjustment may be considered daily based on mealtime and bedtime self-measured plasma glucose and meal carbohydrate content.2 Prof Thomas Pieber, Head of the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Chairman of the Department of Internal Medicine at the Medical University of Graz (Austria), cited a case study to demonstrate the efficacy of faster insulin aspart in clinical practice. Sophia* (20) was diagnosed with T1DM at the age of 11. She was successfully managed on multiple daily injection therapy during the first few years following her diagnosis. During puberty, she gained weight and her body mass index (BMI) was 29.5, and she did not meet her recommended HbA1c targets. She is currently a university student and decided to implement lifestyle changes to include regular physical activity (cross-country skiing) in order to manage her disease better.2 She has lost weight and her current BMI is 26.1. She uses CGM to avoid hypoglycaemia – especially when she is engaged in physical activity. However, she expressed frustration because her PPG measures 12 mmol/L following a meal after exercise.2 She was referred for treatment optimisation. Her objectives were to improve her blood glucose levels and control PPG excursions following exercise. She was offered pump therapy but preferred CGM and multiple-daily injection therapy.2 Her current treatment includes insulin degludec 18 IU at bedtime and insulin aspart 15 IU. The treatment team decided to switch her to faster insulin aspart for one month and a more flexible insulin/carb ratio (IU/12-25 carb) when exercising. On resting days, she uses more insulin.2 Before switching, Sophia experienced hypoglycaemic events and PPG excursions following a meal after exercising. Post-switching, she manages to meet her targets most of the time, and currently her HbA1c is 6.9%. She has indicated that she prefers to remain on faster insulin aspart.2 Moving beyond HbA1c to reduce complications Apart from targeting PPG, another key concept that has emerged over recent years is time in range (TIR), said Prof Dave. The introduction of CGM has resulted in a move away from HbA1c as the definite target for the effective management of diabetes.2 Unlike HbA1c measurement, the use of CGM allows for the direct observation of glycaemic excursions and daily profiles, which can inform on immediate therapy decisions and/or lifestyle modifications. CGM also provides the ability to assess glucose variability and identify patterns of hypo- and hyperglycaemia.16 CGM has heralded different glycaemic metrics (TIR, below target range, above target range) that can be used to help patients reduce their risk of developing micro- and macrovascular complications.2,16 TIR is the percentage of time that a patient spends with their blood glucose levels in a specific target glucose range. Every 10% increase in TIR can lower HbA1c by 0.5% to 0.8%, which is as effective as any drug therapy, added Prof Dave.2,16 Beck et al showed that on average, a TIR of 70% and 50% corresponded with an HbA1c of about 7% and 8%, respectively. Therefore, to achieve the ‘magical’ target of <7%, a patient will need to spend TIR ≥70%, said Prof Dave.2,17 The Impact of Fast-Acting Insulin Aspart on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Using Intermittent-Scanning Continuous Glucose Monitoring Within a Real-World Setting: The GoBolus Study by Danne et al showed that real-world switching to faster aspart in adults with T1DM on multiple daily injections improved HbA1c, increased TIR, and decreased time in hyperglycaemia without affecting time in hypoglycaemia.18 By week 24, HbA1c had decreased by 0.19% (-2.1mmol/L) with no mean change in insulin doses or basal/bolus insulin ratios. For patients with sufficient available CGM data, TIR increased from 46.9% to 50.1%, corresponding to an increase of 46.1 min/day. Time in hyperglycaemia decreased from 49.1% to 46.1% and from 20.4% to 17.9% (>13.9mmol/L), corresponding to 43.5 and 35.6 fewer minutes per day on average spent in these ranges, respectively. Mean interstitial and PPG improved from 10.4 mmol/L to 10.1mmol/L and 11.9 mmol/L to 11.0 mmol/L, respectively.18 *Patient’s name has been changed to protect her identity - Kildegaard J, Buckley ST, Nielsen RH, et al. Elucidating the Mechanism of Absorption of Fast-Acting Insulin Aspart: The Role of Niacinamide. Pharm Res, 2019. - Novo Nordisk. Fiasp® launch, 11 June 2022. Cape Town. - Ohkubo Y, et al. Intensive insulin therapy prevents the progression of diabetic microvascular complications in Japanese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A randomized prospective 6-year study. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, - Hanefeld M, et al. Risk factors for myocardial infarction and death in newly detected NIDDM: the Diabetes Intervention Study, 11-year follow-up. Diabetologia, 1996. - No authors listed. Glucose tolerance and mortality: comparison of WHO and American Diabetes Association diagnostic criteria. The DECODE study group. European Diabetes Epidemiology Group. Diabetes Epidemiology: Collaborative analysis Of Diagnostic criteria in Europe. The Lancet, 1999. - Ceriello A, et al. Oscillating glucose is more deleterious to endothelial function and oxidative stress than mean glucose in normal and type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes, 2008. - Gorst et al. Long-term Glycemic Variability and Risk of Adverse Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Diabetes Care, 2015. - Monnier L, et al. Is postprandial glucose a neglected cardiovascular risk factor in type 2 diabetes? European Journal of Clinical Investigation2000; 30(Suppl. 2):3-11. - Ceriello A. The glucose triad and its role in comprehensive glycaemic control: current status, future management. Intern J Clinical Practice, 2010. - Lane W, et al. Exploring the Burden of Mealtime Insulin Dosing in Adults and Children With Type 1 Diabetes. Clin Diabetes, 2021. - Lane W, et al. Exploring the Burden of Mealtime Insulin Dosing in Adults and Children With Type 1 Diabetes. Supplementary Material. Clin Diabetes, 2021 - Russell‐Jones D, et al.Fast‐acting insulin aspart improves glycemic control in basal‐bolus treatment for type 1 diabetes: results of a 26‐week multicenter, active‐controlled, treat‐to‐target, randomized, parallel‐group trial (onset 1). Diabetes Care, 2017. - Buse JB, Carlson AL, Komatsu M, et al. Fast‐acting insulin aspart versus insulin aspart in the setting of insulin degludec‐treated type 1 diabetes: Efficacy and safety from a randomized double‐blind trial. Diabetes Obes Metab, 2018. - Klonoff DC, Evans ML, Lane W, et al. A randomized, multicentre trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of fast-acting insulin aspart in continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in adults with type 1 diabetes (onset 5). Diabetes Obes Metab, 2019. - Bode BW, Iotova V, Kovarenko M, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Fast-Acting Insulin Aspart Compared With Insulin Aspart, Both in Combination With Insulin Degludec, in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes: The onset 7 Trial. Diabetes Care, 2019. - Battelino T, et al. Clinical Targets for Continuous Glucose Monitoring Data Interpretation: Recommendations From the International Consensus on Time in Range. Diabetes Care, 2019. - Beck RW, et al. The Relationships Between Time in Range, Hyperglycemia Metrics, and HbA1c. J Diabetes Sci Technol, 2019. - Danne T, Schweitzer MA, Kethage W, et al. Impact of Fast-Acting Insulin Aspart on Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Using Intermittent-Scanning Continuous Glucose Monitoring Within a Real-World Setting: The GoBolus Study. Diabetes Technol Ther, 2021.	<urn:uuid:8e18d438-5936-4258-91fd-3cd8e0dbffc7>	CC-MAIN-2023-50	https://www.medicalacademic.co.za/diabetes/optimising-post-prandial-glycaemia-with-faster-insulin-aspart/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100599.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206130723-20231206160723-00235.warc.gz	en	0.902049	3,405	2.703125	3
Some common cat health problems you may encounter in your pet with links to detail where available are listed here. This is not, by any means, an exhaustive list. As your cat ages, elderly cat health problems become more of a concern, so if you've got a senior kitty at home, you might want to pounce on that page after you devour this one. Keep in mind that parasite and rodent control, sanitation, and exposure to infected cats or areas where infected cats may frequent are important in controlling many health conditions. In cats, infectious diseases are often passed through saliva (biting and licking), and feces. Some, however, may be spread through the air, or the germs may linger on surfaces. As such, there tends to be higher incidents of infection where crowded conditions exist, such as in catteries or neighborhoods where cats roam, and the feline population density is high. Parasites are often passed in feces and cats that roam are more likely to become infected simply by stepping on infected ground. *As always, if you suspect your cat may be ill, contact your veterinarian. A common disorder in cats, feline diabetes (diabetes mellitus) often affects older obese males, but is not exclusive to that group. Diabetes can present a bit differently in each cat, and can lead to some other very serious health issues. With treatment, however, a diabetic cat can live many good years, and some even lose their need for treatment over time. Excessive thirst (polydipsia) and urination (polyuria) are the classic signs of diabetes in cats, so be alert to these symptoms and seek veterinary advice (more on feline diabetes symptoms). Another fairly common occurrence is feline hyperthryroidism (over-active thyroid typically caused by benign tumors). This can also have accompanying heart abnormalities, including cardiomyopathy. According to my research, most other endocrine disorders in cats, such as Cushing's disease (hyperadrenocorticism) seem to be relatively rare. Hair balls are very common and a major cause of constipation in cats. The barbed tongue of the feline that gives it the rough sandpaper feel pulls the licked fur towards the back of the throat where it's swallowed. While in the digestive tract, the fur binds together with food. Researchers have seen a large fat content in hairballs in cats. Sometimes the cat can bring up the hair ball, and sometimes the hair just has to go all the way through, where it may cause constipation. Ringworm (dermatophytosis) is actually not a worm, but a fungal infection transmitted through spores. It is the most common infectious skin disease in cats. Some cats may show no symptoms but can still spread the disease (carriers). Ringworm can be hard to cure, and the spores may be hard to get rid of as they may linger. The good news is that in an otherwise healthy feline, this disease may resolve itself (known as a self-limiting disease). Parasites are quite common in cats, and can be present even when your kitty shows few symptoms, or none at all. The presence of parasites, however, can weaken a cat's resistance to other diseases. This makes it possible for secondary conditions, such as infections, to take hold do more harm than usual. Worms are one of the most common cat health problems and your cat should be tested for worms at least yearly. Kittens are treated as a matter of routine, whether they test positive or not. Some recommend deworming medication as a regular maintenance treatment, but more conservative veterinarians would recommend you deworm as needed. My cats, for example, have never been on any deworming medication, with the exception of when they were treated as kittens. They are tested yearly, and have never had worms, so there has never been any need to medicate them. Flea control is vital as these creatures will cause infection of other parasites, such as tapeworms. Again, some would say that your cat should be on regular flea control, but mine have never had fleas, so there has never been a need for it. Members of the single-celled variety of cat parasite include Isospora, Giardia, or Toxoplasma gondii (which causes Toxoplasmosis). Since many cat parasite infections are passed from cat to cat, the chances of infection are greater in places with large cat populations and overcrowding, such as shelters. Infection rates can be as high as 45 percent or more. Some cat parasites have the potential to infect humans as well. For these zoonotic diseases, parasite control is important to human health as well as that of the cats involved. There are also some external parasites that cause additional direct and indirect cat health problems. If you're concerned about the environment and the health implications of using chemicals and pet medication, there are a number of alternative solutions for natural parasite control and treatment. For example, here are some natural flea killers. Respiratory (pulmonary or lung) conditions are common cat health problems. A busy emergency veterinary practice may typically treat many cases in a year stemming from a wide variety of causes. These conditions can be either chronic or acute, and commonly stem from allergies, growths (either benign or cancerous), parasites, abscesses, adverse reactions to inhaled fungi, and the malfunction of other vital organs (such as congestive heart failure). Some respiratory infections in cats may be secondary to a more serious condition or illness. Upper respiratory infections (URI's) are extremely common in cats. According to Cheryl Yuill, DVM, of VCA Hospitals, the felineherpes virus type-1 causes Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis (FVR), and is a major cause of upper respiratory disease in cats. It's also the most common cause of conjunctivitis (if you've ever seen a cat's third eyelid, you know what I'm talking about). The HSUS tells us that many cat illnesses can be prevented by keeping cats indoors, and getting the proper vaccinations. Ensure that you talk to your vet about vaccinations and understand the benefits and risks. Many deaths occur due to common cat health problems that could have been avoided completely by proper vaccination. Cats may contract viral infections just like humans, and may get the flu (see upper respiratory infections above). Sometimes, a cat will have a virus of non-specific origin. If the illness is severe enough, some cats may need re-hydration treatments, which may involve intravenous fluids, or injecting fluids under the skin. This forms a large "bag" of fluid which is absorbed by the cat's body over several days. Feline Infectious Peritonitis, known as feline FIP, is a deadly infectious disease. It is the most feared disease in catteries as it is the leading infectious cause of cat death. FIP is caused by a coronavirus infection (FCoV). It presents symptoms that are common to many other health conditions, tests are not always accurate, and it is difficult to diagnose (here's an fip symptom list). Feline immunodeficiency virus or feline FIV is a member of the Lentivirus family, as is HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). FIV is specific to felines, so you cannot catch it from an infected cat, although your cat obviously can. Once infected, your cat may develop full blown feline AIDS at some point. Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is a feline retrovirus that causes, among a long list of symptoms, fatal cancerous and non-cancerous diseases. It does not survive long outside the cat, and is easily destroyed by household detergents and bleach. It is contagious only by direct wet contact with an infected cat, and is said to be specific to the cat family. Bacteria is everywhere, but usually doesn't cause much of a problem. Bacterial infections are more common in cats with suppressed immune systems due to excessive stress, age, or other conditions that cause immunodeficiency. Some bacteria, like Bartonella henselae, can be transmitted from fleas or cat bites. A scratch from an infected cat can lead to cat scratch disease, also known as cat scratch fever. For most bacterial infections, your vet will typically prescribe an antibiotic treatment, and possibly fluids if your cat is dehydrated. Another of the common cat health problems is feline constipation. This may occur periodically throughout your cat's life and is often caused by hair balls. A cat food diet specially formulated to treat hair balls may help, as can specific hair ball remedies such as lactulose. Some cats, however, may develop chronic constipation that becomes more frequent over time, and this may lead to a debilitating disease known as megacolon. There's a group of chronic cat health problems that fall under the category of gastrointestinal disorders. Typically these cause chronic vomiting and diarrhea. These disorders are collectively known as Feline Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Feline IBD). In most cases, Feline IBD can be controlled using a combination of dietary management and medication, but IBD is rarely cured. Many cat owners have reported relief of gastrointestinal problems in their cats by changing diets. Sometimes switching to an ultra premium, holistic, natural, raw or organic cat food can help. Many have switched to premium canned foods, or grain free cat food and seen positive results. Other cat parents have opted to feed their cats a raw food diet. While many pet parents and veterinarians have sung the praises of feeding their cats raw food, the veterinary medical community establishment has not embraced the idea. The AAHA position statement calls it a health risk to both pets and people. This statement has been endorsed by the American Association of Feline Practitioners. AVMA has also come out against feeding raw or undercooked animal-source protein to cats and dogs. Yet another of the cat health problems that veterinarians commonly see are urinary tract problems . FLUTD, formerly known as feline urologic syndrome, or FUS, stands for feline lower urinary tract disease. Causes and symptoms vary and can sometimes be confused with other conditions, but include: Diseases of the lower urinary tract tend to be more serious in males than females. They affect the bladder and/or the urethra, and in male cats, some of these conditions can lead to an obstructed urinary tract, which is a life threatening condition. If your cat has any kind of urination or apparent bladder problems, a trip to the vet is warranted. Your veterinarian may recommend a change in your cat's diet (see the section on best cat food). A somewhat common heart condition is the feline heart murmur. This condition may be detected in kittens and young cats but resolve itself over time. Other times, a murmur may remain, but have little effect on the cat's overall health and quality of life. In the extreme case, a murmur may indicate a more serious condition. At age 11, my oldest cat, Priscilla, was diagnosed with a murmur, and a slight case of feline hyperthyroidism. An echo cardiogram confirmed that she had feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, a degenerative heart condition. This is a condition where the heart wall becomes thicker and less flexible over time, eventually leading to heart failure. According to the Cornell Feline Health Center, cardiomyopathy accounts for almost two-thirds of heart conditions in cats. I've heard of cats as young as a year old being diagnosed with this condition, and living as long as six more years with proper care. When she was diagnosed, the vet gave Priscilla a year or so, but Priscilla was not having any of that. She lived to be almost 17. Here are some authoritative resources on some of the cat health problems discussed here and more. The Cornell Feline Health Center One of the top veterinary schools offering online cat health information brochures for pet owners, and some questions and answers on various conditions. Veterinary Information for Cats Information on a wide variety of cat health problems provided by a veterinarian.	<urn:uuid:dd6cdf50-ea06-4217-9aaf-44a630326495>	CC-MAIN-2017-34	http://www.cat-lovers-only.com/cat-health-problems.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886126027.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170824024147-20170824044147-00384.warc.gz	en	0.956865	2,561	2.578125	3
Rock and Mineral Dictionary Obsidian (also called Apache tears) is a volcanic glass that is usually black, but is occasionally red, brown, gray, green (rare), dark with "snowflakes," or even clear. This glassy, lustrous mineral is found in lava flows, and obsidian stones can be massive. Obsidian is formed when viscous lava (from volcanos) cools rapidly. Most obsidian is 70 percent silica. Obsidian has a hardness of 5 and a specific gravity of 2.35. The pin above is Mahogany (brown) obsidian. An ocean is a vast body of salt water. Oceans cover more than three-quarters of the surface of the Earth. The oceans on Earth include the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean. The ocean floors are composed mostly of basalt. The crust of the Earth is broken into plates. The plates are enormous chunks of rock that float atop the soft mantle. The plates are moving at a speed that has been estimated at 1 to 10 cm per year. Oceanic plates (those that are under the ocean) are thinner, younger, and denser than continental plates. These underwater plates are about 75 kilometers thick and are made of basalt rock. They are relatively young since plate formation (seafloor spreading) occurs at the margins of oceanic plates. Oceanography is the science that studies the physical geography of oceans. The top, organic layer of soil, made up mostly of leaf litter and humus (decomposed organic matter). Oiling is a process of applying mineral oil to a stone in order to enhance it and mask inclusions, make them more transparent, and darken their color. Emeralds are frequently oiled to mask their many inclusions. old rock turquoise Old rock turquoise is an old Persian (Iranian) turquoise term for very high quality turquoise (sky blue, veinless turquoise that retains it color). Onyx is a semi-precious stone that is black and white, generally arranged in layers. It is a form of agate with parallel banding. This structure lends itself to cameo making. Onyx is a species of chalcedony (microcrystalline quartz). Opals are semi-precious stones that are luminous and iridescent, frequently with inclusions of many colors ("fire"). Opal is a mineral composed of noncrystalline (amorphous) silica (and some water) and is a species of quartz. There are three major types of opals: common opal, opalescent precious opal (white or black, with a rainbow-like iridescence caused by tiny crystals of cristobalite), and fire opal (a milky stone that is fiery orange to red in color with no opalescence). Contra luz opals are transparent opals that show a brilliant play of iridescence only when light shines through the stone. Many opals have a high water content - they can dry out and crack if they are not cared for well (opals should be stored in damp cotton wool). Some opals are treated with oil, wax or resin to enhance their finish. Opals have a hardness of 5.5 to 6.5 and a specific gravity of 1.98-2.50. Opals are found in many places worldwide, including Kenya, Czechoslovakia, Brazil, Peru, Honduras, Mexico, Canada, and the USA -- but Australia has a tremendous variety of beautiful opals. Opalescence is a milky white/blue type of iridescence. Opaque means blocking the passage of light (as opposed to translucent or transparent). Orthoclase (Potasium Aluminum Silicate or alkali feldspar or K-spar, KAlSi3O8) is named for its angles of cleavage. In Greek, orthos means "right" and kalo means "to cleave"; its two cleavages are at right angles to each other. Orthoclase is a common monoclinic crystal found worldwide, often in granite and other igneous rocks. It is also called adularia (moonstone, an oplescent variety) and orthose. This vitreous feldspar is colorless to white to pink to greenish, and is transluent to transparent. Orthoclase has a hardness of 6 and a specific gravity of 2.53-2.56. The streak is white. Orthoclase is used an an abrasive in scouring powder. When orthoclase is mixed with kaolin and quartz, the result is porcelain. You can use orthoclase to make your dishes and then wash them. Ouro verde (meaning "green gold" in Portuguese) is a type of quartz crystal found in Brazil. This transparent stone is always irradiated (to give it its pale, golden-green color). An outcrop is a place where bedrock is visible on the surface of the Earth. Outgassing is the release of gases into the atmosphere during volcanic eruptions. A lot of of our atmosphere (including water vapor, nitrogen, and argon) came from outgassing. Oxidation is a chemical process in which oxygen atoms bond to atoms of a material (like a metal) and electrons are transferred from the oxided material to the reduced material. Iron oxidizes when exposed to air and moisture, forming iron oxide (rust). Silver oxidizes (tarnishes, turing the surface black) when it is exposed to hydrogen sulfide in the air (forming Ag2S, silver sulfide). Ozone is a form of oxygen (O3); it consists of three connected oxygen atoms. Ozone is formed when oxygen molecules (O2) bonds are broken by high energy (bombardment by energetic electrons or high energy radiation). The ozone layer is a region of the stratosphere which contains most (about 90%) of the Earth's atmospheric ozone. It is about10-25 miles (15-40 km) above the Earth's surface. The ozone layer shields the Earth from Ultraviolet B rays that come from the Sun. The ozone layer is becoming depleted, and there is an "ozone hole" over Antarctica. Rock and Mineral Dictionary Over 35,000 Web Pages Sample Pages for Prospective Subscribers, or click below Overview of Site\| Enchanted Learning Home Monthly Activity Calendar Books to Print Parts of Speech The Test of Time TapQuiz Maps - free iPhone Geography Game Biology Label Printouts Physical Sciences: K-12 Art and Artists Label Me! 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The United States has a long history of limiting immigration and managing migrants once they are here, including a campaign to register non-citizen immigrants living in Utah. Imagine you're a non-citizen living in Utah. When you open up your local newspaper after a long day at work, you find out that the federal government wants to register you as a potential threat to national security. According to the newspaper, you'll need to report to the nearest post office, where you'll complete a questionnaire and then be fingerprinted. At the post office, you're told that after a few weeks you'll get a registration card in the mail and your fingerprints will be sent to the FBI. This may sound like a modern-day plan to root out anti-American terrorists, but it's not. The plan was actually part of the Alien Registration Act of 1940, in which more than 3 million people were expected to register with the government between August and December of that year. So-called "loyal aliens" were assured that their information would be kept secret, and that the only people who need fear were criminals and spies. The United States was still a year away from entering World War II, but many politicians were already jumpy about what they believed were potential threats coming from foreign-born immigrants. Bingham Canyon was the Utah center for the registration effort. All non-citizens 14 years old and up were required to register in person. They were obliged to give details about their foreign military service, how they entered the country, what their occupation was, and the clubs they belonged to. They were also to provide a list of their relatives living in the United States. Those who ignored the government's order faced $1,000 fine and six months in jail. Only two cases were prosecuted under the Alien Registration Act during World War II. In later years, however, the law was used to silence communists, socialists, and fascists. In 1957, the US Supreme Court declared some of its provisions were unconstitutional. But the law is still on the books. Brandon Johnson of Utah Humanities © 2014 Image: Chiura Obata's Alien Registration Card, 1942. Obata and his family were removed from their home in the San Francisco area to an internment camp at Topaz, Utah, during World War II. Friends had pleaded with the government to let him be confined, if necessary, to his beloved Yosemite National Park, but the request was denied. Courtesy of PBS. The Alien Registration Act of 1940 (also known as the Smith Act) made it illegal for anyone in the United States to advocate, abet, or teach the desirability of overthrowing the government, and required all alien residents in the United States over 14 years of age to file a comprehensive statement of their personal and occupational status and a record of their political beliefs. The text (in its amended form) can be found at http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/2385; See news reports about the Alien Registration Act of 1940 in the August 22, 1940, August 29, 1940, and November 28, 1940 editions of the Murray Eagle, all available at http://digitalnewspapers.org; Deanne S. Puloka, “The Alien Registration Act of 1940,” McKendree University Journal of Undergraduate Research, Issue 13, Summer 2009, accessed http://www.mckendree.edu/academics/scholars/issue13/puloka.htm; Elizabeth Burnes and Marisa Louie, “The A-Files: Finding Your Immigrant Ancestors,” Prologue Magazine of the National Archives, Spring 2013, accessed at http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2013/spring/a-files.pdf; Alien Registration forms on microfilm from 1940-1944 may be found at the Department of Homeland Security Citizenship and Immigration Services http://www.uscis.gov/history-and-genealogy/genealogy/alien-registration-forms-microfilm-1940-1944 The Beehive Archive is a production of Utah Humanities. Find sources and the whole collection of past episodes at www.utahhumanities.org	<urn:uuid:8a49ee71-9a60-4193-84b6-1789d35cb1e1>	CC-MAIN-2023-50	https://www.utahhumanities.org/stories/items/show/278	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679103810.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211080606-20231211110606-00513.warc.gz	en	0.968782	870	3.671875	4
Samurai masks, called mempo, were facial armor worn by Japanese Samurai warriors. They were made out of leather and iron and were designed not only to protect the warrior’s face but also intimidate their enemies. Samurai were warriors that would dedicate themselves to a master (usually someone of wealth and influence) for a lifetime of service. Their conduct and lifestyle were built around Buddhist and Zen philosophy, so they were seen as a military force and as a Japanese social class. Masks that were an important part of Samurai armor centuries ago are now prized collectable art. The masks started with basic features, such as twisted smiles and large noses, but overtime they developed and included some original features, like removable fangs, noses and additional chins. They would make quite a halloween costume! The masks were effective in protecting the Samurai from facial injuries during battle. These practical disguises also became a fearsome sight across Japan and beyond. Imagine, you are fighting in the battle of Sekigarara in 1603 (a battle that brought a period of peace in 16th century Japan), and an army of warriors approach wearing these twisted pieces. I know I would be doing my best sprint in the opposite direction! In fact, the fear these masks instilled in history can still be seen in the media today; the Samurai mask inspired the look of the infamous Star Wars villain, Darth Vader. It’s unlikely you’re going to be able to make a real Samurai mask, but you can have a lot of fun making your own version from paper mache or a paper plate! You can simply draw and color your design on a paper plate, cut it out, and fasten it to your face for a quick and creative way to become a Samurai. Here’s some Pintrest inspiration! As always, let us know how it goes and share your work with us. Use the form below or tag us @ArtsmithNY on Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook and use the hashtag #ArtsmithJABS. Submit Comments or Artwork Tell us what you think about the blog series or send us pictures or video of your practice. We’ll check them out and maybe we’ll post them for others to see!	<urn:uuid:656eb0e3-3e95-4046-ac3c-d1e01626cdd7>	CC-MAIN-2018-34	https://artsmith.org/jabs-samuraimasks/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221219692.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20180822065454-20180822085454-00064.warc.gz	en	0.974284	468	2.921875	3
(also sulfamic acid) noun[mass noun] Chemistry A strongly acid crystalline compound used in cleaning agents and to make weedkiller. - Chemical formula: HOSO2NH2 More example sentences - The R1 working reagent contains 85 mmol / L of sodium acetate buffer, 110 mmol / L of sulfamic acid, surfactant, and ‘solubilizer.’ - When the calcite was dissolved with dilute sulfamic acid, it was noted that white semitranslucent florets of datolite occurred on the crystalline copper. - It wasn't until a few days later, when the copper specimens had been cleaned in a sulfamic acid solution, that we realized what we had found. Definition of sulphamic acid in: - The US English dictionary	<urn:uuid:eeaeeebe-504a-4dfc-8080-a33df2cd3047>	CC-MAIN-2014-23	http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/sulphamic-acid	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510272940.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011752-00394-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.915125	173	2.890625	3
30 Days of Prayer Int'l Colorado Springs, CO The Muslim Brotherhood is considered one of the oldest and most influential modern Islamic movements. Founded in 1928 by an Egyptian schoolteacher, the group sees Islam as a means for personal and social improvement and is widely involved in charitable works. The Muslim Brotherhood spread rapidly around the Arab world and became largely political in that region early on, calling for the establishment of Islamic states based on Islamic law and for the reform of existing political systems. In the 1950s, the group was recognized in parts of the Arab region as a threat, causing many members to flee to Europe. In Europe, the Brotherhood influenced the formation of other organizations to represent local Muslim communities and to advocate for causes of interest to them. Some analysts believe the movement is in crisis in the Arab states, and particularly in Egypt, with conflict between older and younger members over ideological and strategic priorities creating greater uncertainty about its present aims and activities. The Muslim Brotherhood is a controversial movement. It claims itself to be a peaceful, democratic organization which condemns violence. Yet it is considered a terrorist organization by a few Arab nations and Russia, though this designation is opposed by several human rights groups. They are considered too radical by some and not radical enough by others. Since the organization is large, loosely organized and has many affiliates, it is likely that all of the above could be found within it. How to Pray - Pray for members of the Muslim Brotherhood who have influence in Arab nations, that they would use their influence to promote peace, freedom and the well-being of their communities. - Pray for Muslims who are motivated by their ideology to do good works, that they will be able to make a positive difference in their communities. - One of the Muslim Brotherhood’s most popular slogans is “Islam is the solution.” Pray that its members would explore another way, in Jesus. (John 14:6)	<urn:uuid:0f5d5706-dd12-47db-929a-ab4a0ab21a18>	CC-MAIN-2024-10	https://www.pray30days.org/2020/the-muslim-brotherhood	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474843.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229134901-20240229164901-00719.warc.gz	en	0.97591	399	2.859375	3
In his amazing book Thinking Fast and Slow, Daniel Kahneman goes into great detail about the importance of deliberate effort to engage the brain in complex, deliberative, logical reasoning. Knowing the difference between system 1 and system 2 thinking, and how to activate system 2 thinking through effortful control of attention is an essential skill in today’s workplace. All high performance teams, including winning sports teams also need to be able to focus their attention under pressure- James Kerr in Legacy outlines the method used by the New Zealand All Blacks to control attention. They use the metaphor of “red brain and blue brain” to help players focus when the stakes are high. Metaphors such as this are excellent ways to help people use the right mental skills to address the issue at hand, either winning a big game, making a big sale, or analyzing a business plan on a tight deadline. Knowing when you are likely to have difficulty focusing by understanding when you might be in “red brain” is an essential skill. A great way to activate system 2 thinking is through the use of thinking strategies, or mental models. Shane Parrish and Rhiannon Beaubien outline a number of these mental models in their book The Great Mental Models. One example of a mental model from the book is probabilistic thinking. This thought process involves trying to accurately predict the probability of certain outcomes that can help overcome cognitive biases that Kahneman outlines in his book, in particular, the availability bias. This bias leads us to think that a recent event is much more likely to occur again. Plane crashes are a great example of this. When we hear about a plane crash, we often will think twice about flying, because plane crashes seem much more probable to us. Applying probabilistic thinking so that we know the actual probability of events helps mitigate this all too human tendency. Reminding our people of these mental models when the stakes are high can help focus attention and engage system 2 thinking. One of the many enemies of sustained attention and focus is lack of sleep. Sleep deprivation has a number of negative effects on the brain, the immune system, and the heart. A recent study shows that the same sleep deprivation negatively impacts the ability to pay attention, as well as other associated cognitive processes to such a degree that interventions to improve attention were not as effective. So the take home message of all of this is that there are strategies you can use to increase the ability to pay attention in the right way at the right time to the right thing, and there are some fairly simple ways to overcome factors that negatively impact attention. Team members who understand the components of attention, and factors that influence it are able continue their high level of functioning under pressure, or improve their day-to-day performance. When you buy through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission.	<urn:uuid:837eefde-a0c6-46df-89a6-ae0203907138>	CC-MAIN-2021-39	https://buildgreatteams.ca/controlling-attention-a-key-to-success/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780060877.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20210928153533-20210928183533-00385.warc.gz	en	0.960754	580	3	3
Waste Administration – Energy recuperation-garbage collection cranford In the heart of the Fontvieille district, the SMA operates an 80,000 tonne annually waste… What does rigor, a word that frequently pops up in conversations about education, really mean? More specifically, what does it mean for literacy instruction, and how does it relate to challenging standards-based assessments? In this informative and practical guide, literacy expert Nancy Boyles uses the framework from Webb’s Depth of Knowledge (DOK) to answer these questions, offering experience-based advice along with specific examples of K–8 assessment items. Boyles defines rigor and shows how it relates to literacy at each DOK level and explains the kind of thinking students will be expected to demonstrate. She then tackles the essence of what teachers need to know about how DOK and its associated rigors are measured on standards-based assessments. Specifically, readers learn how each DOK rigor aligns with Teachers, coaches, and administrators will find clear guidance, easy-to-implement strategies, dozens of useful teaching tools and resources, and encouragement to help students achieve and demonstrate true rigor in reading and writing.	<urn:uuid:76856d76-3d1f-4915-90d3-3996cb76331c>	CC-MAIN-2019-13	http://www.betterthanfreeblogs.com/articles/reading-writing-and-rigor-helping-students-achieve-greater-depth-of-knowledge-in-literacy/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912201953.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20190319093341-20190319115341-00395.warc.gz	en	0.913794	247	3.90625	4
This content is part of a series. Why We Should Pray (24 of 26) Series: Kingdom Life ‘‘Ask, and it will be given to you; seek, and you will find; knock, and it will be opened to you’’ (v. 7). In the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus twice addresses the topic of prayer. First, he teaches his disci-ples how to pray (6:5-15), and then he tells them why they should pray (7:7-11). [Read Matthew 6:5-15; 7:7-11.] THE GREATEST INVITATION Imagine being invited to meet your favourite celebrity. We wouldn’t ignore that invitation. Every child of God is invited to enter God’s presence through prayer, but we often ignore that invitation. ‘‘The greatest invitation in the world is extended to us, and incomprehensibly we regularly turn away to other things.’’ Jesus invites us to pray by telling us to ‘‘ask,’’ ‘‘seek,’’ and ‘‘knock.’’ In the original Greek, these three words are in the present tense, which means that Jesus is talking about habitual prayer (i.e., keep on asking, keep on seeking, and keep on knocking). Why should we pray? God is our loving Father and will give us GOOD THINGS when we pray. In the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus repeatedly refers to God as our Father. For example, Jesus taught us to pray, ‘‘Our Father in heaven, hallowed by your name’’ (6:9). Generally, parents want to give good things to their children (like a father gives his son bread and fish, not a stone and a serpent, vv. 9-10). [Talk about how parents want to give their children good things for Christmas.] Jesus says, ‘‘If you then, who are evil, know how to give good gifts to your children, how much more will your Father who is in heaven give good things to those who ask him!’’ (v. 11). ANYTHING WE ... There are 3454 characters in the full content. This excerpt only shows a 1727 character sample of the full content.	<urn:uuid:4159c165-5177-4f5d-bd32-5a8ee9f54850>	CC-MAIN-2017-39	http://www.sermonsearch.com/sermon-outlines/102292/why-we-should-pray-24-of-26/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689490.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923052100-20170923072100-00679.warc.gz	en	0.946908	501	2.65625	3
Analytic number theory is a discipline that uses the tools of analysis — primarily complex analysis and Fourier series — to study the properties of the integers. At most universities, it is typically taught as a graduate course with complex analysis as a prerequisite. Stopple has challenged this orthodoxy by writing a textbook in analytic number theory that is designed for an undergraduate course and that does not assume a background in complex variables. As the subtitle indicates, he has also included considerable material on the history of number theory. The book starts with a discussion of polygonal numbers; this motivates a discussion of finite differences, harmonic series, and geometric series. The second chapter covers sums of divisors and perfect numbers. A quote from Nicomachus about the distribution of perfect numbers motivates the discussion of orders of magnitude in the third chapter, and leads to the introduction of the notations "O" and "<<". Both of these symbols are introduced in a section entitled "Landau notation." This is slightly misleading, for while the "O" notation is traditionally attributed to Landau, the "<<" is usually attributed to Vinogradov. The distribution of primes is a central subject in analytic number theory, and this topic is introduced in Chapter 5 with a heuristic discussion of the prime number theorem. This is followed up with proofs of the Chebyshev bounds for primes. Chapter 6 discusses Euler's formulas for ζ(2k), and this leads into a discussion of the Euler product formula for the Riemann zeta-function in Chapter 7. After a brief review of complex numbers, the author discusses the analytic continuation and functional equation of the zeta-function in Chapters 8 and 9. The Hadamard product formula for ξ(s) is given without proof in Chapter 10; with this as a starting point, the author develops the explicit formulas of von Mangoldt and Riemann. Chapters 11-13 are brief introductions to other topics. In Chapter 11, Stopple discusses Pell's equation and introduces Dirichlet L-functions. Chapter 12 covers elliptic curves, and it includes expository accounts of Wiles' proof of Fermat's Last Theorem and of the Birch-Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture. Chapter 13 is entitled "Analytic Theory of Algebraic Numbers;" it includes a discussion of binary quadratic forms, of the class number formula for negative discriminants, and of Siegel zeros. The greatest advantage of this book is that it walks the reader through a lot of details that other texts take for granted. For example, when the "O" notation is first used, Stopple is very careful to indicate all of the details of the relevant inequalities. Moreover, there are several chapters entitled "Interludes" that give review of important background material. The first interlude is on calculus, and Stopple introduces it by saying "It covers things I wish you had learned but, based on my experience, I expect you did not." (Most faculty will recognize the sentiment.) Another feature is that there is material that is not easily available from other sources; e.g., the material on finite differences in the first chapter. The historical part of the book consists of well-placed brief vignettes of people who have contributed to the subject. In doing this, Stopple had to achieve a delicate balance — too little detail would devolve into a sterile list of names and dates, while too much detail would become too great a distraction. His approach is to treat each person with one or two paragraphs that include some revealing anecdote. I am not an expert in the history of mathematics, and I cannot vouch for the accuracy of his accounts, but the vignettes are interesting and well done. They add to the pleasure of reading the book. Of course, there are drawbacks to not requiring complex analysis. There is nothing on zero-free regions for ζ(s), and the prime number theorem is never proved. Nonetheless, the book accomplishes its aim of providing an introduction to analytic number theory that is accessible to undergraduates. The graduate student planning to specialize in number theory will want to study books such as Apostol or Davenport that require complex analysis. But such a student could also profitably use this book as supplementary reading, particularly when (s)he is trying to puzzle out the intricacies of "O". T. Apostol, Introduction to Analytic Number Theory, fifth edition. Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1995. H. Davenport, Multiplicative Number Theory, third edition, revised and with a preface by H. L. Montgomery. Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol. 74, Springer-Verlag, New York, 2000. S. W. Graham is currently a Professor of Mathematics at Central Michigan University. He can be reached at email@example.com.	<urn:uuid:5c8fd96c-36fc-46c0-a0b8-ae88058d9a42>	CC-MAIN-2015-14	http://www.maa.org/publications/maa-reviews/a-primer-of-analytic-number-theory-from-pythagoras-to-riemann?device=desktop	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131295084.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172135-00286-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.939136	1,022	3.5625	4
May 12, 2014 Project based learning is “ an instructional approach built upon authentic learning activities that engage student interest and motivation. These activities are designed to answer a question or solve a problem and generally reflect the types of learning and work people do in the everyday world outside the classroom.” taken from PBL Online. In today's post I am sharing with you an interesting graphic created by Syd to help students and their parents visualize the anatomy of a project at her school. I invite you to have a look and probably repurpose it for your won teaching situation. Click HERE to access the full graphic.	<urn:uuid:5bd2a774-f974-4338-b051-bdb674a4f852>	CC-MAIN-2016-40	http://www.educatorstechnology.com/2014/05/the-anatomy-of-project-based-learning.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738663142.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173743-00233-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.974653	125	3.453125	3
Durham tubes and how do they work richardz at cy-net.net Thu Jan 23 11:12:17 EST 1997 In article <5c6elb$ptg at juliana.sprynet.com>, hsamander at sprynet.com says: >> PRODEV1A <PRODEV1A at fox.nstn.ca> writes: >> I would like to know more about "Durham Tubes And how they work??" >In response to your question, a Durham tube is a test tube that contains an inverted vial..the formation of a bubble within this >vial reveal gas production by the microbe being tested. For example, "the fermentation of sugars by microorganisms is >accompanied by the formation of either acid or acid and gas; the presence of the acid is detected by a pH indicator in the >medium. [this works for sugar fermentation tests] If you are testing for sugar, the medium will turn from red to yellow. Again, >gas production is determined by whether or not there is bubble formation within the vial. > Many biochemical tests are done using test tubes, however in well-developed labs there are easier ways to do >biochemical tests. However, a few that can be done using test tubes are: mixed acid fermentation tests, Voges-Proskauer >tests..these are biooxidation testing. >I hope that is helpful to you..try reading a few lab manuals that discuss testing for pathogenic organisms..they will have >more extensive explainations!!! Gadgets such as API and Micro ID and Enterotubes, and discs impregnated with 'whatever substrate' are all relatively new --25-30 years ago the inverted little tube was as common in the lab. as the petri plate. For some types of work they are still the best way to go. More information about the Microbio	<urn:uuid:87f5b399-8b35-4e1b-90ea-8dd8a670e183>	CC-MAIN-2015-18	http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/microbio/1997-January/008112.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246661095.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045741-00300-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.921572	413	2.921875	3
Georgia’s Parliament plans to discuss determining a minimum wage in the 2018 autumn parliamentary session. The Human Rights and Civil Integration Committee’s 2017–2018 Action Plan pledges to draft a labour legislation bill to determine a minimum wage, which is absent from the current Labour Code. The document also promises that parliament will focus on labour issues such as labour safety, and the Labour Code’s compliance with the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals and European legislation. According to March 2016 data from the Revenue Service, 25,000 people have salaries lower than ₾100 ($40) per month; 63,000 lower than the national living-wage, and 130,000 people lower than the family living-wage. According to the National Statistics office, 21% of the population live in what they define as absolute poverty in 2016. As of July 2017, the National Statistics Office defines the living-wage of a working age man as ₾167 ($68) per month. ‘This implies that employees in Georgia are unable to satisfy their minimal living requirements with the wages they have’, says a study published by the Public Defender’s office in 2016. Georgia’s Labour Code does not set a minimum wage, however a 1999 presidential decree set a minimum salary of ₾20 ($8) per month, while a 2005 decree set ₾135 ($55) per month as the minimum salary for government employees. ‘In both cases, the minimum salary is below the living-wage [...] which can in no way be considered a fair and sufficient salary’, the report says. The committee Action Plan pledges to consider the SDGs on labour rights which requires governments to ‘protect labour rights and promote safe and secure working environments of all workers, including migrant workers, particularly women migrants, and those in precarious employment’. The committee will also consider recommendations by the UN’s Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which calls for strengthening efforts to provide fair working conditions including a minimum wage compliant with the living wage. Low salaries are not the only issue labour rights activists have been outspoken about in recent years. In 2015–2016, 776 people were injured and 270 died in work-related accidents, according to data from the Interior Ministry published by the Human Rights Education and Monitoring Centre (EMC), a Tbilisi-based rights group. [Read on OC Media: Fatal workplace accidents show ‘need for labour inspection reform’] In April 2015, the Labour Inspection Department was created to monitor workplace health and safety, but the department has proved to be ineffective, according to EMC, as the number of occupational fatalities rose instead of going down. One of the reasons cited for its inefficiency is that recommendations made by the department to companies are not compulsory. In June, a new law on Labour Safety passed its first hearing in Parliament despite criticism from local rights groups. EMC criticised the bill as being ‘incapable of adequately responding to the needs of labour safety and health supervision’. The bill came under criticism for several reasons, including its narrow scope — concerning only hazardous work; the inability to carry out inspections without a court order; and low penalties of between ₾50–₾2,000 ($20–$810). On 27 July, a demonstration was held outside the Government Chancellery building to demand a more efficient labour inspection mechanism. The Georgian Trade Union Confederation demanded at the rally a ‘real labour inspection mechanism, which will control not only the construction sector’. ‘In light of constant workplace fatalities, the Georgian Parliament continues to calmly discuss a labour safety bill… There is a death toll of 433 in workplaces over the last 10 years, and this will continue if authorities do not intervene’, said a statement from the confederation. The Human Rights and Civil Integration Committee’s 2017–2018 Action Plan promises to hold a hearing on labour safety and employees rights. It pledges to discuss a new bill on labour safety and healthcare as early as spring. According to the document, the bill will aim to bring Georgia’s Labour Code closer to EU legislation.	<urn:uuid:574b2ad7-f1af-4373-b7d8-830153dc0bcf>	CC-MAIN-2021-31	https://oc-media.org/georgian-parliament-to-discuss-minimum-wage-in-2018/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154796.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20210804045226-20210804075226-00134.warc.gz	en	0.939672	861	2.734375	3
Shopping from United States? Please visit the correct site for your location. Start Reading #4: Tilly and Todd - It's Not Fair! This product is not currently available. To help you find what you're looking for, see similar items below. This product has not been rated yet. 0 reviews (Add a review) - FREE UK delivery for schools on orders containing at least one paid item. - FREE UK delivery on orders £25 or over - £3.95 delivery charge on UK orders under £25 Book Club orders - FREE delivery to schools - Books will be despatched after the school's order is confirmed UK delivery within 5-7 working days Delivery charges and times vary for overseas addresses Tilly has broken her arm. On holiday there isn’t much she can do, and it’s just not fair – until they see the river! A warm-hearted family story to boost enthusiasm and literacy, told in short, simple sentences combining new and familiar words. Suitable for readers at Yellow Band 3 of the Book Bands for Guided Reading. Start Reading (book 4) July 8th, 2010 Lexiles are the global standard in reading assessment. They are unique as they are able to measure a child and a book on the same scale – ensuring the right book gets to the right child at the right time. For more details see What is a lexile?. This product has not been reviewed yet.	<urn:uuid:eb21b676-184a-49ec-88a7-a05b40a57e3b>	CC-MAIN-2018-09	https://shop.scholastic.co.uk/products/Start-Reading-number-4-Tilly-and-Todd-Its-Not-Fair-9780750261975	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816351.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225090753-20180225110753-00339.warc.gz	en	0.912979	313	2.515625	3
Toddler Class 15 months to 3 years of age This is where it all begins! As the youngest friends in the school, our toddlers are ALWAYS learning! They are following the lead of caring teachers and fellow classmates to learn basic skill development in a fun and flexible way. Their language and social skills grow by leaps and bounds as they begin their journey to independence. Does your toddler put their own toys away? The Practical Life area is essential for a strong Montessori foundation. In this area a child is learning cleaning up after oneself, hand washing, putting on coat, scooping, self-feeding, and more. They gain control of movement, concentration span, self-confidence, and a love of learning. The activities are made up of familiar objects that a child would naturally see in everyday life and help the children feel comfortable and will be able to master the activity. The activities that are chosen fall into four main categories: care of self, control of movement, care of the environment and grace and courtesy. Manners are a must! Our littlest friends are introduced to the idea of grace and courtesy as they learn to take turns and treat others with respect. This is another area where a mixed-age setting shines, as older students can encourage their younger peers to display grace and courtesy. The overall idea of these activities is not only to help children gain self-confidence in their working abilities, but to expose the children to fundamental activities that will build their concentration span and help them become self-sufficient – yes, even at age 2! The Math area of the Montessori classroom encompasses the use of concrete materials for recognizing numbers and one-to-one corresponding counting. Through these activities, children learn exactly how much a symbolic number stands for (i.e. the number 5 means counting the correct number of objects to make the number 5). Children are introduced to more complex mathematical procedures and concepts as they are individually ready. Children as young as 2 are able to grasp simple addition and subtraction in this fun, interactive environment. The Language area of the Montessori classroom encourages development of early-literacy skills through the use of phonetic sounds. In the Language area children are exposed to various types of phonetic awareness activities to build a strong literary foundation. Montessori Language activities are designed to improve a child’s vocabulary, listening skills for common sounds, and differentiating between objects and pictures. Language activities include learning the shapes and sounds of letters, naming objects and story book appreciation. Colors, textures, shapes, and sizes. The Sensorial area of the classroom helps children become more aware of detail. They experiment with a variety of art mediums and even perform basic science experiments! Sensorial activities develop fine motor skills and builds the child’s concentration for a wider awakening of the senses and perception for distinguishing different qualities and patterns as they discover the world around them. We have an incredibly diverse student population, with over 20 languages spoken by CH families! We celebrate our individual customs and cultures with interactive lessons and parent participation in the classroom.	<urn:uuid:ca613301-3cf0-45de-aceb-642c20a44fd1>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	http://www.childrenshouse-de.org/toddler-program/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573029.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817153027-20220817183027-00537.warc.gz	en	0.948293	651	3.71875	4
