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PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
was utilized to calculate the data of a minimum of three independent experiments.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
An unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test was used for analyzing two data sets, and one-way analysis of variance was used for more sets.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Significance was set at p < 0.05.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
As described clinical samples were examined for their levels of BRD4 to examine the functioning of BRD4 in GIST.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
The samples were observed to have increased expression of BRD4 mRNA and protein compared with matched healthy tissue controls (Fig. 1a, b).
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
The levels of BRD4 detected by IHC were also in line with this observation (Fig. 1c, d).
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
The increased levels showed a correlation with poor overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival in the patients (P < 0.01; Fig. 1e).
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
These data indicate the potential involvement of BRD4 in the progression of GIST.Fig.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
1BRD4 expression is elevated in GIST tissue.a BRD4 expression was examined in normal and GIST tissues by Western blotting.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
b BRD4 mRNA expression was detected in normal and GIST tissues.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
c and d BRD4 protein expression in normal and GIST tissue was analyzed by IHC.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Scale bar: 25 μm.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
e Kaplan–Meier curves for OS of GIST patients with low vs. high expression of BRD4; **P < 0.01.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
a BRD4 expression was examined in normal and GIST tissues by Western blotting.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
b BRD4 mRNA expression was detected in normal and GIST tissues.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
c and d BRD4 protein expression in normal and GIST tissue was analyzed by IHC.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Scale bar: 25 μm.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
e Kaplan–Meier curves for OS of GIST patients with low vs. high expression of BRD4; **P < 0.01.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Once the increased expression was observed, the possible role of BRD4 in disease advancement was studied next.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
The role of BRD4 was assessed by the construction ofcontrol pcDNA-3.1(+) and pcDNA-3.1(+)-BRD4 vectors that were transfected into GIST-882 and GIST-T1 cell lines.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Exposure to G418 caused expression of the vector or BRD4.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
The transfection of the pcDNA-3.1(+)-BRD4 vector led to increased BRD4 in the GIST-882 and GIST-T1 cell lines compared with the transfection of pcDNA-3.1(+) alone (Fig. 2a).
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
The CCK8 assay showed that the cells expressing BRD4 showed higher growth patterns than those expressing control vector (Fig. 2b).
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
In line with these observations, the BrdU/PI assay results displayed a higher BrdU-incorporated cell number in the lines expressing BRD4 than that seen in control vector-transfected cells (Fig. 2c), which is indicative of increased DNA synthesis due to BRD4.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
The colony formation assay showed higher numbers and sizes of colonies in the cells, expressing BRD4 than those in control vector-transfected cells (Fig. 2d).
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
These observations are indicative of BRD4 stimulating the proliferation of GIST cells.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Fig. 2BRD4 promotes GIST cell proliferation, migration, and invasion.a GIST882 and GIST-T1 cells stably expressing vector or BRD4 were harvested.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
BRD4 protein expression was examined by western blotting.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
b The viability of GIST882 and GIST-T1 cells stably expressing vector or BRD4 was detected by CCK8 assay.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
c DNA synthesis was examined in cells stably expressing vector and cells stably expressing BRD4 using BrdU/PI assays.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
d GIST882 and GIST-T1 cells stably expressing vector or BRD4 were seeded on six-well plates for colony formation assays.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
e and f Both GIST882 and GIST-T1 cells stably expressing vector or BRD4 were plated in the upper chamber with/without Matrigel for 24 h. Then, cell migration and invasion were assessed by observing the cells that migrated to the underside of the transwell insert.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Scale bar: 25 μm.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
g Wound healing assays were used to examine cell migration in GIST882 cells stably expressing vector or BRD4.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
h Wound healing assays were used to examine cell migration in GIST-T1 cells stably expressing vector or BRD4; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
a GIST882 and GIST-T1 cells stably expressing vector or BRD4 were harvested.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
BRD4 protein expression was examined by western blotting.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
b The viability of GIST882 and GIST-T1 cells stably expressing vector or BRD4 was detected by CCK8 assay.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
c DNA synthesis was examined in cells stably expressing vector and cells stably expressing BRD4 using BrdU/PI assays.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
d GIST882 and GIST-T1 cells stably expressing vector or BRD4 were seeded on six-well plates for colony formation assays.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
e and f Both GIST882 and GIST-T1 cells stably expressing vector or BRD4 were plated in the upper chamber with/without Matrigel for 24 h. Then, cell migration and invasion were assessed by observing the cells that migrated to the underside of the transwell insert.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Scale bar: 25 μm.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
g Wound healing assays were used to examine cell migration in GIST882 cells stably expressing vector or BRD4.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
h Wound healing assays were used to examine cell migration in GIST-T1 cells stably expressing vector or BRD4; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
As GIST therapy is hindered by metastasis at a clinical level, we assessed the role of BRD4 in metastasis.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
BRD4 overexpression resulted in increased migration of cells, as observed in the transwell assays (Fig. 2e, f) as well as an increased ability to migrate, as observed in the wound-healing assays (Fig. 2g, h).
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Thus, these results suggest that BRD4 plays a key role in migration and invasion in GIST.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
The progression of tumors involves the vital formation of new capillaries from existing ones, which is referred to as angiogenesis.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
This process involves angiogenic factors, such as bFGF, PDGFB, and VEGF secreted by the cells of the tumor.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
This understanding led us to next assess the effect of BRD4 on angiogenesis in GIST.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Higher levels of VEGFA, LOX, and MMP9 were displayed by the cell lines expressing BRD4 than by cells transfected with the control vector (Fig. 3a).
