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and\tbiotin,\t2000\t(website):\t\nhttps://www.gezondheidsraad.nl/sites/default/files/summary200012N_1.pdf\n;\tNetherlands\tNutrition\tCenter,\tSummary\tTable\t1a.\tDaily\trecommendations:\tRecommended\tDaily\tAllowances\t(RDAs)\tor\tAdequate\tIntakes\n(AIs),\t2014.\n7.\t\nSpain:\tGuías\ty\therramientas:\n\tingestas\tdi... | [
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ingestas\tdietéticas\tde\treferencia\t(IDR)\tpara\tla\tpoblación\tEspañola,\t\nAct\tDiet\n\t14:196,\t2010,(website):\t\nhttps://www.ucm.es/data/cont/docs/458-2018-01-26-cap-3-ingestas-recomendadas-2018.pdf\n. | [
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15\nNutrition\tin\tinfancy\nKelly\tN.\tMcKean,\tMS,\tRDN,\tCSP,\tCD,\tMari\tO.\tMazon,\tMS,\tRDN,\tCD\nKEY\tTERMS\nalpha-lactalbumin\narachidonic\tacid\t(ARA)\nbaby-led\tweaning\ncasein\ncasein\thydrolysate\ncatch-up\tgrowth\ncolostrum\ndocosahexaenoic\tacid\t(DHA)\nearly\tchildhood\tcaries\t(ECC)\nelectrolytically\tre... | [
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0.032... |
growth\tchannel\nlactoferrin\nlag-down\tgrowth\noligosaccharides\npalmar\tgrasp\npincer\tgrasp\nrenal\tsolute\tload\nsecretory\timmunoglobulin\tA\t(sIgA)\nwhey\tproteins\nDuring\tthe\tfirst\t2\tyears\tof\tlife,\twhich\tare\tcharacterized\tby\trapid\tphysical\tand\tsocial\tgrowth\tand\ndevelopment,\tmany\tchanges\toccur... | [
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0.10228343307971954,
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nutrient\tintakes\taffects\ttheir\tinteraction\twith\ttheir\tenvironment.\tHealthy,\twell-nourished\tinfants\nhave\tthe\tenergy\n\tto\trespond\tto\tand\tlearn\tfrom\tthe\tstimuli\tin\ttheir\tenvironment\tand\tto\tinteract\twith\ntheir\tparents\tand\tcaregivers\tin\ta\tmanner\tthat\tencourages\tbonding\tand\tattachment.... | [
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0.0228592... |
Physiologic\tdevelopment\nThe\tlength\tof\tgestation,\tthe\tmother’s\tprepregnancy\tweight,\tand\tthe\tmother’s\tweight\tgain\tduring\ngestation\tdetermine\tan\tinfant’s\tbirth\tweight.\tAfter\tbirth,\tthe\tgrowth\tof\tan\tinfant\tis\tinfluenced\tby\ngenetics\n\tand\tnourishment.\tMost\tinfants\twho\tare\tgenetically\t... | [
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0.03111... |
growth\tchannel\n,\ta\tcurve\tof\tweight\tand\tlength\tor\theight\tgain\tthroughout\tthe\tperiod\tof\tgrowth,\tat\nbetween\t3\tand\t6\tmonths\tof\tage.\tHowever,\tmany\tinfants\tborn\tat\tor\tbelow\tthe\ttenth\tpercentile\tfor\nlength\tmay\tnot\treach\ttheir\tgenetically\tappropriate\tgrowth\tchannel\tuntil\t1\tyear\to... | [
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0.... |
catch-up\tgrowth\n.\n\tInfants\twho\tare\tlarger\tat\tbirth\tand\twho\tare\tgenetically\tdetermined\tto\tbe\tsmaller\ngrow\tat\ttheir\tfetal\trate\tfor\tseveral\tmonths\tand\toften\tdo\tnot\treach\ttheir\tgrowth\tchannel\tuntil\t13\nmonths\tof\tage.\tThis\tphenomenon\tduring\tthe\tfirst\tyear\tof\tlife\tis\tcalled\t\nl... | [
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lag-down\tgrowth\n.\nGrowth\tin\tinfancy\tis\tmonitored\twith\tthe\troutine\tcollection\tand\tmonitoring\tof\tanthropometric\tdata,\nincluding\tweight,\tlength,\thead\n\tcircumference,\tand\tweight-for-length\tfor\tage.\tThese\tare\tplotted\ton\nthe\tappropriate\tWorld\tHealth\tOrganization\t(WHO)\tgrowth\tchart\tshown... | [
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... |
Appendix\t3\n.\tThe\tWHO\ngrowth\tcharts\tare\tused\tfor\tthe\tfirst\t2\tyears\tof\tlife\tand\tconsist\tof\ta\tseries\tof\tpercentile\tcurves\tthat\nshow\tthe\tdistribution\tof\tbody\tmeasurements\tin\tinfants\tand\tchildren\tin\toptimal\tgrowth\tconditions.\nWhen\tthe\tanthropometric\tdata\tare\tplotted\n\ton\tthe\tgr... | [
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0.1016690731048584,
0.11403904855251312,
0.022500041872262955,
0.03321664780378342,
0.0220303162... |
on\tthe\tgrowth\tcharts,\tthe\tpercentiles\trank\tthe\tinfant\tby\nshowing\twhat\tpercentage\tof\tthe\treference\tpopulation\tthe\tinfant\twould\tequal\tor\texceed.\tFor\texample,\na\t7-month-old\tinfant\tgirl\twho\thas\ta\tweight-for-age\tat\tthe\t75th\tpercentile\tweighs\tthe\tsame\tor\tmore | [
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0.058161571621894836,
0.09303250163793564,
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0.026635902002453804,
-0.0109301... |
than\t75%\tof\tthe\treference\tpopulation\tfor\t7-month-old\tgirls\tand\tweighs\tless\tthan\t25%\tof\tthe\tsame\npopulation.\tIt\tis\timportant\tto\tmonitor\tgrowth\ttrends\n\tover\ttime\tand\tnot\tfocus\ton\tone\tmeasurement.\nInfants\tmay\tlose\tapproximately\t7%\tof\ttheir\tbody\tweight\tduring\tthe\tfirst\tfew\tday... | [
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0.03966778889298439,
-0.02155... |
birth\tweight\tusually\tis\tregained\tby\tthe\tseventh\tto\ttenth\tday.\tWeight\tloss\tof\tmore\tthan\t10%\tin\tthe | [
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-0.034633900970220566,
-0.0488... |
newborn\tperiod\tindicates\tneed\tfor\tfurther\tassessment\tregarding\tadequacy\tof\tfeeding.\tGrowth\nthereafter\tproceeds\tat\ta\trapid\tbut\tdecelerating\trate.\tInfants\n\tusually\tdouble\ttheir\tbirth\tweight\tby\t4\tto\n6\tmonths\tof\tage\tand\ttriple\tit\tby\tthe\tage\tof\t1\tyear.\tThe\tamount\tof\tweight\tgain... | [
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0.010006645694375038,
0.0129... |
the\tsecond\tyear\tapproximates\tthe\tbirth\tweight.\tInfants\tincrease\ttheir\tlength\tby\t50%\tduring\tthe\tfirst\nyear\tof\tlife\tand\tdouble\tit\tby\t4\tyears.\tTotal\tbody\tfat\tincreases\trapidly\tduring\tthe\tfirst\t9\tmonths,\tafter\nwhich\tthe\trate\tof\tfat\tgain\ttapers\toff\tthroughout\tthe\n\trest\tof\tchi... | [
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0.009505... |
rest\tof\tchildhood.\tTotal\tbody\twater\tdecreases\nthroughout\tinfancy\tfrom\t70%\tat\tbirth\tto\t60%\tat\t1\tyear.\tThe\tdecrease\tis\talmost\tall\tin\textracellular\nwater,\twhich\tdeclines\tfrom\t42%\tat\tbirth\tto\t32%\tat\t1\tyear\tof\tage.\nThe\tstomach\tcapacity\tof\tinfants\tincreases\tfrom\ta\trange\tof\t10\... | [
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year,\tenabling\tinfants\tto\tconsume\tmore\tfood\tat\ta\tgiven\ttime\tand\tat\tless\tfrequent\tintervals\n\tas\tthey\ngrow\tolder.\tDuring\tthe\tfirst\tweeks\tof\tlife,\tgastric\tacidity\tdecreases\tand\tfor\tthe\tfirst\tfew\tmonths\nremains\tlower\tthan\tthat\tof\tolder\tinfants\tand\tadults.\tThe\trate\tof\temptying... | [
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-0.0211... |
depending\ton\tthe\tsize\tand\tcomposition\tof\tthe\tmeal.\tBecause\tperistalsis\tand\tsphincter\tfunction\talong\nthe\tdigestive\ttract\tcontinue\tto\tmature\tduring\tinfancy,\tnewborns\toften\texperience\tregurgitation\n(\nSingendonk\tet\tal,\t2014\n).\tReducing\tthe\tvolume\tat\teach\tfeeding\tor\tkeeping\tthe\tinfa... | [
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0.023944... |
