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twg_000000040000 | mixed together, a pinch of salt, glass of wine and glass of fine brandy. Mix with the yolks of eggs and the whites beaten to a stiff froth. Pour the mixture into a wet cloth dredged with flour; tie well and let boil five hours. Serve with wine sauce. .--Swedish Rice Pudding. Mix / cup of rice in quart of | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040001 | milk; add cup of sugar, a pinch of salt and teaspoonful of vanilla. Pour into a pudding-dish. Put bits of butter over the top and let bake in a moderate oven until done. Serve cold. .--Portugal Soup. Boil pounds of beef and pig's feet in quarts of water; season with salt and pepper. Let boil well. Add head of lettuce, | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040002 | / head of cabbage, a few thin slices of pumpkin, carrots and clove of garlic, all cut fine, and herb bouquet. Let all cook until tender; then add / can of peas. Remove the meat; cut into thin slices; season, and serve with the soup. .--Chinese Salad. Mix dozen cooked oysters with truffles, and cooked potatoes cut into shreds; season | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040003 | with salt and pepper. Add all kinds of chopped herbs, and moisten with white wine. Line the salad bowl with crisp lettuce leaves; fill with the mixture; sprinkle with finely chopped parsley. Pour over a mayonnaise dressing and garnish with anchovy fillets. .--Egyptian Salad. Mix highly seasoned cold cooked rice with some grated onion, chopped parsley and chives; add dozen | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040004 | fine cut French sardines. Put on crisp lettuce leaves in a salad bowl and cover with a mayonnaise dressing Garnish with thin shreds of red beets, and serve. .--English Dumplings. Beat yolks of eggs with tablespoonful of sugar; add / cup of finely chopped suet, / cup of currants, / teaspoonful of salt and a little nutmeg. Sift cup of | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040005 | flour with heaping teaspoonful of baking-powder; mix well with the beaten whites of the eggs. Make into dumplings the size of an egg; let steam. Serve hot with lemon sauce. .--Irish Pancakes. Mix / pound of sifted flour with beaten eggs, a pinch of salt, a pint of milk and / ounce of melted butter. Mix well to a smooth | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040006 | pancake batter and fry in hot lard to a delicate brown. Sprinkle with powdered sugar and serve hot. .--English Cream Pudding. Line a well-buttered pudding-dish with a rich puff-paste and bake. Then beat cup of butter with / pound of pulverized sugar. Add the grated rind and juice of a lemon and beat well with the yolks of eggs; add | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040007 | the whites beaten to a froth. Fill the pudding-dish with the mixture and bake until done. .--Bavarian Roast Turkey. Clean and season a fat turkey. Stuff with raw potatoes, apples and onion grated. Mix with a lump of butter and cup of bread-crumbs; add egg. Season with sage, thyme, salt and pepper; then put in a dripping-pan. Pour in cup | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040008 | of water and dredge with flour. Let bake in a hot oven until done. .--Jewish Stewed Cabbage. Shred a red cabbage very fine. Heat tablespoonfuls of drippings in a pan; add the cabbage; cover and let stew with apples, and onion chopped fine. Then brown tablespoonful of flour in hot butter; add / cup of water mixed with vinegar. Season | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040009 | with salt, pepper and sugar to taste. Pour the sauce over the cabbage; let simmer ten minutes. Add / cup of red wine; let boil up and serve hot. .--Venison a la Francaise. Season venison steaks with salt, pepper and lemon-juice. Put in a saucepan with tablespoonfuls of hot butter. Add onion, bay-leaves, clove of garlic and a sprig of | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040010 | parsley minced fine. Let brown; then add / can of mushrooms, some thyme chopped fine and a glass of claret. Cover and let simmer until tender. Serve with toasted croutons and currant jelly. .--Italian Macaroni. Boil macaroni in salted water until tender. Drain. Then heat tablespoonfuls of butter in a saucepan; add the macaroni, / cup of chopped boiled tongue, | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040011 | / cup of chopped mushrooms, / cup of grated cheese. Cover, let get very hot. Then mix a highly seasoned tomato-sauce with a small glass of wine; let boil up and pour over the macaroni. Serve hot with roast veal. .--Russian Stuffed Tongue. Take fresh beef-tongue; make an incision with a sharp knife and fill with chopped onions, bread-crumbs, a | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040012 | lump of butter, sage, thyme, salt and pepper. Sew up and let boil until nearly done. Remove the skin. Then stick cloves all over the tongue, and let cook until tender. Add tablespoonfuls of vinegar and tablespoonful of butter. Serve, garnished with sliced beets, olives and sprigs of parsley. .