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twg_000012921200 | in the fourteenth century, and what chiefly characterises it is that it is all a-smile. That such things were coeval is not so astonishing as it may seem. Life was still at that time so fragile and so often threatened, that the notion of its being suddenly cut off was a familiar one even from childhood. Wars, plagues, and massacres | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921201 | never took one unawares; they were in the due course of things, and were expected; the possibility of such misfortunes saddened less in prospective than it does now that they have become less frequent. People were then always ready to fight, to kill, and to be killed. Games resembled battles, and battles games: the favourite exercises were tournaments; life was | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921202 | risked for nothing, as an amusement. Innumerable decrees[] forbade those pastimes on account of the deaths they caused, and the troubles they occasioned; but the amusement was the best available, and the decrees were left unobserved. Edward starts on his war to France, and his knights, following his example, take their falconers and their hounds along with them, as though | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921203 | they were going to a hunt.[] Never was felt to a greater degree what Rabelais terms "the scorn of fortuitous things." Times have changed, and until we go back to a similar state of affairs, which is not impossible, we come into the world with ideas of peace and order, and of a life likely to be a long one. | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921204 | We are indignant if it is threatened, very sad when the end draws near; with more lasting happinesses we smile less often. Froissart paints in radiant colours, and the subject of his pictures is the France of the Hundred Years' War. The "merry England" of the "Cursor Mundi" and after is the England of the great plagues, and of the | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921205 | rising of the peasants, which had two kings assassinated out of four. It is also the England whose Madonnas smile. In architecture the English favour the development of that kind of special Gothic of which they are the inventors, the Perpendicular, a rich and well-ordered style, terrestrial, practical, pleasant to look upon. No one did more to secure it a | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921206 | lasting fame than the Chancellor of Edward III. and of Richard II., William of Wykeham, bishop of Winchester, the restorer of Windsor, founder of New College at Oxford, the greatest builder of the century.[] The walls and vaulted roofs of chapels are thick inlaid with ornaments; broad windows let in different coloured lights through their stained-glass panes; golden-haired angels start | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921207 | from the cornices; architecture smiles too, and its smile, like that of the Madonnas, is half religious and half mundane. Less care is taken to raise strong houses than formerly; among the numerous castles with which the land bristles may be seen, in the distant valley where the ancient town of St. David's lies screened, a bishop's palace that would | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921208 | have suited neither William de Longchamp nor Hugh de Puiset, a magnificent dwelling, without towers of defence, or moats, or drawbridges, an exceptional dwelling, built as though the inhabitants were already secure of the morrow.[] The outside is less rude, and the inside is adorned and enriched; life becomes more private than it used to be; existence less patriarchal and | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921209 | more refined; those who still cling to old customs complain that the rich man dines in a chamber with a chimney, and leaves the large hall which was made for men to take their meals in together.[] The walls of these chambers with chimneys are painted or covered with hangings; tapestries represent (as do those of Edward II.) the king | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921210 | surrounded by his nobles,[] or (like those of the Black Prince) the "Pas de Saladin," or "sea-sirens," with a border of "swans with ladies' heads," in other words, chimeras, "and ostrich feathers"; or, again, like those of Sir John Falstofe, in the following century, the adoration of the shepherds, a hawking scene, the siege of Falaise (taken in ), a | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921211 | woman playing the harp near a castle, "a giant piercing a boar with a spear": all of which are the more noticeable as they are nothing but literature put into colours or embroidery.