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We have been very ‘green-fingered’ in class this week busily planting beans; we each took a turn to help fill a huge pot with soil and then carefully planted beans, before our breaktime helper watered it carefully. We also planted some of the beans in clear plastic cups so that we can see what happens beneath the soil – we look forward to seeing the roots and shoots growing. We also helped to colour and cut out a picture of a castle, which we placed at the very top of a tall garden cane to represent the castle in the story, finger crossed our beanstalk will grow as tall as Jack’s!
In maths, we have been focusing on measuring. Using Unifix bricks, we have been estimating how many bricks are needed to make towers the same height as different sunflowers, and then measuring them to see if our predictions were correct.
Outside we raised our heartbeat as we played the bean game – ask us what we needed to do when we saw the picture of the different types of beans.
Our topic next week is healthy eating. | <urn:uuid:1b7f09be-bf3b-4b06-9c40-ab1c17d3959d> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://hamptonprep.org.uk/whats-on/news/kindergarten-74/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476452.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304133241-20240304163241-00894.warc.gz | en | 0.980391 | 222 | 3.671875 | 4 | [
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0.300565868... | 1 | We have been very ‘green-fingered’ in class this week busily planting beans; we each took a turn to help fill a huge pot with soil and then carefully planted beans, before our breaktime helper watered it carefully. We also planted some of the beans in clear plastic cups so that we can see what happens beneath the soil – we look forward to seeing the roots and shoots growing. We also helped to colour and cut out a picture of a castle, which we placed at the very top of a tall garden cane to represent the castle in the story, finger crossed our beanstalk will grow as tall as Jack’s!
In maths, we have been focusing on measuring. Using Unifix bricks, we have been estimating how many bricks are needed to make towers the same height as different sunflowers, and then measuring them to see if our predictions were correct.
Outside we raised our heartbeat as we played the bean game – ask us what we needed to do when we saw the picture of the different types of beans.
Our topic next week is healthy eating. | 214 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Alexander Graham Bell (born Alexander Bell) was a Scottish-born inventor, scientist and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone design. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885. Bell became a United States citizen in 1882.
Many other noteworthy inventions marked Bell’s later life, including groundbreaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from January 7, 1898 until 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity & genetics. His work in this area has been called “the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America…Bell’s most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention.”
Bell was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on March 3, 1847. The Bell family home was located on South Charlotte Street and currently has a stone inscription marking it as Bell’s birthplace. He had two brothers: older Melville James Bell (1845–1870) and his younger sibling Edward Charles Bell (1848–1867), both of whom would die of tuberculosis. Bell’s father was Alexander Melville Bell, a phonetician, and his mother was Eliza Grace Bell (née Symonds). Born as just “Alexander Bell,” at age 10, he made a plea to his father to have a middle name like his two brothers. For his 11th birthday, his father acquiesced and allowed him to adopt the name “Graham,” chosen out of respect for Alexander Graham, a deaf Canadian client being treated by his father who had become a family friend. To close relatives and friends Bell remained “Aleck.” Bell and his family were members of the Presbyterian Church.
As a child, Bell displayed an intense curiosity about his world. Starting at an early age, he gathered botanical specimens and ran experiments. His childhood best friend was Ben Herdman, a neighbor whose family operated a flour mill. At the age of 12, Bell designed and constructed a homemade device that combined rotating paddles with sets of nail brushes; creating a simple dehusking machine that was put into operation at the mill and used steadily for a number of years. In return, Ben’s father John Herdman gave both boys the run of a small workshop in which to “invent.”
From his early years, Bell displayed a sensitive nature and a talent for art, poetry and music that was encouraged by his mother. With no formal training, he mastered the piano and became the family’s pianist. Despite being normally quiet and introspective, he reveled in mimicry and performed “voice tricks” akin to ventriloquism that would continually entertain family guests during their occasional visits. Bell was also deeply affected by the onset of his mother’s gradual deafness (she began to lose her hearing when he was 12). He learned a manual finger language so he could sit at her side and tap out silently the conversations swirling around the family parlor. He also developed a technique of speaking in clear, modulated tones directly into his mother’s forehead wherein she could hear him with reasonable clarity. Bell’s preoccupation with his mother’s deafness eventually led him to study acoustics.
As a young child, Bell, like his brothers, received his early schooling at home from his father. At an early age, he was enrolled at the Royal High School, Edinburgh, which he left at the age of 15, having completed only the first four forms. His school record was undistinguished and marked by absenteeism and lackluster grades. His main interest remained in the sciences, especially biology. To the dismay of his father, he treated other school subjects with indifference. Upon leaving school, Bell travelled to London to live with his grandfather, Alexander Bell, on Harrington Square. During the year he spent with his grandfather, a love of learning was born with long hours spent in study & many serious discussions.
At the age of 16, Bell secured a position as a “pupil-teacher” of elocution and music, in Weston House Academy at Elgin, Moray, Scotland. Although he was enrolled as a student in Latin and Greek, he instructed classes himself in return for board and £10 per semester. The following year, he attended the University of Edinburgh, joining his older brother Melville who had enrolled there the previous year. In 1868, not long before he departed for Canada with his family, Bell completed his matriculation exams and was accepted for admission to University College London.
In 1865, the Bell family moved to London. Bell returned to Weston House as an assistant master and in his spare hours, continued experiments on sound using a minimum of laboratory equipment. Bell concentrated on experimenting with electricity as a medium to convey sound and later installed a telegraph wire from his room in Somerset College to that of a friend. Throughout late 1867, Bell’s health faltered mainly through exhaustion and he contracted tuberculosis. His younger brother, Edward “Ted,” was similarly affected by tuberculosis. While Bell was recovering (by then referring to himself in correspondence as “A. G. Bell“) he served the next year as an instructor at Somerset College in Bath, England. However, his brother’s condition deteriorated; Edward would never recover.
In 1870, a 23-year-old Bell travelled with his parents and his brother’s widow, Caroline Margaret Ottaway, to Paris, Ontario to stay with Thomas Henderson, a Baptist minister and close family friend. The Bell family soon purchased 10.5 acre farm there at Tutelo Heights (now called Tutela Heights), near Brantford, Ontario. The property consisted of an orchard, large farmhouse, stable, pigsty, hen-house and a carriage house, which bordered the Grand River.
At the new homestead, Bell set up his own workshop in the converted carriage house near to what he called his “dreaming place,” a large hollow nestled in trees at the back of the property overlooking the river. Despite his frail condition upon arriving in Canada, Bell found the climate and environs to his liking, and rapidly improved. After setting up his workshop, Bell continued his experiments and research work with electricity and sound. He also modified a melodeon (a type of pump organ) so that it could transmit its music electrically over a distance.
In October 1872, Alexander Bell opened his “School of Vocal Physiology and Mechanics of Speech” in Boston and attracted a large number of deaf pupils. His first class numbered 30 students. he also worked as a private tutor, and one of his pupils was Helen Keller, who came to him as a young child unable to see, hear, or speak. She was later to say that Bell dedicated his life to the penetration of that “inhuman silence which separates and estranges.” In 1893, Keller performed the sod-breaking ceremony for the construction of Bell’s new Volta Bureau, dedicated to “the increase and diffusion of knowledge relating to the deaf.”
In 1872, Bell became professor of Vocal Physiology and Elocution at the Boston University School of Oratory. During this period, he alternated between Boston and Brantford, spending the summers at his Canadian home. At Boston University, Bell was “swept up” by the excitement engendered by the many scientists and inventors residing in the city. He continued his research in sound and endeavored to find a way to transmit musical notes and articulate speech, but although absorbed by his experiments, he found it difficult to devote enough time to experimentation. While days and evenings were occupied by his teaching and private classes, Bell began to stay awake late into the night, running experiment after experiment in rented facilities at his boarding house. Keeping “night owl” hours, he worried that his work would be discovered and took great pains to lock up his notebooks and laboratory equipment. Bell had a specially made table where he could place his notes and equipment inside a locking cover. Worse still, his health deteriorated and he began to have severe headaches. Returning to Boston in fall 1873, Bell made a far-reaching decision to concentrate excllusively on his experiments in sound.
By 1874, Bell’s initial work on what he called the harmonic telegraph had entered a formative stage, with progress made both at his new Boston “laboratory” (a rented facility) and at his family home in Canada. While working that summer in Brantford, Bell experimented with a “phonautograph,” a pen-like machine that could draw shapes of sound waves on smoked glass by tracing their vibrations.It was here Bell first formulated it might be possible to generate undulating electrical currents that corresponded to sound waves. Bell also thought that multiple metal reeds tuned to different frequencies like a harp would be able to convert the undulating electrical currents back into sound; however, he never developed a working model to demonstrate the feasibility of these ideas.
In 1874, telegraph message traffic was rapidly expanding; and in the words of Western Union President William Orton, had become “the nervous system of commerce.” Orton had contracted with inventors Thomas Edison and Elisha Gray to find a way to send multiple telegraph messages on a single telegraph line to avoid the great cost of constructing new lines. When Bell mentioned to Gardiner Hubbard and Thomas Sanders that he was working on a method of sending multiple tones across a telegraph wire using a multi-reed device, the two wealthy patrons began to financially support Bell’s experiments.
With financial support from Sanders and Hubbard, Bell hired Thomas Watson as his assistant and the two of them began to experiment with acoustic telegraphy. In 1875, Bell developed an acoustic telegraph and drew up a patent application for it.
Bell’s patent 174,465, was issued to Bell on March 7, 1876, by the U.S. Patent Office. Bell’s patent covered “the method of, and apparatus for, transmitting vocal or other sounds telegraphically … by causing electrical undulations, similar in form to the vibrations of the air accompanying the said vocal or other sound”
On March 10, 1876, three days after his patent was issued, Bell succeeded in getting his telephone to work by using a liquid transmitter similar to an Elisha Gray design. Vibration of the diaphragm caused a needle to vibrate in the water, varying the electrical resistance in the circuit. When Bell spoke the sentence “Mr. Watson—Come here—I want to see you” into the liquid transmitter, Watson, listening at the receiving end in an adjoining room, heard his words clearly.
On August 3, 1876, from the telegraph office in Brantford, Ontario, Bell sent a tentative telegram to the village of Mount Pleasant four miles away, indicating that he was ready. He made a telephone call via telegraph wires and faint voices could be heard replying. The following night, he amazed guests as well as his family with another call between the Bell Homestead and the office of the Dominion Telegraph Company in Brantford along an improvised wire strung up along telegraph lines and fences and laid through a tunnel. This time, guests at the household distinctly heard people in Brantford reading and singing. The third test on August 10, 1876, was made via the telegraph line between Brantford and Paris, Ontario, eight miles away. This test was said by many sources to be the “world’s first long-distance call.” The final test certainly proved the telephone could work over long distances, at least as a one-way call.
The first two-way (reciprocal) conversation over a line occurred between Cambridge and Boston (roughly 2.5 miles) on October 9, 1876.
Bell began a series of public demonstrations and lectures to introduce the new invention to the scientific community as well as the general public. A short time later, his demonstration of an early telephone prototype at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia brought the telephone to international attention.
On January 14, 1878 at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight, Bell demonstrated the device to Queen Victoria by placing calls to Cowes, Southampton and London. These were the first publicly witnessed long-distance telephone calls in the UK. The queen considered the process to be “quite extraordinary” although she commented the sound was “rather faint.”
The Bell Telephone Company was created in 1877 and by 1886, more than 150,000 people in the United States owned telephones. Bell Company engineers made numerous other improvements to the telephone, which emerged as one of the most successful products ever invented. In 1879, the Bell Company acquired Edison’s patents for the carbon microphone from Western Union. This made the telephone even more practical over longer distances. It was no longer necessary to shout in order to be heard clearly at the receiving end.
In January 1915, Bell made the first ceremonial transcontinental telephone call. Calling from the AT&T head office at 15 Dey Street in New York City, Bell was heard by Thomas Watson at 333 Grant Avenue in San Francisco.
The New York Times reported:
On October 9, 1876, Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas A. Watson talked by telephone to each other over a two-mile wire stretched between Cambridge and Boston. It was the first wire conversation ever held. Yesterday afternoon [on January 25, 1915], the same two men talked by telephone to each other over a 3,400-mile wire between New York and San Francisco. Dr. Bell, the veteran inventor of the telephone, was in New York, and Mr. Watson, his former associate, was on the other side of the continent.
On July 11, 1877, only a few days after the Bell Telephone Company was established, Bell married Mabel Hubbard (1857–1923) at the Hubbard estate in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His wedding present to his bride was to turn over 1,487 of his 1,497 shares in the newly formed Bell Telephone Company. One unusual request exacted by his fiancée was that he use “Alec” rather than the family’s earlier familiar name of “Aleck.” From 1876, he would sign his name as “Alec Bell. Bell & Mabel had four children.
Shortly thereafter, the newlyweds embarked on a year-long honeymoon in Europe. During that excursion, Bell took a handmade model of his telephone with him, making it a “working holiday.” Although the courtship had begun years earlier, Bell waited until he was more financially secure before marrying. Although the telephone appeared to be an “instant” success, it was not initially a profitable venture and Bell’s main sources of income were from lectures until after 1897.
In 1898, Bell was elected as the second president of the National Geographic Society, serving until 1903, and was primarily responsible for the extensive use of illustrations, including photography, in the society’s magazine. He also served for many years as a Regent of the Smithsonian Institution (1898–1922).
In 1915, he characterized his citizen and nationality status as: “I am not one of those hyphenated Americans who claim allegiance to two countries.” Despite this declaration, Bell has since been proudly claimed as a “native son” by all three countries he resided in: the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom.
Although Alexander Graham Bell is most often associated with the invention of the telephone, his interests were extremely varied. According to one of his biographers, Charlotte Gray, Bell’s work ranged “unfettered across the scientific landscape” and he often went to bed voraciously reading the Encyclopædia Britannica, scouring it for new areas of interest. The range of Bell’s inventive genius is represented only in part by the 18 patents granted in his name alone and the 12 he shared with his collaborators. These included 14 for the telephone and telegraph, four for the photophone, one for the phonograph, five for aerial vehicles, four for “hydroairplanes,” and two for selenium cells. Bell’s inventions spanned a wide range of interests.
Bell also worked extensively in medical research and invented new techniques for teaching speech to the deaf. During his Volta Laboratory period, Bell and his associates considered impressing a magnetic field on a record as a means of reproducing sound. Although the trio briefly experimented with the concept, they could not develop a workable prototype. They abandoned the idea, never realizing they had actually glimpsed a basic principle which would one day find its application in the tape recorder, the hard disc and floppy disc drives and other magnetic media.
Bell is also credited with developing one of the early versions of a metal detector through the use of an induction balance.
Bell died of complications arising from diabetes on August 2, 1922, at his private estate in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, at the age of 75. Bell was also been affected by pernicious anemia in his final years. His last view of the land he had inhabited was by moonlight on his mountain estate at 2:00 a.m. While tending to him after his long illness, Mabel, his wife, whispered, “Don’t leave me.” By way of reply, Bell signed “no…”, lost consciousness and died shortly after.
Bell’s coffin was constructed of Beinn Bhreagh pine by his laboratory staff and lined with red silk fabric. To help celebrate his life, his wife asked guests not to wear black (the traditional funeral color) while attending his funeral service.
Upon the conclusion of Bell’s funeral, for one minute at 6:25 p.m. Eastern Time, “every phone on the continent of North America was silenced in honor of the man who had given to mankind the means for direct communication at a distance.”
Alexander Graham Bell was buried atop Beinn Bhreagh mountain, on his estate where he had resided increasingly for the last 35 years of his life, overlooking Bras d’Or Lake. He was survived by his wife Mabel, his two daughters, Elsie May and Marian and nine of his grandchildren.
