0 stringlengths 12 494 | embeddings listlengths 384 384 |
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sphincters,\tinhibits\tsecretions\nAcetylcholine\nCentral\tnervous\tsystem,\tautonomic\nsystem,\tother\ttissues\nIncreases\tmotility,\trelaxes\tsphincters,\tstimulates\nsecretion\nNeurotensin\nGI\ttract,\tcentral\tnervous\tsystem\nInhibits\n\trelease\tof\tgastric\temptying\tand\tacid\nsecretion\nSerotonin\t(5-HT)\nGI\t... | [
0.01413557305932045,
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0.012369447387754917,
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0.00988148245960474,
0.046518027782440186,
0.060475341975688934,
-0.008229547180235386,
0.05665212497115135,
0.09161009639501572,
0.010519389063119888,
0.020140426233410835,
0.0929... |
GI\ttract,\tspinal\tcord\nFacilitates\tsecretion\tand\tperistalsis\nNitric\toxide\nCentral\tnervous\tsystem,\tGI\ttract\nRegulates\tblood\tflow,\tmaintains\tmuscle\ttone,\nmaintains\tgastric\tmotor\tactivity\nSubstance\tP\nGut,\tcentral\tnervous\tsystem,\tskin\nIncreases\tsensory\tawareness\t(mainly\tpain),\tand\nperis... | [
-0.002717597410082817,
-0.13801252841949463,
0.01737763173878193,
-0.030232612043619156,
-0.10737929493188858,
0.004989124834537506,
0.06132126599550247,
0.10266945511102676,
-0.007209326606243849,
0.04126767814159393,
0.06817781925201416,
-0.0061617945320904255,
0.05318273603916168,
0.066... |
5-\nHT\n,\t5-hydroxytryptamine;\t\nGABA\n,\tα-aminobutyric\n\tacid;\t\nGI\n,\tgastrointestinal.\nAutonomic\tinnervation\tis\tsupplied\tby\tthe\tsympathetic\tfibers\tthat\trun\talong\tblood\tvessels\tand\tby\nthe\tparasympathetic\tfibers\tin\tthe\tvagal\tand\tpelvic\tnerves.\tIn\tgeneral,\tsympathetic\tneurons,\twhich | [
0.013176330365240574,
-0.12418773025274277,
0.04730222374200821,
-0.04093601554632187,
-0.1466665416955948,
-0.018983859568834305,
0.07485067844390869,
0.031779710203409195,
-0.033862195909023285,
0.050444815307855606,
0.09619662165641785,
-0.07175137102603912,
-0.004022861830890179,
0.040... |
are\tactivated\tby\tfear,\tanger,\tand\tstress,\ttend\tto\tslow\ttransit\tof\tintestinal\tcontents\tby\tinhibiting\nneurons\taffecting\tmuscle\tcontraction\tand\tinhibiting\tsecretions.\tThe\tparasympathetic\n\tnerves\ninnervate\tspecific\tareas\tof\tthe\talimentary\ttract\tand\tcontribute\tto\tcertain\tfunctions.\tFor... | [
0.012745852582156658,
-0.08700733631849289,
0.009279744699597359,
-0.022358722984790802,
-0.0785907432436943,
-0.013504895381629467,
0.1631869375705719,
0.028946340084075928,
-0.0285464059561491,
0.028218038380146027,
0.08721990138292313,
-0.043874893337488174,
0.02800026908516884,
0.03076... |
sight\tor\tsmell\tof\tfood\tstimulates\tvagal\tactivity\tand\tsubsequent\tsecretion\tof\tacid\tfrom\t\nparietal\tcells\nwithin\tthe\tstomach.\tThe\tenteric\tnervous\tsystem\talso\tsends\tsignals\tto\tthe\tcentral\tnervous\tsystem\tthat\nare\tperceived\tas\tpain,\tnausea,\turgency\tor\tgastric\tfullness,\tor\tgastric\te... | [
0.042060259729623795,
-0.07343187928199768,
0.06276541203260422,
0.025541706010699272,
-0.08316674828529358,
0.0025452820118516684,
0.0613364540040493,
-0.04269876703619957,
0.030567843466997147,
0.07127193361520767,
0.14453624188899994,
-0.042133916169404984,
0.04231657087802887,
0.022157... |
way\tof\tthe\tvagal\nand\tspinal\tnerves.\tInflammation,\tdysmotility,\tand\tvarious\ttypes\tof\tintestinal\tdamage\tmay\tintensify\nthese\tperceptions.\nGastrointestinal\thormones\nRegulation\tof\tthe\tGIT\tinvolves\tnumerous\thormones\tthat\tare\tsecreted\tby\tenteroendocrine\tcells | [
0.06826017051935196,
-0.1068090945482254,
0.07255459576845169,
-0.009565304033458233,
-0.10989048331975937,
0.036736056208610535,
0.08946836739778519,
-0.004325337707996368,
0.0004927871050313115,
0.09955409914255142,
0.09077928960323334,
-0.06335686147212982,
0.027388785034418106,
0.03797... |
located\twithin\tthe\tepithelium\tlining\tof\tthe\tGIT.\tThese\thormones\tcan\tregulate\tfunction\tof\tthe\tcell | [
0.04371953010559082,
-0.033730048686265945,
-0.03287271410226822,
-0.04087673872709274,
-0.1079653948545456,
-0.015545316971838474,
0.08299926668405533,
0.03336767479777336,
0.07399154454469681,
0.018361257389187813,
0.10742422193288803,
-0.04441606253385544,
0.0434989370405674,
-0.0096409... |
from\twhich\tthey\twere\tsecreted\t(autocrine),\n\ton\tneighboring\tcells\t(paracrine),\tor\tdistant\tcells\tby\ntraveling\tthrough\tthe\tblood\tto\ttheir\ttarget\torgans\t(endocrine).\nMore\tthan\t100\tpeptide\thormones\tand\thormone-like\tgrowth\tfactors\thave\tbeen\tidentified.\tTheir\nactions\tare\toften\tcomplex\t... | [
-0.01172060240060091,
-0.04469824582338333,
0.009654012508690357,
-0.04221314936876297,
-0.0992802157998085,
0.010386120527982712,
0.10050059109926224,
0.019993029534816742,
0.015282453037798405,
0.060167040675878525,
0.1114717572927475,
-0.04273395240306854,
0.063698410987854,
0.007867146... |
cholecystokinin\t[CCK]\n\tand\tsomatostatin\tfamily)\talso\tserve\tas\tneurotransmitters\tbetween\tneurons.\nThe\tGIT\tsecretes\tmore\tthan\t30\thormone\tfamilies,\tmaking\tit\tthe\tlargest\thormone-producing\torgan\tin\nthe\tbody\t(\nRehfeld,\t2014\n).\tGastrointestinal\thormones\tare\tinvolved\tin\tinitiating\tand\tt... | [
-0.0057313148863613605,
-0.110531747341156,
0.042767684906721115,
0.014210473746061325,
-0.1036965623497963,
0.007087905891239643,
0.05551910772919655,
0.027915097773075104,
-0.0019657392986118793,
0.06451550126075745,
0.11523023247718811,
-0.060615986585617065,
-0.005950393155217171,
0.02... |
feeding,\tsignaling\thunger\tand\tsatiety,\tpacing\tmovements\tof\tthe\tGIT,\tgoverning\tgastric\temptying,\nregulating\tblood\tflow\tand\tpermeability,\tpriming\timmune\tfunctions,\tand\tstimulating\tthe\tgrowth\tof\ncells\t(within\n\tand\tbeyond\tthe\tGIT).\t\nGhrelin\n,\ta\tneuropeptide\tsecreted\tfrom\tthe\tstomach... | [
0.04335710406303406,
-0.044997043907642365,
0.048192404210567474,
-0.02067989856004715,
-0.10678812116384506,
-0.017417414113879204,
0.08881101757287979,
-0.017826948314905167,
0.005680255126208067,
0.08696913719177246,
0.10517191141843796,
-0.06117252632975578,
0.01129472628235817,
0.0104... |
Ghrelin\n,\ta\tneuropeptide\tsecreted\tfrom\tthe\tstomach,\tand\tmotilin,\na\trelated\thormone\tsecreted\tfrom\tthe\tduodenum,\tsend\ta\t“hungry”\tmessage\tto\tthe\tbrain.\tOnce\tfood\nhas\tbeen\tingested,\thormones\tPYY\t3-36,\tCCK,\tglucagon-like\tpeptide-1\t(GLP-1),\toxyntomodulin,\npancreatic\tpolypeptide,\tand\tga... | [
-0.05170273780822754,
-0.08412693440914154,
-0.013699161820113659,