[] The conveniences and elegancies of the table are now attended to; cooks write out their recipes in English; stewards draw up in the same language protocols concerning | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921212 | precedence, and the rules which a well-trained servant should observe. Such a one does not scratch his head, and avoids sneezing in the dish; he abstains from wiping the plates with his tongue, and in carving takes the meat in his left hand and the knife in his right, forks being then unknown; he gives each one his proper place, | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921213 | and remembers "that the Pope hath no peere." When the master dresses, he must be seated on a chair by the fire, a "kercheff" is spread over his shoulders, and he is "curteisly" combed with an ivory comb; he is rinsed "with rose-watur warme"; when he takes a bath the air is scented with herbs hanging from the ceiling. When | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921214 | he goes to bed the cats and dogs which happen to be in his room should be driven away, or else a little cloth provided for them. The food is rich and combines extraordinary mixtures. Hens and rabbits are eaten chopped up with pounded almonds, raisins, sugar, ginger, herbs dipped in grease, onions and salt; if the mixture is not | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921215 | thick enough, rice flour is added, and the whole coloured with saffron. Cranes, herons, and peacocks are cooked with ginger. Great attention is paid to outward appearance and to colour; the dishes must be yellow or green, or adorned with leaves of gold and silver, a fashion still preserved in the East. Elaborate cakes, "subtleties" as they were then termed, | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921216 | are also served; they represent: Maydon Mary that holy virgyne And Gabrielle gretynge hur with an Ave.[] People adorn their bodies as well as their houses; luxury in dress is carried to such an excess that Parliament finds it necessary to interfere, and forbids women of the lower classes to wear any furs except cat and rabbit.[] Edward III. buys | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921217 | of master Paul de Monteflor gowns for the queen, in "stuffs from over the sea," to the enormous amount of , pounds. He himself wears a velvet waistcoat, on which he has caused golden pelicans to be embroidered by William Courtenay, a London embroiderer. He gives his mistress Alice Perrers , large pearls, and thirty ounces of smaller ones. His | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921218 | daughter Margaret receives from him two thousand pearls as a wedding present; he buys his sister Alinor a gilded carriage, tapestried and embroidered, with cushions and curtains of silk, for which he pays one thousand pounds.[] At that time one might for the same sum have bought a herd of sixteen hundred oxen. The sense of beauty, together with a | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921219 | reverence for and a worship of it, was spreading among the nation whose thoughts shortly before used to run in quite different lines. Attention is paid to physical beauty, such as it had never received before. Men and women wear tight garments, showing the shape of the figure. In the verses he composed for his tomb at Canterbury, the Black | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921220 | Prince mourns over "his beauty which has all gone." Richard II., while still alive, has graven on his tomb that he was "corpore procerus."[] The taste of the English for finery becomes so well known, that to them is ascribed, even in France, the invention of new fashions. Recalling to his daughters, in order to teach them modesty, that "the | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921221 | deluge in the time of Noah happened for the pride and disguises of men, and mostly of women, who remodelled their shapes by means of gowns and attire," the Knight de la Tour Landry gives the English ladies the credit, or rather the discredit, of having invented the immeasurable head-dresses worn at that day. It is an evil sign; in | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921222 | that country people amuse themselves too much: "In England many there are that have been blamed, the report goes, I know not whether it is wrongly or rightly."[] Owing to the attention paid to physical beauty in England, sculptors now begin--a rare thing at that time--to have living models, and to copy the nude. In the abbey of Meaux, "Melsa," | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921223 | near Beverley, on the banks of the Humber, was seen in the fourteenth century a sight that would have been rather sought for by the banks of the Arno, under the indulgent sky of Italy. The abbot Hugh of Leven having ordered a new crucifix for the convent chapel, the artist "had always a naked man under his eyes, and | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921224 | he strove to give to his crucifix the beauty of form of his model."[] One last trait may be added to the others: not only the beauty of live beings, but that also of inanimate things is felt and cared for, the beauty of landscapes, and of trees. In - the Commons complain of the cutting down of the large | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921225 | trees overshadowing the houses, those large trees, dear already to English hearts, and point out in Parliament the loss of this beauty, the great "damage, loss, and blemish" that results from it for the dwellings.