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In addition to errors with insulin treatment,\niatrogenic hypoglycemia may be induced by asudden reduction of corticosteroid dose,\nreduced oral intake, emesis, inappropriatetiming of short- or rapid-acting insulin\ndoses in relation to meals, reduced infusion\nrate of intravenous dextrose, unexpected\ninterruption of ... | [
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interruption of enteral or parenteral feedings,\ndelayed or missed blood glucose checks, andaltered ability of the individual to report\nsymptoms (107).\nRecent inpatient studies show promise\nfor CGM as an early warning system toalert of impending hypoglycemia, offering | [
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an opportunity to mitigate it before it hap-pens (46 –49). The use of personal CGM\nand AID devices, such as insulin pumpsdiabetesjournals.org/care Diabetes Care in the Hospital S299\n©AmericanDiabetesAssociation | [
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that can automatically deliver correction\ndoses and change basal delivery rates in | [
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real time, should be supported for ongo-ing use during hospitalization for individu-als who are capable of using their devicessafely and independently when properoversight supervision is available. Hospi-tals should be encouraged to develop poli-cies and protocols to support inpatientuse of individual- and hospital-own... | [
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of individual- and hospital-owned dia-betes technology and have expert staffavailable for safe implementation andevaluation of continued use during the | [
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hospital stay (51). Hospital information\ntechnology teams are beginning to inte-grate CGM data into the EHR. The abilityto download and interpret diabetes de-vice data during hospitalization can informinsulin dosing during hospitalization andcare transitions (41).\nFor more information on CGM, see\nSection 7, “Diabete... | [
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For more information on CGM, see\nSection 7, “Diabetes Technology. ”\nPredictors of Hypoglycemia | [
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Predictors of Hypoglycemia\nIn people with diabetes, it is well establishedthat an episode of severe hypoglycemia in-creases the risk for a subsequent event,partly because of impaired counterregula-tion (108,109). In a study of hospitalizedindividuals, 84% of people who had an epi-sode of severe hypoglycemia (de fined a... | [
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<40 mg/dL [ <2.2 mmol/L]) had a preced-\ning episode of hypoglycemia (< 70 mg/dL\n[<3.9 mmol/L]) during the same admis-\nsion (110). In another study of hypoglyce-\nmic episodes (de fined as <50 mg/dL\n[<2.8 mmol/L]), 78% of individuals were\ntaking basal insulin, with the incidence of\nhypoglycemia peaking between midn... | [
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hypoglycemia peaking between midnightand 6:00\nA.M. Despite recognition of hypo-\nglycemia, 75% of individuals did not havetheir dose of basal insulin changed beforethe next basal insulin administration (111).\nRecently, several groups have devel-\noped algorithms to predict episodes of\nhypoglycemia in the inpatient s... | [
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hypoglycemia in the inpatient setting\n(112,113). Models such as these are po-\ntentially important and, once validatedfor general use, could provide a valu-able tool to reduce rates of hypoglyce-mia in the hospital. In one retrospectivecohort study, a fasting blood glucose of<100 mg/dL was shown to be a predic-\ntor o... | [
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tor of next-day hypoglycemia (34).\nMEDICAL NUTRITION THERAPY IN\nTHE HOSPITAL\nThe goals of medical nutrition therapy\nin the hospital are to provide adequatecalories to meet metabolic demands, opti-\nmize glycemic outcomes, address personal | [
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mize glycemic outcomes, address personal\nfood preferences, and facilitate the crea-tion of a discharge plan. The American Di-abetes Association does not endorse anysingle meal plan or speci fied percentages\nof macronutrients. Current nutrition rec- | [
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of macronutrients. Current nutrition rec-\nommendations advise individualizationb a s e do nt r e a t m e n tg o a l s ,p h y s i o l o g i c a lparameters, and medication use. Con-trolled carbohydrate meal plans, wherethe amount of carbohydrate on each\nmeal tray is calculated, are preferred by | [