).\tReducing\tthe\tvolume\tat\teach\tfeeding\tor\tkeeping\tthe\tinfant\tupright\nimmediately\tafter\ta\tfeeding\tcan\thelp\treduce\tthe\trisk\tof\tregurgitation.\nFat\tabsorption\tvaries\tin\tthe\tneonate.\tHuman\tmilk\tfat\tis\twell\tabsorbed,\tbut\tbutterfat\tis\tpoorly\nabsorbed,\twith\tfecal\texcretions\tof\t20%\tt... | [
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0.0139139... |
formula\tare\twell\tabsorbed.\tThe\tinfant’s\tlingual\tand\tgastric\tlipases\n\thydrolyze\tshort-\tand\tmedium-\nchain\tfatty\tacids\tin\tthe\tstomach.\tGastric\tlipase\talso\thydrolyzes\tlong-chain\tfatty\tacids\tand\tis\nimportant\tin\tinitiating\tthe\tdigestion\tof\ttriglycerides\tin\tthe\tstomach.\tMost\tlong-chain... | [
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pass\tunhydrolyzed\tinto\tthe\tsmall\tintestine,\twhere\tthey\tare\tbroken\tdown\tby\tpancreatic\tlipase.\tThe\nbile\tsalt–stimulated\tlipase\tpresent\tin\thuman\tmilk\tis\tstimulated\tby\tthe\tinfant’s\n\tbile\tsalts\tand\nhydrolyzes\tthe\ttriglycerides\tin\tthe\tsmall\tintestine\tinto\tfree\tfatty\tacids\tand\tglycer... | [
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are\teffective\temulsifiers\twhen\tcombined\twith\tmonoglycerides,\tfatty\tacids,\tand\tlecithin,\taid\tin\tthe\nintestinal\tdigestion\tof\tfat.\nThe\tactivities\tof\tthe\tenzymes\tresponsible\tfor\tthe\tdigestion\tof\tdisaccharides—maltase,\tisomaltase,\nand\tsucrase—reach\tadult\tlevels\tby\t28\tto\t32\tweeks’\n\tges... | [
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gestation.\tLactase\tactivity\t(responsible\tfor\ndigesting\tthe\tdisaccharide\tin\tmilk)\treaches\tadult\tlevels\tby\tbirth.\tPancreatic\tamylase,\twhich\tdigests\nstarch,\tcontinues\tto\tremain\tlow\tduring\tthe\tfirst\t6\tmonths\tafter\tbirth.\tIf\tthe\tinfant\tconsumes\tstarch\nbefore\tthis\ttime,\tincreased\tactiv... | [
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0.03170265... |
compensate.\nThe\tneonate\thas\tfunctional\tbut\tphysiologically\n\timmature\tkidneys\tthat\tincrease\tin\tsize\tand\nconcentrating\tcapacity\tin\tthe\tearly\tweeks\tof\tlife.\tThe\tkidneys\tdouble\tin\tweight\tby\t6\tmonths\tand\ntriple\tin\tweight\tby\t1\tyear\tof\tage.\tThe\tlast\trenal\ttubule\tis\testimated\tto\tf... | [
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0.00770... |
month\tand\tthe\tend\tof\tthe\tfirst\tpostnatal\tmonth.\tThe\tglomerular\ttuft\tis\tcovered\tby\ta\tmuch\tthicker\nlayer\tof\tcells\tthroughout\tneonatal\tlife\tthan\tat\tany\tlater\n\ttime,\twhich\tmay\texplain\twhy\tthe\tglomerular\nfiltration\trate\tis\tlower\tduring\tthe\tfirst\t9\tmonths\tof\tlife\tthan\tit\tis\ti... | [
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0.0053690... |
the\tneonatal\tperiod\tthe\tability\tto\tform\tacid,\turine,\tand\tconcentrate\tsolutes\tis\toften\tlimited.\tThe\trenal\nconcentrating\tcapacity\tat\tbirth\tmay\tbe\tlimited\tto\tas\tlittle\tas\t700\tmOsm/L\tin\tsome\tinfants.\tOthers\nhave\tthe\tconcentrating\tcapacity\tof\tadults\t(1200\n\tto\t1400\tmOsm/L).\tBy\t6\... | [
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0.03618768975138664,
-0.048199109733104706,
-0.11820085346698761,
-0.015118091367185116,
0.06474179029464722,
0.049745481461286545,
-0.01679947040975094,
0.01371938269585371,
0.06658287346363068,
-0.08053548634052277,
0.05923018977046013,
0.0257... |
to\t1400\tmOsm/L).\tBy\t6\tweeks,\tmost\tinfants\tcan\nconcentrate\turine\tat\tadult\tlevels.\tRenal\tfunction\tin\ta\tnormal\tnewborn\tinfant\tis\trarely\ta\tconcern;\nhowever,\tdifficulties\tmay\tarise\tin\tinfants\twith\tdiarrhea\tor\tthose\twho\tare\tfed\tformula\tthat\tis\ttoo\nconcentrated.\nNutrient\trequirement... | [
0.001037347363308072,
-0.021354811266064644,
0.048925384879112244,
-0.02682081051170826,
-0.09984574466943741,
0.01764400489628315,
0.051834527403116226,
0.030677184462547302,
-0.016777928918600082,
0.05820946767926216,
0.09224742650985718,
-0.10676226019859314,
0.021428076550364494,
-0.01... |
concentrated.\nNutrient\trequirements\nNutrient\tneeds\tof\tinfants\treflect\trates\tof\tgrowth,\tenergy\texpended\tin\tactivity,\tbasal\tmetabolic\tneeds,\nand\tthe\tinteraction\n\tof\tthe\tnutrients\tconsumed.\tBalance\tstudies\thave\tdefined\tminimum\tacceptable\nlevels\tof\tintakes\tfor\ta\tfew\tnutrients,\tbut\tfo... | [
0.029168207198381424,
-0.1143130511045456,
-0.011950209736824036,
0.022717751562595367,
-0.02959560416638851,
0.06500012427568436,
0.12779590487480164,
0.060513876378536224,
-0.02695688232779503,
0.014779513701796532,
0.13428731262683868,
-0.03152308985590935,
0.04489073157310486,
0.043757... |
extrapolated\tfrom\tthe\tintakes\tof\tnormal,\tthriving\tinfants\tconsuming\thuman\tmilk.\tThe\tdietary\nreference\tintakes\t(DRIs)\tfor\tinfants\tare\tshown\tin\tthe\tinside\tcover\tof\tthis\tbook.\nEnergy\nFull-term\tinfants\twho\tare\tbreastfed\tto\tsatiety\n\tor\twho\tare\tfed\ta\tstandard\tinfant\tformula\tgeneral... | [
-0.018395187333226204,
-0.03166354447603226,
0.08961323648691177,
-0.04305998980998993,
-0.10213961452245712,
0.012808761559426785,
0.011765535920858383,
-0.005023178644478321,
-0.00931689701974392,
0.054287418723106384,
0.08974570035934448,
-0.07590536028146744,
0.013243474066257477,
0.00... |
or\twho\tare\tfed\ta\tstandard\tinfant\tformula\tgenerally\nadjust\ttheir\tintake\tto\tmeet\ttheir\tenergy\tneeds\twhen\tcaregivers\tare\tsensitive\tto\tthe\tinfant’s\thunger\nand\tsatiety\tcues.\tAn\teffective\tmethod\tfor\tdetermining\tthe\tadequacy\tof\tan\tinfant’s\tenergy\tintake\tis\tto | [
0.037407733500003815,
-0.017412059009075165,
0.09230563789606094,
-0.03380875661969185,
-0.08916687220335007,
0.011469349265098572,
0.09236699342727661,
0.02272883430123329,
0.010905816219747066,
0.058498091995716095,
0.08183854073286057,
-0.10162652283906937,
0.03200391307473183,
0.051008... |
monitor\tcarefully\tgains\tin\tweight,\tlength,\thead\tcircumference,\tand\tweight-for-length\tfor\tage\tand\tplot\nthese\tdata\ton\tthe\tWHO\tgrowth\tcharts\tshown\n\tin\t\nAppendix\t3\n.\tDuring\tthe\tfirst\tyear\ta\tcatch-up\tor\tlag-\ndown\tperiod\tin\tgrowth\tmay\toccur.\nIf\tinfants\tbegin\tto\texperience\ta\tdec... | [
-0.018270885571837425,
-0.009387257508933544,
0.03665956109762192,
0.006037451326847076,
-0.08166667819023132,
-0.02959805727005005,
0.06875955313444138,
0.03231729939579964,
-0.03943072631955147,
0.023500926792621613,
0.08728526532649994,
-0.04036461189389229,
0.0359579436480999,
0.008874... |
weight,\ttheir\tenergy\tand\tnutrient\tintake\tshould\tbe\tmonitored\tcarefully.\tIf\tthe\trate\tof\tgrowth\tin\nlength\tdecreases\tor\tceases,\tpotential\tmalnutrition,\tan\tundetected\tdisease,\tor\tboth\tshould\tbe\ninvestigated\tthoroughly.\n\tIf\tthe\tweight\tgain\tproceeds\tat\ta\tmuch\tmore\trapid\trate\tthan\tg... | [
0.020131947472691536,
-0.04810137301683426,
0.05558747798204422,
0.04723445698618889,
-0.0902140885591507,
0.005297510419040918,
0.12274964898824692,
0.04045586287975311,
-0.09864214807748795,
0.04057622328400612,
0.1079014241695404,
-0.0591525174677372,
0.008184229023754597,
0.02009518444... |