[] In nearly every respect, thus, the Englishman of to-day is formed, and receives his chief features, under the Angevin princes Edward III. and Richard II.: | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921226 | practical, adventurous, a lover of freedom, a great traveller, a wealthy merchant, an excellent sailor. We have had a glimpse of what he is; let us now listen to what he says. FOOTNOTES: [] "De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angli," . treatise ii. chap. xv. (Rolls, vol. ii. p. .) No fine if the defunct is English: "Pro Anglico vero et | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921227 | de quo constari possit quod Anglicus sit, non dabitur murdrum." [] "Statutes of the Realm," Ed. III. chap. . [] "Si rex fuerit litteratus, talis est.... Forma juramenti si Rex non fuerit litteratus: Sire, voilez vous graunter et garder ... les leys et les custumes ... &c." "Statutes of the Realm," _sub anno_ , vol. i. p. . [] "Rotuli | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921228 | Parliamentorum," vol. iii. p. ; see below, p. . [] Ralph Higden, "Polychronicon" (Rolls), vol. ii. p. . "Hc quidem nativ lingu corruptio provenit hodie multum ex duobus quod videlicet pueri in scolis contra morem cterarum nationum, a primo Normannorum adventu derelicto proprio vulgari, construere gallice compelluntur; item quod filii nobilium ab ipsis cunabulorum crepundiis ad gallicum idioma informantur. Quibus | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921229 | profecto rurales homines assimilari volentes ut per hoc spectabiliores videantur, francigenare satagunt omni nisu." [] "A volume of Vocabularies, from the Xth to the XVth Century," ed. Thomas Wright, London, , 4to, pp. ff. See also P. Meyer, "Romania," vol. xiii. p. . [] Vus avet la levere et le levere E la livere et le livere. La levere si | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921230 | enclost les dens; Le levre en boys se tent dedens, La livere sert en marchaundye, Le livere sert en seynt eglise. [] Apostrophe of judge John de Moubray, Easter session, Ed. III., "Year-books of Edward I.," ed. Horwood (Rolls), ff., vol. i. p. xxxi. Judge Hengham interrupts a counsel, saying: "Do not interpret the statute in your own way; we | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921231 | know it better than you, for we made it."--"Ne glosez point le statut; nous le savoms meuz de vous, qar nous le feimes." _Ibid._ [] "Grosso modo et idiomate quocunque communiter intelligibili factum proponant." "Munimenta Academica" (Rolls), p. . [] "Pur ce qe monstr est souventefoitz au Roi par prlatz, ducs, counts, barons et toute la commune, les grantz meschiefs | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921232 | qe sont advenuz as plusours du realme de ce qe les leyes, custumes et estatutz du dit realme ne sont pas conuz communment en mesme le realme, par cause q'ils sont pledez, monstrez et juggez en lange Franceis q'est trop desconue en dit realme, issint qe les gentz qi pledent ou sont empledez en les courtz le Roi et les | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921233 | courtz d'autres n'ont entendement ne conissance de ce q'est dit por eulx ne contre eulx par lour sergeantz et autres pledours...." that henceforth all plaids "soient pledetz, monstretz, defenduz, responduz, debatuz et juggez en la lange engleise; et q'ils soient entreez et enroullez en latin." Ed. III., stat. i. chap. , "Statutes of the Realm." In spite of these arrangements, | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921234 | the accounts of the pleas continued to be transcribed in French into the "Year-books," of which several have been published in the collection of the Master of the Rolls. Writing about the year , the author of the Mirror of Justice had still made choice of French as being the "language best understood by you and the common people." [] | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921235 | "Chroniques," ed. Luce, vol. i. p. . [] "Polychronicon" (Rolls), vol. ii. p. (contains the Latin text of Higden and the English translation of Trevisa). [] And I can no Frenche in feith but of the ferthest ende of Norfolke. "Visions," ed. Skeat, text B, passus v. line . The MS. DD . of the University Library, Cambridge, contains "a | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921236 | treatise on French conjugations." It does not furnish any useful information as regards the history of French conjugations; "it can only serve to show how great was the corruption of current French in England in the fourteenth century." P. Meyer, "Romania," vol. xv. p. . [] The ambassadors are: "Thomas Swynford, miles, custos castri vill Calisii et Nicholaus de Rysshetoun, | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921237 | utriusque juris professor." They admit that French is the language of treatises; but Latin was used by St. Jerome. They