--Hungarian Dumplings. Mix eggs with tablespoonful of water, a pinch of | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040013 | salt and enough sifted flour to make a stiff dough. Roll out on a well-floured baking-board as thin as possible. Cut into three-inch squares and fill with the following mixture: cup of cottage cheese; mix with tablespoonful of butter, beaten eggs, sugar, cinnamon and nutmeg to taste. Fill the dumplings, press the edges well together. Boil some milk, seasoned with | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040014 | a pinch of salt and sugar to taste. Lay in the dumplings and boil until done. Serve with the sauce. .--German Stewed Fish. Clean the fish. Cut into large slices; salt well and sprinkle with black pepper and let stew with sliced onion, some celery and parsley. Add a few slices of lemon; let cook fifteen minutes to the pound; | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040015 | then mix tablespoonful of flour with tablespoonfuls of butter; add to the fish. Let cook five minutes more and serve hot or cold. .--French Stuffed Partridge. Clean, singe and draw young partridges. Season and stuff each bird with chopped oysters well seasoned, and sprinkle with parsley. Put a small piece of butter in each bird; place the birds in a | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040016 | baking-pan; cover with thin slices of bacon; add a little hot water and bake in a hot oven until done. Serve with toast. .--Russian Pickled Herring. Soak dozen herring over night in water; then mash the milch and roes and mix with tablespoonfuls of brown sugar. Put the herring in a large dish with large onions sliced; make alternate layers | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040017 | of herring, onions and sliced lemon, bay-leaves, a few cloves, whole peppers and some mustard seed. Pour over all some vinegar. Ready to serve in five hours. Will keep for one week. Serve with boiled potatoes. .--Hungarian Duck. Season and roast the duck; then cut into pieces for serving. Chop the giblets; add to the gravy in which the duck | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040018 | was roasted, with glass of red wine, / teaspoonful of paprica, a pinch of cloves and the juice of a lemon. Let boil; add the sliced duck and let simmer until tender. Serve hot; garnish with fried croutons. .--Venison a la Parisienne. Cut venison into pieces. Heat tablespoonfuls of butter; add onion, bay-leaf, sprigs of parsley, and of thyme, all | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040019 | chopped fine. Add the venison, salt and pepper. Let all fry a few minutes; then add cup of consomm and let simmer until tender. Add / glass of sherry and / can of chopped mushrooms. Let all get very hot and serve with toasted croutons. .--Jewish Boiled Fish. Clean and season a large fish with salt and pepper and let | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040020 | cook with cup of vinegar, large onion, sprigs of parsley and of thyme, tablespoonful of butter, / cup of raisins, a few cloves, lemon sliced and teaspoonful of prepared mustard. Let cook until done. Remove the fish; add large pickles chopped and / cup of sugar, and thicken with the yolks of eggs well beaten. Serve hot or cold, garnished | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040021 | with parsley. .--English Stuffed Duck. Clean and season the duck; then chop the giblets. Add onion, some celery and parsley. Mix with cup of bread-crumbs and a beaten egg. Season this highly and fill the duck. Put in the dripping-pan with some hot water, / glass of sherry and a lump of butter. Sprinkle with flour; bake until done. Serve | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040022 | with apple-sauce. .--French Stewed Rabbits. Skin and clean the rabbits; cut into pieces at the joints; season well. Heat tablespoonfuls of drippings in a stew-pan; add the rabbits, onion and cloves of garlic sliced fine, bay-leaf, sprigs of parsley and thyme. Let all brown a few minutes; then add cup of hot water and cook slowly until tender. Thicken the | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040023 | sauce with flour and butter; add a glass of claret; boil up and serve. .--Italian Salad. Cut pound of cooked veal in very small pieces; add herring that has been soaked in milk, cooked potatoes, pickles, boiled beets, apples, stalks of celery, cooked carrot. Pour over a mayonnaise dressing and garnish with sliced hard-boiled eggs, olives and capers. .--Hungarian Stewed | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040024 | Pigeons. Season the pigeons and stuff with chopped chicken. Let stew slowly with chopped onions, chives, celery and parsley; add salt and paprica to taste. Cook until tender. Serve hot with beet salad. .--Vienna Baked Goose Breast. Take the breast of the goose and cut the meat from the bone; chop fine with some onion, clove of garlic, parsley and | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040025 | a little thyme, salt, black pepper and paprica. Mix with eggs and fine bread-crumbs. Put the chopped breast mixture back on the bone. Place in a baking-dish; pour over some dripping; sprinkle with flour and bake until brown. Serve with sour apple compote. .