If\tthe\tweight\tgain\tproceeds\tat\ta\tmuch\tmore\trapid\trate\tthan\tgrowth\tin\nlength,\tthe\tenergy\tconcentration\tof\tthe\tformula,\tthe\tquantity\tof\tformula\tconsumed,\tand\tthe\tamount\nand\ttype\tof\tsemisolid\tand\ttable\tfoods\toffered\tshould\tbe\tevaluated.\tThe\tactivity\tlevel\tof\tthe\tinfant\talso | [
0.044423907995224,
-0.046953823417425156,
0.06044348329305649,
-0.011133900843560696,
-0.1013394221663475,
0.009948944672942162,
0.09167825430631638,
0.0018359116511419415,
-0.021272385492920876,
0.0736042931675911,
0.13550521433353424,
-0.10476035624742508,
0.018507473170757294,
0.0398666... |
should\tbe\tassessed.\tInfants\twho\tare\tat\tthe\thighest\tend\tof\tthe\tgrowth\tcharts\tfor\tweight-for-length,\tor\nwho\tgrow\trapidly\tin\n\tinfancy,\ttend\tto\tbe\tat\tgreater\trisk\tfor\tobesity\tlater\tin\tlife\t(\nDruet\tet\tal,\t2012\n).\nThe\tequations\tto\tcalculate\tthe\testimated\tenergy\trequirement\t(EER... | [
-0.00031627656426280737,
-0.012785270810127258,
0.07217494398355484,
-0.06543797999620438,
-0.11029349267482758,
-0.014285500161349773,
0.06216445192694664,
0.056406762450933456,
-0.0343032144010067,
0.0519741028547287,
0.06504348665475845,
-0.07286492735147476,
0.04389810934662819,
0.0577... |
age\tare\tin\t\nTable\t15.1\n.\tThe\tEER\tincludes\tthe\ttotal\tenergy\texpenditure\tplus\tenergy\tneeded\tfor\tgrowth\nfor\thealthy\tinfants\twith\tnormal\tgrowth\t(see\t\nChapter\t2\n). | [
0.020851530134677887,
0.0030551643576472998,
0.06491082906723022,
-0.03160177916288376,
-0.027638815343379974,
0.02486206591129303,
0.11805111169815063,
0.09141003340482712,
-0.09110545367002487,
0.048654161393642426,
0.1092761904001236,
-0.11685320734977722,
-0.0008539194241166115,
0.0862... |
Table\t15.1\nEquations\tfor\tCalculating\tEstimated\tEnergy\tRequirement\n\t(EER)\tfor\tInfants\nAge\nCalculation\n0-3\tmonths\n(89\t×\tWeight\tof\tinfant\t[kg]\t–\t100)\t+\t175\n4-6\tmonths\n(89\t×\tWeight\tof\tinfant\t[kg]\t–\t100)\t+\t56\n7-12\tmonths\n(89\t×\tWeight\tof\tinfant\t[kg]\t–\t100)\t+\t22\nFrom\tInstitut... | [
-0.019226431846618652,
0.03308173641562462,
-0.00042715153540484607,
-0.017736276611685753,
-0.06458844244480133,
0.02437468059360981,
0.05503125488758087,
0.13298602402210236,
-0.014672782272100449,
0.037959009408950806,
0.06891876459121704,
-0.1247892677783966,
0.04532026872038841,
0.008... |
(89\t×\tWeight\tof\tinfant\t[kg]\t–\t100)\t+\t22\nFrom\tInstitute\tof\tMedicine:\t\nDietary\treference\tintakes\tfor\tenergy,\tcarbohydrate,\tfiber,\tfat,\tfatty\tacids,\tcholesterol,\tprotein,\tand\tamino\tacids\n,\nWashington,\tDC,\t2002/2005,\tThe\tNational\tAcademies\n\tPress.\nProtein\nProtein\tis\tneeded\tfor\tti... | [
-0.0064689721912145615,
-0.03898698091506958,
0.0348515547811985,
-0.02902730368077755,
-0.0654497966170311,
0.024636434391140938,
0.06890339404344559,
0.08668194711208344,
0.001411927631124854,
0.023658286780118942,
0.06295108795166016,
-0.021869558840990067,
0.04143846407532692,
0.008242... |
requirements\tduring\tthe\trapid\tgrowth\tof\tinfancy\tare\thigher\tper\tkilogram\tof\tweight\tthan\tthose\tfor\nolder\tchildren\tor\tadults\t(\nTable\t15.2\n).\tRecommendations\tfor\tprotein\tintake\tare\tbased\ton\tthe\ncomposition\tof\thuman\tmilk,\tand\tit\tis\tassumed\tthat\tthe\tefficiency\tof\thuman\tmilk\tuse\t... | [
-0.008229757659137249,
-0.01262934785336256,
0.034448131918907166,
-0.06089388206601143,
-0.06821689009666443,
-0.035779550671577454,
0.028331533074378967,
0.06255769729614258,
-0.037846338003873825,
0.03799816966056824,
0.06363227218389511,
-0.081806480884552,
0.03931797295808792,
0.04406... |
Table\t15.2\nProtein\tDietary\tReference\tIntakes\t(DRIs)\tfor\tInfants\nAge\nGrams/Day\nGrams/Kilogram/Day\n0-6\tmonths\n9.1\n1.52\n6-12\tmonths\n11\n1.2\nFrom\tInstitute\tof\tMedicine:\t\nDietary\treference\tintakes\tfor\tenergy,\tcarbohydrate,\tfiber,\tfat,\tfatty\tacids,\tcholesterol,\tprotein,\tand\tamino\tacids\n... | [
-0.006960299331694841,
-0.05385700985789299,
0.007575878873467445,
-0.0045490022748708725,
-0.08775145560503006,
-0.03227666765451431,
0.08559630066156387,
0.12124057859182358,
-0.030999355018138885,
-0.012544427067041397,
0.04796020686626434,
-0.08835375308990479,
-0.01041366159915924,
-0... |
,\nWashington,\tDC,\t2002/2005,\tThe\tNational\tAcademies\tPress.\nInfants\trequire\ta\tlarger\tpercentage\tof\ttotal\n\tamino\tacids\tas\tessential\tamino\tacids\tthan\tdo\tadults.\nHistidine\tseems\tto\tbe\tan\tessential\tamino\tacid\tfor\tinfants,\tbut\tnot\tfor\tadults,\tand\ttyrosine,\tcystine,\nand\ttaurine\tmay\... | [
-0.0208418071269989,
-0.05371542274951935,
0.039124924689531326,
-0.06734248995780945,
-0.07476121187210083,
-0.027871161699295044,
0.09343032538890839,
0.005135005805641413,
0.01153444591909647,
0.05140302702784538,
0.11673656851053238,
-0.02679605595767498,
0.06612326949834824,
0.0508008... |
Pencharz\tand\tBall,\t2006\n;\tsee\t\nChapter\t41\n).\nHuman\tmilk\tor\tinfant\tformula\tprovides\tthe\tmajor\tportion\tof\tprotein\tduring\tthe\tfirst\tyear\tof\tlife.\nThe\tamount\tof\tprotein\tin\thuman\tmilk\tis\tadequate\n\tfor\tthe\tfirst\t6\tmonths\tof\tlife,\teven\tthough\tthe\namount\tof\tprotein\tin\thuman\tm... | [
-0.0290055051445961,
-0.02141881175339222,
0.024590181186795235,
-0.04669034108519554,
-0.0849614292383194,
0.02516862377524376,
0.06142383813858032,
-0.004790708888322115,
0.04290882125496864,
0.049926694482564926,
0.11664698272943497,
-0.020056869834661484,
0.021486325189471245,
0.026441... |
the\tdiet\tshould\tbe\tsupplemented\twith\tadditional\tsources\tof\thigh-quality\tprotein,\tsuch\tas\tyogurt,\nstrained\tmeats,\tpureed\tlegumes,\tmashed\tegg\tyolk,\tpureed\tfish\twith\tlow\tmercury\tcontent\t(i.e.,\nsalmon,\tchunk\tlight\ttuna,\tpollock,\tcod,\tand\tperch),\tor\tcereal\tmixed\n\twith\tformula\tor\thu... | [
-0.026268387213349342,
-0.025431333109736443,
0.04936758801341057,
-0.06813491135835648,
-0.06771126389503479,
-0.02198694832623005,
0.09040810912847519,
0.011038401164114475,
-0.011425589211285114,
0.02548879384994507,
0.09633052349090576,
0.002995570655912161,
0.033339016139507294,
0.016... |
with\tformula\tor\thuman\tmilk.\tA\ncomplete\tlist\tof\tlow\tmercury\tseafood\tcan\tbe\tfound\ton\tthe\tFood\tand\tDrug\tAdministration\t(FDA)\nwebsite\tunder\t“Eating\tfish:\tWhat\tpregnant\twomen\tand\tparents\tneed\tto\tknow.”\nInfants\tmay\tnot\treceive\tadequate\tprotein\tif\ttheir\tformula\tis\texcessively\tdilut... | [
0.006102094892412424,
-0.035826150327920914,
0.03115754947066307,
-0.04381177946925163,
-0.06747428327798843,
0.009811533614993095,
0.07455004006624222,
0.03793761506676674,
0.018788021057844162,
0.039885662496089935,
0.12256689369678497,
-0.052387841045856476,
0.019069693982601166,
0.0247... |
period,\tor\tif\tthey\thave\tmultiple\tfood\tallergies\tand\tare\tplaced\ton\ta\trestricted\tdiet\twithout\tappropriate\nmedical\tor\tnutritional\tsupervision\t(see\t\nChapter\t25\n).\nLipids\nLipids\tprovide\ta\tlarge\tproportion\tof\tinfants’\tenergy\tintakes\tin\torder\tto\tmeet\tthe\tenergy\tdemands\tfor | [
-0.02118331380188465,
-0.03441879525780678,
0.06708484888076782,
-0.03679712489247322,
-0.06466224789619446,
0.010026802308857441,
0.14685790240764618,
0.04588555917143822,
-0.02207195945084095,
0.04708145186305046,
0.1332097202539444,
-0.02877451665699482,