In today’s age of technological innovation, every facet of our everyday lives is starting to have some sort of modern technology built into them. Ranging from watches to even refrigerators. The most controversial of these however, are cars. With the rise of Tesla motors under visionary CEO Elon Musk, our society is getting closer and closer to the luxury of having self-driving cars. I see the innovation of Tesla motors to have a significant impact on modern transportation as we know it. The total number of car accidents in the United States currently sits at 6 million per year (driverknowledge.com), with fully successful self-operating vehicles this figure will surely go down as human error would no longer be apart of the equation when driving. Not only that, but people who are unable to drive due to old age or physical implications, will now be able to have their own personal transportation without any limitations. However, even with these benefits, there will be some setbacks. With the emergence of self-driven vehicles, the need of forms of public transportation will be very limited. This in turn will put people who operate these public vehicles out of jobs as well as the companies that help fund them. Not only that, but there are bound to be accidents based off computer bugs and glitches in the software that controls the vehicle. However, the rise of Tesla motors will ultimately change how people commute to work as well as how people travel. One of the main burdens in driving to get to a travel destination is the act of driving in itself. By cutting this burden out of travel plans, people will be more open and willing to travel by car. Not only this, but traveling will be much easier as people would be able to sleep while still traveling. Some days the daily commute to work is brutal and by far the worst part of the day, taking upwards of an hour sometimes to get home. The addition of Tesla cars to everyday life however, would ease and lighten the burden of the work commute. Overall, the emergence of self operating vehicles will make the average person’s every day life so much easier in more ways than one. Which is why I think self operating vehicles will have a a great impact on our lives in the years to come. Michael San Gabriel	<urn:uuid:52de9079-89ac-4329-8c62-560d4e68c2e8>	CC-MAIN-2019-30	http://gbizqcom.azurewebsites.net/self-driving-vehicles-and-their-effect-on-everyday-life-michael-san-gabriel/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526948.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20190721102738-20190721124738-00229.warc.gz	en	0.973039	457	2.96875	3
For each source you use you want to make sure it is: Relevant - Does it answer your research question? Current - Is the content presented current enough for your project? Accurate - Is the information provided correct? Authoritative - Does the author have expertise on the topic about which she is writing? Objective - Is the information biased? Is the author trying to persuade you to believe a certain way? Popular material is created by journalists, staff writers or freelance writers. This type of information is aimed at the general public. It usually provides a broad overview of topics a general readership will find entertaining. Use popular material sparingly, if at all. Examples: Magazines like People Weekly or Maxim. Substantive material is produced by scholars or credentialed journalists and is geared toward an educated audience. It provides credible information of relevance to an educated and concerned public. Substantive information is a great choice for community college students, because it is both credible and accessible. Example: National Geographic Scholarly material is produced by scholars/experts whose credentials can be evaluated. Aimed at other scholars, it disseminates specialized and discipline-specific information, often reporting on original research and experimentation. Scholarly information is a great choice for college students, though it can be challenging to read because of its scholarly language. Scholarly sources are often called academic or peer-reviewed. Example: Journals like the Journal of the American Medical Association See the following criteria to help you identify popular magazines, trade magazines, and scholarly journals.	<urn:uuid:383aebea-3543-4177-a2af-ab3a48e22459>	CC-MAIN-2018-47	http://libraryguides.chabotcollege.edu/c.php?g=647439&p=4539677	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743968.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20181118052443-20181118074443-00173.warc.gz	en	0.935003	319	3.203125	3
As one can readily see from the dates of her lifespan, one can’t fail to note that St. Elizabeth of the Trinity (1880-1906) was an almost exact contemporary of St. Therese of the Child Jesus (1873-1897). The similarities in the lives between these two Carmelite saints are quite remarkable. Like St. Therese, she was born into a bourgeois French family where the practice of the Catholic faith, tainted though it was by the remnants of Jansenism, was very much in evidence. Like St. Therese, she lost one of her parents at a young age (St. Therese lost her mother at the age of four, whereas St Elizabeth lost her father at the age of seven) and therefore grew up under the towering influence of just one parent. Like St. Therese, the last year of St. Elizabeth’s life was marked by intense physical suffering which became a catalyst for ever-deepening identification with Christ in his passion. But perhaps the greatest similarity between the two is that each is known for a prayer that she composed which somehow captures the essence of her relationship with the Lord and in which she conceived her mission in life as a cloistered Carmelite nun. Thus it was that St. Therese wrote her Act of Oblation to Merciful Love and that St. Elizabeth of the Trinity composed the prayer that is known by its opening words, “O Trinity that I adore”. Elizabeth Catez was born on 18th July 1880 in Campo d’Avor near Bourges, France, and she was baptized four days later. In 1887, her family moved to Dijon where her father died the same year. On 19th April 1890, she made her First Communion and the following year, she was confirmed. In 1894, at the age of 14, she made a vow of virginity. A very vibrant and extroverted adolescent, as well as a very gifted pianist who took home many first prizes in competitions, she felt called to enter the religious life. She asked permission of her mother to enter Carmel but she received a firm refusal, and her mother only finally gave way on condition that Elizabeth waited until she was older. Having attained the age of 21, her dream of entering Carmel was realized on August 2nd, 1901, when she entered the Carmelite monastery in Dijon where she was clothed in the habit on December 8, 1901. She made her religious profession on January 11, 1903 and on January 21 of the same year she was given the monastic veil. The five years that she spent in religious life brought her ever closer to God, although the Lord tested her with many spiritual trials and severe physical suffering due to Addison’s disease, which finally brought about her death on 9th November, 1906. Her life as well as her spirituality can perhaps be summarized in her own words: “It seems to me that I found heaven here on earth, because where God is, there is heaven, and God is in my soul. The day that I discovered and understood that truth, everything became clear for me and I would like to share this secret with those whom I love.”	<urn:uuid:5f604251-316a-4a6a-91de-329190e069aa>	CC-MAIN-2018-47	http://www.carmelites.net/news/memorial-of-st-elizabeth-of-the-trinity/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039748315.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20181121112832-20181121134832-00127.warc.gz	en	0.992021	663	2.78125	3
Bagikan informasi tentang English For Academic Purposes: Essay Writing , With Exercises And Answer Key kepada teman atau kerabat Anda. Academic writing has become an issue that causes worry and confusion for students. A small scale survey shows that studentsâï¿½ï¿½ problems in writing are as follows: limited vocabulary 8%, difficulty in organizing ideas 16%, no ideas to write about 20%, no mativation to write 20%, and lack of confidence in grammar 36%. English for Academic Purposes: Essay Writing is a very pratical book, giving solutions to these problems. This book on academic writing is suitably used by students majoring in English, English course students, non-English students who want to write essays in English, those who want to take postgraduate courses abroad, and English language teachers. This book covers very valueble topics, such as basic principles in academic writing, meaningful reading for writing, writing an introduction, writing citations, data gathering, commenting on data, writing references , and revising and editing. English for Academic Purposes: Essay writing is designed by experienced English lecturers in writing in addition, these materials have been tried out in classes at Maranatha Christian Unversity ans STP Bandung. This second adition is updated according to precise terminology and the conventions the current MLA and APA styles of writing. Penulis: Sutanto Leo ,dkk nama / alamat lengkap / judul buku/ pengarang/ penerbit/ isbn / jumlah -- kirim ke 0823 8791 6640 SMS/WA Pusat : JL. HR. Soebrantas, Kompleks MTC Giant, Blok A No. 39-41, Simpang Baru, Tampan, Pekanbaru Cabang : 1. JL. KH. Nasution No. 155 A-B, Simpang Tiga, Marpoyan, Pekanbaru 2. Komplek Plaza The Central Lt.1 Jl. Ahmad Yani, Padang bulan, Senapelan, Pekanbaru	<urn:uuid:9f809bb8-d2f2-42da-92e1-eeb5a2bacbc8>	CC-MAIN-2020-24	http://zanafa.com/english-for-academic-purposes-essay-writing-with-exercises-and-answer-key/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347391309.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200526191453-20200526221453-00578.warc.gz	en	0.844977	458	2.625	3
\|Author:\|\|Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley\| Mary Shelley's deceptively simple story of Victor Frankenstein and the creature he brings to life, first published in 1818, is now more widely read-and more widely discussed by scholars-than any other work of the Romantic period. From the creature's creation to his wild lament over the dead body of his creator in the Arctic wastes, the story retains its narrative hold on the reader even as it spins off ideas in rich profusion. About the Author: Mary Shelley (30 August 1797 - 1 February 1851) was a British novelist, short story writer, dramatist, essayist, biographer, and travel writer, best known for her Gothic novel Frankenstein: or, The Modern Prometheus (1818). She also edited and promoted the works of her husband, the Romantic poet and philosopher Percy Bysshe Shelley. Her father was the political philosopher William Godwin, and her mother was the philosopher and feminist Mary Wollstonecraft. She died in London in 1851. "This is the definitive collectors edition and is a stunning and impressive uanabridged representation of a classic literary work." - Publisher's Weekly	<urn:uuid:6ed5808c-4b65-4d1b-8f43-9a40011487aa>	CC-MAIN-2019-35	https://www.splendidbooks.com.au/p/speculative-fiction-frankenstein	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027318421.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20190823130046-20190823152046-00156.warc.gz	en	0.958626	244	3.015625	3
When it comes to explaining speech acts Searle suggests three different concepts; rules, prepositions and meaning. He was particularly interested in the illocutionary act of promising performatives and so set out to describe these concepts based on the conditions of this performance of promising. As part of his theory of a rule-governed language Searle made a distinction between regulative and constitutive rules. In his book "An essay of philosophy of language" he states that "regulative rules regulate independently existing forms of behaviourâ€¦ but constitutive rules do not merely regulate, they create or define new form of behaviour" (Searle,1969). For example, take the rules of American football; the touchdown rule is constitutive versus the no taunting rule which is regulative. A second concept, prepositions, provide the content of the illocutionary act which can be used in different types of acts. For example, "Lucy will you sit down" "Lucy, sit" "would you sit down Lucy?" all provide the same prepositional content even though they are different forms of illocutionary acts. In terms of meaning, Searle revised the ideas of Grice and proposed modification in insisting that not only is meaning rooted in the speaker's intentions but also by a matter of convention (Searle,1969). Based on his ideas one can say that the speaker initially intends for the hearer to recognize his/her intention to produce that lectionary affect and secondly, he/she intends that this is indicated by the hearers understanding of the meaning words used in the context.Â These intentions can only act jointly with conventions of words for affective communication (Elswyk,2014).	<urn:uuid:d061b833-ea38-4f93-8600-4bff0aff2c9a>	CC-MAIN-2024-10	https://www.enlunwen.info/jia-na-da-gong-cheng-lun-wen-dai-xie-jie-shi-yan-yu-xing-wei/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474440.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223153350-20240223183350-00489.warc.gz	en	0.732103	352	3.390625	3
April 13th, 2018 New data from the Department of Agriculture reveals that 3,135 tonnes of pesticides were used in Ireland in 2016. Pesticide sprays include herbicides, fungicides, insecticides and other industrial chemicals. The 2016 data points to an increase of 14 tonnes on the previous year, and a jump of 219 tonnes from 2013 – the year in which the ‘Origin Green’ sustainability initiative was launched by An Bord Bia. According to the Irish Wildlife Trust, the “ambitious” campaign is expensive, ineffective, and nothing more than “marketing spin” IWT Campaign Officer, Pádraic Fogarty, said that the “ever-increasing tide of chemical sprays” used in agriculture is “driven” by government agri-business expansion plans. “Our natural heritage, and the healthy environment we once enjoyed, is paying a heavy price for this unsustainable trend,” he warned. Pesticides are a major cause for the declining number of pollinating insects, with data from the European Food Safety Authority indicating that the use of neonicotinoids poses a threat to the bee population. The EPA’s Drinking Water Report 2016 indicates that pesticides are one of the three main causes of concern for the quality of water in our public water supplies. Recently, Donegal County Council warned farmers about the increasing levels of pesticides in the local water supplies following the detection of MCPA in drinking water. MCPA, a powerful, selective, and widely used phenoxy herbicide, was the most commonly found pesticide in the EPA’s Drinking Water Report 2016, detected in 37 samples. The herbicide is usually detected in the summer months and in early autumn as it is applied to grassland for ragwort, rush, and thistle control. The EPA report finds that Irish Water has ‘improved monitoring’ of public water supplies for pesticides in recent years, including a new monitoring programme of all public supplies for the 21 most common pesticides found in Irish waters. The EPA added, however, that “widespread” and “persistent” failure to meet the standard has emerged, with potential pesticide failures identified across 44 supplies in 2016. Fingal County Council also made an announcement last week that environmentally friendly alternatives to glyphosate are to be trialed in local farms in the district. Councillor David Healy commented: “Phasing out pesticides is vital to protect our insects, particularly the pollinating insects which have such an important role in our ecosystems. Our parks and open spaces must be places where nature can thrive.”	<urn:uuid:d468cbda-0e12-4378-9d57-23722d3b81f2>	CC-MAIN-2018-26	http://greennews.ie/51503-2/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267866937.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20180624121927-20180624141927-00632.warc.gz	en	0.938551	547	2.765625	3
How would you like a self-washing car or a ketchup bottle whose contents flow freely? Researchers at General Electric have come up with a way to process a common polymer so that it repels fluid so effectively that even honey rolls right off it. The resulting property is called superhydrophobicity. While the property has long been achieved in expensive materials, GE’s feat was to make it available in a common polycarbonate, Lexan. The discovery could allow everything from new, easy-to-clean building materials to cheap diagnostic devices with plastic microfluidic channels. In designing the material, GE took inspiration from the leaves of the lotus plant, whose surface cells are five to ten micro-meters wide and topped by tiny wax crystals that are tens of nanometers wide. On a lotus leaf, water beads look like almost perfect spheres. GE mimicked this pattern on Lexan by “roughening” its surface in a similar way. Tao Deng, a materials scientist at GE, is tight lipped about the process but says it uses a “chemical treatment of the surface.” GE estimates it will take at least five years to commercialize the technology, once all manufacturing issues are resolved.	<urn:uuid:97d60bd8-f8ac-48af-88d6-51f4376251ff>	CC-MAIN-2014-49	http://www.technologyreview.com/article/405734/super-plastic/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931007715.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155647-00204-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.95181	256	3.5	4
How we cite our quotes: "Christmas won't be Christmas without any presents," grumbled Jo, lying on the rug. "It's so dreadful to be poor!" sighed Meg, looking down at her old dress. "I don't think it's fair for some girls to have plenty of pretty things, and other girls to have nothing at all," added little Amy, with an injured sniff. "We've got Father and Mother and each other," said Beth contentedly from her corner. (1.1-4) The first thing we learn about the March girls is that they are poor – they can't afford presents at Christmas, their clothes are old, and they envy the other girls that they know. Only Beth seems to realize that they are rich in another, more intangible way. A poor, bare, miserable room it was, with broken windows, no fire, ragged bedclothes, a sick mother, wailing baby, and a group of pale, hungry children cuddled under one old quilt, trying to keep warm. (2.30) Just when you thought the March girls were poor and pathetic, we meet the Hummel children. This is true poverty: starvation, cold, and misery. By contrast, the Marches are snug, happy, and comfortable. "I don't believe fine young ladies enjoy themselves a bit more than we do, in spite of our burned hair, old gowns, one glove apiece, and tight slippers that sprain our ankles when we are silly enough to wear them." (3.124) Early in life, Jo and Meg, along with their sisters, begin to realize that possessions can't make you happy, even when they're really nice.	<urn:uuid:d2138a77-e702-4b58-b5ff-797dde05141f>	CC-MAIN-2014-49	http://www.shmoop.com/little-women/poverty-quotes.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931009004.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155649-00010-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.975363	357	2.953125	3
Up to 42% of people in the U.S. have a vitamin D deficiency. This percentage rises significantly for darker skin types. Although production of vitamin D can be stimulated naturally by exposure to sunlight, many still do not meet the minimum 400-800 IU daily requirements. Other than spending increased time in the sun, one of the best ways to boost your vitamin level is through diet. Although there are just a few foods that contain the vitamin naturally, there are many more that have been fortified with this essential nutrient. Even vegetarians and vegans can find a variety of fortified sources. It is important to boost your vitamin D intake for its many health benefits. This essential nutrient is necessary for a strong immune system and cognitive function. It is also necessary for the absorption of calcium for strong bones, and it is beneficial for many other vital organs and body systems. This vitamin is also important for mood stability and can help combat depression. It can even assist in weight loss. So what foods provide the best sources of this important vitamin? Here are 10, some of which are common foods you may consume to some extent every day. And some of the choices are less common, offering greater variety to your diet. Whichever you choose, your body will thank you as you simultaneously boost your vitamin D intake and along with it your energy levels. Foods That Will Boost Your Vitamin D Intake 1. Fatty Fish Fatty fish will provide both vitamin D and essential omega-3 fatty acids. Baked wild-caught salmon is often highly recommended for its lean protein and high essential nutrient content. Bluefish and catfish are also good sources. One serving of these fish will often provide a full day’s allowance of vitamin D. Studies show cooking methods and sources are important determiners of how efficient these sources can be. There are also more economical fatty fish choices. Sardines, herring, and canned tuna are also good sources, but for safety’s sake tuna is not recommended more than once a week. And for the sake of variety, oysters and shrimp can also be good options. 2. Fortified Cereal Fortified cereal is one of the easiest and most readily available sources of vitamin D. A bowl of cereal for breakfast can begin to boost your vitamin D levels for the day. However, it’s a good idea to be choosy about what cereals you and your family consume, or you could end up doing your family’s diet more harm than good. Choose cereals that are whole grain and low in sugar content. Read ingredient and nutrition labels carefully to determine which will be more beneficial. Just because a box says the product is fortified does not mean it’s good for you. In whole eggs, vitamin and mineral content is found mostly in the yolk and protein content is in the white. So whole eggs are a good substitute for those who don’t really care for fish. One egg will generally supply about 50 IU of vitamin D. Recent studies have been conducted on the benefit of eggs from chickens provided vitamin-fortified feed. These studies are encouraging, as they show fortified eggs can contain from 200-8000 IU depending on how much the feed has been fortified. Carefully fortified eggs can become an even greater source in the future. While all mushrooms are said to have some vitamin content, growers can substantially increase their benefit by exposing them to ultraviolet light. They then convert UV light to helpful vitamins in a very similar way your body converts sunlight. But not all mushrooms are equal in the nutritional benefits they provide, so a bit of research may be in order before you depend on them as a supplement. Mushrooms are about the only source of this vitamin found in the produce section. The ones that are a significant source will often be labeled as fortified or UV treated. They are a natural, unique plant source. These popular fungi have many health benefits that make them worth your while to investigate and add to your diet on a regular basis. 5. Fortified Milk Milk has long been fortified to boost your vitamin D to meet recommended standards. The vitamin is important in the prevention of rickets, and this is the reason it is added in carefully monitored amounts to milk and baby formula.This fortification is often passed on to products such as yogurt. One cup of milk can provide about half the RDA of this vitamin for children. For vegans, there are also fortified rice, soy, and almond milk available to help you meet your daily requirement. Any of these fortified milk can be used to keep nutrient levels at optimal levels. To be honest, not all pediatricians agree that drinking milk is a really good way to provide children with their daily dose of the ‘sunshine vitamin.’ They recommend that children be encouraged to play outdoors in order to be able to manufacture the needed quantities of this vitamin themselves. 6. Orange Juice For those who are lactose intolerant or vegan, fortified orange juice can also be a source of this important vitamin. Not all orange juice is fortified, so you will need to read labels carefully to ensure you are actually receiving this benefit. Studies have shown that fortified orange juice is an effective supplement. One serving supplies about 100 IU towards your total daily goal, as part of a healthy diet. 7. Beef Or Calf Liver Not everyone cares for liver, but for those who do, it does supply some of your vitamin needs, though not as high as some sources may infer. A serving of beef liver will supply you with around 50 IU of your daily requirement.But this can be significant in an overall healthy diet that uses multiple natural sources to meet vitamin and mineral demands. It is good to be aware that too much liver can actually overload your system with vitamin A, which can act as a toxin in too great a quantity. So enjoy, but use moderation. Being informed is half the battle toward the best nutritional choices. 8. Fortified Tofu Another fortified option for vegans is tofu. Although tofu itself has been around for centuries, only recently have some manufacturers begun to add vitamin fortification to the product. So again, you will want to read labels carefully to find out which brands will give you the best supplement. Of course, you don’t have to be vegan to experiment with this ancient, nutritional food source. Tofu is believed to have many nutritional benefits, especially for women. Introducing new foods to your diet will help to provide balance from many different sources. To stay as healthy as possible, it’s good continually add variety to find what works best for you. Here is a decadent option that is a surprisingly rich source if you know you need a quick vitamin boost. Although it may not be for everyone, just a tablespoon of caviar has a natural content of around 20 IU. So you can pamper yourself with the excuse that it really is good for you. As with other fatty fish, caviar contains several beneficial nutrients. Always be aware of what you’re getting in terms of fat and calories if you have a weight loss goal. Remember–all things in moderation. 10. Cod Liver Oil Another fish relative, cod liver oil is not an option that many would want to hear. It is, however, often the main ingredient in fish oil capsules, which are generally pretty easy to swallow without tasting the contents. Cod liver oil is another excellent source of vitamin D, vitamin A, and fatty acids. In capsule form, it is still a natural nutrient source and easy to take consistently. So if you think you may be deficient, this may be a good place to start while you plan ways to incorporate more sources of essential vitamins into your diet. If you are one of the brave ones who can down a spoon of cod liver oil without a grimace, remember that it also contains a lot of vitamin A, so don’t take too much. If, like many Americans, you need to boost your vitamin D intake, you have many options to choose from. There are many health issues that may cause a deficiency, and your doctor may be able to give you a better idea of what your body needs either in vitamin supplements or increased outdoor activity. If you experience persistent pain, tiredness, and a lowered immune system, you may be experiencing the symptoms of vitamin D deficiency. A blood test can tell your doctor for certain. It is especially important during the winter season to be aware of the potential onset of vitamin privation. Maintaining a healthy diet at all times can help prevent nutritional issues from occurring. If you feel that dietary limitations may be preventing you from meeting sufficient vitamin or mineral requirements, it may be helpful to meet with a nutrition expert. Don’t put off taking any necessary steps to maintain an active and enjoyable lifestyle for yourself and your loved ones.	<urn:uuid:60d830e0-9301-489c-92db-461a03c75126>	CC-MAIN-2023-40	https://www.healthyandsmartliving.com/10-foods-that-will-boost-your-vitamin-d-intake/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510130.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926011608-20230926041608-00703.warc.gz	en	0.953022	1,836	2.796875	3
The Basics: Overview If you’re worried about your drug use, talk with a doctor about getting help. What is drug misuse? Drug misuse includes: - Using illegal drugs, like heroin or cocaine - Using prescription or over-the-counter (OTC) drugs to get high Misusing drugs can lead to drug addiction (also called drug use disorder). Drug addiction is a chronic (long-term) disease that makes it very hard to stop using drugs. If you have a drug problem, you aren’t alone. Drug addiction is a common health problem that affects millions of adults in the United States every year. The good news is that you can get treatment for drug addiction. Getting help is the best thing you can do for yourself and your loved ones. The Basics: Drug Addiction Drug addiction is an illness that involves the brain. Drugs can change how you think, feel, and behave — and some of these changes can last a long time. Drug addiction is a chronic disease — it may never go away completely. People with drug addiction who stop taking drugs often relapse (start taking drugs again) along the road to recovery. But treatment can help you manage your addiction and live a longer, healthier life. The Basics: Am I at Risk? How can I tell if I’m at risk for drug addiction? Any amount of drug misuse can put you at risk for drug addiction. Some drugs are more addictive than other drugs, and some people get addicted more easily than other people. But it’s impossible to know who will become addicted and who won’t. You may have a drug problem if any of these things are true: - You can’t control how often you use drugs - Drug use causes problems with your relationships, school, or work - You feel anxious, stressed, or sick when you aren’t using drugs Use these questions to see if you have signs of drug addiction. If you think you might have a drug problem, it’s important to see a doctor right away. What are the risks of drug misuse? The risks can depend on which drugs you misuse. One of the most serious risks is an overdose, which can lead to death. You don’t need to be addicted to drugs to have an overdose. It can happen from using some drugs — like heroin or meth — just 1 time. Overdoses are very common with certain drugs, like opioids. Opioids are a very addictive type of drug that includes prescription pain medicines like OxyContin and Vicodin. Tens of thousands of people die from opioid overdoses in the United States each year. Drug misuse can also increase your risk for many other health problems, including: - Heart disease - HIV and other STDs Drug misuse can also put you at risk for injury and violence. Learn more about different drugs and their health risks. The Basics: Prevention The easiest way to prevent drug addiction is not to misuse drugs. It’s especially important not to misuse drugs if you’re pregnant or trying to get pregnant. Remember, prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) medicines can be addictive, too. If you take medicine for a health condition, learn how to use medicines safely. What if my doctor prescribes an addictive medicine? Some prescription medicines — for example, opioid pain medicines like OxyContin or Vicodin — are very addictive. If your doctor prescribes opioids, ask about the risks and benefits. There may be a less addictive pain medicine you can try. The Basics: Treatment How is drug addiction treated? There’s no cure for drug addiction — but there are effective treatments that can help you manage it. It can be treated with medicine, talk therapy, or both. Treatment options depend on which drugs you’re misusing. You can get treatment for drug addiction at a hospital or rehab center where you stay overnight — or you can get treatment during the day while you’re living at home. Medicines for drug addiction Doctors can prescribe medicines to ease symptoms of withdrawal (feeling sick when you stop taking certain drugs). If you’re addicted to opioids — including heroin or prescription opioid pain medicines — doctors can prescribe medicines to help you stay off drugs. Some of these medicines work by reducing cravings, and some work by blocking the high you get from the drug. Therapy for drug addiction A type of therapy called behavioral therapy can help you learn healthy ways to cope with stress and challenges in your life. Therapy is important to help you stay in treatment and avoid misusing drugs. Take Action: See a Doctor Drug addiction is a real disease, and people with drug addiction need treatment just like people with any other disease. If you’re worried about your drug use, see your doctor. Talk to a doctor about what’s going on. Get a medical checkup. Ask to see a doctor or nurse who can screen you for drug addiction. The doctor or nurse may also check to see if you have any other health conditions (like depression) that can make it harder to stop misusing drugs. Getting help for other health problems can make a big difference in treating your addiction. If you’ve injected drugs, talk with the doctor or nurse about getting tested for HIV and hepatitis. Injecting drugs can put you at risk for these conditions. Take Action: Get Treatment Get treatment for drug addiction. When you have a drug problem, getting help is the best thing you can do. An addiction specialist can help you find the right program for you. And if one type of treatment doesn’t work for you, you can try another. Don’t give up! - Ask your doctor for a referral to an addiction specialist or treatment program - Find a doctor or treatment program near you - Call 1-800-662-HELP (1-800-662-4357) for information about treatment Remember, drug addiction is an illness — and having this illness is not your fault. Asking for help may seem scary, but it's the first step toward getting your addiction under control. What about cost? Under the Affordable Care Act, insurance plans must cover mental health and drug addiction treatments. Check with your insurance company to find out what’s included in your plan. For information about mental health and drug treatment services covered by the Affordable Care Act, visit HealthCare.gov. If you don’t have insurance, you can still get health care. Find a health center near you and make an appointment. Some programs offer free or low-cost treatment if you don't have insurance. Take Action: Get Support Get support for drug addiction. You don’t have to face your drug problem alone. Ask your friends and loved ones to support you as you get treatment. Support groups for people with drug addiction can also help you stick with your treatment plan. Learn more about support groups for drug addiction. If someone you care about has a drug problem, get help. If you think a friend or family member may have a drug problem, check out these tips on how to talk to a loved one about drug misuse. Take Action: Prepare for an Opioid Overdose Ask your doctor about medicine to reverse an overdose. If you misuse opioids, you’re at risk for an opioid overdose. But a medicine called naloxone can reverse an overdose and save your life. Naloxone only works if you take it soon after an overdose. Doctors can prescribe naloxone to people with opioid addiction and their family members. That way, if you overdose, people around you will be ready to help right away. Content last updated March 9, 2021 This information on talking to your doctor about drug misuse is adapted from material from the United States Preventive Services Task Force and the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Emily B. Einstein, PhD Chief, Science Policy Branch Office of Science Policy and Communications National Institute on Drug Abuse	<urn:uuid:ee04e34f-8bd5-4432-8167-9066aa201299>	CC-MAIN-2021-21	https://health.gov/myhealthfinder/topics/everyday-healthy-living/mental-health-and-relationships/talk-your-doctor-about-drug-misuse	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988753.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20210506083716-20210506113716-00150.warc.gz	en	0.926098	1,685	3.015625	3
What people are saying - Write a review We haven't found any reviews in the usual places. Berlin in the Autumn of 1930 National Socialism and the Weimar Republic The Process of the Nazi Assumption of Power 2 other sections not shown Other editions - View all able activities Adolf Hitler appeared associations Bavarian became become began beginning Berlin Brüning Cabinet called campaign cent Centre Party Chancellor Communists conservative Constitution crisis decisive decree demands demonstrate developed DNVP early East economic elections emerged fact failed finally forces formed front further gained German given Goebbels groups hand Hindenburg Hitler idea important industry Interior January July later leader leadership less majority March mass meeting Mein Kampf military Minister Ministry months move movement Munich nationalist Nazi November NSDAP October organisation Papen parliamentary particularly party period Plan police political position prepared President protest Prussian radical rally Reich Reich President Reichstag Reichswehr remained Republic republican result Right right-wing Schleicher September share Social Democrats Socialists Strasser succeeded success tion turned Vossische Zeitung vote Weimar World young	<urn:uuid:a0a417e6-c0d3-4149-ba6d-7e550b46aab1>	CC-MAIN-2020-50	https://books.google.com/books?printsec=frontcover&vid=ISBN0854965173&vid=ISBN0854965092&vid=LCCN86026857	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141748276.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20201205165649-20201205195649-00473.warc.gz	en	0.900836	210	2.71875	3
- Arduino Board - Resistor, anything between 220 ohm to 1K ohm To build the circuit, connect one end of the resistor to Arduino pin 13. Connect the long leg of the LED (the positive leg, called the anode) to the other end of the resistor. Connect the short leg of the LED (the negative leg, called the cathode) to the Arduino GND, as shown in the diagram and the schematic below. Most Arduino boards already have an LED attached to pin 13 on the board itself. If you run this example with no hardware attached, you should see that LED blink. In my case i use 5 LED to blink and give some delay betwitten every blink of single LED. Try to modify the code and make somethink new as you like.	<urn:uuid:85f9d2ee-f4d2-4516-b0df-1ed23248f1e0>	CC-MAIN-2019-51	https://www.workitbd.com/page.php?15/Blink%20A%20LED	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540508599.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20191208095535-20191208123535-00134.warc.gz	en	0.923188	165	3.78125	4
1 June 2021 We’ve entered late Spring in the northern hemisphere, and that means I’ve been able to spend more time outside. It also means slightly fewer posts than in the past couple of months. Still, there have been plenty of new discoveries. Do the Wave Gravitational-wave astronomy continues to mature, with studies moving beyond the black hole mergers seen by Virgo and LIGO. For example, a team recently looked for gravitational waves in data from the Gaia spacecraft. Gaia isn’t a gravitational wave telescope, but it has measured the position of more than 400,000 quasars. If gravitational waves happen to pass through our corner of the universe, they could shift the apparent position of these quasars. They haven’t found gravitational waves yet, but it’s an interesting new approach. Another study is trying to solve the question of whether gravity can lens gravitational waves. We’ve long observed that light can be gravitationally lensed near large masses, but are gravitational waves also lensed? General relativity says yes, but the effect is yet to be observed. Dark matter could be warming up regular matter. A study in Physical Review Letters shows that some hypothetical forms of dark matter could make brown dwarfs warmer than we expect. If the idea is true, we should be able to prove it when the Webb Space Telescope is launched later this year. Large stars might also stay warmer longer. A study of 26 B-type giant stars shows that they pulse at a rate of hours or days. This seems to be due to the mixing of hydrogen and other elements in their cores, which could help them fuse hydrogen. In other hot news, work at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider is helping us understand the matter in the earliest moments of the big bang when the cosmos was filled with a quark-gluon plasma. Interestingly, this material seems to behave more like water than like a gas. The search for aliens continues to be a hot topic. Breakthrough Listen surveyed the central region of our galaxy, which is dense with stars. They didn’t find an alien signal, but that’s not surprising. We know that the center of our galaxy would be pretty hostile to terrestrial life. But there is hope. Another study looked at how a constellation of communication satellites such as the SpaceX Starlink project could be observable across light-years. If aliens have a network of communication satellites, we might be able to find them. Or aliens might detect Starlink in the next few decades. Be Seeing You On the engineering front, a study of CubeSats has shown how they might provide real-time observations of Earth. These small satellites are only 10 centimeters wide and are incredibly cheap to launch. If they can carry small telescopes, we might have a fleet of cheap observatories that are always watching us here on Earth. Finally, I wrote a couple of fun posts about the writing process. When it comes to writing fiction, are you a plotter or a pantser? Also, what’s up with the size of writing paper in America? That’s it for this month. While you enjoy your summer, I’ll get back to writing, so there will be plenty more stories to come.	<urn:uuid:103500f9-d71b-4d7e-b80a-6b1890bc9255>	CC-MAIN-2023-14	https://briankoberlein.com/newsletter/2021-06-01/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945376.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325222822-20230326012822-00746.warc.gz	en	0.944899	698	3.25	3
Smart home means different things to different people, what it boils down to is the ability to improve our lives through technology. Yesterday, my wife had the chance to chat with Kate Reddy from LAB 714 about a very timely and potentially life saving application of 3D printing technology. Last week, you may have seen a few articles covering an open source hardware project aimed at rapidly producing ventilators from easily sourced materials, 3D printed components, and plans available freely on the Internet. Given that the Associated Press reports that as many as 960,000 Covid-19 patients in the US could require some period of time on a respirator, and that our country only has approximately 200,000 available, the math’s not great. While automobile makers Ford, GM, and Tesla have committed to manufacturing ventilators if the need arises, we all know that giant companies never do ANYTHING quickly. Small companies and individuals, by contrast, are far more nimble, which is one part of the appeal of the Open Source Ventilator Project (you can find design files at their GitLab HERE). The Open Source Ventilator Project is headed up by Colin Keogh of Ireland and Gui Calavanti of the US. They teamed up to crowd source the design for ventilators, face masks, as well as other vital medical supplies and equipment. Engineers, doctors, and scientists have teamed up with every day people to create plans and designs to build vital gear locally – and quickly. Already, their prototype ventilator is under evaluation by the Irish Health Services Executive, which is Ireland’s health regulatory body, to validate the design for use in Irish hospitals. If the worst should happen with Covid-19, other countries would do well to give their own regulatory bodies a kick to expedite review of this and similar projects. Kate and her husband, Rakesh, are slaving away at their 3D printers. “Basically in the lab, we are 3-D printing filtration masks and starting to print parts for a DIY respirator. We have found that we’re having issues sealing the masks as well as getting the filters for the masks. Luckily, I think that we have a solution for the filter, but we still have only printed two masks and we have yet to have a final product that would be hospital grade. We’re actually having more luck working with people in China to get N95 masks shipped to the United States for healthcare workers. We’re awaiting parts for the ventilator, it’s a complex system which requires pressure sensors, valves, a circuit board, a CPR respirator for the for the lung component, etc. we’re hoping that the parts will all come this week and that we can hopefully prove a concept.” Yesterday, U.S. Surgeon General Jerome Adams stated “I want America to understand this week it’s going to get bad.” (source) If you’re an engineer, a designer, or just an ace with a 3D printer, this may be your chance to step up and save the world! SmarterHome.club is the website for our Facebook community, The Smarter Home Club – which is an umbrella for all kinds of smart home technologies – home automation, security, custom electronics, weather stations, alternative energy, you name it. DIY focused. If you’re interested in joining the Smarter Home Club’s Facebook group, please follow this link:	<urn:uuid:e7a03ee0-763b-4a9e-b2af-5fe938f53ceb>	CC-MAIN-2020-50	http://blog.smarterhome.club/2020/03/24/the-open-source-ventilator-project/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141727782.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20201203124807-20201203154807-00667.warc.gz	en	0.952513	731	2.609375	3
With a potentially historic Nor'Easter bearing down on the Northeast, it's best to avoid driving if possible. But for those who need to get behind the wheel, AAA and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration each provide lists of tips to stay safe. Some are pretty obvious ("Always look and steer where you go;" wear your seatbelt), but others are more useful. Here's what you need to know before driving in winter weather. - Fill your windshield wiper fluid reservoir, it can go quickly in snowy conditions. Keep an extra supply in the car. - Electric vehicle batteries lose power more quickly in the cold, so be sure they are fully charged before heading out. - Keep extra distance between yourself and other cars, to account for slow braking. With antilock brakes, apply steady pressure. With non-antilock brakes, gently pump the brakes. - In the event of a skid, ease off the gas, do not brake (until the car is under control), and carefully steer in the direction you want the front of the car to go. - Keep abrasive material (like sand) in the car, to use for extra traction if the car gets stuck. - Keep your gas tank at least half full, to avoid gas line freeze up (when moisture in the air in the tank freezes, clogging the line). - Properly inflate your tires. - If stranded, tie a brightly colored cloth to your car's antenna or in the window, to alert rescuers. In the dark, keep the dome light on, if possible. - Accelerate slowly, to improve traction. - Avoid stopping fully, and do not stop when driving uphill.	<urn:uuid:699c040d-2c4b-4100-ae00-226d03d0421f>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.businessinsider.com/safe-winter-snow-driving-tips-2013-2	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408828.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00128-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.914329	352	2.78125	3
When words fail, music speaks. Currently, 564,000 Canadians are living with dementia. According to the Alzheimer Society Canada, that number will increase by another 66 percent by 2031. While the causes of dementia are not fully known, studies show the power of music can be benefit to those with the disease. Music helps with memory and attention, manage emotional and mental health issues by reducing depression and anxiety, and improve physical health by using music to support movement. “Music can reduce agitation and improve behavioural issues in the middle stages or even in the later stages of dementia,” says Nalini Sen, who is the director of research at the Alzheimer Society of Canada. “Music proves a way to connect.” Sen says music – especially singing – can unlock memories and kick start the grey matter of the brain. “Music reaches some parts of the damaged parts of the brain in ways other communications can’t,” she says. “It can reignite parts of the brain that are damaged and be more engaged.” “Music reaches some parts of the damaged parts of the brain in ways other communications can’t. It can reignite parts of the brain that are damaged and be more engaged.” Amy Clements-Cortes is a music therapist and assistant professor, faculty of music at the University of Toronto. As a music therapist, working with patients with dementia may include activities such as singing, moving to music, reminiscence, improvisation, and song composition. “A typical group might open with a welcome song to help orient the person to the date and season,” she says. “This would be followed by singing some familiar songs and perhaps encouraging the participants to move to the music and play small percussion instruments.” Caregivers and families can also bring the power of music into the home. Caregivers should select music that is familiar or memorable to the person with cognitive and memory issues. If they’re able to, let the person you are caring for choose their own music, recommends Sen. Or consult with their family about their preferences from earlier in their loved one’s life. “Chose a source of music not interrupted with commercials, which can cause confusion to the individual,” says Sen. “Instead, choose tranquil music to calm, while music with a faster beat, possibly from their childhood, can boost spirits.” However, Clements-Cortes cautions not to put headphones on and leave people with dementia alone when listening to the music. “It should be done in the presence of a caregiver to ensure the person with dementia is supported if they wish for the music to stop, or if they have a negative reaction to it,” she says. Sen also suggests you further avoid sensory overload by shutting the window if there is noise coming from outside and turn off the television. Clements-Cortes recommends singing to people with dementia as you provide care, such as when bathing, feeding or toileting – and to use songs that are meaningful to the individual. Julia Beth Kowaleski, a music therapist and president of the Music Therapy Association of Ontario also recommends asking questions while listening to music to prompt memories. “Ask, ‘do you know who sings this song?’ or ‘were you married during that year?’” she says. In addition, Kowaleski recommends using song to create musical mnemonics. “Use a simple melody and create words to help remember useful information such as, steps for brushing teeth, names of family members, or a grocery list.” To further the impact of music, caregivers can also encourage movement, such as dancing or clapping. Families and caregivers can look into the Music Project. This project from the Alzheimer Society personalizes a playlist for free to support people with dementia and improve quality of their life. Caregivers and families can apply for an iPod online and select music to provide them with a “soundtrack of their life.” The free iPods come preloaded with personalized music for people across Canada. Clements-Cortes has also created a free document, which can help families and caregivers prepare a playlist. For more information on the Alzheimer’s Society of Canada, visit their website.	<urn:uuid:9ea3f668-7b70-4332-b245-c76d73bf15bf>	CC-MAIN-2020-16	https://www.youareunltd.com/2019/07/02/using-music-to-reach-those-living-with-dementia-strikes-a-beautiful-chord/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371805747.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20200407183818-20200407214318-00536.warc.gz	en	0.944656	911	3.140625	3