write to the duchess of Burgundy: "Et quamvis treug generales inter Angliam et Franciam per Dominos et Principes temporales, videlicet duces Lancastri et Eboraci necnon Buturi ac Burgundi, bon memori, qui perfecte non intellexerunt latinum sicut Gallicum, de consensu eorumdem | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921238 | expresso, in Gallico fuerunt capt et firmat, litter tamen missiv ultro citroque transmiss ... continue citra in Latino, tanquam idiomate communi et vulgari extiterunt format; qu omnia habemus parata ostendere, exemplo Beati Ieronimi...." In no wise touched by this example, the French reply in their own language, and the ambassadors, vexed, acknowledge the receipt of the letter in somewhat undiplomatic | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921239 | terms: "Vestras litteras scriptas in Gallico, nobis indoctis tanquam in idiomate Hebraico ... recipimus Calisii." "Royal and Historical Letters," ed. Hingeston, (Rolls), vol. i. pp. and . A discussion of the same kind takes place, with the same result, under Louis XIV. See "A French Ambassador at the Court of Charles II.," p. . [] "Doulz franois qu'est la plus | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921240 | bel et la plus gracious language et plus noble parler, aprs latin d'escole, qui soit ou monde, et de tous gens mieulx prise et ame que nul autre.... Il peut bien comparer au parler des angels du ciel, pour la grant doulceur et biaulte d'icel." "La manire de Langage," composed in , at Bury St. Edmund's, ed. Paul Meyer, "Revue | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921241 | Critique," vol. x. p. . [] Middle of the fourteenth century, ed. Aungier, Camden Society, , 4to. [] As an example of a composition showing the parallelism of the two vocabularies in their crude state, one may take the treatise on Dreams (time of Edward II.), published by Wright and Halliwell, which begins with the characteristic words: "Her comensez a | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921242 | bok of Swevenyng." "Reliqui Antiqu." [] London, . [] See a list of such words in Earle, "Philology of the English Tongue," 5th edition, Oxford, , 8vo, p. . On the disappearance of Anglo-Saxon proper names, and the substitution of Norman-French names, "William, Henry, Roger, Walter, Ralph, Richard, Gilbert, Robert," see Grant Allen, "Anglo-Saxon Britain," ch. xix., Anglo-Saxon Nomenclature. [] | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921243 | "Troilus," iii. stanza . [] Earle's "Philology of the English Tongue," 5th ed., Oxford, , p. . [] _Ibid._ p. . [] See the series of the statutes of _Provisors_ and _Prmunire_, and the renewals of the same (against presentations to benefices by the Pope and appeals to the Court of Rome), Ed. III. st. ; Ed. III. st. ; | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921244 | Rich. II. chap. ; Rich. II. chap. ; Rich. II. st. , chap. ; Rich. II. chap. . All have for their object to restrict the action of the Holy See in England, conformably to the desire of the Commons, who protest against these appeals to the Roman Court, the consequences of which are "to undo and adnul the laws | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921245 | of the realm" ( Ed. III. -), and who also protest against "the Court of Rome which ought to be the fountain-head, root, and source of holiness," and which from coveteousness has assumed the right of presenting to numberless benefices in England, so much so that the taxes collected for the Pope on this account "amount to five times as | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921246 | much as what the king gets from all his kingdom each year." Good Parliament of , "Rotuli Parliamentorum," vol. ii. p. ; see below, p. . [] Year , Ed. III., "Rotuli Parliamentorum," vol. ii. p. . [] "Sicut lex justissima, provida circumspectione sacrorum principum stabilita, hortatur et statuit ut quod omnes tangit ab omnibus approbetur...." Rymer, "Foedera," , vol. | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921247 | ii. p. . This Roman maxim was known and appealed to, but not acted upon in France. See Commines, "Mmoires," . chap. xix. [] "For some folks," says he, "might say and make the people believe things that were not true." By some folks, "acuns gentz," he means Bohun and Bigod. Proclamation of , in Rymer, "Foedera", , vol. ii. | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921248 | p. . [] Rymer, "Foedera," , vol. ii. p. , year ; original in French. [] "Monsieur Thomas de Hungerford, chivaler, qui avoit les paroles pour les Communes d'Engleterre en cest Parlement." Parliament of -, Ed. III. "Rotuli," vol. ii. p. . [] Examples: that the deputies of the counties "soient esluz par commune lection de les meillours gentz des | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921249 | dity countes et nemye certifiez par le viscont (sheriff) soul, saunz due lection." Good Parliament of .--Petition that the sheriffs shall not be able to stand for the counties while they continue in office, , Ed. III., "Rotuli Parliamentorum," vol. ii. p. ; that no representative "ne soit viscont ou autre ministre," Ed. III., year .