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meal tray is calculated, are preferred by\nmany hospitals, as they facilitate match-ing the prandial insulin dose to theamount of carbohydrate given (114). Or-ders should also indicate that the mealdelivery and nutritional insulin coverage\nshould be coordinated, as their variability | [
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should be coordinated, as their variability\noften creates the possibility of hypergly-cemic and hypoglycemic events (20).Some hospitals offer “meals on demand, ”\nwhere individuals may order meals from\nthe menu at any time during the day. This\noption improves patient satisfaction but\ncomplicates insulin –meal coord... | [
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complicates insulin –meal coordination\nand can lead to insulin stacking if meals\nare too close together. Finally, if the hos-pital food service supports carbohydrate\ncounting, this option should be made\navailable to people with diabetes count-ing carbohydrates at home and peoplewearing insulin pumps (115,116).\nSEL... | [
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SELF-MANAGEMENT IN THE\nHOSPITAL\nDiabetes self-management in the hospital\nmay be appropriate for speci fic individuals\nwho wish to continue to perform self-care\nwhile acutely ill (117 –119). Candidates in- | [
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while acutely ill (117 –119). Candidates in-\nclude children with parental supervision,adolescents, and adults who successfullyperform diabetes self-management athome and whose cognitive and physical\nskills needed to successfully self-administer | [
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skills needed to successfully self-administer\ninsulin and perform glucose monitoring arenot compromised (7,41). In addition, theyshould have adequate oral intake, be profi -\ncient in carbohydrate estimation, take mul-\ntiple daily insulin injections or wear insulin\npumps, have stable insulin requirements, | [
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pumps, have stable insulin requirements,\nand understand sick-day management. Ifself-management is supported, a policyshould include a requirement that peoplewith diabetes and the care team agree\nthat self-management is appropriate on a | [
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daily basis during hospitalization. Hospitalpersonal medication policies may includeguidance for people with diabetes whowish to take their own or hospital-dispensedinsulin and noninsulin injectable medica-tions during their hospital stay. A hospitalpolicy for personal medication may considera pharmacy exception on a c... | [
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sis along with the care team. Pharmacy\nmust verify any home medication and re-quire a prescriber order for the individualto self-administer home or hospital-\ndispensed medication under the su-\npervision of the registered nurse. If aninsulin pump or CGM device is worn,hospital policy and procedures delin-eating guide... | [
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pump and/or CGM device should be de-\nveloped according to consensus guide-lines, including the changing of insulininfusion sites and CGM glucose sensors(41,120,121). As outlined in Recommenda-\ntions 7.33 and 7.34, people with diabetes | [
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tions 7.33 and 7.34, people with diabetes\nwearing diabetes devices should be sup-ported to continue them in an inpatientsetting if they are assessed and deemed\ncompetent to perform self-care and proper\nsupervision is available.\nSTANDARDS FOR SPECIAL\nSITUATIONS\nEnteral/Parenteral Feedings\nFor individuals receivin... | [
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For individuals receiving enteral or parenteral\nfeedings who require insulin, the insulin or-ders should include coverage of basal, pran-\ndial, and correctional needs (115,122,123).\nIt is essential that people with type 1 diabe-tes continue to receive basal insulin even iffeedings are discontinued.\nMost adults rece... | [
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Most adults receiving basal insulin\nshould continue with their basal dose,\nwhile the insulin dose for the total daily\nnutritional component may be calculatedas 1 unit of insulin for every 10 –15 g of\ncarbohydrate in the enteral and paren-\nteral formulas. Commercially available | [
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teral formulas. Commercially available\ncans of enteral nutrition contain variableamounts of carbohydrates and may beinfused at different rates.\nAll of this must be considered when | [
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All of this must be considered when\ncalculating insulin doses to cover the nu-tritional component of enteral nutrition(116). Giving NPH insulin two or threetimes daily (every 8 or 12 h) to cover indi-vidual requirements is a reasonable op-\ntion. Adjustments in insulin doses should | [