Articles from the 2013 edition When the United Nations was established in 1945, there was a strong belief that the new international order should be built on a foundation of human rights. The Charter included several significant provisions to this end. Soon a number of important human rights instruments were adopted, most notably the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, with Canada’s John Humphrey playing a leading role.The UN’s human rights machinery has evolved and improved over the years, although it is still far from perfect. But the solution is not to weaken or dissolve the UN. Our goal must be to strengthen the implementation procedures and oversight mechanisms. Canada in the past has shown great leadership in supporting the UN’s peacekeeping, development and human rights programs. This is a proud tradition, which should be enhanced and continued. At the end of the last century, some will remember, Canada held a first-row seat as some of the most new and innovative initiatives in the promotion of international peace, security and the protection of human rights and civilian lives. One of these initiatives was helping to launch the idea of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P). After languishing as an idea for nearly a decade, the uprisings brought about by the Arab Spring have reignited a newfound interest in discussion around intervening for the protection of civilians. Canada should once again play a diplomatic role in the institutionalization and application of the concept. A US-flagged ice-strengthened super-tanker, the SS Manhattan, sailed through the Northwest Passage in 1969 without seeking Canada’s permission. Canada’s diplomats immediately set to work, crafting a strategy to protect this country’s interests in the event of further challenges to our Northwest Passage claim. Central to the strategy was a close involvement in the negotiation and drafting of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. As a result of Canadian leadership, Article 234 of the Convention allows coastal states to enact laws against maritime pollution out to 200 nautical miles from shore in the Arctic. Canadian leadership also resulted in provisions of the UN Convention that provide coastal states with extensive jurisdiction over seabed resources, a matter of no small importance to Canada which has the longest coastline of any country. From the Arctic to the South China Sea, countries around the world accepted the validity of these rules today. And when differences of opinion arise, they do so within a legal framework, which reduces the risk of armed conflict. Ferry de Kerckhove The Government of Canada has a difficult relationship with the multilateral world. It prefers intergovernmental groupings where major players’ consensus is the rule. It paid a price such as its defeat in its UN Security Council campaign. There was a feeling at the UN that, with its multilateralism “à la carte”, Canada had renounced some of the tenets which gave it credibility on the international stage. The Government should a) manage itself out of its frustrations with multilateral convoluted processes; b) recommit Canada to the painstakingly built architecture of functional organizations; and c) undertake an open-minded review of all the international/multilateral organizations Canada belongs to. Canada’s international reputation as a prolific and proficient peacekeeper has been in decline for over a decade, owing to the country’s disengagement with peacekeeping operations. This loss of experience abroad is compounded by the loss of training at home, leaving Canada unprepared to re-engage with UN peacekeeping at the level it once did. As the peacekeeping veterans from the 1990’s retire, and as the courses and exercise that were developed to prepare officers for the unique challenges of peacekeeping deployment are cut, Canada’s future foreign policy options are being undermined and narrowed. In the event that national and international demands in the post-Afghanistan era shift back to UN operations, the Canadian Forces and government need to be ready. To be properly prepared for peace, Canada requires major changes to its training and preparations, as well as a mindset that is once again open to serving the cause of peacekeeping in a constructive and progressive fashion. On 1 January 1989, I had the privilege, as Ambassador to the United Nations in New York, of commencing a two-year term as Canada’s Representative on the U.N. Security Council. It is with immense pride that I recall the intensive campaign, spearheaded by Prime Minister Mulroney, that resulted in Canada’s election to the Security Council in October 1988. Indeed, Canada’s was the most successful, competitive non-permanent member election in UNSC history. Amongst Member States it came to be accepted that every ten years or so, Canada, because it was such an active and constructive participant at the UN could expect to be asked by its peers to sit at this exclusive table. And in 1998, Canada was elected again for a sixth term on the Council. How times have changed! With many other Canadians, I was chagrined in October 2010 to learn that, for the first time in over 60 years, Canada had failed to be elected to the Council. On the basis of my experience, I can assert categorically that it is far preferable to be in the tent with a voice that is respected in the deliberations of the Council than to be outside the tent sulking in a corner. The “me-first,” insensitive policies of the current government have caused irreparable harm to Canada’s reputation at the United Nations, including our bid three years ago for a seventh term on the UN Security Council. Canadian environmental policy remains a fiasco. Canada had taken strong stands in the global effort to combat environmental degradation, beginning in Stockholm in 1972, and worked hard to build momentum behind efforts to create a global climate treaty. Our decision in December 2011 to become the first nation to withdraw from Kyoto represented a blow to our international reputation from which we have not begun to recover. But there are numerous other examples. From an “Israel right or wrong” policy on the Middle East to a statistically irrelevant contribution to UN peacekeeping, there is little wonder why Canada has lost support and why our reputation will not be restored until Canada adopts positions on international issues that are seen to be good for the world as well as good for Canada. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) counts 191 member states. The ICAO sets the standards and regulations of international civil aviation to ensure security (against terrorism), safety (accident prevention) and environmental protection. The implementation of the standards and systems adopted by the ICAO protects human lives every day, all over the world. Unfortunately, most Canadians are unaware of the existence of the ICAO and its headquarters in Canada – and even less aware of its strategic and essential role in ensuring peace and security in the world. The ICAO is the key piece in the Montreal aerospace sector, which employs 42,500 people and posts annual sales of $12.1 billion, 80% from exports. Along with Toulouse and Seattle, Montreal is one of the major world centres in the aerospace industry. Last spring, the unsuccessful bid by Qatar upped the ante. The ICAO obtained additional support from Ottawa and Quebec to the tune of some $80 million, along with broader tax exemptions and greater flexibility in obtaining visas for members of foreign delegations, thus resolving two of the irritants raised by Qatar to justify its proposal to move the ICAO HQ to Doha. During their UN interventions, the Prime Minister, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Canada’s Ambassador to the UN should make it a point of honour to remind listeners that Canada hosts the ICAO Headquarters and that all Canadians are proud of this contribution to peace and security around the world. Canada should also take a clear position on the reduction of carbon emissions by civil aviation, an environmental issue that the ICAO aims to regulate. Canadian contributions to peace have declined with the new emphasis on war-fighting. Yet to prevent armed conflict and protect civilians in an over-armed, interdependent world, we are likely to need an empowered United Nations, just as the Organization now needs better Canadian efforts. Two transformations are required. The Canadian Forces already have critically important assets and could promptly be re-directed to support UN peace operations. Second, Canada could again lead in supporting the development of a UN Emergency Peace Service (UNEPS) – a standing ‘UN 911’ to ensure rapid and reliable responses to fast-breaking crises. If one of a government’s primary responsibilities is to protect its interests in the world, the current Canadian Government’s shunning of international institutions, particularly the United Nations, is difficult to understand. In a globalized world of trade, economic risk, political and security uncertainties, interlinked environmental and health effects along with emerging humanitarian crises and pressing development needs, it is virtually impossible for any one government to “go it alone”. It is in the various UN bodies – political, security, environmental, development, and humanitarian – that the international community can best develop the interventions required to address the complex global problems of today. Historians refer to two (or three) UNs: the member states, the Secretariats (and international civil society). But it is member states which run the show and pay the piper. When “the UN” can’t agree on a course of action, it is because UN member states cannot or will not agree. Canada must, therefore, take up its responsibility as a member state. Instead we see a “principled foreign policy” which focuses narrowly on short term interests, but which in fact works against Canada’s longer term self-interests of peace, security and commerce. UN Women is still the new girl on the UN block of agencies – formed out of the international GEAR (Gender Equality Architecture Reform) campaign of women’s grass roots advocacy as the much needed amalgam of four diffused (often disagreeing) UN bodies – promising genuine inclusion of women’s civil society organizations. Over 50 civil society leaders met UN Women in August to stress that women’s sexual and reproductive rights must be understood in the human rights framework. Why this emphasis on sexual and reproductive rights and why do women’s rights leaders look to the UN to make positive changes so that women’s human rights are actually “lived rights”? The bodies of women and girls are the pages of the book on women’s rights; control and power are the central theme. When the Optional Protocol to the major UN treaty on women’s rights – CEDAW (the Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination Against Women) – was being negotiated in 1998, American diplomats (under President George W. Bush) usually sat with and voted with representatives who consistently opposed women’s reproductive rights . Fast forward to June of this year in the UN Human Rights Council in Geneva, where I saw diplomats from the United States proposing a crucial amendment on women’s reproductive rights to the Canadian resolution. But this time it was Prime Minister Stephen Harper’s people that said “no” to listing critical sexual and reproductive health services that survivors of sexual violence must have access to, such as emergency contraception, safe abortion, post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV, and screening and treatment for sexually transmitted infections. Canada used to be regarded as a human rights and rule of law champion within Canada, at the UN and around the world. This allowed Canada to punch above it weight at the UN and in the international community. This legacy led to historic accomplishments such as the Nobel Peace Prize for Peacekeeping, the Ottawa Land Mines Treaty, a Conservative Prime Minister, Brian Mulroney leading the fight against Apartheid along with his leadership in the creation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the creation of the G20 by former Prime Minister Paul Martin, the Responsibility to Protect doctrine, shepherded through the UN 2005 World Summit by former Canadian Ambassador Allan Rock and Canadian foreign affairs official Philippe Kirsch being instrumental in the creation of the International Criminal Court. Sadly in this 65th anniversary year of the Universal Declaration, the human rights and rule of law reputation of Canada is fast diminishing, in part because the world is getting to know how the Conservative government of Stephen Harper undermines those values at home, which brings repercussions at the UN and around the world. This article lists the most egregious examples of how the Conservatives have undermined Canada’s human rights reputation at the UN and internationally. Canada should implement the motion adopted unanimously by both the Senate and House of Commons calling on the government to support UN SecretaryGeneral Ban Ki-moon’s Five Point Plan for Nuclear Disarmament, centering on a Nuclear Weapons Convention or framework of instruments to eliminate all nuclear weapons. The Middle Powers Initiative is ready to hold a meeting in Ottawa of likeminded states to work on preparations for a global ban. Many parliamentarians and nearly 700 members of the Order of Canada fully support this. In 2015, global leaders will meet at the United Nations to establish a new framework for global development that will succeed the Millennium Development Goals – one that will hopefully leave no one behind, be it in Canada or Cameroon. On September 25, governments will meet in New York to determine how to get there. Crucial to the post-2015 framework is the establishment of a global partnership to manage the implementation of this international agenda – and one that puts equitable partnership, meaningful participation and shared responsibility at its heart. Governments alone are not up to this task. Civil society must also be there, along with other development actors. More inclusive global processes are possible. The UN is the key player in this process, and member states like Canada must provide their full support to ensure a new framework that is as ambitious as the challenges that the world still faces. Globally, more than half of all emergency assistance is managed by UN agencies, primarily the World Food Program and UNHCR. Governments have little delivery capacity and the NGO contribution, while important, is patchy and uncoordinated. UN agencies act as a focal point for funders; they serve as coordinators, managers and front-line delivery agencies. They are often the first to arrive and the last to leave, and are frequently the only serious humanitarian delivery mechanism in some of the world’s toughest emergencies. It is still insufficient. The challenge for UN member states, including Canada, is to find ways to build, strengthen and improve the UN’s herculean response to humanitarian need. Canada should help the world to rethink the United Nations, with the intention of creating legitimate and effective institutions for world governance. This should become a priority policy program of the Department of Foreign Affairs in coordination with like-minded countries. The policy program would have to be based on public input and the cooperation of civil society associations. The aim is to develop publicly supported policies for an improved set of international organizations capable of making authoritative decisions about global challenges ranging from climate change to terrorism and financial crises. Such institutions will conform to techniques of modern democratic statecraft including: constitutional federalism, elections, liberalism, rule of law, and decentralized governance. This is a critical juncture as the world looks to formulate a Post 2015 Development Agenda that will succeed the UN’s Millennium Development Goals of 2000. As in the past, the Government of Canada can engage in this global conversation, providing leadership and investment in the global decision-making process. To add a strategic contribution Canada should 1) recognize the power of the UN for this important dialogue leading to global change – and abandon language casting the UN as merely a ‘talk shop’; 2) lead on Canada’s innovation on private/public partnerships in development; 3) lead on addressing climate change mitigation and adaptation – as many of our provinces have – in order to change the channel and showcase innovation; and 4) in collaboration with civil society leaders and academics, invest in a whole of government approach to the development and implementation of the new development agenda.	<urn:uuid:1feffbc1-a263-4856-85e4-c53f2206141c>	CC-MAIN-2021-04	https://unitednationsandcanada.org/articles-2/articles/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703515075.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20210118154332-20210118184332-00754.warc.gz	en	0.948207	3,293	2.515625	3
Sharing is Caring Don’t Follow Health Rules Blindly The age-old advice of health experts like drinking lots of water, doing heavy work-outs, devouring tons of green salads may not hold true for some people and they may not even know it. For instance, take the case of Elaine Monarch. Her natural affinity for whole wheat bread and other cereal products got a boost, when her physician advised her to consume more of them, after a bout of bloating and diarrhea. It almost proved fatal. She had celiac disease. Her immune system reacted to the glutens from the grains and in the process; tissues in her small intestine were distressed. Now, she avoids taking grains and instead, gets her share of fiber from nuts, fruits, and food supplements. She has been working as the founder of the Celtic Disease Foundation. The postulations that every American gets perennially from the health experts are indeed, right for most and the advice to quit smoking or to avoid foods trans-fats should be diligently followed. The recommendation made by the health experts, may not always hold true in some individual cases. But some of the other general advice may not be beneficial for everybody, as can be viewed from the fact that even the USDA has not placed a section for celiac disease, in their recommended food pyramid. The devices are based on the results of surveys, which may not always be all-encompassing. Even the success rate of a staggering 94 percent of the sampling studies, still leaves aside 6 percent of people, which may be a sizable population. Dan Rod, MD, assistant vice chancellor for personalized medicine at Vanderbilt University says in this regard, “The recommendation made by the health experts, may not always hold true in some individual cases.” Hence, we analyzed some of the established recommendations and sought the advice of the health experts about the precautions, just in case; they may prove to be otherwise. Your exercise regimen Recommendation: Excessive exercise is more beneficial than moderate ones Be cautious, if you are fighting obesity. By indulging in vigorous exercises, you would feel exhausted too soon and as a result, wouldn’t be able to burn sufficient calories to attain weight loss. Studies showed the amount of weight loss was around 15 to 18 pounds in women, who took up a lengthy but moderate exercise regimen as also with those who did strenuous workouts for shorter spells. In fact, a study conducted among 184 women in 2003, revealed that women who walked for two and half hours each week at a moderate speed and those who took up a more elaborate and vigorous exercise regimen achieved the same level of weight loss. So, to fight obesity, take up such exercises that you can do for 30 to 40 minutes without gasping for air. Recommendation: Walking is the easiest and best exercise Do it in moderation if you have any cardiac ailment and on smoggy days. The dust particles present in the air on a smoggy day can accentuate the risk of a cardiac attack. So, on such days, it is better to do your workouts indoors, preferably in an air-conditioned room, as it can reduce the level of air pollutants by half. Recommendation: Routine household activities like gardening can make you healthier Be cautious, if you are suffering from any cardiac ailment and want to prevent a cardiac attack. While any sort of physical activity helps, the routine household works like cooking and washing may be too light and of short duration in order to prevent the risk of blockage of arteries and cardiac attack. On the other hand, the risks of cardiac attacks can be significantly reduced by doing moderate to heavy exercise 30 minutes every week. A brisk walk for two hours each week can reduce the risk of cardiac ailments by 50 percent, as revealed by a study carried out on around 40,000 women. Recommendation: Swimming is the perfect aerobic exercise The chlorine present in the swimming pool can lead to various allergies and disorders. This is more so in the case of children. People with asthma and children under the age of seven with any form of allergy should also avoid getting into the pool and settle for some other form of aerobic exercise. Contrary to popular belief, swimming does not lead to a substantial weight loss, if you are fighting obesity. Recommendation: Devouring lots of leafy green vegetables Be careful if you are taking warfarin (Coumadin), the blood thinner drug, which is taken to prevent the harmful blood clots. It restricts the action of vitamin K, the vital component for blood-clotting. But taking a high amount of vitamin K-rich leaf green vegetables like spinach, kale, and Swiss chard can inhibit the effect of the drug. Hence, don’t eat too much of them. Recommendation: Taking eight glasses of water daily Be cautious, if you have a bladder control problem. By moderating your fluid intake, you can avoid leaks. Take the advice of your doctor about how much water you should drink every day. If it is less than eight glasses, do not worry, as in any case, around one-fifth of the body’s water requirement is from the food, as per the National Health and Nutrition Examination survey. And if you pass light-colored urine every eight hours than in all probability, you are drinking sufficiently. The drugs you take Recommendation: Low blood pressure is always better This may not be true if you have coronary artery disease (CAD). It is advisable to keep your blood pressure at 120/80, so as to prevent a cardiac attack or stroke. But very low blood pressure is risky, as the flow of blood through the narrowed vessels gets restricted. A study conducted among more than 22,000 patients who had CAD, revealed that a diastolic pressure of below 70, have twice the risk of cardiac attacks and deaths. But, for patients who had angioplasty or bypass surgery to clear blocked vessels or for the passage of the blood via another healthy vessel, having a low blood pressure is not risky. Recommendation: Use of acetaminophen is safe and ideal for relief from pain like arthritis Be cautious, if you regularly take wine (alcohol). Acetaminophen, in combination with alcohol, can damage the liver. So, the label of acetaminophen contains a warning to people who take three or more drinks regularly when using them. Donald Jensen, a board member of the American Liver Foundation warns that light drinks can also be damaging. According to him, you should take only 2 mg of acetaminophen on days when you drink; the recommended dose of 4 mg/day notwithstanding. Recommendation: Whole foods are a better source for nutrients than pills This may not apply if you eat only vegetarian foods. You have to depend on pills to supplement your needs of vitamin D and B12 if you avoid taking eggs and milk. Recent researches propose that the recommendation for vitamin D should be 1,000 to 2,000 FU to be on the safer side than the presently recommended 200 to 600 IU. Though one can get enough iron from vegetarian foods, it needs sensible planning. You should get your hemoglobin test done if you tire easily. Recommendation: In the case of chronic pain, anti-inflammatory, non-steroidal medicines like Ibuprofen or a prescription drug like Indocin are the safest and most effective Be careful if you are above 65 years old. NSAIDs can lead to stomach ulcers and internal bleeding, especially among elderly people. Experts say that deaths due to NSAID-related bleeding mostly occur among the aged persons. The best thing for persons over the age of 65 would be to consult their doctor. You can take other drugs like acetaminophen, corticosteroids, or narcotic-like Demerol, while diligently following the instructions of the doctor to take care of any side-effects or over-dependence.	<urn:uuid:6adbd40c-7e56-4b61-9339-be9fb4cc47c7>	CC-MAIN-2021-43	https://guidetour.in/health-rules-blindly/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585281.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20211019202148-20211019232148-00580.warc.gz	en	0.951692	1,631	2.546875	3
Water Leakages in Municipal Water Networks Water is one of man’s most important needs. We must not waste it as it has become a rare commodity in some parts of the world. The population of many countries has increased, so they have a greater demand for water. Our erratic climate conditions are also causing a decrease in rainfalls, and the common methods of water extraction are no longer as effective. It’s Dripping, Dripping Water is dripping somewhere in our water systems. This has been going on for years and will still continue for more years to come unless it is detected and controlled. Water leakage can happen in various forms and in many possible areas. Studies show that Water Companies have targeted Zero leaks in the last decade, but still, new leaks open as old ones are closed. There is no downward trend on water leaks. Great Loss of Precious Water Over three billion liters of water are wasted everyday due to leaks. What a great waste of water for us and the future generations! Drought has already been declared in some countries. In many areas, the average water bill shows a triple increase in consumption. In most cities, an average of 20% of their water supply is lost in leakages. Many cities implement water restrictions as a way of regulating demand and decreasing the losses. Despite these efforts, however, there are still large quantities of water that are lost due to water leakages and faulty water distribution. Types of Leaks The Undetected Leak – This leak and the damage it creates can’t be seen and can’t be detected. It is finally discovered only when the damage has become great and a large quantity of water has already been wasted. A leak of one drop in two seconds adds up to a bucketful of water in one day. In two months, that becomes one drum of water. The Flowing Leak – This refers to a water leak that freely flows from a pipe. In a very short time, it can become a large quantity of wasted water. This may be caused by defects in the pipes or system, hydraulic shocks to the system, accidents, or freezing conditions. This leak usually starts as undetected and becomes worse until the situation becomes an emergency case. The Dripping Leak – This is a leak that is clearly seen because it is a drop of water per second. This will amount to two buckets of water in one day and a drum of water in one month. Detection and Control Water leaks are very difficult to detect as the supply lines are placed at least three feet below the ground level. There are times when the leaking water follows the pipes to the meter. Therefore, if the meter box has indicates water consumption from an unexplained source, then his is one sign of a leak in the supply lines. Sometimes the leaking water will exit on the spot where the supply lines rise in the ground. The grounds may be damp or wet just above the supply pipe underneath. Homeowners are advised not to repair these types of leaks on their own. They must contact their Local Water Supplier to report such a problem or call a professional plumber to do the repair. For water leakage management, the new water sensor technology can be of great help. There are also modern thermal gadgets that report on the normal pipe flow rates and the unexpected increase in water flow range. These will point out the damaged pipes and help set priorities for maintenance and repair.	<urn:uuid:6fc117d4-a91c-4920-8444-5d2b9932b198>	CC-MAIN-2021-49	https://www.alpha-sense.online/?page_id=280	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363689.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20211209061259-20211209091259-00543.warc.gz	en	0.968225	704	3.328125	3
Get Support Death & bereavement How to talk about... Viewing the body Adults sometimes feel that children will be scared if they see a dead person, but for some children it can be helpful; particularly if they haven’t been able to say goodbye before the death. It is important to be guided by what the child wants and to offer them information that will help them make their decision. If you are unsure what to do you could speak to medical staff or the funeral directors. It is helpful for children to know the following: who will come with them where the dead person will be (e.g. in a coffin at the chapel of rest, in a bed at home, or hospital) It is helpful if a member of family has already viewed the body, so that a description of the room where the person will be can be given. what the dead person will look like. Explain that they will be very cold and pale and not be able to react in any way. If their face is marked in any way, children should be prepared for that, and that the person’s eyes will be closed. that they may be able to touch the person if they want to, but they do not have to they can take a letter, picture, poem or object with them to leave in the coffin they can change their minds at the last moment and choose not to go into the room that there are other ways to say goodbye if they don’t want to see the body. For example they can visit a special place or you can leave something on their behalf If the child chooses to view the body, it is important afterwards allow plenty of time for them to ask questions and talk openly about how they feel. The reaction may not be immediate, so be prepared to talk whenever they are ready.	<urn:uuid:26ebdf8a-907c-4eab-b0ce-fc77ad3d7352>	CC-MAIN-2022-05	https://www.daisysdream.org.uk/viewing-the-body	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304798.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20220125070039-20220125100039-00074.warc.gz	en	0.969671	364	3.28125	3
Are you having trouble solving bold font issues in Python? Are you struggling to take your code to the next level? If you are, then this article is for you! Fixing code errors can be a daunting task, especially when they involve font formatting issues. But don’t worry! This article will provide you with a detailed guide on how to solve bold font issues in Python with ease. The first step in solving bold font issues is to understand the basics of Python. You need to be familiar with the syntax and structure of the language in order to be able to identify and fix errors. Once you are comfortable with the basics, it is time to move on to more advanced techniques. One of the most common causes of bold font issues in Python is incorrect syntax. This can be caused by typos or incorrect formatting. To avoid these types of errors, make sure that you check your code for mistakes before running it. If incorrect syntax isn’t the cause of your bold font issues, then you may need to look at other potential causes. These can include incorrect font settings or font styles, or the wrong encoding. You should also check to make sure that your code is compatible with the version of Python you are using. Once you have identified the cause of the bold font issue, you can start to work on fixing it. This could involve manually changing the font settings or encoding, or using a tool to automatically fix the issue. If you are still having trouble solving bold font issues in Python, don’t worry! There are plenty of resources available online that can help you. From tutorials and online courses to forums and communities, you can find all the help you need to get your code back on track. This article has been a guide on how to solve bold font issues in Python. By understanding the basics of the language and exploring potential causes, you should now be able to identify and fix bold font issues with ease. So, what are you waiting for? Read on to take your Python coding to the next level! Python is a popular programming language and many developers rely on it for their projects. Its ease of use and powerful features make it a great choice for many types of applications. However, one of the common issues that Python developers encounter is bold font issues. This issue can prevent text from displaying correctly and make it difficult to read. Fortunately, there are a few ways to fix bold font issues in Python without too much effort. Identifying the Issue The first step in solving bold font issues in Python is to identify the issue. This can be done by checking the code for any errors that could be causing the issue. Most of the time, these errors will be related to font settings. Additionally, it is important to check the font settings in the system to make sure they are set correctly. If the font is set to a different language or is not compatible with the code, this could be causing the issue. Fixing the Issues Once the issue has been identified, the next step is to fix it. This can be done in a few different ways. The first option is to change the font settings in the system. This can be done by going to the Fonts section in the System Preferences and selecting the correct font for the application. If the font is not available, it is also possible to download and install the correct font from a website. Using Alternate Software If changing the font settings does not fix the issue, it may be necessary to use an alternate software to solve the problem. Some of the most popular solutions include TextWrangler and Sublime Text. These programs offer a variety of features that can help to solve bold font issues in Python. Additionally, these programs are free to download and use. Using Python Libraries Another solution is to use Python libraries. Libraries are collections of code that can be used to solve specific problems. There are a number of libraries available for Python that can help to solve bold font issues. Some of the most popular libraries include PIL, FontTools, and PyFontify. Each of these libraries offers a different set of features that can be used to solve the issue. Finally, it is possible to use CSS to fix bold font issues in Python. CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets and it is a language used to define the appearance of a website or application. By adding the correct CSS code to the code, it is possible to change the font settings to the desired font. This is a great option for developers who are not familiar with Python libraries or alternate software. Bold font issues in Python can be a frustrating experience for many developers. Fortunately, there are a few solutions that can be used to fix the issue. The most common solutions include changing the font settings in the system, using alternate software such as TextWrangler or Sublime Text, using Python libraries, or using CSS. Depending on the situation, one of these solutions should be able to fix the issue without too much effort. Source: CHANNET YOUTUBE Python Programming	<urn:uuid:68725be6-1a49-4fb7-83a2-039937161434>	CC-MAIN-2023-50	https://discuss.dizzycoding.com/fix-code-error-how-to-solve-bold-font-issues-in-python/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100942.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209170619-20231209200619-00246.warc.gz	en	0.920839	1,031	3.171875	3
1. What two reasons, one humorous and one serious, does the Cobbler give Flavius for closing his shop? 2. Why does Marullus call the mob “senseless things!”? (lines 35-55) 3. What does Flavius tell the commoners to do? 4. How do the common folk react to the tribunes’ words? (line 63-75) 5. What do Marullus and Flavius undertake to do? (lines 63-75) 6. What does the Soothsayer tell Caesar to beware of, and how does Caesar respond? 7. What does Brutus perceive as a difference in character between Antony and himself? 8. What does Brutus reply when Cassius accuses him of behaving in a cold, strange manner? 9. Find one sentence spoken by Cassius that claims he sees Brutus’ nobility better than Brutus himself can. (lines 66-78) 10. What types of weaknesses in Caesar does Cassius point out to Brutus in lines 100-131? 11. Do you think this weakness would hinder Caesar’s ability as Roman emperor? Why or why not? 12. In lines 162-175, how does Brutus react to Cassius’ arguments against Caesar? 13. As Caesar and his retinue approach, how do they appear to Brutus? 14. What type of man does Caesar tell Antony he wants around him? Why? 15. Why does Caesar believe Cassius will never be “at heart’s ease”? (lines208-210) 16. How does Casca react to Antony’s triple offer of kingship to Caesar? (lines 234-247) 17. What chronic illness does Caesar suffer? 18. What does Cassius plan to do to win Brutus’ cooperation? 19. List a few of the strange things Casca has seen this night (scene 3, lines 15-28) and tell what he thinks they signify (lines 28-32). 20. To whom does Cassius compare this strange and fearful night? 21. What do the senators plan to do on the ides of March, according to Casca? 22. Who does Cassius blame for Caesar’s tyranny? (lines 103-115) 23. Who do Cassius and Casca hope to win over to their plan before morning? 24. Match the character with the adjective that best describes him. _____ Caesar _____ Brutus a. angry c. arrogant _____ Antony _____ Cassius b. cautious d. obedient 1. What is Brutus worried will happen if Caesar is crowned? (lines 10-34) 2. What promise does Brutus make to Rome? 3. To what does Brutus compare the mental anxiety he has been experiencing? (lines 60-69) 4. Indicate below two words Brutus uses to describe conspiracy. (lines 77085) 5. What reason does Brutuus give for not wanting to swear an oath to what they have resolved to do? (lines 114-119) 6. What reason does Metellus give for wanting to include Cicero in their conspiracy? (lines 144-149) 7. What reason does Brutus give for excluding Cicero? (lines 150-152) 8. What does Brutus suggest they do about Antony? Why? (lines 162-183) 9. Who among the men is not convinced by Brutus’ argument? 10. According to Decius, what is a sure-fire way to flatter Caesar? 11. Portia is unhappy about Brutus’ recent behavior (lines 237-256) 12. What does Brutus tell her? (lines 305-309) 13. Just as Portia was concerned about Brutus’ welfare, so too is Calpurnia concerned for Caesar. How does Calpurnia’s concern differ from Portia’s? 14. What does Caesar say that shows he views unrealistically his personal power in the face of danger? (lines 41-47) 15. What reason does Caesar tell Decius to convey to the Senate for his not coming? (lines 71-79) 16. Describe Calpurnia’s dream as revealed by Caesar. 17. How is the dream interpreted by Decius? (lines 83-90) 18. What does Artemidorus have for Caesar? 19. Portia, in a very agitated state, sends Lucius to the Capito to gather information. What does she want to know? 20. To a greater or lesser degree, each of the characters below has knowledge of the conspiracy to kill Caesar that is afoot. Tell how each uses that knowledge in the play. 1. Is Artemidorus successful in presenting his document to Caesar? 2. What does Metellus ask of Caesar? 3. What does Caesar’s response to Metellus, Brutus, and the others tell you about his self-image? (lines 55-70) 4. Who is the first to stab Caesar? Who is the last? 5. Why do you think Caesar stops defending himself when he sees the dagger in Brutus’ hand? 6. What does Brutus feel every Roman has gained by the assassination? (lines 103-110) 7. Cassius feels that the assassination of Caesar will go down in history. How does he feel he and the other men will be remembered? 8. What is Antony’s attitude toward the conspirators? (lines 149-164) 9. Brutus attempts to explain their actions to Antony, offering brotherly love. What does Cassius offer Antony? 10. Antony’s second speech serves as a thinly veiled eulogy for Caesar. To what does Antony compare the conspirators in this speech? (lines 195-211) 11. What does Antony want to do with Caesar’s body? 12. How does Cassius react to this? What does Brutus resolve to do? (lines 233-243) 13. After the conspirators leave, Antony prophesies over Caesar’s body. Summarize that prophecy in your own words. (lines 255-276) 14. Note how Brutus builds his self-defense on two series of parallel statements. Fill in the conclusions to the second series. There is tears for_______________________________________________ ___________ joy for __________________________________________________ _______________ honor for __________________________________________________ _____________ death for __________________________________________________ _____________ 15. What does Brutus say he will do if the good of the country calls for it? 16. What does Antony mean when he says, “I speak not to disprove what Brutus spoke,/ But here I am to speak what I do know”? (lines 100-101) 17. How is the crowd responding to Antony’s speech? 18. In refusing to read Caesar’s will to the crowd, what frame of mind does Antony hope to transfer to them? (lines 127-136 and 140-145) 19. Which was “the most unkindest cut of all”? 20. How does Antony suggest that the death of Caeser is the death of each individual Roman? 21. In lines 207-225, Antony denies having the ability to “stir men’s blood.” Is this true? 22. What do the citizens go off to do? (lines 250-256) 23. Although there is some humor in the mistaken identity of Cinna here, this scene points up a serious development in Rome after the assassination. Antony had prophesied as much. What is this development? 24. Now that you have read Brutus’ and Antony’s speeches, who do you believe was in the right? Explain. Please if you could help me and complete this worksheet. I really need this but I don't have time to do it cause of the following test comming up I need to study for geometry and science. PLEASE HELP.	<urn:uuid:6238826a-c19e-4002-868d-06080d7865a7>	CC-MAIN-2015-27	http://www.online-literature.com/forums/showthread.php?43556-Need-some-help-please-with-Julius-Caesar-full-review-I-got-no-time-to-do-cause-math	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435376073161.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627033433-00081-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.920614	1,742	2.578125	3
“They live because they take risks with fascination.” Something marvelous, something real impressive for people who watch the exclusive sporty act of Cheerleading. Cheerleaders are those wonderful athletes who lift each other in the most disciplined & extremely competitive sport of Cheerleading. Here is where the most renowned saying comes, “Athletes lift weight, Cheerleaders lift people!” The demanding gymnastics involves a great deal with the most stunting activities and extreme tumbling where one cheerleader supported with one or more cheerleaders. This out of common sport might look entertaining, exciting to the spectatators, but in real these athletes involved with the cheerleading act have a great risk to their body, meet with surplus number of cheerleading injuries in their due course of cheerleading span and also many of them meet with an end to their life. The current article will revolve around with the most passionate Cheerleaders where we will put our focus light on the Risk factors involved with cheerleading as well as the preventive guidelines available for the cheerleaders who have deigned their life taking risks with passion. Cheerleading Injury Statistics: Know The Life & Health Status Of The Cheerleaders! Cheerleading is a form of gymnastics having a major percentage of athletic demands with the greater involvement of stunting acts, tumbling and higher risks where the athletes or the cheerleaders lift each other in an extremely appealing manner. Though the whole act of sports look immensely stunning, shows a kind of cheers for flying high with sparkling colors, there is an equivalent dark story underneath. This sport of Cheerleading has been recorded as the most dangerous sports for the women athletes where the cheerleaders are known for having a high percentage of catastrophic injuries. Cheerleading carries the highest percentage of sports injury, especially in the female sportspersons. Research studies on Cheerleading injuries have been done since long. Many sports injury studies have been reviewed to find out the real scenario of the cheerleading injury statistics. A review done of the number of sports injury occurred from the year 1982 to 2002; shows that out of 39 injuries, 29 athletes who were injured were the cheerleaders. It was also found that about 18 of the catastrophic injuries occurred in 27 injured cheerleaders during this time had the injuries on head. Statistics from last year shows that about 55% of the Catastrophic injuries in high school girls come from the Cheerleading sports. Studies have shown that two third of all the catastrophic injuries in women athletes are linked to the cheerleaders. Apart from the Catastrophic injuries, cheerleading also have risks for the Concussion. In a 11 year study of prospective multiple sports study taking 25 high schools, it was found that about 4.9% of the cheerleading injuries reported concussion. Studies from 2013 shows that about 62% more women showed an increased symptom in concussions on the PCS or post-concussions symptoms scale when compared to their own baseline within a time span of 7 days of the injury. So, as a whole while looking at the statistics, it can be concluded that Cheerleading is linked to the highest number of catastrophic injuries and are also reported with the Concussion; especially in the female athletes. Cheerleading: Common Injuries & Risk Factors! Know The Risks The Cheerleaders Take For Life! A common proverb for the cheerleading teams comes, “We do not play games. Cheerleading is much more than a game.” Cheerleading is such an act of honor, trust, strength and passion of hard word; that cannot be explained with mere words. There are risks involved, and that is where it stands lively. It is very true that cheerleaders have an intimate affair with their risks and their style; and that makes them stand out from the common. However, when we look at the common life of these unique sportsperson, we get to know the risks which they have to take on their life everyday on cheerleading is something that is very much more than just the risk involved in a game. Let us look below some of the most common injuries and risk factors these cheerleaders have to meet with. - Cheerleading involves repeated tumbling, which puts a great pressure on the spine and can lead to the stress fractures in the spinal cord. - Repeated tumbling with the growing stress on the growth plates at wrist, ankles, elbow, knee etc. can result in traumatizing these vulnerable parts. - There are high jumps involved in the cheerleading act. Many times the cheerleaders have risk of ligament tear or damage while landing from the jumps in odd positions. The ACL or the Anterior cruciate ligament in knee have the highest risk of strain with an off-balance landing from jump. - Though the ankle and knee sprains are most common injuries in cheerleading, the most dangerous cheerleading injuries of concern are the injuries to head and neck. - The head injuries with cheerleading acts include the skull fractures, hematoma or cerebral hematoma etc. - The highest risk involved with cheerleading is the death of an injured athlete with serious catastrophic injuries, especially the spine, neck & head injuries Cheerleading Injuries Prevention Tips! “We do not sweat, we sparkle!” The famous saying from the astonishing cheerleaders describes all about their will power, their confidence, their strength and above all their way of enjoying while taking the risk. Let these attitudes from the most amazing sportsperson remain intact. Here are some of the preventive measures meant for the cheerleaders. - Make sure you are stretching the upper and lower extremity muscles along with the back muscles, before and after any activity. Make a note to hold the stretching for about 30 seconds and do the same for at least 3 times. - There must be an inclusion of both the stationary and the dynamic activities in the balance training exercises. - Core exercises involving the abdomen, back and hip muscle exercises; must be regularly done so as to keep the core strong and prepared. - There must be an awareness of the athletic position landing, while landing from high jumps in cheerleading. It must be made sure your knees and hips are acting as the shock absorbers. Keep the shoulders over the knees and the knees over the toes. Make a check that the knees are not collapsing towards each other. - There must be a break for rest from the repeating tumbling activities. Cheerleaders must not do these tumbling acts everyday. “Work hard, Cheer hard!” This is what the cheerleaders do the sport they have devoted themselves. They work hard, they keep their focus and they do wonders. In order to keep these wonderful personalities safe from losing to their life; here are some of the guidelines which the reports from AAP council for sports medicine & fitness suggest. - Cheerleading needs to be recognized sports in all states, with the proper medical care facilities, facilities of the qualified cheerleading coaches to train the cheerleaders etc. - All the cheerleaders taking part in cheerleading must have PPE or the pre season physical examinations. - These athletes must be trained to their best of professional skills and only then the promising stunts must be attempted, - The base and the spotters used in the cheerleading programs must have enough upper body and core strength so as to support the flyers in a fair manner. - There must be an access to written emergency action plan for the cheerleaders, the coaches and the parents. - Any sportsperson taking part in the cheerleading, if suspected to have head injury, must be removed from the practice as well as from the competition or the program till he/she gets a clearance certificate of the health. A Salute To The Amazing Cheerleaders Of The World: Honoring The Leaders Of Life! They say, “The only humans that can fly are the cheerleaders!” With the sports having highest rate of danger for athletic injury, these cheerleading women shine high. They fly high for they do not keep themselves down in the fear of falling. Cheerleading is still not taken as a sanctioned sport and considered as a club sport without much medical care or fitness facilities. As a honor to the game of wonder, and to the wonderful sportsperson it must be an act of priority to make cheerleading a sanctioned sport and pay the respect these brave hearts actually deserves. They cheer and the live as cheer princess!	<urn:uuid:f69635db-cf59-4ebb-950b-fd1dbd492e63>	CC-MAIN-2023-50	https://www.epainassist.com/articles/cheerleading-injuries	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100146.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129204528-20231129234528-00570.warc.gz	en	0.953984	1,733	2.78125	3
The debate between substance abuse, substance dependence and addiction is on-going. Many addiction specialists and professionals use these terms interchangeably and see no difference. Where as others view each term is a separate experience with it’s own qualities. Some find it easier to just focus on substance abuse disorder, which is an actual mental disorder in the DSM. Whether someone is dependent on, addicted to or simply abuses drugs and alcohol, all three present an abundance of issues and consequences. So what is the difference between these terms? When an individual abuses drugs and alcohol it doesn’t interrupt their entire life. Substance abuse can appear more casual and recreational. Drugs and alcohol used recreationally alter the brain temporarily rather than permanently. To put it simply, substance abuse is more likely to be a choice whereas addiction is something that is difficult or impossible to control at times. Substance abuse and dependence used to have separate definitions in the previous DSM, however since then both have been combined as substance abuse disorder. Mental health professionals assess whether someone is dependent or abusing substances based on a scale. Substance abuse is seen in the beginning stages of the scale whereas dependence is more severe and further along the scale. Dependence occurs when someone is physically dependent on a substance or alcohol. For example, someone might be prescribed pain medication for a health issue but needs to keep increasing the dose because their body is becoming tolerant to the medication. Dependence can also be seen when someone experiences withdrawal symptoms and a change in physical state. Addictive behavior is destructive and has negative effects on the person’s daily life and relationships. Individuals with addictions use their drug of choice in excess and their drug of choice rules their behaviors, thoughts and feelings. Some studies even show that there are neurological differences in someone’s brain with an addiction compared to someone without one. Furthermore, addiction can have permanent effects on the brain. Some mental health professionals think it is imperative to distinguish the terms in order to provide proper care. While others see no difference. Whether someone views themselves as a substance abuser, addict or dependent, it is important to reflect on the consequences their use as had on their lives and their intent with using substances. No matter how you define yourself, treatment is always a possibility. You can also explore Thrive Treatment – A great place for rehab aftercare.	<urn:uuid:9f54a30a-4762-4d78-b756-69a0703151ca>	CC-MAIN-2019-47	http://thrivetreatment.com/substance-abuse-vs-substance-dependence-vs-substance-addiction/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668416.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20191114104329-20191114132329-00145.warc.gz	en	0.952133	474	3.125	3
Doctors split over leaky gut syndrome Alternative treatment: Leslie Embersits found relief with holistic medicine. Photo: Natalie Boog Leslie Embersits was suffering from sleeplessness, low energy and poor concentration. She had a weak immune system and aching joints and felt irritable, moody and stressed. She visited five GPs, had dozens of blood tests and, when the results continually came back clear, her doctors suggested a variety of diagnoses. One inferred psychological problems or depression. Another said it might be hormonal and she should get used to taking naps every day now that she was nearly 40. Not willing to accept these prognoses, Embersits began seeking alternative opinions. Six months ago she was diagnosed with leaky gut syndrome. Whether a condition called "leaky gut" syndrome even exists is a point of contention between mainstream and holistic doctors. While both camps agree that the gut can become "leaky", because of increased permeability of the lining of the gut wall, there is disagreement over whether this leakiness, in itself, causes harm. Professor Ian Brighthope, president of the Australian College of Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, says: "Leaky gut is the result of the breakdown of the integrity of the lining of the stomach and intestine. As a result of the breakdown, valuable nutrients and other components of the blood may be lost into the bowel and evacuated. More importantly, the leaky gut may allow undigested proteins, toxins, heavy metals and micro organisms to cross from inside the gut to inside the body." Brighthope says leaky gut is well documented as an abnormal physiology. "Leaky gut is a real phenomenon. It does occur, there's no doubt about that," he says. "Whether you call it a syndrome is up to you. Some people believe that it is physiologically unimportant but I call it a syndrome because it is part of an unwell patient's physiology." Dr Danny Stiel, a gastroentorologist at Royal North Shore Hospital, does not believe "leaky gut" is a syndrome. "There are diseases where a leaky gut is part of the problem, but not the manifestation itself," he says. "You can have permeability problems in the gut in a range of situations but there is no one entity called leaky gut syndrome." Dr Peter Katelaris, clinical associate professor at the University of Sydney and gastroentorologist at Concord Hospital, agrees. "We recognise leaky gut as a consequence of a disease," he says, emphasising that his view is from an evidence-based medical perspective. "People have a leaky gut for a variety of medical, scientific reasons. When you talk about leaky gut syndrome you're defining a syndrome that is a bit nebulous. "There's a lot of speculation that there is the potential for harmful things to come across [the lining of the gut] but usually it is another disease that is the problem." Katelaris says increased gut permeability is prevalent in patients with Crohn's disease and coeliac disease. Dr Lindsay Wing, a specialist in allergy and environmental medicine, says he didn't believe leaky gut syndrome existed when he first started specialising in this area . "But I wasn't getting a whole lot of people better. And when I started treating leaky gut, patients started getting better. Then I believed it," he says. Wing concentrates on the effect a leaky gut has on the immune system. He says that because 70 per cent of the immune system is underneath the bowel lining, the immune system is significantly affected when food particles pass through the bowel wall. Wing says poor nutrition is one negative effect of having increased permeability. "Patients often get a problem with malnutrition because they don't absorb the micro-nutrients that are important for the immune system to function properly." Another concern is that when the gut is leaky, chemicals get into the body and then spread by different channels - such as lymph or blood - to distant organs, which then creates allergic problems within those organs. "If you have a leaky gut you don't have enough suppressor lymphs, and they are the cells that cancel out allergies," says Wing. But Katelaris declares there is no scientific evidence the food particles crossing the intestinal lining actually cause harm. "We need proof that the chemicals that go across cause you to be sick," he says. "It's so complicated, it's a hard thing to prove. There is a lot of speculation but this doesn't translate to a clinically relevant event." Katelaris stresses that without scientific evidence you cannot accept that a leaky gut syndrome exists. "This flys in the face of 2000 years of what you say works. It takes us back to the age of witch doctors for you to accept anecdotal evidence." He says you cannot accept that a treatment works just because it makes a patient feel better. Dr Paul Ameisen, a doctor at Your Health, is frustrated by the approach of mainstream doctors. "There is a medical conservatism. Unless something has been around for 50 to 100 years it is not accepted," he says. "They don't accept anything without scientific proof. If their mother said, 'I love you,' they'd have to do a clinical trial to prove it." Ameisen takes the approach that leaky gut syndrome is "caused by Candida albicans, which is part of the fungus family"; this differs slightly from Wing who says candida is just one of several bacteria that can cause leaky gut. Ameisen says harm is caused by leaky gut syndrome because white blood cells, which are responsible for attacking bacteria, attach to the proteins that pass though the intestine wall. Because the white cells are attached to these particles they are not as effective as anti-bodies, he says. "As a consequence, people might develop a rash, or feel itchy or have problems with their sinus. Other symptoms are eczema or fatigue. Some people have emotional problems," he says. Ameisen estimates 90 per cent of the Western population have at least some mild form of candida in the gut. "I can't give definite proof but you can make people feel better in a very short time," he says. Holistic doctors treat leaky gut syndrome with anti-fungal treatments, diet and probiotics and they report a significant improvement in patients within six weeks of treatment. Because they don't recognise it as causing physiological harm, mainstream doctors don't treat increased gut permeability, they focus instead on treating the disease, such as Crohn's and coeliac disease. "If you treat the underlying disease the gut gets better," Katelaris says. Despite the disagreement between doctors about whether a leaky gut causes harm to the body, there is a consensus over its causes. These experts agree that aspirin, the over-use of antibiotics, alcohol, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and chemotherapy are all capable of increasing gut permeability. Embersits, who has since been treated for leaky gut syndrome by a holistic doctor, says she started feeling better within a week of treatment. Now, she says: "I am feeling fantastic, a lot better than I have for four years." She reports sleeping better, feeling calmer and having more energy. Embersits is still on a careful diet and says she is now aware of her body's sensitivity to wheat, dairy and alcohol. "For me leaky gut syndrome is very real and until I found a doctor who could tell me what it was, I didn't know how to manage it," she says. Brighthope says although leaky gut syndrome is not a scientifically recognised condition, it is only a matter of time. "In 1989 people talked about a 'yuppie flu'," Brighthope says. "Then in 1991, the World Health Organisation gave it a name - Chronic Fatigue Syndrome - and the authorities stated all the symptoms. Leaky gut syndrome is still in the early days. I would say there are another few years before it is recognised."	<urn:uuid:d593ff70-7864-4a0f-a2b2-bfe458aa9ba6>	CC-MAIN-2016-30	http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/07/08/1089000262822.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257828282.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071028-00127-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.964525	1,679	2.578125	3