--Italian Veal and Macaroni. Season tender veal cutlets with salt and red pepper and saut in hot | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040026 | olive-oil; then cover and simmer until tender. Boil macaroni until tender; drain. Add the macaroni to the veal with cup of stock, and tablespoonfuls of chopped cheese. Let all simmer ten minutes. Put on a platter and cover with bread-crumbs fried in butter. Serve hot. .--French Squirrel Fricassee. Cut the squirrels into pieces at the joints; sprinkle well with salt; | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040027 | let lay one hour; then sprinkle with pepper and lemon-juice. Put large tablespoonfuls of dripping in a pan; when hot, lay in a squirrel with sliced onion; cover and let brown. Then add cup of tomato-sauce, some celery seed and chopped parsley and cup of hot water. Let simmer until tender. Add / glass of sherry wine. Let get very | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040028 | hot and serve with French peas. .--Irish Mutton Stew. Season mutton chops with salt and pepper; put a tablespoonful of hot drippings in a saucepan; add the chops, some sliced turnips, potatoes and onions, salt and pepper. Then cover with water and cook slowly until tender. Thicken the sauce with a little flour mixed with / cup of milk. Season | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040029 | to taste and serve very hot. .--German Bread Pudding. Crumb a stale loaf of bread to make cupfuls and soak in quart of milk. Beat the yolks of eggs with cup of powdered sugar; add the bread, a small cup of raisins and the grated peel of a lemon. Mix all well. Put in a well-buttered pudding-dish and bake until | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040030 | brown. Beat the whites with a pinch of salt, sugar and a little lemon-juice spread on the top. Let get light brown in the oven. Serve with wine sauce. .--Hungarian Spice Cakes. Sift pound of flour; beat the yolks of eggs with pound of sugar; add / ounce cinnamon, / ounce of ginger, / teaspoonful of cloves, some grated lemon | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040031 | peel and a pinch of salt. Make all into a dough and roll into small cakes about an inch in diameter. Put on well-buttered baking-plates, sprinkled with flour, and bake in a moderate oven until a rich brown. Serve with wine. .--French Braised Sweetbread. Parboil the sweetbreads; drain. Put in the baking-pan with a piece of salt pork, onion, carrot, | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040032 | bay-leaf and a sprig of thyme, all cut fine. Sprinkle with pepper, dredge with flour; add / cup of stock. Let cook in the oven until done. Serve with mushrooms. | 30 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040033 | [Illustration] The Mountains of California by John Muir Contents I THE SIERRA NEVADA II THE GLACIERS III THE SNOW IV A NEAR VIEW OF THE HIGH SIERRA V THE PASSES VI THE GLACIER LAKES VII THE GLACIER MEADOWS VIII THE FORESTS IX THE DOUGLAS SQUIRREL X A WIND-STORM IN THE FORESTS XI THE RIVER FLOODS XII SIERRA THUNDER-STORMS XIII THE | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040034 | WATER-OUZEL XIV THE WILD SHEEP XV IN THE SIERRA FOOT-HILLS XVI THE BEE-PASTURES [Illustration: HOOFED LOCUSTS.] LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS HOOFED LOCUSTS MOUNT TAMALPAISNORTH OF THE GOLDEN GATE MAP OF THE SIERRA NEVADA MOUNT SHASTA MOUNT HOOD MAP OF THE GLACIER COUNTRY MOUNT RAINIER; NORTH PUYALLUP GLACIER FROM EAGLE CLIFF KOLANA ROCK, HETCH-HETCHY VALLEY GENERAL GRANT TREE, GENERAL GRANT NATIONAL PARK | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040035 | MAP OF THE YOSEMITE VALLEY MAP OF THE YOSEMITE VALLEY, SHOWING PRESENT RESERVATION BOUNDARY RANCHERIA FALLS, HETCH-HETCHY VALLEY VIEW OF THE MONO PLAIN FROM THE FOOT OF BLOODY CAON LAKE TENAYA, ONE OF THE YOSEMITE FOUNTAINS THE DEATH OF A LAKE SHADOW LAKE (MERCED LAKE), YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK VERNAL FALL, YOSEMITE VALLEY LAKE STARR KING VIEW IN THE SIERRA FOREST | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040036 | EDGE OF THE TIMBER LINE ON MOUNT SHASTA VIEW IN THE MAIN PINE BELT OF THE SIERRA FOREST NUT PINE THE GROVE FORM LOWER MARGIN OF THE MAIN PINE BELT, SHOWING OPEN CHARACTER OF WOODS SUGAR PINE ON EXPOSED RIDGE YOUNG SUGAR PINE BEGINNING TO BEAR CONES FOREST OF SEQUOIA, SUGAR PINE, AND DOUGLAS SPRUCE PINUS PONDEROSA SILVER PINE FEET | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040037 | HIGH INCENSE CEDAR IN ITS PRIME FOREST OF GRAND SILVER FIRS VIEW OF FOREST OF THE MAGNIFICENT SILVER FIR SILVER-FIR FOREST GROWING ON MORAINES OF THE HOFFMAN AND TENAYA GLACIERS SEQUOIA GIGANTEA. VIEW IN GENERAL GRANT NATIONAL PARK MUIR GORGE, TUOLUMNE CAONYOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK VIEW IN TUOLUMNE CAON, YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK JUNIPER, OR RED CEDAR STORM-BEATEN JUNIPERS STORM-BEATEN HEMLOCK SPRUCE, | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040038 | FORTY FEET HIGH GROUP OF ERECT DWARF PINES A DWARF PINE OAK GROWING AMONG YELLOW PINES PATE VALLEY, SHOWING THE OAKS. TUOLUMNE CAON, YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK TRACK OF DOUGLAS SQUIRREL ONCE DOWN AND UP A PINE-TREE WHEN SHOWING OFF TO A SPECTATOR SEEDS, WINGS, AND SCALE OF SUGAR PINE TRYING THE BOW A WIND-STORM IN THE CALIFORNIA FORESTS YELLOW PINE | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040039 | AND LIBOCEDRUS BRIDAL VEIL FALLS, YOSEMITE VALLEY WATER-OUZEL DIVING AND FEEDING ONE OF THE LATE-SUMMER FEEDING-GROUNDS OF THE OUZEL OUZEL ENTERING A WHITE CURRENT THE OUZEL AT HOME YOSEMITE BIRDS, SNOW-COUND AT THE FOOT OF INDIAN CAON SNOW-BOUND ON MOUNT SHASTA HEAD OF THE MERINO RAM HEAD OF ROCKY MOUNTAIN WILD SHEEP CROSSING A CAON STREAM WILD SHEEP JUMPING OVER | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040040 | A PRECIPICE INDIANS HUNTING WILD SHEEP A BEE-RANCH IN LOWER CALIFORNIA WILD BEE GARDEN IN THE SAN GABRIEL VALLEY.WHITE SAGE A BEE-RANCH ON A SPUR OF THE SAN GABRIEL RANGE.CARDINAL FLOWER WILD BUCKWHEAT.A BEE-RANCH IN THE WILDERNESS A BEE-PASTURE ON THE MORAINE DESERT.SPANISH BAYONET A BEE-KEEPERS CABIN THE SIERRA NEVADA Go where you may within the bounds of California, mountains | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040041 | are ever in sight, charming and glorifying every landscape. Yet so simple and massive is the topography of the State in general views, that the main central portion displays only one valley, and two chains of mountains which seem almost perfectly regular in trend and height: the Coast Range on the west side, the Sierra Nevada on the east. These | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040042 | two ranges coming together in curves on the north and south inclose a magnificent basin, with a level floor more than miles long, and from to miles wide. This is the grand Central Valley of California, the waters of which have only one outlet to the sea through the Golden Gate. But with this general simplicity of features there is | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040043 | great complexity of hidden detail. The Coast Range, rising as a grand green barrier against the ocean, from to feet high, is composed of innumerable forest-crowned spurs, ridges, and rolling hill-waves which inclose a multitude of smaller valleys; some looking out through long, forest-lined vistas to the sea; others, with but few trees, to the Central Valley; while a thousand | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040044 | others yet smaller are embosomed and concealed in mild, round-browed hills, each, with its own climate, soil, and productions. Making your way through the mazes of the Coast Range to the summit of any of the inner peaks or passes opposite San Francisco, in the clear springtime, the grandest and most telling of all California landscapes is outspread before you. | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040045 | At your feet lies the great Central Valley glowing golden in the sunshine, extending north and south farther than the eye can reach, one smooth, flowery, lake-like bed of fertile soil. Along its eastern margin rises the mighty Sierra, miles in height, reposing like a smooth, cumulous cloud in the sunny sky, and so gloriously colored, and so luminous, it | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040046 | seems to be not clothed with light, but wholly composed of it, like the wall of some celestial city. Along the top, and extending a good way down, you see a pale, pearl-gray belt of snow; and below it a belt of blue and dark purple, marking the extension of the forests; and along the base of the range a | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040047 | broad belt of rose-purple and yellow, where lie the minors gold-fields and the foot-hill gardens. All these colored belts blending smoothly make a wall of light ineffably fine, and as beautiful as a rainbow, yet firm as adamant. When I first enjoyed this superb view, one glowing April day, from the summit of the Pacheco Pass, the Central Valley, but | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040048 | little trampled or plowed as yet, was one furred, rich sheet of golden compositae, and the luminous wall of the mountains shone in all its glory. Then it seemed to me the Sierra should be called not the Nevada, or Snowy Range, but the Range of Light. And after ten years spent in the heart of it, rejoicing and wondering, | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040049 | bathing in its glorious floods of light, seeing the sunbursts of morning among the icy peaks, the noonday radiance on the trees and rocks and snow, the flush of the alpenglow, and a thousand dashing waterfalls with their marvelous abundance of irised spray, it still seems to me above all others the Range of Light, the most divinely beautiful of | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040050 | all the mountain-chains I have ever seen. The Sierra is about miles long, miles wide, and from to nearly , feet high. In general views no mark of man is visible on it, nor anything to suggest