A large number of Bell’s writings, personal correspondence, notebooks, papers and other documents reside in the United States Library of Congress Manuscript Division. In 1936, the US Patent Office declared Bell first on its list of the country’s greatest inventors. ✪ | <urn:uuid:e9e7d8a3-6fd6-4e86-adfd-500f88bb7deb> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://thenewamericanist.com/profiles-oct-9-2023/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474671.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227053544-20240227083544-00109.warc.gz | en | 0.98362 | 3,943 | 3.296875 | 3 | [
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-0.0209778472781... | 1 | Alexander Graham Bell (born Alexander Bell) was a Scottish-born inventor, scientist and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone design. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885. Bell became a United States citizen in 1882.
Many other noteworthy inventions marked Bell’s later life, including groundbreaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from January 7, 1898 until 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity & genetics. His work in this area has been called “the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America…Bell’s most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention.”
Bell was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on March 3, 1847. The Bell family home was located on South Charlotte Street and currently has a stone inscription marking it as Bell’s birthplace. He had two brothers: older Melville James Bell (1845–1870) and his younger sibling Edward Charles Bell (1848–1867), both of whom would die of tuberculosis. Bell’s father was Alexander Melville Bell, a phonetician, and his mother was Eliza Grace Bell (née Symonds). Born as just “Alexander Bell,” at age 10, he made a plea to his father to have a middle name like his two brothers. For his 11th birthday, his father acquiesced and allowed him to adopt the name “Graham,” chosen out of respect for Alexander Graham, a deaf Canadian client being treated by his father who had become a family friend. To close relatives and friends Bell remained “Aleck.” Bell and his family were members of the Presbyterian Church.
As a child, Bell displayed an intense curiosity about his world. Starting at an early age, he gathered botanical specimens and ran experiments. His childhood best friend was Ben Herdman, a neighbor whose family operated a flour mill. At the age of 12, Bell designed and constructed a homemade device that combined rotating paddles with sets of nail brushes; creating a simple dehusking machine that was put into operation at the mill and used steadily for a number of years. In return, Ben’s father John Herdman gave both boys the run of a small workshop in which to “invent.”
From his early years, Bell displayed a sensitive nature and a talent for art, poetry and music that was encouraged by his mother. With no formal training, he mastered the piano and became the family’s pianist. Despite being normally quiet and introspective, he reveled in mimicry and performed “voice tricks” akin to ventriloquism that would continually entertain family guests during their occasional visits. Bell was also deeply affected by the onset of his mother’s gradual deafness (she began to lose her hearing when he was 12). He learned a manual finger language so he could sit at her side and tap out silently the conversations swirling around the family parlor. He also developed a technique of speaking in clear, modulated tones directly into his mother’s forehead wherein she could hear him with reasonable clarity. Bell’s preoccupation with his mother’s deafness eventually led him to study acoustics.
As a young child, Bell, like his brothers, received his early schooling at home from his father. At an early age, he was enrolled at the Royal High School, Edinburgh, which he left at the age of 15, having completed only the first four forms. His school record was undistinguished and marked by absenteeism and lackluster grades. His main interest remained in the sciences, especially biology. To the dismay of his father, he treated other school subjects with indifference. Upon leaving school, Bell travelled to London to live with his grandfather, Alexander Bell, on Harrington Square. During the year he spent with his grandfather, a love of learning was born with long hours spent in study & many serious discussions.
At the age of 16, Bell secured a position as a “pupil-teacher” of elocution and music, in Weston House Academy at Elgin, Moray, Scotland. Although he was enrolled as a student in Latin and Greek, he instructed classes himself in return for board and £10 per semester. The following year, he attended the University of Edinburgh, joining his older brother Melville who had enrolled there the previous year. In 1868, not long before he departed for Canada with his family, Bell completed his matriculation exams and was accepted for admission to University College London.
In 1865, the Bell family moved to London. Bell returned to Weston House as an assistant master and in his spare hours, continued experiments on sound using a minimum of laboratory equipment. Bell concentrated on experimenting with electricity as a medium to convey sound and later installed a telegraph wire from his room in Somerset College to that of a friend. Throughout late 1867, Bell’s health faltered mainly through exhaustion and he contracted tuberculosis. His younger brother, Edward “Ted,” was similarly affected by tuberculosis. While Bell was recovering (by then referring to himself in correspondence as “A. G. Bell“) he served the next year as an instructor at Somerset College in Bath, England. However, his brother’s condition deteriorated; Edward would never recover.
In 1870, a 23-year-old Bell travelled with his parents and his brother’s widow, Caroline Margaret Ottaway, to Paris, Ontario to stay with Thomas Henderson, a Baptist minister and close family friend. The Bell family soon purchased 10.5 acre farm there at Tutelo Heights (now called Tutela Heights), near Brantford, Ontario. The property consisted of an orchard, large farmhouse, stable, pigsty, hen-house and a carriage house, which bordered the Grand River.
At the new homestead, Bell set up his own workshop in the converted carriage house near to what he called his “dreaming place,” a large hollow nestled in trees at the back of the property overlooking the river. Despite his frail condition upon arriving in Canada, Bell found the climate and environs to his liking, and rapidly improved. After setting up his workshop, Bell continued his experiments and research work with electricity and sound. He also modified a melodeon (a type of pump organ) so that it could transmit its music electrically over a distance.
In October 1872, Alexander Bell opened his “School of Vocal Physiology and Mechanics of Speech” in Boston and attracted a large number of deaf pupils. His first class numbered 30 students. he also worked as a private tutor, and one of his pupils was Helen Keller, who came to him as a young child unable to see, hear, or speak. She was later to say that Bell dedicated his life to the penetration of that “inhuman silence which separates and estranges.” In 1893, Keller performed the sod-breaking ceremony for the construction of Bell’s new Volta Bureau, dedicated to “the increase and diffusion of knowledge relating to the deaf.”
In 1872, Bell became professor of Vocal Physiology and Elocution at the Boston University School of Oratory. During this period, he alternated between Boston and Brantford, spending the summers at his Canadian home. At Boston University, Bell was “swept up” by the excitement engendered by the many scientists and inventors residing in the city. He continued his research in sound and endeavored to find a way to transmit musical notes and articulate speech, but although absorbed by his experiments, he found it difficult to devote enough time to experimentation. While days and evenings were occupied by his teaching and private classes, Bell began to stay awake late into the night, running experiment after experiment in rented facilities at his boarding house. Keeping “night owl” hours, he worried that his work would be discovered and took great pains to lock up his notebooks and laboratory equipment. Bell had a specially made table where he could place his notes and equipment inside a locking cover. Worse still, his health deteriorated and he began to have severe headaches. Returning to Boston in fall 1873, Bell made a far-reaching decision to concentrate excllusively on his experiments in sound.
By 1874, Bell’s initial work on what he called the harmonic telegraph had entered a formative stage, with progress made both at his new Boston “laboratory” (a rented facility) and at his family home in Canada. While working that summer in Brantford, Bell experimented with a “phonautograph,” a pen-like machine that could draw shapes of sound waves on smoked glass by tracing their vibrations.It was here Bell first formulated it might be possible to generate undulating electrical currents that corresponded to sound waves. Bell also thought that multiple metal reeds tuned to different frequencies like a harp would be able to convert the undulating electrical currents back into sound; however, he never developed a working model to demonstrate the feasibility of these ideas.
In 1874, telegraph message traffic was rapidly expanding; and in the words of Western Union President William Orton, had become “the nervous system of commerce.” Orton had contracted with inventors Thomas Edison and Elisha Gray to find a way to send multiple telegraph messages on a single telegraph line to avoid the great cost of constructing new lines. When Bell mentioned to Gardiner Hubbard and Thomas Sanders that he was working on a method of sending multiple tones across a telegraph wire using a multi-reed device, the two wealthy patrons began to financially support Bell’s experiments.
With financial support from Sanders and Hubbard, Bell hired Thomas Watson as his assistant and the two of them began to experiment with acoustic telegraphy. In 1875, Bell developed an acoustic telegraph and drew up a patent application for it.
Bell’s patent 174,465, was issued to Bell on March 7, 1876, by the U.S. Patent Office. Bell’s patent covered “the method of, and apparatus for, transmitting vocal or other sounds telegraphically … by causing electrical undulations, similar in form to the vibrations of the air accompanying the said vocal or other sound”
On March 10, 1876, three days after his patent was issued, Bell succeeded in getting his telephone to work by using a liquid transmitter similar to an Elisha Gray design. Vibration of the diaphragm caused a needle to vibrate in the water, varying the electrical resistance in the circuit. When Bell spoke the sentence “Mr. Watson—Come here—I want to see you” into the liquid transmitter, Watson, listening at the receiving end in an adjoining room, heard his words clearly.
On August 3, 1876, from the telegraph office in Brantford, Ontario, Bell sent a tentative telegram to the village of Mount Pleasant four miles away, indicating that he was ready. He made a telephone call via telegraph wires and faint voices could be heard replying. The following night, he amazed guests as well as his family with another call between the Bell Homestead and the office of the Dominion Telegraph Company in Brantford along an improvised wire strung up along telegraph lines and fences and laid through a tunnel. This time, guests at the household distinctly heard people in Brantford reading and singing. The third test on August 10, 1876, was made via the telegraph line between Brantford and Paris, Ontario, eight miles away. This test was said by many sources to be the “world’s first long-distance call.” The final test certainly proved the telephone could work over long distances, at least as a one-way call.
The first two-way (reciprocal) conversation over a line occurred between Cambridge and Boston (roughly 2.5 miles) on October 9, 1876.
Bell began a series of public demonstrations and lectures to introduce the new invention to the scientific community as well as the general public. A short time later, his demonstration of an early telephone prototype at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia brought the telephone to international attention.
On January 14, 1878 at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight, Bell demonstrated the device to Queen Victoria by placing calls to Cowes, Southampton and London. These were the first publicly witnessed long-distance telephone calls in the UK. The queen considered the process to be “quite extraordinary” although she commented the sound was “rather faint.”
The Bell Telephone Company was created in 1877 and by 1886, more than 150,000 people in the United States owned telephones. Bell Company engineers made numerous other improvements to the telephone, which emerged as one of the most successful products ever invented. In 1879, the Bell Company acquired Edison’s patents for the carbon microphone from Western Union. This made the telephone even more practical over longer distances. It was no longer necessary to shout in order to be heard clearly at the receiving end.
In January 1915, Bell made the first ceremonial transcontinental telephone call. Calling from the AT&T head office at 15 Dey Street in New York City, Bell was heard by Thomas Watson at 333 Grant Avenue in San Francisco.
The New York Times reported:
On October 9, 1876, Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas A. Watson talked by telephone to each other over a two-mile wire stretched between Cambridge and Boston. It was the first wire conversation ever held. Yesterday afternoon [on January 25, 1915], the same two men talked by telephone to each other over a 3,400-mile wire between New York and San Francisco. Dr. Bell, the veteran inventor of the telephone, was in New York, and Mr. Watson, his former associate, was on the other side of the continent.
On July 11, 1877, only a few days after the Bell Telephone Company was established, Bell married Mabel Hubbard (1857–1923) at the Hubbard estate in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His wedding present to his bride was to turn over 1,487 of his 1,497 shares in the newly formed Bell Telephone Company. One unusual request exacted by his fiancée was that he use “Alec” rather than the family’s earlier familiar name of “Aleck.” From 1876, he would sign his name as “Alec Bell. Bell & Mabel had four children.
Shortly thereafter, the newlyweds embarked on a year-long honeymoon in Europe. During that excursion, Bell took a handmade model of his telephone with him, making it a “working holiday.” Although the courtship had begun years earlier, Bell waited until he was more financially secure before marrying. Although the telephone appeared to be an “instant” success, it was not initially a profitable venture and Bell’s main sources of income were from lectures until after 1897.
In 1898, Bell was elected as the second president of the National Geographic Society, serving until 1903, and was primarily responsible for the extensive use of illustrations, including photography, in the society’s magazine. He also served for many years as a Regent of the Smithsonian Institution (1898–1922).
In 1915, he characterized his citizen and nationality status as: “I am not one of those hyphenated Americans who claim allegiance to two countries.” Despite this declaration, Bell has since been proudly claimed as a “native son” by all three countries he resided in: the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom.
Although Alexander Graham Bell is most often associated with the invention of the telephone, his interests were extremely varied. According to one of his biographers, Charlotte Gray, Bell’s work ranged “unfettered across the scientific landscape” and he often went to bed voraciously reading the Encyclopædia Britannica, scouring it for new areas of interest. The range of Bell’s inventive genius is represented only in part by the 18 patents granted in his name alone and the 12 he shared with his collaborators. These included 14 for the telephone and telegraph, four for the photophone, one for the phonograph, five for aerial vehicles, four for “hydroairplanes,” and two for selenium cells. Bell’s inventions spanned a wide range of interests.
Bell also worked extensively in medical research and invented new techniques for teaching speech to the deaf. During his Volta Laboratory period, Bell and his associates considered impressing a magnetic field on a record as a means of reproducing sound. Although the trio briefly experimented with the concept, they could not develop a workable prototype. They abandoned the idea, never realizing they had actually glimpsed a basic principle which would one day find its application in the tape recorder, the hard disc and floppy disc drives and other magnetic media.
Bell is also credited with developing one of the early versions of a metal detector through the use of an induction balance.
Bell died of complications arising from diabetes on August 2, 1922, at his private estate in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, at the age of 75. Bell was also been affected by pernicious anemia in his final years. His last view of the land he had inhabited was by moonlight on his mountain estate at 2:00 a.m. While tending to him after his long illness, Mabel, his wife, whispered, “Don’t leave me.” By way of reply, Bell signed “no…”, lost consciousness and died shortly after.
Bell’s coffin was constructed of Beinn Bhreagh pine by his laboratory staff and lined with red silk fabric. To help celebrate his life, his wife asked guests not to wear black (the traditional funeral color) while attending his funeral service.
Upon the conclusion of Bell’s funeral, for one minute at 6:25 p.m. Eastern Time, “every phone on the continent of North America was silenced in honor of the man who had given to mankind the means for direct communication at a distance.”
Alexander Graham Bell was buried atop Beinn Bhreagh mountain, on his estate where he had resided increasingly for the last 35 years of his life, overlooking Bras d’Or Lake. He was survived by his wife Mabel, his two daughters, Elsie May and Marian and nine of his grandchildren.
A large number of Bell’s writings, personal correspondence, notebooks, papers and other documents reside in the United States Library of Congress Manuscript Division. In 1936, the US Patent Office declared Bell first on its list of the country’s greatest inventors. ✪ | 3,936 | ENGLISH | 1 |
After the Civil War, America began to focus its efforts on growing as a nation with a focus on the economy. Old immigrants flourished economically throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as the enclosure movement swept over Britain and economic opportunity shone in America. The wave of new immigrants came from the 1880s to the 1920s; however, they were met with mixed reaction from Americans. Some felt that immigrants were taking American jobs and should not be allowed in the country, while others welcomed immigrants with opened arms. Tensions were high during the period of new immigration, causing citizens to discriminate against immigrants and the government to pass legislation limiting the number of immigrants allowed in the country. The new immigrants came to the United States for several reasons. Factors forcing a population out of their homeland, included political and religious reasons. The economic conditions of their home countries were poor, finding jobs could be difficult at times. For example, the Italians and Slovakian people came to America to find a job, save the money they earned, and go back home to …show more content…
Working class Americans, especially those in the Populist Party, began to see immigrants as beggars looking for handouts in a land that was not their own (Document C). With this sentiment, Prescott Hall founded the Immigration Restriction League in 1894. The League’s goal was to restrict immigration, and impose literacy tests. Members of the League worried that these new immigrants would take Americans jobs. Further, some Americans believed that they were part of the Nordic “great race” (Document G). Booker T. Washington's speech in Atlanta showed how he thought that America was looking to the wrong group for jobs, not the immigrants but the local blacks (Document D). Americans’ tensions grew higher, causing the government to respond in a major
The United States’ government instilled a closed door policy with the creation of many immigration laws in an effort to make America a melting pot of similar ethnicities. However, the prejudice of American society that was enforced by immigration policy forced immigrants to form their own communities for the purpose of survival and protection, turning America into a mosaic of different cultures. The Burlingame Treaty of 1868 and Naturalization Act of 1870 both created a false image of acceptance for immigrants while simultaneously restricting immigration. The United States’ government only began clearly restricting immigration with the Page Act of 1875 and Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.