Portobello mushrooms are a notable mushroom type. They are a little bit like other mushrooms in that they have an underground ‘ spawn ‘ area where they develop baby mushrooms, and eventually, new stalks. However, while other mushrooms lose their baby Mushrooms as they develops, Portobello babies stay around for a short time. This is because their young grow in the Mother Mushroom’s ovary which contains developing cells. These developing cells include the spore which will cause the mushroom to sprout from its top. The rest of the mushroom stays connected by a stalk. By staying connected, these develop into new Mushrooms within weeks! Growth rate varies between cultivars as well as how fast you can grow your own! This isiking to whether or not you need to buy one. Buy portobello spores Start growing mushrooms by purchasing some spores. Spores are a part of the mushroom grow system, and you will not be able to start your cultivation if you do not have some. Spores are the base of the mushroom system. When you cut open a spore, it becomes a telepon for the mushroom to send growth. You will need to add more spouts as your mushrooms get bigger. Once you have spored your mushrooms, they are ready to harvest! Try not to pick your mushrooms until they collapse and browned all over, this signals that it is time to pull them out. Pulling your mushrooms out too soon will cause them to lose some of their moisture which causes them to dry out and shrivel up. When this happens, you could end up with dead Mushrooms on you. Make humid environment Portobello mushrooms are a bit of a talking point in the mushroom community: Are they wild or can be cultivated? Wild portobello mushrooms are found in very specific environments, such as caves or underneath rocks where there is little to no sunlight. Cultivated portobellos exist as either baby mushrooms, which do not grow large enough chins to hold meat, and larger mushrooms that do. Baby portobellos are bred in culture by having younger children peeking inside their shells. The babies are given some succulents or other plants to grow on and they develop a thick skin to hold the moisture they need. Once they reach a certain age, they take care of themselves and break out the meat! Take care of your mushroom Growing cavaliers is one of the points of growth for your mushroom cavaliers. Keep lid on pan When you are ready to eat your mushroom caps, make sure that the pan is still tightly fitted. If it comes off, let it! Your mushrooms will steam apart and be wasted. If you have to throw one away due to maturity or dryness, try one more day to make up for it! If some of your mushrooms break apart, don’t worry. This is normal and happens from natural moisture loss. Just make sure to save the rest of your mushrooms for another batch of dishes. Growth occurs when mushrooms pull water from their surrounding environment. When this process stops, so does growth. You can help prevent this by keeping a panably sized pan available every day. Portobello mushrooms are a bit of a rarity in the grocery store. Most stores will have a Portobello mushroom that is precut and ready to grow. If not, you can make your own! If you don’t have access to a kitchen supply store, you can purchase pre-cut mushrooms. Just be careful not to buy ones with too many open caps as those are harder to maintain. If you want your mushrooms to remain soft or cook them immediately, put them through an ice bath or wet clothes before packing them into the casings. If you want them tough and dense, make sure to keep the capssuffdated when frozen and unfrozen when frozen and defrosted. Harvest before they grow large enough to fall over Portobello mushrooms are a little bit like baby carrots. You can plant them in the ground, but until they are about two and a half to three inches in length, you cannot see them. Until they are about two and a half to three inches in length, you cannot see them. They need to be shelled and cleaned before you can eat them! If you are growing larger mushrooms, it is best to divide them into separate containers. This will help keep water and heat flow Roads clear, as well as reduce stress on the plants. To harvest your mushrooms, first carefully remove the base of the mushroom. Then, using an Rooted pencil or kitchen string, lift up the mushroom and let out air escape escape air escape air escape air escape air escape withdraw pull away roots. This will allow new shoots to grow and take away excess moisture. Use paper to keep floor clean When you are growing your mushrooms, it is important to use a spatula to transfer your mushroom spawn to the appropriate pot. You can also use a knife, but then you have to be careful because the knife may need to go into the pot for initial growth. Once your mushrooms have reached their desired size, you can put them into the water! This takes about an hour or two. Then it is just let them grow on their own and take care of them until harvest time. Pinhead sized mushrooms are good for eating while larger ones are better for propagation. Using a knife instead of spatula will help prevent damage to the bottom of the pot. Your mushrooms will also start dropping off after a time so doing some sort of rooting method is helpful too. Know the types of mushrooms that you can grow There are several types of mushrooms that you can grow. These include the chianchian or white mushroom, the shiitake mushroom, and theoptional cowbell or portobellan mushroom. When you look at a mushroom, you can tell if it is a cowbell, white, shiitake, or portobellan. All of these types exist in varying levels of popularity, with cowbell being probably the least known. When beginning your mushroom venture, it is best to choose your platform based on what type of mushroom you want to grow. For example, if you want a white mushroom, try an agar agar plate because agar works well as an ingredient. If you wanted a shiitake style mushroom, try a basking box or similar habitat to get sufficient light. Know the conditions that are best for growing mushrooms Portobello mushrooms are a special type of mushroom that is difficult to grow. This is due to the fact that although they are native to New Zealand and Australia, Portobello mushrooms do not grow large enough in standard cultivation methods. Therefore, when you purchase your mushrooms from a grocery store or farm, it is not only you that receives a quality product, but also the farmers who devote their time and energy into producing them. It is pure altruism! There are several conditions that allow portobellos to grow. These include: warm temperatures, darkness, periodic watering, and adequate airflow. Mega-giant mushroom might fit ones if any one of these elements are present! Knowing how to prepare your mushrooms for growth is the best way to grow them yourself.	<urn:uuid:2012f09c-48de-480b-904b-54cbc0e44d6b>	CC-MAIN-2023-40	https://homeygears.com/growing-portobello-mushrooms-at-home/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510903.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001141548-20231001171548-00275.warc.gz	en	0.960002	1,503	2.75	3
William Grymes Pettus In 1818 Pettus arrived in St. Louis from Virginia where he served in the War of 1812. While a land office clerk in St. Louis, he was elected secretary of the State Convention which wrote the Missouri Constitution when it admitted into the United States in 1821. His public service included Secretary of State in the Alexander McNair administration, Probate Judge of St. Louis County and in 1832 he was elected a member of the State Senate for St. Charles District. - "William Grymes Pettus". Political Graveyard. Retrieved 14 September 2012. \|Missouri Secretary of State Hamilton Rowan Gamble \|This article about a Missouri politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.\|	<urn:uuid:d3cfad52-c953-4163-869f-57c2c6142efd>	CC-MAIN-2015-06	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grymes_Pettus	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422118108509.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124164828-00042-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.930869	153	2.53125	3
Beehives require management and good stewardship, which take both time and knowledge. General maintenance requires periodic inspections during the warm months to make sure your queen is laying eggs, your workers are building up honey stores, and your colony has enough space to expand. In the cold months, the colony clusters and eats through their honey stores, only emerging when the temperature is above freezing to eliminate waste. Inspections are discouraged during this time to keep from releasing precious heat from the hive. Management time and style will depend on your climate, your hive style, and your particular bees. All colonies are unique, and each beekeeper will have a different experience. All beekeepers get stung at some point. For example, a bee might end up in the fold of your clothing, go unnoticed, and be unable to get out. Honeybees are mostly very docile, and stinging is a last resort, since once they sting, they die. Below are some subjects we consider important to understand as you begin as a beekeeper. Bees are directly influenced by their environment, therefore, their behavior and success varies greatly across climates. For instance, the busy foraging season for bees will be much longer in the warmer south than it will be in the north. Familiarize yourself with what beekeeping looks like in your neck of the woods. We recommend joining your local beekeepers club or association, and finding an experienced mentor in your area. The first step to becoming a successful beekeeper is to learn as much as you can about the bees themselves. Considering all the variables that may affect your honeybees, you may see something different every time you get into your hive. In order to make appropriate management decisions, beekeepers must be flexible in their ability to figure out why bees are behaving a certain way, and how certain actions may impact their well being. We carry dozens of books that cover the basics. Pick one (or three) up to begin building a solid foundation of beekeeping knowledge. Apis mellifera, or the European honeybee is the most commonly kept species, and the only species kept in America. They are just 1 species out of 20,000 known bee species worldwide. North America alone is home to 4,400 bee species including social bumblebee colonies, solitary tunnel nesting bees, and solitary ground nesting bees. Honeybees are the only insect that store food in excess. Their part in high-value commodity production (honey and wax) encouraged their introduction to America in the late 1600’s by Europeans. In America today, the value of honeybees has only increased, as they have become the linchpin in the current agricultural system as pollinators. 30% of the world’s most common food crops require honeybee pollination-services. Honeybees have three social castes, each with a specific role or set of roles that divide all of the labor inside a colony. The colony is made up of thousands of individuals functioning as a whole. Each hive will have 1 queen bee who is the only reproductive individual in the colony. She leaves the hive under two circumstances: as a virgin queen to mate, and in some cases, as an experienced queen with a swarm. On mating flights the queen locates a “drone congregation area” to mate with up to 80 drones before returning to the hive. She will store all this sperm touse for the rest of her life, which can last up to 5 or 6 years. The queen will lay all of the eggs for the colony, “deciding” when to lay drones (unfertilized eggs), or workers (fertilized eggs). Worker bees are sterile females who do all of the foraging, feeding of young, honey production and storage, wax production, cleaning, and defending the hive against intruders. Each worker bee will do a variety of jobs in her lifetime, which can last about 4-6 weeks during the active season. As they age, their duties will become riskier, and require venturing further from the hive. The only male bees in the colony are drones. Their sole purpose is to spread the genetics of the colony by mating with virgin queens from other colonies. Once they mate, they die successful bees. Unsuccessful drones return to the hive to eat honey and pollen. Once swarm season is over, drones become a drain on resources inside the hive, and are evicted by workers. Honeybees and native bees are an integral part of the pollination system, responsible for successful seeding of more than 90% of all flowering plants, and for fruiting of 30% of our food. Bees become covered in pollen when foraging, and then groom the pollen into specialized structures on their legs called pollen baskets to bring back to the hive. Any pollen caught in “safe zones” on hairs on their backs that they cannot reach to groom is transferred from flower to flower. On their foraging flights, bees collect nectar and pollen to take back to the hive. The nectar provides carbohydrates, which, when mixed with the enzymes in their honey gut, can be stored and dehydrated into honey. Pollen, containing proteins and amino acids, is mixed into “bee bread” used to feed growing larvae. Bees make a local impact with a global importance. Most animals, including humans, directly or indirectly rely on the pollination efforts of honeybees for their food. Honeybees are entirely behavior-dependent on the climate in which they live. Timing for beginning a hive will vary depending on your local climate and geography. Read widely and connect with local beekeepers and beekeeping groups specific to your area to learn how others have found success. Here in the Pacific Northwest, the right time to start a hive is early spring between late March and early May. As the chance of frost lessens or stops, early flowers will appear, giving your bees the ability to collect nectar and pollen. We suggest using autumn and winter to do all of your research and planning. Demand for beehives and bees is on the rise, and often it will be too late to get started if you haven’t secured a source for bees by January or February. Once spring arrives, you will want to be completely prepared for your bees to arrive with all of your equipment ready and your hive in place on your property. You will want to feel confident and versed about the task at hand! As a beginning beekeeper you will always be learning. If you stop learning you're doing it wrong! As a natural beekeeper you are joining an ever-growing and changing beekeeping subculture that is still not understood by the larger beekeeping community. You may be scoffed at or ridiculed for your choice of hive designs or methods, but take comfort in the fact that a shift toward treatment-free, bee-friendly beekeeping is beginning, even among long-time traditional beekeepers. Join a local beekeeping organization, even if they don't prefer your methods or beekeeping philosophy. Work to educate them on your methods and you may win a convert. There is also a lot to learn from long-time beekeepers despite some of their disinterest in top bar or Warre beekeeping.	<urn:uuid:2940c1bb-5407-4677-9ea9-9413ac799949>	CC-MAIN-2017-13	https://www.beethinking.com/pages/beekeeping-for-beginners	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218191353.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212951-00374-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.954189	1,492	3.296875	3
My first encounter with Round-headed Bush Clover (Lespedeza capitata) was in late fall when the warm brown seed heads caught my eye. Throughout fall through winter, this plant is at its most dramatic, easily compelling attention away from nearby vegetation. When in bloom, Round-headed Bush Clover’s appearance is much more subtle, blending in with the grasses, Mountain Mints, asters, goldenrods and other plants that may share its territory. Round-headed Bush Clover has dense clusters, or heads, of small white flowers. ‘Capitata’ in the scientific name means ‘growing in a dense head’, reflecting this arrangement. The upper petal of each flower has a bit of an art deco vibe – they’re smudged with pink at the throat with ray-like veins radiating above. This display may look delicately pretty to us, but to the many bees that visit the flowers it’s a beacon advertising food availability. The flower petals are protected by hairy sepals, green when the flowers are in bloom, then turning deep brown for fall and winter. It’s these brown sepals that provide the eye-catching winter display. If Round-headed Bush Clover’s strategy for enticing pollinators to visit is successful, dry (not fleshy) fruits will be tucked inside the dried sepals. Hairs on plants are often an adaptation to protect the plant from being eaten, or too discourage free-loaders from stealing nectar when the flowers are blooming. For example, ants visit flowers for nectar but rarely help with pollination because they are not a good anatomical match for the flowers’ reproductive structures, nor do the ants have the type of surface to which pollen might adhere. The hairy sepals surrounding the flowers are likely to discourage ants from foraging the flowers, preserving the nectar for more effective flower visitors. Round-headed Bush Clover has three-part compound leaves, an arrangement that is common with clovers. It grows to a height of two to five feet (.6 – 1.5 meters). Although the plant is somewhat shrubby-looking, it is herbaceous, that is, its above ground parts die back in the winter, and new shoots emerge from its roots for the next growing season. In addition to offering food for pollinators, Round-headed Bush Clover is a food plant for the caterpillars of several butterflies, including the Silver-spotted Skipper, Southern Cloudywing, Northern Cloudywing, Confused Cloudywing, Hoary Edge, and the Io Moth. Dark-eyed Juncos, Mourning Doves, Bobwhites and Wild Turkeys are among the birds that may eat the seeds when they are available. Round-headed Bush Clover is native in most of the eastern two-thirds of the United States, and in Ontario and New Brunswick in Canada. Searching for it in a meadow near you gives you a reason to go out for a winter walk! Beadle, David; Leckie, Seabrooke. Peterson Field Guide to Moths of Northeastern North America. 2012. Cech, Rick; Tudor, Guy. Butterflies of the East Coast. 2005. Rhoads, Ann Fowler; Block, Timothy A. The Plants of Pennsylvania. 2007 Stearn, William T. Stearn’s Dictionary of Plant Names. 1996	<urn:uuid:701be6e6-8e50-490c-bf68-fd9c1921f21f>	CC-MAIN-2020-45	https://the-natural-web.org/2018/01/15/a-winter-show-off/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107900860.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20201028191655-20201028221655-00246.warc.gz	en	0.925697	718	3.484375	3
1818: Spencer Roane’s first cousin and fellow Juntist John Brockenbrough moved on from his beautiful home on the Rappahannock in old Tappahannock, to building a grand mansion in the state capital befitting his stature as a preeminent bank president. It is certain that Roane spent time there, doubtless discussing Jefferson’s continuing war with John Marshall – in front of whom Brockenbrough had earlier served as a juror in the famous Aaron Burr treason trial in Richmond. Long before earning the designation of White House, the home was known for decades as the Brockenbrough house, after John Brockenbrough, president of the Bank of Virginia who commissioned the building of the large residence. The house built on two adjoining lots on the southeast corner of 12th and K (later Clay) street overlooking the Shockoe Valley is typically attributed to Robert Mills, a prominent American neo-classical architect and acquaintance of John Brockenbrough’s. The home, typical of Richmond’s finer early nineteenth century dwellings, was two-stories tall with a slate flat roof. The principal floor featured a parlor, drawing room and dining room, while the bedrooms were upstairs. A kitchen and servants’ residence were located in an adjoining outbuilding. A garden was built on the remaining land, with terraces down the hillside to the east. Brockenbrough made changes to the house a few years after its completion, remodeling the front door and entrance hall, enhancing the wood trim especially on the first floor, and replacing the rectangular staircase with a graceful circular one. Brockenbrough and his wife lived in the showcase home in Richmond’s elite Court End neighborhood until 1844.” via The Museum of the Confederacy: Visit the White House of the Confederacy. Of course the house went on to greater fame in the Civil War as the White House of the Confederacy, with Jefferson and Varina Davis living there, and today it serves as the centerpiece of the Museum of the Confederacy.	<urn:uuid:72702753-b32c-4a3c-adfe-dc6ca602d2fb>	CC-MAIN-2018-39	https://mahockney.org/1818/01/01/spencer-roanes-cousin-john-brockenbrough-builds-his-richmond-mansion/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156423.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20180920081624-20180920101624-00075.warc.gz	en	0.96643	424	2.75	3
A Minecraft piston helps you push moveable blocks when activated with Redstone signals, therefore, it’s essential to have it in your inventory. Also, you can get a dragon egg using a piston, so having it is even more important. But how to make a piston in Minecraft? To make a piston, you need to place three wood planks in the first row, one cobblestone in the first grid of the second row, one iron ingot in the second grid of the same row, and one cobblestone in the third grid of this row. Place one Redstone in the second grid of the third row, and fill the empty grids with cobblestones. This recipe will help you get a piston, and you can quickly move it into the inventory. In this article, you’ll get each and every detail about making a piston in Minecraft. Also, I’ll tell you more about using a piston and how to gather materials to craft it. Table of Contents - 1 How to Make a Piston in Minecraft: Everything Explained - 2 Supported Platforms to Make Piston in Minecraft - 3 Materials Required to Make a Piston in Minecraft - 4 Steps to Make a Piston in Minecraft: A Detailed Recipe - 5 Video Guide - 6 Minecraft Piston Commands You Should Know - 7 How to Use a Piston in Minecraft: 4 Best Uses Every Player Should Know - 8 FAQs - 9 Final Thoughts How to Make a Piston in Minecraft: Everything Explained I’ve made a piston in Minecraft numerous times and know almost everything about it. This section covers a detailed recipe, required materials, and the supported platforms you can craft a piston. Supported Platforms to Make Piston in Minecraft Minecraft only supports crafting a piston for the following platforms as of now. I’ll make sure to update this table as Minecraft rolls out any updates and changes the list of supported platforms. \|Bedrock Edition\|\|Nintendo Switch, Android, iOS, Windows 10 PC, Xbox One, Fire OS\|\|0.15.0\|\|Yes\| \|PlayStation Education\|\|PS4 and PS3\|\|–\|\|Yes\| \|Java Edition\|\|Linux, Windows, and Mac PC\|\|0.15.0\|\|Yes\| \|Education Edition\|\|Windows 10 PC, Mac, and iOS 12 or later\|\|–\|\|Yes\| \|Pocket Edition\|\|Android, iOS\|\|0.15.0\|\|Yes\| Disclaimer: The information in this table belongs to the current date this article was published. You can visit the official website of Minecraft for more information about the supported versions. Materials Required to Make a Piston in Minecraft You need the following ingredients to make a piston in Minecraft. Also, you’ll get information about crafting each of these ingredients. - 1 x iron ingot - 1 x Redstone dust - 3 x wood plants (any type) - 4 x Cobblestones Now I’ll explain how you can craft these ingredients and then use them to make a piston. If you already have these ingredients in your Minecraft inventory, you can skip this section and hop on the steps to make a piston. How to Craft Iron Ingot in Minecraft? To make an iron ingot in Minecraft, you’ll need nine iron nuggets. Below I’ve attached an image of how the crafting menu should look: After adding nine iron nuggets to the crafting menu, you get one iron ingot. Move the iron ingot to your inventory and use it for making a piston. 💡 Tip: If you don’t have enough iron nuggets, you can place one iron block in the first grid of the first row or crafting menu. It’ll give you nine iron ingots. How to Craft a Redstone in Minecraft? Making Redstone Dust in Minecraft is easy, and you can do it using a Redstone Block. Place the Redstone Block in the first grid of the first row, and you’ll get nine Redstone Dust. Players that don’t want to use their Redstone Block can smelt Redstone Dust. Check out the image attached below and use your Minecraft furnace for smelting Redstone Dust. You can now move the Redstone dust to your Minecraft inventory. How to Craft Wood Planks in Minecraft? Here I’ve explained the steps to make oak planks in Minecraft. If you already have any other type of wood planks, you can skip this step. You’ll need one oak log to make four wood planks for the piston. Place the oak log in the first grid of the first row, and collect four planks. Move these planks to the Minecraft inventory, and you are all set to make a piston. Steps to Make a Piston in Minecraft: A Detailed Recipe This section covers a detailed recipe to craft a piston in Minecraft. I’ve explained the details in steps and have attached images for a quick demonstration. Step 1: Open the Crafting Menu Begin with opening the crafting menu in Minecraft. For Java Edition, press E, for Pocket Edition, tap the tripped dotted button on the right of the hot bar, and for Nintendo Switch, press the Y button to open the crafting table. The crafting table has nine grids and looks exactly like the image: Step 2: Add Ingredients to the Crafting Table The second step requires you to add ingredients to the crafting table in order to make a piston in Minecraft. In the first row, place three wood planks in all grids. In the second row, place one cobblestone in the first and third grid, and add one iron ingot in the second grid. Now add two cobblestones in the first and third grid of the third row. Also, add one Redstone Dust in the second grid of the third row. Your crafting menu should look like this: You’ll get a piston that can be used to move blocks and release Redstone signals. Step 3: Move the Piston to the Inventory As you have crafted a piston successfully, you can move it to the inventory. Also, you can Make a Ladder In Minecraft, by following step by step. Minecraft Piston Commands You Should Know If you don’t want to follow the recipe and need a piston right away, you can use a few commands. This section covers some commands and the supported platforms. \|Pocket Edition\|\|/give @p piston 1 0\| \|Nintendo Switch\|\|/give @p piston 1 0\| \|Education Edition\|\|/give @p piston 1 0\| \|Java Edition\|\|/give @p piston 1\| \|Windows 10 Edition\|\|/give @p piston 1 0\| \|Xbox One\|\|/give @p piston 1 0\| To run a command for making a Piston, you need to open your chat window. Enter the command as it is, depending on the version you are playing. How to Use a Piston in Minecraft: 4 Best Uses Every Player Should Know Pistons are a useful Redstone block every player can use in Minecraft. Players can use these pistons to create plenty of Redstone contraptions, including hidden doors, hidden stairs, and draw bridges. Making these items can take your gameplay to another level. Below I’ve listed five piston contraptions every player should know and how to use a piston. Variable Enchanting Table Minecraft players can use an observer, pistons, various Redstone parts, and a lectern to craft an enchanting table. This table allows quick access to different levels of enhancements, and therefore, players are no more required to break their bookshelves. Hidden doors are a common Minecraft contraption you will need a piston for. You should have multiple pistons in your Minecraft inventory to access the hidden doors. Hidden Floor Trap Minecraft players can use the hidden floor trap to prank their friends by having them fall into it. Watch this video on how to use a hidden trap floor using a piston. For Making Hidden Stairs There are numerous ways to make hidden stairs when playing Minecraft. You can also make stairs using a few sticky pistons, several Redstone parts, and some stairs. Players can also use similar types of blocks to cover the stairs. Q: How do you make sticky pistons? A: The recipe for making a sticky piston is similar to the recipe for making a simple piston. You can use four cobblestones, one Redstone Dust, one iron ingot, and three wood planks to make a piston. Watch this video to get a quick demonstration of making a piston in Minecraft. Q: What can pistons not push? A: A sticky piston leaves a block behind it; in case it cannot pull it. Also, pistons can’t push blocks beyond the top of the map and into the void. Q: Can pistons move obsidian? A: You need a lava piston and sticky piston to move obsidian. Q: Do sticky pistons hold sand? A: No, sticky pistons do not protect sand and do not hold it as well against concrete powder and gravel against gravity. The stickiness only affects the retraction of the piston. With this how to make a piston in Minecraft recipe, you can easily make many pistons and use them to make blocks. Also, the article covers more about how to use pistons. I have even listed a few commands you can use to make pistons without following the recipe. Stay tuned with us to know more about interesting Minecraft recipes and tips to improve your gameplay.	<urn:uuid:ba1c7fe8-7ac8-4cd9-8f73-bce4d7597ed4>	CC-MAIN-2023-50	https://www.tweakerzone.com/minecraft-piston-recipe/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679102612.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210155147-20231210185147-00027.warc.gz	en	0.856769	2,013	2.609375	3
The Americans with Disabilities Act, or ADA, evolved from the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Federal Rehabilitation Act of 1973. The goal of the ADA is to eliminate discrimination against persons with disabilities and provide enforceable standards to address such discrimination.1 The ADA protects individuals with a disability. A disability includes “a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the major life activities,” “a record of such an impairment,” or “being regarded as having such an impairment.”2 A major life activity includes caring for oneself, breathing, learning, and working.3 Not everything that restricts a person’s major life activities is an impairment.4 Examples include obesity (unless there is a physiological disorder), hepatitis A, and side effects from certain drugs. The definition of what constitutes an impairment or disability is, however, subject to expansion based on federal and state legislative changes and rulings by appellate courts and administrative law judges. A similar provision is the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Revised Guidance Regarding Title VI Prohibition Against National Origin Discrimination Affecting Limited English Proficient Persons. The policy is a guide, not a regulation. The purpose behind the guide is to provide limited English proficient (LEP) persons with meaningful opportunity to participate in HHS-funded programs by requiring recipients of federal financial assistance from HHS to take reasonable steps to ensure LEP persons have access to such services.5 Recipients of HHS assistance do not include providers who only receive Medicare Part B payments.6 The following questions and answers are designed to assist physicians when presented with a disabled or LEP person in his or her clinic. - I occasionally see HIV-positive patients, including some who require minor surgery that can be completed in my office. May I require that these patients be treated as an inpatient for enhanced infection control purposes? - No. HIV-infected individuals are protected under the ADA. Because you would be providing disparate treatment from that given to noninfected individuals, requiring a hospital admission and stay for minor surgery that can be completed in your office is prohibited. Universal precautions, designed to reduce the possibility of transmission of the HIV virus, are to be implemented and used for all patients. - Is it possible to discontinue the physician-patient relationship with a disabled patient in my practice? - Yes, but only for appropriate reasons. Dissolving the physician-patient relationship due to the patient’s disability is prohibited. However, termination is permitted for reasons other than the disability. Examples include failure to pay the bill, repeated and/or chronic nonadherence to the physician-ordered treatment modalities, and disruptive behavior unrelated to the disability. - One of my patients has fibromyalgia and is demanding pain medication in amounts in excess of what I feel comfortable providing. I sent a letter dissolving the relationship, but he responded by saying that I could not end the relationship because he is disabled. Is the patient correct? - Possibly. As with any ADA issue, there must be a careful examination of the conduct at issue and the reasons for dissolving the physician-patient relationship. If you withdraw from the physician-patient relationship based on the patient’s disability, the patient is correct. However, if the withdrawal is due to an appropriate reason (such as learning that the patient had forged a prescription to obtain medication), then you are correct. In this situation, it may be best to refer the patient to a pain management provider in order to address his chronic pain issues. Additionally, the chart should be appropriately documented to reflect the reason for withdrawal. - One of my patients was recently diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS). I am a family medicine physician with very limited experience treating this condition. Her symptoms are minimal now but are rapidly progressing to a point that will be beyond my expertise. I have explained to the patient that she will need to seek care elsewhere, but she stated that I am required to care for her and her MS. Is this true? - No. Although courts have held that the ADA requires physicians to treat patients with disabilities, cases involving this issue have very specific facts. For this situation, it could be deemed an undue burden for you to provide care for the patient’s multiple sclerosis. Additionally, you may refer the patient as she is seeking care outside of your specialty (and if, in the normal course of operations, you would make a similar referral for a patient who requires the same treatment).7 As this patient’s disease process will reach a point outside your expertise, prudent practice and standard of care suggest that her care should be transferred to a physician with such expertise. Additionally, if you failed to make an appropriate referral to a qualified specialist and an unfortunate adverse event occurs as a result, a lawsuit may arise seeking damages for the injury that allegedly could have been prevented if you had referred the patient to a specialist. - I have one deaf patient with whom I exchange handwritten notes during examinations as a form of communication. Though it is time consuming, effective communication occurs. The patient is now demanding that I provide and pay for a sign language interpreter as it has become too cumbersome for her to write notes. Am I required to pay for the interpreter? - Yes. To be in compliance with the ADA, the patient can select the method of communication that serves his or her needs, including an interpreter, unless you can demonstrate that providing the interpreter would result in an undue burden; i.e., significant difficulty or expense.8 No charge can be made back to the patient or family for the service.9 Additionally, pursuant to the Federal Rehabilitation Act of 1973, medical practices with at least 15 employees that receive financial aid from HHS must make auxiliary services and aids available at no cost to patients who have a hearing impairment if they are needed by the patient for “effective communication.” - As a solo practitioner who accepts Medicare/Medicaid patients, am I required to comply with the LEP requirement for interpreters? - Yes. The exception is if you receive only Medicare Part B payments. To determine the extent of your obligation, analyze the following four factors: - The number or proportion of LEP persons served or encountered by your clinic. The greater the number, the more likely language services will be needed. - The frequency with which LEP persons come into contact with your clinic. Even if unpredictable or infrequent, there must be a plan for obtaining interpretive services. - The nature and importance of your services. The more important the services or greater the consequences, the more likely interpreter services will be needed. Also, determine if a delay in accessing your services could have serious or life-threatening implications. - The resources available to you and the cost. As a solo practitioner, you are not expected to provide the same level of service as a large, multispecialty group, but you are still required to take reasonable steps to provide the service. Investigate technological services or sharing resources with other providers. - May a family member act as an interpreter for a hearing-impaired or non-English-speaking patient? - Yes, but it is permitted only in limited circumstances. When considering the use of family members or adult companions, it should be noted that lay personnel are rarely familiar with medical terminology and its nuances. Additionally, the patient may not want a family member to have access to his or her confidential health information. For patients who use sign language: If care is needed on an emergent basis with the possibility of imminent danger to the patient or the public and a qualified interpreter is not available, an adult or minor child accompanying the patient may be used. In situations not involving an imminent threat, an accompanying adult who uses sign language may interpret if the patient requests it, the accompanying adult agrees, and relying on the accompanying adult is appropriate. In this situation, document clearly that the patient agrees to this alternative. For non-English speaking patients: Analyze the four factors described in the Question and Answer above to obtain appropriate interpretive services. If a family member must be used, the family member should be an adult, unless one is unavailable and immediate care is necessary to prevent further harm or injury to the patient. Otherwise, it is recommended that you have a clinical staff member trained to provide interpretation or use certified interpreter services to ensure proper translation of medical information. The local hospital should have a list of qualified interpreters. Other resources include a local nationality society, the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf at www.rid.org or 703.838.0030, or the local center for the deaf. Additionally, it is recommended that you have consent forms—especially for invasive procedures—translated into the applicable non-English languages by a certified translator for proper interpretation.	<urn:uuid:ae55f4ac-ec2f-4a1e-bdf9-0c545b893615>	CC-MAIN-2020-16	https://www.thedoctors.com/articles/frequently-asked-questions-americans-with-disabilities-act/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371805747.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20200407183818-20200407214318-00234.warc.gz	en	0.953032	1,794	3.359375	3
After going without food for 18 hours, most of us would rather reach for French fries or chicken fingers than green beans or carrots, according to a new study from Cornell’s Food and Brand Lab. The study, published June 25 in the journal Archives of Internal Medicine, found that 75 percent of participants placed on an 18-hour fast started their next meal with a starch or a protein rather than a vegetable, compared with 44 percent of non-fasting participants. And most of the calories consumed during that meal came from whichever food they ate first — participants consumed about 47 percent more calories from the first food they ate compared with other foods. As part of the study, Brian Wansink, the John Dyson Professor of Consumer Behavior and director of the Cornell Food and Brand Lab, and postdoctoral researchers Aner Tal and Mitsuru Shimuzu randomly assigned 128 college students to an 18-hour fast (from 6 p.m. to noon the next day) or no fast. At lunch after the fast, participants ate from a buffet with their choice of two starches (dinner rolls and French fries), two proteins (chicken fingers and cheese) and two vegetables (carrots and green beans). Hidden scales recorded the amount of each food item participants ate, and researchers observed the order in which they were consumed. In the fasting group, 35 percent of participants began their meal with a starch, compared with 13 percent of those who did not fast. Only a quarter of the fasters ate vegetables first, compared with about half of the people in the control group. “Even relatively mild food deprivation can alter the foods people choose to eat, potentially leading them to eat starches first and most,” Tal said. Food deprivation is something many people face on different occasions, because of a religious or medical fast, or simply due to the daily hassles of life, which might lead people to skip meals, he noted. Based on the results of the study, Tal suggests that hospitals encourage fasting patients to first eat lower calorie fruits and vegetables and to make nutrient-rich foods attractive and convenient to guide them toward healthier choices and away from overloading on higher calorie foods. Similarly, people who miss meals as part of their daily lives should be careful about the foods they are exposed to following a fast. “Meal skippers should avoid breaking their fast with high-calorie items to reduce the risk of calorie overload,” he said. The research was made possible by support from Cornell.	<urn:uuid:b568061f-b573-4bbb-a460-bb22a5ac54b1>	CC-MAIN-2014-10	http://scienceblog.com/55291/very-hungry-people-skip-veggies-for-starches-and-protein/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999636575/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060716-00080-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.963405	518	2.71875	3
‘The assumption of Israel’s writers that God holds us accountable for doing justice has the consequence that when we fail to do justice, we wrong God. We not only fail in our obligations to God. We wrong God, deprive God of that to which God has a right.’ ‘Injustice is perforce the impairment of shalom… God desires the flourishing of each and every one of God’s human creatures; justice is indispensable to that.’ God holds human beings accountable for doing justice; and God himself is committed to justice, both in the sense that God does justice and in the sense that God works to bring it about that human beings treat each other justly. (Nicholas Wolterstorff, ‘Justice: Rights and Wrongs’, p. 91, 83, 89) Our obligation is twofold: to our fellow human beings and to God. By treating our fellow human beings justly is to honor that which to God has a right. Treating others justly is to honor their natural human rights, which are grounded in both the imago dei as well as God’s love for all human beings – when we honor this right, that is doing justice, and that is how we bring about shalom.	<urn:uuid:688e0542-3fa5-456d-a2b1-e92d0f9584c8>	CC-MAIN-2019-18	https://theologiansinc.wordpress.com/2012/09/13/god-rights-and-justice/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578532050.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20190421180010-20190421202010-00058.warc.gz	en	0.96354	267	2.625	3
High school students today are reading books intended for children with reading levels far below those appropriate for teens, according to a recent report. A compilation of the top 40 books teens in grades 9-12 are reading in school shows that the average reading level of that list is 5.3 -- barely above the fifth grade. "A fifth-grade reading level is obviously not high enough for college-level reading. Nor is it high enough for high school-level reading, either, or for informed citizenship," writes Sandra Stotsky, professor of education reform at the University of Arkansas. The results come from "What Kids Are Reading: The Book-Reading Habits of Students in American Schools," a report by Renaissance Learning, Inc. The data covers book-reading records for the 2010-2011 academic year among 2.6 million students in grades 1-12 from 24,465 schools in all 50 states and Washington, D.C. At the top of the list for high schoolers: The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins, followed by John Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men and Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird. See the slideshow below for the top 20 books among high schoolers. To determine a book's level of complexity, Renaissance uses an ATOS readability formula that takes into account several predictors: average sentence length, average word length, word difficulty level and total number of words in a book or passage. While readability formulas can't say much for the depth of literary aspects within a text, they offer objective measures of vocabulary and sentence complexity. Author Dan Gutman writes in the report's foreword that kids should be reading "whatever they want," but Stotsky says high school students should be reading "books above a sixth-grade reading level, for sure." This report reflects trends in national reading scores, which remain low. On the 2011 National Assessment of Educational Progress, an exam administered every two years, average scores for fourth and eight grade reading remained stagnant or barely improved. Only 34 percent of students were rated reading "proficient." National 12th-grade reading scores were lower in 2009 than they were in 1992. To add to that, scores on the SAT critical reading portion to a record low last year -- its three-point drop among test-takers marks just the second time in the last 20 years that reading scores have fallen by that much over a single year. According to the "What Kids Are Reading" report's "Top 25 Librarians’ Picks by Interest Level," selected from a list of 800 titles, recommended books are also at fourth- to fifth-grade reading levels for high school students. David Coleman, contributing author of the Common Core State Standards, notes that not only must students read more high quality informational text, they must also read books of increasing complexity as they get older. "The single most important predictor of student success in college is their ability to read a range of complex text with understanding," Coleman writes. "If you examine the top 40 lists of what students are reading today in 6th–12th grade, you will find much of it is not complex enough to prepare them for the rigors of college and career. Teachers, parents, and students need to work together to ensure that students are reading far more challenging books and practicing every year reading more demanding text. Students will not likely choose sufficiently challenging text on their own; they need to be challenged and supported to build their strength as readers by stretching to the next level." Coleman adds that it matters not only what students read but how they read, suggesting that students read texts critically and analytically "like a detective" and write comprehensively "like an investigative reporter."	<urn:uuid:8c6d657a-55a7-4169-b20e-a7e54a62d29a>	CC-MAIN-2015-18	http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/03/22/top-reading_n_1373680.html?ref=books&ir=Books	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430448955185.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501025555-00033-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.958072	758	2.734375	3
The claim that regular use of marijuana reduces Intelligence Quotient (IQ) and causes difficulties in learning is just a propaganda often cited by marijuana opponents. However, what do the scientists got to say about this statement? Research studies: cannabis does not reduce IQ According to a study published in the international scientific journal “The Journal of Psychopharmacology” — The use of marijuana among adults does not reduce IQ or lead to problems with education. British researchers assessed the relationship between the increasing use of marijuana among 15-year-olds and academic performance among 16-year-olds. The study was conducted on a sample of 2235 teenagers. After eliminating interfering variables such as depression or smoking, which could affect the outcome of the study, the researchers said: Cigarettes smoking lowers general intelligence Interestingly, a relationship was found between smoking cigarettes and weaker learning results – even after eliminating confounders. The data suggest that smoking contributes to lowering general intelligence and affects learning performance. In turn, a study conducted in New Zealand in 2012 and published in The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences indicates that frequent use of marijuana among people under 18 was associated with a lower level of IQ at a later age. An independent review of the study published later in the same magazine, however, claims that the study did not include disturbing variables such as socio-economic differences that could affect the outcome of the study, and the psychological changes of the subjects may not have any relation to the use of marijuana. . Recent study results A newer study published in Drug and Alcohol Dependence in 2015 suggests that: is a subject of much dispute in the research world. For many years now, anti-marijuana activists have linked marijuana use with all sorts of negative outcomes. Some groups claim it leads to lower IQ scores. On the other hand, there are some (i.e. Dr Drew Pinsky) that have likened cannabis to dangerous opiates (technically, marijuana shouldn’t be classified under Schedule 1 (Class I) drugs). A study in news coverage in 2014 seems to support the argument that cannabis is perilous for adolescents. Even though the available research may sometimes seem conclusive, scientists and research experts have not been able to prove the claim that marijuana leads to lower IQ and learning problems. The results of individual studies are slightly different from each other and do not give a definite answer. However, many indications show that the occasional use of marijuana does not affect the overall level of intelligence and does not hinder the assimilation of knowledge in the future as shown in some studies.	<urn:uuid:2fba5985-11dd-4bcd-b533-ab53f6b530e6>	CC-MAIN-2019-18	https://marijuanally.com/does-cannabis-reduce-iq-levels-and-problems-with-education	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578531984.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20190421140100-20190421162100-00117.warc.gz	en	0.955143	524	2.703125	3
- Reducing environmental stress in a growing economy requires improvements in eco-efficiency larger than economic growth, in order to achieve absolute decoupling. How far and how fast can and should we go; can substantial environmental improvements be realised in combination with economic growth? Research should indicate the potential for environmental improvement through technological development, under realistic driver scenarios. - When improving environmental performance in one respect, unreasonable problem shifting, to other environmental impacts, is to be prevented. So some overall measure of improvement is required, taking into account the full supply chains for goods and services and allowing for consumption as well as production. An explicit normative weighting is required, based on both economic analysis and public discussion. - Eco-innovation, as a micro-level phenomenon, may first be analysed at a micro-meso system level. What counts, however, is the ultimate effect at a macro level, reckoning with all relevant mechanism involved in implementing the innovation. How to set up this broader analysis is a challenge, with as yet no well developed methods. - The link of micro changes to macro level analysis firstly is complicated by constraints, as in resource supply and land availability, and as in allowable total environmental stress for example related to carrying capacity. Next, there are mostly negative feedbacks of a social nature, as through market mechanisms, income effects (“rebound”), as explained in the next point. Only seldom will there be positive feedback mechanisms at a macro level. As a result, seemingly breakthrough micro level innovations will mostly have a much more limited macro level effect, realised with more delays than first expected. The implications for requirements on micro level improvement are to be analysed. - Deep eco-innovation, as is required for reduced environmental stress in a growing economy, is constrained absolutely or by delays in time by, - lack of eco- incentives, or by counter incentives like cheap fossil energy, low material resource prices, and inappropriate taxes; - by limits in resource supply, partially absolute and partially dynamic, mostly occurring at the aggregate level of overall supply of a resource and its substitutes; - by income effects inherent in shifts in consumption: for example, shifting from passenger car driving to bicycling will lead to substantially increases in other spending; - by administrative procedures, as also for safeguarding environmental quality against economic pressures, which delay investments. The speed of deep eco-innovation is constrained; these constraints have not yet been analysed systematically. - Economic growth, as the growth of total consumption, is a major threat to environmental quality. Growth of 3.5% per annum doubles the total volume of consumption every 20 years. This growth rate is substantially higher than the rate of population growth, which is dropping sharply with increasing income, communications and contraceptives. Innovation is the driving force of growth in our knowledge based economy, with less emphasis on net investment. New analysis is required on the drivers of economic growth, to be differentiating between factors for labour productivity growth, to be fostered, and towards absolute growth through labour time growth, to be reduced. - Improving innovation processes will increase economic growth, and will not necessarily lead to eco-innovation. Corporate sustainability policy can play a role in decoupling, but will tend to put prime focus on economic improvement, as market performance is a sine qua non for their functioning. The shift from innovation to eco-innovation requires new drivers with an explicit focus on eco-efficiency. - Increases in income tend to be spent on luxury items like specialty food and travelling, what economists call superior goods. They tend to have a relatively high environmental footprint per unit of expenditure. The income elasticity of demand is a factor to explicitly take into account when analysing options which imply reduced spending, like cycling against car driving. - Economic growth is the combination of increased labour productivity and labour volume. Reducing labour productivity is not desirable nor really possible, given our focus on research and development. Reducing economic growth by reducing the volume of labour can give a major contribution to reducing environmental stress. Barriers to working less and incentives for working less are to be analysed as a major subject for sustainable development. - Strategies for environmental improvement must be judged against the ultimate improvement in performance realised. Major strategies currently are: - Low-energy society - industrial ecology/industrial symbiosis - high labour intensive – low capital intensive production A single framework for strategy analysis is required for policy discussion, and to be developed. - Non-fossil energy production installations mostly are more resource intensive to build than fossil energy systems, which require more input in the use phase. Similarly, energy saving infrastructure, as in buildings and transport systems, will require more materials than cheaper systems which use more energy in operation. This implies that in the transition stage the shift to renewable energy and reduced energy consumption will lead to increased materials use. Very fast transitions might even require additional fossil energy use. The material limits to change are interrelated and mostly present at a global macro level only. This integrated analysis of dynamic supply constraints is to be developed. - Solar radiation striking the earth forms the basis for most renewable energy sources. As other species need to use this energy too we should limit our appropriation of it. The energy requirements of nature are a most fundamental factor in biodiversity development, to be analysed actively in the realm of combined ecology and industrial ecology. - The amount of capital used in a specific production process, which is its capital or labour intensity, does not indicate a relatively high or low environmental impact per unit of value created. The role of capital, labour, natural resources and knowledge in sustainable development is to be re-assessed.	<urn:uuid:5fc29faf-1f8a-4d50-8d41-c53b593d4361>	CC-MAIN-2016-50	https://callharis.com/2010/11/10/eco-efficiency-goes-to-school/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542693.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00356-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.938305	1,162	2.84375	3
The Battle of New Cut/John's Island January 12-15, 1782 at John's Island, South Carolina Facts about the Battle of New Cut/John's Island - Armies - American Forces was commanded by Lt. Col. John Laurens and consisted of over 400 Soldiers. British Forces was commanded by ?? and consisted of unknown number of Soldiers. - Casualties - American casualties were unknown. British casualties were unknown. - Outcome - The result of the battle was an American victory. Major General Nathanael Greene knew that the only threat to the upcoming South Carolina Legislature meeting in Jacksonborough was the British on John’s Island. He decided to eliminate this threat with a surprise raid on John’s Island. Lieutenant Colonel John Laurens and Lieutenant Colonel Henry Lee would lead the Patriot expedition against John’s Island and would be supported by the main army under Greene. Since the Patriots didn’t have any boats they could only approach the island by a narrow canal to the Stono River called the New Cut. The canal could only be crossed two times each month, shortly after midnight when "the depth of water was not more than waist high." The British knew about the strategic value of the New Cut and they placed a galley and two gunboats, four hundred yards apart, to guard the cut. The galleys had to remain apart so they could still stay afloat at low tide, and this left a gap that the Patriots could pass through. The tide gave them only small window to get in, strike the British, and get out. On December 29, Lee and Laurens decided to strike at John’s Island, but they learned that the British had stationed troops on James Island across the inlet from John’s Island. To go ahead would be too risky and the operation was canceled until a later time. Two weeks later, both commanders agreed to make another attempt. On January 12, in the cold and rainy night, Lee and Laurens rendezvoused at a point less than a mile from the New Cut. Greene and the main army had broken camp the day before and marched towards John’s Island in case the British tried to send reinforcements to assist Lt. Col. Craig. As Laurens waited, he addressed his men, appealing to their honor and their patriotism. He issued instructions to his men on how to cross the waist deep water without getting their arms or ammunition wet. He told them that no one was "to fire or advance without orders, confusion only can arise from unconnected individual efforts." Laurens then divided his force into two columns. Lee commanded one and Major James Hamilton of the Pennsylvania Line commanded the other. At 1:00 AM, the crossing began. Lee sent Captain John Rudolph across first with the Legion Infantry. As they moved they could hear the British sentries in the boats call out "All’s safe." Lee’s column easily made the crossing onto John’s Island. The second column under Hamilton soon broke contact in the darkness and disappeared. Laurens searched for an hour and finally found Hamilton. Hamilton’s guide had deserted him leaving his troops to find their way on their own. That hour, they were lost had seemed like an eternity. When the tide came in Laurens had no choice but to call off the operation and recall Lee’s troops who had made it on the island. On the march back across the New Cut, Lee’s men found themselves waist deep in "mud, weeds and water." Several soldiers became stuck in the mud and "were obliged to be pulled out." On January 14, Greene had his men search the riverbank for a boat to ferry Laurens’ troops back across the inlet to try again. To cover their withdrawal, he brought up his cannon to fire on the galleys as they crossed. The artillery fired on the British vessels throughout the day, but the boats refused to withdraw. That night, Lieutenant Colonel Craig evacuated the island and the British galleys withdrew from the New Cut. On January 15, Laurens and a small force of cavalry and infantry crossed the New Cut in a boat and found the remains of the British camp. It had been hurriedly abandoned. Laurens captured a few stragglers, but General Leslie had learned of Greene’s raid and had moved all his men to James Island. Laurens did find a schooner that the British had loaded all their supplies onto. He ordered his men to attack the schooner and his men fired a volley at her. This "threw the Crew into great confusion" almost making the schooner run aground. The British crew on the schooner stacked the baggage and used it as protection against the musket balls. They returned fire as their ship moved slowly away. Laurens had remarked, "If I had a three pounder…perhaps She might still be taken." Craig’s new position was at Perroneau’s on James Island. Greene remarked, "We have got the territory but we missed the great objective of the enterprise." He withdrew to an encampment at Skirving’s Plantation, six miles in front of Jacksonborough on the road to Charlestown. The expedition was considered a failure, but it did eliminate the British threat to Jacksonborough.	<urn:uuid:d9696ffe-add3-452d-86a2-f4de1528aaee>	CC-MAIN-2021-43	https://revolutionarywar.us/year-1782/battle-new-cutjohns-island/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587794.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20211026011138-20211026041138-00682.warc.gz	en	0.981942	1,108	3.34375	3