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tion. Adjustments in insulin doses should\nbe made frequently. Correctional insulinshould also be administered subcutane-ously every 6 h with regular human insu-\nlin. If enteral nutrition is interrupted, a | [
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lin. If enteral nutrition is interrupted, a\ndextrose infusion should be started im-mediately to prevent hypoglycemia andS300 Diabetes Care in the Hospital Diabetes Care Volume 47, Supplement 1, January 2024\n©AmericanDiabetesAssociation | [
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to allow time to determine more appro-\npriate insulin doses.\nFor adults receiving enteral bolus feed-\nings, approximately 1 unit of regular humaninsulin or rapid-acting insulin per every10–15 g of carbohydrate should be given | [
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subcutaneously before each feeding. To mit-igate any hyperglycemia, correctional insu-lin should be added as needed before eachfeeding.\nIn individuals receiving nocturnal tube\nfeeding, NPH insulin administered alongwith the initiation of the feeding is a rea-sonable approach to cover this nutritionalload.\nFor indivi... | [
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0.041977111250162125,
-0.03995687887072563,
0.0005221... |
For individuals receiving continuous pe-\nripheral or central parenteral nutrition,human regular insulin may be added tothe solution, particularly if >20 units of\ncorrectional insulin have been required inthe past 24 h. A starting dose of 1 unit of\nregular human insulin for every 10 g of | [
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0.02875717543065548,
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0.042... |
dextrose has been recommended (105)and should be adjusted daily in the solu-tion. Adding insulin to the parenteral nu-trition bag is the safest way to preventhypoglycemia if the parenteral nutrition isstopped or interrupted. Correctional insu-lin should be administered subcutane-ously to address any hyperglycemia. | [
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0.015315048396587372,
0.06281343847513199,
-0.07955469936132431,
0.01750... |
Because continuous enteral or parenteral | [
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nutrition results in a continuous postpran-dial state, efforts to bring blood glucoselevels to below 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L)substantially increase the risk of hypoglyce-mia in these individuals. For full enteral/parenteral feeding guidance, please referto randomized controlled trials detailingthis topic (122,124).\nGluc... | [
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Glucocorticoid Therapy\nThe prevalence of consistent use of gluco-corticoid therapy in hospitalized individualscan approach 10 –15%, and these medica-\ntions can induce hyperglycemia in 56 –86%\nof these individuals with and without\npreexisting diabetes (125 –127). If left un-\ntreated, this hyperglycemia increases mo... | [
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treated, this hyperglycemia increases mor-\ntality and morbidity risk, e.g., infectionsand cardiovascular events. Glucocorticoidtype and duration of action must be con-sidered in determining appropriate insulintreatments. Daily-ingested intermediate-acting glucocorticoids such as prednisonereach peak plasma levels in 4... | [
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but have pharmacologic actions that canlast throughout the day. Individuals placedon morning steroid therapy have dispro-portionate hyperglycemia during the daybut frequently reach blood glucose goals\novernight regardless of treatment (125). In | [
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0.0220538... |
overnight regardless of treatment (125). In\nindividuals on once- or twice-daily steroids,administering NPH insulin is a standardapproach. NPH is usually administered inaddition to daily basal-bolus insulin or inaddition to oral glucose-lowering medica-\ntions, depending on the type of diabetes | [
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0.04024791... |
tions, depending on the type of diabetes\nand recent diabetes medication prior tostarting steroids. Because NPH actionpeaks about 4 –6 h after administration, it\nis recommended that it be administered\nconcomitantly with intermediate-acting | [
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0.... |
concomitantly with intermediate-acting\nsteroids (129). For long-acting glucocorti-coids such as dexamethasone and multi-dose or continuous glucocorticoid use,long-acting basal insulin may be requiredto manage fasting blood glucose levels\n(53,130). For higher doses of glucocorti- | [