0.05295253172516823,
0.026049833... |
rapid\tgrowth.\tThe\tcurrent\tadequate\tintake\tis\t31\tg\tof\tfat\tper\tday\tfrom\tbirth\tto\t6\tmonths\tand\t30\tg\tof\nfat\tper\tday\tfor\tinfants\t7\tto\t12\tmonths.\tThis\tis\tbased\ton\tthe\taverage\tfat\tintakes\tfrom\tbreastmilk\tfor\ninfants\tfrom\tbirth\tto\t6\tmonths\n\tand\tthe\taverage\tfat\tintakes\tfrom\... | [
-0.033270955085754395,
-0.0868111252784729,
0.014729243703186512,
-0.01415399182587862,
-0.06280725449323654,
0.0019569010473787785,
0.051311079412698746,
0.0496697761118412,
-0.033032748848199844,
0.019595663994550705,
0.14408916234970093,
-0.05121318995952606,
-0.01675264537334442,
0.008... |
and\tthe\taverage\tfat\tintakes\tfrom\tbreastmilk\tand\tcomplementary\tfoods\nfor\tinfants\t7\tto\t12\tmonths.\tSignificantly\tlower\tfat\tintakes\t(e.g.,\twith\tskim-milk\tfeedings)\tmay\tresult\nin\tan\tinadequate\ttotal\tenergy\tintake.\tAn\tinfant\tmay\ttry\tto\tcorrect\tthe\tenergy\tdeficit\tby\tincreasing | [
0.014062813483178616,
-0.05110839009284973,
0.07303819805383682,
-0.007483959663659334,
-0.053804535418748856,
0.016431350260972977,
0.12749703228473663,
0.032086081802845,
-0.05319036915898323,
0.018784480169415474,
0.12319410592317581,
-0.08259779214859009,
0.014976655133068562,
0.037504... |
the\tvolume\tof\tmilk\tingested\tbut\tusually\tcannot\tmake\tup\tthe\tentire\tdeficit\tthis\tway.\nHuman\tmilk\tcontains\tthe\tessential\tfatty\n\tacids\tlinoleic\tacid\tand\talpha-linolenic\tacid,\tas\twell\tas\tthe\nlonger-chain\tderivatives\t\narachidonic\tacid\t(ARA)\n\t(C20:4ω-6)\tand\t\ndocosahexaenoic\tacid\t(DH... | [
-0.0276523195207119,
-0.05359521135687828,
0.03793647512793541,
-0.04640791937708855,
-0.11777672171592712,
-0.025096703320741653,
0.03466438874602318,
0.026392465457320213,
0.04983781650662422,
0.04909943789243698,
0.10112455487251282,
-0.037345487624406815,
-0.006506426725536585,
0.02858... |
arachidonic\tacid\t(ARA)\n\t(C20:4ω-6)\tand\t\ndocosahexaenoic\tacid\t(DHA)\n(C22:6ω-3).\tWhile\tARA\tcontent\tof\thuman\tmilk\tis\tmostly\tconsistent\tand\tunaffected\tby\tthe\tmother’s\ndiet,\tDHA\tcontent\tdoes\treflect\tthe\tmother’s\tintakes\tand\tis\tfound\tin\ta\twide\trange\tof\tconcentrations\tin\nhuman\tmilk\... | [
-0.055953651666641235,
-0.013727230951189995,
0.01718246191740036,
-0.054227352142333984,
-0.10542146116495132,
-0.010248251259326935,
0.031709205359220505,
0.051172710955142975,
0.01672120951116085,
0.03350147604942322,
0.06815436482429504,
-0.03139789402484894,
-0.05505645275115967,
0.04... |
human\tmilk\t(\nCarlson\tand\tColombo,\t2016\n).\tSee\t\nChapter\t14\n\t\nFocus\tOn\n:\tOmega-3\tFatty\tAcids\tin\nPregnancy\tand\tLactation.\tInfant\tformulas\tare\tsupplemented\twith\tlinoleic\tacid\tand\talpha-linolenic\nacid,\tfrom\twhich\tARA\tand\tDHA\tare\tderived.\tExcept\tfor\ta\tfew\tspecialty\tproducts,\tsta... | [
-0.024130279198288918,
-0.0359383225440979,
0.04238920286297798,
-0.05619947612285614,
-0.1250615268945694,
0.0030581755563616753,
0.08867181092500687,
0.008462661877274513,
-0.0012845637975260615,
0.06836703419685364,
0.13670115172863007,
-0.09243465960025787,
-0.027714889496564865,
0.035... |
for\tterm\tinfants\tin\tthe\tUnited\tStates\tnow\talso\tare\tsupplemented\twith\tARA\tand\tDHA,\talthough\tthere\nare\tno\tregulatory\trequirements\tfor\ttheir\tinclusion.\nLinoleic\tacid\tis\tessential\n\tfor\tgrowth\tand\tdermal\tintegrity.\tThe\tadequate\tintake\tfor\tinfants\thas\tbeen | [
0.04854360595345497,
-0.044286616146564484,
0.05978288874030113,
-0.038142357021570206,
-0.1070900708436966,
-0.011001449078321457,
0.09303419291973114,
0.0005160424625501037,
-0.007434759754687548,
0.09794231504201889,
0.10739199072122574,
-0.07448362559080124,
-0.0024359209928661585,
0.0... |
set\tbased\ton\tthe\taverage\tlinoleic\tacid\tintake\tfrom\tbreastmilk,\tor\t4.4\tg/day\tfor\tinfants\tyounger\tthan\t6\nmonths\tof\tage\tand\tbased\ton\tthe\taverage\tintake\tfrom\tbreastmilk\tand\tcomplementary\tfoods,\tor\t4.6\ng/day\tfor\tinfants\t7\tmonths\tto\t1\tyear\tof\tage.\tThe\thuman\tmilk\tcontent\tof\tlin... | [
0.004917987622320652,
0.006701909005641937,
0.02393784560263157,
-0.04459085687994957,
-0.127259761095047,
-0.02320168912410736,
0.09474056959152222,
-0.038806118071079254,
-0.025097163394093513,
0.02267143502831459,
0.08426865190267563,
-0.0984916165471077,
0.04221976175904274,
-0.0131269... |
the\tmother’s\tdiet;\tits\n\tcaloric\tcontribution\tcan\trange\tfrom\tapproximately\t6%\tto\t10%\tof\tbreastmilk’s\nenergy\tcontent.\tThe\tInfant\tFormula\tAct\tof\t1980\trequires\tthat\tat\tleast\t2.7%\tof\tinfant\tformula’s\ttotal\nenergy\tbe\tfrom\tlinoleic\tacid.\tSafflower,\tcorn,\tand\tsoybean\toil\tare\tgood\tso... | [
0.01647217385470867,
-0.045279283076524734,
0.03901153430342674,
-0.07146847248077393,
-0.1100161150097847,
-0.00777856633067131,
0.0607125349342823,
-0.020701933652162552,
0.04944829270243645,
0.029167482629418373,
0.08736810088157654,
-0.06638460606336594,
0.02135305479168892,
0.01363393... |
current\trecommendation\tfor\talpha-linolenic\tacid\tis\t0.5\tg/day\tduring\tthe\tfirst\tyear\tof\tlife.\tThis\tis\nbased\ton\tthe\taverage\n\tintakes\tfrom\tbreastmilk\tfor\tinfants\t0\tto\t6\tmonths\tand\taverage\tintakes\tfrom\nbreastmilk\tand\tcomplementary\tfoods\tfor\tinfants\t7\tto\t12\tmonths.\tFlaxseed,\tchia\... | [
-0.024692801758646965,
-0.0026639706920832396,
0.04064156860113144,
0.000200470385607332,
-0.08159689605236053,
0.012213721871376038,
0.08981871604919434,
0.03129250183701515,
-0.031680990010499954,
0.03488028421998024,
0.11533768475055695,
-0.07820703834295273,
0.021995784714818,
-0.00892... |
soybean\toil\tare\tgood\tsources\tof\talpha-linolenic\tacid.\nThe\tconcentration\tof\tDHA\tin\thuman\tmilk\tvaries,\tdepending\ton\tthe\tamount\tof\tDHA\tin\tthe\tmother’s | [
-0.026083089411258698,
-0.08400704711675644,
0.016564739868044853,
-0.053003739565610886,
-0.023423565551638603,
0.05117299035191536,
0.04573899507522583,
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0.03321054205298424,
0.16660065948963165,
-0.053438279777765274,
0.04055953025817871,
-0.0... |
diet.\tDHA\tand\tARA\tare\tthe\tmajor\tomega-3\tand\tomega-6\tlong-chain\tpolyunsaturated\n\tfatty\tacids\n(LCPUFAs)\tof\tneural\ttissues,\tand\tDHA\tis\tthe\tmajor\tfatty\tacid\tof\tthe\tphotoreceptor\tmembranes\tof\tthe\nretina.\tStudies\tlooking\tat\tvisual,\tneurodevelopmental,\tor\tgrowth\toutcomes\tin\tformula-fe... | [
-0.02948494255542755,
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0.0539727583527565,
-0.0010752957314252853,
-0.12545819580554962,
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0.02984290011227131,
0.007270172704011202,
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0.03941602259874344,
0.14740988612174988,
-0.10250963270664215,
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-0.0... |
infants\ton\tDHA-\tor\tARA-supplemented\tformula\thave\tshown\tmixed\tresults\t(\nJasani\tet\tal,\t2017\n).\tStudies\nare\tfinding\tthat\tthe\tratio\tof\tDHA\tto\tARA\tadded\tto\tformula\tmay\tbe\tcritical\t(\nCarlson\tand\tColombo,\n2016\n).\tThe\tAmerican\tAcademy\tof\tPediatrics\t(AAP)\thas\tnot\ttaken\tan\tofficial... | [