This chapter suggests that some of the impediments to the acceptability of anarchist ideas lie in often dogmatic, exclusive and fundamentalist approaches to effecting change. Despite its role as 'the conscience of politics', anarchism is still in need of a constant revision. The chapter also suggests a number of ways that might be useful in the political climate. The relatively marginal position that anarchism occupies in terms of both the popular and critical imagination suggests that the subject of anarchist strategy is one worthy of reassessment. In keeping with the need to conceptualise and challenge power in as many contexts as possible, it should not be forgotten that intervening in 'democratic' arenas is just one possible area of anarchist activity. One of the areas of anarchist activity which is often overlooked in the face of more glamorous events such as anti-capitalist and anti-globalisation protests on a global stage is education. This book attempts to convey the different sociological contexts for how contemporary anarchist theory and practice is to be understood. It concentrates on the issue of broadening the parameters of how anarchist theory and practice is conceptualized. The book compares the major philosophical differences and strategies between the classical period (what Dave Morland calls 'social anarchism') and the contemporary anti-capitalist movements which he regards as being poststructuralist in nature. It also documents the emergence of the now highly influential anti-technological and anti-civilisational strand in anarchist thought. This offers something of a challenge to anarchism as a political philosophy of the Enlightenment, as well as to other contemporary versions of ecological anarchism and, to some extent, anarcho-communism. The book further provides a snapshot of a number of debates and critical positions which inform contemporary anarchist practice. The specific areas covered offer unique perspectives on sexuality, education, addiction and mental health aspects of socialisation and how this can be challenged at a number of different levels. The fact that anarchism has largely premised its critique on a psychological dimension to power relations, not just a material one, has been an advantage in this respect. Ecological anarchism, which has been the driving force behind much contemporary anarchist theory and practice, has been committed to thinking about the relationships between people and 'nature' in new ways. This introduction presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in the subsequent chapters of this book. The book attempts to convey the different sociological contexts for how contemporary anarchist theory and practice is to be understood. It concentrates on the issue of broadening the parameters of how anarchist theory and practice is conceptualised. The question of individual liberty and collective needs raises an equally important anarchist principle: equating the means of an action with its ends. The book compares the major philosophical differences and strategies between the classical period and the contemporary anti-capitalist movements. It assesses the viability of libertarian education, a century on from the life and work of Spanish writer and activist Francisco Ferrer and finds considerable evidence for the endurance of these ideals. This part outlines the philosophical shifts that have occurred within anarchism and shows how different political voices have emerged to mobilise around an increasing plurality of injustices. It identifies a psychological and psychoanalytic dimension to understand authority, alienation and history, which is a powerful and still under acknowledged aspect of contemporary anarchism. The chapter presents poststructuralist literature, a potentially useful tool for understanding power, particularly when theorising contemporary social movements. This part provides a snapshot of a number of debates and critical positions which inform about the contemporary anarchist practice. It offers unique perspectives on the aspects of socialisation such as sexuality, education, addiction and mental health. The part demonstrates the sensitivity and ethical dilemmas that must accompany any libertarian sociological method. It concentrates on education, age, communication and the importance of art and creativity in the libertarian struggle, something that places them in the tradition of writers like Herbert Read. This part addresses the notions of being and becoming within different areas of anarchist theory and practice. Ecological anarchism, which has been the driving force behind much contemporary anarchist theory and practice, has been committed to think about the relationships between people and 'nature' in new ways. The part discusses some of the psychological strategies taken by political activists to cope with the burdens which contemporary Western societies bestow upon the individual. This chapter reviews the different ways that anarchism can be seen in terms of its often under-acknowledged role in political change. It suggests that anarchism can serve as a 'conscience' to many non-anarchist or marginally anarchist milieus in terms of the influence of its central ideas. The chapter also suggests that the possibilities for the resistance to power and the construction of what Dennis Hardy have called 'practical utopias' are actually increasing. These possibilities are increasing in the wake of the post-11th September, 2001 clampdowns and repression, despite the anecdotal evidence to the contrary. A classical anarchist position has been to organise regardless of what institutional forces are doing; perhaps this is an opportunity to develop a consistent yet unpopular anarchist realpolitik. The chapter also presents some closing thoughts on the concepts discussed in this book.	<urn:uuid:dbf8d88f-c020-4363-9e06-70a9256ad18b>	CC-MAIN-2019-43	https://www.manchesterhive.com/search?f_0=author&q_0=James+Bowen	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987769323.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20191021093533-20191021121033-00306.warc.gz	en	0.940623	1,023	2.515625	3
Anti-tobacco groups have released a new report exploring efforts to crush tobacco use in the LGBT community and highlighting the reasons LGBT people fall into the tobacco trap. The analysis emphasizes Big Tobacco’s efforts to promote cigarette smoking among LGBT people, such as R.J. Reynold’s Project SCUM campaign that launched in 1995 and marketed smokes to gays. On Dec. 11, the Legacy Foundation, an anti-tobacco group, released a report, “Tobacco Control in LGBT Communities,” which explores the reasons behind continued disparities in tobacco use among LGBT people versus the general population, explains Legacy's role in addressing tobacco use in the community and provides case studies in reducing smoking in the community. "It's very likely that smoking is the single greatest health issue stealing years off the lives of LGBT people,” said Dr. Scout, director of the Network for LGBT Health Equity, one of six CDC-funded tobacco disparity networks and a project of The Fenway Institute in Boston. “Why do LGBT people smoke so much? We've been targeted by the tobacco industry, we're extremely vulnerable for social acceptance as we come out and the pressures of stigma can nudge anyone towards unhealthy behaviors.” Scout added, “More LGBT civil rights leaders' voices have been silenced by tobacco disparities than any other single thing. For me, tobacco is one of the biggest social justice issues.” A recent article in the American Journal of Public Health found that LGBT people smoke cigarettes at rates that are nearly 70 percent higher than the general population. It is estimated that LGBT adults are 1.5 to 2.5 times more likely to smoke than heterosexual adults. Twelve years ago, Legacy, at a forum in Atlanta, announced a program aimed at understanding and controlling tobacco use in the community. A focus was on the: • Lack of LGBT community representation in mainstream tobacco control efforts. • Targeted marketing of LGBT communities by tobacco companies. • Reliance on tobacco company funding by LGBT organizations. • Lack of knowledge among community members in recognizing the public health threat that tobacco poses. “For more than a decade, Legacy has worked hard with grassroots groups across the country to help combat the direct targeting that the industry has had on this community in an effort to reduce tobacco use and encourage cessation,” said Legacy CEO Cheryl Heaton. “Through funding and research, it has been our charge to help the LGBT community fight back and educate others on the dangers of tobacco use and nicotine addiction.” Heaton and Scout agreed there have been advances, but more needs to be done. “People in the community want and need help, but it is difficult to provide them with knowledge and training when there is a lack of support for the LGBT population,” said Scout. “With the help of others, people from within and even outside of the community can continue to improve tobacco education among a population that needs and deserves help.” On the Web…	<urn:uuid:59887897-dd1e-402c-940f-e94a507a53d4>	CC-MAIN-2015-40	http://www.wisconsingazette.com/breaking-news/groups-seek-to-free-lgbt-people-from-tobacco-trap.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736675795.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215755-00213-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.961324	621	2.796875	3
Hi! It's nice to meet you. One reason to learn English is so that you can meet new people and talk with them. If you want to meet people outside your country, then it is a good idea to learn English.Today people from all over the world use English to talk with people who don't know teir language. It does not matter if you are Japanese, Bolivian, or Nigerian. If people cannot speak your language, their next question is "do you speak English?" As soon as you introduce yourself, people can see how good your English is. So we are going to make your introductions better. We will look at - In every country we use register. Children speak to adults in one way, adults speak to children in another way. Children speak in another way with other children, and adults speak in another way to other adults. The boss speaks to the worker in one way, the worker speaks to the boss in a different way. For example: "Hi there Bill! How are you?" "Very well, thank you, Mr Walker. And yourself?" Guess who is the worker, and who is the boss? English has three type of register - formal, for people we do not know, or people we need to be polite to (like the boss!), neutral/general for people we do not know well, and informal, for friends and family. "Excuse me, but would you mind passing the salt, please?" (very formal) "Can you pass me the salt please?" (neutral) "Salt!" (very informal!) But when English people become very, very polite to you, this can mean that they are angry about something. People make introductions for many reasons. For business ("May I present Mr Collins of Widget supplies"). If two of your friends are meeting for the first time ("Terry - this is Sarah - we play tennis together"). It may be impersonal ("Hello, I'm nurse Jones. I am here to take your temperature.") Ok - let's look at some introductions. (The first speaker is blue, the reply is in red.) Mr Thompson, this is Professor Jones. Professor Jones. I'm pleased to meet you. Mr Thompson, may I present Professor Jones. How do you do? ("How do you do?" does not mean "what do you do?" It does not mean anything. It is just a polite way to say "hello" when you are introduced.) Allow me to present Professor Jones. I'm delighted to meet you, Professor. My name is Bob Thompson. (You should say your name if the person who introduces you does not say it.) We use formal introductions on formal occasions. For important business, meeting important people or (some!) weddings and funerals, formal language is safest. Mr Thompson, do you know Professor Jones? How are you, Professor? Bob, this is Jane Jones. I'm pleased to meet you. Bob Thompson, Jane Jones. It's nice to meet you. Sometimes it is hard to know if you should use the first name, (Ted); the title (Professor) or the formal name (Professor Jones). English people have the same problem! When you are not sure, use the more formal name, or just call the other person "you". Sometimes the other person will help you and say (for example) "Please call me Jane". We use General introductions for people we might never meet again, for meetings which are not very important, or for meeting people like ourselves - for instance the people we will work with. Bob, meet Jane How are you, Jane? Bob, this is Jane. You don't know Jane, do you? No, hi Jane, I'm Bob. Informal introductions are for people we meet at parties, or when we are with friends. We use only the first name, and we don't say the family names. Some other suggestions. With formal introductions, and some general introductions, you shake hands. You don't usually shake hands in impersonal introductions. With informal introductions you shake hands if you are near that person. English people do not usually introduce themselves, except in impersonal introductions. "I am Police Officer Jones, and I am arresting you for ..." "I'm Bill Richeigh, your pilot on this flight ..." "Hi, I'm Susan, your tour guide ..." When people introduce themselves, they usually say why they are introducing themselves. You can also introduce yourself, at parties for example. Excuse me, I don't think we have met, my name is Bob Thompson. (Formal) May I introduce myself? I'm Bob Thompson. (Formal) Hello, I'm Jane.(General/neutral) You must be Bob Thompson. I'm Jane Jones. (General/neutral) Hello Bob, I'm Jane.(Informal) Are you Bob Thompson? I'm Jane Jones.(Informal) When people introduce themselves you say the same things that you say to people who are introduced to you. In every country there are things you can talk about with people you have just met. And there are other things you can't talk about. There is an old rule that says "Don't talk about money, sex or politics with people you don't know well." It is a good rule. We call things people talk about which are not important "small talk". Good small talk subjects are: The weather (Yes, English people do talk about the weather), what you are doing at the party, why you are in the country, if you like the country, food, and travel. You can also talk about your job. In the vocabulary section you will find exercises for words about nationality. This conversation is an example Hi, I'm Tara. Are you Maria? Yes, that's right. Hello Tara. Are you from Spain, Maria? No, I'm Italian. Italy? Oh, that's lovely. I went to Italy on holiday last year. Really? Did you like it? Oh, yes. The food was fantastic. And the weather too. Where in Italy did you go? Well, first ......... So. That was your introduction to introductions! Now - here are some exercises for you. Click the blue triangle.	<urn:uuid:62807fe3-ff9d-4edf-ba8c-23dbfb101a12>	CC-MAIN-2016-36	http://www.english-online.org.uk/elem1/greet1e1.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982292975.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195812-00123-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.951712	1,335	2.578125	3
Male condoms are an effective form of birth control. However, about 1 out of 50 couples who use condoms correctly will get pregnant in a year. Chances of pregnancy increase if you don't always wear a condom during intercourse, or you use condoms incorrectly. Condoms are effective at preventing the transmission of most STIs, although there's still some risk. When used correctly, a condom creates a barrier that limits your exposure — and your partner's exposure — to semen or other body fluids that can carry STIs. April 15, 2014 - Hatcher RA, et al. Contraceptive Technology. 20th ed. New York, N.Y.: Ardent Media, Inc.; 2011:371. - Stone KM, et al. Male condoms. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed Dec. 11, 2013. - Condom sizing. American Social Health Association. http://www.ashasexualhealth.org/sexual-health/condoms/condom-sizing.html. Accessed Dec. 11, 2013. - Male condoms: How to use a condom correctly. American Social Health Association. http://www.ashasexualhealth.org/sexual-health/condoms/male-condoms.html. Accessed Dec. 11, 2013.	<urn:uuid:64a4fa4a-7f1d-424a-8b3a-5545b2d5acbd>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/condoms/basics/results/prc-20014118?footprints=mine	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00457-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.857448	267	2.71875	3
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an automatic identification method that stores and remotely retrieves data via an RFID tag or transponder. The RFID inlays are simply a tag on a bendable substrate that is ready for conversion to a smart label. RFID commonly the Radio Frequency Identification is the innovative technology that is being famous day by day for the product identification and data storage where the barcode technology fails to work. If explained in technical terms then the RFID inlays are simply a tag on a flexible substrate that is ready for conversion to a smart label. This label can extend the elementary operating of RFID by combining it to the barcode technology. The RFID inlays are composed of integrated circuits and dipole antenna that are being attached with the help of strap. The RFID dry inlay are commonly attached to the substrate backing material called web. The antenna that is used in the inlays to attach with IC can be made of silver, aluminum and copper. RFID wet inlay is the type that have an adhesive backing with a cleared or colored top surface. The type of surface that is commonly used to make RFID labels is of PVC or PET. The inlay is placed on the back of the label away of the adhesive side to make the label adhesive continuously. The placing of a wet inlay to each label is very specific considering each RFID printer. This is also done to minimize the risk of damaging the RFID inlays while printing. These days the RFID implementation is present with the advantages of quality performance and cost factors that is simply low. An RFID programmer encodes information onto a tiny microchip within a thin RFID tag that looks much like a normal pressure-sensitive carton label. RFID readers that work on the same protocol as the tag are distributed at key points throughout the supply chain. Readers relay the codes to a host computer as the carton passes through an RFID portal or moves along a conveyor anywhere in the supply chain. These readers activate the tag, causing it to broadcast high frequency radio waves within bandwidths reserved for RFID usage by individual governments. CXJ RFID label or tag integrity is maintained as it is underneath the actual label, inserted within the packaging or encased in a durable material. Each RFID label or tag can be read even when multiple tagged products are sealed inside a carton (for example). RFID Labels and Tags are often orientation-insensitive, meaning the tagged item not only does not have to be seen to be read, but can be in any orientation. RFID tags operating 902 to 928 MHz band are referred to as ultra high frequency (UHF) tags. RFID labels and tags provide a unique ID for each and every product and can be associated with individual information such as the manufacturing location; date shipped, lot number, etc. If this is your first RFID project, it is important to work with an experienced RFID Systems Integrator to help lay out the framework for the project and offer guidelines on the type of solutions that should be considered. The ETSI recommended UHF RFID operational frequencies for Europe are between 865-868 MHz.	<urn:uuid:5aa9bde8-fe44-4bca-969b-cc78b59bb4d3>	CC-MAIN-2022-40	https://www.cxjrfidfactory.com/the-introduction-of-rfid-inlays-and-the-function/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335365.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20220929194230-20220929224230-00764.warc.gz	en	0.917808	655	3.484375	3
Although practice might not always make perfect, training is essential for learning a sport or a musical instrument. In a new study, investigators at the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital of McGill University (The Neuro) demonstrated that practice also can change how the brain uses sensory information. In particular, they showed that, depending on the type of training done beforehand, a part of the brain called the middle temporal visual area (MT) can be either critical for visual perception, or not important at all. Previous research has shown the area MT is involved in visual motion perception. Damage to area MT causes “motion blindness,” in which patients have clear vision for stationary objects but are unable to see motion. Such deficits are somewhat mysterious, because it is well-known that area MT is just one of many brain regions involved in visual motion perception. This suggests that other pathways might be able to compensate in the absence of area MT. Most studies have examined the function of area MT using a task in which subjects view small dots moving across a screen and indicate how they see the dots moving, because this has been proven to activate area MT. To determine how crucial MT really was for this task, the researchers used a simple trick: They replaced the moving dots with moving lines, which are known to stimulate areas outside area MT more effectively. Surprisingly, subjects who practiced this task were able to perceive visual motion perfectly even when area MT was temporarily inactivated. On the other hand, subjects who practiced with moving dots exhibited motion blindness when MT was temporarily deactivated. The motion blindness persisted even when the stimulus was switched back to the moving lines, indicating that the effects of practice were very difficult to undo. Indeed, the effects of practice with the moving dot stimuli were detectable for weeks afterwards. The key lesson for brain training is that small differences in the training regimen can lead to profoundly different changes in the brain. The new findings suggest it could potentially be a non-invasive method to overcome disabilities caused by neurological disease or trauma. Stroke patients, for example, often lose their vision as a result of brain damage caused by lack of blood flow to brain cells. With the correct training stimulus, one day these patients could retrain their brains to use different regions for vision that were not damaged by the stroke. “Years of basic research have given us a fairly detailed picture of the parts of the brain responsible for vision,” said Dr. Christopher Pack, the paper’s senior author. “Individual parts of the cortex are exquisitely sensitive to specific visual features — colors, lines, shapes, motion — so it’s exciting that we might be able to build this knowledge into protocols that aim to increase or decrease the involvement of different brain regions in conscious visual perception, according to the needs of the subject. This is something we’re starting to work on now.” Their research was published in the journal Neuron. Source: McGill University	<urn:uuid:dd6f8a31-ab3b-479d-927d-799ef11f9a3e>	CC-MAIN-2018-39	https://psychcentral.com/news/2017/07/20/brain-training-may-change-how-brain-uses-sensory-data/123492.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158205.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20180922064457-20180922084857-00273.warc.gz	en	0.95255	608	3.8125	4
About a GAP Year... A GAP Year Could Be For You. And What Parents Need To Know! The GAP year is the chance of a lifetime! And it’s the moment to branch out and reach out and let your parents know how excited you are! Your GAP year can open doors for your future, for choosing an academic major and for experiencing what it means to be a global citizen, a term used frequently these days. Just like you, young people from all over the world also want to take on new challenges, experience a different culture, learn something about others, but also about themselves. It’s like a study abroad program, and it’s one that you’ve designed, because you want to do it. In talking with your parents, remember that a GAP year, at least in the United States, is a fairly recent addition to our educational structure; your parents may be only somewhat familiar with the concept. Parents often worry that a GAP year student might defer college permanently or be behind their peer group in the race to finish college. Actually, Gappers often are ahead in meeting and coping with challenges. And there are no statistics to bear out the fear of not going to college after a GAP year. In fact, elite universities like Harvard, Brown, Princeton and many others not only endorse the GAP experience, but also easily grant deferrals and several have begun their own GAP like semesters in a foreign country. There are links to helpful articles under the Resources tab.	<urn:uuid:7592dde7-3d09-4011-87bb-1ddcf671f1a7>	CC-MAIN-2021-10	https://www.seectimeout.net/gap-year.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178362899.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20210301182445-20210301212445-00111.warc.gz	en	0.960249	316	2.515625	3
Recently, Aligned published a helpful post about the challenges and FAQs of ELA scaffolding in elementary classrooms. If you are anything like me, you are a high school teacher who has spent a lot of time at professional development meetings hearing passionate educators wax rhapsodic about learning strategies that sound perfect…for elementary students. I would say that the number one question I leave PD sessions with is “How do I make this great idea work with high school kids?” With that in mind, I would like to share some of my thoughts about the five most common questions I hear with regard to scaffolding text with high school students. 1.What strategies do you use to address vocabulary deficits? The sad reality is that “Weekly Vocab”- style lists tend not to work. Giving kids words for memorization without the aid of context is a fool’s errand. They will retain the knowledge just long enough for use on the quiz, and then it’s gone. The truly powerful strategies for vocabulary building and retention lie in context. With my students, I am very deliberate at building the skills to “figure out” the words given the context of the sentence or paragraph. Not only is this the way that vocabulary is usually assessed at the state level, but it also provides a road map for students to figure out approximate meanings of words “in the wild,” be that in a classroom setting or beyond. Even something as simple as understanding whether a word appears to have a positive or negative connotation can help with a student’s general understanding of a piece. 2. Teachers are concerned that students will become frustrated or disinterested when faced with challenging texts with which they may not initially be successful. How do you help students persevere? What strategies keep motivation high even when students struggle? I believe the number one way to combat frustration and disinterest in challenging material is to help students see how the text is relevant, at least to some degree, to themselves. Relevance takes many forms, and is not just tied to their interests outside of school. For example, when my classes read Othello (a historically low-interest challenging text), I had them pair it with an ongoing blog that they wrote following the theme of jealousy. They were required to find articles that pertained to jealousy and its effects on people’s behavior, read and summarize the articles, and provide personal connections to the text. This allowed each individual student to find articles that best suited their reading skills without any kind of “call out” culture developing around lower-level readers. (See blog example below.) I have also had success by pairing low-level/high-interest anchor texts with supplemental challenging texts to reinforce theme. When my classes read Unwind by Neal Schusterman (Lexile level 740), we often took real-world articles related to the themes of abortion and troubled teens and used them for comparison points. I paired these with writing exercises based on character. Usually we would select materials for this closer to the 1200-1400 Lexile level. 3. The reality is that many teachers are working with what they have: grade-level curriculum. How can they ensure students are supported in accessing these texts through supplemental approaches when they must use the reading supplied in their curriculum? The best way to approach supporting and accessing various challenging texts is to stick to the old idiom: variety is the spice of life! Don’t ever let the kids get bored with one reading strategy or another; constantly shake it up! I have used several different methods within an individual text to great success: - Simplified text that gets more complex as you go - Station work differentiated by ability level - Using film versions (before, after, or during reading…usually as a comprehension enhancer and helpful “author’s/director’s choices” activity - Combining challenging text with easier, more relatable material 4. How can teachers make scaffolding doable in a whole-class setting? It can be challenging to deal with a lot of different reading levels all at the same time. Additionally, pre-teaching and scaffolding is time-consuming. How can you make it all work? While many teachers are forced to meet in the middle with their students’ skill sets, there are a couple of fine resources available to help address varying reading levels within one classroom. One of the most successful in my experience has been Newsela.com, which allows teachers access to the same article presented at several different Lexile levels. That way, once you have pre-assessed student skill levels, these varied versions can be discreetly distributed to students based on need. Reading the article at a lower Lexile level can serve as an introduction to vocabulary and content that will allow my struggling students to participate in class discussion, and eventually access grade-level complex text on the topic once they have a stronger foundation. 5. Do you have strategies for allowing students to work independently with complex texts they may need scaffolding support with? The most successful independent strategy I’ve employed has been focused independent reading. The combination of student-selected material and standards-based daily activities tied to that reading allows each student to deal with high-interest reading while getting in the necessary reps to improve reading skills. (Attached is an example of a weekly reading log used in my classes. The “Caught Ya” portion is a daily grammar correction exercise. I convert the 4-point grading rubric to 100 point scores). If you are concerned about the material selected for independent reading not being complex enough, you could always offer book selections grouped by reading level. This requires a lot of work on the front end, but can offer students some guidance on what kind of reading will increase their fluency.	<urn:uuid:20ace4ac-927b-408b-96b8-008d23e68007>	CC-MAIN-2019-43	http://achievethecore.org/aligned/top-5-questions-about-ela-scaffolding-in-high-school/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986688826.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20191019040458-20191019063958-00448.warc.gz	en	0.957807	1,201	3.359375	3
A team of biochemists has engineered artificial bone marrow capable of hosting hematopoietic stem cells -- the potentially life-saving cells used in the treatment of leukemia -- for regeneration. The work was carried out at the KIT Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), the Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart and Tübingen University in Germany, where Cornelia Lee-Thedieck led a team in building a scaffold for stem cell regeneration. Hematopoietic stem cells, which are derived from both blood and bone marrow, are known for their extraordinary regenerative properties -- they can differentiate into a whole series of specialised cells in the body and travel into the blood from the bone marrow. This makes it an excellent treatment for cancers of the blood, including leukemia and lymphoma where underdeveloped white blood cells multiply out of control. In these cases the patient's own supply of hematopoietic cells is destroyed and they are replenished via a bone marrow transplant from a matched donor. These are not in plentiful supply, so for years artificial bone marrow has been in development to help fill the need -- existing hematopoietic stem cells only replenish and thrive within the complex, porous structure of bone marrow and do not survive without it. If researchers could develop a suitable host, they could continually transplant cells onto that host to regenerate cells and meet demand. "Multiplication of hematopoietic stem cells in vitro with current standard methods is limited and mostly insufficient for clinical applications of these cells," write the team in the journal Biomaterials. "They quickly lose their multipotency in culture because of the fast onset of differentiation. In contrast, HSCs efficiently self-renew in their natural microenvironment (their niche) in the bone marrow." The team believes it has now created a potentially game-changing host that mimics that niche. They used synthetic polymers to build macroporous hydrogel scaffolds that mimic the spongy texture of bone marrow. Protein building blocks were then introduced, which would encourage introduced stem cells to stick to the scaffold. They had to introduce a number of other cells which importantly also thrive within bone marrow to exchange nutrients and oxygen. To test the scaffold, stem cells from bone marrow and umbilical cord blood were introduced. It took a few days, but those from the cord blood began to multiply. The authors concluded: "Co-culture in the pores of the three-dimensional hydrogel scaffold showed that the positive effect of MSCs on preservation of HSPC stemness was more pronounced in 3D than in standard 2D cell culture systems." This is not the first time that artificial bone marrow has been attempted, however. Back in 2008 a team from the University of Michigan maintained that it had created a replica that could make red and white blood cells, and within which blood stem cells could replicate and produce B cells (important immune cells). In this instance, scaffolds were made from a transparent polymer using tiny spheres that were then dissolved to create pores the nutrients could pass through. It's unclear for how long the stem cells thrived, and Wired.co.uk has contacted the team to try and find out how the research has progressed and if the engineered bone marrow has continued to be effective. If the research is successful going forward, it could mean the beginning of "blood farming", where artificial bone marrow is used to produce red and white blood cells and platelets to be banked for transfusions.	<urn:uuid:c2f8a2ab-8efd-43e0-b7a7-1214ef15a4a4>	CC-MAIN-2017-22	http://www.wired.co.uk/article/artificial-bone-marrow	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463609605.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170528062748-20170528082748-00153.warc.gz	en	0.956721	732	3.125	3
Chocolate is made from the seeds of a rainforest tree called Theobroma Cacao that only grows within 20 degrees of the equator. Theobroma means ‘elixir of the gods’ and anthropologists say that early inhabitants of the Americas had been drinking chocolate for at least a thousand years before Europeans discovered it. Brightly colored cacao pods grow right from the trunk of the tree and are harvested by hand. The pods are filled with white pulp and beans that are scooped out, fermented, dried, roasted, and ground as they are turned into the chocolate that we know. We use chocolate made with organic cacao in all of our products.	<urn:uuid:e721ccff-0029-4769-936b-e52425cc4d39>	CC-MAIN-2018-47	http://darksidechocolates.com/hello-world/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743732.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20181117185331-20181117211331-00303.warc.gz	en	0.977032	138	2.65625	3
2.8.4 Joint ventures A joint venture is taken to mean a legal entity owned by two or more partners on more or less equal terms. Section 2.8.1 explained that there is no provision in the 2014 Act for societies to invest in partnerships, including limited liability partnerships. Instead, the joint venture must be a registered society or a company. If a society is investing its general reserves in a joint venture, then it should only do so in pursuit of its objects and business. It should only invest in a joint venture where it has influence over the venture that is written into the shareholder agreement, or by holding at least a quarter of any voting rights. The amount invested should not be so large as to adversely affect its own liquidity or solvency, should the joint venture encounter financial difficulties. A society should not raise capital through a public offer to invest in a joint venture unless it has overall control of the joint venture (in which case it would be more properly described as a majority-owned venture (see Section 2.8.3)). If you have any questions or suggestions for new information you would like to find in the Handbook, contact the team by email at firstname.lastname@example.org	<urn:uuid:be7a0cbe-9085-4249-a543-5d77f81790b2>	CC-MAIN-2019-35	http://communityshares.wales.coop/resources/handbook/joint-ventures	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027313715.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20190818062817-20190818084817-00366.warc.gz	en	0.965021	249	2.6875	3
What is public consultation? This term generally refers to a range of methods for consulting citizens on public policy issues. Advanced forms of public consultation, though, give citizens interactive tools to help them really understand policy issues so that they can effectively express their values and priorities in relation to specific policy choices. Citizens go through a step-by-step process that simulates the process that policymakers go through in coming to policy decisions. This includes getting briefed on the issue, weighing pro and con arguments for various policy options, and then coming to their decisions. These decisions may involve choosing from a menu of options or undertaking a task, like making up a budget, that requires making tradeoffs. After going through this process, citizens can share what they’ve learned with their elected representatives in a way that is targeted and effective. Are members of the public informed enough to make a meaningful judgment? In many cases they are not. That is why it is essential to brief the members of the Citizen Cabinet on the issues, presenting some basic facts on which all sides can agree, then have them hear the key arguments that experts and policymakers are making on both sides of the issue, before coming to a judgment. The process is similar to what a jury hears in coming to their judgment. Is the public smart enough to make a contribution? It is true that the average person is, well, average. But the public as a whole is surprisingly smart. Social science experiments have been conducted in which large groups of people have been given a challenging task, such as making a difficult estimate: when their estimates are averaged the answer tends to be remarkably accurate. Another example is from the game show, Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?: a study found that when contestants got stuck and asked the audience, the audience was right the vast majority of the time. Methods for tapping this collective intelligence (sometimes called crowd-sourcing) have been increasingly applied in various fields including business and intelligence gathering, summarized in the best selling book, aptly titled The Wisdom of Crowds, by James Surowiecki. Yet, government has yet to systematically tap into the collective intelligence of the American people. Why aren’t current methods, like letters and town hall meetings, adequate for the public to communicate with government? While there may have been a time when these were adequate, it is certainly no longer the case. Organized interests have flooded money through these channels so that it is no longer clear who is really behind such communications from “the public.” Furthermore, in our busy modern times, the self-selected people who have the time and skills necessary to effectively use these available channels are not necessarily representative of the people as a whole. And, finally, when elected officials and their staffs are bombarded by all these competing voices it is quite difficult for them to get more than a rough general impression—impressions that, research shows, may be quite inaccurate. Clearly it is time for policymakers to pursue more advanced and systematic means for gaining an accurate understanding of the views of the people they represent. Is the public really not being represented? Isn’t the government already doing what the public wants? In fact there is an abundance of evidence that the process of democratic representation is working very poorly in America today. Studies have found: - The correspondence between national public opinion and federal government decisions has been declining over the last decades and is now barely better than mere chance - The way specific Members of Congress vote has little correspondence to the majority views in their districts. Policymakers often have a poor understanding of the views of the public in general and Congressional offices often have a poor understanding of the views in their own district. The Citizen Cabinet would provide officials with a more accurate picture of the public’s views than they have ever had before, and help to restore a real connection between the sense of the people and the actions of government. While this does not mean—nor should it mean- that government leaders will follow the public in a lock-step fashion, it is likely to increase the influence of the people on government decisions. Aren’t Members of Congress elected to use their own judgment, not just follow public opinion? Absolutely. Americans expect leaders to lead and want Members of Congress to make their own judgments. But they also want Members to listen closely to what their constituents say and take that into account in the process of coming to judgment. If leaders are genuinely acting from their convictions, and their position is at odds with their constituents, most Americans respect that. The problem, from the point of view of the public, is that policymakers are being overly influenced by special interests, not their own conscience. Americans believe, as did the Founders, that giving the public a greater voice will help policymakers resist special interests and be more likely to make judgments that reflect their own values and better serve the common good. Isn’t the polarization in Congress just a reflection of a polarized public? No. Various studies have found that the public is much less polarized than Congress. For example a recent study found that it is very rare that majority views in “red” (heavily Republican) districts differ from majority views in “blue” (heavily Democratic) districts, though the size of the majority may vary. Isn’t it better for Congress to pay attention to experts rather than the public? When experts agree on the best approach to an issue there is rarely a controversy. But often when there are policy disagreements between experts the real issue is not about the facts, but about competing values and priorities—and no one is an expert on those. In these cases it makes sense to get the people involved in coming to judgment about what values and priorities are most important to them. Aren’t people selfish? Won’t we just have tyranny of the majority? This question did concern the Founders and they laid out a series of checks and balances in our system to prevent this from happening and reinforce the basic attributes of common sense and fairness that they believed the American people possessed. Extensive research in our time has shown that their faith in Americans’ ability to think beyond their selfish interest was well founded. When Americans are asked what policies would be best, most do not answer in terms of their own narrow self-interest. For example, in one recent study a representative sample of Americans was given the opportunity to restructure income tax rates for different income brackets. Rather than favoring their own income bracket, a majority of people in all income brackets favored a similar tax plan even though, for some, that meant their own bracket would pay more. This does not mean that people are unselfish in all aspects of their lives; but when asked to do so, and given the right tools, people have shown that they can and do step back from their personal self-interest and consider what would work best for the common good.	<urn:uuid:9f017451-1875-4705-b32f-e5935185caf5>	CC-MAIN-2018-22	http://publicconsensus.org/policymaking_simulations/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867220.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20180525215613-20180525235613-00009.warc.gz	en	0.972499	1,412	3.1875	3
Monday, January 24th, 2011 Quite often you’ll find that you have two tables in a Word document and you want to join the two together to make just one table. The solution is simple but way from obvious. To do this, first select over all the cells in one of the two tables. If the table is underneath the one you want to join it up to, then press Alt + Shift + Up Arrow to move the table up the document so that it joins the bottom of the table before it. Keep pressing the key until the top row that you have selected joins the bottom border of the one above. If you have selected the topmost table, then press Alt + Shift + Down Arrow until the top table locks onto the table below. You can also drag one table up or down until it joins but this method is very slick. It also works on a single row so you can take one row from one table and move only it to join up with another table or to become a table all of its own. Experiment with this key combination – I’m sure you will love it. Once you’ve done this, the tables will be joined to make one single table. If desired, you can then adjust the positioning of the columns so that the columns match between the two tables – this isn’t required but you may want to do it if the columns are supposed to be the same throughout. Labels: join two tables, shortcut keys, Word, Word 2003, Word 2007, Word 2010 Thursday, January 20th, 2011 Sometimes you’ll need to include a table in a document but place it so that it’s placed over a series of columns rather than inside the column itself. To do this, click where you want the table to appear and insert the table at this point. Hold your mouse over the table and you’ll see the table selector above the top left corner of the table. Click it to select the table and drag the table into position. The default text wrap settings for a table in Word is that the text wraps around the table so there’s no special option to set to make this happen. You can widen the table cells as large as necessary. If desired, the table can be sized so it fits the full width of the page or you can make it any size that you want. To adjust the wrapping of text around a table, right click the table selector (the little square above its top left edge) and choose Table Properties > Table tab. Here you can select how text flows around the table or you can make it not flow around it if you want the table to push the text completely out of its way. Here too you can alter the alignment of the table – by choosing Left, Center or Right. This table behavior is consistent across Word 2007, 2010, 2003 and earlier versions. Labels: columns, table over columns, Word, Word 2003, Word 2007, Word 2010, Wrap text Tuesday, January 18th, 2011 One of the features of Microsoft Word is the ability to insert a line between columns in a Word document. In Word 2003 and earlier choose Format > Columns and there is an option for Line Between in the dialog. Select it and click Ok and a line will appear between the columns. In Word 2007 and 2010 the option is harder to find. You need to select the Page Layout > Columns > More Columns Option. This opens the Columns dialog, which gives you the opportunity to select the Line Between checkbox. If you want to disable this feature, go back to the columns dialog and disable the checkbox. Labels: line between columns, Word, Word 2003, Word 2007, Word 2010 Saturday, January 15th, 2011 Continuing the short series on working with columns in Word, here’s how to create a column layout in Word. Create two columns To turn an entire document into columns in Word 2007 and 2010 click the Page Layout tab and select Columns > Two. This immediately formats all the text in your document into two columns. In Word 2003 you’ll choose Format > Columns, select Two (or Three etc.,) and click Ok. Remove two columns To undo the change and set your document back to one column in effectively undoing the two columns, repeat the process. In Word 2007 or Word 2010, choose Page Layout > Columns > One. The default for any document is one column so all you’re doing is going back to the default. In Word 2003 choose Format > Columns > One. Make only part of the document into columns If you want only part of a document to be in columns then select that part of the document first. For example, you may select all the content after the heading, leaving the heading unselected so it will be full width of the page. With that content selected, choose Page Layout > Columns and then select the number of columns. This will make just the selected text into columns, leaving everything else full width of the page. Again, if that piece of text ever needs to be returned to a single column just click inside it, choose Page Layout > Columns > One and it will be restore to the way it used to look. So, that’s how to make text in columns in Word, how to delete columns and how to make only part of a document into columns. Labels: create text in columns, delete columns, Page Layout, Word, Word 2003, Word 2007, Word 2010 Thursday, January 13th, 2011 One of the most difficult things that people find with working with columns in Word is moving between the columns. The reason is that the process itself is anything but easy. The Tab key, which will move you between cells in columns in a table, doesn’t work inside newspaper style columns in Word so that key is out. Instead, to move or jump from one column to the next you’ll press Alt + Page Down to go to the column on the right (the second column) or Alt + Page Up to move to the first column. When you click Alt + Page Down, if you are in column 1 you’ll go to the very top of column 2. If you keep pressing the key you’ll flip between the top character in each column. If you’re somewhere in column 2, when you press Alt + Page Up you’ll go to the top of column 1. These are the only specialist keys for moving or switching between columns – we could use more – like jumping from a line in one column to the same line in the one next to it – but nada! Sorry! Labels: columns, jump, move between columns, shortcut keys, switch, Word, Word 2003, Word 2007, Word 2010 Tuesday, January 11th, 2011 Ok, so you’ve formatted your text to be two columns in Word and you’ve typed something in the first column. You haven’t filled the first column because you don’t want to. Fair enough – it’s your document – your choice. But you do want to type something in the next or second column but however hard you try – Word won’t play nice. It wants you to fill column one before you get to fill column two – you don’t want to – so you’re at a stalemate. The solution is to force Word to the top of the second column and you do this by inserting a break. In Word 2002/2003 choose Insert> Break > Column Break. In Word 2007 & 2010 choose Page Layout tab> Breaks > Column. Now you can type at the top of the second column. Yeah! Labels: columns, Type in second column, Word, Word 2003, Word 2007, Word 2010 Sunday, January 9th, 2011 I get a lot of folks at projectwoman.com who come looking for help with columns and Word – anything from Word 2002 through 2003 to 2007 and now 2010. I have to think the reason is that Microsoft doesn’t make it as easy as it thinks to work with columns. In the next few posts I’ll show you some things to do with columns that I think most folk have trouble with. First up, how to put a picture in between columns in Word. Start by formatting your text in columns and then add your picture. Chances are it won’t move and sit between columns. The issue is that Word inserts images as In Line With Text by default which is the setting MOST OF US WOULDN’T USE IN 1,000 YEARS – but Microsoft doesn’t really understand most users and so that’s what we get – images that are stuck – they won’t move where we want them to go and they won’t rotate. To fix this, in Word 2002/2003 from the Picture toolbar find the Text Wrapping button, click it and choose practically anything except In Line With Text – I choose Square because it is the best all round setting. In Word 2007/2010 click the Picture and from the Picture Tools > Format tab on the ribbon click the Text Wrapping button and choose Square. Now your picture does what you expected it to do in the first place – it moves, it can be rotated and when you drag it over the space between two columns it sits where it is put and it pushes the text out of the way around it. Neat huh? One day… maybe Microsoft will hear our cries of frustration and insert images so they behave like they should without us having to jump through hoops to make them. Labels: columns, pictures over columns., span columns, Word, Word 2003, Word 2007, Word 2010 Monday, July 5th, 2010 Ok, so its easy to change units of measure in Word by setting the Word Options to measure in inches or cm – depending on where you live. However, if you’re using PowerPoint don’t waste your time looking in PowerPoint for the setting – it ain’t there. Instead, the measurements in PowerPoint are tied to your geography. If you live in the US you get inches, if you fess up to living else where you get your local units of measure. To change where you live, launch the Control Panel and look for a Regional settings option and set your location there. For those of us who live in the US but who think imperial measurements suck big time and who yearn for the metrics of our childhood in the far off land of Aus, thanks to Microsoft we are s*** out of luck. You see, if I set my region as Australia or the Uk to get metrics, everything else goes pear shaped and Google starts serving up UK or Australian pages in preference to US ones, or I get £ by default in Excel. It’s all round not a good choice. So, I’ll have to suck it up and learn to embrace feet and inches – but provided you still call the land of your birth home chances are you’ll be just fine. Labels: PowerPoint 2007, PowerPoint 2010, Units of measure, Word 2007, Word 2010 Tuesday, May 4th, 2010 I don’t like Word’s basic bullet design and generally I’ll want bullets of my own liking. For example I’ll use bullet lists to create checkbox lists for things I need to do. To get a checkbox list working in Word 2007 requires a little bit of list knowhow.If you’ve created your list items you can simply select the list and, from the Home tab, select the Multilevel list button and choose Define new list style. You need to use this rather than the Bullet Lists > Define new bullet options because otherwise you don’t get control over the tabs and Word’s tab settings for bullets don’t always make good sense. The Define New List Style option gives you the ability to control all of this. Start by typing a name for your list so that you can find it easily again later on. The select Bullets which is a small button to switch from numbers to bullet style. Click Insert symbol and select Wingdings as your font. You can then select a bullet style such as a shadowed box, select it and click Ok.This is applied as the bullet style. To adjust the spacing between the edge of the page and the bullet and the bullet and the text, click the Format button and choose Numbering. Set the Aligned at value to the distance that you want between the left edge of the page and the bullet itself. I set this to 0 inches. Set the text indent at a value to the distance you want between the bullet and the text. This is a hanging indent so it ensures that all lines of text are wrapped automatically to the value you set. I like to set this to .75 inches if I’m using large bullets. Click Ok. You can then click Ok again to set this as your bullet style. You can ignore the rest of the numbering if you’re simply using a one level bullet. Click Ok. To apply this bullet style to your document click the multilevel list and select the list style from the list styles area of the dialog. If you hold your mouse over it, you’ll see the list style appear in a small dialog with the name that you gave it showing. Click it to apply it to your list. Labels: bullet list, Custom, list, list style, Word 2007 Thursday, February 18th, 2010 Word 2007 comes with a range of styles you can use when inserting images into your document. To see them at work, insert a picture into your document, click the image and choose Picture Tools > Format on the Ribbon. The Picture Styles are formats you can apply to your image and they include some very attractive looking options. Once you’ve selected a picture style you can adjust things like the Effects which are attached to it. For example, you can create a picture reflection by selecting the picture and then choose the Picture Effects > Reflection option to create a reflected edge. You can also recolor the picture border if desired by using the Picture Border option. If you have a picture inserted in a document and formatted the way you like it but determine that you don’t like the picture and want to replace it, choose Picture Tools > Format and click the Change Picture option and choose an alternate picture to use. The format will remain and only the picture itself will change. Labels: edge, format picture, picture styles, reflection, Word 2007	<urn:uuid:83afe2c7-aadc-45cb-8dcd-993ae17f3895>	CC-MAIN-2016-50	http://projectwoman.com/tag/word-2007/page/2	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542932.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00144-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.865006	3,067	3.1875	3
We create relevancy based literacy education for teen parents The Mother Tongue Project begins here: Teach young parents critical reading and writing skills so that they can effectively give voice to their thoughts and experiences, advocate for their children, and successfully realize their dreams. By investing in a teen parent’s language and literacy skills and resources, we support her positive educational, parenting, and economic experiences. We give her tools to make healthy, rewarding life choices for her family. An investment in teen parents is also an investment in their children: Parents who actively read, write, and act on their own potential are more likely to enrich the first three to four years of their children’s lives—critical months for early brain development, as research increasingly indicates. The Mother Tongue Project is this investment—in teen parents, their voices, their children, and our community.	<urn:uuid:f89d8e47-0b53-4c16-81e2-6dc5ac06e7ba>	CC-MAIN-2017-47	http://www.mothertongueproject.org/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934803848.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20171117170336-20171117190336-00751.warc.gz	en	0.969802	177	2.890625	3