Immigration during the early 1900’s was a large debate between many Americans during this time. Society had many problems including underemployment issues related to increases in machinery replacing the labor forces and accusations that immigrants were replacing jobs as well. This period in time was tough for immigrants and the average American, the industry was efficient in regards to the need for labor was low and the output stayed high, people resorted to believing the problem lies with the lack of control of immigration. Statistics both proved that immigrants were they problem, but at the same time they proved to be the main cause.
In the eyes of the early American colonists and the founders of the Constitution, the United States was to represent the ideals of acceptance and tolerance to those of all walks of life. When the immigration rush began in the mid-1800's, America proved to be everything but that. The millions of immigrants would soon realize the meaning of hardship and rejection as newcomers, as they attempted to assimilate into American culture. For countless immigrants, the struggle to arrive in America was rivaled only by the struggle to gain acceptance among the existing American population.
Millions of new immigrants came to the United States during the last three decades of the nineteenth century and the first decade of the twentieth century. In contrast to the earlier American settlers who were mostly from British, Irish or German backgrounds, the new immigrants came from the nations of southern and western Europe such as Italy, Russia, Poland and Greece. Most of these immigrants were attracted to America because they were trying to escape from the problems they faced in their home countries. For example, many Russian Jews came to America in order to escape violent persecution on the part of the Russian government (Cox 32). These new immigrants were attracted to the freedoms offered by
The early 1900s was a period of mass immigration for the United States. At the turn of the 20th century religious preferences and political persecution were major reasons behind immigration. Many Jews came to America in search of freedom. People of other religious backgrounds also came because the United States was composed of a diverse group of people with different religious preferences. The immigrants did not feel like outcasts in America. Political persecution in Russia forced many of its citizens to emigrate. Most chose to come to America because the country was culturally diverse and they could feel safe there. Economic problems at this time also drove people to America. Many countries around the world were just starting to develop so they were poor and lacked jobs. Their citizens were in desperate need of money; so many fathers immigrated to America in search of a job to support their family with. This was a common occurrence among Asian immigrants. Only later did their families join them through new laws and quotas in the United States immigration policy. However, this soon led to an enormous number of immigrants so the policy was revised to lower quotas and accept more skilled people and less family members.
Immigration was viewed as wealth and growth. The United State was built and raised around immigration with blood, sweat, and tears , therefore, many people come to the U.S to seek out work, wealth, and working long hours that big owner give you cheap wages, that you couldn’t be able to live or even provide for your family.
From 1820 to 1930, the United States received about 60% of the world’s immigrants. Population expansion in developed areas of the world, improved methods of transportation. Reasons for immigration, like those for migration, are often economic, although religious or political factors may be very important. These economic, political, and social conditions led to the “New” immigration after 1890. Take for instance the political reasons, where new immigrants favored democratic America where citizens had a voice in government because European governments were run by upper classes and commoners had no say in political matters. When it comes to social reasons we see that the European society was characterized by class distinctions for the lower class and discrimination against religious minorities, and most European governments forced young men to serve terms of military service. Economically, European city workers worked for low wages ant there was unemployment. Immigrants figured finding a job would be easy and making money would be a cinch.
Today, in most cases, people don’t spend very much time thinking about why the society we live in presently, is the way it is. Most people would actually be surprised about all that has happened throughout America’s history. Many factors have influenced America and it’s society today, but one of the most profound ways was the way the “Old Immigrants” and “New Immigrants” came to America in the early to mid 1800s. The “Old Immigrants were categorized as the ones who came before 1860 and the “New Immigrants” being the ones who came between 1865 and 1920. The immigrants came to the United States, not only seeking freedom, but also education. Many immigrants also wanted to practice their religion without hindrance. What happened after the immigrants
Immigration to the United States in the Gilded Age brought about 10 million immigrants to the United States in what is known as the New Immigration. Many of the immigrants were poor peasants coming to the United States for the “American Dream” in unskilled manual labor in mills, mines, and factories. The “New Immigrantion” consists of very poor peasants and rural folk from southern and eastern Europe. The push factors included anti-Semitism, economic dislocation, and shortages of land. The pull factors were the
In 1910, the Mexican Revolution drove thousands of Mexicans across the United States-Mexico border. “Many small landowners were losing their holdings to expanding haciendas, while farm workers were increasingly and systematically trapped into peonage by accumulating debts” (“Historical Timeline”). As a result, these hard working people found great job opportunities in the United States. In May 1921, the first Quota Act becomes a law and limits the amount of immigrants from specific countries. This law decreased the amount of immigrants entering the United States in favor of Protestant Northwester Europeans and excluding Catholic Southern and Easter Europeans(“Historical Timeline”). From 1929-1936, the Mexican “Repatriation Act” Forces Immigrants
America, after the civil war, was at peace and as such, it was a conducive environment to rest and also to develop spiritually. In other areas, especially the period before the World War I, there was an increasing number of tension from areas such as Germany which caused a major shift in the number of immigrants that moved to the United States. As is evident, a large number of immigrants before WWI came from Germany and they were escaping the divided country that was almost getting into war (Tindall). With the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler, Germany had gotten into a conflict with countries such as Britain, Spain, and France among others and the issue had even begun gaining international recognition. As such, to escape the war, a number of Germans moved from the country to the United States since the country was not involved in any of the conflicts. Therefore, war and political instability may be viewed as another reason as to why there was an increasing number of immigrants of people to the United States. Considering that Germany was at the forefront of leading the WWI, the people had every right to escape the country since millions of people were killed during the war period
Immigration has been a prevalent topic in the United States since before our founding. The United States has even been referred to as a melting pot because of the diversity of immigrants. Immigrants have come from Europe, Asia, Africa, or even other countries in the Americas. Immigration is a topic that has been debated during the presidential election season, especially recently when Trump as a candidate brought up building a border wall and, therefore, immigration is prevalent issue for political parties. It is constantly brought up in court cases because there is disagreement over whether national, state, or local government has the final control. Immigration policy is highlighted almost every day because of its prevalence in elections for
In American history, there is a repetitive trend of either fearing and neglecting immigrants, or welcoming those needed for inexpensive labor. The rise of violence and hatred against immigrants began in 1798, once President John Adams signed the four Alien and Sedition Acts into law, which was motivated by the Federalists fear of incoming French after the French Revolution. Although this small, rational fear originally derived from competition for work, the fear of immigrants soon escalated into the involvement of racial and religious factors which frightened American citizens during this time. While during the 1850s Chinese immigrants were needed for their hard work and cheap labor, they were soon after banned from working in the United States
Most immigrants coming to America do so for one of four main reasons: education, employment, joining family, and some are refugees. While the first two are not completely comparable to the fourth, they tend to center around the idea that people are escaping a bad situation and trying to find a better one.(cooper,680-682) | <urn:uuid:cfdaa368-ec0f-411f-9fa2-67dba4f1d33b> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.123helpme.com/essay/Immigration-Dbq-Essay-77859C33C08389BA | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473871.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222225655-20240223015655-00446.warc.gz | en | 0.982505 | 2,332 | 4.0625 | 4 | [
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-0.0441562421... | 1 | After the Civil War, America began to focus its efforts on growing as a nation with a focus on the economy. Old immigrants flourished economically throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as the enclosure movement swept over Britain and economic opportunity shone in America. The wave of new immigrants came from the 1880s to the 1920s; however, they were met with mixed reaction from Americans. Some felt that immigrants were taking American jobs and should not be allowed in the country, while others welcomed immigrants with opened arms. Tensions were high during the period of new immigration, causing citizens to discriminate against immigrants and the government to pass legislation limiting the number of immigrants allowed in the country. The new immigrants came to the United States for several reasons. Factors forcing a population out of their homeland, included political and religious reasons. The economic conditions of their home countries were poor, finding jobs could be difficult at times. For example, the Italians and Slovakian people came to America to find a job, save the money they earned, and go back home to …show more content…
Working class Americans, especially those in the Populist Party, began to see immigrants as beggars looking for handouts in a land that was not their own (Document C). With this sentiment, Prescott Hall founded the Immigration Restriction League in 1894. The League’s goal was to restrict immigration, and impose literacy tests. Members of the League worried that these new immigrants would take Americans jobs. Further, some Americans believed that they were part of the Nordic “great race” (Document G). Booker T. Washington's speech in Atlanta showed how he thought that America was looking to the wrong group for jobs, not the immigrants but the local blacks (Document D). Americans’ tensions grew higher, causing the government to respond in a major
The United States’ government instilled a closed door policy with the creation of many immigration laws in an effort to make America a melting pot of similar ethnicities. However, the prejudice of American society that was enforced by immigration policy forced immigrants to form their own communities for the purpose of survival and protection, turning America into a mosaic of different cultures. The Burlingame Treaty of 1868 and Naturalization Act of 1870 both created a false image of acceptance for immigrants while simultaneously restricting immigration. The United States’ government only began clearly restricting immigration with the Page Act of 1875 and Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.
Immigration during the early 1900’s was a large debate between many Americans during this time. Society had many problems including underemployment issues related to increases in machinery replacing the labor forces and accusations that immigrants were replacing jobs as well. This period in time was tough for immigrants and the average American, the industry was efficient in regards to the need for labor was low and the output stayed high, people resorted to believing the problem lies with the lack of control of immigration. Statistics both proved that immigrants were they problem, but at the same time they proved to be the main cause.
In the eyes of the early American colonists and the founders of the Constitution, the United States was to represent the ideals of acceptance and tolerance to those of all walks of life. When the immigration rush began in the mid-1800's, America proved to be everything but that. The millions of immigrants would soon realize the meaning of hardship and rejection as newcomers, as they attempted to assimilate into American culture. For countless immigrants, the struggle to arrive in America was rivaled only by the struggle to gain acceptance among the existing American population.
Millions of new immigrants came to the United States during the last three decades of the nineteenth century and the first decade of the twentieth century. In contrast to the earlier American settlers who were mostly from British, Irish or German backgrounds, the new immigrants came from the nations of southern and western Europe such as Italy, Russia, Poland and Greece. Most of these immigrants were attracted to America because they were trying to escape from the problems they faced in their home countries. For example, many Russian Jews came to America in order to escape violent persecution on the part of the Russian government (Cox 32). These new immigrants were attracted to the freedoms offered by
The early 1900s was a period of mass immigration for the United States. At the turn of the 20th century religious preferences and political persecution were major reasons behind immigration. Many Jews came to America in search of freedom. People of other religious backgrounds also came because the United States was composed of a diverse group of people with different religious preferences. The immigrants did not feel like outcasts in America. Political persecution in Russia forced many of its citizens to emigrate. Most chose to come to America because the country was culturally diverse and they could feel safe there. Economic problems at this time also drove people to America. Many countries around the world were just starting to develop so they were poor and lacked jobs. Their citizens were in desperate need of money; so many fathers immigrated to America in search of a job to support their family with. This was a common occurrence among Asian immigrants. Only later did their families join them through new laws and quotas in the United States immigration policy. However, this soon led to an enormous number of immigrants so the policy was revised to lower quotas and accept more skilled people and less family members.
Immigration was viewed as wealth and growth. The United State was built and raised around immigration with blood, sweat, and tears , therefore, many people come to the U.S to seek out work, wealth, and working long hours that big owner give you cheap wages, that you couldn’t be able to live or even provide for your family.
From 1820 to 1930, the United States received about 60% of the world’s immigrants. Population expansion in developed areas of the world, improved methods of transportation. Reasons for immigration, like those for migration, are often economic, although religious or political factors may be very important. These economic, political, and social conditions led to the “New” immigration after 1890. Take for instance the political reasons, where new immigrants favored democratic America where citizens had a voice in government because European governments were run by upper classes and commoners had no say in political matters. When it comes to social reasons we see that the European society was characterized by class distinctions for the lower class and discrimination against religious minorities, and most European governments forced young men to serve terms of military service. Economically, European city workers worked for low wages ant there was unemployment. Immigrants figured finding a job would be easy and making money would be a cinch.
Today, in most cases, people don’t spend very much time thinking about why the society we live in presently, is the way it is. Most people would actually be surprised about all that has happened throughout America’s history. Many factors have influenced America and it’s society today, but one of the most profound ways was the way the “Old Immigrants” and “New Immigrants” came to America in the early to mid 1800s. The “Old Immigrants were categorized as the ones who came before 1860 and the “New Immigrants” being the ones who came between 1865 and 1920. The immigrants came to the United States, not only seeking freedom, but also education. Many immigrants also wanted to practice their religion without hindrance. What happened after the immigrants
Immigration to the United States in the Gilded Age brought about 10 million immigrants to the United States in what is known as the New Immigration. Many of the immigrants were poor peasants coming to the United States for the “American Dream” in unskilled manual labor in mills, mines, and factories. The “New Immigrantion” consists of very poor peasants and rural folk from southern and eastern Europe. The push factors included anti-Semitism, economic dislocation, and shortages of land. The pull factors were the
In 1910, the Mexican Revolution drove thousands of Mexicans across the United States-Mexico border. “Many small landowners were losing their holdings to expanding haciendas, while farm workers were increasingly and systematically trapped into peonage by accumulating debts” (“Historical Timeline”). As a result, these hard working people found great job opportunities in the United States. In May 1921, the first Quota Act becomes a law and limits the amount of immigrants from specific countries. This law decreased the amount of immigrants entering the United States in favor of Protestant Northwester Europeans and excluding Catholic Southern and Easter Europeans(“Historical Timeline”). From 1929-1936, the Mexican “Repatriation Act” Forces Immigrants
America, after the civil war, was at peace and as such, it was a conducive environment to rest and also to develop spiritually. In other areas, especially the period before the World War I, there was an increasing number of tension from areas such as Germany which caused a major shift in the number of immigrants that moved to the United States. As is evident, a large number of immigrants before WWI came from Germany and they were escaping the divided country that was almost getting into war (Tindall). With the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler, Germany had gotten into a conflict with countries such as Britain, Spain, and France among others and the issue had even begun gaining international recognition. As such, to escape the war, a number of Germans moved from the country to the United States since the country was not involved in any of the conflicts. Therefore, war and political instability may be viewed as another reason as to why there was an increasing number of immigrants of people to the United States. Considering that Germany was at the forefront of leading the WWI, the people had every right to escape the country since millions of people were killed during the war period
Immigration has been a prevalent topic in the United States since before our founding. The United States has even been referred to as a melting pot because of the diversity of immigrants. Immigrants have come from Europe, Asia, Africa, or even other countries in the Americas. Immigration is a topic that has been debated during the presidential election season, especially recently when Trump as a candidate brought up building a border wall and, therefore, immigration is prevalent issue for political parties. It is constantly brought up in court cases because there is disagreement over whether national, state, or local government has the final control. Immigration policy is highlighted almost every day because of its prevalence in elections for
In American history, there is a repetitive trend of either fearing and neglecting immigrants, or welcoming those needed for inexpensive labor. The rise of violence and hatred against immigrants began in 1798, once President John Adams signed the four Alien and Sedition Acts into law, which was motivated by the Federalists fear of incoming French after the French Revolution. Although this small, rational fear originally derived from competition for work, the fear of immigrants soon escalated into the involvement of racial and religious factors which frightened American citizens during this time. While during the 1850s Chinese immigrants were needed for their hard work and cheap labor, they were soon after banned from working in the United States
Most immigrants coming to America do so for one of four main reasons: education, employment, joining family, and some are refugees. While the first two are not completely comparable to the fourth, they tend to center around the idea that people are escaping a bad situation and trying to find a better one.(cooper,680-682) | 2,377 | ENGLISH | 1 |
In the years since her death, Anne Frank has become a symbol of the effects of both fascism and political xenophobia. But a group named in her honor has debunked one of the more prolific online legends about her.