-0.01056064572185278,
-0.040881212800741196,
-0.006402118597179651,
0.1105920597910881,
0.052018821239471436,
0.01610555872321129,
-0.0011240008752793074,
0.09886506199836731,
-0.019537288695573807,
0.016461508348584175,
0.... |
hunger\tand\tincrease\tsatiety\t(\nRui,\t2013\n).\tSome\tof\tthe\tGI\thormones,\tincluding\tsome\tof\tthose\tthat\naffect\tsatiety,\talso\ttend\tto\tslow\tgastric\temptying\tand\tdecrease\tsecretions\t(e.g.,\tsomatostatin).\tOther\nGI\thormones\t(e.g.,\tmotilin)\tincrease\tmotility.\nThe\tsignaling\tagents\tof\tthe\tGI... | [
0.020270876586437225,
-0.07123687863349915,
0.07081393897533417,
0.021993355825543404,
-0.11291252821683884,
0.03295819088816643,
0.1266382336616516,
-0.00791444256901741,
-0.0007340000593103468,
0.04567127674818039,
0.0897490605711937,
-0.07775493711233139,
0.0035236699040979147,
0.016795... |
dependent\tinsulinotropic\tpolypeptide\t(GIP)\tand\tGLP-1\tare\tcalled\tincretin\thormones\tbecause\tthey\nhelp\n\tlower\tblood\tsugar\tby\tfacilitating\tinsulin\tsecretion,\tdecreasing\tgastric\temptying,\tand\tincreasing\nsatiety.\tSeveral\tof\tthese\thormones\tand\tanalogs\tare\tused\tin\tmanagement\tof\tobesity,\ti... | [
-0.03079662285745144,
-0.03329618647694588,
0.05283049866557121,
0.001062306808307767,
-0.06339056044816971,
0.04035863280296326,
0.1108599603176117,
0.021695250645279884,
0.023232588544487953,
0.053684547543525696,
0.10968109220266342,
-0.02107660099864006,
0.009196831844747066,
0.0746239... |
bowel\tdisease,\tdiarrhea,\tdiabetes,\tGI\tmalignancies,\tand\tother\tconditions.\tThis\tarea\tof\tresearch\tis\ncritically\timportant.\nSome\tfunctions\tof\tthe\thormones\tthat\taffect\tgastrointestinal\tcell\tgrowth,\tdeoxyribonucleic\n\tacid\n(DNA)\tsynthesis,\tinflammation,\tproliferation,\tsecretion,\tmovement,\to... | [
-0.016030244529247284,
-0.08390265703201294,
-0.007177615072578192,
-0.026541953906416893,
-0.10292811691761017,
0.009304781444370747,
0.036347273737192154,
0.004140540957450867,
-0.03609074652194977,
0.10670776665210724,
0.11975008249282837,
-0.009980103932321072,
-0.024323884397745132,
0... |
fully\tidentified.\tKnowledge\tof\tmajor\thormone\tfunctions\tbecomes\tespecially\timportant\twhen\tthe\tsites\nof\ttheir\tsecretion\tor\taction\tare\tdiseased\tor\tremoved\tin\tsurgical\tprocedures,\tor\twhen\thormones\tand\ntheir\tanalogs\tare\tused\tto\tsuppress\tor\tenhance\tsome\taspect\tof\tgastrointestinal\tfunc... | [
-0.005258077755570412,
-0.02327008731663227,
0.050742242485284805,
-0.03415008261799812,
-0.101836197078228,
-0.015033037401735783,
0.07283709943294525,
0.014777418226003647,
-0.009007208980619907,
0.08747310936450958,
0.1282399296760559,
-0.061072397977113724,
-0.01179282646626234,
0.0367... |
Glucagon-\nlike\tpeptide-2\t(GLP-2)\n\tis\tan\texample\tof\ta\thormone\tsecreted\tfrom\tthe\tdistal\tGIT\tthat\tincreases\nintestinal\tsurface\tarea\tand\tenhances\tnutrient\tprocessing\tcapacity.\tAn\tanalog\tof\tGLP-2,\tnamed\nteduglutide,\trecently\thas\tbecome\tavailable\tfor\ttreatment\tof\tpatients\twith\tshort\t... | [
-0.016845811158418655,
-0.02702699974179268,
0.0485084243118763,
0.01688392646610737,
-0.08453558385372162,
-0.009753048419952393,
0.10304843634366989,
0.03742789477109909,
-0.005570921581238508,
0.004297144245356321,
0.09283976256847382,
-0.024137672036886215,
-0.019725725054740906,
0.016... |
are\tdependent\ton\tparenteral\tnutrition\tto\tmeet\ttheir\tnutrient\tand\tfluid\trequirements\t(\nSeidner\tet\tal,\n2013\n;\tsee\t\nChapter\t27\n).\tThe\tkey\tGIT\n\thormones\tare\tsummarized\tin\t\nTable\t1.3\n. | [
0.0024533041287213564,
-0.046779826283454895,
0.05093146115541458,
-0.053801000118255615,
-0.1053084135055542,
0.04489712789654732,
0.09940563887357712,
0.024115120992064476,
0.025443414226174355,
0.037598248571157455,
0.0774933248758316,
-0.046975281089544296,
0.033967189490795135,
0.0039... |
TABLE\t1.3\nFunctions\tof\tMajor\tGastrointestinal\tHormones\nHormone\nSite\tof\tRelease\nStimulants\tfor\nRelease\nOrgan\nAffected\nEffect\ton\tTarget\tOrgan\nGastrin\nG\tcells\tof\tgastric\nmucosa\tand\nduodenum\nPeptides,\tamino\nacids,\ncaffeine\nStomach,\nesophagus,\nGIT\tin\ngeneral\nStimulates\tsecretion\tof\tHC... | [
0.030304066836833954,
-0.11598970741033554,
-0.00707689905539155,
-0.0168165136128664,
-0.07959815859794617,
0.00904165767133236,
0.035914406180381775,
0.038203783333301544,
-0.013398949056863785,
0.08034684509038925,
0.08919736742973328,
-0.031120162457227707,
0.026267021894454956,
0.0458... |
Stimulates\tsecretion\tof\tHCl\tand\npepsinogen\nDistention\tof\tthe\nantrum\nIncreases\tgastric\tantral\tmotility\nSome\talcoholic\nbeverages,\nvagus\tnerve\nIncreases\tlower\tesophageal\nsphincter\ttone\nGallbladder\nWeakly\tstimulates\tcontraction\n\tof\ngallbladder\nPancreas\nWeakly\tstimulates\tpancreatic\nsecreti... | [
0.041905779391527176,
-0.18275468051433563,
0.014723559841513634,
0.016183553263545036,
-0.14700977504253387,
0.03116164728999138,
0.06381508708000183,
-0.019982701167464256,
-0.005959894508123398,
0.07714014500379562,
0.08912079781293869,
-0.015751101076602936,
0.03221488371491432,
0.0847... |
secretion\tof\tbicarbonate\nSecretin\nS\tcells\tof\tduodenum\nAcid\tin\tsmall\nintestine\nPancreas\nIncreases\toutput\tof\tH\n2\nO\tand\nbicarbonate;\tincreases\tenzyme\nsecretion\tfrom\tthe\tpancreas\tand\ninsulin\trelease\nDuodenum\nDecreases\tmotility\nIncreases\tmucus\toutput\nCCK\nI\tcells\tof\tduodenum\nPeptides,... | [
-0.015405000187456608,
-0.12331340461969376,
-0.04170725867152214,
-0.04264484718441963,
-0.09812109917402267,
0.03242252767086029,
0.06903187930583954,
0.023938138037919998,
-0.0060466923750936985,
0.0968494564294815,
0.10243222117424011,
-0.03194142505526543,
0.020270803943276405,
0.0539... |
acids,\tfats,\nHCl\nPancreas\nStimulates\tsecretion\n\tof\tpancreatic\nenzymes\nGallbladder\nCauses\tcontraction\tof\tgallbladder\nStomach\nSlows\tgastric\temptying\nColon\nIncreases\tmotility\nMay\tmediate\tfeeding\tbehavior\nGIP\nK\tcells\tof\tduodenum\nand\tjejunum\nGlucose,\tfat\nStomach\nReduced\tintestinal\tmotil... | [
0.03136563301086426,
-0.1513236165046692,
0.021178260445594788,
-0.011489581316709518,
-0.13033701479434967,
-0.0019015974830836058,
0.007390530779957771,
0.016730334609746933,
-0.01238571759313345,
0.0276081170886755,
0.09890525043010712,
-0.031818561255931854,
0.030147084966301918,
0.059... |
Motilin\nM\tcells\tof\tduodenum\nand\tjejunum\nInterdigestive\nperiods,\nalkaline\tpH\tin\nduodenum\nStomach,\nsmall\nbowel,\ncolon\nPromotes\tgastric\n\temptying\tand\tGI\nmotility\nGLP-1\nL\tcells\tof\tsmall\nintestine\tand\tcolon\n(density\tincreases\tin\ndistal\tGIT)\nGlucose,\tfat,\nshort-chain\nfatty\tacids\nStom... | [