the richness of the life it cherishes, or the depth and grandeur of its sculpture. None of its magnificent forest-crowned ridges rises much | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040051 | above the general level to publish its wealth. No great valley or lake is seen, or river, or group of well-marked features of any kind, standing out in distinct pictures. Even the summit-peaks, so clear and high in the sky, seem comparatively smooth and featureless. Nevertheless, glaciers are still at work in the shadows of the peaks, and thousands of | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040052 | lakes and meadows shine and bloom beneath them, and the whole range is furrowed with caons to a depth of from to feet, in which once flowed majestic glaciers, and in which now flow and sing a band of beautiful rivers. Though of such stupendous depth, these famous caons are not raw, gloomy, jagged-walled gorges, savage and inaccessible. With rough | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040053 | passages here and there they still make delightful pathways for the mountaineer, conducting from the fertile lowlands to the highest icy fountains, as a kind of mountain streets full of charming life and light, graded and sculptured by the ancient glaciers, and presenting, throughout all their courses, a rich variety of novel and attractive scenery, the most attractive that has | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040054 | yet been discovered in the mountain-ranges of the world. In many places, especially in the middle region of the western flank of the range, the main caons widen into spacious valleys or parks, diversified like artificial landscape-gardens, with charming groves and meadows, and thickets of blooming bushes, while the lofty, retiring walls, infinitely varied in form and sculpture, are fringed | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040055 | with ferns, flowering-plants of many species, oaks, and evergreens, which find anchorage on a thousand narrow steps and benches; while the whole is enlivened and made glorious with rejoicing streams that come dancing and foaming over the sunny brows of the cliffs to join the shining river that flows in tranquil beauty down the middle of each one of them. | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040056 | The walls of these park valleys of the Yosemite kind are made up of rocks mountains in size, partly separated from each other by narrow gorges and side-caons; and they are so sheer in front, and so compactly built together on a level floor, that, comprehensively seen, the parks they inclose look like immense halls or temples lighted from above. | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040057 | Every rock seems to glow with life. Some lean back in majestic repose; others, absolutely sheer, or nearly so, for thousands of feet, advance their brows in thoughtful attitudes beyond their companions, giving welcome to storms and calms alike, seemingly conscious yet heedless of everything going on about them, awful in stern majesty, types of permanence, yet associated with beauty | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040058 | of the frailest and most fleeting forms; their feet set in pine-groves and gay emerald meadows, their brows in the sky; bathed in light, bathed in floods of singing water, while snow-clouds, avalanches, and the winds shine and surge and wreathe about them as the years go by, as if into these mountain mansions Nature had taken pains to gather | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040059 | her choicest treasures to draw her lovers into close and confiding communion with her. [Illustration: MOUNT TAMALPAISNORTH OF THE GOLDEN GATE.] Here, too, in the middle region of deepest caons are the grandest forest-trees, the Sequoia, king of conifers, the noble Sugar and Yellow Pines, Douglas Spruce, Libocedrus, and the Silver Firs, each a giant of its kind, assembled together | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040060 | in one and the same forest, surpassing all other coniferous forests in the world, both in the number of its species and in the size and beauty of its trees. The winds flow in melody through their colossal spires, and they are vocal everywhere with the songs of birds and running water. Miles of fragrant ceanothus and manzanita bushes bloom | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040061 | beneath them, and lily gardens and meadows, and damp, ferny glens in endless variety of fragrance and color, compelling the admiration of every observer. Sweeping on over ridge and valley, these noble trees extend a continuous belt from end to end of the range, only slightly interrupted by sheer-walled caons at intervals of about fifteen and twenty miles. Here the | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040062 | great burly brown bears delight to roam, harmonizing with the brown boles of the trees beneath which they feed. Deer, also, dwell here, and find food and shelter in the ceanothus tangles, with a multitude of smaller people. Above this region of giants, the trees grow smaller until