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(53,130). For higher doses of glucocorti-\ncoids, increasing doses of prandial (if eat-ing) and correction insulin, sometimes asmuch as 40 –60% or more, are often\nneeded in addition to basal insulin(131,132). A retrospective study found\nthat increasing the ratio of insulin to | [
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that increasing the ratio of insulin to\nsteroids was positively associated withimproved time in range (70 –180 mg/dL);\nhowever, there was an increase in hypo-glycemia (133). If insulin orders are initi-ated, daily adjustments based on levels\nof glycemia and anticipated changes in | [
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of glycemia and anticipated changes in\ntype, dosages, and duration of glucocor-ticoids, along with POC blood glucosemonitoring, are critical to reducing hypo-glycemia and hyperglycemia.\nPerioperative Care\nI ti se s t i m a t e dt h a tu pt o2 0 %o fi n d i v i d u -als undergoing general surgery have dia-\nbetes, an... | [
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betes, and 23 –60% have prediabetes or\nundiagnosed diabetes. Surgical stress and\ncounterregulatory hormone release in-crease the risk of hyperglycemia as wellas mortality, infection, and length of stay(134– 136). There are little data available | [
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to guide care of people with diabetesthrough the perioperative period. To reducesurgical risk in people with diabetes, someinstitutions (135,137,138) have A1C cutoffsfor elective surgeries, and some have devel-oped optimization programs to lower A1C\nprior to surgery (134,135,137,138).\nThe following approach (134,135,... | [
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The following approach (134,135,137)\nmay be considered:\n1. A preoperative risk assessment should\nbe performed for people with diabe-\ntes who are at high risk for ischemicheart disease and those with auto-\nnomic neuropathy or renal failure.\n2 . T h eA 1 Cg o a lf o re l e c t i v es u r g e r i e s\nshould be <8% ... | [
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0.0376240573823452,
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0... |
should be <8% (<63.9 mmol/L) when-\never possible.\n3. The blood glucose goal in the periopera-\ntive period should be 100 –180 mg/dL\n(5.6–10.0 mmol/L) (135) within 4 h\nof the surgery. CGM should not be\nused alone for glucose monitoring dur-\ning surgery (138).\n4. Metformin should be held on the\nday of surgery.\n5... | [
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0... |
day of surgery.\n5. SGLT2 inhibitors should be discon-\ntinued 3 –4 days before surgery.\n6. Hold other oral glucose-lowering agents\nthe morning of surgery or procedureand give one-half of NPH dose or75–80% doses of long-acting analog in-\nsulin or adjust insulin pump basal ratesbased on the type of diabetes and clini... | [
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7. Monitor blood glucose at least every\n2–4 h while the individual takes noth-\ning by mouth and dose with short- orrapid-acting insulin as needed.\n8. There are little data on the safe use\nand/or in fluence of GLP-1 receptor\nagonists on glycemia and delayedgastric emptying in the perioperativeperiod.\n9. Stricter pe... | [
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0.04450... |
9. Stricter perioperative glycemic goals\nare not advised, as perioperative glyce-mic goals stricter than 80 –180 mg/dL\n(4.4–10.0 mmol/L) may not improve\noutcomes and are associated withmore hypoglycemia (137).\n10. Compared with usual dosing, a reduc-\ntion by 25% of basal insulin given theevening before surgery is ... | [
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to achieve perioperative blood glucose\ngoals with a lower risk for hypoglyce-mia (139).\n11. In individuals undergoing noncardiac\ngeneral surgery, basal insulin pluspremeal short- or rapid-acting insulin(basal-bolus) coverage has been\nassociated with improved glycemic out-\ncomes and lower rates of perioperativecomp... | [
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active, correction-only short- or rapid-\nacting insulin coverage alone with nobasal insulin dosing (63,134,135).\nDiabetic Ketoacidosis and\nHyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State\nThere is considerable variability in the\npresentation of DKA and HHS, ranging\nfrom euglycemia or mild hyperglycemia | [
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0.0005846848944202065,
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from euglycemia or mild hyperglycemia\nand acidosis to severe hyperglycemia,diabetesjournals.org/care Diabetes Care in the Hospital S301\n©AmericanDiabetesAssociation | [
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dehydration, and coma; therefore, indi-\nvidualization of treatment based on acareful clinical and laboratory assess-ment is needed (75,140 –142).\nManagement goals include restoration | [