-0.016998041421175003,
-0.04688536748290062,
0.040352754294872284,
-0.00850655511021614,
-0.11600571870803833,
0.04515647888183594,
0.019035326316952705,
-0.012191994115710258,
-0.04155465215444565,
0.08883162587881088,
0.1479678899049759,
-0.0670899748802185,
-0.005370467435568571,
0.0219... |
LCPUFAs\tto\tinfant\tformula.\nCarbohydrates\nCarbohydrates\tshould\tsupply\t30%\tto\t60%\tof\tthe\tenergy\tintake\tduring\tinfancy.\tApproximately\t40%\tof\nthe\tenergy\tin\thuman\tmilk\tand\t40%\tto\t50%\tof\tthe\tenergy\tin\tinfant\tformulas\tis\tderived\tfrom\tlactose\tor\nother\tcarbohydrates.\tAlthough\trare,\tso... | [
0.004556551109999418,
-0.06675922870635986,
0.04040687531232834,
-0.05306989327073097,
-0.05118369311094284,
0.03587748855352402,
0.11774463951587677,
0.0583864264190197,
-0.06112358719110489,
0.08312416821718216,
0.11302591115236282,
-0.07611922919750214,
0.056102070957422256,
0.048591587... |
lactose\tand\trequire\ta\tmodified\nformula\tin\ttheir\tdiet\t(see\t\nChapters\t27\n\tand\t\n42\n).\nThe\tadequate\tintake\tfor\tbirth\tto\t6\tmonths\tis\t60\tg/day.\tThis\tis\tbased\ton\tthe\taverage\tcarbohydrate\nintake\tfrom\thuman\tmilk.\tThe\tadequate\tintake\tfor\t7\tmonths\tto\t12\tmonths\tis\t95\tg/day.\tThis\... | [
-0.015167929232120514,
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0.04814303666353226,
0.009139690548181534,
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0.025597425177693367,
0.027297860011458397,
0.06958498060703278,
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0.027263274416327477,
0.09870505332946777,
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-0.04954791069030762,
0.022... |
the\taverage\tcarbohydrate\tintake\tfrom\thuman\tmilk\tand\tcomplementary\tfoods.\tGrains\t(cereal,\tpasta,\nrice),\tstarchy\tvegetables\n\t(peas,\tcorn,\tpotatoes),\tand\tsugar\tfrom\tfruits\tprovide\tnatural\tsources\tof\ncarbohydrates.\nBotulism\tin\tinfancy\tis\tcaused\tby\tthe\tingestion\tof\t\nClostridium\tbotuli... | [
0.01075440738350153,
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0.02829945646226406,
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0.017027337104082108,
0.053643643856048584,
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0.08476106077432632,
0.1431751400232315,
-0.06749469041824341,
0.020989008247852325,
-0.01346... |
Clostridium\tbotulinum\n\tspores,\twhich\tgerminate\nand\tproduce\ttoxins\tin\tthe\tbowel\tlumen.\tInfant\tbotulism\thas\tbeen\tassociated\twith\teating\thoney\tthat\ncontains\tthe\tbacterial\tspores.\tLight\tand\tdark\tcorn\tsyrups\talso\thave\tbeen\treported\tto\tcontain\tthe\nspores,\talthough\n\tcases\tof\tinfant\t... | [
0.009214344434440136,
-0.024595413357019424,
0.049367595463991165,
-0.020176898688077927,
-0.06684960424900055,
-0.035810451954603195,
0.04061731696128845,
-0.012886853888630867,
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0.08409568667411804,
0.12968505918979645,
-0.05911271646618843,
0.007885976694524288,
0.... |
extremely\tresistant\tto\theat\ttreatment\tand\tare\tnot\tdestroyed\tby\tcurrent\tmethods\tof\tprocessing.\tThus\nhoney\tand\tcorn\tsyrup\tshould\tnot\tbe\tfed\tto\tinfants\tyounger\tthan\t1\tyear\tof\tage\tbecause\tthey\thave\tnot\nyet\tdeveloped\tthe\timmunity\trequired\tto\tresist\tbotulism\tspore\tdevelopment.\nWat... | [
0.03978804126381874,
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0.06495351344347,
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-0.07977104187011719,
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0.07474201172590256,
0.0010747885098680854,
0.0006404322921298444,
0.08937563747167587,
0.08401801437139511,
-0.03646481782197952,
0.013578719459474087,
0.02399123... |
Water\nThe\twater\trequirement\tfor\tinfants\tis\tdetermined\n\tby\tthe\tamount\tlost\tfrom\tthe\tskin\tand\tlungs\tand\tin\nthe\tfeces\tand\turine,\tin\taddition\tto\ta\tsmall\tamount\tneeded\tfor\tgrowth.\tThe\trecommended\ttotal\twater\nintake\tfor\tinfants,\tbased\ton\tthe\tDRIs,\tis\t0.7\tL/day\tfor\tinfants\tup\t... | [
0.007641817908734083,
0.031782008707523346,
0.10665924102067947,
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-0.05109334737062454,
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0.11155529320240021,
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0.05060186982154846,
0.07766417413949966,
-0.10647878050804138,
0.033289842307567596,
0.009... |
6\tto\t12\tmonths\tof\tage.\tNote\tthat\ttotal\twater\tincludes\tall\twater\tcontained\tin\tfood,\tbeverages,\tand\ndrinking\twater.\tFluid\trecommendations\tper\n\tkilogram\tof\tbody\tweight\tare\tshown\tin\t\nTable\t15.3\n.\nTable\t15.3\nMaintenance\tFluid\tRequirements\tof\tInfants\tand\tChildren\t(Holliday-Segar\tM... | [
-0.05718689039349556,
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0.022825831547379494,
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-0.03296195715665817,
-0.035164862871170044,
0.066817507147789,
0.04064630717039108,
-0.05857709422707558,
-0.022336723282933235,
0.03364596143364906,
-0.10827118903398514,
0.007537467405200005,
0.00... |
Body\tWeight\nFluid\tRequirement\n0-10\tkg\n100\tmL/kg\n11-20\tkg\n1000\tmL\t+\t50\tmL/kg\tfor\teach\tkg\tabove\t10\tkg\n>20\tkg\n1500\tmL\t+\t20\tmL/kg\tfor\teach\tkg\tabove\t20\tkg\nFrom\tHolliday\tMA,\tSegar\tWE.\tThe\tmaintenance\tneed\tfor\twater\tin\tparenteral\tfluid\ttherapy.\t\nPediatrics\n\t19:823-832,\t1957. | [
-0.01819622330367565,
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0.013687671162188053,
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0.037451669573783875,
0.04833409935235977,
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0.005040663760155439,
0.10104943066835403,
-0.0755992978811264,
0.029059413820505142,
-0.00430... |
Pediatrics\n\t19:823-832,\t1957.\nBecause\tthe\trenal\tconcentrating\tcapacity\tof\tyoung\tinfants\tmay\tbe\tless\tthan\tthat\tof\tolder\tchildren\nand\tadults,\tthey\tmay\tbe\tvulnerable\tto\tdeveloping\ta\twater\timbalance.\tUnder\tordinary\tconditions,\nhuman\tmilk\tand\tformula\tthat\tis\tproperly\tprepared\tsupply... | [
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0.08380962163209915,
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0.016740521416068077,
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0.08193530887365341,
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0.029964769259095192,
0.... |
when\tformula\tis\tboiled,\tthe\twater\tevaporates\tand\tthe\tsolutes\tbecome\tconcentrated;\n\ttherefore,\tboiled\nmilk\tor\tformula\tis\tinappropriate\tfor\tinfants.\tIn\tvery\thot\tand\thumid\tenvironments,\tinfants\tmay\trequire\nadditional\twater.\tWhen\tlosses\tof\twater\tare\thigh\t(e.g.,\tvomiting\tand\tdiarrhe... | [
0.015112865716218948,
-0.012687558308243752,
0.10682491213083267,
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0.007960089482367039,
0.07898368686437607,
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0.015197230502963066,
0.04793786630034447,
0.0610637404024601,
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0.04504179581999779,
0.038339... |