-0.018872955814003944,
-0.10962161421775818,
0.0033503281883895397,
0.007214754819869995,
-0.08153305947780609,
-0.001517405384220183,
0.08288982510566711,
0.05741971358656883,
0.007787590846419334,
0.010612335056066513,
0.09511552006006241,
-0.00514723127707839,
0.015692759305238724,
0.06... |
Stomach\nProlongs\tgastric\temptying\nPancreas\nInhibits\tglucagon\trelease;\nStimulates\tinsulin\trelease\nGLP-2\nL\tcells\tof\tsmall\nintestine\tand\tcolon\n(density\tincreases\tin\ndistal\tGIT)\nGlucose,\tfat,\nshort-chain\nfatty\tacids\nSmall\nintestine,\ncolon\nStimulates\tintestinal\n\tgrowth\tand\nnutrient\tdige... | [
0.03295314684510231,
-0.11095324158668518,
-0.017009835690259933,
0.011488264426589012,
-0.11181917041540146,
-0.02379673533141613,
0.055372919887304306,
0.06712037324905396,
-0.031706321984529495,
-0.0020356238819658756,
0.09837657958269119,
-0.024930790066719055,
0.013110041618347168,
0.... |
nutrient\tdigestion\tand\tabsorption\nCCK\n,\tCholecystokinin;\t\nGI\n,\t\ngastrointestinal;\t\nGIP\n,\tglucose-dependent\tinsulinotropic\t\npolypeptide;\t\nGIT\n,\tgastrointestinal\ttract;\t\nGLP-1\n,\t\nglucagon-like\npeptide-1;\t\nGLP-2\n,\tglucagon-like\tpeptide-2;\t\nH\n2\nO\n,\twater;\t\nHCl\n,\thydrochloric\taci... | [
-0.03931860998272896,
-0.08209413290023804,
-0.008746015839278698,
-0.005486117210239172,
0.0026213813107460737,
-0.00044744834303855896,
0.052478574216365814,
0.040916912257671356,
-0.000987939303740859,
-0.0008629636140540242,
0.0618758425116539,
-0.03594650328159332,
0.014666485600173473,... |
H\n2\nO\n,\twater;\t\nHCl\n,\thydrochloric\tacid.\nGastrin\n,\ta\thormone\tthat\tstimulates\tgastric\tsecretions\tand\tmotility,\tis\tsecreted\tprimarily\tfrom\nendocrine\t“G”\n\tcells\tin\tthe\tantral\tmucosa\tof\tthe\tstomach.\tSecretion\tis\tinitiated\tby\t(1)\timpulses\tfrom\nthe\tvagus\tnerve,\tsuch\tas\tthose\ttr... | [
0.00699618412181735,
-0.023350821807980537,
0.06947978585958481,
-0.024811940267682076,
-0.06416672468185425,
0.042770061641931534,
0.07533059269189835,
-0.02967972867190838,
0.01761670410633087,
0.04670443758368492,
0.11403341591358185,
-0.06123403087258339,
0.030598441138863564,
-0.00322... |
after\ta\tmeal;\tand\t(3)\tthe\tpresence\tof\tsecretagogues\tin\tthe\tantrum,\tsuch\tas\tpartially\tdigested\nproteins,\tfermented\talcoholic\tbeverages,\tcaffeine,\tor\tfood\textracts\t(e.g.,\tbouillon).\tWhen\tthe\tlumen\ngets\tmore\tacidic,\n\tfeedback\tinvolving\tother\thormones\tinhibits\tgastrin\trelease\t(\nChu\... | [
0.023320836946368217,
-0.05837487056851387,
0.0718839019536972,
-0.022277530282735825,
-0.11329619586467743,
0.0476917140185833,
0.09540698677301407,
-0.04706776142120361,
0.05978352203965187,
0.030835643410682678,
0.10577123612165451,
-0.050964679569005966,
0.016266509890556335,
0.0103954... |
Chu\tand\tSchubert,\n2013\n).\tGastrin\tbinds\tto\treceptors\ton\tparietal\tcells\tand\thistamine-releasing\tcells\tto\tstimulate\tgastric\nacid,\tto\treceptors\ton\tchief\tcells\tto\trelease\tpepsinogen,\tand\tto\treceptors\ton\tsmooth\tmuscle\tto\nincrease\tgastric\tmotility.\nSecretin\n,\tthe\tfirst\thormone\tto\tbe... | [
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0.027997424826025963,
0.12522464990615845,
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0.03609118238091469,
-0.005... |
small\tintestine\tinto\tthe\tbloodstream.\tIt\tis\tsecreted\tin\tresponse\tto\tgastric\tacid\tand\tdigestive\tend\nproducts\tin\tthe\tduodenum,\twherein\tit\tstimulates\tthe\tsecretion\tof\tpancreatic\tjuice\tand\tinhibits\tgastric\nacid\tsecretion\tand\temptying\t(the\topposite\tof\tgastrin).\tNeutralized\tacidity\tpr... | [
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0.10142898559570312,
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0.049569... |
mucosa\tfrom\tprolonged\texposure\tto\tacid\tand\tprovides\tthe\tappropriate\tenvironment\tfor\tintestinal\nand\n\tpancreatic\tenzyme\tactivity.\tThe\thuman\treceptor\tis\tfound\tin\tthe\tstomach\tand\tductal\tand\tacinar\ncells\tof\tthe\tpancreas.\tIn\tdifferent\tspecies,\tother\torgans\tmay\texpress\tsecretin,\tinclu... | [
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0.12124444544315338,
-0.07005590945482254,
0.044228728860616684,
0.... |
colon,\theart,\tkidney,\tand\tbrain\t(\nChey\tand\tChang,\t2014\n).\nSmall\tbowel\tmucosal\t“I”\tcells\tsecrete\t\nCCK\n,\tan\timportant\tmultifunctional\thormone\treleased\tin | [
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0.0309520... |
response\tto\tthe\tpresence\tof\tprotein\tand\tfat.\tReceptors\n\tfor\tCCK\tare\tin\tpancreatic\tacinar\tcells,\npancreatic\tislet\tcells,\tgastric\tsomatostatin-releasing\tD\tcells,\tsmooth\tmuscle\tcells\tof\tthe\tGIT,\tand\tthe\ncentral\tnervous\tsystem.\tMajor\tfunctions\tof\tCCK\tare\tto\t(1)\tstimulate\tthe\tpanc... | [
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0.08003422617912292,
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0.026391638442873955,
0.045420... |
enzymes,\tbicarbonate,\tand\twater;\t(2)\tstimulate\tgallbladder\tcontraction;\t(3)\tincrease\tcolonic\tand\nrectal\tmotility;\t(4)\tslow\tgastric\temptying;\tand\t(5)\tincrease\tsatiety.\n\tCCK\tis\talso\twidely\tdistributed\tin\nthe\tbrain\tand\tplays\ta\trole\tin\tneuronal\tfunctioning.\nMotilin | [
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0.06203245371580124,
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0.08318... |
the\tbrain\tand\tplays\ta\trole\tin\tneuronal\tfunctioning.\nMotilin\n\tis\treleased\tby\tendocrine\tcells\tin\tthe\tduodenal\tmucosa\tduring\tfasting\tto\tstimulate\tgastric\nemptying\tand\tintestinal\tmigrating\tcontractions.\tErythromycin,\tan\tantibiotic,\thas\tbeen\tshown\tto\tbind | [
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0.09372... |
to\tmotilin\treceptors;\tthus\tanalogs\tof\terythromycin\tand\tmotilin\thave\tbeen\tused\tas\ttherapeutic\tagents\nto\ttreat\tdelayed\n\tgastric\temptying\t(\nWijeratne\tet\tal,\t2016\n).\nSomatostatin\n,\treleased\tby\t“D”\tcells\tin\tthe\tantrum\tand\tpylorus,\tis\ta\thormone\twith\tfar-reaching | [
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0.02821973524... |
actions.\tIts\tprimary\troles\tare\tinhibitory\tand\tantisecretory.\tIt\tdecreases\tmotility\tof\tthe\tstomach\tand\nintestine\tand\tinhibits\tor\tregulates\tthe\trelease\tof\tseveral\tgastrointestinal\thormones.\tSomatostatin\nand\tits\tanalog,\toctreotide,\tare\tbeing\tused\tto\ttreat\tcertain\n\tmalignant\tdiseases,... | [