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Management goals include restoration\nof circulatory volume and tissue perfusion,resolution of ketoacidosis, and correctionof electrolyte imbalance and acidosis. It isalso essential to treat any correctable un-derlying cause of DKA, such as sepsis, myo-cardial infarction, or stroke. In critically ill\nand mentally obtu... | [
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0.06... |
and mentally obtunded individuals with\nDKA or HHS, continuous intravenous insu-lin is the standard of care. Successful transi-tion from intravenous to subcutaneousinsulin requires administration of basal in-sulin 2 –4 h before the intravenous insu- | [
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lin is stopped to prevent recurrence ofketoacidosis and rebound hyperglyce-mia (72,73,140). Recent studies havereported that the administration of alow dose of basal insulin analog in addi-\ntion to intravenous insulin infusion may\nprevent rebound hyperglycemia without in-creased risk of hypoglycemia (74 –76,140). | [
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There is no signifi cant difference in out-\ncomes for intravenous human regularinsulin versus subcutaneous rapid-actinganalogs when combined with aggressivefluid management for treating mild or\nmoderate DKA (143). Individuals withuncomplicated DKA may sometimes betreated with subcutaneous rapid-acting\ninsulin analogs ... | [
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insulin analogs in the emergency depart-\nment or step-down units (144). This ap-proach may be safer and more cost-effective than treatment with intravenousinsulin. If subcutaneous insulin adminis-tration is used, it is important to providean adequate fluid replacement, frequent | [
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POC blood glucose monitoring, treatmentof any concurrent infections, and appro-priate follow-up to avoid recurrent DKA.Several studies have shown that the useof bicarbonate in people with DKA\nmade no difference in the resolution | [
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0.05... |
made no difference in the resolution\nof acidosis or time to discharge, and itsuse is generally not recommended(145). For further treatment information,refer to recent in-depth reviews (53,107,146).\nTRANSITION FROM THE HOSPITAL\nTO THE AMBULATORY SETTING\nRecommendation\n16.14 A structured discharge plan\nshould be ta... | [
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should be tailored to the individual\nwith diabetes. BA structured discharge plan tailored to\nthe individual may reduce the length of\nhospital stay and readmission rates andincrease satisfaction with the hospital ex-perience (147). Multiple strategies arekey, including diabetes self-management\neducation prior to dis... | [
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... |
education prior to discharge, diabetes\nmedication reconciliation with attentionto access, and scheduled virtual and/orface-to-face follow-up visits after discharge.Discharge planning should begin at admis-sion and be updated as individual needschange (148,149).\nThe transition from the acute care set- | [
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The transition from the acute care set-\nting presents risks for all people with dia-betes. Individuals may be discharged tovaried settings, including home (with orwithout visiting nurse services), assistedliving, rehabilitation, or skilled nursing fa-cilities. For individuals discharged to home\nor assisted living, th... | [
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or assisted living, the optimal discharge\nplan will need to consider diabetes typeand severity, effects of the illness on bloodglucose levels, and the individual ’sc i r -\ncumstances, capabilities, and preferen-ces (21,150,151). See Section 13, “Older\nAdults, ”for more information.\nAn outpatient follow-up visit wit... | [
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Adults, ”for more information.\nAn outpatient follow-up visit with the\nprimary care clinician, endocrinologist, ordiabetes care and education specialistwithin 1 month of discharge is advised forall individuals experiencing hyperglycemiaand/or hypoglycemia in the hospital. If gly-cemic medications are changed or glucos... | [
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management is not optimal at discharge,\nan earlier appointment (in 1 –2 weeks) is\npreferred, and frequent contact may beneeded to avoid hyperglycemia and hypo-glycemia. A discharge algorithm for gly-cemic medication adjustment, based onadmission A1C, diabetes medications be-\nfore admission, and insulin usage during | [
