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PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
b ELISA of CCL2 expression in the GIST882 and GIST-T1 cells stably expressing shcon or shBRD4.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
c ELISA of CCL2 expression in the GIST882 and GIST-T1 cells stably expressing vector or BRD4.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
d GIST882 control vector cells or BRD4 cells were subcutaneously injected into Balb/c nude mice.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Mice were treated with IgG or αCCL2 antibody.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Tumor volume growth curves from day 1 to 19 of treatment are presented.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
e GIST882 cells stably expressing shcon or shCCL2 with BRD4 overexpression were subcutaneously injected into Balb/c nude mice.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Mice were treated with IgG or αCCL2 antibody.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Tumor volume growth curves from day 1 to 19 of treatment are presented. *
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
P < 0.05; **P < 0.01.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
a The indicated cytokines expression in GIST882 cells stably expressing shcon or shBRD4 were analyzed by RT-PCR.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
b ELISA of CCL2 expression in the GIST882 and GIST-T1 cells stably expressing shcon or shBRD4.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
c ELISA of CCL2 expression in the GIST882 and GIST-T1 cells stably expressing vector or BRD4.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
d GIST882 control vector cells or BRD4 cells were subcutaneously injected into Balb/c nude mice.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Mice were treated with IgG or αCCL2 antibody.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Tumor volume growth curves from day 1 to 19 of treatment are presented.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
e GIST882 cells stably expressing shcon or shCCL2 with BRD4 overexpression were subcutaneously injected into Balb/c nude mice.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Mice were treated with IgG or αCCL2 antibody.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Tumor volume growth curves from day 1 to 19 of treatment are presented. *
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
P < 0.05; **P < 0.01.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
These experiments were followed by the use of an antibody to inhibit chemokine signaling, which was assessed in vivo.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
The growth of tumors was distinctly lowered by the CCL2-neutralizing antibody (Fig. 5d).
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Moreover, BRD4-promoted tumor growth was blocked by CCL2 downregulation (Fig. 5e).
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
This is suggestive of the role of CCL2 produced by GIST cells in metastasis due to BRD4.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
The next analysis was to examine a potential mechanism behind the abovementioned results.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
The regulation of the NF-κB pathway by BRD4 has been shown in previous work.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
The NF-κB circuit involves p65 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, which influence gene activation.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
S536 phosphorylation (the key site of regulation) was observed on p65 in proportion to BRD4 expression in GIST-882 and GIST-T1 cells (Fig. 6a).
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
The phosphorylation of p65 was downregulated in BRD4-kockdown cells (Fig. 6a).
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
p65 knockdown using siRNA abolished the induction of CCL2 in GIST-882 cells (Fig. 6b).
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Western blotting showed p65 translocation to the nucleus with overexpression of BRD4 (Fig. 6c).
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
A further attempt to decipher the role of NF-κB was to pretreat cells with an inhibitor of NF-κB, BAY 11–7082, that prevents translocation to the nucleus (Fig. 6c).
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
This treatment abrogated the expression of CCL2 as well as the phosphorylation of p65 via BRD4 overexpression (Fig. 6d).
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
These results indicate a role for p65 in the activation of CCL2 by BRD4.Fig.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
6NF-κB is required for BRD4-induced CCL2.a The phosphorylation of p65 was analyzed in the indicated cells by Western blotting.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
b CCL2 expression in GIST882 cells stably expressing shcon or shp65 was analyzed by Western blotting.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
c GIST882 cells stably expressing vector or BRD4 were treated with 10 μmol/l BAY11-7082 for 1 h. Nuclear fractions were isolated from cells and analyzed for p65 expression by Western blotting.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Lamin A/C and β-actin, which are expressed in nucleus and cytoplasm, respectively, were used as controls for loading and fractionation.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
d GIST882 cells stably expressing vector or BRD4 were treated with 10 μmol/l BAY11-7082 for 1 h. The levels of p-p65 (S536) and BRD4 were analyzed by Western blotting.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
a The phosphorylation of p65 was analyzed in the indicated cells by Western blotting.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
b CCL2 expression in GIST882 cells stably expressing shcon or shp65 was analyzed by Western blotting.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
c GIST882 cells stably expressing vector or BRD4 were treated with 10 μmol/l BAY11-7082 for 1 h. Nuclear fractions were isolated from cells and analyzed for p65 expression by Western blotting.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Lamin A/C and β-actin, which are expressed in nucleus and cytoplasm, respectively, were used as controls for loading and fractionation.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
d GIST882 cells stably expressing vector or BRD4 were treated with 10 μmol/l BAY11-7082 for 1 h. The levels of p-p65 (S536) and BRD4 were analyzed by Western blotting.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
CD68 (a macrophage marker) was detected at high levels in GIST intratumoral and peritumoral regions, in line with the observations from the mouse model that showed the association of macrophage infiltration with the level of BRD4 (Fig. 7a).