monitored\tcarefully\tfor\tfluid\tand\telectrolyte\timbalances.\nWater\tdeficits\tresult\tin\thypernatremic\tdehydration\tand\tits\tassociated\tneurologic\tconsequences\n(e.g.,\tseizures,\tvascular\n\tdamage).\tHypernatremic\tdehydration\thas\tbeen\treported\tin\tbreastfed\tinfants\nwho\tlose\tgreater\tthan\t10%\tof\tt... | [
0.009699459187686443,
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0.004920476581901312,
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0.120184525847435,
0.019749604165554047,
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0.06060633808374405,
0.07920151948928833,
-0.05381893739104271,
0.031053945422172546,
0.0553... |
Panagoda\tet\tal,\t2015\n).\nBecause\tof\tthe\tpotential\tfor\thypernatremic\tdehydration,\tcareful\tmonitoring\tof\tvolume\tof\tintake,\tdaily\nweights,\tand\thydration\tstatus\t(e.g.,\tnumber\tof\twet\tdiapers)\tin\tall\tnewborns\tis\twarranted.\nWater\tintoxication\tresults\n\tin\thyponatremia,\trestlessness,\tnause... | [
0.04356619715690613,
-0.010450794361531734,
0.05426253378391266,
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0.010699678212404251,
0.0819605141878128,
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0.007326057646423578,
0.06704189628362656,
0.08621732145547867,
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0.04047951474785805,
0.009410... |
or\toliguria;\tseizures\talso\tcan\tresult.\tThis\tcondition\tmay\toccur\twhen\twater\tis\tprovided\tas\ta\nreplacement\tfor\tmilk,\tthe\tformula\tis\texcessively\tdiluted,\tor\tbottled\twater\tis\tused\tinstead\tof\tan\nelectrolyte\tsolution\tin\tthe\ttreatment\tof\tdiarrhea.\nMinerals\nCalcium\nBreastfed\tinfants\tre... | [
0.033959727734327316,
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0.082442507147789,
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0.06649957597255707,
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0.05118424817919731,
0.0858391597867012,
-0.05261969566345215,
0.061814989894628525,
0.0363559... |
intake.\tThe\trecommended\nadequate\tintake\t(AI),\tthe\tmean\tintake,\tis\tbased\ton\tcalcium\tintakes\tin\thealthy\tbreastfed\tinfants.\tThe\nAI\tfor\tinfants\t0\tto\t6\tmonths\tof\tage\tis\t200\tmg/day;\tthe\tAI\tfor\tinfants\t6\tto\t12\tmonths\tof\tage\tis\t260\nmg/day;\tformulas\tcontain\tmore\tcalcium\tper\tvolum... | [
0.009084789082407951,
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0.0008628694340586662,
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0.057535525411367416,
0.017494942992925644,
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0.0318228080868721,
0.0891232043504715,
-0.11607073992490768,
0.06027863174676895,
-0.015... |
calcium\tabsorption\t(see\t\nAppendix\t39\n).\tDuring\tthe\tfirst\tyear\tof\tlife,\thuman\tmilk\n\tor\tinfant\tformula\tis\nthe\tmajor\tsource\tof\tcalcium.\tCow’s\tmilk\tor\tmilk\talternatives\tare\tnot\tappropriate\tsubstitutes.\nCalcium-fortified\tcereal,\tyogurt,\ttofu,\tand\tcheese\tare\tgood\tsources\tof\tcalcium... | [
-0.04103996604681015,
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0.03144143149256706,
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0.062168605625629425,
0.04718424007296562,
0.02094443328678608,
0.061833105981349945,
0.07222151756286621,
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0.040155079215765,
0.046790... |
The\timportance\tof\tfluoride\tin\tpreventing\tdental\tcaries\thas\tbeen\twell\tdocumented.\tHowever,\nexcessive\tfluoride\tmay\tcause\tdental\tfluorosis,\tranging\tfrom\tfine\twhite\tlines\tto\tentirely\tchalky\tteeth\n(see\t\nChapter\t24\n).\tTo\tprevent\tfluorosis,\tthe\ttolerable\tupper\tintake\tlevel\tfor\tfluorid... | [
0.003178012790158391,
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0.039443306624889374,
0.004717938136309385,
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0.09538847208023071,
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0.0... |
0.7\tmg/day\tfor\tinfants\tup\tto\t6\tmonths\tand\t0.9\tmg/day\tfor\tinfants\t6\tto\t12\tmonths\tof\tage.\tFluoride\nconcentration\tof\t0.7\tppm\t(0.7\tmg/L)\tin\tdrinking\twater\thas\tbeen\tproposed\tas\tbeing\toptimal\tfor\tsafety\nand\tcaries\tprevention\t(\nAcademy\tof\tNutrition\tand\tDietetics\t[AND],\t2012\n).\t... | [
-0.02537332847714424,
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0.027704572305083275,
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0.08632127195596695,
0.06759470701217651,
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0.006128015462309122,
0.07433295249938965,
-0.10272820293903351,
0.014377288520336151,
0.02... |
).\tFluoride\tcontent\tof\twater\nsupplies\tcan\tbe\tobtained\tthrough\tlocal\tpublic\thealth\tdepartments\tor\twater\tutilities.\tFluoride\ncontaining\ttoothpaste\tshould\tbe\tused\tsparingly—just\ta\tsmear\ton\ta\ttoothbrush\t(\nAmerican\tAcademy\tof\nPediatric\tDentistry\t[AAPD],\t2014\n). | [
-0.02304047718644142,
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0.08036775141954422,
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0.06553810089826584,
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0.06591034680604935,
0.08451677113771439,
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0.0... |
American\tAcademy\tof\nPediatric\tDentistry\t[AAPD],\t2014\n).\nHuman\tmilk\tis\tvery\tlow\tin\tfluoride.\tInfants\twho\texclusively\tconsume\tinfant\tformula\treconstituted\nwith\tfluoridated\twater\tmay\tbe\tat\tincreased\trisk\tof\tdeveloping\tmild\tfluorosis\n\t(\nCenters\tfor\tDisease\nControl\tand\tPrevention\t[C... | [
0.00561410840600729,
-0.09252507239580154,
0.04047045484185219,
-0.01774735376238823,
0.0006598973413929343,
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0.0879887267947197,
0.06652379781007767,
0.004903191234916449,
0.06281200051307678,
0.09878367930650711,
-0.06605131924152374,
-0.02571219392120838,
0.0747646... |
(\nCenters\tfor\tDisease\nControl\tand\tPrevention\t[CDC],\t2015\n).\tUsing\twater\tthat\tis\tfree\tof\tor\tlow\tin\tfluoride,\twhich\tare\twaters\nlabeled\t“purified,”\t“demineralized,”\t“deionized,”\t“distilled,”\tor\t“produced\tthrough\treverse-osmosis,”\nmay\tdecrease\tthis\trisk.\tOther\tdietary\tsources\tof\tfluo... | [
-0.02511347457766533,
-0.030349601060152054,
0.062130093574523926,
-0.03596063330769539,
-0.027721378952264786,
-0.030512839555740356,
0.07610107213258743,
0.007728944532573223,
-0.008831372484564781,
0.04135826975107193,
0.11331867426633835,
-0.07480243593454361,
0.02137182652950287,
0.02... |
prepared\tinfant\tcereals\tand\twet\tpack\tcereals\tprocessed\twith\tfluoridated\twater.\n\tFluoride\nsupplementation\tis\tnot\trecommended\tfor\tinfants\tyounger\tthan\t6\tmonths\tof\tage,\tand\tafter\t6\tmonths\nof\tage\tis\trecommended\tonly\tif\tan\tinfant\tis\tat\thigh\trisk\tof\tdeveloping\tdental\tcaries\tand\td... | [
-0.016856681555509567,
-0.010285316035151482,
0.04488975927233696,
-0.016634609550237656,
-0.062058743089437485,
-0.00862994696944952,
0.07698903977870941,
0.032279327511787415,
-0.020342430099844933,
0.04083888605237007,
0.06540551781654358,
-0.06443658471107483,
0.038077693432569504,
-0.... |