the utmost limit of the timber line is reached on the stormy | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040063 | mountain-slopes at a height of from ten to twelve thousand feet above the sea, where the Dwarf Pine is so lowly and hard beset by storms and heavy snow, it is pressed into flat tangles, over the tops of which we may easily walk. Below the main forest belt the trees likewise diminish in size, frost and burning drought repressing | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040064 | and blasting alike. [Illustration: MAP OF THE SIERRA NEVADA] The rose-purple zone along the base of the range comprehends nearly all the famous gold region of California. And here it was that miners from every country under the sun assembled in a wild, torrent-like rush to seek their fortunes. On the banks of every river, ravine, and gully they have | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040065 | left their marks. Every gravel- and boulder-bed has been desperately riddled over and over again. But in this region the pick and shovel, once wielded with savage enthusiasm, have been laid away, and only quartz-mining is now being carried on to any considerable extent. The zone in general is made up of low, tawny, waving foot-hills, roughened here and there | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040066 | with brush and trees, and outcropping masses of slate, colored gray and red with lichens. The smaller masses of slate, rising abruptly from the dry, grassy sod in leaning slabs, look like ancient tombstones in a deserted burying-ground. In early spring, say from February to April, the whole of this foot-hill belt is a paradise of bees and flowers. Refreshing | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040067 | rains then fall freely, birds are busy building their nests, and the sunshine is balmy and delightful. But by the end of May the soil, plants, and sky seem to have been baked in an oven. Most of the plants crumble to dust beneath the foot, and the ground is full of cracks; while the thirsty traveler gazes with eager | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040068 | longing through the burning glare to the snowy summits looming like hazy clouds in the distance. The trees, mostly _Quercus Douglasii_ and _Pinus Sabiniana_, thirty to forty feet high, with thin, pale-green foliage, stand far apart and cast but little shade. Lizards glide about on the rocks enjoying a constitution that no drought can dry, and ants in amazing numbers, | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040069 | whose tiny sparks of life seem to burn the brighter with the increasing heat, ramble industriously in long trains in search of food. Crows, ravens, magpiesfriends in distressgather on the ground beneath the best shade-trees, panting with drooping wings and bills wide open, scarce a note from any of them during the midday hours. Quails, too, seek the shade during | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040070 | the heat of the day about tepid pools in the channels of the larger mid-river streams. Rabbits scurry from thicket to thicket among the ceanothus bushes, and occasionally a long-eared hare is seen cantering gracefully across the wider openings. The nights are calm and dewless during the summer, and a thousand voices proclaim the abundance of life, notwithstanding the desolating | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040071 | effect of dry sunshine on the plants and larger animals. The hylas make a delightfully pure and tranquil music after sunset; and coyotes, the little, despised dogs of the wilderness, brave, hardy fellows, looking like withered wisps of hay, bark in chorus for hours. Mining-towns, most of them dead, and a few living ones with bright bits of cultivation about | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040072 | them, occur at long intervals along the belt, and cottages covered with climbing roses, in the midst of orange and peach orchards, and sweet-scented hay-fields in fertile flats where water for irrigation may be had. But they are mostly far apart, and make scarce any mark in general views. Every winter the High Sierra and the middle forest region get | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040073 | snow in glorious abundance, and even the foot-hills are at times whitened. Then all the range looks like a vast beveled wall of purest marble. The rough places are then made smooth, the death and decay of the year is covered gently and kindly, and the ground seems as clean as the sky. And though silent in its flight from | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040074 | the clouds, and when it is taking its place on rock, or tree, or grassy meadow, how soon the gentle snow finds a voice! Slipping from the heights, gathering in avalanches, it booms and roars like thunder, and makes a glorious show as it sweeps down the mountain-side, arrayed in long, silken streamers and wreathing, swirling films of crystal dust. | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040075 | The north half of the range is mostly covered with floods of lava, and dotted