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0.05... |
malignant\tdiseases,\tas\twell\tas\tnumerous\ngastrointestinal\tdisorders\tsuch\tas\tdiarrhea,\tshort\tbowel\tsyndrome,\tpancreatitis,\tdumping\tsyndrome,\nand\tgastric\thypersecretion\t(\nVan\tOp\tden\tBosch\tet\tal,\t2009\n;\tsee\t\nChapters\t26\n\tand\t\n27\n).\nDigestion\tin\tthe\tmouth | [
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0.00... |
;\tsee\t\nChapters\t26\n\tand\t\n27\n).\nDigestion\tin\tthe\tmouth\nIn\tthe\tmouth,\tthe\tteeth\tgrind\tand\tcrush\tfood\tinto\tsmall\tparticles.\tThe\tfood\tmass\tis\tsimultaneously\nmoistened\tand\tlubricated\tby\tsaliva.\tThree\tpairs\n\tof\tsalivary\tglands—the\tparotid,\tsubmaxillary,\tand\nsublingual\tglands—prod... | [
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0.022... |
lipid\tis\tinitiated\tin\tthe\tmouth\tdue\tto\tthe\tpresence\tof\tamylase\tand\t\nsalivary\tlipase\n,\trespectively,\tin\nsaliva.\tThis\tdigestion\tis\tminimal,\tand\tthe\tsalivary\tamylase\tbecomes\tinactive\twhen\tit\treaches\tthe\nacidic\tcontents\tof\tthe\tstomach.\tSaliva\talso\tcontains\n\tmucus,\ta\tprotein\ttha... | [
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0.005608... |
mucus,\ta\tprotein\tthat\tcauses\tparticles\tof\tfood\tto\nstick\ttogether\tand\tlubricates\tthe\tmass\tfor\tswallowing.\nThe\tmasticated\tfood\tmass,\tor\tbolus,\tis\tpassed\tback\tto\tthe\tpharynx\tunder\tvoluntary\tcontrol,\tbut\nthroughout\tthe\tesophagus,\tthe\tprocess\tof\tswallowing\t(deglutition)\tis\tinvolunta... | [
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0.05376413... |
moves\tthe\tfood\trapidly\tinto\tthe\tstomach\t(see\t\nChapter\t39\n\tfor\ta\tdetailed\tdiscussion\tof\tswallowing).\nDigestion\tin\tthe\tstomach\nFood\tparticles\tare\tpropelled\tforward\tand\tmixed\twith\tgastric\tsecretions\tby\twavelike\tcontractions\tthat\nprogress\tforward\tfrom\tthe\tupper\tportion\tof\tthe\tsto... | [
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0.01308... |
then\tto\tthe\tantrum\tand\tpylorus.\tIn\tthe\tstomach,\tgastric\tsecretions\tmix\twith\tfood\tand\tbeverages\nproducing\ta\tsemiliquid\tslurry\tcalled\tchyme,\twhich\tis\t50%\twater.\tAn\taverage\n\tof\t2000\tto\t2500\tmL\tof\nfluid\tis\tsecreted\tdaily\tin\tthe\tstomach.\tThese\tgastric\tsecretions\tcontain\thydrochl... | [
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0.022665... |
the\tparietal\tcells),\tpepsinogen,\tgastric\tlipase,\tmucus,\tintrinsic\tfactor\t(a\tglycoprotein\tthat\tfacilitates\nvitamin\tB\n12\n\tabsorption\tin\tthe\tileum),\tand\tgastrin.\tThe\tprotease,\t\npepsin\n,\tis\tsecreted\tin\tan\tinactive\nform,\tpepsinogen,\twhich\tis\tconverted\tby\thydrochloric\tacid\tto\tits\n\t... | [
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0.0457... |
active\tform.\tPepsin\tis\tactive\tonly\tin\nthe\tacidic\tenvironment\tof\tthe\tstomach\tand\tacts\tto\tbegin\tthe\tprocess\tof\tprotein\tdigestion.\nAn\tacid-stable\tlipase\tis\tsecreted\tinto\tthe\tstomach\tby\tchief\tcells.\tAlthough\tthis\tlipase\tis\nconsiderably\tless\tactive\tthan\tpancreatic\tlipase,\tit\tcontr... | [
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0.0... |
triglycerides.\tGastric\tlipase\tis\tmore\tspecific\tfor\ttriglycerides\tcomposed\tof\n\tmedium-\tand\tshort-chain\nfatty\tacids,\tbut\tthe\tusual\tdiet\tcontains\tfew\tof\tthese\tfats.\tLipases\tsecreted\tin\tthe\tupper\tportions\tof\nthe\tGIT\tmay\thave\ta\trelatively\timportant\trole\tin\tthe\tliquid\tdiet\tof\tinfa... | [
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0.003251... |
insufficiency\toccurs,\tit\tbecomes\tapparent\tthat\tlingual\tand\tgastric\tlipases\tare\tnot\tsufficient\tto\nadequately\tdigest\tfat\tfrom\tfood\tand\tprevent\tlipid\tmalabsorption.\nWhen\tfood\n\tis\tconsumed,\tsignificant\tnumbers\tof\tmicroorganisms\tare\talso\tconsumed.\tThe\tstomach | [
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0.01122... |
pH\tis\tlow,\tranging\tfrom\tabout\t1\tto\t4.\tThe\tcombined\tactions\tof\thydrochloric\tacid\tand\tproteolytic\nenzymes\tresult\tin\ta\tsignificant\treduction\tin\tthe\tconcentration\tof\tviable\tmicroorganisms.\tSome\nmicrobes\tmay\tescape\tand\tenter\tthe\tintestine\tif\tconsumed\tin\tsufficient\tconcentrations\tor\... | [
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0.0775... |
achlorhydria,\tgastrectomy,\tgastrointestinal\n\tdysfunction\tor\tdisease,\tpoor\tnutrition,\tor\tdrugs\tthat\nsuppress\tacid\tsecretions\tare\tpresent.\tThis\tmay\tincrease\tthe\trisk\tof\tpathogenic\tinfection\tin\tthe\nintestine.\nThe\tlower\tesophageal\tsphincter\t(LES),\twhich\tlies\tabove\tthe\tentrance\tto\tthe\... | [
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0.10879036039113998,
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0.... |
reflux\tof\tgastric\tcontents\tinto\tthe\tesophagus.\tThe\tpyloric\tsphincter\tin\tthe\tdistal\tportion\tof\tthe\nstomach\thelps\tregulate\tthe\texit\tof\tgastric\n\tcontents,\tpreventing\tbackflow\tof\tchyme\tfrom\tthe\nduodenum\tinto\tthe\tstomach.\tObesity,\tcertain\tfood,\tgastrointestinal\tregulators,\tand\tirrita... | [
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0.08369520306587219,
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0.044... |
nearby\tulcers\tmay\talter\tthe\tperformance\tof\tsphincters.\tCertain\tfoods\tand\tbeverages\tmay\talter\tLES\npressure,\tpermitting\treflux\tof\tstomach\tcontents\tback\tinto\tthe\tesophagus\t(see\t\nChapter\t26\n).\nThe\tstomach\tcontinuously\tmixes\tand\tchurns\tfood\tand\tnormally\treleases\n\tthe\tmixture\tin\tsm... | [
0.07925032824277878,
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0.020602... |
the\tmixture\tin\tsmall\nquantities\tinto\tthe\tsmall\tintestine\tthrough\tthe\tpyloric\tsphincter.\tThe\tamount\temptied\twith\teach\ncontraction\tof\tthe\tantrum\tand\tpylorus\tvaries\twith\tthe\tvolume\tand\ttype\tof\tfood\tconsumed,\tbut\tonly\ta\nfew\tmilliliters\tare\treleased\tat\ta\ttime.\tThe\tpresence\tof\tac... | [
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0.0421709... |
the\tregulatory\thormone,\tGIP,\tto\tslow\tgastric\temptying.\nMost\tof\ta\tliquid\tmeal\tempties\n\tfrom\tthe\tstomach\twithin\t1\tto\t2\thours,\tand\tmost\tof\ta\tsolid\tmeal\nempties\twithin\t2\tto\t3\thours.\tWhen\teaten\talone,\tcarbohydrates\tleave\tthe\tstomach\tthe\tmost\trapidly,\nfollowed\tby\tprotein,\tfat,\... | [