\|Jefferson Davis was born on June 3, 1808, in Christian (now Todd) County, Kentucky, and educated at Transylvania University, Lexington, Kentucky. U.S. Military Academy Graduated 1828. Afterwards was in the frountier service. Health forced him to resign from the army in 1835 Fought in the Mexican War at Monterrey and Buena Vista Wounded at Buena Vista US senator from Mississippi from 1835 to 1845. US Congressman from 1845 to 1846 US Congressman from 1857 to 1861 Withdrew from the Senate in 1861 when Mississippi seceded. On February 18, 1861, the provisional Congress of the Confederate States made him provisional president . He was elected to the office by popular vote the same year for a 6-year term and was inaugurated in Richmond, Virginia, the capital of the Confederacy, on February 22, 1862. During the War Davis failed to raise sufficient money to fight the American Civil War and could not obtain recognition and help for the Confederacy from foreign governments. He was in constant conflict with extreme exponents of the doctrine of states' rights, and his attempts to have high military officers appointed by the president were opposed by the governors of the states. The judges of state courts constantly interfered in military matters through judicial decisions. Davis was nevertheless responsible for the raising of the formidable Confederate armies, the notable appointment of General Robert E. Lee as commander of the Army of Virginia, and the encouragement of industrial enterprise throughout the South. His zeal, energy, and faith in the cause of the South were a source of much of the tenacity with which the Confederacy fought the Civil War. Even in 1865 Davis still hoped the South would be able to achieve its independence, but at last he realized defeat was imminent and fled from Richmond. On May 10, 1865, federal troops captured him at Irwinville, Georgia. From 1865 to 1867 he was imprisoned at Fortress Monroe, Virginia. Davis was indicted for treason in 1866 but the next year was released on a bond of $100,000 signed by the American newspaper publisher Horace Greeley and other influential Northerners. In 1868 the federal government dropped the case against him. This monument marks the spot where Jefferson Davis was captured in Irwinville, Georgia From 1870 to 1878 he engaged in a number of unsuccessful business enterprises; and from 1878 until his death in New Orleans, on December 6, 1889, he lived near Biloxi, Mississippi. His grave is in Richmond, Virginia. He wrote The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government (1881).	<urn:uuid:4ac623ad-055b-483f-98b7-8cf546a7f2f4>	CC-MAIN-2016-40	http://www.americancivilwar.com/south/jeffdavi.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660214.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00077-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.976916	544	3.625	4
In academic circles, plagiarism is one of the most serious offenses that results in serious consequences. Plagiarism means using other people’s works without proper referencing. Combat measures against plagiarism, applied by colleges and universities in the USA, are extremely strict and severe. Because of proven cases of plagiarism students are forced to leave college or university, while professors lose their jobs. American students are forced to live under constant pressure, dealing with incessant exams, tests and other forms of assessment. If they want to find a good job after graduation, they need good grades. If they want to have good grades, they need to complete their assignments successfully. Of course, since they have too much work to do and assignments to complete, they prioritize in favor of some classes and not in favor of the others. In most cases, students choose to distribute their efforts and energy reasonably, for example spending less time on some assignments and, owing to such measures, to be able to manage all of tasks. As many teachers and tutors notice, because of high pressure and lack of time, many students complete assignments without striving for the best results and, thus giving less effort to one assignment and saving precious time for the others. That’s where student fail to provide proper citations and references. In most cases, they are well aware that copying someone else’s work without providing proper references is a serious and punishable crime in academic circles, and that taking long quotes from other author’s work is not the best thing to do in academic writing. However, a student is pressed for time and has many other assignments, so he might forget to provide some reference, or to think of it as something that must be done but that is not very important or meaningful. Another serious issue with plagiarism is its ambiguity and very confusing nature. A student may not always understand if what other author wrote was a fact or author’s opinion, while for college professors it may be simple, something clearly right or clearly wrong. This is another reason why plagiarism causes so much trouble for students and professors. Also, it explains why plagiarism sites such as noplag.com plagiarism checker are so popular and much-in-demand. Plagiarism is a problem not only in academic circles but also in the publishing world. There is a well-known case of American author and blogger Jonah Lehrer, who was writing about neuroscience. He published books, had a successful blog and worker for The New Yorker magazine. Then, suddenly, this all came to an end because of plagiarism accusations. Another famous case of plagiarism in the publishing world is Fareed Zakaria’s who had to apologize for his mistake but could keep his jobs at Time and CNN. What is the difference between these two cases? The thing is that Jonah Lehrer was found guilty of many cases of plagiarism while Fareed Zakaria’s case of plagiarism was recognized as unintentional mistake. Anyway, whatever this means for publishers, for most students plagiarism rules are still blurry, which leads to many unintentional mistakes. That’s why the best possible alternative is to use website to check plagiarism or website for plagiarism such as Noplag.com.	<urn:uuid:0678cf52-cef0-46ea-869e-cf3712247a98>	CC-MAIN-2017-39	http://atrealway.com/the-problem-with-plagiarism-in-usa/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687582.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920232245-20170921012245-00416.warc.gz	en	0.971918	664	2.890625	3
CIA reference photograph of Soviet R-12 intermediate-range nuclear ballistic missile (NATO designation SS-4) in Red Square, Moscow \|\|Template:နိုင်ငံ စာရင်းအင်း ဆိုဗီယက် ပြည်ထောင်စု \| ဂျွန် အက်ဖ် ကနေဒီ \|1 aircraft shot down 1 aircraft damaged 1 pilot killed ကျူးဘားနိုင်ငံတွင် အောက်တိုဘာအရေးအခင်းဟုအမည်တွင်ပြီး ဆိုဗီယက်ပြည်ထောင်စုတွင် ကာရေဘီယံအရေးအခင်း(Caribbean crisis) (Template:Lang-ru, tr. Karibskiy krizis) ဟု အမည်တွင်သည့် ကျူးဘားဒုံးပျံအရေးအခင်းသည် ၁၉၆၂၊ အောက်တိုဘာတွင် ဆိုဗီယက်ပြည်ထောင်စုနှင့်ကျူးဘားနိုင်ငံကတစ်ဖက်၊ အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုကတစ်ဖက် ၁၃ရက်ကြာရန်စောင်ကြသော အရေးအခင်းဖြစ်သည်။ It is one of the major confrontations of the Cold War, and is generally regarded as the moment in which the Cold War came closest to turning into a nuclear conflict. It is also the first documented instance of the threat of mutual assured destruction (MAD) being discussed as a determining factor in a major international arms agreement. After provocative political moves and the failed US attempt to overthrow the Cuban regime (Bay of Pigs, Operation Mongoose), in May 1962 Nikita Khrushchev proposed the idea of placing Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba to deter any future invasion attempt. During a meeting between Khrushchev and Fidel Castro that July, a secret agreement was reached and construction of several missile sites began in the late summer. These preparations were noticed, and on 14 October a US U-2 aircraft took several pictures clearly showing sites for medium-range and intermediate-range ballistic nuclear missiles (MRBMs and IRBMs) under construction. These images were processed and presented on October 15, which marks the beginning of the 13-day crisis from the US perspective. The United States considered attacking Cuba via air and sea, but decided on a military blockade instead, calling it a "quarantine" for legal and other reasons. The US announced that it would not permit offensive weapons to be delivered to Cuba, demanded that the Soviets dismantle the missile bases already under construction or completed, and return all offensive weapons to the USSR. The Kennedy administration held only a slim hope that the Kremlin would agree to their demands, and expected a military confrontation. On the Soviet side, Premier Nikita Khrushchev wrote in a letter from October 24, 1962 to President John F. Kennedy that his blockade of "navigation in international waters and air space" constituted "an act of aggression propelling human kind into the abyss of a world nuclear-missile war". However, in secret back-channel communications the President and Premier initiated a proposal to resolve the crisis. While this was taking place, several Soviet ships attempted to run the blockade, increasing tensions to the point that orders were sent out to US Navy ships to fire warning shots and then open fire. On 27 October a U-2 was shot down by a Soviet missile crew, an action that could have resulted in immediate retaliation from the Kennedy crisis cabinet, according to Secretary of Defense McNamara's later testimony. However, in the event itself, Kennedy stayed his hand and the negotiations continued. The confrontation ended on October 28, 1962, when Kennedy and United Nations Secretary-General U Thant reached an agreement with Khrushchev. Publicly, the Soviets would dismantle their offensive weapons in Cuba and return them to the Soviet Union, subject to United Nations verification, in exchange for a US public declaration and agreement never to invade Cuba. Secretly, the US agreed that it would dismantle all US-built Jupiter IRBMs deployed in Turkey and Italy. After the removal of the missiles and Ilyushin Il-28 light bombers, the blockade was formally ended at 6:45 pm EDT on November 20, 1962. An additional outcome of the negotiations was the creation of the Moscow–Washington hotline, a direct communications link between Moscow and Washington, D.C. - ၁ အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု၏ရှေးဦးပိုင်းဆောင်ရွက်ချက်များ - ၂ ဩဇာချိန်ညှိခြင်း - ၃ ကျူးဘားတွင်ဆိုဗီယက်ဒုံးပျံဖြန့်ကျက်ခြင်း - ၄ ကျူးဘားနိုင်ငံအခြေအနေ - ၅ Missiles reported - ၆ Operational Plans - ၇ ပိတ်ဆို့ခြင်း("Quarantine") - ၈ Secret negotiations - ၉ Crisis ends - ၁၀ See also - ၁၁ Notes - ၁၂ References - ၁၃ Additional reading - ၁၄ External links The United States was concerned about the Soviet expansion of Communism, but for a Latin American country to ally openly with the USSR was regarded as unacceptable, given the US-Soviet enmity since the end of World War II in 1945. Such an involvement would also directly defy the Monroe Doctrine; a United States policy which, while limiting the United States' involvement with European colonies and European affairs, held that European powers ought not to have involvement with states in the Western Hemisphere. The United States had been embarrassed publicly by the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion in April 1961, which had been launched under President John F. Kennedy by CIA-trained forces of Cuban exiles. Afterward, former President Eisenhower told Kennedy that "the failure of the Bay of Pigs will embolden the Soviets to do something that they would otherwise not do."Template:Rp The half-hearted invasion left Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev and his advisers with the impression that Kennedy was indecisive and, as one Soviet adviser wrote, "too young, intellectual, not prepared well for decision making in crisis situations ... too intelligent and too weak." US covert operations continued in 1961 with the unsuccessful Operation Mongoose. In addition, Khrushchev's impression of Kennedy's weakness was confirmed by the President's soft response during the Berlin Crisis of 1961, particularly the building of the Berlin Wall. Speaking to Soviet officials in the aftermath of the crisis, Khrushchev asserted, "I know for certain that Kennedy doesn't have a strong background, nor, generally speaking, does he have the courage to stand up to a serious challenge." He also told his son Sergei that on Cuba, Kennedy "would make a fuss, make more of a fuss, and then agree". In January 1962, General Edward Lansdale described plans to overthrow the Cuban Government in a top-secret report (partially declassified 1989), addressed to President Kennedy and officials involved with Operation Mongoose. CIA agents or "pathfinders" from the Special Activities Division were to be infiltrated into Cuba to carry out sabotage and organization, including radio broadcasts. In February 1962, the United States launched an embargo against Cuba, and Lansdale presented a 26-page, top-secret timetable for implementation of the overthrow of the Cuban Government, mandating that guerrilla operations begin in August and September, and in the first two weeks of October: "Open revolt and overthrow of the Communist regime". ၁၉၆၀တွင် ဆိုဗီယက်တို့ဦးဆောင်နေသော ဒုံးပျံကွာခြားချက်ကိုအမှီလိုက်ပြီးကျော်တက်မည်ဟူသောကတိဖြင့် ကနေဒီသမ္မတဖြစ်လာခဲ့သည်။ အမှန်အားဖြင့်အမေရိကန်တို့သည် ဆိုဗီယက်တို့ထက်ရှေ့ရောက်နေသည်။ ၁၉၆၁တွင် ဆိုဗီယက်၌တိုက်ချင်းပစ်ဒုံးပျံ၄စင်းသာရှိသည်။ ၁၉၆၂ တွင် ဒါဇင်အနည်းသာရှိသည်။ ထောက်လှမ်းချက်အရ အများဆုံး ၇၅စင်းသာရှိမည်ဟုခန့်မှန်းရသည်။ . အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုတွင် တိုက်ချင်းပစ်ဒုံး ၁၇၀ရှိပြီး နောက်ထပ်လည်းလျင်မြန်စွာထုတ်လုပ်လျက်ရှိသည်။ ထို့ပြင် မိုင်၁,၄၀၀(၂,၃၀၀ကီလိုမီတာ)အထိရောက်ရှိနိုင်သည့် ပိုလာရစ်ဒုံးပျံ(Polaris)၁၆စင်းအထိတင်ဆောင်နိုင်သော ဂျော့ဝါရှင်တန်အမျိုးအစား(George Washington)၊ အီတင်အလင်အမျိုးအစား(Ethan Allen)ဒုံးတင်ရေငုပ်သင်္ဘောများ လည်းပိုင်ဆိုင်ထားသည်။ Khrushchev increased the perception of a missile gap when he loudly boasted to the world that the USSR was building missiles "like sausages" whose numbers and capabilities actually were nowhere close to his assertions. ဆိုဗီယက်ပြည်ထောင်စုတွင် တာလတ်ပစ်ဒုံးပျံအများအပြားပိုင်ဆိုင်သည်။ သို့ရာတွင် ယင်းအနက် ၇၀၀ကျော်မှာ အားမကိုးရ၊ မတိကျပေ။ အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုတွင် ပိုများသောနယူကလီးယားထိပ်ဖူး(၂၇,၀၀၀အချိုး၃,၆၀၀)ထိပိုင်ဆိုင်သည်။ တိကျမှုရှိရန်အတွက် နည်းပညာလိုအပ်သည်။ အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုကလည်း ဒုံးပျံကာကွယ်ရေးအစီအစဉ်များ၊ ရေတပ်၊ လေတပ်တို့တွင် ရှေ့ပြေးနေသည်။ but the USSR enjoyed a two-to-one advantage in conventional ground forces, more pronounced in field guns and tanks. ၁၉၆၂၊ မေလတွင် ဆိုဗီယက်ဝန်ကြီးချုပ် နီကီတာ ကရူးရှက်ဗ်သည် အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု၏ ဒုံးပျံဆိုင်ရာရှေ့ပြေးနေမှုကို မဲတင်းရန်နှင့်ဆိုဗီယက်တာလတ်ပစ်ဒုံးပျံများကို ကျူးဘားတွင်ဖြန့်ကျက်ထားရန်အကြံရသည်။ He faced a strategic situation where the US was perceived to have a "splendid first strike" capability against the Soviet Union. ၁၉၆၂တွင် ဆိုဗီယက်တို့၌ ဆိုဗီယက်မြေပေါ်မှအမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုသို့ နယူကလီယားထိပ်ဖူးတပ်ပစ်လွှတ်နိုင်သော တိုက်ချင်းပစ်ဒုံးပျံ ၂၀ စင်းသာပိုင်ဆိုင်သည်။ The poor accuracy and reliability of these missiles raised serious doubts about their effectiveness. A newer, more reliable generation of ICBMs would only become operational after 1965. Therefore, Soviet nuclear capability in 1962 placed less emphasis on ICBMs than on medium and intermediate-range ballistic missiles (MRBMs and IRBMs). These missiles could hit American allies from Soviet territory and most of Alaska, but not the contiguous 48 States (of the United States). Graham Allison, the director of Harvard University's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, points out, "The Soviet Union could right the nuclear imbalance by deploying new ICBMs on its own soil. But to meet the threat it faced in 1962, 1963, and 1964, it had very few options. Moving existing nuclear weapons to locations from which they could reach American targets was one." ဆိုဗီယက်ဒုံးပျံများကို ကျူးဘား၌ဖြန်ကျက်ရသည့် ဒုတိယအကြောင်းမှာ ကရူးရှက်ဗ် အမေရိကန်၊ ဗြိတိန်၊ ပြင်သစ်တို့ထိန်းချုပ်ထားသည့် ဒီမိုကရေစီ အနောက်ဘာလင်အားကွန်မြူနစ်အရှေ့ဂျာမနီလက်အောက်၊ ဆိုဗီယက်ဩဇာအောက်သို့သွတ်သွင်းလိုသည်။ The East Germans and Soviets considered western control over a portion of Berlin a grave threat to East Germany. For this reason, among others, Khrushchev made West Berlin the central battlefield of the Cold War. Khrushchev believed that if the Americans did nothing over the missile deployments in Cuba, he could muscle the West out of Berlin using said missiles as a deterrent to western counter-measures in Berlin. If the Americans tried to bargain with the Soviets after becoming aware of the missiles, Khrushchev could demand trading the missiles for West Berlin. Since Berlin was strategically more important than Cuba, the trade would be a win for Khrushchev. President Kennedy recognized this: "The advantage is, from Khrushchev's point of view, he takes a great chance but there are quite some rewards to it." From the very beginning, the Soviets' operation entailed elaborate denial and deception, known in the USSR as maskirovka. All of the planning and preparation for transporting and deploying the missiles were carried out in the utmost secrecy, with only a very few told the exact nature of the mission. Even the troops detailed for the mission were given misdirection, told they were headed for a cold region and outfitted with ski boots, fleece-lined parkas, and other winter equipment. The Soviet code name, Operation Anadyr, was also the name of a river flowing into the Bering Sea, the name of the capital of Chukotsky District, and a bomber base in the far eastern region. All these were meant to conceal the program from both internal and external audiences. ၁၉၆၂နှစ်ဦးပိုင်းတွင် ဆိုဗီယက်စစ်ဖက်ဆိုင်ရာနှင့်ဒုံးပျံကျွမ်းကျင်များသည် စိုက်ပျိုးရေးကိုယ်စားလှယ်များအဖြစ် ဟာဗာနားသို့ရောက်လာကြသည်။ ၎င်းတို့သည် ကျူးဘားခေါင်းဆောင် ဖီဒဲလ်ကက်စထရို နှင့်တွေ့ဆုံခွင့်ရသည်။ ကျူးဘားခေါင်းဆောင်များသည် အမေရိကန်ကကျူးဘားကိုကျူးကျော်တိုက်ခိုက်လိမ့်မည်ဟု ယုံကြည်နေကြရာ ဒုံးပျံဖြန့်ကျက်မည့်အစီအစဉ်ကိုအားတက်သရောထောက်ခံသည်။ However, according to another source, Fidel Castro objected to the missiles deployment that would have made him look like a Soviet puppet, but was persuaded that missiles in Cuba would be in the interests of the entire socialist camp. ဒုံးပျံကျွမ်းကျင်များသည် ဇူလိုင်လတွင် စက်ပြင်ဆရာများ၊ ဆည်မြောင်းကျွမ်းကျင်များ၊ စိုက်ပျိုးရေးကျွမ်းကျင်များအဖြစ်ရုပ်ဖျက်ပြီး ရောက်ရှိလာကြသည်။ ဆိုဗီယက်ဒုံးပျံတပ်ဖွဲ့အကြီးအကဲ မာရှယ်ဆာဂေဘာယူဇောဗ့်သည် တိုင်းတာရေးအဖွဲ့ဖြင့် ကျူးဘားသို့သွားရောက်လည်ပတ်သည်။ သူက ကရူးရှက်ဗ်အား ဒုံးပျံများအားကွယ်ဝှက်ထားပြီး အုန်းပင်များကြားကိုယ်ယောင်ဖျောက်ထားပြီးဖြစ်ကြောင်းတင်ပြသည်။ The Cuban leadership was further upset when in September the United States Congress approved US Joint Resolution 230, which expressed Congress's resolve to prevent the creation of an externally supported military establishment. On the same day, the US announced a major military exercise in the Caribbean, PHIBRIGLEX-62, which Cuba denounced as a deliberate provocation and proof that the US planned to invade Cuba. ကရူးရှက်ဗ်နှင့်ကက်စထရိုတို့သည် ကျူးဘားတွင် နယူကလီးယားဒုံးပျံများလျှို့ဝှက်စွာဖြန့်ကျက်ထားရေးကိုသဘောတူကြသည်။ ကက်စထရိုကဲ့သို့ပင် ကရူးရှက်ဗ်ကလည်း အမေရိကန်၏ကျူးဘားသို့ကျူးကျော်မှုသည် ကျူးဘားနိုင်ငံကိုကျဆုံးစေပြီး ကွန်မြူနစ်ထွန်းကားရေး အထူးသဖြင့်လက်တင်အမေရိကနိုင်ငံများကွန်မြူနစ်ထွန်းကားရေးကို ထိခိုက်စေလိမ့်မည်ဟု ခံစားရသည်။ သူက အမေရိကန်တို့အား စကားဖြင့်ရင်ဆိုင်နေမည့်အစား ...... ယုတ္တိရှိသောအဖြေမှာဒုံးပျံများဖြစ်သည်။ Template:Rp The Soviets maintained their tight secrecy, writing their plans longhand, which were approved by Rodion Malinovsky on July 4 and Khrushchev on July 7. The Soviet leadership believed, based on their perception of Kennedy's lack of confidence during the Bay of Pigs Invasion, that he would avoid confrontation and accept the missiles as a fait accompli.Template:Rp On September 11, the Soviet Union publicly warned that a US attack on Cuba or on Soviet ships carrying supplies to the island would mean war. The Soviets continued their Maskirovka program to conceal their actions in Cuba. They repeatedly denied that the weapons being brought into Cuba were offensive in nature. On September 7, Soviet Ambassador to the United States Anatoly Dobrynin assured United States Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson that the USSR was supplying only defensive weapons to Cuba. On September 11, the Telegrafnoe Agentstvo Sovetskogo Soyuza (Soviet News Agency TASS) announced that the Soviet Union had no need or intention to introduce offensive nuclear missiles into Cuba. On October 13, Dobrynin was questioned by former Undersecretary of State Chester Bowles about whether the Soviets plan to put offensive weapons in Cuba. He denied any such plans. And again on October 17, Soviet embassy official Georgy Bolshakov brought President Kennedy a "personal message" from Khrushchev reassuring him that "under no circumstances would surface-to-surface missiles be sent to Cuba."Template:Rp ၁၉၆၂၊ ဩဂုတ်လတွင် အမေရိကန်တို့သည် ဆိုဗီယက်တို့ကျူးဘားတွင်ဒုံးပျံများတည်ဆောက်နေသည်ဟု သံသယရှိလာကြသည်။ During that month, its intelligence services gathered information about sightings by ground observers of Russian-built MiG-21 fighters and Il-28 light bombers. U-2 spyplanes found S-75 Dvina (NATO designation SA-2) surface-to-air missile sites at eight different locations. CIA director John A. McCone was suspicious. Sending antiaircraft missiles into Cuba, he reasoned, "made sense only if Moscow intended to use them to shield a base for ballistic missiles aimed at the United States." On August 10, he wrote a memo to President Kennedy in which he guessed that the Soviets were preparing to introduce ballistic missiles into Cuba. On August 31, Senator Kenneth Keating (R-New York), who probably received his information from Cuban exiles in Florida, warned on the Senate floor that the Soviet Union may be constructing a missile base in Cuba. Air Force General Curtis LeMay presented a pre-invasion bombing plan to Kennedy in September, while spy flights and minor military harassment from US forces at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base were the subject of continual Cuban diplomatic complaints to the US government. The first consignment of R-12 missiles arrived on the night of September 8, followed by a second on September 16. The R-12 was an intermediate-range ballistic missile, capable of carrying a thermonuclear warhead. It was a single-stage, road-transportable, surface-launched, storable liquid propellant fueled missile that could deliver a megaton-class nuclear weapon. The Soviets were building nine sites—six for R-12 medium-range missiles (NATO designation SS-4 Sandal) with an effective range of Template:Convert/km and three for R-14 intermediate-range ballistic missiles (NATO designation SS-5 Skean) with a maximum range of Template:Convert/km. အောက်တိုဘာ၇တွင် ကျူးဘားသမ္မတ အော့စ်ဗေလ်ဒို ဒေါ်တီကော့စ်(Osvaldo Dorticós) က ကုလသမ္မဂ္ဂအထွေထွေညီလာခံကျွန်တော်တို့နိုင်ငံတိုက်ခိုက်ခံရရင် ကိုယ့်ကိုယ်ကိုကာကွယ်သွားမယ်၊ ကျွန်တော်ထပ်ပြောပါမယ်၊ ကျွန်တော်တို့မှာကိုယ့်ကိုယ်ကိုကာကွယ်ဖို့ နည်းလမ်းအများကြီးရှိပါတယ်။ ; we have indeed our inevitable weapons, the weapons, which we would have preferred not to acquire, and which we do not wish to employ." The missiles in Cuba allowed the Soviets to effectively target almost the entire continental United States. The planned arsenal was forty launchers. The Cuban populace readily noticed the arrival and deployment of the missiles and hundreds of reports reached Miami. US intelligence received countless reports, many of dubious quality or even laughable, and most of which could be dismissed as describing defensive missiles. Only five reports bothered the analysts. They described large trucks passing through towns at night carrying very long canvas-covered cylindrical objects that could not make turns through towns without backing up and maneuvering. Defensive missiles could make these turns. These reports could not be satisfactorily dismissed. Despite the increasing evidence of a military build-up on Cuba, no U-2 flights were made over Cuba from September 5 until October 14. The first problem that caused the pause in reconnaissance flights took place on August 30, an Air Force Strategic Air Command (SAC) U-2 flew over Sakhalin Island in the Far East by mistake. The Soviets lodged a protest and the US apologized. Nine days later, a Taiwanese-operated U-2 was lost over western China, probably to a SAM. US officials were worried that one of the Cuban or Soviet SAMs in Cuba might shoot down a CIA U-2, initiating another international incident. Therefore, the Kennedy administration decided to try the new Corona (satellite) KH series in an attempt to obtain sufficient evidence. Preparations for an emergency launch proceeded at fever pitch and led to the NRO's institution of "R7" status, that is, keeping a Corona spy satellite ready for launch on 7 days' notice in case of an emergency. At the end of September, Navy reconnaissance aircraft photographed the Soviet ship Kasimov with large crates on its deck the size and shape of Il-28 light bombers. With evidence in hand from both the Corona satellite and Navy Reconnaissance aircraft, at the beginning of October the administration decided it was now worth risking U-2 flights over Cuba. They decided to transfer the Cuban U-2 reconnaissance missions to the Air Force; if another U-2 was shot down, they thought a cover story involving Air Force flights would be easier to explain than CIA flights. There was also some evidence that the Department of Defense and the Air Force lobbied to get responsibility for the Cuban flights. When the reconnaissance missions were re-authorized on October 8, weather kept the planes from flying. The US first obtained U-2 photographic evidence of the missiles on October 14, when a U-2 flight piloted by Major Richard Heyser took 928 pictures, capturing images of what turned out to be an SS-4 construction site at San Cristóbal, Pinar del Río Province, in western Cuba. On October 15, the CIA's National Photographic Interpretation Center reviewed the U-2 photographs and identified objects that they interpreted as medium range ballistic missiles. That evening, the CIA notified the Department of State and at 8:30 pm EDT, National Security Adviser McGeorge Bundy elected to wait until morning to tell the President. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara was briefed at midnight. The next morning, Bundy met with Kennedy and showed him the U-2 photographs and briefed him on the CIA's analysis of the images. At 6:30 pm EDT, Kennedy convened a meeting of the nine members of the National Security Council and five other key advisers, in a group he formally named the Executive Committee of the National Security Council (EXCOMM) after the fact on October 22 by the National Security Action Memorandum 196. The US had no plan in place because US intelligence had been convinced that the Soviets would never install nuclear missiles in Cuba. The EXCOMM quickly discussed several possible courses of action, including: - Do nothing: American vulnerability to Soviet missiles was not new. Newly placed missiles in Cuba made little strategic difference in the military balance of power. - Diplomacy: Use diplomatic pressure to get the Soviet Union to remove the missiles. - Warning: Send a message to Castro to warn him of the grave danger he, and Cuba were in. - Blockade: Use the US Navy to block any missiles from arriving in Cuba. - Air strike: Use the US Air Force to attack all known missile sites. - Invasion: Full force invasion of Cuba and overthrow of Castro. The Joint Chiefs of Staff unanimously agreed that a full-scale attack and invasion was the only solution. They believed that the Soviets would not attempt to stop the US from conquering Cuba. Kennedy was skeptical. Kennedy concluded that attacking Cuba by air would signal the Soviets to presume "a clear line" to conquer Berlin. Kennedy also believed that United States' allies would think of the US as "trigger-happy cowboys" who lost Berlin because they could not peacefully resolve the Cuban situation.Template:Rp The EXCOMM then discussed the effect on the strategic balance of power, both political and military. The Joint Chiefs of Staff believed that the missiles would seriously alter the military balance, but Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara disagreed. He was convinced that the missiles would not affect the strategic balance at all. An extra forty, he reasoned, would make little difference to the overall strategic balance. The US already had approximately 5,000 strategic warheads,Template:Rp while the Soviet Union had only 300. He concluded that the Soviets having 340 would not therefore substantially alter the strategic balance. In 1990, he reiterated that "it made no difference...The military balance wasn't changed. I didn't believe it then, and I don't believe it now." The EXCOMM agreed that the missiles would affect the political balance. First, Kennedy had explicitly promised the American people less than a month before the crisis that "if Cuba should possess a capacity to carry out offensive actions against the United States...the United States would act."Template:Rp Second, US credibility among their allies, and among the American people, would be damaged if they allowed the Soviet Union to appear to redress the strategic balance by placing missiles in Cuba. Kennedy explained after the crisis that "it would have politically changed the balance of power. It would have appeared to, and appearances contribute to reality." ၁၉၆၂၊ အောက်တိုဘာ၁၈တွင် ဒုံးပျံများသည် ကာကွယ်ရေးသက်သက်အတွက်သာဟုဆိုသူ ဆိုဗီယက်နိုင်ငံခြားရေးဝန်ကြီး အန်ဒရေးဂရိုမီကိုအား သမ္မတကနေဒီက ဘဲဥပုံရုံးခန်းတွင်တွေ့ဆုံခြင်းခဲ့သည်။ Not wanting to expose what he already knew, and wanting to avoid panicking the American public, the President did not reveal that he was already aware of the missile build-up. အောက်တိုဘာ ၁၉တွင် ယူ-၂သူလျှိုလေယာဉ်များသည် အလုပ်ခွင် ၄ခုကိုတွေ့ရှိပြသနိုင်ခဲ့သည်။ As part of the blockade, the US military was put on high alert to enforce the blockade and to be ready to invade Cuba at a moment's notice. The 1st Armored Division was sent to Georgia, and five army divisions were alerted for combat operations. The Strategic Air Command (SAC) distributed its shorter-ranged B-47 Stratojet medium bombers to civilian airports and sent aloft its B-52 Stratofortress heavy bombers. Two Operational Plans (OPLAN) were considered. OPLAN 316 envisioned a full invasion of Cuba by Army and Marine units supported by the Navy following Air Force and naval airstrikes. However, Army units in the United States would have had trouble fielding mechanized and logistical assets, while the US Navy could not supply sufficient amphibious shipping to transport even a modest armored contingent from the Army. OPLAN 312, primarily an Air Force and Navy carrier operation, was designed with enough flexibility to do anything from engaging individual missile sites to providing air support for OPLAN 316's ground forces. Kennedy met with members of EXCOMM and other top advisers throughout October 21, considering two remaining options: an air strike primarily against the Cuban missile bases, or a naval blockade of Cuba. A full-scale invasion was not the administration's first option. Robert McNamara supported the naval blockade as a strong but limited military action that left the US in control. However, the term "blockade" was problematic. According to international law a blockade is an act of war, but the Kennedy administration did not think that the USSR would be provoked to attack by a mere blockade. Additionally, legal experts at the State Department and Justice Department concluded that a declaration of war could be avoided so long as another legal justification, based on the Rio Treaty for defense of the Western Hemisphere, was obtained via a resolution by a two-thirds vote from the members or the Organization of American States (OAS). Admiral Anderson, Chief of Naval Operations wrote a position paper that helped Kennedy to differentiate between what they termed a "quarantine" of offensive weapons and a blockade of all materials, claiming that a classic blockade was not the original intention. Since it would take place in international waters, Kennedy obtained the approval of the OAS for military action under the hemispheric defense provisions of the Rio Treaty. On October 19, the EXCOMM formed separate working groups to examine the air strike and blockade options, and by the afternoon most support in the EXCOMM shifted to the blockade option. Reservations about the plan continued to be voiced as late as the twenty-first, however, the paramount one being that once the blockade was put into effect, the Soviets would rush to complete some of the missiles. Consequently, the United States could find itself bombing operational missiles were the blockade to fail to force Khrushchev to remove the missiles already on the island. At 3:00 pm EDT on October 22, President Kennedy formally established the Executive Committee (EXCOMM) with National Security Action Memorandum (NSAM) 196. At 5:00 pm, he met with Congressional leaders who contentiously opposed a blockade and demanded a stronger response. In Moscow, Ambassador Kohler briefed Chairman Khrushchev on the pending blockade and Kennedy's speech to the nation. Ambassadors around the world gave advance notice to non-Eastern Bloc leaders. Before the speech, US delegations met with Canadian Prime Minister John Diefenbaker, British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan, West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer, and French President Charles de Gaulle to brief them on the US intelligence and their proposed response. All were supportive of the US position. On October 22 at 7:00 pm EDT, President Kennedy delivered a nation-wide televised address on all of the major networks announcing the discovery of the missiles. Kennedy described the administration's plan: During the speech a directive went out to all US forces worldwide placing them on DEFCON 3. The heavy cruiser USS Newport News was designated flagship for the blockade, with the USS Leary (DD-879) as Newport News' destroyer escort. On October 23 at 11:24 am EDT a cable drafted by George Ball to the US Ambassador in Turkey and the US Ambassador to NATO notified them that they were considering making an offer to withdraw what the US knew to be nearly obsolete missiles from Italy and Turkey in exchange for the Soviet withdrawal from Cuba. Turkish officials replied that they would "deeply resent" any trade for the US missile's presence in their country. Two days later, on the morning of October 25, journalist Walter Lippmann proposed the same thing in his syndicated column. Castro reaffirmed Cuba's right to self-defense and said that all of its weapons were defensive and Cuba would not allow an inspection. Three days after Kennedy's speech, the Chinese People's Daily announced that "650,000,000 Chinese men and women were standing by the Cuban people". In West Germany, newspapers supported the United States' response, contrasting it with the weak American actions in the region during the preceding months. They also expressed some fear that the Soviets might retaliate in Berlin. In France on October 23, the crisis made the front page of all the daily newspapers. The next day, an editorial in Le Monde expressed doubt about the authenticity of the CIA's photographic evidence. Two days later, after a visit by a high-ranking CIA agent, they accepted the validity of the photographs. Also in France, in the October 29 issue of Le Figaro, Raymond Aron wrote in support of the American response. At the time, the crisis continued unabated, and on the evening of October 24, the Soviet news agency TASS broadcast a telegram from Khrushchev to President Kennedy, in which Khrushchev warned that the United States' "pirate action" would lead to war. However, this was followed at 9:24 pm by a telegram from Khrushchev to Kennedy which was received at 10:52 pm EDT, in which Khrushchev stated, "If you coolly weigh the situation which has developed, not giving way to passions, you will understand that the Soviet Union cannot fail to reject the arbitrary demands of the United States" and that the Soviet Union views the blockade as "an act of aggression" and their ships will be instructed to ignore it. The United States requested an emergency meeting of the United Nations Security Council on October 25. US Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson confronted Soviet Ambassador Valerian Zorin in an emergency meeting of the SC challenging him to admit the existence of the missiles. Ambassador Zorin refused to answer. The next day at 10:00 pm EDT, the United States raised the readiness level of SAC forces to DEFCON 2. For the only confirmed time in US history, while the B-52 bombers went on continuous airborne alert, the B-47 medium bombers were dispersed to various military and civilian airfields, and made ready to take off, fully equipped, on 15 minutes' notice. One-eighth of SAC's 1,436 bombers were on airborne alert, some 145 intercontinental ballistic missiles stood on ready alert, while Air Defense Command (ADC) redeployed 161 nuclear-armed interceptors to 16 dispersal fields within nine hours with one-third maintaining 15-minute alert status. Twenty-three nuclear-armed B-52 were sent to orbit points within striking distance of the Soviet Union so that the latter might observe that the US was serious. Jack J. Catton later estimated that about 80% of SAC's planes were ready for launch during the crisis; David A. Burchinal recalled that, by contrast,Template:R the Russians were so thoroughly stood down, and we knew it. They didn't make any move. They did not increase their alert; they did not increase any flights, or their air defense posture. They didn't do a thing, they froze in place. We were never further from nuclear war than at the time of Cuba, never further.Template:R "By October 22, Tactical Air Command (TAC) had 511 fighters plus supporting tankers and reconnaissance aircraft deployed to face Cuba on one-hour alert status. However, TAC and the Military Air Transport Service had problems. The concentration of aircraft in Florida strained command and support echelons; which faced critical undermanning in security, armaments, and communications; the absence of initial authorization for war-reserve stocks of conventional munitions forced TAC to scrounge; and the lack of airlift assets to support a major airborne drop necessitated the call-up of 24 Reserve squadrons." On October 25 at 1:45 am EDT, Kennedy responded to Khrushchev's telegram, stating that the United States was forced into action after receiving repeated assurances that no offensive missiles were being placed in Cuba, and that when these assurances proved to be false, the deployment "required the responses I have announced... I hope that your government will take necessary action to permit a restoration of the earlier situation." At 7:15 am EDT on October 25, the USS Essex and USS Gearing attempted to intercept the Bucharest but failed to do so. Fairly certain the tanker did not contain any military material, they allowed it through the blockade. Later that day, at 5:43 pm, the commander of the blockade effort ordered the USS Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr to intercept and board the Lebanese freighter Marucla. This took place the next day, and the Marucla was cleared through the blockade after its cargo was checked. At 5:00 pm EDT on October 25, William Clements announced that the missiles in Cuba were still actively being worked on. This report was later verified by a CIA report that suggested there had been no slow-down at all. In response, Kennedy issued Security Action Memorandum 199, authorizing the loading of nuclear weapons onto aircraft under the command of SACEUR (which had the duty of carrying out first air strikes on the Soviet Union). During the day, the Soviets responded to the blockade by turning back 14 ships presumably carrying offensive weapons. The next morning, October 26, Kennedy informed the EXCOMM that he believed only an invasion would remove the missiles from Cuba. However, he was persuaded to give the matter time and continue with both military and diplomatic pressure. He agreed and ordered the low-level flights over the island to be increased from two per day to once every two hours. He also ordered a crash program to institute a new civil government in Cuba if an invasion went ahead. At this point, the crisis was ostensibly at a stalemate. The USSR had shown no indication that they would back down and had made several comments to the contrary. The US had no reason to believe otherwise and was in the early stages of preparing for an invasion, along with a nuclear strike on the Soviet Union in case it responded militarily, which was assumed. At 1:00 pm EDT on October 26, John A. Scali of ABC News had lunch with Aleksandr Fomin (alias of spy Alexander Feklisov) at Fomin's request. Fomin noted, "War seems about to break out" and asked Scali to use his contacts to talk to his "high-level friends" at the State Department to see if the US would be interested in a diplomatic solution. He suggested that the language of the deal would contain an assurance from the Soviet Union to remove the weapons under UN supervision and that Castro would publicly announce that he would not accept such weapons in the future, in exchange for a public statement by the US that it would never invade Cuba. The US responded by asking the Brazilian government to pass a message to Castro that the US would be "unlikely to invade" if the missiles were removed. On October 26 at 6:00 pm EDT, the State Department started receiving a message that appeared to be written personally by Khrushchev. It was Saturday at 2:00 am in Moscow. The long letter took several minutes to arrive, and it took translators additional time to translate and transcribe it. Robert Kennedy described the letter as "very long and emotional". Khrushchev reiterated the basic outline that had been stated to John Scali earlier in the day, "I propose: we, for our part, will declare that our ships bound for Cuba are not carrying any armaments. You will declare that the United States will not invade Cuba with its troops and will not support any other forces which might intend to invade Cuba. Then the necessity of the presence of our military specialists in Cuba will disappear." At 6:45 pm EDT, news of Fomin's offer to Scali was finally heard and was interpreted as a "set up" for the arrival of Khrushchev's letter. The letter was then considered official and accurate, although it was later learned that Fomin was almost certainly operating of his own accord without official backing. Additional study of the letter was ordered and continued into the night. Castro, on the other hand, was convinced that an invasion of Cuba was soon at hand, and on October 26, he sent a telegram to Khrushchev that appeared to call for a pre-emptive nuclear strike on the USA. However, in a 2010 interview, Castro said of his recommendation for the Soviets to attack America before they made any move against Cuba: "After I've seen what I've seen, and knowing what I know now, it wasn't worth it at all." Castro also ordered all anti-aircraft weapons in Cuba to fire on any US aircraft, whereas in the past they had been ordered only to fire on groups of two or more. At 6:00 am EDT on October 27, the CIA delivered a memo reporting that three of the four missile sites at San Cristobal and the two sites at Sagua la Grande appeared to be fully operational. They also noted that the Cuban military continued to organize for action, although they were under order not to initiate action unless attacked.[ကိုးကားချက်လိုသည်] At 9:00 am EDT on October 27, Radio Moscow began broadcasting a message from Khrushchev. Contrary to the letter of the night before, the message offered a new trade, that the missiles on Cuba would be removed in exchange for the removal of the Jupiter missiles from Italy and Turkey. At 10:00 am EDT, the executive committee met again to discuss the situation and came to the conclusion that the change in the message was due to internal debate between Khrushchev and other party officials in the Kremlin.Template:Rp McNamara noted that another tanker, the Grozny, was about Template:Convert/mi out and should be intercepted. He also noted that they had not made the USSR aware of the blockade line and suggested relaying this information to them via U Thant at the United Nations. While the meeting progressed, at 11:03 am EDT a new message began to arrive from Khrushchev. The message stated, in part, The executive committee continued to meet through the day. Throughout the crisis, Turkey had repeatedly stated that it would be upset if the Jupiter missiles were removed. Italy's Prime Minister Fanfani, who was also Foreign Minister ad interim, offered to allow withdrawal of the missiles deployed in Apulia as a bargaining chip. He gave the message to one of his most trusted friends, Ettore Bernabei, the general manager of RAI-TV, to convey to Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.. Bernabei was in New York to attend an international conference on satellite TV broadcasting. Unknown to the Soviets, the US regarded the Jupiter missiles as obsolete and already supplanted by the Polaris nuclear ballistic submarine missiles. On the morning of October 27, a U-2F (the third CIA U-2A, modified for air-to-air refueling) piloted by USAF Major Rudolf Anderson, departed its forward operating location at McCoy AFB, Florida. At approximately 12:00 pm EDT, the aircraft was struck by a S-75 Dvina (NATO designation SA-2 Guideline) SAM missile launched from Cuba. The aircraft was shot down and Anderson was killed. The stress in negotiations between the USSR and the US intensified, and only much later was it learned that the decision to fire the missile was made locally by an undetermined Soviet commander acting on his own authority. Later that day, at about 3:41 pm EDT, several US Navy RF-8A Crusader aircraft on low-level photoreconnaissance missions were fired upon, and one was hit by a 37 mm shell but managed to return to base. At 4:00 pm EDT, Kennedy recalled members of EXCOMM to the White House and ordered that a message immediately be sent to U Thant asking the Soviets to "suspend" work on the missiles while negotiations were carried out. During this meeting, General Maxwell Taylor delivered the news that the U-2 had been shot down. Kennedy had earlier claimed he would order an attack on such sites if fired upon, but he decided to not act unless another attack was made. In an interview 40 years later, McNamara said: Drafting the response[ပြင်ဆင်ရန်] Emissaries sent by both Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev agreed to meet at the Yenching Palace Chinese restaurant in the Cleveland Park neighborhood of Washington D.C. on the evening of October 27. Kennedy suggested that they take Khrushchev's offer to trade away the missiles. Unknown to most members of the EXCOMM, Robert Kennedy had been meeting with the Soviet Ambassador in Washington to discover whether these intentions were genuine. The EXCOMM was generally against the proposal because it would undermine NATO's authority, and the Turkish government had repeatedly stated it was against any such trade. As the meeting progressed, a new plan emerged and Kennedy was slowly persuaded. The new plan called for the President to ignore the latest message and instead to return to Khrushchev's earlier one. Kennedy was initially hesitant, feeling that Khrushchev would no longer accept the deal because a new one had been offered, but Llewellyn Thompson argued that he might accept it anyway. White House Special Counsel and Adviser Ted Sorensen and Robert Kennedy left the meeting and returned 45 minutes later with a draft letter to this effect. The President made several changes, had it typed, and sent it. After the EXCOMM meeting, a smaller meeting continued in the Oval Office. The group argued that the letter should be underscored with an oral message to Ambassador Dobrynin stating that if the missiles were not withdrawn, military action would be used to remove them. Dean Rusk added one proviso, that no part of the language of the deal would mention Turkey, but there would be an understanding that the missiles would be removed "voluntarily" in the immediate aftermath. The President agreed, and the message was sent. At Juan BritoTemplate:Specify's request, Fomin and Scali met again. Scali asked why the two letters from Khrushchev were so different, and Fomin claimed it was because of "poor communications". Scali replied that the claim was not credible and shouted that he thought it was a "stinking double cross". He went on to claim that an invasion was only hours away, at which point Fomin stated that a response to the US message was expected from Khrushchev shortly, and he urged Scali to tell the State Department that no treachery was intended. Scali said that he did not think anyone would believe him, but he agreed to deliver the message. The two went their separate ways, and Scali immediately typed out a memo for the EXCOMM.[ကိုးကားချက်လိုသည်] Within the US establishment, it was well understood that ignoring the second offer and returning to the first put Khrushchev in a terrible position. Military preparations continued, and all active duty Air Force personnel were recalled to their bases for possible action. Robert Kennedy later recalled the mood, "We had not abandoned all hope, but what hope there was now rested with Khrushchev's revising his course within the next few hours. It was a hope, not an expectation. The expectation was military confrontation by Tuesday, and possibly tomorrow...".[ကိုးကားချက်လိုသည်] At 8:05 pm EDT, the letter drafted earlier in the day was delivered. The message read, "As I read your letter, the key elements of your proposals—which seem generally acceptable as I understand them—are as follows: 1) You would agree to remove these weapons systems from Cuba under appropriate United Nations observation and supervision; and undertake, with suitable safe-guards, to halt the further introduction of such weapon systems into Cuba. 2) We, on our part, would agree—upon the establishment of adequate arrangements through the United Nations, to ensure the carrying out and continuation of these commitments (a) to remove promptly the quarantine measures now in effect and (b) to give assurances against the invasion of Cuba." The letter was also released directly to the press to ensure it could not be "delayed".[ကိုးကားချက်လိုသည်] With the letter delivered, a deal was on the table. However, as Robert Kennedy noted, there was little expectation it would be accepted. At 9:00 pm EDT, the EXCOMM met again to review the actions for the following day. Plans were drawn up for air strikes on the missile sites as well as other economic targets, notably petroleum storage. McNamara stated that they had to "have two things ready: a government for Cuba, because we're going to need one; and secondly, plans for how to respond to the Soviet Union in Europe, because sure as hell they're going to do something there".[ကိုးကားချက်လိုသည်] At 12:12 am EDT, on October 27, the US informed its NATO allies that "the situation is growing shorter... the United States may find it necessary within a very short time in its interest and that of its fellow nations in the Western Hemisphere to take whatever military action may be necessary." To add to the concern, at 6 am the CIA reported that all missiles in Cuba were ready for action. Later on that same day, what the White House later called "Black Saturday", the US Navy dropped a series of "signaling depth charges" (practice depth charges the size of hand grenades) on a Soviet submarine (B-59) at the blockade line, unaware that it was armed with a nuclear-tipped torpedo with orders that allowed it to be used if the submarine was "hulled" (a hole in the hull from depth charges or surface fire). The decision to launch these required agreement from all three officers on board, but one of them, Vasili Arkhipov, objected and so the launch was narrowly averted. On the same day a US U-2 spy plane made an accidental, unauthorized ninety-minute overflight of the Soviet Union's far eastern coast. The Soviets responded by scrambling MiG fighters from Wrangel Island; in turn the Americans launched F-102 fighters armed with nuclear air-to-air missiles over the Bering Sea. On October 27, Khrushchev also received a letter from Castro – what is now known as the Armageddon Letter (dated Oct. 26) – interpreted as urging the use of nuclear force in the event of an attack on Cuba. "I believe the imperialists' aggressiveness is extremely dangerous and if they actually carry out the brutal act of invading Cuba in violation of international law and morality, that would be the moment to eliminate such danger forever through an act of clear legitimate defense, however harsh and terrible the solution would be," Castro wrote. On October 27, after much deliberation between the Soviet Union and Kennedy's cabinet, Kennedy secretly agreed to remove all missiles set in southern Italy and in Turkey, the latter on the border of the Soviet Union, in exchange for Khrushchev removing all missiles in Cuba. At 9:00 am EDT, on October 28, a new message from Khrushchev was broadcast on Radio Moscow. Khrushchev stated that, "the Soviet government, in addition to previously issued instructions on the cessation of further work at the building sites for the weapons, has issued a new order on the dismantling of the weapons which you describe as 'offensive' and their crating and return to the Soviet Union." Kennedy immediately responded, issuing a statement calling the letter "an important and constructive contribution to peace". He continued this with a formal letter: I consider my letter to you of October twenty-seventh and your reply of today as firm undertakings on the part of both our governments which should be promptly carried out... The US will make a statement in the framework of the Security Council in reference to Cuba as follows: it will declare that the United States of America will respect the inviolability of Cuban borders, its sovereignty, that it take the pledge not to interfere in internal affairs, not to intrude themselves and not to permit our territory to be used as a bridgehead for the invasion of Cuba, and will restrain those who would plan to carry an aggression against Cuba, either from US territory or from the territory of other countries neighboring to Cuba.Template:Rp The US continued the blockade, and in the following days, aerial reconnaissance proved that the Soviets were making progress in removing the missile systems. The 42 missiles and their support equipment were loaded onto eight Soviet ships. The ships left Cuba from November 5–9. The US made a final visual check as each of the ships passed the blockade line. Further diplomatic efforts were required to remove the Soviet IL-28 bombers, and they were loaded on three Soviet ships on December 5 and 6. Concurrent with the Soviet commitment on the IL-28's, the US Government announced the end of the blockade effective at 6:45 pm EDT on November 20, 1962. At the time when the Kennedy administration thought that the Cuban Missile Crisis was resolved, nuclear tactical rockets stayed in Cuba since they were not part of the Kennedy-Khrushchev understandings. However, the Soviets changed their minds, fearing possible future Cuban militant steps, and at November 22, 1962 the Soviet Deputy Prime Minister Anastas Mikoyan told Castro that those rockets with the nuclear warheads, were being removed too. In his negotiations with the Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin, US Attorney General Robert Kennedy informally proposed that the Jupiter missiles in Turkey would be removed "within a short time after this crisis was over."Template:Rp The last US missiles were disassembled by April 24, 1963, and were flown out of Turkey soon after. The practical effect of this Kennedy-Khrushchev Pact was that it effectively strengthened Castro's position in Cuba, guaranteeing that the US would not invade Cuba. It is possible that Khrushchev only placed the missiles in Cuba to get Kennedy to remove the missiles from Italy and Turkey and that the Soviets had no intention of resorting to nuclear war if they were out-gunned by the Americans. Because the withdrawal of the Jupiter missiles from NATO bases in Southern Italy and Turkey was not made public at the time, Khrushchev appeared to have lost the conflict and become weakened. The perception was that Kennedy had won the contest between the superpowers and Khrushchev had been humiliated. This is not entirely the case as both Kennedy and Khrushchev took every step to avoid full conflict despite the pressures of their governments. Khrushchev held power for another two years.Template:Rp The compromise embarrassed Khrushchev and the Soviet Union because the withdrawal of US missiles from Italy and Turkey was a secret deal between Kennedy and Khrushchev. The Soviets were seen as retreating from circumstances that they had started. Khrushchev's fall from power two years later was in part because of the Politburo embarrassment at both Khrushchev's eventual concessions to the US and his ineptitude in precipitating the crisis in the first place. According to Dobrynin, the top Soviet leadership took the Cuban outcome as "a blow to its prestige bordering on humiliation". Cuba perceived the outcome as a partial betrayal by the Soviets, given that decisions on how to resolve the crisis had been made exclusively by Kennedy and Khrushchev. Castro was especially upset that certain issues of interest to Cuba, such as the status of the US Naval Base in Guantánamo, were not addressed. This caused Cuban-Soviet relations to deteriorate for years to come.Template:Rp On the other hand, Cuba continued to be protected from invasion. Although General Curtis LeMay told the President that he considered the resolution of the Cuban missile crisis the "greatest defeat in our history", his was a minority position.Template:Rp He had pressed for an immediate invasion of Cuba as soon as the crisis began, and still favored invading Cuba even after the Soviets had withdrawn their missiles. 25 years later, LeMay still believed that "We could have gotten not only the missiles out of Cuba, we could have gotten the Communists out of Cuba at that time". After the crisis the United States and the Soviet Union created the Moscow–Washington hotline, a direct communications link between Moscow and Washington, D.C. The purpose was to have a way that the leaders of the two Cold War countries could communicate directly to solve such a crisis. The world-wide US Forces DEFCON 3 status was returned to DEFCON 4 on November 20, 1962. U-2 pilot Major Anderson's body was returned to the United States and he was buried with full military honors in South Carolina. He was the first recipient of the newly created Air Force Cross, which was awarded posthumously. Although Anderson was the only combatant fatality during the crisis, 11 crew members of three reconnaissance Boeing RB-47 Stratojets of the 55th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing were also killed in crashes during the period between September 27 and November 11, 1962. Further, seven crew died when a MATS Boeing C-135B Stratolifter delivering ammunition to Guantanamo Bay Naval Base stalled and crashed on approach on October 23. Critics including Seymour Melman and Seymour Hersh suggested that the Cuban missile crisis encouraged US use of military means, such as in the Vietnam War. This Soviet-American confrontation was synchronous with the Sino-Indian War, dating from the US's military blockade of Cuba; historians[ဘယ်သူကလဲ?] speculate that the Chinese attack against India for disputed land was meant to coincide with the Cuban missile crisis. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., a historian and adviser to John F. Kennedy, told National Public Radio in an interview on October 16, 2002 that Castro did not want the missiles, but that Khrushchev had pressured Castro to accept them. Castro was not completely happy with the idea but the Cuban National Directorate of the Revolution accepted them to protect Cuba against US attack, and to aid its ally, the Soviet Union.Template:Rp Schlesinger believed that when the missiles were withdrawn, Castro was angrier with Khrushchev than he was with Kennedy because Khrushchev had not consulted Castro before deciding to remove them.[note ၁] In early 1992, it was confirmed that Soviet forces in Cuba had, by the time the crisis broke, received tactical nuclear warheads for their artillery rockets and Il-28 bombers. Castro stated that he would have recommended their use if the US invaded despite knowing Cuba would be destroyed. Arguably the most dangerous moment in the crisis was only recognized during the Cuban Missile Crisis Havana conference in October 2002. Attended by many of the veterans of the crisis, they all learned that on October 26, 1962 the USS Beale had tracked and dropped signaling depth charges (the size of hand grenades) on the B-59, a Soviet Project 641 (NATO designation Foxtrot) submarine which, unknown to the US, was armed with a 15 kiloton nuclear torpedo. Running out of air, the Soviet submarine was surrounded by American warships and desperately needed to surface. An argument broke out among three officers on the B-59, including submarine captain Valentin Savitsky, political officer Ivan Semonovich Maslennikov, and Deputy brigade commander Captain 2nd rank (US Navy Commander rank equivalent) Vasili Arkhipov. An exhausted Savitsky became furious and ordered that the nuclear torpedo on board be made combat ready. Accounts differ about whether Commander Arkhipov convinced Savitsky not to make the attack, or whether Savitsky himself finally concluded that the only reasonable choice left open to him was to come to the surface.Template:Rp During the conference Robert McNamara stated that nuclear war had come much closer than people had thought. Thomas Blanton, director of the National Security Archive, said, "A guy called Vasili Arkhipov saved the world." Fifty years after the crisis, Graham Allison wrote: Fifty years ago, the Cuban missile crisis brought the world to the brink of nuclear disaster. During the standoff, U.S. President John F. Kennedy thought the chance of escalation to war was "between 1 in 3 and even," and what we have learned in later decades has done nothing to lengthen those odds. We now know, for example, that in addition to nuclear-armed ballistic missiles, the Soviet Union had deployed 100 tactical nuclear weapons to Cuba, and the local Soviet commander there could have launched these weapons without additional codes or commands from Moscow. The U.S. air strike and invasion that were scheduled for the third week of the confrontation would likely have triggered a nuclear response against American ships and troops, and perhaps even Miami. The resulting war might have led to the deaths of 100 million Americans and over 100 million Russians. BBC journalist Joe Matthews published on October 13, 2012 the story behind the 100 tactical nuclear warheads mentioned by Graham Allison in the excerpt above. Khrushchev feared that Castro's hurt pride and widespread Cuban indignation over the concessions he had made to Kennedy might lead to a breakdown of the agreement between the Soviet Union and the United States. In order to prevent this Khrushchev decided to make Cuba a special offer. The offer was to give Cuba more than 100 tactical nuclear weapons that had been shipped to Cuba along with the long-range missiles, but which crucially had passed completely under the radar of US intelligence. Khrushchev concluded that because the Americans hadn't listed the missiles on their list of demands, the Soviet Union's interests would be well served by keeping them in Cuba. Anastas Mikoyan was tasked with the negotiations with Castro over the missile transfer deal designed to prevent a breakdown in the relations between Cuba and the Soviet Union. While in Havana, Mikoyan witnessed the mood swings and paranoia of Castro, who was convinced that Moscow had done the deal with the United States at the expense of Cuba's defence. Mikoyan, on his own initiative, decided that Castro and his military not be given control of weapons with an explosive force equal to 100 Hiroshima-sized bombs under any circumstances. He defused the seemingly intractable situation, which risked re-escalating the crisis, on November 22, 1962. During a tense, four-hour meeting, Mikoyan convinced Castro that despite Moscow's desire to help, it would be in breach of an unpublished Soviet law (which didn't actually exist) to transfer the missiles permanently into Cuban hands and provide them with an independent nuclear deterrent. Castro was forced to give way and - much to the relief of Khrushchev and the whole Soviet government - the tactical nuclear weapons were crated and returned by sea to the Soviet Union during December 1962. - Bomber gap - Cuba–Soviet Union relations - Dino Brugioni - International crisis - Norwegian rocket incident - Nuclear disarmament - Stanislav Petrov - Vogelsang, Zehdenick, an earlier installation outside the Soviet Union of R-5 missiles in East Germany, three years before the Cuban missile crisis - Thirteen Days, Robert F. Kennedy's account of the crisis, released in 1969 - The Missiles of October, 1974 TV docudrama about the crisis - The World Next Door, 1990 novel by Brad Ferguson, set in this period - Quantum Leap,1991 TV Show, (Season 3 Episode, Nuclear Family - October 26, 1962), Sam must deal with the panic associated with the Cuban missile crisis as a Florida fallout shelter salesman. - Matinee, 1993 film set in Key West, Florida during the Cuban Missile Crisis - Template:Internet Archive short film - seaQuest 2032, 1995 TV Show, (Season 3 Episode, "Second Chance"), seaQuest inadvertently travels back to 1962 where their presence accidentally interferes with the Cuban missile crisis - Blast from the Past (film), 1999 American romantic comedy film, set in this period - Resurrection Day, 1999 alternate history novel written by Brendan DuBois, set in this period - Thirteen Days (film), 2000 docudrama directed by Roger Donaldson about the crisis - The Fog of War, 2003 American documentary film about the life and times of former US Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara directed by Errol Morris, which won that years' Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. - Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater, 2004 video game directed by Hideo Kojima, features a fictional conflict inspired by the Cuban missile crisis - "Meditations in an Emergency", the last episode of season 2 of the television series Mad Men takes place during the crisis - Call of Duty: Black Ops, 2010 video game, set during and after the Cuban missile crisis. - The Kennedys (TV miniseries), 2011 production chronicling the lives of the Kennedy family, including a dramatization of the crisis - X-Men: First Class, 2011 superhero film set during the Cuban missile crisis - The Armageddon Letters, a transmedia storytelling of the crisis with animated short films and other digital content - "Cuban Missile Crisis: The Man Who Saved the World", Secrets of the Dead, PBS TV documentary, October 24, 2012 - In his biography, Castro does not compare his feelings for either leader at that moment, however, he makes it clear that he was angry with Khrushchev for failing to consult with him. 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Retrieved on August 26, 2011။ - Schoenherr, Steven (April 10, 2006). The Thirteen Days, October 16–28, 1962. Archived from the original on May 15, 2008။ Retrieved on May 3, 2010။ - Blight, James G. and Janet M. Lang (2012). The Armageddon Letters: Kennedy, Khrushchev, Castro in the Cuban Missile Crisis. Rowman & Littlefield. - Taubman, William (2004). Khrushchev: The Man and His Era. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 573. ISBN 978-1-4422-1679-2. - Jim Hershberg (Issue 5, Spring 1995). Anatomy of a Controversy:Anatoly F. Dobrynin's Meeting With Robert F. Kennedy, Saturday, 27 October 1962. Retrieved on May 29, 2012။ - Faria, Miguel A. (2002). Cuba in Revolution: Escape from a Lost Paradise. Macon, GA: Hacienda Pub. ISBN 978-0-9641077-3-1. - Schlesinger Jr., Arthur. "Memorandum for the President: Post Mortem on Cuba, Oct. 29, 1962 - full text - Glover, Jonathan (2000). Humanity: a moral history of the twentieth century. Yale University Press, 464. ISBN 978-0-300-08700-0. Retrieved on July 2, 2009. - Schlesinger, Arthur (2002). Robert Kennedy and his times. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1088. ISBN 978-0-618-21928-5. Retrieved on July 2, 2009. - Garthoff, Raymond L. (July 1988). Did Khrushchev Bluff in Cuba? No. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 40–43. Retrieved on January 25, 2011။ - William Taubman, Khrushchev: the man and his era (2004) p. 579. - Ignacio, Ramonet (2007). Fidel Castro: My Life. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-102626-8. - Template:Cite jstor - Lloyd, Alwyn T., "Boeing's B-47 Stratojet", Specialty Press, North Branch, Minnesota, 2005, ISBN 978-1-58007-071-3, page 178. - Melman, Seymour (1988). The Demilitarized Society: Disarmament and Conversion. Montreal: Harvest House. - Hersh, Seymour (1978). The Dark Side of Camelot. - Frontier India India-China Section. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007။ “Note alleged connections to Cuban Missile Crisis” - Arms Control Association: Arms Control Today. - Dobbs, Michael (2008). One Minute to Midnight: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-1-4000-4358-3. - Allison, Graham (2012). "The Cuban Missile Crisis at 50". Foreign Affairs 91 (4). Retrieved on 9 July 2012. - Gavrov, Sergei (September 2012) We are alive today. The fiftieth anniversary of the Cuban missile crisis - Matthews, Joe. Cuban missile crisis: The other, secret one. BBC News Magazine. Retrieved on 13 October 2012။ - Allison, Graham (1999). Essence of Decision, Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. New York: Addison Wesley Longman. ISBN 0-321-01349-2. - Chayes, Abram (1974). The Cuban Missile Crisis, International crises and the role of law. London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-825320-4. - Diez Acosta, Tomás (2002). October 1962: The "Missile" Crisis As Seen from Cuba. New York: Pathfinder. ISBN 978-0-87348-956-0. - Divine, Robert A. (1988). The Cuban Missile Crisis. New York: M. Wiener Pub. ISBN 978-0-910129-15-2. - Dobbs, Michael (2008). One Minute to Midnight: Kennedy, Khrushchev and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War. New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-1-400078912. - Feklisov, Aleksandr; Kostin, Sergueï (2001). The Man Behind the Rosenbergs: By the KGB Spymaster Who Was the Case Officer of Julius Rosenberg, Klaus Fuchs, and Helped Resolve the Cuban Missile Crisis. New York: Enigma Books. ISBN 978-1-929631-08-7. - Frankel, Max (2004). High Noon in the Cold War: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the Cuban Missile Crisis. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-46505-4. - Fursenko, Aleksandr; Naftali, Timothy J. (1998). One Hell of a Gamble: Khrushchev, Castro, and Kennedy, 1958–1964. New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-31790-9. - Fursenko, Aleksandr (Summer 2006). "Night Session of the Presidium of the Central Committee, 22–23 October 1962". Naval War College Review 59 (3). - George, Alice L. (2003). Awaiting Armageddon: How Americans Faced the Cuban Missile Crisis. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-2828-1. - Gibson, David R. (2012). Talk at the Brink: Deliberation and Decision during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-6911-5131-1. - Gonzalez, Servando (2002). The Nuclear Deception: Nikita Khrushchev and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Oakland, CA: Spooks Books. ISBN 978-0-9711391-5-2. - Khrushchev, Sergei (October 2002). "How My Father And President Kennedy Saved The World". American Heritage 53 (5). - Polmar, Norman; Gresham, John D. (2006). DEFCON-2: Standing on the Brink of Nuclear War During the Cuban Missile Crisis, Foreword by Tom Clancy, Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-67022-3. - Pope, Ronald R. (1982). Soviet Views on the Cuban Missile Crisis: Myth and Reality in Foreign Policy Analysis. Washington, DC: Univ. Press of America. ISBN 978-0-8191-2584-2. - Pressman, Jeremy (2001). "September Statements, October Missiles, November Elections: Domestic Politics, Foreign-Policy Making, and the Cuban Missile Crisis". Security Studies 10 (3): 80–114. doi:10.1080/09636410108429438. - Russell, Bertrand (1963). Unarmed Victory. London: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 0-04-327024-7. - Stern, Sheldon M. (2003). Averting 'the Final Failure': John F. Kennedy and the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis Meetings, Stanford nuclear age series. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-4846-9. - Stern, Sheldon M. (2005). The Week the World Stood Still: Inside the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis, Stanford nuclear age series. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-5077-6. - Trahair, Richard C. S.; Miller, Robert L. (2009). Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations. New York: Enigma Books. ISBN 978-1-929631-75-9. - Template:Cite article - "Conceptual Models and the Cuban Missile Crisis" (September 1969). American Political Science Review 63 (3): 689–718. - Dorn, A. Walter (April 2009). "Unsung Mediator: U Thant and the Cuban Missile Crisis". Diplomatic History 33(2): 261–292. - "Foreign Intelligence and the Historiography of the Cold War" (Spring 2004). Journal of Cold War Studies 6 (2): 21–56. Project MUSE. ISSN 1520-3972. - "Avoiding Catastrophe: The Interactional Production of Possibility during the Cuban Missile Crisis" (2011). The American Journal of Sociology 117 (2): 361–419. - "Through the Eye of the Needle: Five Perspectives on the Cuban Missile Crisis" (Spring 2005). Rhetoric & Public Affairs 8 (1): 133–144. Project MUSE. doi:10.1353/rap.2005.0044. - "Domestic Politics and the Cuban Missile Crisis: The Traditional and Revisionist Interpretations Reevaluated" (October 1990). Diplomatic History 14 (4): 471–492. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1990.tb00103.x. - (1998) "Introduction", The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962: A National Security Archive Documents Reader, 2nd, New York: New Press. ISBN 978-1-56584-474-2. - Cuban Missile Crisis. JFK in History. John F. Kennedy Library. - Cuban Missile Crisis 1962. Presidential Recordings Program. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. - Cold War International History Project: Virtual Archive 2.0 Cuban Missile Crisis. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. - (1996) Cuban Missile Crisis and Aftermath, Foreign relations of the United States, 1961–1963 XI. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 0-16-045210-4. - Kennedy, Robert F. (1969). Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-31834-0. - (2002) The Kennedy Tapes: Inside the White House During the Cuban Missile Crisis, 2nd, New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-32259-0. - CIA Documents on the Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962. Historical Review Program. Central Intelligence Agency (October 1992). - The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962: The 40th Anniversary. National Security Archive: Special Exhibits. The George Washington University. - The World On the Brink: John F. Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Interactive Exhibits. John F. Kennedy Library. - Cuban Missile Crisis. Slideshows for Educators. Bureau of Public Affairs, US Department of State. - Moser, John; Hahn, Lori (July 15, 2010). The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962: 'The Missiles of October'. EDSITEment: Lesson Plans. National Endowment for the Humanities. \|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Cuban missile crisis\| - "Cuban Missile Crisis", 2012, Harvard Kennedy School, Belfer Center's 50th anniversary of the crisis - commemorative website - Cuban Missile Crisis and the Fallout from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives - Cuban Missile Crisis. Topics. History (TV channel) (2011). - Cuban Missile Crisis. Nuclear Weapons History: Cold War. Nuclear Age Peace Foundation. - Cuban Missile Crisis Bibliography. Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues. - October 1962: DEFCON 4, DEFCON 3 - Spartacus Educational(UK): Cuban Missile Crisis - Latin American Task Force - What the President didn't know - Document-Britain's Cuban - The Cuban Missile War: an alternate history timeline - No Time to Talk: The Cuban Missile Crisis - The 32nd Guards Air Fighter Regiment in Cuba (1962–1963) S.Isaev. - Template:Internet Archive short film - The Woodrow Wilson Center's Nuclear Proliferation International History Project or NPIHP has a collection of primary source archival documents on the Cuban Missile Crisis. - EDSITEment lesson plan Cuban Missile Crisis - EDSITEment Cuban Missile Crisis Interactive - Cuban Missile Crisis: Three Men Go To War Documentary produced by PBS	<urn:uuid:c34cb86f-b118-46e7-b562-d2860498a259>	CC-MAIN-2014-49	http://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B6%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931006064.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155646-00084-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.89055	27,564	3.65625	4
Tarsal tunnel syndrome is a disorder that affects the tibial nerve or its branches: the medial plantar nerve, the lateral plantar nerve, the medial calcaneal nerve, the motor branch of the abductor muscle to the fifth toe, and the first calcaneal branch. This peripheral neuropathy is considered less common than carpal tunnel syndrome but is much more complicated to diagnose, so its true incidence may be underestimated. Diagnostic imaging can help identify the site of compression. In the study of Iborra et al (2017), they found that regarding the location of the bifurcation of the tibial nerve, with ultrasound (US) they obtained 100% agreement between US and dissection, and 91% of tibial nerve bifurcations were in the areas corresponding to types IA and IB: 1 cm distal and 1 cm proximal to the malleolar-calcaneal axial line. The US topography and the anatomic dissection were completely correlated. This article could be very useful for establishing a working method in the surgical setting, as the surgeon can perform a study and design the surgery with US support, observing the patient’s anatomy and anatomic variations before proceeding to surgical dissection, which could prevent intraoperative complications.	<urn:uuid:b305eeb0-9193-4e27-8115-f20ea175ff7d>	CC-MAIN-2021-04	https://www.sonoskills.com/en/article/ultrasound-examination-prior-to-tarsal-tunnel-surgery/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703513062.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20210117143625-20210117173625-00061.warc.gz	en	0.937658	265	2.765625	3
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia - Shaped like a cylinder terminated by a cone. Sorry, no etymologies found. They were charged with pyroxyle, taking into consideration its explosive power, which, as has been said, is four times that of ordinary powder: the projectile to be fired was cylindroconic. Harding then took the tube out of Herbert’s hands, and, giving it a pendulous motion, he ended by lengthening the malleable bubble so as to give it a cylindroconic shape.	<urn:uuid:9483b43f-1f4d-46a5-b28b-23685a845636>	CC-MAIN-2015-32	https://www.wordnik.com/words/cylindroconic	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042981921.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002301-00260-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.967739	120	2.734375	3
A Georgia scientist's research on how boat docks can harm coastal marshes is being cited by both environmentalists and government regulators in a federal lawsuit. The Southern Environmental Law Center wants a judge to throw out a perk that grants coastal Georgia homeowners permits to build larger docks if they're constructed with open grating instead of solid wood. The idea is that docks full of holes let more sunlight pass through to the marsh grasses beneath. Clark Alexander of the Skidaway Institute of Oceanography in Savannah spent three years studying whether grates make docks less harmful to marshes. He concluded that the difference is minimal except at the peak of summer. Alexander's study prompted the Army Corps of Engineers to reduce its size credit. The lawsuit seeks to eliminate it.	<urn:uuid:c0c36a70-4bc6-4dd7-bca7-7c51a80bfe9d>	CC-MAIN-2014-23	http://www.gpb.org/news/2013/08/04/ga-marsh-study-cited-in-federal-lawsuit	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510280868.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011800-00377-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.951298	151	3.015625	3
Emotional Abuse is Anything but “Tender”—the Myths and Reality Emotional abuse victims feel responsible and powerless. Emotional abuse is a pattern of behavior used to achieve and maintain power and control over another person by damaging the victim’s self-esteem. Tactics include, but are not limited to: constant criticism; threats; minimizing or blaming the victim for the abuse; isolation from family, friends, or other systems of support; and/or “gaslighting,” or making the victim feel crazy. Emotional abuse often makes the victim feel responsible for the abuse, yet powerless to change it. It is extremely difficult to recognize, let alone report or prove, and while it may not lead to physical violence, almost all intimate partner violence is preceded and accompanied by emotional abuse. It is important that victims have agency to define their own experiences, and it is equally important to recognize how easily the narrative about emotional abuse can become twisted and glossed over. Unfortunately, many myths about emotional abuse persist. Myths of “the benevolent abuser” or “the victim who likes it” are dangerous, unfounded, and cruel. They deny, erase, and diminish the very real, often debilitating long-term effects of emotional abuse that victims experience every single day and the choices they are forced to make in order to survive. By calling into question the severity – or even the reality – of abuse, these myths disrupt our ability to hold abusers accountable for their intentional actions; they effectively reinforce the messages the abuser is sending the victim and others. Another myth about emotional abuse is that aspects of controlling another person can be sexy. Some erroneously believe that emotional abuse is just another form of BDSM (Bondage and Discipline/Domination and Submission/Sadism and Masochism) and perpetuate this confusion. This misconception minimizes the implications of abuse and twists our understanding of BDSM culture; it normalizes controlling, abusive behavior by associating it with a preference that is actually founded in respect. One of the stark differences between abuse and BDSM is a foundation of consent: BDSM includes respect for limits, an understanding of trust, and enjoyment for all partners involved. Abuse does not. Some mischaracterize emotional abuse as jealousy. Unfortunately, Americans are socialized to believe that jealousy is normal, expected, and encouraged. Constantly calling or checking in is regarded as “thoughtful;” spending excessive amounts of time with one another is “quality time;” feeling romantically threatened by another individual shows how committed a person is to the relationship; and so on. These misconceptions can obscure that such actions are based in a lack of trust and a desire for control of the other person. Abusers are very often “charming” – at first – and their early actions are misconstrued as thoughtful, romantic gestures. We must change the narrative about emotional abuse in a way that allows victims to express their experiences and seek support, and does not minimize or justify abuse. Emotional abuse is not sexy. It is not tender. It is not an addiction. Some survivors of emotional abuse have expressed to their advocates that they almost wish their abuser had physically hit them – this way others, and they themselves, would know it was abuse and not just normal relationship discord. Emotional abuse may not leave physical scars, but the toll it takes on a victim can be just as detrimental and long-lasting. The confusion emotional abuse creates is very real and just one of many complicated reasons why many victims do not “just leave;” they have false hope that, since they are responsible for the abuse, they can somehow stop it. Originally posted at National Network to End Domestic Violence http://nnedv.org/	<urn:uuid:ae25a8ab-b57b-425b-b760-231cbca61005>	CC-MAIN-2018-09	https://www.harborhousefl.com/emotional-abuse-anything-tender-myths-reality/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812293.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20180218232618-20180219012618-00542.warc.gz	en	0.963238	777	2.53125	3
An incubator of ideas, projects, and collaborations Tim Saunders and Amanda Pratt Tim Saunders and Amanda Pratt are on a mission to gamify classrooms. They are the co-founders of the Coalition for Gameful Learning, a growing community that encourages teachers to implement elements of games and play for a more engaging and effective educational experience. Tim Saunders is a 4th grade elementary teacher in East Grand Rapids Michigan. Amanda Pratt is an instructional coach at North Carolina New Schools. They met as classmates at the University of Michigan-Flint, where both earned their M.A. in Educational Technology. They were research and writing partners who have continued their learning through conferences, collaboration and networking.One of their projects is the Coalition for Gameful Learning. They are in the small stages now, but would like to eventually develop an international community of educators who use games for learning. This community will network, share action research, and provide peer training in a way similar to the National Writing Project. Expertise in Good Teaching Amanda – “I think that when you have expertise in technology, what you really have is expertise in good teaching and being able to engage students in a meaningful way. It is important to find how we are using tools to make learning more meaningful. I started wanting my classroom to be a fun and interesting place for my students. Now, I try to inspire others to find what’s meaningful and important to them and how they can convey this to their students.”Tim – “It’s not the technology that drives the engagement, it’s a tool for the engagement and it’s not a replacement for it. Success that I have had and others have had come from creating engaging situations that also have technology as a tool. The number one thing is that the students are face to face talking with one another and technology just happens to facilitate that. We use technology sparingly and as efficiently as possible.” Amanda – ”Classroom talk, teamwork between students, teaching collaborative skills, design process, smaller strategies for students to develop conversation, giving students a lot of choices within the structure of the game, using feedback from students to create or alter games, creating narratives within the game such as kingdom quest games, and developing empathy.”Tim – ”People, technology, networking, students and being responsive to their input, administrators, using board games like ‘Would You Rather?’ and implement that into children games, relying on others around you to make things better, and being able to customize objects or beings that exist and modifying those to the classroom.” How do you keep learning? Amanda – “Surround yourself with people who value continuous learning and make an effort to put yourself in situations that will make that happen. Sometimes we can get in a rut with our daily jobs so it’s important to have experiences that are exciting, and for me those are conferences. Good conferences where you can hear something inspiring that you may have never considered before, such as the iiE Gathering, The Technology Conference, and The Games Learning Society Conference in Madison.”Tim – “Conferences are very inspiring and learning just doesn’t occur in a vacuum. Twitter has a lot of good articles. Amanda and I have a standing appointment on Tuesday nights at 9. We plan on what we are going to do next, trade notes, and decide on conferences we want to attend. Networking is really the key in learning new ideas that can be brought back to the classroom.” Rolling with the Changes Amanda – “It is sometimes hard to convince people of the value gameful or playful learning because people want to do things the way that they have always done them. The biggest challenge I have now is getting people to push the envelope, encouraging others to take some risks in a playful way and really proving the benefits of that. I would love to work with teachers in this way through professional development.”Tim – “The changing of curriculum within the school has been very challenging. In order for the child to have grade success they have to be fluent in the language of the curriculum. I have had to rebuild on the fly in order to meet these testing standards. Outside factors that you can’t control can affect gameful learning. I want my students to feel success and if they are mandated to take a district-wide assessment at the end of every unit, I just have to be more creative to find some ways to implement more gameful things in there.” Gaming for Life Skills Tim – “Developing life skills through gameful learning is at least half of what we are doing. The kids have to take the information and mediate together. They have to compromise on who is doing what at what time or take the time to share things out. We debrief at the end of every game. When the game is done it is so important to sit and talk about what happened. What did you learn by playing the game? What type of personal skills did you use that helped you succeed in the game more? Sometimes the kids have a hard time managing that, but we work in order to pull things together. Amanda and I have found elements of games from Sebastian Deterding who talked about three design elements of good games. They are mastery of the game, meaning of the game, and autonomy. I think that these three elements have been really good to keep in mind when developing games in the classroom.”Amanda – “One big thing we hear with games is failure and learning how to make failure productive, to fail safely, how to failure forward. We hear so much about how students need to learn how to persevere. I don’t think that traditional school sets the students up for that. Students are given a low grade on a test and then they move on to the next thing when they clearly did not know the material presented. So when you set things up as a game that allows them to go through different cycles of failure it gives them a chance to learn from failure. They are practicing metacognition, self reflection, assessing things they understand or don’t understand, and then be able to change something in order to master that level or game. This can be very empowering for the student and allows them to be successful in a way that is very meaningful to them. It is real success and they can feel it and experience it. Playing the games can develop interpersonal skills causing students to act out characters, collaborate, and communicate with one another.” Getting Students to Respond Amanda – “Formative assessment I find to be very powerful and really important. That can look different ways. One way is that at the end of the quest or level the student gets feedback about that before they can progress forward. Another way I often structured it was with some sort of closing activity whether it is a written exit ticket, turn and talk to a neighbor, or draw me a picture and show me this. Those were focused on certain content skills that I felt the students need to know. This would give me an idea of where they were, so if there was something that needed addressed I could structure that into the design of the game moving forward.”Tim – “It depends on what we are doing and there isn’t one catch all aspect that is most effective. Maybe I can use what Amanda said in failing forward. The way that we know it best is failing fast where you make a mistake, learn from it and try again. If the students start at level one and are given a password to move on to the next level they know that they have to master that level in order to progress. I also am getting them to master other skills within that level. I will also ask them questions orally. This gives me the opportunity to see what they know and can catch insufficiencies if I suspect them.”Click here to learn more about Tim and Amanda’s vision for gameful learning.	<urn:uuid:fee858fa-ac06-4845-85f4-f5a5c8e70919>	CC-MAIN-2020-29	http://iie.institute/team_member/tim-saunders-and-amanda-pratt/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657140337.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200712211314-20200713001314-00281.warc.gz	en	0.975096	1,645	2.796875	3
In the 1780s, around 40,000 slaves a year were taken from Africa in British ships, on the notorious "Middle Passage," to the Caribbean. In 1787, under an oak tree in Kent, the British Prime Minister, William Pitt, invited his friend William Wilberforce to introduce a parliamentary bill outlawing the slave trade. Neither of them imagined a twenty-year political campaign that would consume the rest of Wilberforce's life. Born in Hull, England, to wealthy middle-class parents, Wilberforce entered Parliament and became a political celebrity in his day. After undergoing a profound Christian conversion, he set out on a path of service to humanity. Stephen Tomkins charts Wilberforce's tireless battle to end the slave trade, portraying a man of contradictions and extraordinary determination. Written in a lively and engaging style, this biography of William Wilberforce transports the reader back to a dramatic age of conflict and upheaval. Published as part of the widespread commemoration of the 200th anniversary of the Anti-Slave Trade Act -- also celebrated by the 2007 release of the widely acclaimed movie Amazing Grace -- this biography brings an extensive cast of colorful characters vividly to life.	<urn:uuid:f75ecf14-6329-4d9a-9ace-f47f93dbd183>	CC-MAIN-2019-18	https://claresholm.bibliocommons.com/item/show/285068040	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578527866.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419181127-20190419203127-00554.warc.gz	en	0.952198	241	3.25	3
Assignment Three: Position Argument October 28, 2013 As a refugee you never know when is the right time to go back home. For some of us there is no home to return to. After picking this topic and doing some research I find it hard to write this paper without crying, I had a first hand experience on this topic. I was born in Sierra Leone a country in West Africa. Sierra Leone is a third war country and landmines had destroyed most of our land, nature resources and infrastructure. This lead me to my topic antipersonnel landmines. Listen to my pain and help me fight for change. Antipersonnel landmines kill thousands of people every year. Antipersonnel landmines do not recognize a cease-fire; they continue killing or maiming for many years after the conflict is over. Antipersonnel landmines do not discriminate between soldiers or civilians. On the contrary, more and more they are being used in an indiscriminate way, terrorizing civilians and transforming agricultural fields into killing fields. In addition, de-mining is a very slow and very expensive process, and after a war most countries are not prepared to cope with the constant health care demands imposed by the number of injured by landmines. Finally, landmines make it very difficult for refugees like me to go back home. As response to the landmine problem, the international community has come up with a treaty to ban landmines. On March 1, 1999, the 1997 Mine Ban Treaty came into effect; so far 134 countries have signed the treaty. Unfortunately, the U. S. is not one of them. Bomb can kill at up to 50 meters then any others mine. The end result in all the cases is either death (mostly in the case of children) or loss of body parts. In contrast with other armaments, landmines cannot be aimed to specific targets. Once deployed, they cannot be controlled. Even when the conflict is over, they cannot be stopped. They can remain active for as long as 50 years. Land mines placed today may still be killing and maiming in the middle of the next century (Grant 1). Landmines cause indiscriminate destruction and do not differentiate between soldiers, civilians, children, animals, or tractors. It is estimated that land mines have killed or injured more than one million persons since 1975, the vast majority of them civilians (Grant 2). Furthermore, the United Nations reports that every month over 2,000 people are killed or maimed by mine explosions. Moreover, after the Second World War landmines have been used in agricultural lands, water sources, religious shrines, and also as anti-morale, or terror weapons targeting civilian populations (Faulkner 3, 4). According to the United Nations, landmines can cost as little as $3.00. Because they are cheap and effective, they are being used more and more in different conflicts around the world. It is estimated that more than 110 million active mines are scattered in 70 countries around the world (United Nations 1). However, the inexpensive cost of landmines is in great contrast with the expensive cost to remove them. According to Patrick Blagden, a United Nations de-mining expert, de-mining costs between US $300 and US $1,000 per mine. Countries like my country that have suffered a war in their own land encounter many rehabilitation tasks; landmines make these tasks very difficult and also put an extra economic burden on the country. There are more amputees in Sierra Leone due to landmines. This is killing my brother and sister and destroying our land even though the civil war had ended six year ago. As is the case with the price of de-mining, the healthcare expenses imposed by the landmine injured are very high. Most of the time, a war-torn country like my does not have the healthcare infrastructure necessary to cope with the demands imposed by this kind of injury. For example, the United Nations reports that the number of units of blood required to operate on patients with mine injuries is between 2 and 6 times greater than that needed by other war casualties (Grant 7). These expenses are only for physical injuries and are not taking under consideration any psychological damage. Up to 1995, there are at least 250,000 landmine-disabled persons in the world (Faulkner 1, 2). This number gives a clear picture of the magnitude of the healthcare problem confronted by the affected countries. The indiscriminate use of landmines in rural areas has been devastating for my hometown. I leave my village ten years ago due to civil wars and I had lived in five different countries in Africa as a refugee. My village was not destroy during the civil war, but in 2009, I was told a landmines when off in our village destroying our cemetery and broken our water line. Now my village doesn’t have any running water. Fertile agricultural lands are turned into unusable and uninhabitable landmine fields. And the grazing of livestock and domesticated animals becomes very dangerous for both the animals and the people taking care of them a labor very often done by children. The economic and social consequences are impoverishment and malnutrition, accompanied by the feeling of despair and helplessness. In addition, the use of bomb makes it very difficult for refugees like me to go back to my villages. Landmines make the recovery process for countries that have suffered a war in their own land extremely difficult. Landmines put a tremendous economic burden along with psychological effects in the morale of the population; they may even perpetuate the conditions for a future conflict. The United States should sign the Mine Ban Treaty now. And also, America should put pressure on other countries to do the same. Please help me spread the word; you don’t need to look no further to find someone who had been affect by bomb, I am right in front of you. Human civilization should not begin a new millennium with the knowledge that new landmines are being produced and planted. Grant, James P. "A Catastrophe for Children." UNICEF. n.d. 25 April 1999. . Faulkner, Frank. "The Most Pernicious Weapon: Landmines." Contemporary Review 270. 1574 (1994): 136-142. InfoTrac, ASAP Expanded Academic ASAP, 15 April 1999. United Nations. Land Mine Facts. 19 April 1999. Microsoft Encarta 97 Encyclopedia. "Bomb (Warfare)." CD-ROM. Microsoft Corporation. 2 cds. 1993-1996. Heilbrunn, Jacob. "Minefield of Dreams." New Republic. 13 Oct. 1997: 4-6. InfoTrac. Academic Abstracts FullText Ultra, 14 April 1999. Human Rights Watch Organization. The Global Landmine Crisis. Human Rights Watch Arms Project Report. April 1999. 22April 1999.	<urn:uuid:e8f28bc9-ff0d-4873-8508-330f16c969aa>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://essaydocs.org/running-head-bomb-samuel-assignment-three-position-argument.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320593.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625221343-20170626001343-00469.warc.gz	en	0.950818	1,425	2.625	3
Map of the Leeward Antilles The Leeward Antilles (Dutch: Benedenwindse Eilanden) are a chain of islands in the Caribbean – specifically, the southerly islands of the Lesser Antilles (and, in turn, the Antilles and the West Indies) along the southeastern fringe of the Caribbean Sea, just north of the Venezuelan coast of the South American mainland. The Leeward Antilles, while among the Lesser Antilles, are not to be confused with the Leeward Islands (also of the Lesser Antilles) to the northeast. Largely lacking in volcanic activity, the Leeward Antilles island arc occurs along the deformed southern edge of the Caribbean Plate and was formed by the plate's subduction under the South American Plate. Recent studies indicate that the Leeward Antilles are accreting to South America. The Leeward Antilles comprise (roughly from west to east): Coordinates: 12°11′10″N 68°59′22″W / 12.18611°N 68.98944°W	<urn:uuid:b7918c9a-2588-43e7-9e05-9da6c6005302>	CC-MAIN-2016-07	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeward_Antilles	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701146600.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193906-00047-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.874564	230	3.609375	4
“The cure for anything is salt water; tears, sweat or the sea.” As poetic as this reads, the growing burden of non-communicable diseases in our country- 60 % of all deaths in India are caused by the four leading NCDs- cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), diabetes, cancer and chronic respiratory diseases – Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have now become the leading cause of mortality in India. The Global Burden of Disease study estimate of age-standardized CVD death rate of 272 per 100?000 population in India is higher than the global average of 235 per 100?000 population. CVDs are caused primarily by raised blood pressure (BP), cholesterol, and smoking. Among these, raised BP poses the most important risk factor, accounting for 62% of strokes and 49% of coronary heart disease. High blood pressure (hypertension) is the major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and in 2002, the WHO’s World Health Report called it 'the number one killer.’ According to a Salt and Health Report: Recommendations on salt in diet, there is evidence to indicate a strong association between high sodium intake and raised blood pressure. Salt is the major dietary source of sodium. The WHO has identified salt reduction as a ‘Best-Buy’ for addressing the global burden of NCDs such as hypertension, cardiovascular and cerebral vascular diseases. ‘Best buys’ are cost effective and feasible initiatives that could be implemented by countries to reduce their burden of NCDs. According to the George Institute for Global Health Report in 2014, India currently has an estimated 140 million people living with hypertension, a figure which is projected to rise to 214 million by 2030. Indians have excess salt in our food, our taste buds are tuned that way. Our cuisine is synonymous with a heavy load of spices that masks the effect of salt. We end up adding about 40% more than salt than needed for a dish, when cooked sans those spices. Few common food items our Indian menu that we consume almost on an everyday basis which has high salt content are: Pickles, chutneys, sauces and ketchups, papads, chips and salted biscuits, savoury items etc. Given this, there is an immediate need to include simple yet effective measures of a healthy living and a changed dietary pattern to contain this silent killer disease. As many dieticians recommend including fruits and vegetables over snacky food; adding spices like turmeric, herb, garlic and lemon juice in cooking instead of salt to enhance the taste and flavor of your food; selecting fat-free or low-fat milk, and yogurt are some changes that can be introduced in our diets to combat the occurrence of hypertension and obesity among others. The research-based pharmaceutical industry has a responsibility of educating people on eating healthy and reducing salt in their diet and in disseminating the idea of blood pressure control and its resultant benefits in reducing cardiovascular diseases. On World Hypertension Day today, there is an increased need to usher a behavioural change - a fitness routine, a dietary modification with emphasis on cutting down on salt and leading a healthy lifestyle. While the research-based pharmaceutical industry is innovating to improve human life, the responsibility of prevention of the disease lies with each one of us. DISCLAIMER: The views expressed are solely of the author and ETHealthworld.com does not necessarily subscribe to it. ETHealthworld.com shall not be responsible for any damage caused to any person/organisation directly or indirectly.	<urn:uuid:8be51a8b-11d3-4fab-803b-7084999062eb>	CC-MAIN-2017-51	https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/health-files/a-pinch-of-salt/2361	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948589177.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20171216201436-20171216223436-00601.warc.gz	en	0.939826	720	3.140625	3
Serving all people by providing personalized health and wellness through exemplary care, education and research. Explore health content from A to Z. I need information about... Gastrointestinal troubles don’t make for great dinner table conversation, but that doesn’t mean you should keep silent about them. These issues may signal something serious. John R. Hyatt, M.D., a gastroenterologist on the medical staff at Baylor Medical Center at Garland, explains what some common symptoms could mean and when you should seek medical care. With any symptoms, Dr. Hyatt points out that it’s important to listen to your body and to consider your age and any other health problems. If you suspect a problem, trust your instincts and talk to your doctor. An occasional, temporary drop in the frequency of your bowel movements often will respond to increasing fiber in your diet or taking an over-the-counter laxative. If your bowels don’t become more regular, talk to your doctor. A simple lab test can determine if low thyroid function or high calcium levels could be to blame, and your doctor can likely make recommendations. An acute change in your bowel habits should definitely be checked out. Testing is especially important if bloating and cramping accompany your constipation. Loose stools lasting for several days likely stem from an infection and will resolve on their own or with antibiotics. If you experience pain, bleeding or fever with diarrhea, or diarrhea that wakes you, see your doctor. Chronic diarrhea lasting more than two weeks warrants attention. It could signal irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or a chronic infection. Periodic gas and bloating are mostly just embarrassing. If your symptoms are problematic, your doctor can recommend foods that don’t cause gas. Bothersome gas and bloating might be signs of lactose or wheat intolerance. Once-in-a-while heartburn should respond to over-the-counter antacids or medications. For chronic heartburn see your doctor, particularly if you are over age 50. That’s when your risk increases for Barrett’s esophagus, a precancerous condition. Dr. Hyatt warns of certain alarm symptoms that warrant immediate attention: vomiting blood, food lodged after swallowing, black tarry stools, blood in the stool, and nausea, pain or abdominal distention when eating. But he emphasizes that you should see your doctor for any symptoms that worry you. If you have a serious condition, treating it early is usually best. And if you don’t, you’ll gain peace of mind, guidance on how to deal with your symptoms and improved quality of life. Call 1.800.4BAYLOR to find a physician who can help you identify and treat digestive discomforts or click here. Copyright © 2016 Baylor Scott & White Health. All Rights Reserved. \| 3500 Gaston Ave., Dallas, TX 75246-2017 \| 1.800.4BAYLOR	<urn:uuid:3d381818-0cd5-4a4b-838c-117e19075608>	CC-MAIN-2016-07	http://www.baylorhealth.com/PhysiciansLocations/Garland/About/BaylorGarlandNews/Pages/TrustYourGut.aspx	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701147841.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193907-00127-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.899398	620	2.546875	3
Margaret Maultasch [key] [Ger.,=pocket mouth], 1318–69, countess of Tyrol, called the Ugly Duchess, probably because of her unattractive appearance, especially her mouth. When Margaret's father, Henry, count of Tyrol and duke of Carinthia, died in 1335, Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV gave Carinthia to the Hapsburgs and tried to take Tyrol from Margaret and her husband, John Henry, son of John of Luxemburg, king of Bohemia. Her Tyrolean subjects remained loyal, and John of Luxemburg forced the emperor to restore Tyrol to his son. However, the nobles found Luxemburg's rule oppressive, and Margaret after 12 years of marriage found John Henry both stupid and impotent. Margaret expelled her husband from her country; her marriage was voided by Louis IV, and in 1342 she married his son Louis, margrave of Brandenburg. The secular annulment offended the Tyrolean nobles, who supported Pope Benedict XII's condemnation of the countess's second marriage and rebelled against Margaret's authority. But Margaret stood firmly by her husband. After his death (1361) and that of their son Meinhard, she abdicated (1363), leaving Tyrol to the Hapsburgs. Legend has painted her as a woman of great power and evil. Her portrait was Sir John Tenniel's model for the “duchess” in his illustrations of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, and Lion Feuchtwanger utilized her story in his novel The Ugly Duchess (tr. 1928). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2023, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: Austria and Hungary, History: Biographies	<urn:uuid:99bfa687-70f4-4e5d-aaa0-d375534ba749>	CC-MAIN-2023-40	https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/people/history/austria-hungary/margaret-maultasch	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506399.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922102329-20230922132329-00218.warc.gz	en	0.96148	371	3.21875	3
The church was first “gathered” on September 2, 1724, at the home of John Howe in what was then a very large square house on East Main Street. In those early days, the regular meetings of the town also were held at Mr. Howe’s house and often the official action of the town was interwoven with that of the church. Much of our rich heritage as a nation is deeply rooted in Christian faith and fellowship. It was customary for people to share their homes for this purpose. At that meeting on September 2, 1724, Samuel Barrett, who had graduated in 1721 from Harvard College, was ordained by an ecclesiastical council convened for that purpose. He was joined by fourteen men in the first membership of what was then called the Church of Christ in Hopkinton. Rev. Barrett was the Pastor for nearly fifty years until 1772. He had his own home built on the site of the present Town Hall on Main Street. He was given 100 acres of land and the sum of 30 pounds towards the building of his house. In addition to the salary of 35 pounds per year, he was given his firewood. The first church building, which was actually called the Meeting House of the town, was voted by the townspeople on January 4, 1725; the structure itself was raised in December of that year and was first occupied in June of 1726. Early records indicate quite a difference of opinion in town as to the best location for the meeting house and the matter was finally settled by the drawing of lots, the chosen site being at the edge of the Common near the bronze plaque. The first building was a plain wooden structure, two stories, 48 feet long by 35 feet wide and was not adorned with a steeple or cupola of any kind. It remained unpainted for nearly 50 years. Although Rev. Barrett had started with only 14 members in 1724, at the end of his ministry in 1772 he had received 376 persons into church membership. The Rev. Elijah Fitch, who had come to Hopkinton as Rev. Barrett’s associate in December of 1771, succeeded him in 1772 as Pastor. The record contains Rev. Fitch’s letter of acceptance, a beautifully humble letter of love ending with the statement, “I am your Servant for Jesus sake and Brother in the faith, order and fellowship of the Gospel”. Rev. Nathaniel Howe was ordained and became pastor in 1791 and married soon after. He served the church for 46 years until his death in 1837. They lived on an 88 acre farm on Hayden Rowe Street approximately ½ mile south of the church. In 1829, the original ‘meeting house’ was sold and moved away to be used first as a barn and later as a boot factory. During that year, a new church building was erected and Rev. Howe preached a memorable dedication sermon on January 13, 1830. This was the first building to be built on the site at 2 Main Street. This new building was a beautiful structure, 62 feet long and 50 feet wide with the front gables resting on four large pillars standing on hammered granite pavement. A spire stood over the front gable, containing a bell that weighed 1690 lbs. The entire basement was made of stone and was leased to the town for use as a town hall, having a separate entrance on the west side for that purpose. The church ‘auditorium’ contained 600 seats and boasted a gallery all the way around, nine feet high. The choir sat behind the pulpit, over the vestibule. This building stood until its destruction during the great fire of 1882, which also destroyed several other buildings in the center of the town. The Great Fire occurred on April 4, 1882. Records indicate that in twenty minutes the splendid structure of the Congregational Church was in ashes. The 2800 lb. bell, which fell and was melted in the fire, was later recast into a bell of the same pitch as the original and hung at the church. For nearly a year, services were held in the neighboring Methodist church. A new edifice was quickly built, and dedicated on May 9, 1883. This was the large, beautiful structure which stood until the hurricane of 1938. Rev. Elmer Newton Eddy served as Pastor from 1929 to 1932 and from 1932 to 1936 Rev. John Edward Thomas served. Rev. Edwin B. Nylen served from 1936 to 1943 and it was during this period, in September of 1938, that the devastating hurricane caused the 130 foot steeple of the church to crash down, demolishing the church building. The members of the Episcopal Church let them hold services in their building for about a year and a half. (This is the stone building next to the library, which is now a handsome part of the library itself) The cornerstone of the new church building (at 2 Main St and the ‘fourth meeting house’ in our 275 year history) was laid on May 14, 1939. One of the church leaders, Mr. Allison Williams, took charge of the construction and, through much devoted local labor and many splendid gifts, the fine structure as we know it today resulted. Rev. J. Everett Bodge was Pastor here from 1943 to 1948, being ordained here on March 7, 1944. Rev. John Ed Thomas served again the interim period of November 1948 to September 1949 when Rev. Frederick C. Wilson came to serve the church for the next ten years. During Rev. Wilson’s ministry, further improvements took place within the church structure. What was formerly an unused attic space, was transformed into additional classrooms for the Sunday School in 1954. Rev. Forrest C. Higgins became Pastor in 1959 serving until 1967. He was followed by Rev. Robert K. Shimoda who served until 1971. During this period of time, Hopkinton, like so many communities, had gone through some rapidly changing scenes. The new highways, more than any other single factor, had made the town a natural focal point for future growth. In the fall of 1971, Rev. Marvin L. Derby became Interim Pastor of the church, serving until the fall of 1972 when the congregation voted to call Rev. Richard A. Germaine. The congregation had diminished in size and there was some question as to whether the church would survive. However, under his preaching and teaching the congregation grew in size. From 1979 to 1982 Rev. David McKinney was Associate Pastor. In late 1985 Rev. Tim Lawton came on staff as Associate Pastor of Youth and stayed for two years. In the fall of 1983 Robert Cloutier was called out of the congregation to become Associate Pastor of Pastoral Care. After completing a seminary education in 1992, he was ordained through the church in 1993. In the fall of 1989 the church called Michael Laurence to be Associate Pastor of Youth and Christian Education. Mike was ordained through the church in 1990. On October 2, 1994 the congregation voted to leave the United Church of Christ denomination due to theological differences. This was done after many years of trying to make an impact on the liberal stance held by that organization. Construction at the 146 East Main St. location continued through the winter, spring and summer of 1997. On August 2, 1997 the dedication service was held, followed the next day by the first Sunday service with much excitement over what God would do with such a resource. The building, of approximately 50,000 square feet, doubled the previous building size with a Worship Center that accommodates 650 people, as opposed to 300. 2002 and 2003 were transition years as Richard Germaine, after 30 years as Senior Pastor, left to form a new ministry, Barnabas Ministries, Inc. Dick’s 30 years of ministry saw this church come from the brink of dying out to a healthy, active fellowship of believers. His final sermon was from the same passage as his first sermon at FCCH, Zechariah 4:1-8. He challenged the congregation to consider all God has done in our live and given us for ministry. People and resources are available for us to make a great impact for the Kingdom of God in Hopkinton, Metrowest and the World. Michael Laurence becomes the Senior Pastor. In 2011, the church leadership, with careful thought and prayer, recommended to the congregation that we officially change the name of the church to Faith Community Church, which better describes who we are as believers in Jesus Christ. The recommendation was well received by the congregation and effective September, 2011, the name was changed. Vision 2020 is cast from Pastor Mike and the Elders. The next step in God’s call for our church is to reach the 125,000 people within 20 miles of Faith Community who do not know Jesus or have a relationship with a life giving church.	<urn:uuid:b696c5b0-b3fb-4a95-a17d-641ae3352c73>	CC-MAIN-2019-47	https://faithma.org/history	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496671260.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20191122115908-20191122143908-00273.warc.gz	en	0.987248	1,825	2.765625	3