with volcanoes and craters, some of them recent and perfect in form, others in various stages of decay. The south half is composed of granite nearly from base to summit, while a considerable number of peaks, in the middle of the range, are capped with | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040076 | metamorphic slates, among which are Mounts Dana and Gibbs to the east of Yosemite Valley. Mount Whitney, the culminating point of the range near its southern extremity, lifts its helmet-shaped crest to a height of nearly , feet. Mount Shasta, a colossal volcanic cone, rises to a height of , feet at the northern extremity, and forms a noble landmark | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040077 | for all the surrounding region within a radius of a hundred miles. Residual masses of volcanic rocks occur throughout most of the granitic southern portion also, and a considerable number of old volcanoes on the flanks, especially along the eastern base of the range near Mono Lake and southward. But it is only to the northward that the entire range, | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040078 | from base to summit, is covered with lava. From the summit of Mount Whitney only granite is seen. Innumerable peaks and spires but little lower than its own storm-beaten crags rise in groups like forest-trees, in full view, segregated by caons of tremendous depth and ruggedness. On Shasta nearly every feature in the vast view speaks of the old volcanic | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040079 | fires. Far to the northward, in Oregon, the icy volcanoes of Mount Pitt and the Three Sisters rise above the dark evergreen woods. Southward innumerable smaller craters and cones are distributed along the axis of the range and on each flank. Of these, Lassens Butte is the highest, being nearly , feet above sea-level. Miles of its flanks are reeking | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040080 | and bubbling with hot springs, many of them so boisterous and sulphurous they seem over ready to become spouting geysers like those of the Yellowstone. The Cinder Cone near marks the most recent volcanic eruption in the Sierra. It is a symmetrical truncated cone about feet high, covered with gray cinders and ashes, and has a regular unchanged crater on | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040081 | its summit, in which a few small Two-leaved Pines are growing. These show that the age of the cone is not less than eighty years. It stands between two lakes, which a short time ago were one. Before the cone was built, a flood of rough vesicular lava was poured into the lake, cutting it in two, and, overflowing its | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040082 | banks, the fiery flood advanced into the pine-woods, overwhelming the trees in its way, the charred ends of some of which may still be seen projecting from beneath the snout of the lava-stream where it came to rest. Later still there was an eruption of ashes and loose obsidian cinders, probably from the same vent, which, besides forming the Cinder | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040083 | Cone, scattered a heavy shower over the surrounding woods for miles to a depth of from six inches to several feet. The history of this last Sierra eruption is also preserved in the traditions of the Pitt River Indians. They tell of a fearful time of darkness, when the sky was black with ashes and smoke that threatened every living | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040084 | thing with death, and that when at length the sun appeared once more it was red like blood. Less recent craters in great numbers roughen the adjacent region; some of them with lakes in their throats, others overgrown with trees and flowers, Nature in these old hearths and firesides having literally given beauty for ashes. On the northwest side of | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040085 | Mount Shasta there is a subordinate cone about feet below the summit, which, has been active subsequent to the breaking up of the main ice-cap that once covered the mountain, as is shown by its comparatively unwasted crater and the streams of unglaciated lava radiating from it. The main summit is about a mile and a half in diameter, bounded | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040086 | by small crumbling peaks and ridges, among which we seek in vain for the outlines of the ancient crater. These ruinous masses, and the deep glacial grooves that flute the sides of the mountain, show that it has been considerably lowered and wasted by ice; how much we have no sure means of knowing. Just below the extreme summit hot | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040087 | sulphurous gases and vapor issue from irregular fissures, mixed with spray derived from melting snow, the last feeble expression of the mighty force that built the mountain. Not in one great convulsion was Shasta given birth. The crags of the summit and the sections exposed by the glaciers down the sides display enough of its internal framework to prove that | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040088 | comparatively long periods of quiescence intervened between many distinct eruptions, during which the cooling lavas ceased to flow, and became permanent additions to the bulk of the growing mountain. With alternate haste and deliberation eruption succeeded eruption till the old volcano surpassed even its present sublime height. [Illustration: MOUNT SHASTA] Standing on the icy top of this, the grandest of | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040089 | all the fire-mountains of the Sierra, we can hardly fail to look forward to its next eruption. Gardens, vineyards, homes have been planted confidingly on the flanks of volcanoes which, after remaining steadfast for ages, have suddenly blazed into violent action, and poured forth overwhelming floods of fire. It is known that more than a thousand years of cool calm | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040090 | have intervened between violent eruptions. Like gigantic geysers spouting molten rock instead of water, volcanoes work and rest, and we have no sure means of knowing whether they are dead when still, or only sleeping. Along the western base of the range a telling series of sedimentary rocks containing the early history of the Sierra are now being studied. But | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040091 | leaving for the present these first chapters, we see that only a very short geological time ago, just before the coming on of that winter of winters called the glacial period, a vast deluge of molten rocks poured from many a chasm and crater on the flanks and summit of the range, filling lake basins and river channels, and obliterating | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040092 | nearly every existing feature on the northern portion. At length these all-destroying floods ceased to flow. But while the great volcanic cones built up along the axis still burned and smoked, the whole Sierra passed under the domain of ice and snow. Then over the bald, featureless, fire-blackened mountains, glaciers began to crawl, covering them from the summits to the | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040093 | sea with a mantle of ice; and then with infinite deliberation the work went on of sculpturing the range anew. These mighty agents of erosion, halting never through unnumbered centuries, crushed and ground the flinty lavas and granites beneath their crystal folds, wasting and building until in the fullness of time the Sierra was born again, brought to light nearly | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040094 | as we behold it today, with glaciers and snow-crushed pines at the top of the range, wheat-fields and orange-groves at the foot of it. This change from icy darkness and death to life and beauty was slow, as we count time, and is still going on, north and south, over all the world wherever glaciers exist, whether in the form | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040095 | of distinct rivers, as in Switzerland, Norway, the mountains of Asia, and the Pacific Coast; or in continuous mantling folds, as in portions of Alaska, Greenland, Franz-Joseph-Land, Nova Zembla, Spitzbergen, and the lands about the South Pole. But in no country, as far as I know, may these majestic changes be studied to better advantage than in the plains and | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040096 | mountains of California. Toward the close of the glacial period, when the snow-clouds became less fertile and the melting waste of sunshine became greater, the lower folds of the ice-sheet in California, discharging fleets of icebergs into the sea, began to shallow and recede from the lowlands, and then move slowly up the flanks of the Sierra in compliance with | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040097 | the changes of climate. The great white mantle on the mountains broke up into a series of glaciers more or less distinct and river-like, with many tributaries, and these again were melted and divided into still smaller glaciers, until now only a few of the smallest residual topmost branches of the grand system exist on the cool slopes of the | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040098 | summit peaks. Plants and animals, biding their time, closely followed the retiring ice, bestowing quick and joyous animation on the new-born landscapes. Pine-trees marched up the sun-warmed moraines in long, hopeful files, taking the ground and establishing themselves as soon as it was ready for them; brown-spiked sedges fringed the shores of the newborn lakes; young rivers roared in the | 60 | gutenberg |
twg_000000040099 | abandoned channels of the glaciers; flowers bloomed around the feet of the great burnished domes,while with quick fertility mellow beds of soil, settling and warming, offered food to multitudes of Natures waiting children, great and small, animals as well as plants; mice, squirrels, marmots, deer, bears, elephants, etc. The ground burst into bloom with magical rapidity, and the young forests | 60 | gutenberg |
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