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fore admission, and insulin usage during\nhospitalization was found useful to guidetreatment decisions and signi ficantly im-\nprove A1C after discharge (4).\nClear communication with outpatient\nhealth care professionals directly or viahospital discharge summaries facilitates\nsafe transitions to outpatient care. Provi... | [
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safe transitions to outpatient care. Provid-\ning information regarding the root causeof hyperglycemia (or the plan for determin-ing the cause), related complications andcomorbidities, and recommended treat-ments can assist outpatient health careprofessionals as they assume ongoing care.\nThe Agency for Healthcare Rese... | [
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The Agency for Healthcare Research\nand Quality recommends that, at a min-imum, discharge plans include the fol-lowing (152):Medication Reconciliation\n\x81Home and hospital medications mustbe cross-checked to ensure that nochronic medications are stopped andto ensure the safety of new and oldprescriptions. | [
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\x81Prescriptions for new or changed medi-cation should be filled and reviewed\nwith the individual and care partners ator before discharge.\nStructured Discharge\nCommunication\n\x81I n f o r m a t i o no nm e d i c a t i o nc h a n g e s , | [
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\x81I n f o r m a t i o no nm e d i c a t i o nc h a n g e s ,\npending tests and studies, and follow-upneeds must be accurately and promptlycommunicated to outpatient health careprofessionals.\n\x81Discharge summaries should be trans-mitted to the primary care clinician assoon as possible after discharge. | [
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\x81Scheduling follow-up appointmentsprior to discharge with people with dia-betes agreeing to the time and placeincreases the likelihood that they willattend.\nIt is recommended that the followingareas of knowledge be reviewed and ad-dressed before hospital discharge:\n\x81Identi fication of the health care profes-\nsi... | [
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0.055... |
sionals who will provide diabetes care\nafter discharge.\n\x81Level of understanding related to thediabetes diagnosis, glucose monitoring,home glucose goals, and when to call ahealth care professional.\n\x81Definition, recognition, treatment, and\nprevention of hyperglycemia andhypoglycemia. | [
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prevention of hyperglycemia andhypoglycemia.\n\x81Information on making healthy foodc h o i c e sa th o m ea n dr e f e r r a lt oa no u t -patient registered dietitian nutritionistor diabetes care and education special-ist to guide individualization of themeal plan, if needed. | [
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\x81When and how to take blood glu-cose-lowering medications, includinginsulin administration and noninsulininjectables.\n\x81Sick-day management (21,151).\n\x81Proper use and disposal of diabetessupplies, e.g., insulin pen, pen needles,syringes, and lancets.\nPeople with diabetes must be pro- | [
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People with diabetes must be pro-\nvided with appropriate durable medicalequipment, medications, supplies (e.g.,blood glucose test strips or CGMS302 Diabetes Care in the Hospital Diabetes Care Volume 47, Supplement 1, January 2024\n©AmericanDiabetesAssociation | [
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sensors), prescriptions, and appropriate\neducation at the time of discharge to\navoid a potentially dangerous hiatus in\ncare.\nPREVENTING ADMISSIONS AND\nREADMISSIONS\nIn people with diabetes, the hospital read-\nmission rate is between 14% and 20%,\nwhich is nearly twice that in people with- | [
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... |
which is nearly twice that in people with-\nout diabetes (148,153). This may result inincreased diabetes distress and has signi fi-\ncantfinancial implications. Of people with\ndiabetes who are hospitalized, 30% have\ntwo or more hospital stays, and these ad-\nmissions account for over 50% of hospitalcosts for diabetes (... | [
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ing to readmission include male sex,\nlonger duration of prior hospitalization,number of previous hospitalizations, num-\nber and severity of comorbidities, and\nlower socioeconomic and/or educationalstatus; factors that may reduce readmis-\nsion rates include scheduled home health\nvisits and timely ambulatory follow-... | [
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visits and timely ambulatory follow-up\ncare (148,153). While there is no standard\nto prevent readmissions, several successfulstrategies have been reported that identify\nhigh-risk individuals and offer some possi-\nble solutions (148). These include reachingout to people with ketosis-prone diabetes\n(155), insulin tr... | [