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
This association is indicative of a link between BRD4 and TAMs.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
The next set of experiments included analyzing the effect of BRD4 overexpression on TAMs.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
This involved the culturing of human monocytes as described in the materials section.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
The conditioned medium from the cells transfected with BRD4 caused the monocytes to be activated into macrophages, as seen by the CD206-high/HLA-DR-low phenotype, which was not observed in cells treated with the conditioned medium from controls (Fig. 7b).
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Flow cytometry of M1- and M2-specific markers was performed to confirm the expression.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
The expression of CD206 and CD163 (M2 markers) was increased in the medium from cells transfected with BRD4, while that of HLA-DR and CD86 (M1 markers) was lower in the medium fom cells transfected with BRD4 than that in the controls (Fig. 7b, c).
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
These findings provide proof that increasing levels of BRD4 activate TAMs.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Exposure to a CCL2-neutralizing antibody caused distinct in vivo inhibition of these macrophages, indicating the vital role of CCL2 in TAM activation by BRD4 (Fig. 7d).Fig.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
7BRD4-upregulated CCL2 activates TAMs.a Representative images of GIST tissues with high or low levels of CD68-positive cells in the intratumoral tissues with different BRD4 expression levels.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Scale bar: 25 μm.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
b Flow cytometric analysis and quantification of the expressions of CD206/HLA-DR in macrophages treated with medium collected from the indicated cells for 24 h. c Flow cytometric analysis and quantification of the expressions of CD163/CD86 in macrophages treated with medium collected from the indicated cells for 24 h. d IHC staining evaluating macrophages with anti-F4/80 as indicating in tumor of nude mice.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Scale bar: 25 μm; **P < 0.01.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
a Representative images of GIST tissues with high or low levels of CD68-positive cells in the intratumoral tissues with different BRD4 expression levels.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Scale bar: 25 μm.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
b Flow cytometric analysis and quantification of the expressions of CD206/HLA-DR in macrophages treated with medium collected from the indicated cells for 24 h. c Flow cytometric analysis and quantification of the expressions of CD163/CD86 in macrophages treated with medium collected from the indicated cells for 24 h. d IHC staining evaluating macrophages with anti-F4/80 as indicating in tumor of nude mice.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Scale bar: 25 μm; **P < 0.01.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Despite the initial restrained success of KIT- or PDGFRA-mutant GIST patients using targeted therapies (such as imatinib), a major challenge is the development of resistance to the drugs.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Another factor is the nonresponsiveness of GISTs that lack such mutations to molecular targeted therapy.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
These issues necessitate a thorough comprehension of the mechanisms of GIST pathology.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Appropriate new approaches for treating the disease (advanced or unresectable cases) are needed.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
This work showed overexpression of BRD4 in clinical GIST samples compared with that in corresponding healthy samples, which is suggestive of the involvement of epigenetics and posttranslational modifications.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
As a modulator of the microenvironment of the tumor, BRD4 was found to function in the progression of GISTs via the NF-κB circuit, leading to the activation of CCL2.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
This, in turn, led to the infiltration of TAMs, which affected the tumor microenvironment.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
This infiltration was substantially suppressed with the use of antibodies against CCL2 to reduce the growth of tumors caused by BRD4 in vivo.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Thus, new insights have been gained in this work regarding the involvement of BRD4 in GIST pathogenesis.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
The BET family proteins (inclusive of BRD4 and others listed in the introduction) are targeted by small molecules targeting inflammation.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
While the role of each member in vivo has yet to be explored, the level of BRD4 in GISTs has not been examined thus far in any work.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
For this reason, we evaluated the pathogenic attributes of BRD4, and BRD4 was found to boost the abilities of GIST cell lines to proliferate, invade, and migrate.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Hence, a potential treatment approach is to use BRD4 as a therapeutic target in GISTs.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