Poor memory and memory lapse is a common problem for most people today. It was once believed that the older you get the weaker your memory becomes but these days it’s not the case anymore. Poor memory is caused by different factors related to lifestyle. It is thus difficult to understand how the memory works if you rarely pay attention to the tiny details in your lifestyle that slow down your memory growth. Here are some things that can massively improve your memory over time; Practice a healthy lifestyle Research today has shown that memory is not an isolated body part but a function of the brain. The food you eat greatly influences Nueroplasticity. Fresh fruits and animal omega 3 are strongly recommended. Research shows that people who observe the Mediterranean diet have a higher memory. Though as much as a generally good diet is helpful, it also good to know and emphasize on foods specifically known to improve memory. Drinking enough water for the day also keeps your brain hydrated thus avoiding brain shrinkage which adversely affects your memory. Exercising optimizes our brain capacity to work by stimulating multiplication of nerve cells. It also improves blood flow to the brain thus ensuring optimum brain functioning. Research has indicated that people who do more exercise have a better memory than those who don’t. This can do wonders for your memory. Practicing playing computer games, puzzles, Sudoku, chess, brain yoga and other brain games improve the ability of your brain overwhelming. Be it short term or long term memory these games will do. Try the shopping game where you memorize all the shopping items and write them down with their order. Compare your memory list with the original list. This builds your short term and long term memory and with time you’ll realize it helps Engage your mind in learning activities One benefit of the internet today is that it has brought information closer to us and we can learn anything from it. Learning is not only meant for social or practical use but also for health benefits. It keeps your brain active which improves its memory. As Albert Einstein once said “when you stop learning you start dying,” the brain plays a major role in that. Things like music, playing a musical instrument are also known to improve your memory and increase concentration. Improving your memory is not a difficult task but requires determination and patient since it’s not a thing you get medication for. It is a process that requires time to time evaluation. By these tips, be sure to improve your memory.	<urn:uuid:62aa0706-a9af-4444-9012-3a1bed04f94d>	CC-MAIN-2019-09	http://www.bakedblog.com/how-to-improve-your-memory/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247480472.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20190216125709-20190216151709-00103.warc.gz	en	0.961423	508	3.109375	3
This post from the SK archives was written by Angelica Perez-Litwin of Modern Familia. The images are from my family’s albums. I think you guys will really enjoy this post on siblings and I’d love to hear what you think, so please leave a comment. Thanks! – Kara The power of the sibling relationship is often over-shadowed by the value we place on building good parent-child relationships, friendships and marital relationships. The fact is that no bond is typically longer, stronger or more comforting than that between siblings. As parents, it is easy to focus on the day-to-day bickering, conflict or rivalry, and loose sight of the tremendous long-lasting impact that sibling relationships have on our children. Here are a few reminders (based on research) why we should continue to honor and foster loving relationships between our children: The Role of Sibling Relationships on Development Because brothers and sisters typically spend a lot of time together, they are one another’s first playmates and companions. As a result, sibling relationships influence both social and cognitive learning: :: Older children serve as effective role models and teachers: Older children, despite the age difference, always serve as role models and teachers in a variety of pro-social skills, such as helping, sharing, and cooperation. Language development and communication is also influenced by the presence of older siblings. :: The impact of the sibling relationship extends beyond the home: The social skills children learn from their siblings can actually impact interactions with peers at school or in the playground. Negative and hostile sibling relationships have been linked to aggressive behaviors with peers during adolescence. :: A moderate amount of sibling conflict is actually good(!): If you’re worried that your kids bicker a bit much, worry no more. Surprisingly, a moderate amount of sibling conflict enhances social interactions with peers. Moderate conflict, balanced with warmth or support between siblings, is associated with higher social competence, emotional control, and better school adjustment. Factors that Influence Quality of Relationship Between Siblings A multitude of factors influence the quality of sibling relationships. If you have more than two children, however, you might have noticed the role of gender, temperament, age spacing and birth order. There are other important factors that impact the bond between your children. Here are some: :: Parenting behaviors: Negative parenting practices (bribing, hitting, spanking) and inadequate parental monitoring are associated with negative sibling interactions. :: Marital satisfaction and family emotional climate: When mom and dad are not happy, or are experiencing emotional conflict, the interactions between siblings is affected. Children who grow up in a conflicted family environment tend to exhibit more sibling rivalry, aggression and avoidance. :: Emotionally unfulfilling or unavailable parental care: Children who grow up with emotionally unfulfilling parental care do one of two things: they either bond more intensely, or become hostile with one another. :: Preferential treatment of a sibling over another: Real (and even perceived) preferential treatment appears to affect how siblings get along with one another. Children who feel less attended to begin to feel resentful, upset and angry with their parents, and are likely to displace much of that anger towards the sibling who is receiving the parent’s attention. Fostering a Loving Sibling Relationship So what are some important and practical things we can do to promote a loving, close and respectful relationship between our children? Here are some tips: :: Role model affection. As with anything else, we are our children’s biggest role models. Show affection in your relationship with your spouse, your children, and your own siblings. Hugs, kisses and loving comments are excellent forms of affection that children can easily imitate when they feel positive feelings towards their siblings. :: Encourage polite behaviors among siblings. Being polite and appreciative are behaviors we highly value at home. Saying “thank you,” “please,” and communicating with politeness honors the type of respect that siblings should show one another. :: Promote a sense of responsibility for one another. At home, we try our best to make each child aware of their siblings’ needs, and encourage them to be caring and helpful. Our 4 year old is very sensitive to our 2 year old needs, and she’s often found using mommy talk with him, in a very loving way. This can set the foundation for a close bond between siblings as adults. :: Educate and remind your children about the limitations of younger siblings. Regardless of the age difference, developmental differences are bound to cause conflict and bickering between siblings. It is important to help children understand why their younger siblings are not able to exercise impulse control, or express their needs clearly. Remind your children of the stage their siblings are in, and how that impacts what they can and cannot do. :: Give your children plenty of opportunities to do fun and memorable things together. My fondest memories with my sister took place during fun trips to the beach, family celebrations, and playing together. Today, at home, we try to create opportunities for our children to engage in activities in pairs (we have 4 children) and as a group. There is a qualitative difference between both experiences, especially depending on the age differences. :: Remind yourself that the bickering and rivalry will soon pass. As with temper tantrums, the rivalry and conflict is part of normal development (as long as it doesn’t escalate to aggression and hostility). These are stages in our children’s lives. Soon, you’ll notice their relationship evolve and transform. In the interim, patience, tolerance and the ability to let them figure it out will prove to be quite helpful. How do you foster a loving relationship between your children?	<urn:uuid:920655de-df87-4505-9b9d-dedb70b5183a>	CC-MAIN-2017-09	http://simplekids.net/the-sibling-relationship/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170914.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00580-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.954852	1,194	2.671875	3
From award-winning author Melissa Stewart and Caldecott honoree Steve Jenkins comes a noisy nonfiction exploration of the many sounds animals make. Can an aardvark bark? No, but it can grunt. Lots of other animals grunt too… Barks, grunts, squeals—animals make all kinds of sounds to communicate and express themselves. With a growling salamander and a whining porcupine, bellowing giraffes and laughing gorillas, this boisterous book is chock-full of fun and interesting facts and is sure to be a favorite of even the youngest animal enthusiasts. Stewart (Feathers: Not Just for Flying) highlights the sounds that animals make in this inviting primer, which is augmented by Jenkins's torn-paper portraits. Stewart leads with internally rhyming questions about particular animals ("Can a wild boar roar? No, but it can squeal"), and the subsequent pages introduce additional animals that make similar sounds; a European hedgehog and European spotted dolphins are among other creatures that squeal. Brief captions elaborate on the animals' methods of communication: "A male koala really makes a racket at mating time. His deep, growling bellow helps females find him." Jenkins (Squirrels Leap, Squirrels Sleep) renders each animal with characteristic attention to detail and subtle texture, resulting in a handsome and dynamic exploration of animal behavior. Ages 2 8.	<urn:uuid:257dc7ba-51ff-4b60-be59-3ddf03af064f>	CC-MAIN-2021-21	https://books.apple.com/us/book/can-an-aardvark-bark/id1161476003?at=1000lms&uo=4&mt=11	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989006.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20210509153220-20210509183220-00205.warc.gz	en	0.893058	292	3.234375	3
Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 The Scheduled Castes and Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 was enacted by the Parliament of India, in order to prevent atrocities against Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. The purpose of the Act was to help the social inclusion of Dalits into Indian society, but the Act has failed to live up to its expectations. Special Court Justice Ramaswamy observed in the case of State of Karnataka v. Ingale Going through the normal judicial system is self degrading for any dalit. This is because of the still existing biases of the court judges. One example is the conduct of an Allahabad High Court judge who had his chambers "purified" with water from the ‘ganga jal’ because a dalit judge had previously sat in that chamber before... Read More	<urn:uuid:43b9a240-c1af-45c3-86e7-4ccca8c14a4d>	CC-MAIN-2018-17	http://pages.rediff.com/scheduled-caste-and-scheduled-tribe--prevention-of-atrocities--act--1989/1132412	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946565.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20180424061343-20180424081343-00296.warc.gz	en	0.970453	190	3.265625	3
There lived in Bhuj a Brahmin woman named Surajbai. She had a great faith in Shriji Maharaja. She used to recite and worship the name by devotional song of Shriji Maharaja. She used to throw corns daily before birds for feeding and she, by bowing her head to them, used to say to himself,“ Eat o lovely birds eat with joy, the corn belongs to Maharaja and you are Maharaja's birds.” This Surajbai went to Gadhada to have Maharaja's Darshana. She was highly pleased on having Maharaja's Darshana. Tears of joy swelled in her eyes. She began to serve Maharaja with great enthusiasm as if she had wings. She used to herself prepare the food for Maharaja and fed him. Once she had a thought; “ While I was in Bhuj, I used to throw corn to birds, but that is not possible here.” She determined in her Mind, but the mind was already occupied by Maharaja. Maharaja understood her heart's desire. He at once got up to throw corns to birds. Everyone was surprised to see this; “ why did Maharaja himself get up to scatter corns to birds?” Maharaja said, “ If you want the answer why I got-up, ask Surajbai. It is her mind's determination ( SANKALPA ) to throw corns to birds.” “ Extraordinary ! Surajbai seemed to be so lucky ”, said everyone. Surajbai has accompanied with me to this earth from Akshardham. Much good is going to be done of the people by her hands” And it so happened. Such was a woman of Rampur of kutch, her name was Dhanbai. Her husband died soon after marriage. Dhanbai diverted her mind from this worldliness for other worldliness of God. Dhanbai came into contact with Surajbai and then ? it was like her race towards the road to devotion. Surajbai had a great desire to perform YAGNA in kutchh, to perform SAMAIYA and cordially invite thousands of devotees to lunch. But there was a hitch. Surajbai was a Brahmin. Devotees felt that they should give to a Brahmin but should never accept from a Brahmin. So she was confused at what to do. Once she expressed her desire to Dhanbai and said, “ You perform many YAGNAS in Kutch and invite devotees on lunch.” “ This will require much wealth. Have we that much of wealth ? ”, asked Dhanbai. Surajbai laughed and said, “ Your name itself is Dhanbai. Why should you worry for money ?. You are honour of unending treasure”, said Surajbai. Surajbai took out five KORIS ( Silver and Gold coins.) her purse. This sum was equivalent too hardly to a rupee and a half. Surajbai placed this five KORIS in Dhanbai's hands and said, “ Take this. perform YAGNAS and SAMAIYAS. Invite Vaishnavas on lunch. Build temples and you are free to do anything in the name of Maharaja. Remember that this wealth will only be exhausted when the greatness, significance, importance of Maharaja is exhausted.” Dhanbai spread her sari and accepted the five KORIS and she went home. She recited Maharaja's name and placed the KORIS in a purse. Dhanbai service-camp started. One after another Parayana started. except the Parayana of the `Bhagavat' the Parayana of SATSANGI BHUSAN, HARIVAKYASUDHASINDHU, BHAKTACHINTAMANI, SHIKSHAPATRI_BHASHYA, SATSANGIJEEVAN, etc. Plenty of wealth was spent after these Parayanas, SAMAIYAS, YAGNAS, temples, and installation of foot paints of the SADHUS and in other public welfare schemes. Celebrations went on for fifteen days. Thousands of devotees and sadhus lunched. Continuous recitation of BHAGVAD nam took place. Everybody not only in Bhuj, but also in the whole of Kutch, praised Dhanbai organised a big YAGNA on the passing away of Sadguru Aksharjivan Dasji Swami. Many Satsangis were invited from every corner of Kutch. She sprinkled on these devotees the holy water blessing them. She also preached them. Where these inexhaustible wealth come from ? Did it come from that purse witch contained five Koris ? She had no other source of money except the purse. Moreover the Koris were meant for Satsangis. While Dhanbai was merely a hard labourer. She used to take a meagre meal. It consists of porridge made from Bajari, and that too without salt. Taste has no place in her life. Only service, austerity, renouncement and devotion constituted in her life. Dhanbai is an uncommon/rare woman to be found in the Swaminarayana Sampradaya. She willingly left this perishable body after the fulfilment of the duties entrusted to her by Surajbai. Even today her SAMADHI stands as a place of pilgrim on the bank of river in the village Rampur.	<urn:uuid:58c78bb6-ee2d-49bd-9d2f-382722838029>	CC-MAIN-2019-04	https://www.sksstkampala.com/short-stories/surajbai-and-dhanbai	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584350539.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20190123193004-20190123215004-00328.warc.gz	en	0.972423	1,189	2.71875	3
The Jews of Corfu initially resided on Erisvouni (“Jewish Hill”), which is now known as Campiello Hill. In 1425, with the erection of the new fortifications by the Venetians, they spread out across the town, residing alongside Christians and sometimes close to churches. This development elicited complaints from the Christians, who, from 1524 to 1622 repeatedly requested the Venetian authorities into delimiting the area from the Royal Gate to the Spilia (“Cave”) Gate and from the eastern ramparts of the New Fortress to Palaiologou street. This area has more or less remained the Jewish Quarter. The neighbourhood seems to never have functioned as a ghetto in the conventional sense, but was more of a defined residential area. The perimeter of the outer walls of the densely built houses offered a degree of separation. Every night the main roads were closed, giving some additional sense of safety to the inhabitants. Besides, the existence, apart from the synagogues, of five churches indicates that Christians also lived there. The high population density did not favour hygiene, at least until the time of British rule, when an aqueduct and the first sewers were constructed. The neighbourhood is densely constructed, with characteristic narrow streets and the absence of any squares, apart from some wider spaces in front of some churches and the Scuola Greca Synagogue, on present-day Velissariou street. Palaiologou street was the location of the Scuola Pugliese Synagogue. During the German bombardment of 13 September 1943, the Scuola Pugliese was destroyed, as were almost half of the buildings of the quarter. Despite the existence of a comprehensive rebuilding plan, the inability to actually apply it and the planless reconstruction of the postwar decades have detracted much from the neighbourhood’s erstwhile character. Click here to see the Digital Presentation	<urn:uuid:7d713c1b-c7ca-4129-b24f-892944a051bf>	CC-MAIN-2023-23	https://www.jewishmuseum.gr/en/everyday-life-the-jewish-quarter/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224656963.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20230610030340-20230610060340-00120.warc.gz	en	0.964822	399	3.578125	4
Leopold I, Margrave of Austria \|Margrave of Austria\| Leopold the Illustrious fighting the Magyars and defending Melk, Babenberger Stammbaum, Klosterneuburg Monastery, 1489–1492 10 July 994\| \|Family\|\|House of Babenberg\| \|Wife\|\|Richardis of Sualafeldgau\| \|Father\|\|Berthold, Count of the Nordgau (?)\| Leopold I (also Luitpold; c. 940 – 10 July 994), known as the Illustrious (German: der Erlauchte), a member of the House of Babenberg, was Margrave of Austria from 976 until his death. He was the first margrave of the Babenberg dynasty which ruled the March and Duchy of Austria until its extinction in 1246. The origins of Leopold the Illustrious are not known. According to early traditions, documented by Bishop Otto of Freising in the twelfth century, he is descended from Duke Henry of Franconia and the Elder Babenberg family (Popponids) whose genealogy is documented in Franconia Nobility. According to some sources, his father Berthold was count in the Nordgau, the region north of Ratisbon (Regensburg) in the Duchy of Bavaria. A more recent theory identifies Leopold as a younger son of Duke Arnulf of Bavaria and brother (or nephew) of Count Berthold of Schweinfurt. While his ancestry remains disputed, some affiliation with the ducal Luitpoldings dynasty is probable. Leopold is first mentioned in a document issued by Emperor Otto I on 13 February 962 as Liupo, count of the Bavarian Donaugau region near Ratisbon, count of the Traungau region, and a faithful follower of the emperor. After Otto I had defeated the Magyars in the 955 Battle of Lechfeld, he re-established the Bavarian Marcha orientalis (Eastern March) in the conquered territories, placing them under the command of Margrave Burkhard, a brother-in-law of Duchess Judith, consort of Duke Henry II of Bavaria. When Burkhard joined the uprising of Duke Henry II ("the Wrangler") against Emperor Otto II, he was deposed at the Imperial Diet of Ratisbon in 976. According to a charter dated 21 July 976, loyal Leopold was appointed margrave of the Marcha orientalis, the core territory of the later Archduchy of Austria. The resettlement of the east was a slow process that centered from the fortress of Pöchlarn down the Danube river. Leopold's margraviate originally coincided with the present-day Wachau valley, and whose eastern boundary was the Traisen river near Sankt Pölten east of Krems. With the Magyar threat largely reduced following their defeat in 955, Leopold focused on securing his holdings from internal threats and dissensions. In 984, he engaged in the reduction of the fortress at Melk, which was still controlled by supporters of the late margrave. Once Melk was secured, Leopold most likely used it as his residence, founding a monastery there for twelve secular priests. By 987, Leopold extended the boundary of his margraviate to the east as far as the Wienerwald mountain range and by 991, jointly with reinstated Duke Henry II of Bavaria, further down to the Fischa river . In 994, Leopold travelled to Würzburg to mediate a dispute between his cousin Margrave Henry of Schweinfurt and the Würzburg bishop Bernward von Rothenburg, one of whose knights Henry had seized and blinded. At a tournament held on 8 July, Leopold was hit in the eye by an arrow directed at his cousin. Two days later, on 10 July 994, he died from his injuries. He was buried in Würzburg. In 1015, his son Duke Ernest I of Swabia, was buried next to his father. In the thirteenth century, their remains were returned to Melk Abbey. Leopold ruled over the re-established Marcha orientalis for eighteen years. He organized and expanded it with great ability, and left behind a margravate that had assumed the character of "an ordered and civilized land". The chronicler Thietmar wrote that no man was wiser that he in all his actions, or of a worthier nature. Perhaps the highest testimony to Leopold's life and reputation came from the actions of Emperor Otto III, who immediately invested his son Henry I with his father's margravate. Although Leopold is not mentioned in the Babenberger Chronicle written by his descendant Otto of Freising—which only starts with Leopold's grandson Adalbert—he is known today as the progenitor of the Babenberg dynasty. Otto of Freising's claim of ancestry to the Franconian Babenbergs, who are remembered for the Babenberger insurgency of the early tenth century, has not been proven, but cannot be completely ruled out. In 1976, the millennial anniversary of Leopold's appointment as margrave was celebrated as a "Thousand Years of Austria". Celebrations under the same title were held twenty years later at the anniversary of the famous 996 Ostarrîchi document first mentioning the Old German name of Austria. Leopold married Richardis, the daughter of Count Ernest IV of Sualafeldgau (according to other sources of the Ezzonid count Erenfried II) and probably the aunt of Duke Adalbero of Carinthia. Their marriage produced eight children: - Henry I (died 1018), second Margrave of Austria - Ernest I (died 1015), Duke of Swabia - Adalbert (985–1055), third Margrave of Austria - Poppo (986–1047), Archbishop of Trier - Hemma, married Count Rapoto of Dießen - Christina, a nun at Trier - Lingelbach 1913, p. 89. - "Austria". Foundation for Medieval Genealogy. Retrieved 1 December 2012. - Wegener 1965, p. 77. - Pohl 1995, p. 12. - Brooke 1938, p. 52. - Leeper 1940, p. 153. - Leeper 1940, p. 158. - Leeper 1940, p. 159. - Leeper 1940, p. 164. - Lechner 1976, p. 54. - Thietmar 2001, pp. 166–167. - Thietmar 2001, p. 21. - Lechner 1976, p. 45. - Beller, Steven (2007). A Concise History of Austria. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521478861. - Brooke, Z. N. (1938). A History of Europe: From 911 to 1198. London: Methuen & Company Ltd. ISBN 978-1443740708. - Lechner, Karl (1976). Die Babenberger: Markgrafen und Herzoge von Österreich 976–1246. Vienna: Böhlau. ISBN 978-3205085089. - Leeper, Alexander W. (1941). History of Medieval Austria. London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0404153472. - Lingelbach, William E. (1913). The History of Nations: Austria-Hungary. New York: P. F. Collier & Son Company. ASIN B000L3E368. - Pohl, Walter (1995). Die Welt der Babenberger. Graz: Verlag Styria. ISBN 978-3222123344. - Rickett, Richard (1985). A Brief Survey of Austrian History. Vienna: Prachner. ISBN 978-3853670019. - Thietmar of Merseburg (2001). Ottonian Germany: The Chronicon of Thietmar of Merseburg. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0719049262. - Wegener, Wilhelm (1965). Genealogischen Tafeln zur mitteleuropäischen Geschichte. Vienna: Verlag Degener. \|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leopold I, Margrave of Austria.\| Leopold I, Margrave of AustriaDied: 994 \|Margrave of Austria	<urn:uuid:fef634fc-0bc1-4af6-9839-a7e102aa5fda>	CC-MAIN-2017-51	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Austria_(Babenberg)	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948530841.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20171213201654-20171213221654-00075.warc.gz	en	0.900653	1,820	3.390625	3
IBM and four leading universities are going to work together to advance the development of artificial intelligence. The tech giant announced on Wednesday that Carnegie Mellon University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, New York University and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute will all work with IBM to further cognitive computing systems – systems like IBM Watson that can learn, reason and help human experts make complex decisions involving extraordinary volumes of fast-moving data. In a world where vast amounts of information are being stored by companies worldwide -- known as Big Data -- systems that can quickly process and analyze this information could help both businesses and research initiatives in the future to detect patterns, improve efficiency and profit margins, and take on research with less manpower required. IBM Watson's content analysis and evidence-based learning abilities have been used to study ways to improve customer transactions, banking, as well as fraud and risk management. Under the terms of the partnership, academics and IBM researchers will lay the foundation for a Cognitive Systems Institute to explore artificial intelligence topics. Each university has a particular research area: - MIT: How socio-technical tools and applications can boost the collective performance of moderate-sized groups of humans engaged in collaborative tasks such as decision making. - RPI: How advances in processing power, data availability, and algorithmic techniques can enable the practical application of a variety of artificial intelligence techniques. - CMU: How systems should be architected to support intelligent, natural interaction with all kinds of information in support of complex human tasks. - NYU: How deep learning is impacting many areas of science where automated pattern recognition is essential. "IBM has demonstrated with Watson that cognitive computing is real and delivering value today," said Zachary Lemnios, vice president of strategy for IBM Research. "It is already starting to transform the ways clients navigate big data and is creating new insights in healthcare, how research can be conducted and how companies can support their customers. But much additional research is needed to identify the systems, architectures and process technologies to support a new computing model that enables systems and people to work together across any domain of expertise." This post was originally published on Smartplanet.com	<urn:uuid:a510714e-eea0-4a9c-97d0-5f722fb71378>	CC-MAIN-2016-36	http://www.zdnet.com/article/ibm-top-universities-team-up-to-research-artificial-intelligence/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982924605.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200844-00211-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.933273	439	2.5625	3
Back in 1924, John Maynard Keynes postulated that a “master-economist must possess a rare combination of gifts. He must be mathematician, historian, statesman, philosopher – to some degree.” Numerous economists feel that this description is still valid today. And potentially disruptive technologies, from digitalisation to biotechnology, will simply add to the list of requirements, as economists will need to understand just what is innovative about the new procedures. Keynes’s list of requirements is certainly not sufficient to really An excellent cryptocurrency economist must have a software background in order to read and understand the bitcoin code. This is necessary, as the code contains the relevant rules, the so-called bitcoin protocol. They must be hardware experts in order to understand the global, decentralised network and the mining process. And they should have an understanding of blockchain technology in order to understand the link between bitcoin transactions and the mining process. That is why traditional economists are finding it difficult to get a grasp on the bitcoin phenomenon. Their forecasts about the future development of bitcoin are often based on traditional, historical patterns. The mantra “this time is different” has always turned out to be wrong in financial market history – just remember the financial crisis of the past decade. This knowledge about the circle of “Manias, Panics and Crashes” 1 is now applied to cryptocurrencies. Consequently, bitcoin is regarded as a digital Ponzi scheme, and traditional economists like to call bitcoin today’s tulip bulbs2.	<urn:uuid:c9482fd0-cc4b-4f21-9057-295d5dee85e8>	CC-MAIN-2022-49	http://euforecast.com/blog/2020/03/17/cryptocurrency-economists-need-a-broad-range-of-skills/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711013.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205064509-20221205094509-00164.warc.gz	en	0.90768	367	2.625	3
Airsoft is a fun and exciting activity that involves shooting plastic BBs at targets or other players. However, it is important to remember that airsoft guns can produce loud noises that can damage your hearing over time. In this article, we will explore the importance of ear protection when participating in airsoft and provide some tips on how to protect your hearing. Airsoft is a popular recreational activity that involves using replica firearms to shoot non-metallic pellets. While it’s a fun and exciting activity, there are potential risks involved, especially when it comes to hearing damage. In this discussion, we will explore whether ear protection is necessary while playing airsoft and how it can prevent hearing loss. Understanding the Risks Airsoft guns can produce sounds that are similar in intensity to real firearms, especially high-powered rifles. The sound of an airsoft gun can reach up to 120 decibels, which is equivalent to the sound of a chainsaw or a thunderclap. Exposure to this level of noise can cause permanent hearing damage, including tinnitus and noise-induced hearing loss. How Airsoft Guns Produce Sound Airsoft guns use compressed gas or springs to propel BBs out of the barrel at high velocity. This process creates a loud noise that can be harmful to the ears, especially if you are shooting in an enclosed space where the sound reverberates. The Importance of Ear Protection Ear protection is essential when participating in airsoft. It can help reduce the risk of hearing damage and ensure that you can continue enjoying the sport for years to come. Types of Ear Protection There are several types of ear protection that you can use when playing airsoft, including: Earplugs: These are small inserts that fit into the ear canal and block out noise. They are inexpensive and easy to use, but they can be uncomfortable if not fitted correctly. Earmuffs: These are large headphones that cover the ears and provide a physical barrier against noise. They are more comfortable than earplugs but can be bulky and limit your ability to hear ambient sounds. Custom earplugs: These are earplugs that are custom-fitted to your ear canal. They are more expensive than regular earplugs but provide better protection and comfort. Tips for Using Ear Protection When using ear protection for airsoft, here are some tips to keep in mind: Always wear ear protection when shooting or participating in airsoft events. Make sure your ear protection fits snugly and covers your ears completely. If using earplugs, roll them between your fingers before inserting them into your ears to ensure a proper fit. If using earmuffs, make sure the band fits snugly over your head and adjust the cups to cover your ears completely. Benefits of Ear Protection Using ear protection can provide several benefits beyond protecting your hearing. For example, it can help you focus on your shooting technique by reducing distractions from ambient noise. It can also help you communicate better with your teammates by reducing the need to shout or yell. Additionally, ear protection can help reduce fatigue and prevent headaches that can result from prolonged exposure to loud noises. FAQs – Do You Need Ear Protection for Airsoft? What is airsoft, and why would I need ear protection for it? Airsoft is a competitive team shooting sport with realistic-looking guns that fire non-lethal plastic pellets. Since airsoft pellets can travel at speeds of up to 500 feet per second, protective gear is recommended to prevent injury. Ear protection is essential for airsoft because the loud noise from the gun firing can cause temporary or even permanent hearing loss. What types of ear protection can I use for airsoft? There are several options for ear protection when playing airsoft, including foam earplugs, earmuffs, or a combination of both. Foam earplugs are cheap and disposable, but they may not provide enough protection from loud noises. Earmuffs offer better protection and are reusable, but they may be bulky and uncomfortable, especially when wearing a full facemask. Can I use regular headphones or earbuds for ear protection in airsoft games? Regular headphones or earbuds are not recommended for airsoft ear protection because they do not provide adequate protection from loud noise. In fact, they can even amplify the sound and make it worse. If you wear headphones for communication purposes, be sure to use ones that are specifically designed for hearing protection. What should I look for when choosing ear protection for airsoft? There are several factors to consider when choosing the right ear protection for airsoft. Look for products that are specifically designed for shooting sports and offer a noise reduction rating (NRR) of at least 22 decibels. Choose a product that is comfortable to wear and fits securely, so it doesn’t fall off during gameplay. If you wear a full facemask, choose ear protection that won’t interfere with the mask’s straps or seals. Do I have to wear ear protection for airsoft if I’m only a spectator? If you’re watching an airsoft match as a spectator, ear protection may not be mandatory, but it’s still recommended. Airsoft guns can be very loud, and the noise can be harmful to your hearing, even when you’re not shooting. Wearing ear protection as a spectator can help prevent hearing loss and improve your overall experience.	<urn:uuid:105c70f1-4e53-4c64-91da-6167b169531c>	CC-MAIN-2023-23	https://pulsatile-tinnitus.com/do-you-need-ear-protection-for-airsoft/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224654012.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20230607175304-20230607205304-00753.warc.gz	en	0.928691	1,132	2.5625	3
The Spin Cell™ is constructed of a conical shaped outer lens concentrator that provides efficient light concentration at a consistent focal width and focal range. Due to the patent pending conical shape, by design the Spin Cell™ captures the optimum amount of sunlight during daylight hours eliminating the need for solar tracking and increasing electricity output. When one thinks of solar power, they usually conjure an image of flat panels installed on the siding of a house. But in the future, a spinning solar cell – like the one created by V3Solar – may be what comes to mind. The intelligent – and rather elegant – Spin Cell cones aim to utilize as much of the sun’s power as possible. Reportedly, the present prototype has been third-party verified as capable of generating “over 20 times more electricity than a static flat panel with the same area of photovoltaic cells.” The company Team Nectar is largely responsible for developing the Spin Cell solar panel. According to Inhabitat, the company behind the ingenious cell hopes the invention could be a game-changer in its market. The website for the V3 Spin Cell explains that if one places a 20x solar concentration on a flat, static solar panel, “the temperature quickly reaches 260 degrees F, the solder melts within ten seconds, and the PV fails. With the same concentration on the Spin Cell, the temperature never exceeds 95 degrees F.”	<urn:uuid:d1778e17-bdb9-447e-9db6-265fd9bd4abe>	CC-MAIN-2018-05	http://savearmyman.com/projects/19/about	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084892059.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123171440-20180123191440-00654.warc.gz	en	0.910139	294	3.046875	3
[Editors’ note: This essay is one in a series—the Good Governance Papers—organized by Just Security. In these essays, leading experts explore actionable legislative and administrative proposals to promote non-partisan principles of good government, public integrity, and the rule of law. For more information, you can read the Introduction by the series’ editors.] Good Government Requires Good Oversight Legislative oversight is fundamental to a sustainable democracy. Good government requires good oversight to ensure effective programs, intelligent spending of taxpayer dollars, and a government that can respond to the country’s evolving conditions, needs, and values. When done well, fact-based, bipartisan congressional oversight can identify problems, build a shared understanding of complex issues, bridge political divides, and provide a factual foundation for reforms. It can advance the American system of checks and balances envisioned in the Constitution. It can play a vital role in curbing abuses that limit or undermine individual liberty and opportunity. Because oversight hearings also provide a key lens through which the public views Congress, by modeling responsible, competent governance, congressional oversight hearings can help increase public confidence in the institution. But today multiple problems impede effective congressional oversight. They include the absence of Congress-wide oversight standards and norms, which leads to confusion, fragmentation, and disagreements among committees and Members. Partisan investigative topics often sour committee relationships, and Executive Branch defiance of congressional information requests breeds conflict. Also problematic are inexperienced and untrained investigative staff, and five-minute time limits on questions during hearings that not only make it hard for Members to obtain meaningful information but also may lead to disenchantment with oversight efforts. When poorly done, oversight investigations can become a partisan brawl that deepens divisions, confuses the facts, and stymies reforms. Too often, highly partisan, fact-free oversight has damaged public faith in our democratic institutions while deepening public cynicism about elected officials. To strengthen government performance as well as increase its public standing, Congress needs to improve its oversight function. We offer here six proposals – some easier, some harder to achieve – that hold promise for improving the state of oversight in Congress. Some require new House or Senate rules, others necessitate changes in practice, but none require a new statute. Congressional legal opinions on oversight matters. One key reform involves Congress developing a process for issuing bipartisan legal opinions on oversight issues. For decades, the Department of Justice (DOJ) Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) has been issuing official legal opinions that provide guidance to Executive Branch agencies on how to respond to information requests from Congress and offer principles to courts on how to adjudicate interbranch conflicts. It is no surprise that those OLC opinions invariably favor the Executive Branch over the Legislative Branch, one stark example being OLC opinions that claim senior presidential advisors are immune to congressional subpoenas, the exact opposite of the conclusion reached by courts that have ruled on the issue. Criticisms related to excessive secrecy, bias, and overreach in OLC opinions on congressional oversight issues have also been growing. DOJ has nevertheless continued to use its OLC opinions not only to unify how federal agencies respond to Congress, but also to try to persuade courts to favor the Executive Branch over the Legislative Branch when disputes arise. For too long, Congress has allowed those OLC opinions to remain unanswered. Neither the House nor Senate has an equivalent process or set of official legal opinions to provide guidance to congressional committees, federal agencies, or the courts on matters related to oversight. If Congress were to establish such a process and use it to issue thoughtful, well-supported, and bipartisan legal opinions on oversight matters, Congress could help establish its own oversight norms, educate Members and staff, increase uniformity among congressional committees, inform the Executive Branch of its oversight expectations, and advance oversight effectiveness. The opinions would also strengthen the hand of Congress in court. The House Select Committee on the Modernization of Congress recently issued a set of bipartisan recommendations that, among other matters, advocate (in Recommendations 81-82) increasing “legal resources” to “help strengthen the role of the legislative branch” and facilitate a “true system of checks and balances by ensuring the legislative branch is sufficiently represented in the courts.” Those recommendations provide a foundation for Congress finally establishing a process to issue bipartisan, bicameral legal opinions on oversight matters suitable for citation in court. A good first step would be for the 117th Congress to establish a bipartisan, bicameral task force to design and propose what that process should look like. More time to question witnesses. A second, much easier reform proposal focuses on how Members of Congress question witnesses during investigative hearings. Right now, the five-minute limit routinely placed on Member questions during oversight hearings too often diminishes the gravity and coherence of the sessions, leaves Members of Congress struggling to get answers to their questions, and gives the impression that legislators are rude or insensitive to witnesses. Short-duration questioning also produces abrupt topic changes that can make an oversight hearing seem confusing or even chaotic. The resulting exchanges are not conducive to producing a useful hearing record or promoting public respect for the institution. House and Senate rules could be amended to encourage committees, at the beginning of an investigative hearing and the start of each witness panel, to approve question periods that extend beyond the five-minute segments typical of most House hearings. For example, House rule XI, clause 2(j)(2)(A), could be amended to allow committees holding an oversight hearing to permit the chair and ranking member, at the beginning of each witness panel, to each question the panel for an equal time period of not less than 15 minutes. After the initial round of questioning, the rule could require the committee to apply the five-minute rule until every committee member seeking to question the witness has an opportunity to do so. The rule could also be amended to explicitly permit any committee member to delegate their five minutes to another committee member. The 116th Congress has already shown, on an ad hoc basis, how longer questioning periods can contribute to more coherent and decorous hearing exchanges. During the recent Senate hearings to consider a Supreme Court nomination, for example, each Senator was given a 30-minute period to question the nominee. The resulting respectful exchanges would have been difficult under a five-minute rule. On the House side, during the Intelligence Committee impeachment hearings, the majority and minority were each given a 45-minute block of time at the beginning of each session to question the witnesses. The longer periods enabled committee leadership to ask a series of questions to clarify the testimony provided and follow through on the points they wanted to make. The longer periods also made it easier to establish facts, explore important details, and prevent witnesses from engaging in evasive tactics. While the impeachment proceedings were marred by other problems, the longer questioning periods appear to have elicited better information and fewer uncomfortable moments than would have been possible using five-minute segments. This relatively easy procedural change has the potential to deliver better outcomes for both committee members and observers of congressional oversight hearings. Joint compensation of committee clerks. A third reform is more mundane, though no less valuable. Each House and Senate committee employs administrative staff, such as clerks, who provide support for congressional investigations. They are the unsung staff who send out the subpoenas, log in the documents, type up reports, compile hearing records, and archive investigative materials. Currently, on some House committees and subcommittees, the majority and minority staffs each hire their own administrative personnel, meaning there are often two clerks, each hired on a partisan basis, to handle similar administrative duties. These House administrative personnel know they answer to only one party. In contrast, in the Senate, the committee and subcommittee majority and minority staffs jointly hire their administrative personnel and typically split their compensation on a 50-50 basis. Senate administrative personnel know they are paid by both parties and thus answer to both sides. The Senate approach has strengthened its committees by saving them money (through hiring fewer clerks) and encouraging a more bipartisan, even-handed administration of oversight activities. To discourage partisanship within its committees, the House should consider adopting the Senate practice. The House Modernization Committee has already paved the way for this reform by advocating (in Recommendation 74) that committees “hire bipartisan staff approved by both the Chair and Ranking Member to promote strong institutional knowledge … and a less partisan oversight agenda.” The resulting salary savings would be an added benefit. Investigative techniques that build bipartisanship. A softer set of reforms focuses on investigative techniques that foster bipartisanship in congressional oversight inquiries. They begin with a committee chair and ranking member making a public commitment to a bipartisan investigation and instructing their staffs to work together in good faith to reach consensus on the facts. Investigative techniques that encourage bipartisan factfinding should follow. Examples include both sides of the aisle issuing only joint document requests; jointly attending key briefings and interviews to ensure everyone hears the same information at the same time; producing joint post-interview summaries to ensure a common understanding of what was said; and drafting joint investigative reports to cement consensus on the facts or at least narrow differences. Still another tactic is to issue only joint press releases, with at least one quote from each side of the aisle, again to uncover and resolve differences. These techniques are not pie-in-the-sky wishful thinking. For years, the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations (PSI) has used them to conduct some of the best investigations in Congress. PSI leaders like Senators Carl Levin (D-MI), Tom Coburn (R-OK), Bill Roth (R-DE), Sam Nunn (D-GA), Susan Collins (R-ME), Rob Portman (R-OH), and Tom Carper (D-DE) routinely committed their staffs to joint investigations, because PSI’s track record and traditions had proven that bipartisan investigations were superior. The inquiries had shown that staffers who held fundamentally different views but investigated together asked more questions, examined more issues, and engaged in more challenging conversations with each other about what really happened and why. Using that bipartisan process to reach consensus on the facts is neither quick nor easy, but when motivated by leaders who insist on their staffs working together, it can produce fact-finding that is more accurate, thorough, thoughtful, and credible. Enshrining bipartisan investigative techniques in House and Senate rules may not be practical, though the House Modernization Committee (in Recommendations 75-76) has called for “bipartisan pre-hearing committee meetings” and the piloting of “rules changes that could have a positive effect committee-wide.” Perhaps one initial step in this area would be to ban partisan committee websites and to require joint press releases prior to an oversight hearing. In the meantime, committee leaders don’t have to wait for a rule change to adopt investigative techniques that produce the gold standard of congressional oversight – fact-based, bipartisan inquiries. More training for Members of Congress and staff. The bipartisan investigative techniques advocated here often do not come naturally to congressional staff or Members of Congress; they benefit from training and support. An expanded Congressional Staff Academy, supported by the House Modernization Committee, as well as the Senate Office of Education and Training could provide the needed staff training opportunities. The Levin Center, together with the Lugar Center and the Project on Government Oversight, already holds regular bipartisan training sessions called “boot camps” to hone the skills needed to conduct fact-based, high-quality inquiries. Those two-day boot camps combine staff from the House and Senate, and from both parties, in investigative exercises that have trained more than 250 staffers to date. In recent years, would-be participants have submitted over 100 applications for the 25 spots available in each boot camp, demonstrating the strong demand for oversight training. The House Modernization Committee has already called for (in Recommendations 32, 33, & 63) an increase in “bipartisan learning opportunities for staff,” “bipartisan committee staff briefings,” and staff certifications in congressional skills. The 117th Congress should consider taking concrete steps to create those bipartisan training and certification opportunities. Similar considerations apply to Members of Congress assigned to oversight committees. While some may have conducted oversight on the state or local level, or can draw on prosecutorial or other legal expertise, for many Members oversight investigations require a new skill set. Even a short oversight seminar at a new Members orientation session or Congressional Research Service retreat could help – especially if that seminar were bipartisan. Committee budgets that better reflect House composition. This final reform suggestion – which enjoys bipartisan support – is a big one. It stems from the reality that the country is politically divided, and voters are producing narrow majorities in both the House and Senate in the range of 55, 52, or 51 percent. At the same time, the House has chosen to continue to allocate two-thirds of committee funding to the majority party and only one-third to the minority. Today, that means a House majority of 53% gets 67% of the available committee funding. While that funding split may look good to the majority party today, that perception will change if a small political shift leads to a different House majority tomorrow. Under the current approach, a change in party control threatens dramatic funding changes and abrupt staffing shifts, including the loss of staff with oversight expertise. The Senate, in contrast, long ago replaced the one third-two thirds funding split between the parties with a committee allocation process that more closely reflects the actual composition of the majority and minority parties in the Senate. The resulting division of committee funds is not only fairer, it is generally less disruptive to committees when majorities shift, including committees exercising oversight authority. To reap the same benefits, the House should consider a similar committee funding allocation process. * * * This list of ways to strengthen Congress’ capacity to conduct effective oversight is far from exhaustive. For example, another vital reform already addressed in this series involves strengthening Congress’ ability to enforce its subpoenas. But all investigative improvements first require that Congress acknowledge the urgency and promise of better oversight. As Senator Levin once put it: “You can’t get good government without good oversight.”	<urn:uuid:565d709b-2be2-43c1-be9d-bdb40dcd90e5>	CC-MAIN-2023-06	https://www.justsecurity.org/72990/good-governance-paper-no-8-how-to-strengthen-oversight-by-congress/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500619.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207134453-20230207164453-00408.warc.gz	en	0.94056	2,916	2.75	3
After a private audience with the Holy Father, Nobel Peace Prize laureate Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, a historic fighter for human rights who was tortured by the dictatorship in Argentina, said at a press conference in the Vatican: “The Pope told me that he is convinced that it is necessary to advance in truth, justice and reparation of the damage done by the dictatorships.” Pérez described his meeting with the Holy Father as “very good” and reiterated that the then-Father Bergoglio had no links with the dictatorship. He specified that “although he limited himself to protest, it’s not right to accuse him of complicity,” because “although he was not among the bishops in the front line for the defense of human rights, he opted for a silent diplomacy, appealing for the release of prisoners.” “To be an accomplice means to have collaborated, as some bishops did,” Pérez clarified. Moreover, “at that time, Bergoglio wasn’t a bishop but only provincial superior of the Jesuits in Argentina,” he noted. “I know he tried to protest against the violation of human rights,” Pérez added, reminding that the events should be placed in what was a tremendous period, “in the climate of that period of military dictatorship.” During his imprisonment, Pérez Esquivel was awarded the John XXIII Peace Memorial by Pax Christi International, among other international awards. In 1980, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace for his commitment to the defense of democracy and human rights through non-violent means, in face of the military dictatorships in Latin America. Imprisoned and tortured by the military regime, he was in jail for 14 months and in guarded liberty for an additional 14 months. He was one of the first to defend the new Pope, after the latter was accused of not doing everything possible to obtain the liberation of two kidnapped priests, and of being aware of the kidnapping of babies by the dictatorship. He said that in his meeting with Pope Francis, “we also talked about the martyrs of the Church in Latin America, such as Bishops Oscar Arnulfo Romero and Enrique Angelelli, of El Salvador and Argentina, respectively.” He added that the Holy Father expressed his concern and the need “to reduce the rates of poverty in the world, working next to the poor.” Pope Bergoglio also explained to Pérez Esquivel “the reason why he chose the name Francis.” It stemmed from the suggestion of Brazilian Cardinal Claudio Hummes, seated beside him, who when the votes already indicated him as Pope, said to him: “Don’t forget the poor.” The audience, which lasted some 30 minutes — exceptional given the usual duration of papal audiences (yesterday’s lasted between 15 and 20 minutes) — took place in the Pontiff’s personal library in the Apostolic Palace. According to the Catholic human rights activist, the data of Cardinal Bergoglio’s detractor, Horacio Verbitsky – who was head of espionage of the Montoneros urban guerrilla in the 1970s, and is today director of the newspaper Pagina 12 — “contains errors.” The Vatican has also released a statement about the criticisms against then-Father Bergoglio. — — — On ZENIT’s Web page:	<urn:uuid:f4d5e84f-90d9-4c9a-9baa-21030fe7b31d>	CC-MAIN-2022-49	https://zenit.org/2013/03/21/victim-of-argentine-dictatorship-francis-wants-to-advance-truth-justice/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710902.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20221202114800-20221202144800-00642.warc.gz	en	0.972625	741	2.578125	3

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