--Petition of the members of | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921250 | Parliament to be allowed to return and consult their constituents: "Ils n'oseront assentir tant qu'ils eussent conseillez et avysez les communes de lour pais." , "Rot. Parl.", vol. ii. p. ; see below, p. . [] "Return of the names of every member returned to serve in each Parliament," London, , fol. (a Blue Book).--There is no doubt in several | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921251 | cases that by such descriptions was meant the _actual_ profession of the member. Ex.: "Johannes Kent, mercer," p. . [] "Rot. Parl.," vol. ii. p. . [] Petition of the "poverail" of Greenwich and Lewisham on whom alms are no longer bestowed (one _maille_ a week to every beggar that came) to the "grant damage des poores entour, et des | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921252 | almes les fondours que sont en Purgatorie." Ed. III. "Rotuli Parliamentorum," vol. ii. p. . [] Ed. III., "Rotuli Parliamentorum," vol. ii. p. . [] Good Parliament of . [] The Commons had been bold enough to complain of the expenses of the king and of the too great number of prelates and ladies he supported: "de la multitude d'Evesques | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921253 | qui ont seigneuries et sont avancez par le Roy et leur meigne; et aussi de pluseurs dames et leur meigne qui demuront en l'ostel du Roy et sont ses costages." Richard replies in an angry manner that he "voet avoir sa rgalie et la liberte roiale de sa corone," as heir to the throne of England "del doun de Dieu." | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921254 | , "Rotuli Parliamentorum," vol. iii. p. . The Commons say nothing more, but they mark the words, to remember them in due time. [] "Dixit expresse, velut austero et protervo, quod leges sue erant in ore suo et aliquotiens in pectore suo. Et quod ipse solus posset mutare et condere leges regni sui." "Rotuli Parliamentorum," vol. iii. p. . [] | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921255 | Chruel, "Dictionnaire des Institutions de la France," at the word _Parlement_. As early as the thirteenth century, Bracton, in England, declared that "laws bound the legislator," and that the king ought to obey them; his theory, however, is less bold than the one according to which the Commons act in the fourteenth century: "Dicitur enim rex," Bracton observes, "a bene | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921256 | regendo et non a regnando, quia rex est dum bene regit, tyrannus dum populum sibi creditum violenter opprimit dominatione. Temperet igitur potentiam suam per legem qu frenum est potenti, quod secundum leges vivat, quod hoc sanxit lex humana quod leges suum ligent latorem." "De Legibus," 3rd part chap. ix. [] "Chroniques," ed. S. Luce, i. p. . [] "Mmoires," ed. | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921257 | Dupont, Socit de l'histoire de France, ff., vol. ii. p. , _sub anno_, . [] Unpublished letter to M. de Lionne, from London, July , , Archives of the Affaires trangres, vol. lxxxvi. [] "Esprit des Lois," vol. xx. chap. vii., "Esprit de l'Angleterre sur le Commerce." [] A. Sorel, "l'Europe et la Rvolution Franaise," vol. i. p. . [] | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921258 | Parliament reverts at different times to these mines in the fourteenth century: "Come en diverses parties deinz le Roialme d'Engleterre sont diverses miners des carbons, dont les Communes du dit partie ont lour sustenantz en grande partie...." Ed. III., "Rotuli Parliamentorum." [] Ed. III., "Rotuli Parliamentorum," vol. ii. p. . The king returns a vague answer. See below, pp. , | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921259 | . [] "They travaile in every londe," says Gower of them, in his "Confessio Amantis," ed. Pauli, vol. iii. p. . [] "Joannes Acutus, eques Britannicus (John Hawkwood) ... rei militaris peritissimus ... Pauli Vccelli opus," inscription on the "grisaille," painted by Uccello, in the fifteenth century, in memory of Hawkwood, who died in the pay of Florence, in . | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921260 | He was the son of a tanner, and was born in Essex; the Corporation of Tailors claimed that he had started in life among them; popular tales were written about him: "The honour of the Taylors, or the famous and renowned history of Sir John Hawkwood, knight, containing his ... adventures ... relating to love and arms," London, , 4to. | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921261 | The painting by Uccello has been removed from the choir, transferred on canvas and placed against the wall at the entrance of the cathedral at Florence. [] "Polychronicon," ed. Babington, Rolls, vol. ii. pp. , . [] The most brilliant specimens of the paintings of the time were, in England, those to be seen in St. Stephen's chapel in the | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921262 | palace of Westminster. It was finished about , and painted afterwards. The chief architect was Thomas of Canterbury, master mason; the principal painters (judging by the highest salaries) were Hugh of St. Albans and John Cotton ("Foedera," , vol. v. p. ; vi. ). This chapel was burnt in our century with the rest of the Houses of Parliament; nothing | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921263 | remains but the crypt; fragments of the paintings have been saved, and are preserved in the British Museum. They represent the story of Job. The smiling aspect of the personages should be noted, especially that of the women; there is a look of happiness about them. [] See the jewels and other valuables enumerated in the English wills of the | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921264 | fourteenth century: "A collection of ... wills," London, Nichols, , 4to, pp. , , , , and in "The ancient Kalendars and Inventories of the Treasury," ed. Palgrave, London, , vols. 8vo, Chess-table of Edward III., vol. iii. p. . _Cf._ for France, "Inventaire du mobilier de Charles V.," ed. Labarte ("Documents indits"), , 4to. [] Edward III. buys of | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921265 | Isabella of Lancaster, a nun of Aumbresbury, a manuscript romance that he keeps always in his room, for the price of 66_l._ 13_s._ and 4_d._ for (at that time the price of an ox was about twelve shillings). For the young Richard were bought two volumes, one containing the Romaunt of the Rose, the other the Romances of Perceval and | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921266 | Gawain; the price paid for them, and for a Bible besides being 28_l._ ("Issues of the Exchequer," ed. Devon, , pp. , ). On English miniaturists, see "Histoire Littraire de la France," xxxi. p. . [] More than forty for the reign of Edward II. are to be found in the "Foedera." [] "Et si y avoit pluiseurs des seigneurs | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921267 | et des riches hommes qui avoient leurs chiens et leurs oizins ossi bien comme li rois leurs sirs." Campaign of , ed. Luce, . chap. . [] Born at Wykeham, Hampshire, , of an obscure family (whence his famous motto, "Manners makyth man," that is to say, moral qualities alone make a man of worth), clerk of the king's works | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921268 | in , present at the peace of Brtigny, bishop of Winchester , Chancellor in , and again under Richard II. He died at eighty-four years of age, under Henry IV. The list of his benefices (Oct., ) fills more than four pages in Lowth ("Life of W. of Wykeham," Oxford, , pp. ff.). Froissart notes the immense influence which "Wican" | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921269 | had in the State. [] Built almost entirely by Bishop Gower, -, the "Wykeham of Saint David's." "History and Antiquities of St. David's," by Jones and Freeman, London, , 4to, pp. ff. There now remain only ruins, but they are among the most beautiful that can be seen. [] Now hath uche riche a reule to eten by hym-selve In | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921270 | a pryve parloure for pore mennes sake, Or in a chambre with a chymneye and leve the chief halle, That was made for meles men te eten inne. "Visions Concerning Piers Plowman" (ed. Skeat), text B, passus x. line . [] For this tapestry the king paid thirty pounds to Thomas de Hebenhith, mercer of London. ("Wardrobe accounts of Edward | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921271 | II."--"Archologia," vol. xxvi. p. .) [] Will of the Black Prince, in Nichols, "A Collection of Wills," London, , 4to; inventory of the books of Falstofe (who died under Henry VI.), "Archologia," vol. xxi. p. ; in one single castle belonging to him, that of Caister near Yarmouth, were found after his death , ounces of silver. Already, in the | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921272 | thirteenth century, Henry III., who had a passion for art, had caused to be painted in his chamber in the Tower the history of Antioch (3rd crusade), and in his palace of Clarendon that "Pas de Saladin" which was the subject of one of the Black Prince's tapestries; he had a painting of Jesse on the mantelpiece of his chimney | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921273 | at Westminster. (Hardy, "A description of the close rolls in the Tower," London, , 8vo, p. , and Devon, "Issues of the Exchequer," , p. .) He was so fond of the painting executed for him at Clarendon, that he ordered it to be covered with a linen cloth in his absence, so that it would not get injured. In | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921274 | the fourteenth century the walls were hung instead of being painted, as in the thirteenth; rich people had "salles"--that is to say, suits of hangings for a room. Common ones were made at Norwich; the finest came from Flanders. [] These recipes and counsels are found in: "The forme of Cury, a roll of ancient English cookery compiled about A.D. | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921275 | , by the master-cook of King Richard II.," ed. Pegge, London, , 8vo (found too in the "Antiquitates Culinari," of Warner, , 4to). The prologue informs us that this master-cook of Richard's had been guided by principle, and that the book "was compiled by assent and avysement of maisters [of] phisik and of philosophie that dwellid in his court."