The involvement of VEGFA in angiogenesis has been shown by research, and angiogenesis is an intricate pathway vital to tumorigenesis as well as metastasis.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
This work explored whether BRD4 was associated with this pathway and reported that increased levels of BRD4 led to the in vitro and in vivo formation of HUVEC tubes.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
The vital involvement of TAMs in the microenvironment of cancer has received much attention with the production of several growth factors by these accumulated cells shown to influence both human tumorigenesis and angiogenesis.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
A symbiosis between cocultured macrophages and tumor cells was shown by earlier research to boost the degradation of collagen.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
This work shows the role of TAMs in tumorigenesis in an animal model to provide an understanding of the mechanisms in GIST.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
The role of BRD4 in increasing the expression of CCL2 (which is produced in high amounts by tumors influencing tumorigenesis as well as recruitting monocytes from the circulation to become TAMs) was shown in this work.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Recent research has shown the targeting of CCL2 in solid tumors with carlumab (a monoclonal antibody) in many phase I and II clinical trials.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Such targeting of CCL2 can also be explored for therapeutically addressing GIST and predicting the prognosis of patients with GIST.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
This work showed stimulation of the NF-κB circuit by BRD4 to boost CCL2 levels, and these levels were found to be substantially lowered by the use of anti-CCL2 antibodies.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
These antibodies also boosted the survival time in the animal models with high BRD4 expression due to lowered tumorigenic potential, implying the potential of blocking CCL2 in the treatment of GISTs with high levels of BRD4.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
This work both uncovered a mechanism and explored a potential therapeutic approach.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
The regulation of both branches of the immune system by the transcription factor NF-κB is known as is its role in modulating inflammation.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
This factor causes the induction of many genes vital for inflammation, such as chemokines and cytokines, as well as influences immune cell and inflammatory T cell functions in terms of their activation, survival, and differentiation.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
Hence, dysregulation of NF-κB translates into several diseases involving inflammation.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
This work showed the involvement of this pathway in the increased expression of CCL2 induced by BRD4.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
To summarize, this work outlines the involvement of BRD4 in the progression of GIST.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
This work is distinct proof of the function of high levels of BRD4 in GIST, and BRD4 accomplishes its role via CCL2 to alter the microenvironment of tumors; these findings are in line with clinical and functional analyses.
PMC6901583
RETRACTED ARTICLE: BRD4 promotes tumor progression and NF-κB/CCL2-dependent tumor-associated macrophage recruitment in GIST
This involvement of TAMs via CCL2 induced by BRD4 can increase uncovering further mechanisms as well as addressing the treatment of GIST.
PMC10335267
The Roles of Serum CXCL16 in Circulating Tregs and Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Cells [Retraction]
Xing Y, Zhang J, Xu H. Onco Targets Ther.
PMC10335267
The Roles of Serum CXCL16 in Circulating Tregs and Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Cells [Retraction]
2016;9:3939–3949.
PMC10335267
The Roles of Serum CXCL16 in Circulating Tregs and Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Cells [Retraction]
We, the Editor and Publisher of OncoTargets and Therapy are retracting the published article.
PMC10335267
The Roles of Serum CXCL16 in Circulating Tregs and Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Cells [Retraction]
Concerns were raised following the authors request to correct images in Figure 3.
PMC10335267
The Roles of Serum CXCL16 in Circulating Tregs and Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Cells [Retraction]
It was found some of the images had been duplicated.
PMC10335267
The Roles of Serum CXCL16 in Circulating Tregs and Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Cells [Retraction]
Specifically, Images from Figure 3C, Migration, Treg-C+S and Migration, GIST882-sorafenib have been duplicated.
PMC10335267
The Roles of Serum CXCL16 in Circulating Tregs and Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Cells [Retraction]
Images from Figure 3C, Invasion, Treg and Migration, GIST-T1-sorafenib have been duplicated.
PMC10335267
The Roles of Serum CXCL16 in Circulating Tregs and Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Cells [Retraction]
Images from Figure 3C, Migration, Treg-C+S and Migration, GIST882-sorafenib have been duplicated.
PMC10335267
The Roles of Serum CXCL16 in Circulating Tregs and Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Cells [Retraction]
Images from Figure 3C, Invasion, Treg and Migration, GIST-T1-sorafenib have been duplicated.