Born in Germany in February 1929, Frank came to prominence posthumously following the publication of her collected diary (a.k.a. The Diary of a Young Girl or The Diary of Anne Frank) in 1947, in which she detailed how she and her loved ones lived in exile in Nazi-occupied Amsterdam. She is believed to have died in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in early 1945, less than a year after they were captured by the Gestapo.
While Frank’s Diary has gone on to be a staple of American public school curriculums, correspondence from her father Otto also made her story a parallel to the plight of refugees seeking entry into the United States. As the New York Times and other outlets reported in 2007, the New York City-based YIVO Institute for Jewish Research uncovered a file containing letters sent by Otto to contacts in the U.S. seeking their help in his efforts to bring the family to the United States for asylum.
According to the institute, Frank pointedly asked a college friend, Nathan Straus, Jr., for help:
In that letter, Otto Frank apologetically writes, “I would not ask if conditions here would not force me to do all I can in time to be able to avoid worse.” He goes on to stress that it was “for the sake of the children mainly that we have to care for. Our own fate is of less importance.” At the time of the letter, Jews in the Netherlands were facing increasing restrictions, having already been banned from owning radios and banned from the Civil Service, among other prohibitions; and an order had been issued requiring the registration of Jewish businesses. More directly urgent to Otto Frank was the fact that evidence (not included in the YIVO file) suggests he was being subjected to blackmail by a Dutch Nazi, and feared exposure and imprisonment as a racial and political opponent of the Nazi regime.
Strauss reportedly went to officials at the National Refugee Service, which at the time helped European nationals looking to escape the Nazis, for help to no avail. The Times reported:
Frank then tried to get to Cuba, a risky, expensive and often corrupt process. “The only way to get to a neutral country are visas or others States such as Cuba,” he said in a letter to Straus on Sept. 8. On Oct. 12, 1941, he wrote, “It is all much more difficult as one can imagine and is getting more complicated every day.”
Because of the uncertainty, Otto Frank decided to try for a single visa for himself. It was granted and forwarded to him on Dec. 1. No one knows if it arrived. Ten days later, Germany and Italy declared war on the United States and Havana canceled the visa.
The discovery of her father’s correspondence drew parallels between Anne Frank and later populations seeking refugee status, particularly from Syria, which led to the creation of social media graphics and posts invoking her story on their behalf:
“Anne Frank could be a 77-year-old woman living in Boston today – a writer. That is what YIVO’s documents suggest,” American University professor Richard Breitman told NPR after Otto Frank’s letters were discovered. “The Frank family could have probably gotten out of the Netherlands even during much of the year 1941 but the decision to try hard came relatively late. The Nazis made it harder and harder over time and, by that time, the American government was making it harder and harder for foreigners to get in.”
But then in July 2018, the Amsterdam-based Anne Frank House museum, which was established in 1960 to preserve her legacy, published new research refuting the claim that the Franks were turned away by the U.S.
Working with the U.S. Holocaust Museum, the Anne Frank House found that after his Cuban visa was challenged, Otto Frank “joined the long queue” of Jewish residents of German descent who were “asked” to document their intention to leave the Netherlands regardless of their actual chances:
There are four registration slips, showing that all four family members — by now excluding Anne’s seriously ill maternal grandmother — were included in this process. Otto’s solicitor in their old hometown Frankfurt am Main wrote that he faced problems in procuring Edith’s birth certificate from Aachen, her hometown. This letter was dated November 11, 1941. That was by far too late to be of use in immigrating to the United States. Almost two weeks later Otto mentioned in a letter to his brother-in-law, Julius Holländer in Boston, that the whole family was vaccinated against typhus. Proof of this prophylaxis was mandatory for most countries. This letter, in retrospect, is even more devastating, as both Anne and Margot died of typhus at Bergen-Belsen in February 1945.
“Although the United States had a far from generous policy with regard to Jewish refugees, it is clear that Otto, Edith, Margot and Anne Frank were not refused entry to the United States,” the museum said in a statement on its website. “Because of all the developments, Otto’s immigration visa application to the American consulate in Rotterdam was never processed.”
Update 12/15/2022, 10:47am: This article has been revamped and updated. You can review the original here. — ag | <urn:uuid:f5b8e1f0-cb13-493f-b639-d599a03e4d7a> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.truthorfiction.com/anne-frank-was-a-refugee/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476396.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303142747-20240303172747-00799.warc.gz | en | 0.980435 | 1,167 | 3.453125 | 3 | [
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0.2119373232126... | 1 | In the years since her death, Anne Frank has become a symbol of the effects of both fascism and political xenophobia. But a group named in her honor has debunked one of the more prolific online legends about her.
Born in Germany in February 1929, Frank came to prominence posthumously following the publication of her collected diary (a.k.a. The Diary of a Young Girl or The Diary of Anne Frank) in 1947, in which she detailed how she and her loved ones lived in exile in Nazi-occupied Amsterdam. She is believed to have died in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in early 1945, less than a year after they were captured by the Gestapo.
While Frank’s Diary has gone on to be a staple of American public school curriculums, correspondence from her father Otto also made her story a parallel to the plight of refugees seeking entry into the United States. As the New York Times and other outlets reported in 2007, the New York City-based YIVO Institute for Jewish Research uncovered a file containing letters sent by Otto to contacts in the U.S. seeking their help in his efforts to bring the family to the United States for asylum.
According to the institute, Frank pointedly asked a college friend, Nathan Straus, Jr., for help:
In that letter, Otto Frank apologetically writes, “I would not ask if conditions here would not force me to do all I can in time to be able to avoid worse.” He goes on to stress that it was “for the sake of the children mainly that we have to care for. Our own fate is of less importance.” At the time of the letter, Jews in the Netherlands were facing increasing restrictions, having already been banned from owning radios and banned from the Civil Service, among other prohibitions; and an order had been issued requiring the registration of Jewish businesses. More directly urgent to Otto Frank was the fact that evidence (not included in the YIVO file) suggests he was being subjected to blackmail by a Dutch Nazi, and feared exposure and imprisonment as a racial and political opponent of the Nazi regime.
Strauss reportedly went to officials at the National Refugee Service, which at the time helped European nationals looking to escape the Nazis, for help to no avail. The Times reported:
Frank then tried to get to Cuba, a risky, expensive and often corrupt process. “The only way to get to a neutral country are visas or others States such as Cuba,” he said in a letter to Straus on Sept. 8. On Oct. 12, 1941, he wrote, “It is all much more difficult as one can imagine and is getting more complicated every day.”
Because of the uncertainty, Otto Frank decided to try for a single visa for himself. It was granted and forwarded to him on Dec. 1. No one knows if it arrived. Ten days later, Germany and Italy declared war on the United States and Havana canceled the visa.
The discovery of her father’s correspondence drew parallels between Anne Frank and later populations seeking refugee status, particularly from Syria, which led to the creation of social media graphics and posts invoking her story on their behalf:
“Anne Frank could be a 77-year-old woman living in Boston today – a writer. That is what YIVO’s documents suggest,” American University professor Richard Breitman told NPR after Otto Frank’s letters were discovered. “The Frank family could have probably gotten out of the Netherlands even during much of the year 1941 but the decision to try hard came relatively late. The Nazis made it harder and harder over time and, by that time, the American government was making it harder and harder for foreigners to get in.”
But then in July 2018, the Amsterdam-based Anne Frank House museum, which was established in 1960 to preserve her legacy, published new research refuting the claim that the Franks were turned away by the U.S.
Working with the U.S. Holocaust Museum, the Anne Frank House found that after his Cuban visa was challenged, Otto Frank “joined the long queue” of Jewish residents of German descent who were “asked” to document their intention to leave the Netherlands regardless of their actual chances:
There are four registration slips, showing that all four family members — by now excluding Anne’s seriously ill maternal grandmother — were included in this process. Otto’s solicitor in their old hometown Frankfurt am Main wrote that he faced problems in procuring Edith’s birth certificate from Aachen, her hometown. This letter was dated November 11, 1941. That was by far too late to be of use in immigrating to the United States. Almost two weeks later Otto mentioned in a letter to his brother-in-law, Julius Holländer in Boston, that the whole family was vaccinated against typhus. Proof of this prophylaxis was mandatory for most countries. This letter, in retrospect, is even more devastating, as both Anne and Margot died of typhus at Bergen-Belsen in February 1945.
“Although the United States had a far from generous policy with regard to Jewish refugees, it is clear that Otto, Edith, Margot and Anne Frank were not refused entry to the United States,” the museum said in a statement on its website. “Because of all the developments, Otto’s immigration visa application to the American consulate in Rotterdam was never processed.”
Update 12/15/2022, 10:47am: This article has been revamped and updated. You can review the original here. — ag | 1,150 | ENGLISH | 1 |
How Far Mussolini Succeeded in Creating a Nation of Fascists Mussolini became priminister in 1922. By 1925 he was the head of a stable government supported by conservatives, the catholic church and the king, His aim for the future was to create his own dictatorship, where Mussolini had complete control and was an all powerful dictator whom people aspired to. By 1926 Mussolini achieved his ambition of making himself the dictator of Italy. And parliament was fully under his control he managed to achieve almost complete control over Italy. Although he achieved this he did not create a nation of fascists. The youth were a very important part of Italy’s future. To Mussolini Italy’s children were the …show more content…
As statistics show that just under half of boys did not attend the Balillia shows that the regime was not completely successful in indoctrinating ‘ obedience, obedience and obedience’. Women’s role in fascist Italy was to give birth and have lots of children. Mussolini wanted a larger population for reasons of national power. He wanted more soldiers to fight his wars and more Italians to expand his empire and for this reason women’s main role in fascist Italy was to produce children. Mussolini introduced the ‘Battle of the Births’ in 1927. Women were given incentives, such as; marriage loans in which repayments were cancelled if the mother bore four children, tax relief was given e.g. no income tax if the mother bore 10 children, award ceremonies for mothers and medals. Mussolini made sure that women were discouraged from working by limiting the number of people that could be in a certain job. He wanted women to concentrate on having children for Italy. This failed, as this did not encourage women to have more children but to join universities. Statistics show that by 1938, 15% of universities students were female compared with 6% in 1914. Mussolini wanted Italy to have a population of 60 million by 1950. In 1920 it stayed at 37 million and his
Click here to unlock this and over one million essaysGet Access
Life in Italy in the 1930’s caused difficulty to some Italians during that time period. During the 1930’s a large number of Italians who had opposed the fascist rule of Benito Mussolini arrived in the United States. After the news spread in Italy about the bombing of Pearl Harbour almost all Italians supported the war against Benito Mussolini. At this point, Italy was slowly becoming under the Nazi rule, the significance of a woman’s role in Italy was emphasised as they were expected to accept the fascist ideology. Girls were expected to get married and conceive lots of children. Many young women in Italy felt the pressures of politics that were dominated by men and felt that women’s rights were disappearing
In Italy the strong presence of Catholic religion and organizations influenced Mussolini’s policies concerning women. Although the fascist ideology intended to abolish class struggle by establishing a new corporative society, its ideas about the role of women in such a society remained very conservative. Hitler had similar beliefs about the role of women in a Nazi society but he never tried to force them to stay home, indeed, he supported their participation in industrial production.
During the Second World War, Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini was the leader of the Italian Nationalist Fascist government. He was head of the Italian government from 1922 till 1943. The significance of Mussolini is that he played a key role acting as the Italian Prime Minister and established a totalitarian regime, during this time, as the unchallenged supreme leader, known as ‘Il Duce’. Fascism consisted of many contributors of which Mussolini with all his quirks was the key to most of its failures and successes, making him the most significant player that is worthy of being investigated. This topic is worthy of being investigated as Mussolini made a lot of decisions that lead to the death of many, but the question as to
Within Italy, The Great War caused many problems and a great amount of distress. As a result of this, hundreds of new fascist groups started to emerge. In October 1922, Benito Mussolini became the Prime Minister of Italy and contributed a lot to the nation. He developed his power by forming the Fascist National Party in 1923 and eliminating political opposition. Mussolini and his followers ruled Italy through an authoritarian dictatorship. He made it clear that the war was a turning point for Italy and the returning of combat soldiers would form a new elite and bring about a new type of state to transform Italian politics and society. Mussolini set many
In Italy the strong presence of Catholic religion and organizations influenced Mussolini's policies concerning women. Although the fascist ideology intended to abolish class struggle by
Mussolini consolidation of fascist power in Italy in the years 1922-1929 could have been mainly due to the use of force and intimidation. However this was not a straightforward process, since fascism was a new thing. In the years 1922 to January 1925 marked the transition from the liberal parliamentary system to the fascist state. Like many political transitions, it was an untidy and complicated process. Although from the start Mussolini’s intentions were quite difficult to establish, however it could be that Mussolini wanted to set up from the beginning a totalitarian one party state.
Overall, the fascist experiment in Italy was a failure. Benito Mussolini aimed to make the world safe for the middle class, small business owners, property owners, and people in the agricultural area. Through this, Mussolini gained support of the majority of the population. There is no doubt that most of the support was actually the work of propaganda and rhetoric rather than the real thing'. The government made desperate attempts to significantly increase the birthrate in Italy. In 1927, Mussolini launched the "Battle for births". The task of young women was to get married quickly and have a lot of children. And the more children they get, the more benefits they get from the government. Mussolini's population policy failed to produce
Benito Mussolini outlines several essential characteristics of his preferred political ideology, Fascism, in what has become known as the Doctrine of Fascism. In this paper, Mussolini outlines his vision of the ideology, and explains the major issues that Fascism will address once it becomes the leading political system in Italy. Mussolini’s major points as outlined in the Doctrine included an extreme emphasis on nationalism, organization and modernization of the state, persistent focus on religion, life as a struggle, and the notion that individuals exist only for the improvement of society as a whole. Wolfgang Schieder, after reviewing the Doctrine of Fascism, explains Mussolini’s success based on it and
Mussolini and Hitler’s time in power was around the time its countries were most vulnerable. Their power was so successful because of their full and unconditional support from its people. If they were failing somehow, through their use of propaganda they made it seem like they were booming, socially, economically and politically. Adolf Hitler, born and raised in 1889, Austria. Dying in April 1945 Germany, he commit suicide just two days after Mussolini died by firing squad alongside his mistress, in Italy. Benito Mussolini was born in 1883 Italy where he bullied many kids (Downing, 2001). Hitler was able to successfully work his way up from the inside of government, which overall explains why Hitler’s 12 years in power went more smoothly than Mussolini’s 18 years. Due to both leaders having fascist policies allowed their countries to be alike. Their personality cults did not necessarily help them rise to power but it certainly consolidated their positions once ‘Fuhrer’ or ‘Duce’. Also, their propaganda use strongly encouraged the people to support their leader and gain respect for them. The events prior to their rise played a significant role when analysing their personalities, ideologies, and propaganda. To a large extent, their
Since World War II, Italian society has profoundly changed, with a significant impact on daily life. One of the main elements of change is the more visible role women play in society outside the home, such as increased participation in higher education and various professions. One aspect of this changed role is that Italy records one of the lowest average numbers of children per woman in the world, as well as some of the lowest birth and fertility rates. (Brittanica Online Encyclopedia)
The economic instability of Europe developed totalitarian goverments that began rising during the depression in the late 1920’s and early 1930’s. Germany, Italy, and Japan all became countries subjected to the rule of dictated military rule leaving no room for opposition. Benito Mussolini came to power in Italy in 1922 (Calvocoressi, Wint, p 777, 1999). Mussolini had his own philosophy that his destiny was to rule over Italy as Caesar in a more modern version while re-creating the Roman Empire. In his attempts in
Fascism was first detected after World War I in Italy. After the war, the people of Italy were ready for a new political aspect. Benito Mussolini was the man who brought this fascist ideology to Italy. Mussolini has been looking for the perfect opportunity to take complete control of a country and now was the time to do so. “In 1919 Mussolini and his followers, mostly war veterans, were organized along paramilitary lines and wore black shirts and uniforms.”(Halsall pg.2) After defeats at the polls Mussolini used his new financial backing to clothe a gang of thugs who
Mussolini was appointed Prime Minister in 1922 due to the depriving affects that world war one had on Italian society. The war destroyed Italy economically leading to a rise in socialism. This in turn lead to highlighting the weaknesses of the liberals as the country was torn apart in the red years. This strengthened the appeal of fascism as it was the cure that Italy needed to get rid of the socialists. The fascists needed only to organise their party and take advantage of the open opportunity to seize power in Rome.