insufficiently\tfluoridated\twater\t(\nAND,\t2012\n).\tAfter\ttooth\teruption\tit\tis\trecommended\tthat\tfluoridated\nwater\tbe\toffered\tseveral\ttimes\tper\tday\tto\tbreastfed\tinfants,\tthose\twho\treceive\tcow’s\tmilk,\tand\n\tthose\nfed\tformulas\tmade\twith\twater\tthat\tcontain\tless\tthan\t0.3\tmg\tof\tfluorid... | [
-0.02876869961619377,
-0.04814351350069046,
0.04051700234413147,
-0.03159046173095703,
-0.02924947254359722,
-0.034488141536712646,
0.03438999503850937,
0.07573721557855606,
0.003876833710819483,
0.027617724612355232,
0.0878242552280426,
-0.09127061069011688,
0.03536847606301308,
0.0267260... |
AAP,\t2014b\n).\nIron\nFull-term\tinfants\tare\tconsidered\tto\thave\tadequate\tstores\tof\tiron\tfor\tgrowth\tup\tto\ta\tdoubling\tof\ttheir\nbirth\tweight.\tThis\toccurs\tat\tapproximately\t4\tmonths\tof\tage\tin\tfull-term\tinfants\tand\tmuch\tearlier\tin\nprematurely\tborn\tinfants.\tRecommended\tintakes\tof\tiron\... | [
0.001309946528635919,
-0.03476512059569359,
0.0418558232486248,
-0.017715826630592346,
-0.10774097591638565,
-0.018381567671895027,
0.06232364848256111,
0.008442344143986702,
-0.029281113296747208,
0.10404955595731735,
0.11552532762289047,
-0.060554541647434235,
0.00022427151270676404,
0.0... |
and\niron\tstores.\tAt\t4\tto\t6\tmonths\tof\tage,\tinfants\twho\tare\tfed\tonly\thuman\tmilk\tare\tat\trisk\tfor\tdeveloping\ta\nnegative\tiron\tbalance\tand\tmay\tdeplete\ttheir\treserves\tby\t6\tto\t9\tmonths.\tIron\tin\thuman\tmilk\tis\thighly\nbioavailable;\thowever,\tbreastfed\tinfants\tshould\treceive\tan\taddit... | [
-0.02175242081284523,
0.01795104518532753,
0.040096182376146317,
-0.050006650388240814,
-0.07991082966327667,
-0.015064115636050701,
0.042668893933296204,
-0.0036801521200686693,
-0.003238454693928361,
0.05646272748708725,
0.09117673337459564,
-0.05310862511396408,
0.027650197967886925,
0.... |
of\tage\t(\nAAP,\t2012\n).\tFor\tbreastfed\tterm\tinfants,\tthe\tAAP\trecommends\tiron\tsupplementation\n\tof\t1\nmg/kg/day\tstarting\tat\t4\tmonths\tof\tage\tand\tcontinuing\tuntil\tappropriate\tcomplementary\tfoods\thave\nbeen\tintroduced\t(\nAAP,\t2014b\n).\tComplementary\tfoods\thigh\tin\tiron\tinclude\tstrained\tm... | [
-0.017552129924297333,
-0.008944980800151825,
0.02241511084139347,
-0.002523941919207573,
-0.06704038381576538,
-0.03195355460047722,
0.08058007806539536,
0.00859809760004282,
-0.02944898046553135,
0.03456147387623787,
0.12564139068126678,
-0.09728706628084183,
0.026599673554301262,
-0.007... |
).\tComplementary\tfoods\thigh\tin\tiron\tinclude\tstrained\tmeats\tand\tiron-\nfortified\tinfant\tcereals.\tIn\taddition,\tby\t6\tmonths\tof\tage\toffering\tone\tserving\tof\tvitamin\tC-rich\tfoods\nper\tday\tenhances\tiron\tabsorption\tfrom\tnonheme\tsources\tsuch\tas\ttofu,\tbeans,\tpeas,\tlentils,\tand\teggs. | [
-0.016878021880984306,
-0.027720633894205093,
0.02489928901195526,
-0.024326464161276817,
-0.06662828475236893,
-0.02287815883755684,
0.09129414707422256,
-0.0013016589218750596,
-0.05626314878463745,
0.03978552669286728,
0.08178487420082092,
-0.07049432396888733,
0.06252481043338776,
-0.0... |
Formula-fed\tinfants\treceive\tadequate\tiron\tfrom\tformula.\tCow’s\tmilk\tis\ta\tpoor\tsource\tof\tiron\tand\nshould\tnot\tbe\tgiven\tbefore\t12\tmonths\tof\tage.\nIron\tdeficiency\tand\tiron\tdeficiency\tanemia\tare\tcommon\thealth\tconcerns\tfor\tthe\tolder\tinfant.\nBetween\t6\tand\t24\tmonths\tof\tage,\tbecause\t... | [
-0.019006606191396713,
-0.05053164064884186,
0.015586478635668755,
-0.028453927487134933,
-0.0506216436624527,
0.004018797539174557,
0.03669636324048042,
0.089593306183815,
0.010172158479690552,
0.0503731369972229,
0.068101666867733,
-0.06864941120147705,
-0.007153383921831846,
0.042947255... |
weight\tare\thigher\tthan\tat\tany\tother\tperiod\tof\tlife.\tRisk\tfactors\tassociated\n\twith\ta\thigher\tprevalence\tof\niron\tdeficiency\tanemia\tinclude\tlow\tbirth\tweight,\tlow\tintake\tof\tiron-rich\tcomplementary\tfoods,\thigh\nintake\tof\tcow’s\tmilk,\tlow\tsocioeconomic\tstatus,\tand\timmigrant\tstatus. | [
0.022938979789614677,
-0.018145069479942322,
0.03072359599173069,
0.05011766403913498,
-0.04232008755207062,
-0.006617033388465643,
0.08185101300477982,
-0.018168235197663307,
-0.06772459298372269,
0.03131642937660217,
0.10817818343639374,
-0.10123208165168762,
0.0003543708298821002,
-0.02... |
intake\tof\tcow’s\tmilk,\tlow\tsocioeconomic\tstatus,\tand\timmigrant\tstatus.\nMonitoring\tiron\tstatus\tis\timportant\tbecause\tof\tthe\tlong-term\tcognitive\teffects\tof\tiron\tdeficiency\tin\ninfancy.\tThere\tis\tconsistent\tassociation\tbetween\tiron\tdeficiency\tanemia\tin\tinfancy\tand\tlong-lasting\npoor\tcogni... | [
0.04713277891278267,
-0.060951340943574905,
0.037996020168066025,
0.040766652673482895,
-0.05094968155026436,
0.032494042068719864,
0.06437472999095917,
0.016240468248724937,
-0.035246919840574265,
0.027069352567195892,
0.1275293081998825,
-0.05570076406002045,
0.0099065275862813,
0.002150... |
poor\tcognition,\tdevelopmental\tdeficits,\tand\tbehavioral\tperformance\t(\nDomellöf\tet\tal,\t2014\n).\tThus\tit\tis\nimportant\tthat\tthis\tdietary\tadvice\treaches\thigh-risk\tgroups\tto\tprevent\tthese\tsignificant\tlong-term\neffects\t(see\t\nAppendix\t42\n\tand\t\nChapter\t31\n).\nZinc | [
0.04374002665281296,
-0.01929844170808792,
0.07583682984113693,
0.013277876190841198,
-0.07993839681148529,
0.002340148901566863,
0.08673278987407684,
0.08836138993501663,
-0.03799813985824585,
0.056214410811662674,
0.09823059290647507,
0.00435191486030817,
0.011719373986124992,
0.02799987... |
effects\t(see\t\nAppendix\t42\n\tand\t\nChapter\t31\n).\nZinc\nZinc\tis\tcritical\tfor\tgrowth\tand\tdevelopment.\tThe\tAI\tis\t2.0\tmg\tfor\tinfants\t0\tto\t12\tmonths.\tDuring\tthe\nfirst\t6\tmonths\tof\tlife,\thuman\tmilk\tor\tinfant\n\tformula\tprovides\tadequate\tzinc.\tAlthough\tzinc\tis\tbetter\nabsorbed\tfrom\t... | [
-0.017522308975458145,
-0.008571920916438103,
0.061971236020326614,
-0.010845018550753593,
-0.02693966217339039,
0.06358876079320908,
0.01850394532084465,
0.06220429018139839,
0.037174444645643234,
0.09225614368915558,
0.1480800360441208,
-0.010824419558048248,
-0.01386977918446064,
0.0546... |
during\tthe\tfirst\t6\tmonths.\tA\tdietary\tsource\tof\tzinc\tbecomes\tnecessary\tfor\tbreastfed\tinfants\tat\tthis\ntime.\tGood\tsources\tof\tzinc\twith\thigh\tbioavailability\tinclude\tred\tmeat,\teggs,\tyogurt,\tand\tcheese.\tThe\npresence\tof\tphytic\tacid\tmakes\tplant\tsources\tof\tzinc\n\t(grains,\tlegumes,\tnut... | [
-0.0078066810965538025,
-0.04451518505811691,
0.05601027235388756,
-0.0031488987151533365,
-0.06684368848800659,
-0.007695329841226339,
0.07088354229927063,
0.02074156142771244,
-0.03627569600939751,
0.05572277307510376,
0.07142893224954605,
-0.006552827078849077,
0.05415467172861099,
0.00... |
(grains,\tlegumes,\tnut\tproducts)\tless\tbioavailable.\nInfants\twho\tare\tzinc\tdeficient\tcan\texhibit\tgrowth\timpairment\t(\nTerrin\tet\tal,\t2015\n;\tsee\t\nAppendix\t47\n).\nVitamins\nVitamin\tB\n12\nMilk\tfrom\tlactating\tmothers\twho\tfollow\ta\tstrict\tvegan\tdiet\tmay\tbe\tdeficient\tin\tvitamin\tB\n12\n,\te... | [
-0.03454503044486046,
-0.08118728548288345,
0.029755068942904472,