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0.1275428831577301,
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0.07393719255924225,
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stomach\tdepends\ton\tthe\toverall\tvolume\tand\tcharacteristics\tof\tthe\tfoods.\tLiquids\tempty\tmore\trapidly\nthan\tsolids,\tlarge\tparticles\tempty\tmore\n\tslowly\tthan\tsmall\tparticles,\tand\tenergy-dense\tfoods\tempty\nmore\tslowly\tthan\tthose\tcontaining\tless\tenergy.\tThese\tfactors\tare\timportant\tconsid... | [
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0.1174635961651802,
0.03553202003240585,
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0.00971551239490509,
0.13731573522090912,
-0.07275597006082535,
0.04208771139383316,
0.0038... |
practitioners\twho\tcounsel\tpatients\twith\tnausea,\tvomiting,\tdiabetic\tgastroparesis,\tor\tweight\nmanagement\tconcerns\t(see\t\nChapters\t26\n\tand\t\n20\n). | [
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0.016746947541832924,
0.009542032144963741,
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0.03496... |
Digestion\tin\tthe\tsmall\tintestine\nThe\tsmall\tintestine\tis\tthe\tprimary\tsite\tfor\tdigestion\tof\tfoods\tand\tnutrients.\n\tThe\tsmall\tintestine\tis\ndivided\tinto\tthe\tduodenum,\tthe\tjejunum,\tand\tthe\tileum\t(see\t\nFig.\t1.2\n).\tThe\tduodenum\tis\napproximately\t0.5\tm\tlong,\tthe\tjejunum\tis\t2\tto\t3\... | [
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0.019581487402319908,
0.07272010296583176,
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0.030665237456560135,
0.01... |
process\tis\tcompleted\tin\tthe\tduodenum\tand\tupper\tjejunum,\tand\tthe\tabsorption\tof\tmost\tnutrients\tis\nlargely\tcomplete\tby\tthe\ttime\tthe\tmaterial\treaches\tthe\tmiddle\tof\tthe\tjejunum.\tThe\tacidic\tchyme\n\tfrom\nthe\tstomach\tenters\tthe\tduodenum,\twhere\tit\tis\tmixed\twith\tsecretions\tfrom\tthe\tp... | [
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0.06801147013902664,
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0.06625852733850479,
0.008715350... |
and\tduodenal\tepithelium.\tThe\tsodium\tbicarbonate\tcontained\twithin\tthese\tsecretions\tneutralizes\tthe\nacidic\tchyme\tand\tallows\tthe\tdigestive\tenzymes\tto\twork\tmore\teffectively\tat\tthis\tlocation.\nThe\tentry\tof\tpartially\tdigested\tfoods,\tprimarily\tfats\tand\tprotein,\tstimulates\tthe\trelease\tof\t... | [
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0.0... |
secretin,\n\tand\tGIP,\twhich,\tin\tturn,\tstimulate\tthe\tsecretion\tof\tenzymes\tand\tfluids\tand\taffect\ngastrointestinal\tmotility\tand\tsatiety.\tBile,\twhich\tis\tpredominantly\ta\tmixture\tof\twater,\tbile\tsalts,\tand\nsmall\tamounts\tof\tpigments\tand\tcholesterol,\tis\tsecreted\tfrom\tthe\tliver\tand\tgallbl... | [
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0.01... |
surfactant\tproperties,\tthe\tbile\tsalts\tfacilitate\tthe\tdigestion\tand\tabsorption\tof\tlipids,\tcholesterol,\tand\nfat-soluble\n\tvitamins.\tBile\tacids\tare\talso\tregulatory\tmolecules;\tthey\tactivate\tthe\tvitamin\tD\treceptor\nand\tcell-signaling\tpathways\tin\tthe\tliver\tand\tGIT\tthat\talter\tgene\texpress... | [
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0.04173016... |
the\tregulation\tof\tenergy\tmetabolism\t(\nHylemon\tet\tal,\t2009\n).\tFurthermore,\tbile\tacids\tplay\tan\nimportant\trole\tin\thunger\tand\tsatiety.\nThe\tpancreas\tsecretes\tpotent\tenzymes\tcapable\tof\tdigesting\tall\tof\tthe\tmajor\tnutrients,\n\tand\tenzymes\nfrom\tthe\tsmall\tintestine\thelp\tcomplete\tthe\tpr... | [
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0.02117... |
the\tpancreas\tare\t\npancreatic\tlipase\n\tand\tcolipase.\tProteolytic\tenzymes\tinclude\ttrypsin\tand\nchymotrypsin,\tcarboxypeptidase,\taminopeptidase,\tribonuclease,\tand\tdeoxyribonuclease.\tTrypsin\tand\nchymotrypsin\tare\tsecreted\tin\ttheir\tinactive\tforms\tand\tare\tactivated\tby\tenterokinase\t(also\tknown\t... | [
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0.06538416... |
enteropeptidase),\twhich\tis\tbound\twithin\tthe\tbrush\tborder\tmembrane\tof\tenterocytes\twithin\tthe\tsmall\nintestine.\t\nPancreatic\tamylase\n\teventually\thydrolyzes\tlarge\tstarch\tmolecules\tinto\tunits\tof\napproximately\ttwo\tto\tsix\tsugars.\tDisaccharidase\tenzymes\tbound\tin\tthe\tenterocyte\tbrush\tborder | [
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0.04701950... |
membrane\tfurther\tbreak\tdown\tthe\tcarbohydrate\tmolecules\tinto\tmonosaccharides\tbefore\tabsorption.\nVarying\tamounts\tof\tresistant\n\tstarches\tand\tmost\tingested\tdietary\tfiber\tescape\tdigestion\tin\tthe\tsmall\nintestine\tand\tmay\tadd\tto\tfibrous\tmaterial\tavailable\tfor\tfermentation\tby\tcolonic\tmicro... | [
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0.... |
Intestinal\tcontents\tmove\talong\tthe\tsmall\tintestine\tat\ta\trate\tof\tapproximately\t1\tcm\tper\tminute,\ntaking\tfrom\t3\tto\t8\thours\tto\ttravel\tthrough\tthe\tentire\tintestine\tto\tthe\tileocecal\tvalve;\talong\tthe\tway,\nremaining\tsubstrates\tcontinue\tto\tbe\n\tdigested\tand\tabsorbed.\tThe\tileocecal\tva... | [
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0.0432... |
digested\tand\tabsorbed.\tThe\tileocecal\tvalve,\tlike\tthe\tpyloric\nsphincter,\tpaces\tthe\tentry\tof\tchyme\tinto\tthe\tcolon\tand\tlimits\tthe\tamount\tof\tmaterial\tpassed\tback\tand\nforth\tbetween\tthe\tsmall\tintestine\tand\tthe\tcolon.\tA\tdamaged\tor\tnonfunctional\tileocecal\tvalve\tresults | [
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0.0412244... |
in\tthe\tentry\tof\tsignificant\tamounts\tof\tfluid\tand\tsubstrate\tinto\tthe\tcolon\tand\tincreases\tthe\tchance\tfor\nmicrobial\tovergrowth\tin\tthe\tsmall\tintestine\n\t(see\t\nChapter\t26\n).\nThe\tsmall\tintestine:\tPrimary\tsite\tof\tnutrient\tabsorption\nThe\tprimary\torgan\tof\tnutrient\tand\twater\tabsorption... | [
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0.05934... |
absorptive\tarea.\tThe\tsurface\tarea\tis\tattributable\tto\tits\textensive\tlength,\tas\twell\tas\tto\tthe\norganization\tof\tthe\tmucosal\tlining,\twherein\tthere\tare\tcharacteristic\tfolds\tin\tits\tmucosal\tsurface\tthat\nare\tcovered\twith\tfingerlike\n\tprojections\tcalled\tvilli\tand\tinvaginations\tcalled\tcry... | [
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0.00489... |