--"The boke | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921276 | of Nurture folowyng Englondis gise by me John Russell," ed. Furnivall, Early English Text Society, , 8vo. Russell was marshal of the hall to Humphrey, duke of Gloucester; he wrote when he was old, in the first part of the fifteenth century; as he claims to teach the traditions and good manners of former times, it must be supposed the | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921277 | customs he describes date from the reign of Richard II. See below, p. . [] Year . The "aignel" and the "gopil" are, however, tolerated. "Rotuli Parliamentorum," vol. ii. p. . [] "Issues of the Exchequer," ed. Devon, , pp. , , , , Ed. III. Richard II. pays pounds for a carriage for the queen, and for a simple | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921278 | cart pounds only. _Ibid._, pp. and . [] The verses of the Black Prince (below, page ) are found in his will, together with minute details concerning the carvings with which his tomb must be adorned, and the manner he wishes to be represented on it, "tout armez de fier de guerre." Stanley, "Historical Memorials of Canterbury," , p. . | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921279 | The tomb of Richard II. at Westminster was built in his lifetime and under his eyes. The original indentures have been preserved, by which "Nicholas Broker et Godfrey Prest, citeins et copersmythes de Loundres" agree to have the statues of Richard and Anne made, such as they are seen to day with "escriptures en tour la dite toumbe," April , | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921280 | . Another contract concerns the marble masonry; both are in the Record Office, "Exchequer Treasury of the recipt," "Miscellanea," /. [] "Le livre du chevalier de la Tour Landry pour l'enseignement de ses filles," ed. Montaiglon, Paris, , 12mo, pp. and , written in . [] "Et hominem nudum coram se stantem prospexit, secundum cujus formosam imaginem crucifixum ipsum aptius | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921281 | decoraret." "Chronica monasterii de Melsa," ed. Bond, Rolls, , vol. iii. p. . Hugh of Leven, who ordered this crucifix, was abbot from to . Thomas of Burton, author of the chronicle, compiled it at the end of the fourteenth century. [] The Commons point out that, as the royal purveyors "abatent et ount abatuz les arbres cressauntz entour les | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921282 | mansions des gentz de ladite commune, en grant damage, gast et blemissement de lour mansions, qe plese Nostre Seigneur le Roi que desoremes tiels arbres ne seront cops ne pris en contre la volont des seigneurs des ditz mansions." Answer: "Il semble au conseil qe ceste petition est resonable." "Rotuli Parliamentorum," Ed. III., vol. ii. p. . . _CHAUCER._ The | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921283 | new nation had its poet, Geoffrey Chaucer. By his origin, his education, his tastes, his manner of life, as well as by his writings, Chaucer represents the new age; he paints it from nature, and is a part of it. His biography is scarcely less characteristic than his works, for he describes nothing through hearsay or imagination. He is himself | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921284 | an actor in the scenes he depicts; he does not dream, he sees them. His history is a sort of reduction of that of the English people at that day. They are enriched by trade, and Chaucer, the son of merchants, grows up among them. The English people no longer repair to Paris in order to study, and Chaucer does | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921285 | not go either; their king wages war in France, and Chaucer follows Edward along the military roads of that country; they put more and more trust in Parliament, and Chaucer sits in Parliament as member for Kent. They take an interest in things of beauty, they are fond of the arts, and want them to be all aglow with ornamentation | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921286 | and bright with smiles; Chaucer is clerk of the king's works, and superintends the repairs and embellishments of the royal palaces. Saxon monotony, the sadness that followed after Hastings, are forgotten past memory; this new England knows how to laugh and also how to smile; she is a merry England, with bursts of joy, and also an England of legends, | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921287 | of sweet songs, and of merciful Madonnas. The England of laughter and the England of smiles are both in Chaucer's works. I. Chaucer's life exactly fills the period we have now come to, during which the English people acquired their definitive characteristics: he was born under Edward III. and he died shortly after the