0.007291596382856369,
-0.022139262408018112,
-0.008379180915653706,
0.04448891431093216,
0.06476867198944092,
-0.04768431559205055,
0.008464939892292023,
0.12479665875434875,
-0.03170618787407875,
0.016103049740195274,
-0.02... |
12\n,\tespecially\nif\tthe\tmother\tfollowed\tthe\tregimen\tfor\ta\tlong\ttime\tbefore\tand\tduring\ther\tpregnancy.\tVitamin\tB\n12\ndeficiency\thas\talso\n\tbeen\tdiagnosed\tin\tinfants\tbreastfed\tby\tmothers\twith\tpernicious\tanemia\n(\nRoumeliotis\tet\tal,\t2012\n;\tsee\t\nChapter\t32\n).\tDuring\tinfancy,\tsigns... | [
0.010926347225904465,
0.004140818491578102,
0.021897338330745697,
-0.036389559507369995,
-0.09056125581264496,
0.03967124596238136,
0.09410320967435837,
0.04914902150630951,
-0.06644196063280106,
0.06023339554667473,
0.10320926457643509,
-0.02155887894332409,
0.002409840701147914,
-0.01332... |
).\tDuring\tinfancy,\tsigns\tof\tvitamin\tB\n12\n\tdeficiency\tinclude\ninadequate\tgrowth,\treflux\tor\tfeeding\tdifficulties,\thypotonia,\tdevelopmental\tregression,\tand\nmovement\tdisorders\t(\nFadilah\tet\tal,\t2017\n;\tsee\t\nAppendix\t31\n).\tGood\tfood\tsources\tof\tvitamin\tB\n12\n\tinclude\nanimal\tproducts,\... | [
-0.021940425038337708,
-0.055452119559049606,
0.0318295992910862,
-0.061543453484773636,
-0.03209284693002701,
0.027535216882824898,
0.061343248933553696,
0.005747367162257433,
-0.03725317865610123,
0.07121840864419937,
0.13123103976249695,
-0.0624847486615181,
0.053290605545043945,
0.0228... |
poultry,\teggs,\tmilk,\tand\tmilk\tproducts.\tVitamin\tB\n12\n\tis\tgenerally\nnot\tpresent\tin\tplant\tfoods,\tbut\tsome\tfoods\tare\tfortified\twith\tvitamin\tB\n12\n,\tsuch\tas\tbreakfast\tcereals,\nmeat\tsubstitutes,\tnondairy\tmilks,\tand\tnutritional\tyeast\tproducts.\nVitamin\tD\nThe\tvitamin\tD\tcontent\tof\tbr... | [
0.010534064844250679,
-0.07148333638906479,
0.050458502024412155,
0.0067121488973498344,
-0.01630439981818199,
0.004767667967826128,
0.06974565982818604,
-0.011721695773303509,
-0.031320828944444656,
0.01908564753830433,
0.13041070103645325,
-0.05647942051291466,
0.027243781834840775,
-0.0... |
shown\tthat\thigh\tmaternal\tintakes\tof\tvitamin\tD,\n\tsupplemented\t2000\tIU\tto\t6400\tIU\tper\tday,\twere\nassociated\twith\thigher\tbreastmilk\tvitamin\tD\tconcentrations.\tHowever,\tinfants\tof\tmothers\nsupplemented\twith\t2000\tIU\tper\tday\tor\tmore\thave\tsimilar\tserum\tconcentrations\tas\tinfants\treceivin... | [
0.009548001922667027,
-0.05010729283094406,
0.04598747938871384,
-0.05107797309756279,
-0.058536551892757416,
0.02693714015185833,
0.04336050897836685,
0.022909386083483696,
-0.012632726691663265,
0.06426441669464111,
0.08237948268651962,
-0.01985304243862629,
0.0698905661702156,
0.0016761... |
a\tvitamin\tD\tsupplement\tof\t400\tIU\tper\tday\t(\nMunns\tet\tal,\t2016\n).\tThe\tcurrent\trecommended\tdietary\nallowance\t(RDA)\tfor\tvitamin\tD\tfor\tlactating\tmothers\tis\t600\tIU\tper\tday,\n\tand\tthe\ttolerable\tupper\tlimit\nis\t4000\tIU\tper\tday.\tCoupled\twith\tthe\tAAP’s\trecommendation\tto\tkeep\tall\ti... | [
-0.01096524391323328,
-0.01181663665920496,
0.03151411935687065,
-0.09420333802700043,
-0.12266252189874649,
-0.02062203362584114,
0.03883959352970123,
0.012552419677376747,
-0.004110111389309168,
0.06475724279880524,
0.09593143314123154,
0.003632620209828019,
0.0764680951833725,
0.0209967... |
months\tout\tof\tdirect\tsunlight,\texclusively\tand\tpartially\tbreastfed\tinfants\tare\tat\thigh\trisk\tfor\tvitamin\nD\tdeficiency\t(\nAAP,\t2016\n).\tFor\tthe\tprevention\tof\trickets\tand\tvitamin\tD\tdeficiency,\ta\tminimum\tvitamin\nD\tintake\tof\t400\tIU\tper\tday\tshortly\tafter\tbirth\tis\trecommended\tfor\n\... | [
0.02022264152765274,
-0.02206367813050747,
0.08408428728580475,
-0.07101547718048096,
-0.0687408447265625,
0.0014448189176619053,
0.05644962936639786,
0.021254338324069977,
-0.056499138474464417,
0.07233073562383652,
0.08803383260965347,
-0.028793005272746086,
0.03670202195644379,
-0.00069... |
all\tinfants.\tAll\tbreastfed\tinfants\nneed\ta\tvitamin\tD\tsupplement\tof\t400\tIU\tper\tday.\tFormula-fed\tinfants\twho\tconsume\tless\tthan\t1000\tmL\nof\tformula\tper\tday\talso\tneed\tsupplementation\t(\nAntonucci\tet\tal,\t2018\n).\nThere\tappears\tto\tbe\ta\thigher\trisk\tof\trickets\tamong\tunsupplemented,\tbr... | [
-0.02587946131825447,
-0.03255665302276611,
0.05888809263706207,
-0.10071101784706116,
-0.10546266287565231,
-0.0017239634180441499,
0.07182591408491135,
0.02933517098426819,
-0.026164965704083443,
0.04090304672718048,
0.07898090779781342,
-0.054170411080121994,
0.042167313396930695,
0.012... |
with\tdark\tskin.\tBecause\ta\tvariety\tof\tenvironmental\tand\tfamily\tlifestyle\tfactors\tcan\taffect\tsunlight\nexposure\tand\tabsorption\tof\tvitamin\tD,\tthe\tAAP\trecommendations\tto\tprovide\tsupplemental\tvitamin\tD\nare\tappropriate\tfor\tall\tinfants.\tSupplementation\tup\tto\t800\tIU\tof\tvitamin\tD\tper\tda... | [
0.021334057673811913,
-0.04461730644106865,
0.05942747741937637,
-0.02035321667790413,
-0.06477724015712738,
-0.0027125827036798,
0.09692253172397614,
-0.020359357818961143,
-0.0429682582616806,
0.08071039617061615,
0.08234532177448273,
-0.05717219412326813,
0.05722932144999504,
0.02868106... |
infants\tat\thigher\trisk,\tsuch\tas\tpremature\tinfants,\tdark-skinned\tinfants\tand\tchildren,\tand\tthose\twho\nreside\tin\tnorthern\tlatitudes\tor\tat\thigher\taltitudes\t(\nAntonucci\tet\tal,\t2018\n;\tsee\t\nAppendix\t38\n).\nVitamin\tK\nThe\tvitamin\tK\trequirements\tof\tthe\tneonate\tneed\tspecial\tattention.\t... | [
0.018798166885972023,
-0.0023693598341196775,
0.05313781276345253,
-0.0006368616013787687,
-0.10900775343179703,
0.011362865567207336,
0.06083456426858902,
-0.00381858111359179,
-0.06564459204673767,
0.10353515297174454,
0.1359531432390213,
-0.07352016866207123,
-0.021122029051184654,
0.02... |
newborns\tdo\tnot\tstore\tvitamin\tK\tand\ttheir\tgut\tbacteria\tis\tnot\tdeveloped\tenough\tto\tsupply\tthe\nneeded\tamount.\tLow\tvitamin\tK\tcan\thappen\tin\tany\tinfant,\tregardless\tof\tgender\tor\tethnicity,\tand\nresults\tin\tbleeding\tor\themorrhagic\tdisease.\tThis\tcondition\tis\tmore\tcommon\tin\tbreastfed\t... | [
-0.015722554177045822,
-0.02321114018559456,
0.044674087315797806,
-0.033538807183504105,
-0.08959466218948364,
0.034694891422986984,
0.051917269825935364,
0.008974880911409855,
-0.03485200181603432,
0.09782828390598297,
0.14581052958965302,
-0.0778326764702797,
-0.008336376398801804,
0.03... |
in\tformula-fed\n\tinfants\tbecause\thuman\tmilk\tcontains\tonly\t2.5\tmcg/L\tof\tvitamin\tK,\twhereas\tcow’s\nmilk–based\tformulas\tcontain\tapproximately\t20\ttimes\tthis\tamount.\tAll\tinfant\tformulas\tcontain\ta\nminimum\tof\t4\tmcg\tof\tvitamin\tK\tper\t100\tkcal\tof\tformula.\tThe\tAI\tfor\tinfants\tis\t2\tmcg/d... | [
0.018339842557907104,
-0.006634206045418978,
0.047335948795080185,
-0.05806465819478035,
-0.12219244986772537,
-0.0005818842328153551,
-0.004525258205831051,
0.03648681566119194,
0.05696661025285721,
0.012630341574549675,
0.09486676007509232,
-0.08298604190349579,
0.05230344086885452,
-0.0... |
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