Fig.\t1.2\n).\nEnterocytes,\ta\tcell\ttype\tthat\tdoes\tmuch\tof\tthe\tdigestion\tand\tabsorption\tare\tcovered\tby\tmicrovilli,\tor\nthe\t\nbrush\tborder\tmembrane\n,\twhich\tincreases\tthe\tsurface\tarea\teven\tfurther.\tThe\tcombination\tof\nfolds,\tthe\tcrypt-villus\taxis,\tand\tthe\tbrush\tborder\tmembrane\tcreate... | [
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0.03651... |
of\tapproximately\t200\tto\t300\tm\n2\n—a\tsurface\tarea\tequivalent\tto\ta\ttennis\tcourt.\tThe\tvilli\trest\ton\ta\nsupporting\tstructure\tcalled\tthe\tlamina\tpropria.\tWithin\tthe\tlamina\tpropria\tis\tconnective\ttissue,\nimmune\tcells,\tand\tthe\tblood\tand\tlymph\tvessels\tthat\treceive\tthe\tnutrients\tproduced... | [
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Each\tday,\ton\taverage,\tthe\tsmall\tintestine\tabsorbs\t150\tto\t300\tg\tof\tmonosaccharides,\t60\tto\t100\tg\tof\nfatty\tacids,\t60\tto\t120\tg\tof\tamino\tacids\n\tand\tpeptides,\tand\t50\tto\t100\tg\tof\tions.\tThe\tcapacity\tfor\nabsorption\tin\tthe\thealthy\tindividual\tfar\texceeds\tthe\tnormal\tmacronutrient\t... | [
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0.048254... |
Approximately\t95%\tof\tthe\tbile\tsalts\tsecreted\tfrom\tthe\tliver\tand\tgallbladder\tare\treabsorbed\tas\tbile\nacids\tin\tthe\tdistal\tileum.\tWithout\trecycling\tbile\tacids\tfrom\tthe\tGIT\t(enterohepatic\tcirculation),\nsynthesis\tof\tnew\tbile\tacids\tin\tthe\tliver\twould\n\tnot\tkeep\tpace\twith\tneeds\tfor\t... | [
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0.03116... |
not\tkeep\tpace\twith\tneeds\tfor\tadequate\tdigestion.\tBile\nsalt\tinsufficiency\tbecomes\tclinically\timportant\tin\tpatients\twho\thave\tresections\tof\tthe\tdistal\tsmall\nbowel\tand\tdiseases\taffecting\tthe\tsmall\tintestine,\tsuch\tas\tCrohn’s\tdisease,\tradiation\tenteritis,\tand\ncystic\tfibrosis.\tThe\tdista... | [
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0.05... |
cystic\tfibrosis.\tThe\tdistal\tileum\tis\talso\tthe\tsite\tfor\tvitamin\tB\n12\n\t(with\tintrinsic\tfactor)\tabsorption.\nAbsorptive\tand\ttransport\tmechanisms\nAbsorption\tis\ta\tcomplex\tprocess\tinvolving\tmany\tdistinct\tpathways\tfor\tspecific\tnutrients\tand/or\tions.\nHowever,\tthe\ttwo\tbasic\ttransport\tmech... | [
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0.09835980087518692,
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0.04726078733801842,
0.086726... |
differences\tbetween\tthe\ttwo\tare\twhether\t(1)\tthe\tnutrient\tbeing\ttransported\tis\tmoving\twith\ta\nconcentration\tgradient\tor\t(2)\tenergy\tin\tthe\tform\tof\tATP\tis\trequired\tbecause\tthe\tnutrient\tbeing\ntransported\tis\tmoving\n\tagainst\ta\tconcentration\tgradient.\nPassive\ttransport\n\tdoes\tnot\trequ... | [
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0.06224587932229042,
0.09398234635591507,
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0.027227815240621567,
0.08235307... |
does\tnot\trequire\tenergy,\tand\tnutrients\tmove\tfrom\ta\tlocation\tof\thigh\nconcentration\tto\tlow\tconcentration.\tWith\tpassive\ttransport\ta\ttransport\tprotein\tmay\tor\tmay\tnot\tbe\ninvolved.\tIf\tthe\tnutrient\tmoves\tthrough\tthe\tbrush\tborder\tmembrane\twithout\ta\ttransport\tprotein,\tthis\nis\ttermed\t\... | [
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0.06609484553337097,
0.08370832353830338,
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0.059769950807094574,
0.078302... |
passive\tdiffusion\n,\tor\tsimple\tpassive\ttransport.\tHowever,\tin\tcases\tin\n\twhich\ta\ttransport\nprotein\tassists\tthe\tpassage\tof\tthe\tnutrient\tacross\tthe\tbrush\tborder\tmembrane,\tthis\tprocess\tis\ttermed\nfacilitated\tdiffusion\n\t(\nFig.\t1.4\n). | [
0.05698642507195473,
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0.031785748898983,
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0.052271828055381775,
0.08893759548664093,
0.029333313927054405,
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0.0837683379650116,
0.10680419206619263,
-0.023611407727003098,
0.04797828942537308,
0.083472356... |
FIG.\t1.4\nTransport\tpathways\tthrough\tthe\tcell\tmembrane,\tas\twell\tas\tbasic\ttransport\tmechanisms.\t\nATP,\nAdenosine\ttriphosphate.\nActive\ttransport\n\tis\tthe\tmovement\tof\tmolecules\tacross\tcell\tmembranes\tin\tthe\tdirection\tagainst\ntheir\tconcentration\tgradient\tand\ttherefore\trequires\ta\ttranspor... | [
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0.0593109168112278,
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0.0928817093372345,
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0.04360615462064743,
0.06622634083032608,
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0.031386587768793106,
0.05417... |
ATP.\tSome\tnutrients\tmay\tshare\tthe\tsame\ttransporter\tand\tthus\tcompete\tfor\tabsorption.\n\tTransport\tor\ncarrier\tsystems\talso\tcan\tbecome\tsaturated,\tslowing\tthe\tabsorption\tof\tthe\tnutrient.\tA\tnotable\nexample\tof\tsuch\ta\tcarrier\tis\tintrinsic\tfactor,\twhich\tis\tresponsible\tfor\tthe\tabsorption... | [
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0.09391961991786957,
0.09003360569477081,
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0.02468610741198063,
0.090011... |
12\n(see\t\nChapter\t26\n).\nThe\tlarge\tintestine\nThe\tlarge\tintestine\tis\tapproximately\t1.5\tm\tlong\tand\tconsists\tof\tthe\tcecum,\tcolon,\trectum,\tand\tanal\ntract.\tMucus\tsecreted\tby\tthe\tmucosa\tof\tthe\tlarge\n\tintestine\tprotects\tthe\tintestinal\twall\tfrom\nexcoriation\tand\tbacterial\tactivity\tand... | [
0.022151028737425804,
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0.029000168666243553,
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0.023634009063243866,
0.07637426257133484,
0.021632863208651543,
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0.08094765245914459,
0.11850828677415848,
-0.015222666785120964,
0.00367391062900424,
0.0630... |
Approximately\t2\tL\tof\tfluids\tare\ttaken\tfrom\tfood\tand\tbeverages\tduring\tthe\tday,\tand\t7\tL\tof\tfluid\tis\nsecreted\talong\tthe\tGIT.\tUnder\tnormal\tcircumstances,\tmost\tof\tthat\tfluid\tis\tabsorbed\tin\tthe\tsmall\nintestine,\tand\tapproximately\t2\tL\tof\tfluid\tenters\tthe\tlarge\tintestine.\n\tAll\tbu... | [
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0.058307796716690063,
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0.03131882846355438,
0.... |
All\tbut\t100\tto\t150\tmL\tof\tthis\tfluid\nis\tabsorbed;\tthe\tremainder\tis\texcreted\tin\tthe\tfeces.\nThe\tlarge\tintestine\tis\talso\tthe\tsite\tof\tbacterial\tfermentation\tof\tremaining\tcarbohydrates\tand\tamino\nacids,\tsynthesis\tof\ta\tsmall\tamount\tof\tvitamins\t(particularly\tvitamin\tK),\tstorage,\tand\... | [