In terms of women, both Mussolini and Hitler had similar policies. Firstly, contraception was banned in both countries. Mussolini tried to succeed in winning the "Battle for Births" on the home front using various methods. Young Italian men and women were encouraged to conceive marriage quickly and to procreate as many children as possible, similarly in Germany. Il Duce' believed that a country's economic strength was directly linked to the size of its population. Furthermore, he wished to create a huge army in order to successfully carry out his plans of conquering areas such as Northern Africa, the Balkans and parts of Europe. In terms of males, Germany also had a shortage at the time due to the millions killed during WWI, so this was also something which concerned | <urn:uuid:18453eea-c900-4334-9dfc-26a647a2a26f> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.bartleby.com/essay/How-Far-Mussolini-Succeeded-in-Creating-a-FK937QZTC | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474360.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223021632-20240223051632-00169.warc.gz | en | 0.98363 | 2,206 | 3.359375 | 3 | [
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0.548443675041198... | 1 | How Far Mussolini Succeeded in Creating a Nation of Fascists Mussolini became priminister in 1922. By 1925 he was the head of a stable government supported by conservatives, the catholic church and the king, His aim for the future was to create his own dictatorship, where Mussolini had complete control and was an all powerful dictator whom people aspired to. By 1926 Mussolini achieved his ambition of making himself the dictator of Italy. And parliament was fully under his control he managed to achieve almost complete control over Italy. Although he achieved this he did not create a nation of fascists. The youth were a very important part of Italy’s future. To Mussolini Italy’s children were the …show more content…
As statistics show that just under half of boys did not attend the Balillia shows that the regime was not completely successful in indoctrinating ‘ obedience, obedience and obedience’. Women’s role in fascist Italy was to give birth and have lots of children. Mussolini wanted a larger population for reasons of national power. He wanted more soldiers to fight his wars and more Italians to expand his empire and for this reason women’s main role in fascist Italy was to produce children. Mussolini introduced the ‘Battle of the Births’ in 1927. Women were given incentives, such as; marriage loans in which repayments were cancelled if the mother bore four children, tax relief was given e.g. no income tax if the mother bore 10 children, award ceremonies for mothers and medals. Mussolini made sure that women were discouraged from working by limiting the number of people that could be in a certain job. He wanted women to concentrate on having children for Italy. This failed, as this did not encourage women to have more children but to join universities. Statistics show that by 1938, 15% of universities students were female compared with 6% in 1914. Mussolini wanted Italy to have a population of 60 million by 1950. In 1920 it stayed at 37 million and his
Click here to unlock this and over one million essaysGet Access
Life in Italy in the 1930’s caused difficulty to some Italians during that time period. During the 1930’s a large number of Italians who had opposed the fascist rule of Benito Mussolini arrived in the United States. After the news spread in Italy about the bombing of Pearl Harbour almost all Italians supported the war against Benito Mussolini. At this point, Italy was slowly becoming under the Nazi rule, the significance of a woman’s role in Italy was emphasised as they were expected to accept the fascist ideology. Girls were expected to get married and conceive lots of children. Many young women in Italy felt the pressures of politics that were dominated by men and felt that women’s rights were disappearing
In Italy the strong presence of Catholic religion and organizations influenced Mussolini’s policies concerning women. Although the fascist ideology intended to abolish class struggle by establishing a new corporative society, its ideas about the role of women in such a society remained very conservative. Hitler had similar beliefs about the role of women in a Nazi society but he never tried to force them to stay home, indeed, he supported their participation in industrial production.
During the Second World War, Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini was the leader of the Italian Nationalist Fascist government. He was head of the Italian government from 1922 till 1943. The significance of Mussolini is that he played a key role acting as the Italian Prime Minister and established a totalitarian regime, during this time, as the unchallenged supreme leader, known as ‘Il Duce’. Fascism consisted of many contributors of which Mussolini with all his quirks was the key to most of its failures and successes, making him the most significant player that is worthy of being investigated. This topic is worthy of being investigated as Mussolini made a lot of decisions that lead to the death of many, but the question as to
Within Italy, The Great War caused many problems and a great amount of distress. As a result of this, hundreds of new fascist groups started to emerge. In October 1922, Benito Mussolini became the Prime Minister of Italy and contributed a lot to the nation. He developed his power by forming the Fascist National Party in 1923 and eliminating political opposition. Mussolini and his followers ruled Italy through an authoritarian dictatorship. He made it clear that the war was a turning point for Italy and the returning of combat soldiers would form a new elite and bring about a new type of state to transform Italian politics and society. Mussolini set many
In Italy the strong presence of Catholic religion and organizations influenced Mussolini's policies concerning women. Although the fascist ideology intended to abolish class struggle by
Mussolini consolidation of fascist power in Italy in the years 1922-1929 could have been mainly due to the use of force and intimidation. However this was not a straightforward process, since fascism was a new thing. In the years 1922 to January 1925 marked the transition from the liberal parliamentary system to the fascist state. Like many political transitions, it was an untidy and complicated process. Although from the start Mussolini’s intentions were quite difficult to establish, however it could be that Mussolini wanted to set up from the beginning a totalitarian one party state.
Overall, the fascist experiment in Italy was a failure. Benito Mussolini aimed to make the world safe for the middle class, small business owners, property owners, and people in the agricultural area. Through this, Mussolini gained support of the majority of the population. There is no doubt that most of the support was actually the work of propaganda and rhetoric rather than the real thing'. The government made desperate attempts to significantly increase the birthrate in Italy. In 1927, Mussolini launched the "Battle for births". The task of young women was to get married quickly and have a lot of children. And the more children they get, the more benefits they get from the government. Mussolini's population policy failed to produce
Benito Mussolini outlines several essential characteristics of his preferred political ideology, Fascism, in what has become known as the Doctrine of Fascism. In this paper, Mussolini outlines his vision of the ideology, and explains the major issues that Fascism will address once it becomes the leading political system in Italy. Mussolini’s major points as outlined in the Doctrine included an extreme emphasis on nationalism, organization and modernization of the state, persistent focus on religion, life as a struggle, and the notion that individuals exist only for the improvement of society as a whole. Wolfgang Schieder, after reviewing the Doctrine of Fascism, explains Mussolini’s success based on it and
Mussolini and Hitler’s time in power was around the time its countries were most vulnerable. Their power was so successful because of their full and unconditional support from its people. If they were failing somehow, through their use of propaganda they made it seem like they were booming, socially, economically and politically. Adolf Hitler, born and raised in 1889, Austria. Dying in April 1945 Germany, he commit suicide just two days after Mussolini died by firing squad alongside his mistress, in Italy. Benito Mussolini was born in 1883 Italy where he bullied many kids (Downing, 2001). Hitler was able to successfully work his way up from the inside of government, which overall explains why Hitler’s 12 years in power went more smoothly than Mussolini’s 18 years. Due to both leaders having fascist policies allowed their countries to be alike. Their personality cults did not necessarily help them rise to power but it certainly consolidated their positions once ‘Fuhrer’ or ‘Duce’. Also, their propaganda use strongly encouraged the people to support their leader and gain respect for them. The events prior to their rise played a significant role when analysing their personalities, ideologies, and propaganda. To a large extent, their
Since World War II, Italian society has profoundly changed, with a significant impact on daily life. One of the main elements of change is the more visible role women play in society outside the home, such as increased participation in higher education and various professions. One aspect of this changed role is that Italy records one of the lowest average numbers of children per woman in the world, as well as some of the lowest birth and fertility rates. (Brittanica Online Encyclopedia)
The economic instability of Europe developed totalitarian goverments that began rising during the depression in the late 1920’s and early 1930’s. Germany, Italy, and Japan all became countries subjected to the rule of dictated military rule leaving no room for opposition. Benito Mussolini came to power in Italy in 1922 (Calvocoressi, Wint, p 777, 1999). Mussolini had his own philosophy that his destiny was to rule over Italy as Caesar in a more modern version while re-creating the Roman Empire. In his attempts in
Fascism was first detected after World War I in Italy. After the war, the people of Italy were ready for a new political aspect. Benito Mussolini was the man who brought this fascist ideology to Italy. Mussolini has been looking for the perfect opportunity to take complete control of a country and now was the time to do so. “In 1919 Mussolini and his followers, mostly war veterans, were organized along paramilitary lines and wore black shirts and uniforms.”(Halsall pg.2) After defeats at the polls Mussolini used his new financial backing to clothe a gang of thugs who
Mussolini was appointed Prime Minister in 1922 due to the depriving affects that world war one had on Italian society. The war destroyed Italy economically leading to a rise in socialism. This in turn lead to highlighting the weaknesses of the liberals as the country was torn apart in the red years. This strengthened the appeal of fascism as it was the cure that Italy needed to get rid of the socialists. The fascists needed only to organise their party and take advantage of the open opportunity to seize power in Rome.
In terms of women, both Mussolini and Hitler had similar policies. Firstly, contraception was banned in both countries. Mussolini tried to succeed in winning the "Battle for Births" on the home front using various methods. Young Italian men and women were encouraged to conceive marriage quickly and to procreate as many children as possible, similarly in Germany. Il Duce' believed that a country's economic strength was directly linked to the size of its population. Furthermore, he wished to create a huge army in order to successfully carry out his plans of conquering areas such as Northern Africa, the Balkans and parts of Europe. In terms of males, Germany also had a shortage at the time due to the millions killed during WWI, so this was also something which concerned | 2,284 | ENGLISH | 1 |
According to Norman historians, Edward promised to make William his heir. On his deathbed, nevertheless, Edward granted the kingdom to Harold Godwine, head of the leading noble household in England and more highly effective than the king himself. In January 1066, King Edward died, and Harold Godwine was proclaimed King Harold II. William immediately disputed his declare. Bayeux Tapestry, Harold subsequently swore an oath of fealty to William and promised to uphold Williamâs declare to the English throne. The Battle of Hastings was between William, duke of Normandy, and Harold II of England.
King Harold was killed by an arrow in his eye and a sword from a Norman soldier. Despite the submission of the English nobles, resistance continued for a number of years. There have been rebellions in Exeter in late 1067, an invasion by Haroldâs sons in mid-1068, and an rebellion in Northumbria in 1068. William assembled a large invasion fleet and essay writor an army gathered from Normandy and the rest of France, including large contingents from Brittany and Flanders. He spent almost 9 months on his preparations, as he had to assemble a fleet from nothing. According to some Norman chronicles, he additionally secured diplomatic assist, though the accuracy of the reports has been a matter of historic debate.
The earliest written point out of the standard account of Harold dying from an arrow to the attention dates to the 1080s from a history of the Normans written by an Italian monk, Amatus of Montecassino. William of Malmesbury acknowledged that Harold died from an arrow to the eye that went into the http://asu.edu brain, and that a knight wounded Harold at the identical time. The Carmen states that Duke William killed Harold, however this is unlikely, as such a feat would have been recorded elsewhere. The account of William of Jumièges is even more unlikely, because it has Harold dying within the morning, in the course of the first fighting. The Chronicle of Battle Abbey states that no one knew who killed Harold, because it occurred in the press of battle. A fashionable biographer of Harold, Ian Walker, states that Harold most likely died from an arrow within the eye, although he additionally says it’s attainable that Harold was struck down by a Norman knight while mortally wounded within the eye.
Harold had taken a defensive place on the prime of Senlac Hill (present-day Battle, East Sussex), about 6 mi (9.7 km) from William’s castle at Hastings. The bulk of his forces have been militia who wanted to reap their crops, so on 8 September Harold dismissed the militia and the fleet. The English victory came at great price, as Harold’s military was left in a battered and weakened state, and far from the south. The fyrd was composed of men who owned their own land, and were geared up by their community to fulfil the king’s demands for military forces. The fyrd and the housecarls both fought on foot, with the major difference between them being the housecarls’ superior armour. In early 1066, Harold’s exiled brother Tostig Godwinson raided southeastern England with a fleet he had recruited in Flanders, later joined by different ships from Orkney.
Battle Abbey was founded by William at the website of the battle. According to 12th-century sources, William made a vow to found the abbey, and the high altar of the church was placed at the website where Harold had died. More probably, the muse was imposed on William by papal legates in 1070. After the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the abbeyâs lands handed to secular landowners, who used it as a residence or country house. In 1976 the property was put up on the market and bought by the federal government with the help of some American donors who wished to honour the 200th anniversary of American independence.
It was at this point that Williamâs military started to retreat, having heard a hearsay that the duke had been killed. However, as the English started to pursue the Normans, William appeared and lead a counter-attack against Haroldâs troopers. The exact size of Williamâs army stays unknown, but historians consider he introduced between 7,000 and 12,000 males, together with infantry, cavalry and archers. Haroldâs, then again, was thought to have been between 5,000 and eight,000. That September, a large Viking force attacked England close to York.
Moreover, Harold Godwinson pledged his allegiance to William earlier than this ordeal occurred. Fortunately, there wasnât a lack of individuals eager to inherit his place. The the Aristocracy of England in addition to some surrounding nations have looked for an excuse to say the crown.
In the centre was the primary Norman contingent “with Duke William himself, relics round his neck, and the papal banner above his head”. The Battle of Hastings formally opened with the playing of trumpets. Norman archers then walked up the hill and after they have been about a 100 yards away from Harold’s military they fired their first batch of arrows. Using their shields, the house-carls had been in a place to block most of this attack.