accession of Henry of Lancaster. At | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921288 | that time Petrarch and Boccaccio were long since dead, France had no poet of renown, and Chaucer was without comparison the greatest poet of Europe. His family belonged to the merchant class of the City. His father, John Chaucer, his uncle, Thomas Heyroun, and other relations besides, were members of the Corporation of Wine Merchants, or Vintners. John Chaucer was | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921289 | purveyor to the Court, and he accompanied Edward III. on his first expedition to the Continent: hence a connection with the royal family, by which the future poet was to profit. The Chaucers' establishment was situated in that Thames Street which still exists, but now counts only modern houses; Geoffrey was probably born there in , or a little earlier.[] | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921290 | Chaucer spent the years of his childhood and youth in London: a London which the great fire of almost totally destroyed, that old London, then quite young, of which illuminated manuscripts have preserved to us the picturesque aspect. The paternal house was near the river, and by the side of the streamlet called Walbrook, since covered over, but which then | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921291 | flowed in the open air. On the noble river, the waters of which were perhaps not as blue as illuminators painted them, but which were not yet the liquid mud we all know, ships from the Mediterranean and the Baltic glided slowly, borne by the tide. Houses with several stories and pointed roofs lined the water, and formed, on the | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921292 | ground floor, colonnades that served for warehouses, and under which merchandise was landed.[] The famous London Bridge, built under King John, almost new still, for it was only entering upon its second century and was to live six hundred years, with its many piers, its sharp buttresses, the houses it bore, its chapel of St. Thomas, stood against the line | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921293 | of the horizon, and connected the City with the suburb of Southwark. On that side were more houses, a fine Gothic church, which still exists, hostelries in abundance, for it was the place of arrival for those coming by land; and with the hostelries, places of amusement of every kind, a tradition so well established that most of the theatres | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921294 | in the time of Elizabeth were built there, and notably the celebrated Globe, where Shakespeare's plays were performed. Save for this suburb, the right shore of the Thames, instead of the warehouses of to-day, offered to view the open country, trees, and green meadows. Some way down, on the left side, rose the walls of the Tower; and further up, | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921295 | towards the interior of the City, the massive pile of St. Paul's stood out above the houses. It was then a Gothic cathedral; Wren, after the great fire, replaced it by the Renaissance edifice we see to-day. The town was surrounded by walls, portions of which still remain, with Roman foundations in some places.[] At intervals gates opened on the | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921296 | country, defended by bastions, their memory being preserved at this day by names of streets: Aldgate, Bishopsgate, &c. The town itself was populous and busy. The streets, in which Chaucer's childhood was spent, were narrow, bordered by houses with projecting stories, with signs overhanging the way, with "pentys" barring the footpath, and all sorts of obstructions, against which innumerable municipal | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921297 | ordinances protested in vain. Riders' heads caught in the signs, and it was enjoined to make the poles shorter; manners being violent, the wearing of arms was prohibited, but honest folk alone conformed to the law, thus facilitating matters for the others; cleanliness was but indifferent; pigs ran hither and thither. A decree of the time of Edward I. had | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921298 | vainly prescribed that they should all be killed, except those of St. Anthony's Hospital, which would be recognised by the bell hanging at their neck: "And whoso will keep a pig, let him keep it in his own house." Even this privilege was withdrawn a little later, so elegant were manners becoming.[] In this laborious city, among sailors and merchants, | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000012921299 | acquiring a taste for adventure and for tales of distant lands, hearing his father describe the beautiful things to be seen at Court, Geoffrey grew up, from a child became a youth, and, thanks to his family's acquaintances, was appointed, at seventeen, page to Elizabeth, wife of Lionel, son of Edward III.[] In his turn, and not as a merchant, | 60 | gutenberg |
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