0.016897793859243393,
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0.06165583059191704,
0.0952925831079483,
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0.04418770968914032,
0.0215... |
residues.\tColonic\tcontents\tmove\tforward\tslowly\tat\ta\trate\tof\t5\tcm/h,\tand\tsome\tremaining\tnutrients\nmay\n\tbe\tabsorbed.\nDefecation,\tor\texpulsion\tof\tfeces\tthrough\tthe\trectum\tand\tanus,\toccurs\twith\tvarying\tfrequency,\nranging\tfrom\tthree\ttimes\tdaily\tto\tonce\tevery\t3\tor\tmore\tdays.\tAver... | [
0.055315326899290085,
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0.009996992535889149,
-0.08723782747983932,
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0.12349052727222443,
0.034058958292007446,
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0.04840549826622009,
0.09623254835605621,
0.011482123285531998,
0.052180442959070206,
0.0... |
to\t200\tg,\tand\tmouth-to-anus\ttransit\ttime\tmay\tvary\tfrom\t18\tto\t72\thours.\tThe\tfeces\tgenerally\tconsist\nof\t75%\twater\tand\t25%\tsolids,\tbut\tthe\tproportions\tvary\tgreatly.\tApproximately\ttwo-thirds\tof\n\tthe\ncontents\tof\tthe\twet\tweight\tof\tthe\tstool\tis\tbacteria,\twith\tthe\tremainder\tcoming... | [
-0.022448569536209106,
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0.028592094779014587,
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0.008820118382573128,
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0.012367106042802334,
0.09949702769517899,
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-0.0016553421737626195,
0... |
secretions,\tmucus,\tsloughed\tcells,\tmicrobiota,\tand\tundigested\tfoods.\tA\tdiet\tthat\tincludes\tabundant\nfruits,\tvegetables,\tlegumes,\tand\twhole\tgrains\ttypically\tresults\tin\ta\tshorter\toverall\tGIT\ttransit\ttime,\nmore\tfrequent\tdefecation,\tand\tlarger\tand\tsofter\tstools.\nIntestinal\tmicrobiota:\tT... | [
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0.019670948386192322,
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0.05927880108356476,
0.13009022176265717,
-0.06176126003265381,
0.0513620488345623,
-0.00002... |
The\tintestinal\t\nmicrobiota\n,\talso\tcalled\tthe\t\nmicrobiome\n,\tis\ta\tdynamic\tmixture\tof\tessential\tmicrobes\nthat\tdevelops\tunder\tkey\tinfluences\tof\tgenetics,\tenvironment,\tdiet,\tand\tdisease.\tBacterial\tpopulation\nprofiles\tdiffer\talong\tthe\tgastrointestinal\ttract,\tfrom\tthe\tlumen\tto\tthe\tmuc... | [
0.023022975772619247,
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0.036735743284225464,
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0.06065356731414795,
0.00955110602080822,
0.019368179142475128,
0.09726259112358093,
0.12836243212223053,
-0.07158104330301285,
0.0004743106255773455,
0.05... |
The\ttotal\tmicrobiota\tpopulation\toutnumbers\tthe\tcells\tin\tthe\thuman\tbody\tby\ta\tfactor\tof\t10\tand\naccounts\n\tfor\t35%\tto\t50%\tof\tthe\tvolume\tof\tthe\tcolonic\tcontent.\tKey\tphysiologic\tfunctions\tof\tthe\ncommensal\tmicrobiota\tinclude\t(1)\tprotective\teffects\texerted\tdirectly\tby\tspecific\tbacte... | [
-0.019082026556134224,
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0.007374257314950228,
0.09201455861330032,
0.047728732228279114,
0.033118296414613724,
0.05884058028459549,
0.10467635095119476,
-0.0622989647090435,
0.03855200484395027,
0.042202... |
control\tof\tepithelial\tcell\tproliferation\tand\tdifferentiation,\t(3)\tproduction\tof\tessential\tmucosal\nnutrients,\tsuch\tas\tshort-chain\tfatty\tacids\tand\tamino\tacids,\t(4)\tprevention\tof\tovergrowth\tof\npathogenic\torganisms,\n\t(5)\tstimulation\tof\tintestinal\timmunity,\tand\t(6)\tdevelopment\tof\tthe\tg... | [
-0.04100116714835167,
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0.010670460760593414,
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0.0546250157058239,
0.0215713232755661,
0.045601505786180496,
0.010593417100608349,
0.12205339223146439,
0.14002865552902222,
-0.040535226464271545,
0.03443237766623497,
0.03797718... |
axis\t(\nKostic\tet\tal,\t2014\n;\tsee\t\nChapter\t40\n).\tReduced\tabundance\tor\tchanges\tin\tthe\trelative\tproportions\nof\tthese\tbeneficial\tbacteria,\ta\tstate\tcalled\t\ndysbiosis\n,\tis\tassociated\twith\tvarious\tdiseases\tin\tboth\nchildren\tand\tadults\t(\nBuccigrossi\tet\tal,\t2013\n;\t\nFig.\t1.5\n). | [
-0.013768109492957592,
-0.00791376642882824,
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0.007111107464879751,
0.002891420852392912,
0.014661556109786034,
0.022909317165613174,
0.10269458591938019,
0.12102364003658295,
-0.04543430358171463,
0.016054954379796982,
0.07... |
FIG.\t1.5\nFactors\taffecting\tstability\tand\tcomplexity\tof\tintestinal\tmicrobiota\tin\thealth\tand\tdisease.\n\t\nSource:\n(Redrawn\tfrom\tKostic\tAD\tet\tal:\tThe\tmicrobiome\tin\tinflammatory\tbowel\tdisease:\tcurrent\tstatus\tand\tthe\tfuture\tahead,\nGastroenterology\n\t146:1489,\t2014.) | [
0.05020866170525551,
-0.03769383579492569,
0.05740630254149437,
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0.025629673153162003,
0.08716121315956116,
0.05019146203994751,
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0.0711502805352211,
0.09063875675201416,
-0.11169606447219849,
-0.030676890164613724,
0.095511... |
Gastroenterology\n\t146:1489,\t2014.)\nNormally,\trelatively\tfew\tbacteria\tremain\tin\tthe\tstomach\tand\tproximal\tsmall\tintestine\tafter\tmeals\nbecause\tbile,\thydrochloric\tacid,\tand\tpepsin\n\twork\tas\tgermicides.\tHowever,\tdecreased\tgastric\nsecretions\tcan\tincrease\tthe\trisk\tof\tinflammation\tof\tthe\t... | [
0.014318753965198994,
-0.04633364826440811,
0.008923150599002838,
-0.026822302490472794,
-0.1050633043050766,
-0.027064058929681778,
0.047614846378564835,
0.0651109516620636,
-0.00543605862185359,
0.040800176560878754,
0.09725921601057053,
-0.04521624743938446,
-0.020408064126968384,
0.041... |
bacterial\tovergrowth\tin\tthe\tsmall\tintestine,\tor\tincrease\tthe\tnumbers\tof\tmicrobes\treaching\tthe\tcolon.\nAn\tacid-tolerant\tbacterium\tis\tknown\tto\tinfect\tthe\tstomach\t(Helicobacter\tpylori)\tand\tmay\tcause\ngastritis\tand\tulceration\tin\tthe\thost\t(see\t\nChapter\t26\n). | [
0.0033679024782031775,
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0.06487882882356644,
0.039643920958042145,
0.05205592140555382,
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0.10417262464761734,
0.11362913995981216,
-0.07871611416339874,