To make matters worse the village of Battle that subsequently grew up across the abbey would have obliterated any traces of the preventing, which limited surveying opportunities to the remaining, undeveloped, open areas. Controversy has recently flared over the location of the Battle of Hastings. In an unique Channel 4 particular, Time Team investigates, enterprise the first ever dig on the traditional website and assessing the rival claimants, as Assistant Producer Alex Rowson reviews. But in the kind mild of historical past it needs to be admitted that our language did take a huge hit – for the better – because of this invasion and take over. Very few place names changed, though a couple of had Frankish ‘monikers’ added, like ‘Theydon Bois’ in north-western Essex, ‘Acaster Malbis’ close to York and ‘The Duchy of Lancaster’, the ‘duke’ being the queen. | <urn:uuid:52076ed9-ee94-42b7-ae1e-3fe5f0ee3b4e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://izmirmezarpeyzaj.com/the-battle-of-hastings-1066-flashcards/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473819.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222125841-20240222155841-00056.warc.gz | en | 0.980442 | 1,290 | 3.53125 | 4 | [
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0.2651877403259... | 1 | According to Norman historians, Edward promised to make William his heir. On his deathbed, nevertheless, Edward granted the kingdom to Harold Godwine, head of the leading noble household in England and more highly effective than the king himself. In January 1066, King Edward died, and Harold Godwine was proclaimed King Harold II. William immediately disputed his declare. Bayeux Tapestry, Harold subsequently swore an oath of fealty to William and promised to uphold Williamâs declare to the English throne. The Battle of Hastings was between William, duke of Normandy, and Harold II of England.
King Harold was killed by an arrow in his eye and a sword from a Norman soldier. Despite the submission of the English nobles, resistance continued for a number of years. There have been rebellions in Exeter in late 1067, an invasion by Haroldâs sons in mid-1068, and an rebellion in Northumbria in 1068. William assembled a large invasion fleet and essay writor an army gathered from Normandy and the rest of France, including large contingents from Brittany and Flanders. He spent almost 9 months on his preparations, as he had to assemble a fleet from nothing. According to some Norman chronicles, he additionally secured diplomatic assist, though the accuracy of the reports has been a matter of historic debate.
The earliest written point out of the standard account of Harold dying from an arrow to the attention dates to the 1080s from a history of the Normans written by an Italian monk, Amatus of Montecassino. William of Malmesbury acknowledged that Harold died from an arrow to the eye that went into the http://asu.edu brain, and that a knight wounded Harold at the identical time. The Carmen states that Duke William killed Harold, however this is unlikely, as such a feat would have been recorded elsewhere. The account of William of Jumièges is even more unlikely, because it has Harold dying within the morning, in the course of the first fighting. The Chronicle of Battle Abbey states that no one knew who killed Harold, because it occurred in the press of battle. A fashionable biographer of Harold, Ian Walker, states that Harold most likely died from an arrow within the eye, although he additionally says it’s attainable that Harold was struck down by a Norman knight while mortally wounded within the eye.
Harold had taken a defensive place on the prime of Senlac Hill (present-day Battle, East Sussex), about 6 mi (9.7 km) from William’s castle at Hastings. The bulk of his forces have been militia who wanted to reap their crops, so on 8 September Harold dismissed the militia and the fleet. The English victory came at great price, as Harold’s military was left in a battered and weakened state, and far from the south. The fyrd was composed of men who owned their own land, and were geared up by their community to fulfil the king’s demands for military forces. The fyrd and the housecarls both fought on foot, with the major difference between them being the housecarls’ superior armour. In early 1066, Harold’s exiled brother Tostig Godwinson raided southeastern England with a fleet he had recruited in Flanders, later joined by different ships from Orkney.
Battle Abbey was founded by William at the website of the battle. According to 12th-century sources, William made a vow to found the abbey, and the high altar of the church was placed at the website where Harold had died. More probably, the muse was imposed on William by papal legates in 1070. After the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the abbeyâs lands handed to secular landowners, who used it as a residence or country house. In 1976 the property was put up on the market and bought by the federal government with the help of some American donors who wished to honour the 200th anniversary of American independence.
It was at this point that Williamâs military started to retreat, having heard a hearsay that the duke had been killed. However, as the English started to pursue the Normans, William appeared and lead a counter-attack against Haroldâs troopers. The exact size of Williamâs army stays unknown, but historians consider he introduced between 7,000 and 12,000 males, together with infantry, cavalry and archers. Haroldâs, then again, was thought to have been between 5,000 and eight,000. That September, a large Viking force attacked England close to York.
Moreover, Harold Godwinson pledged his allegiance to William earlier than this ordeal occurred. Fortunately, there wasnât a lack of individuals eager to inherit his place. The the Aristocracy of England in addition to some surrounding nations have looked for an excuse to say the crown.
In the centre was the primary Norman contingent “with Duke William himself, relics round his neck, and the papal banner above his head”. The Battle of Hastings formally opened with the playing of trumpets. Norman archers then walked up the hill and after they have been about a 100 yards away from Harold’s military they fired their first batch of arrows. Using their shields, the house-carls had been in a place to block most of this attack.
To make matters worse the village of Battle that subsequently grew up across the abbey would have obliterated any traces of the preventing, which limited surveying opportunities to the remaining, undeveloped, open areas. Controversy has recently flared over the location of the Battle of Hastings. In an unique Channel 4 particular, Time Team investigates, enterprise the first ever dig on the traditional website and assessing the rival claimants, as Assistant Producer Alex Rowson reviews. But in the kind mild of historical past it needs to be admitted that our language did take a huge hit – for the better – because of this invasion and take over. Very few place names changed, though a couple of had Frankish ‘monikers’ added, like ‘Theydon Bois’ in north-western Essex, ‘Acaster Malbis’ close to York and ‘The Duchy of Lancaster’, the ‘duke’ being the queen. | 1,299 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Aggression, Behaviour, And Animal Care Among Pit Bulls And Other Dogs Adopted From An Animal Shelter
The authors assert that most studies of pit bull aggression are based on pit bulls that were taught to fight or were strays with little knowledge of their background. This study adds to knowledge about pit bull agression by examining pit bull behaviors among those who were adopted into normal environments. The authors found similar to lower levels of agression among pit bulls versus other dogs adopted out of the same shelter.
“Pit bull dogs are a focus of concern because of their reputation for aggression toward people and because they may be mistreated by owners who try to promote aggressive behaviour. This study followed 40 pit bulls and 42 similar-sized dogs of other breeds at an animal shelter. Three pit bulls and two dogs of other breeds were euthanised because of aggression toward people at the shelter, and the remaining 77 dogs were re-homed. Of these, one pit bull and ten dogs of other breeds were returned to the shelter because of alleged aggression.”
“For the dogs that were retained for at least two months, owner reports of aggression in various situations (to strangers, to other dogs, etc) were similar for the two groups. Reported care of the two groups was also similar except that pit bulls were more likely to sleep on the owner’s bed and more likely to cuddle with the owner. Pit bull adopters were more likely to be under the age of 30, to rent (rather than own) their home, and to be adopting their first dog, perhaps because of a bias against pit bulls among older adopters. The study provided no evidence of greater aggression or poorer care among adopted pit bulls compared to dogs of other breeds.”
An additional summary of background on literature addressing pit bulls was provided to HRC by the authors and is attached below. | <urn:uuid:2bc88511-f8e4-41dd-bf6f-07074db54bda> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://faunalytics.org/aggression-behaviour-and-animal-care-among-pit-bulls-and-other-dogs-adopted-from-an-animal-shelter/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474853.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229202522-20240229232522-00845.warc.gz | en | 0.984799 | 380 | 3.375 | 3 | [
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-0.36488690972328... | 1 | Aggression, Behaviour, And Animal Care Among Pit Bulls And Other Dogs Adopted From An Animal Shelter
The authors assert that most studies of pit bull aggression are based on pit bulls that were taught to fight or were strays with little knowledge of their background. This study adds to knowledge about pit bull agression by examining pit bull behaviors among those who were adopted into normal environments. The authors found similar to lower levels of agression among pit bulls versus other dogs adopted out of the same shelter.
“Pit bull dogs are a focus of concern because of their reputation for aggression toward people and because they may be mistreated by owners who try to promote aggressive behaviour. This study followed 40 pit bulls and 42 similar-sized dogs of other breeds at an animal shelter. Three pit bulls and two dogs of other breeds were euthanised because of aggression toward people at the shelter, and the remaining 77 dogs were re-homed. Of these, one pit bull and ten dogs of other breeds were returned to the shelter because of alleged aggression.”
“For the dogs that were retained for at least two months, owner reports of aggression in various situations (to strangers, to other dogs, etc) were similar for the two groups. Reported care of the two groups was also similar except that pit bulls were more likely to sleep on the owner’s bed and more likely to cuddle with the owner. Pit bull adopters were more likely to be under the age of 30, to rent (rather than own) their home, and to be adopting their first dog, perhaps because of a bias against pit bulls among older adopters. The study provided no evidence of greater aggression or poorer care among adopted pit bulls compared to dogs of other breeds.”
An additional summary of background on literature addressing pit bulls was provided to HRC by the authors and is attached below. | 374 | ENGLISH | 1 |
In the past, before the invention of modern pens, quill pens made from the feathers of large birds such as geese were commonly used for writing. The process of making a quill pen involved shaping the feather to create a writing nib, which was then dipped into ink and used for writing.
While the use of quill pens has largely been replaced by modern pens and other writing tools, some people still use them for calligraphy or as decorative items. They are also sometimes used in reenactments or historical events to recreate the experience of writing with a quill pen.
Overall, the quill pen is a fascinating historical artifact that offers a glimpse into the history of writing and the tools that were once used to record and communicate information. | <urn:uuid:b33b3d0d-6a41-4635-a834-5e5c66cd9194> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://dutchmuseumgiftshop.nl/product/schrijfveer-kalligrafie-set/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473598.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221234056-20240222024056-00760.warc.gz | en | 0.980561 | 153 | 3.421875 | 3 | [
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-0.082904592... | 1 | In the past, before the invention of modern pens, quill pens made from the feathers of large birds such as geese were commonly used for writing. The process of making a quill pen involved shaping the feather to create a writing nib, which was then dipped into ink and used for writing.
While the use of quill pens has largely been replaced by modern pens and other writing tools, some people still use them for calligraphy or as decorative items. They are also sometimes used in reenactments or historical events to recreate the experience of writing with a quill pen.
Overall, the quill pen is a fascinating historical artifact that offers a glimpse into the history of writing and the tools that were once used to record and communicate information. | 150 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Story by: Hazyl Reese, Staff Writer
Capybaras are furry rodents, native to South America. A fun fact about Capybaras is that they are fantastic swimmers. A Capybara's habitat is very dense vegetation areas, they are found around rivers, lakes, ponds, marshes, and swamps. Capybaras have webbed feet which helps them swim. Their eyes, ears, and their nose are on top of their head which helps them stay submerged for long periods of time. Capybaras can even sleep in the water and usually do.
The Capybara is the largest living rodent in the world. They can weigh from 60 to 174 pounds. They can also measure 3.2 to 4.2 feet in length. A Cabybara’s diet consists of 6-8 pounds of grass, reeds, grains, melons, and squashes. They have long sharp teeth to help with grazing on grass and water plants. The characteristics of a Capybara are largest living rodent, resembles a guinea pig, barrel-shaped body, heavy- blunt muzzle, cheek teeth always growing, Short front legs and long rear legs, strong nails, and they spend most of their life in the water.
Capybaras are very popular and chill because they are really friendly animals and have a social nature. They are also known for being very affectionate animals, and often play with other animals in a playful and gentle way. Capybaras became very popular because they are super cute animals and seem really friendly. They are also very playful like dogs which you can see in videos of them. They are just like any other rodent but just bigger, they act the same and have the same features.
Capybaras are also sometimes used as furniture and a place to sit on by other animals. Birds, monkeys, rabbits, and even smaller capybaras sit on capybaras. The other animals think they can sit on the capybaras because they are so chill and calm so they know they won’t freak out if they sit on them. Capybaras are just very friendly animals and very cute, they are very popular and are liked because of their cute looks and the way they act. | <urn:uuid:60275c7f-07ce-4647-89e5-1520070fc8a4> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.brightonianmedia.com/post/everything-you-want-to-know-about-capybaras | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474573.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225003942-20240225033942-00316.warc.gz | en | 0.982037 | 466 | 3.390625 | 3 | [
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0.1036707088351249... | 1 | Story by: Hazyl Reese, Staff Writer
Capybaras are furry rodents, native to South America. A fun fact about Capybaras is that they are fantastic swimmers. A Capybara's habitat is very dense vegetation areas, they are found around rivers, lakes, ponds, marshes, and swamps. Capybaras have webbed feet which helps them swim. Their eyes, ears, and their nose are on top of their head which helps them stay submerged for long periods of time. Capybaras can even sleep in the water and usually do.
The Capybara is the largest living rodent in the world. They can weigh from 60 to 174 pounds. They can also measure 3.2 to 4.2 feet in length. A Cabybara’s diet consists of 6-8 pounds of grass, reeds, grains, melons, and squashes. They have long sharp teeth to help with grazing on grass and water plants. The characteristics of a Capybara are largest living rodent, resembles a guinea pig, barrel-shaped body, heavy- blunt muzzle, cheek teeth always growing, Short front legs and long rear legs, strong nails, and they spend most of their life in the water.
Capybaras are very popular and chill because they are really friendly animals and have a social nature. They are also known for being very affectionate animals, and often play with other animals in a playful and gentle way. Capybaras became very popular because they are super cute animals and seem really friendly. They are also very playful like dogs which you can see in videos of them. They are just like any other rodent but just bigger, they act the same and have the same features.
Capybaras are also sometimes used as furniture and a place to sit on by other animals. Birds, monkeys, rabbits, and even smaller capybaras sit on capybaras. The other animals think they can sit on the capybaras because they are so chill and calm so they know they won’t freak out if they sit on them. Capybaras are just very friendly animals and very cute, they are very popular and are liked because of their cute looks and the way they act. | 469 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The geology of the Peak District is what makes it such a diverse and beautiful land. Split in half between the limestone outcrops of the white peak and the spectacular gritstone edges of the dark peak, the geology underneath the soil is a very fascinating tale to tell.
Around 340 million years ago the area which we now call the Peak District was actually covered by a clear, warm, shallow sea full of microscopic shelled creatures. There were beds of animals related to the Starfish, walking over coral reefs and beds of other shellfish, some of which were similar to modern cockles. They deposited thick calcium deposits up to a depth of 600 m in places and some have eroded in strange formations like the ancient coral reefs around Chrome Hill.
As the deposits were laid down, the seabed gradually sank and this is now the rock which is known as Carboniferous Limestone, which lies under the entire expanse of the Peak District. The sea was also a centre of volcanic activity occasionally and undersea volcanoes would pour lava across the seabed, injecting it into the gaps of compressed fossils. The lava cooled to form layers of basalt which is known locally as toad stone.
Conditions changed from about 300 million years ago as the sea became more shallow and large rivers from nearby continents to the North began to drain into the sea and deposit the silt which gradually compressed to form the rocks. The shale and rock layers can clearly be seen in the spectacular Mam Tor. Later, the deposits were very course with large lumps of gravel, which laid down thick layers of sediment, much harder rock, to form millstone grit as can be seen at Stanage.
As the land formed and the sea filled in completely, it became richly vegetated with trees and huge ferns. However, with rivers constantly shifting and landslips occurring, these also became covered in water and laid down another series of shale and vegetable deposits known as the Coal Measures.
This era of rock formation is known as the Carboniferous period and lasted 65 million years and after that, the area was subjected to massive earth movements which raised the rocks of the area in the North South line, which resulted in the domelike shape of the Peak District we know today. The rocks were worn away until even the limestone beneath was exposed but then the earth’s crust sank and the whole region was covered by sea, which then deposited a whole range of new rocks over it.
During this period the rock often cracked under the pressure and the molten rock was forced into the holes which was often rich in minerals such as Fluorspar and calcite, which crystallised as the magma slowly cooled. Many mineral veins were made and were found in the limestone areas which have been mined or lead since Roman times.