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(155), insulin treatment of individuals with\nadmission A1C >9% (>75 mmol/mol)\n(156), and the use of a transitional caremodel (157). For people with diabetickidney disease, collaborative person-\ncentered medical homes may decrease\nrisk-adjusted readmission rates (158).\nA g ei sa l s oa ni m p o r t a n tr i s kf a ... | [
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A g ei sa l s oa ni m p o r t a n tr i s kf a c t o ri n\nhospitalization and readmission among\npeople with diabetes (refer to Section 13,\n“Older Adults, ”for detailed criteria). Suc-\ncessful proactive care transitions from in-\npatient to outpatient is a key strategy for\npreventing readmission.\nReferences | [
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preventing readmission.\nReferences\n1 . S e i s aM O ,S a a d iS ,N a y f e hT ,e ta l .As y s t e m a t i c\nreview supporting the Endocrine Society clinical\npractice guideline for the management of\nhyperglycemia in adults hospitalized for noncritical\nillness or undergoing elective surgical procedures. J\nClin End... | [
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0.0197919774800539,
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0.10521499067544937,
0.05551233887672424,
0.11333175748586655,
-0.04041478782892227,
0.004859822802245617,
-0.06038079038262367,
0.08373819291591644,
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Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022;107:2139– 2147\n2. ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, et al.\nAmerican Diabetes Association. 16. Diabetes care\nin the hospital: S t a n d a r d so fC a r ei nD i a b e t e s —\n2023 . Diabetes Care 2023;46(Suppl. 1):S267 –S278\n3. Pasquel FJ, Gomez-Huelgas R, Anzola I, et al.\nPredictive value ... | [
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0.006965847685933113,
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0.004175031092017889,
0.07918784767389297,
0.1313755065202713,
-0.015293688513338566,
-0.02275266870856285,
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0.019586127251386642,
-0.1458856463432312,
-0.010... |
Predictive value of admission hemoglobin A1c on\ninpatient glycemic control and response to insulin\ntherapy in medicine and surgery patients with type 2\ndiabetes. Diabetes Care 2015;38:e202– e2034. Umpierrez GE, Reyes D, Smiley D, et al.\nHospital discharge algorithm based on admission | [
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0.0005040437099523842,
-0.01608670875430107,
-0.006169889122247696,
0.05374304950237274,
0.07356158643960953,
-0.022513490170240402,
0.011870410293340683,
-0.08603420853614807,
0.03251387178897858,
-0.05203273147344589,
-0.... |
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-0.04240201786160469,
0.026383446529507637,
0.008736729621887207,
0.046324413269758224,
0.00720152398571372,
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0.009791052900254726,
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-0.017302151769399643,
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0.037265557795763016,
0.027315402403473854,
0.05200653895735741,
-0.04860584810376167,
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0.03572605550289154,
0.0630972608923912,
-0.037166014313697815,
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0.00033820499083958566,
-0.07694655656814575,
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0.012335325591266155,
0.06567442417144775,
0.0022727681789547205,
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0.00879290234297514,
-0.03575935587286949,
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0.020980525761842728,
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0.041010525077581406,
0.10238420218229294,
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0.02619127929210663,
-0.04203655198216438,
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0.01718... |
diabetes specialist nurses on inpatient care: a\nsystematic review. Diabet Med 2021;38:e14573\n16. Wang YJ, Seggelke S, Hawkins RM, et al.\nImpact of glucose management team on outcomesof hospitalizaron in patients with type 2 diabetesadmitted to the medical service. Endocr Pract2016;22:1401– 1405 | [
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17. Bansal V, Mottalib A, Pawar TK, et al.Inpatient diabetes management by specializeddiabetes team versus primary service team in non-\ncritical care units: impact on 30-day readmission\nrate and hospital cost. BMJ Open Diabetes ResCare 2018;6:e000460\n18. Ostling S, Wyckoff J, Ciarkowski SL, et al. The | [
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0.009... |
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