0.007382269483059645,
0.12... |
gastritis\tand\tulceration\tin\tthe\thost\t(see\t\nChapter\t26\n).\nBacterial\tabundance\tis\tthe\tgreatest\tand\taction\tis\tmost\tintense\tin\tthe\tdistal\tsmall\tintestine\tand\tthe\nlarge\tintestine.\tAfter\ta\tmeal,\tdietary\tfiber,\tresistant\tstarches,\tremaining\tparts\tof\tamino\tacids,\tand\nmucus\tsloughed\t... | [
0.009765949100255966,
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0.10022713989019394,
0.039786215871572495,
0.01883535273373127,
0.04957851022481918,
0.07358463853597641,
0.004967087879776955,
0.037323907017707825,
0.0346499... |
fermentation\tproduces\tgases\t(e.g.,\thydrogen,\tcarbon\tdioxide,\tnitrogen,\tand,\tin\tsome\tindividuals,\nmethane)\n\tand\tSCFAs\t(e.g.,\tacetic,\tpropionic,\tbutyric,\tand\tsome\tlactic\tacids).\tDuring\tthe\tprocess,\nseveral\tnutrients\tare\tformed\tby\tbacterial\tsynthesis,\tsuch\tas\tvitamin\tK,\tvitamin\tB\n12... | [
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0.07103477418422699,
0.01482054591178894,
0.05233674868941307,
0.003005428472533822,
0.046597082167863846,
0.07140904664993286,
-0.0762363150715828,
-0.027349546551704407,
0.01211... |
12\n,\tthiamin,\tand\nriboflavin.\nStrategies\tto\tstabilize\tand\tfortify\tthe\tbeneficial\tmicrobes\twithin\tthe\tmicrobiota\tin\tan\tattempt\tto\nmaintain\tor\timprove\thealth\tinclude\tthe\tconsumption\tof\tprebiotics,\tprobiotics,\tand\tsynbiotics.\nProbiotics\n\tare\tlive\tmicroorganisms,\twhich,\twhen\tadministe... | [
-0.009993250481784344,
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0.018079837784171104,
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0.040868524461984634,
0.08029142022132874,
0.039500948041677475,
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0.05034325644373894,
0.1217106506228447,
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0.03522518277168274,
0.039... |
health\tbenefit\tto\tthe\thost.\tProbiotics\tcan\tbe\tfound\twithin\tfermented\tfood\tproducts\t(such\tas\tyogurt,\nmiso,\tor\tsauerkraut)\tor\tas\ta\tnutritional\tsupplement\t(\nHill\tet\tal,\t2014\n).\tKnowledge\tof\ttheir\trole\tin\npreventing\tand\ttreating\ta\thost\tof\tgastrointestinal\tand\tsystemic\tdisorders\t... | [
-0.013101122342050076,
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0.022891467437148094,
0.01769857667386532,
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0.017500657588243484,
0.09080173820257187,
0.012682191096246243,
0.006732925772666931,
0.02398589253425598,
0.15456748008728027,
-0.014933892525732517,
0.057179566472768784,
0.0070... |
tremendously\tin\trecent\tyears\t(\nFloch,\t2018\n).\tHowever,\twhen\trecommending\ta\tprobiotic,\tpractitioners\nmust\tensure\tthat\tthe\tspecific\tmicrobial\tspecies\thas\tbeen\tshown\tin\tproperly\tcontrolled\tstudies\tto\nprovide\tbenefits\tto\thealth\t(see\t\nChapter\t11\n).\nPrebiotics\n\tare\tnondigestible\tfood... | [
-0.002674207091331482,
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0.04979971796274185,
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0.05244314670562744,
0.07896272093057632,
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0.05298503860831261,
0.08641553670167923,
-0.027822207659482956,
0.004289099480956793,
0.067... |
host\tmicroorganisms\tconferring\ta\thealth\tbenefit.\tPrebiotics\ttypically\trequire\tthe\tfollowing\tthree\nattributes\tto\tbenefit\t“beneficial”\tmicrobes,\tsuch\tas\t\nLactobacilli\n\tand\t\nBifidobacteria\n\tspp.:\t(1)\tbe\table\tto\nescape\tdigestion\tin\tthe\tupper\tGIT,\t(2)\tbe\table\tto\tbe\tfermented\tby\tth... | [
0.01391051895916462,
-0.039953552186489105,
0.017437266185879707,
-0.021418601274490356,
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-0.0068541173823177814,
0.05169958248734474,
0.06339862942695618,
0.02915056236088276,
0.053005870431661606,
0.08417735993862152,
-0.07267873734235764,
0.03449813649058342,
0.0276... |
be\table\tto\tincrease\tthe\tabundance\tand/or\trelative\tproportion\tof\tbacteria\tknown\tto\tcontribute\tto\nhuman\thealth.\tGood\tdietary\tsources\tof\tprebiotic\tcarbohydrates\tinclude\tvegetables\t(including\tonions,\ngarlic,\tand\tasparagus),\tfruits\t(especially\tbananas,\tapples,\tstone\tfruits,\tand\tmangos),\... | [
0.025526612997055054,
-0.0332186333835125,
0.0020526470616459846,
-0.05767427757382393,
-0.13029782474040985,
0.02282574027776718,
0.07069113850593567,
0.01992928236722946,
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0.05823928490281105,
0.07939213514328003,
-0.05019458755850792,
0.06089365482330322,
0.0152278... |
chicory,\tJerusalem\tartichokes,\tsoybeans,\tand\twheat\tbran.\tStrong\tevidence\texists\tthat\tconsumption\tof\nspecific\tprebiotics\tbenefits\tthe\tGIT\tincluding\tinhibition\tof\tpathogens\tand\timmune\tstimulation,\ncardiometabolic\tsupport\t(e.g.,\treduction\tin\tblood\tlipid\tlevels,\teffects\tupon\tinsulin\tresi... | [
0.005001730285584927,
-0.07925763726234436,
0.04405023157596588,
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0.06742370128631592,
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0.020842213183641434,
0.05871632322669029,
0.103909432888031,
-0.08610963076353073,
0.014443183317780495,
-0.01... |
mental\nhealth\tbenefits\t(e.g.,\tmetabolites\tthat\tinfluence\tbrain\tfunction,\tenergy,\tand\tcognition)\tand\tbone\nhealth\t(e.g.,\tmineral\tbioavailability)\t(\nGibson\tet\tal,\t2017\n).\nSynbiotics\n\tare\ta\tsynergistic\tcombination\tof\tboth\tprobiotics\tand\tprebiotics\tin\tthe\tsame\tfood\tor\nsupplement. | [
0.01187947764992714,
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0.022599542513489723,
-0.019142456352710724,
-0.020378101617097855,
0.04408211261034012,
0.08630751818418503,
0.06507410109043121,
-0.034673403948545456,
0.058641210198402405,
0.1241309717297554,
-0.07797793298959732,
0.0026908842846751213,
0.0653... |
supplement.\nColonic\tsalvage\tof\tmalabsorbed\tenergy\tsources\tand\tshort-chain\tfatty\tacids\nNormally,\tvarying\tamounts\tof\tsome\tsmall-molecular-weight\n\tcarbohydrates\tand\tamino\tacids\tremain\tin\nthe\tchyme\tafter\tleaving\tthe\tsmall\tintestine.\tAccumulation\tof\tthese\tsmall\tmolecules\tcould\tbecome | [
-0.009803125634789467,
-0.10162484645843506,
0.045777469873428345,
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0.08984263986349106,
0.0820002555847168,
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0.028648218140006065,
0.05684017390012741,
-0.02923608012497425,
-0.01933194138109684,
0.0578... |
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