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
In line with these observations, there was a lower level of VEGFA in the shBRD4 cells than in the shNC cells (Fig. 3c).
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
ELISA corroborated the observations of higher VEGFA with forced BRD4 expression (Fig. 3b), while knocking out BRD4 showed the reverse observations (Fig. 3d).Fig.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
3The emerging role of BRD4 in the angiogenic progression of GIST cells.a GIST882 and GIST-T1 cells stably expressing vector or BRD4 were harvested, and expression of the indicated proteins was examined by Western blotting.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
b GIST882 and GIST-T1 cells stably expressing vector or BRD4 were cultured with DMEM without serum overnight.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Conditioned media were collected for ELISA assays to assess VEGFA secretion.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
c GIST882 and GIST-T1 cells stably expressing shcon or shBRD4 were harvested and expression of the indicated protein was examined by Western blotting.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
d GIST882 and GIST-T1 cells stably expressing shcon or shBRD4 were cultured with DMEM without serum overnight.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Conditioned media were collected for ELISA assays to assess VEGFA secretion.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
e Conditioned media from GIST882 cells stably expressing vector or BRD4 were incubated with HUVECs cells in 96-well plates.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
The tube formation was examined by the branching points per filed.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
f Conditioned media from GIST-T1 cells stably expressing shcon or shBRD4 were incubated with HUVECs cells in 96-well plates.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Tube formation was examined based on the number of branching points per field.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Scale bar: 100 μm; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
a GIST882 and GIST-T1 cells stably expressing vector or BRD4 were harvested, and expression of the indicated proteins was examined by Western blotting.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
b GIST882 and GIST-T1 cells stably expressing vector or BRD4 were cultured with DMEM without serum overnight.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Conditioned media were collected for ELISA assays to assess VEGFA secretion.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
c GIST882 and GIST-T1 cells stably expressing shcon or shBRD4 were harvested and expression of the indicated protein was examined by Western blotting.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
d GIST882 and GIST-T1 cells stably expressing shcon or shBRD4 were cultured with DMEM without serum overnight.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Conditioned media were collected for ELISA assays to assess VEGFA secretion.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
e Conditioned media from GIST882 cells stably expressing vector or BRD4 were incubated with HUVECs cells in 96-well plates.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
The tube formation was examined by the branching points per filed.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
f Conditioned media from GIST-T1 cells stably expressing shcon or shBRD4 were incubated with HUVECs cells in 96-well plates.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Tube formation was examined based on the number of branching points per field.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Scale bar: 100 μm; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
The conditioned media from cells expressing vector, BRD4, shBRD4, or shNC were individually incubated with endothelial cells.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Increased formation of tubes was seen when medium from BRD4-expressing cells was compared with the level seen in cells expressing vector alone and knockdown cells showed the opposite observations of shNC cells (Fig. 3e, f).
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Overall, our findings indicated that BRD4 is likely to be involved in angiogenesis in GIST.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
The abovementioned effects were assessed in the animal models as described in the materials section.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
The growth of cells, as well as the weight and size of tumors, was distinctly greater in cells expressing BRD4 than in cells expressing vector alone (Fig. 4a, b).
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
The density of microvessels in tumors was shown to be increased in cells expressing BRD4, as suggested by the elevated levels of CD31 determined by IHC (Fig. 4C).
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
This finding was also corroborated by the higher levels of VEGFA, as measured by Western blotting, seen in animals with BRD4-expressing tumors than seen in animals with vector-only tumors (Fig. 4d).Fig.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
4BRD4 overexpression promotes GIST cell proliferation and angiogenesis in vivo.a GIST882 control vector cells or BRD4 cells were subcutaneously injected into Balb/c nude mice.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Tumor volume growth curves from day 1 to 19 of treatment are presented.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
b After 19 days, mice were sacrificed, and tumor weights were examined in the two groups.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
c Representative IHC staining of BRD4 and CD31 in the two groups is presented.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Scale bar: 25 μm.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
d The level of MMP9, LOX, and VEGFA expression in xenograft tumors was analyzed by Western blotting; *P < 0.05.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
a GIST882 control vector cells or BRD4 cells were subcutaneously injected into Balb/c nude mice.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Tumor volume growth curves from day 1 to 19 of treatment are presented.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
b After 19 days, mice were sacrificed, and tumor weights were examined in the two groups.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
c Representative IHC staining of BRD4 and CD31 in the two groups is presented.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Scale bar: 25 μm.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
d The level of MMP9, LOX, and VEGFA expression in xenograft tumors was analyzed by Western blotting; *P < 0.05.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Next, we analyzed the potential target genes of BRD4.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Our qRT-PCR results showed a decrease in CCL2 in BRD4 knockdown cells compared with shcontrol cells (Fig. 5a).
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
The downregulation of CCL2 was further confirmed by ELISA (Fig. 5b).
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
In addition, overexpression of BRD4 increased CCL2 expression (Fig. 5c).
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
This is suggestive of the induction of CCL2 by BRD4 in GIST.Fig.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
5CCL2 is required for BRD4-induced tumor growth.a The indicated cytokines expression in GIST882 cells stably expressing shcon or shBRD4 were analyzed by RT-PCR.