Massive earth movements were raised again and most of the Peak District rocks were eroded at the start of the Caenozoic era. During this time the rivers continued to change course and flow in new directions until the Ice Age arrived from 100,000 years ago to 10,000 years ago, when most of the Peak was covered by thick layers of ice, which scooped out the hollows in the rock underneath. This is when our caves and caverns occurred with the melt waters from the glaciers and herds of wild animals roamed the area with their remains found in many of the caves. Buxton Museum has a fine collection of these.
The Peak District today is diverse in its landscape, where the rivers have been able to carved deep, narrow valleys and have found their route underground, leaving dry valleys above and caverns below. Where the caves have collapsed, they leave a deep, narrow gorges as at Cave Dale and Winnat’s Pass at Castleton. Millstone grit is insoluble and porous and absorbs the water which often seeps through the stone until it meets the less porous shale beneath when springs emerge. This grit is less hard than limestone and is vulnerable to landslips, so the rivers have worn much wider valleys in areas of the dark peak. The edges that have been left behind are truly remarkable and unique to the Peak District. | <urn:uuid:00faca76-afc2-4d96-a3db-bcae44989630> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.peakdistrictonline.co.uk/geology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475238.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301093751-20240301123751-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.983985 | 846 | 4.0625 | 4 | [
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0.4005321860313... | 1 | The geology of the Peak District is what makes it such a diverse and beautiful land. Split in half between the limestone outcrops of the white peak and the spectacular gritstone edges of the dark peak, the geology underneath the soil is a very fascinating tale to tell.
Around 340 million years ago the area which we now call the Peak District was actually covered by a clear, warm, shallow sea full of microscopic shelled creatures. There were beds of animals related to the Starfish, walking over coral reefs and beds of other shellfish, some of which were similar to modern cockles. They deposited thick calcium deposits up to a depth of 600 m in places and some have eroded in strange formations like the ancient coral reefs around Chrome Hill.
As the deposits were laid down, the seabed gradually sank and this is now the rock which is known as Carboniferous Limestone, which lies under the entire expanse of the Peak District. The sea was also a centre of volcanic activity occasionally and undersea volcanoes would pour lava across the seabed, injecting it into the gaps of compressed fossils. The lava cooled to form layers of basalt which is known locally as toad stone.
Conditions changed from about 300 million years ago as the sea became more shallow and large rivers from nearby continents to the North began to drain into the sea and deposit the silt which gradually compressed to form the rocks. The shale and rock layers can clearly be seen in the spectacular Mam Tor. Later, the deposits were very course with large lumps of gravel, which laid down thick layers of sediment, much harder rock, to form millstone grit as can be seen at Stanage.
As the land formed and the sea filled in completely, it became richly vegetated with trees and huge ferns. However, with rivers constantly shifting and landslips occurring, these also became covered in water and laid down another series of shale and vegetable deposits known as the Coal Measures.
This era of rock formation is known as the Carboniferous period and lasted 65 million years and after that, the area was subjected to massive earth movements which raised the rocks of the area in the North South line, which resulted in the domelike shape of the Peak District we know today. The rocks were worn away until even the limestone beneath was exposed but then the earth’s crust sank and the whole region was covered by sea, which then deposited a whole range of new rocks over it.
During this period the rock often cracked under the pressure and the molten rock was forced into the holes which was often rich in minerals such as Fluorspar and calcite, which crystallised as the magma slowly cooled. Many mineral veins were made and were found in the limestone areas which have been mined or lead since Roman times.
Massive earth movements were raised again and most of the Peak District rocks were eroded at the start of the Caenozoic era. During this time the rivers continued to change course and flow in new directions until the Ice Age arrived from 100,000 years ago to 10,000 years ago, when most of the Peak was covered by thick layers of ice, which scooped out the hollows in the rock underneath. This is when our caves and caverns occurred with the melt waters from the glaciers and herds of wild animals roamed the area with their remains found in many of the caves. Buxton Museum has a fine collection of these.
The Peak District today is diverse in its landscape, where the rivers have been able to carved deep, narrow valleys and have found their route underground, leaving dry valleys above and caverns below. Where the caves have collapsed, they leave a deep, narrow gorges as at Cave Dale and Winnat’s Pass at Castleton. Millstone grit is insoluble and porous and absorbs the water which often seeps through the stone until it meets the less porous shale beneath when springs emerge. This grit is less hard than limestone and is vulnerable to landslips, so the rivers have worn much wider valleys in areas of the dark peak. The edges that have been left behind are truly remarkable and unique to the Peak District. | 855 | ENGLISH | 1 |
FUNCTIONAL MEDIEVAL AXES
Functional axes from the Medieval and Viking periods were designed for specific tasks and were used for both practical and military purposes.
WHAT THE VIKING FUNCTIONAL AXES WERE LIKE
Viking axes used to be smaller and more versatile than their medieval counterparts. They typically had a single-bite head, making them suitable for a variety of tasks, including chopping wood, building, and fighting. The heads were usually made of iron and attached to a wooden handle by means of a tie or socket. Viking axes were balanced and light, allowing for easy handling and control.
THE USE OF MEDIEVAL AXES
Medieval axes, on the other hand, were used primarily for warfare and had double-edged heads with a point on the reverse. These axes were larger than Viking axes and the heads were usually made of steel. They were attached to a wooden handle using a socket. The double-bit design allowed for greater cutting power and penetration, and the tine at the rear was used for nailing and hooking. They were heavier than Viking axes, making them harder to wield, but also more devastating in battle.
Both Viking and medieval axes were designed to be durable and withstand heavy use. They were made from high-quality materials and were often decorated with intricate designs, showing the craftsmanship and skill of the blacksmiths who made them.
It is worth noting that many modern reproductions of historical axes are also available for those who want to use them for practical purposes such as recreation, LARP, camping, or bushcraft. These modern reproductions are made with contemporary techniques and materials that make them more durable and safer to use than the originals. | <urn:uuid:aea1f107-fdc5-4c18-af36-21b9fd46bb2b> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://zetanmedieval.com/en/99-functional-axes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00831.warc.gz | en | 0.988025 | 349 | 3.390625 | 3 | [
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-0.0260229539126... | 1 | FUNCTIONAL MEDIEVAL AXES
Functional axes from the Medieval and Viking periods were designed for specific tasks and were used for both practical and military purposes.
WHAT THE VIKING FUNCTIONAL AXES WERE LIKE
Viking axes used to be smaller and more versatile than their medieval counterparts. They typically had a single-bite head, making them suitable for a variety of tasks, including chopping wood, building, and fighting. The heads were usually made of iron and attached to a wooden handle by means of a tie or socket. Viking axes were balanced and light, allowing for easy handling and control.
THE USE OF MEDIEVAL AXES
Medieval axes, on the other hand, were used primarily for warfare and had double-edged heads with a point on the reverse. These axes were larger than Viking axes and the heads were usually made of steel. They were attached to a wooden handle using a socket. The double-bit design allowed for greater cutting power and penetration, and the tine at the rear was used for nailing and hooking. They were heavier than Viking axes, making them harder to wield, but also more devastating in battle.
Both Viking and medieval axes were designed to be durable and withstand heavy use. They were made from high-quality materials and were often decorated with intricate designs, showing the craftsmanship and skill of the blacksmiths who made them.
It is worth noting that many modern reproductions of historical axes are also available for those who want to use them for practical purposes such as recreation, LARP, camping, or bushcraft. These modern reproductions are made with contemporary techniques and materials that make them more durable and safer to use than the originals. | 338 | ENGLISH | 1 |
I would argue that both of the two readings highlight the class system that was in place during that Spanish role. The story of la Monja Alferez is a show case for the differences between the choices and lives for men that were available at that time and he choices and lives for available females at that time. The casta painting also show cases the extreme lengths the Spanish went to for dividing their extremely mixed population.
La Monja Alfere life shows that if she were to stay as a nun in Spain, the options in life for her was extremely limited. She had to go so far as to dress up like a man to try to further her own goals in life. The fact that she kept her gender secret for so long and made sure that very few people when questioned it is an impressing fact in it of its own merit. Her life is also an great account of the Spanish conquests in Latin America at that time and the natives they had to face. She even recounts killing a native leader that was converted to Catholicism and yet the native still battled against the Spanish. This was a example of how successful conversion of the native populations but also how unsuccessful the Spanish subjugation of the native populations was at that time. Overall, the issues surround Spanish conquest and gender or class roles at that time is more then provided in La Monja Alfere life and is of interest to any studying those issues.
The reading on the Casta paintings was interesting because it shows that great lengths that Spanish went to when dividing up the different races within their colonies and how mixed and diverse the population of the colonies have become. These paints can be used as a way of not only pointing out the craziness of the idea of dividing races by ranks due to the complexity these paints became and how the lines between social classes were constantly mixing and matching with no clear or real dividing lines. The paints can also be used as a way of showing casing the diversity Latin American developed and how to this very day, a regular citizen in Mexico, Colombia, or Argentina would probably not be totally black, white or native in skin tone or colour, but a rich mixture of all them put together in one human being. | <urn:uuid:21e01a9e-223b-4ae2-a6fd-07a1a8723e63> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://blogs.ubc.ca/mylatinamericanstudies/2015/09/21/readings-for-week-three/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474445.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223185223-20240223215223-00511.warc.gz | en | 0.987274 | 440 | 3.515625 | 4 | [
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0.43650951981... | 1 | I would argue that both of the two readings highlight the class system that was in place during that Spanish role. The story of la Monja Alferez is a show case for the differences between the choices and lives for men that were available at that time and he choices and lives for available females at that time. The casta painting also show cases the extreme lengths the Spanish went to for dividing their extremely mixed population.
La Monja Alfere life shows that if she were to stay as a nun in Spain, the options in life for her was extremely limited. She had to go so far as to dress up like a man to try to further her own goals in life. The fact that she kept her gender secret for so long and made sure that very few people when questioned it is an impressing fact in it of its own merit. Her life is also an great account of the Spanish conquests in Latin America at that time and the natives they had to face. She even recounts killing a native leader that was converted to Catholicism and yet the native still battled against the Spanish. This was a example of how successful conversion of the native populations but also how unsuccessful the Spanish subjugation of the native populations was at that time. Overall, the issues surround Spanish conquest and gender or class roles at that time is more then provided in La Monja Alfere life and is of interest to any studying those issues.
The reading on the Casta paintings was interesting because it shows that great lengths that Spanish went to when dividing up the different races within their colonies and how mixed and diverse the population of the colonies have become. These paints can be used as a way of not only pointing out the craziness of the idea of dividing races by ranks due to the complexity these paints became and how the lines between social classes were constantly mixing and matching with no clear or real dividing lines. The paints can also be used as a way of showing casing the diversity Latin American developed and how to this very day, a regular citizen in Mexico, Colombia, or Argentina would probably not be totally black, white or native in skin tone or colour, but a rich mixture of all them put together in one human being. | 439 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Table of Contents
What was the most common role for Sumerian women?
The role of Mesopotamian women in their society, as in most cultures throughout time, was primarily that of wife, mother and housekeeper.
What did ancient Sumer women do?
As History on the Net describes, women in Sumer could “own property, run businesses along with their husbands, become priestesses, scribes, physicians and act as judges and witnesses in courts.” The Sumerians even had a woman ruler at one point in their history.
What were women’s roles in ancient Egypt?
A woman’s role as mother and wife still came first in Egyptian society. Some professions in which women worked included weaving, perfume making, and entertainment. Egyptian women could have their own businesses, own and sell property, and serve as witnesses in court cases.
What was the most common role for women Sumerians?
Sumerian women could own property, run businesses along with their husbands, become priestesses, scribes, physicians and act as judges and witnesses in courts . Archeologists and historians speculate that as Mesopotamian cultures grew in wealth and power, a strong patriarchal structure gave more rights to men than to women.
What were the Womens roles in ancient Mesopotamia?
The role of Mesopotamian women in their society, as in most cultures throughout time, was primarily that of wife, mother and housekeeper . Girls, for example, did not attend the schools run by priests or scribes unless they were royalty.
What was the role of woman in Sumerian Civiliation?
Roles of Women: Under the Sumerians, women had the basic rights, such as being able to own property and be witnesses , which was OK. Nothing fancy-shmancy, but the cool thing is they could be priestesses, which was a really respected position.
What are the roles of traditional woman?
Traditional Female Roles, Openness, and Confidence in Working Women. Women have many roles. They are sisters, friends, daughters, mothers, and wives. | <urn:uuid:020adbc6-36f0-444a-90ab-3e4938789e39> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://wisdomanswer.com/what-was-the-most-common-role-for-sumerian-women/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474746.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228211701-20240229001701-00549.warc.gz | en | 0.988782 | 440 | 4.09375 | 4 | [
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What was the most common role for Sumerian women?
The role of Mesopotamian women in their society, as in most cultures throughout time, was primarily that of wife, mother and housekeeper.
What did ancient Sumer women do?
As History on the Net describes, women in Sumer could “own property, run businesses along with their husbands, become priestesses, scribes, physicians and act as judges and witnesses in courts.” The Sumerians even had a woman ruler at one point in their history.
What were women’s roles in ancient Egypt?
A woman’s role as mother and wife still came first in Egyptian society. Some professions in which women worked included weaving, perfume making, and entertainment. Egyptian women could have their own businesses, own and sell property, and serve as witnesses in court cases.
What was the most common role for women Sumerians?
Sumerian women could own property, run businesses along with their husbands, become priestesses, scribes, physicians and act as judges and witnesses in courts . Archeologists and historians speculate that as Mesopotamian cultures grew in wealth and power, a strong patriarchal structure gave more rights to men than to women.
What were the Womens roles in ancient Mesopotamia?
The role of Mesopotamian women in their society, as in most cultures throughout time, was primarily that of wife, mother and housekeeper . Girls, for example, did not attend the schools run by priests or scribes unless they were royalty.
What was the role of woman in Sumerian Civiliation?
Roles of Women: Under the Sumerians, women had the basic rights, such as being able to own property and be witnesses , which was OK. Nothing fancy-shmancy, but the cool thing is they could be priestesses, which was a really respected position.
What are the roles of traditional woman?
Traditional Female Roles, Openness, and Confidence in Working Women. Women have many roles. They are sisters, friends, daughters, mothers, and wives. | 417 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Kuba Ndop Seated Figure Congo
"Ndop (meaning 'statue') figures are idealised and stylised depictions of deceased Kuba Bushoong leaders (Nyim). Opinions vary about the actual use of the figures. Some sources state that the figures were carved during the reign of each Nyim and served as the king's 'double' during his absence. The ndop figures were believed to be kept in the chambers with his wives who took take of it as it if it were the king himself; the figure in return provided fertility. When the ruling king was close to death, his ndop was brought to his bed to absorb his soul and vital force. Other sources state that the ndop was only carved after the death of the Nyim and thus encapsulated the deceased king's soul. The new Nyim slept in isolation with the deceased king's ndop to absorb the essence from his predecessor's ndop.
What is generally agreed however is that ndop figures are not exact representations of leaders past but are instead depictions of kingship. Each individual king's ndop is distinguished only by his royal emblem at the front of the figure. The figures were used to remind villagers about the power of the king and to welcome the newly crowned Nyim into the community. It is believed that Nyim Shyaam aMbul aNgoong introduced the practice of carving ndop figures in 1650 (he was titled Ngol be Nyim meaning 'eldest of the kings')." (imodara.com)
In the 16th century, the Kuba peoples migrated from the distant north to their current location along the Sankuru River. When they arrived, however, they found that the Twa already lived there. The Twa were eventually absorbed into the Kuba Kingdom, but retained some independent cultural characteristics. The height of the Kingdom was during the mid-19th century. Europeans first reached the area in 1884, but the Kuba, being relatively isolated, were not as affected by the slave trade as many of the other peoples in the area. The Nsapo invaded during the late 19th century, and the Kingdom was broken up to a large extent.
Approximate Age: 20th Century | <urn:uuid:bf6e0590-74fc-4084-8404-7cdd6c6b4efb> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://africadirect.com/products/kuba-ndop-seated-figure-congo-145699 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475757.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302052634-20240302082634-00575.warc.gz | en | 0.982918 | 470 | 3.640625 | 4 | [
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0.2936522960662... | 1 | Kuba Ndop Seated Figure Congo
"Ndop (meaning 'statue') figures are idealised and stylised depictions of deceased Kuba Bushoong leaders (Nyim). Opinions vary about the actual use of the figures. Some sources state that the figures were carved during the reign of each Nyim and served as the king's 'double' during his absence. The ndop figures were believed to be kept in the chambers with his wives who took take of it as it if it were the king himself; the figure in return provided fertility. When the ruling king was close to death, his ndop was brought to his bed to absorb his soul and vital force. Other sources state that the ndop was only carved after the death of the Nyim and thus encapsulated the deceased king's soul. The new Nyim slept in isolation with the deceased king's ndop to absorb the essence from his predecessor's ndop.
What is generally agreed however is that ndop figures are not exact representations of leaders past but are instead depictions of kingship. Each individual king's ndop is distinguished only by his royal emblem at the front of the figure. The figures were used to remind villagers about the power of the king and to welcome the newly crowned Nyim into the community. It is believed that Nyim Shyaam aMbul aNgoong introduced the practice of carving ndop figures in 1650 (he was titled Ngol be Nyim meaning 'eldest of the kings')." (imodara.com)
In the 16th century, the Kuba peoples migrated from the distant north to their current location along the Sankuru River. When they arrived, however, they found that the Twa already lived there. The Twa were eventually absorbed into the Kuba Kingdom, but retained some independent cultural characteristics. The height of the Kingdom was during the mid-19th century. Europeans first reached the area in 1884, but the Kuba, being relatively isolated, were not as affected by the slave trade as many of the other peoples in the area. The Nsapo invaded during the late 19th century, and the Kingdom was broken up to a large extent.
Approximate Age: 20th Century | 466 | ENGLISH | 1 |
- Common Questions
- #1. James Madison Fled The White House
- #2. There Were Four Main Causes For The War of 1812
- #3. The Star Spangled Banner Was Written During The War
- #4. Tecumseh's Plan Failed
- #5. Andrew Jackson Became A National Hero
- #6. The War Would Emphasize How Important It Was For America To Build a Strong Navy
- #7. The War Was A Draw
- #8. The Native Americans Were The Real Losers
Who Fought In The War of 1812?
The war was primarily against the United States, Great Britain, and Native Americans. Most tribes were allied with the British. However, there were some that allied with the Americans.
How Long Was The War of 1812?
June 1812 - February 1815. Two years and eight months. The last battle was the Battle of New Orleans, which was fought on January 8, 1815. The Treaty of Ghent had been signed on December 24, 1814, which technically ended the war, but the news did not travel quickly enough to stop the final battle.
Who Won The War?
This answer depends on who you talk to. Technically, the British won the war because they defended their land holdings from an invading force. However, Americans claimed they won the war after the Battle of New Orleans and because it opened up expansion into the Great Lakes. The war was a draw, with the only real loser being the Native Americans.
Did The Treaty of Ghent End The War?
President James Madison sent the treaty to the Senate on February 16, 1815, to vote on it. It was unanimously approved and then ratified, which ended the war.
#1. James Madison Fled The White House
He would be the first acting President to lead the military on the White House grounds.
He would also be the first President to flee the White House from an enemy.
He is the only President to see the White House burn.
While fleeing the White House, his wife rescued a picture of George Washington that still hangs in the White House today.
#2. There Were Four Main Causes For The War of 1812
The War of 1812 had four primary causes:
- European Conflict - The Napoleonic Wars created an opportunity for America to try and catch Great Britain preoccupied.
- British Impressment - After winning the Revolutionary War, the British never respected American sovereignty. One of the worst things they did was impressment, where they would kidnap American sailors and force them to serve in the British Navy.
- American Expansionism - American Expansionism drove many Americans to settle on the frontier, which caused conflict with the Native Americans. This would create enemies with many northeast Indian tribes.
- The Second Term of Thomas Jefferson - Thomas Jefferson's second term is not discussed much. There is a reason for that. He destroyed the military and left the United States vulnerable to Great Britain when the War began. He created gunboats instead of large warships. These gunboats were ineffective and a joke. The ships that would be successful during the war were built during the Adams administration.
#3. The Star Spangled Banner Was Written During The War
Francis Scott Key authored the Star Spangled Banner during the Battle of Baltimore. It was during this battle that he watched the flag continue to wave and not be taken down.
It was a victory for the United States despite Great Britain's superior technology on the high seas.
#4. Tecumseh's Plan Failed
Tecumseh had a plan to create a buffer nation of Native Americans that would create a nation between British Canada and the United States.
His plan would not work as he was unable to get enough Indians to ally with each other. His idea would be further discouraged after his death at the Battle of the Thames.
#5. Andrew Jackson Became A National Hero
His victory at the Battle of New Orleans would catapult him onto the national stage and make him a hero that would eventually lead to the White House. The battle was significant because it was against Napoleonic War veterans and was a tactical masterpiece.
He would eventually become the seventh President of the United States and would always be a hero to the common man until his death.
#6. The War Would Emphasize How Important It Was For America To Build a Strong Navy
As stated previously, Thomas Jefferson did not believe in a strong Navy, which was different from his predecessors, who invested in building a strong navy.
After the War of 1812, it would be clear that America needed a strong navy to protect itself from foreign powers. They had seen success at the Battle of Lake Erie and victories won by the USS Constitution.
#7. The War Was A Draw
The War of 1812 was probably a war that could have been avoided. There was not a clear winner, and everything remained the same.
One could argue that it helped with the development of the Navy, but at what cost? Husbands and sons died in a war that did not have many benefits.
It did end British Impressment, but it could be argued that a stronger navy would have also ended it.
The War of 1812 is known as the forgotten war, and it is because of this. It is largely believed to have been an avoidable war.
#8. The Native Americans Were The Real Losers
The British pulled back after the war was over, but America continued to expand. Tecumseh had hoped that he could create a new nation, but after his death, it was not possible.
They had fought the Americans, and although the war ended in a draw, they were not successful in their mission and would be seen as enemies. They would be conquered within the coming decades.
They were too tribal and unable to unite. There were many tribes that sided with the Americans. While the southwestern Indians would eventually come into conflict as America expanded west after the Civil War, the War of 1812 would end any possibility of the Northeast and Southeast Indians maintaining sovereignty. | <urn:uuid:1a0c1a20-34db-4b19-a65d-bd668aa5d02e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://thehistoryjunkie.com/war-of-1812-facts-for-kids/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476413.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304033910-20240304063910-00503.warc.gz | en | 0.981479 | 1,259 | 3.59375 | 4 | [
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0.3575876653... | 1 | - Common Questions
- #1. James Madison Fled The White House
- #2. There Were Four Main Causes For The War of 1812
- #3. The Star Spangled Banner Was Written During The War
- #4. Tecumseh's Plan Failed
- #5. Andrew Jackson Became A National Hero
- #6. The War Would Emphasize How Important It Was For America To Build a Strong Navy
- #7. The War Was A Draw
- #8. The Native Americans Were The Real Losers
Who Fought In The War of 1812?
The war was primarily against the United States, Great Britain, and Native Americans. Most tribes were allied with the British. However, there were some that allied with the Americans.
How Long Was The War of 1812?
June 1812 - February 1815. Two years and eight months. The last battle was the Battle of New Orleans, which was fought on January 8, 1815. The Treaty of Ghent had been signed on December 24, 1814, which technically ended the war, but the news did not travel quickly enough to stop the final battle.
Who Won The War?
This answer depends on who you talk to. Technically, the British won the war because they defended their land holdings from an invading force. However, Americans claimed they won the war after the Battle of New Orleans and because it opened up expansion into the Great Lakes. The war was a draw, with the only real loser being the Native Americans.
Did The Treaty of Ghent End The War?
President James Madison sent the treaty to the Senate on February 16, 1815, to vote on it. It was unanimously approved and then ratified, which ended the war.
#1. James Madison Fled The White House
He would be the first acting President to lead the military on the White House grounds.
He would also be the first President to flee the White House from an enemy.
He is the only President to see the White House burn.
While fleeing the White House, his wife rescued a picture of George Washington that still hangs in the White House today.
#2. There Were Four Main Causes For The War of 1812
The War of 1812 had four primary causes:
- European Conflict - The Napoleonic Wars created an opportunity for America to try and catch Great Britain preoccupied.
- British Impressment - After winning the Revolutionary War, the British never respected American sovereignty. One of the worst things they did was impressment, where they would kidnap American sailors and force them to serve in the British Navy.
- American Expansionism - American Expansionism drove many Americans to settle on the frontier, which caused conflict with the Native Americans. This would create enemies with many northeast Indian tribes.
- The Second Term of Thomas Jefferson - Thomas Jefferson's second term is not discussed much. There is a reason for that. He destroyed the military and left the United States vulnerable to Great Britain when the War began. He created gunboats instead of large warships. These gunboats were ineffective and a joke. The ships that would be successful during the war were built during the Adams administration.
#3. The Star Spangled Banner Was Written During The War
Francis Scott Key authored the Star Spangled Banner during the Battle of Baltimore. It was during this battle that he watched the flag continue to wave and not be taken down.
It was a victory for the United States despite Great Britain's superior technology on the high seas.
#4. Tecumseh's Plan Failed
Tecumseh had a plan to create a buffer nation of Native Americans that would create a nation between British Canada and the United States.
His plan would not work as he was unable to get enough Indians to ally with each other. His idea would be further discouraged after his death at the Battle of the Thames.
#5. Andrew Jackson Became A National Hero
His victory at the Battle of New Orleans would catapult him onto the national stage and make him a hero that would eventually lead to the White House. The battle was significant because it was against Napoleonic War veterans and was a tactical masterpiece.
He would eventually become the seventh President of the United States and would always be a hero to the common man until his death.
#6. The War Would Emphasize How Important It Was For America To Build a Strong Navy
As stated previously, Thomas Jefferson did not believe in a strong Navy, which was different from his predecessors, who invested in building a strong navy.
After the War of 1812, it would be clear that America needed a strong navy to protect itself from foreign powers. They had seen success at the Battle of Lake Erie and victories won by the USS Constitution.
#7. The War Was A Draw
The War of 1812 was probably a war that could have been avoided. There was not a clear winner, and everything remained the same.
One could argue that it helped with the development of the Navy, but at what cost? Husbands and sons died in a war that did not have many benefits.
It did end British Impressment, but it could be argued that a stronger navy would have also ended it.
The War of 1812 is known as the forgotten war, and it is because of this. It is largely believed to have been an avoidable war.
#8. The Native Americans Were The Real Losers
The British pulled back after the war was over, but America continued to expand. Tecumseh had hoped that he could create a new nation, but after his death, it was not possible.
They had fought the Americans, and although the war ended in a draw, they were not successful in their mission and would be seen as enemies. They would be conquered within the coming decades.
They were too tribal and unable to unite. There were many tribes that sided with the Americans. While the southwestern Indians would eventually come into conflict as America expanded west after the Civil War, the War of 1812 would end any possibility of the Northeast and Southeast Indians maintaining sovereignty. | 1,276 | ENGLISH | 1 |
During World War 2, the British Army issued a variety of machetes to its troops for use in combat and other tasks. The most common machete issued during the war was the British Pattern machete, which had a 22-inch blade and was used for cutting vegetation, clearing paths, and other tasks. The blade was made of high-carbon steel and was designed to withstand heavy use in harsh environments.
In addition to the standard machete, the British Army also issued a smaller machete known as the British Parang. This machete had a 12-inch blade and was designed for use by troops in the Far East. It was particularly effective at cutting through jungle vegetation and was used by soldiers in Burma and other areas of Southeast Asia. | <urn:uuid:a977f129-1c8b-41ef-8e02-a3ce7d48cdd7> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://tjsmilitaria.co.uk/collections/british-ww2-machetes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474361.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223053503-20240223083503-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.992402 | 157 | 3.609375 | 4 | [
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0.3679652512073517... | 1 | During World War 2, the British Army issued a variety of machetes to its troops for use in combat and other tasks. The most common machete issued during the war was the British Pattern machete, which had a 22-inch blade and was used for cutting vegetation, clearing paths, and other tasks. The blade was made of high-carbon steel and was designed to withstand heavy use in harsh environments.
In addition to the standard machete, the British Army also issued a smaller machete known as the British Parang. This machete had a 12-inch blade and was designed for use by troops in the Far East. It was particularly effective at cutting through jungle vegetation and was used by soldiers in Burma and other areas of Southeast Asia. | 153 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Most commonly known for writing the award winning book Night, Elie Wiesel was a Jewish writer, professor, political activist, and Holocaust survivor. Night is about Wiesel's time in Auschwitz and Burgenbelsen, his struggle to survive and to retain his belief in God. Wiesel first went to Auschwitz in 1944, was liberated in 1945, but he didn’t start writing Night until 1959. This time gap between his release and his writing, which allowed Wiesel to gain perspective, gives Night the introspective tone that makes the story of Wiesel’s time in concentration camps so captivating.
Perspective is subjective. Depending on the person, time, and venue every view of a situation is different. Some people tend to stick to one perspective, never daring to try and see things from another point of view. They can’t see past their nose, so to speak. Others change their perspective often. Sometimes a person's outlook relies on how that person is feeling in the moment. Their perspective can be skewed one way or another if they are sad, angry, or excited. Perspective can also change with time. The passage of time allows for one to gain, among other things; …show more content…
He went through a major trauma and needed time to deal with and recover from that. Anyone who went through something like that would have a skewed perspective because the person is recovering from that trauma. It can take a person years to finally heal after the sort of deeply disturbing experience that Wiesel went through. Not only did he have to recover from that trauma, but he had to go through the process of grieving. He lost family, friends, and his fellow people. Every hope and dream that he had was torched. Wiesel even went so far as to say “Never shall I forget those moments that murdered my God and my soul and turned my dreams to ashes,” (34). Wiesel needed the time to heal from the wounds he had obtained from the holocaust before he could properly write about his
Night is an incredible first person account of the horrors that Elie Wiesel went through as a teenager in the Holocaust. Wiesel has spoken about his experiences through writing, but also through speeches around the world. In 1986 he gave a speech after receiving the Nobel Prize. In the speech he said “Because if we forget, we are guilty, we are accomplices.” This gives insight as to why he wrote the book Night.
The memoir Night captures the horrors of Elie Wiesel, a Jewish Holocaust survivor. In this beautifully crafted, riveting, and unforgettable book, the true meaning behind inhumanity becomes clear as Elie and his father are in a extremely cruel journey. The book depicts how awful conditions were and how they had to adapt to their environment to even have the slightest chance of survival. In the WWII era (1941-1945) times were difficult and most places involved with WWII were put in a state of economic depression, even more so in certain parts close to axis powers.
Imagine showing up to church, nothing different from every other time you arrive. However, this time when you show up, you notice flames and pure destruction. Today, this scenario seems make-believe, however this was not the case in Sighet, Transylvania in 1941. According to Elie Wiesel’s memoir Night, once the German soldiers arrived in Sighet, many norms were altered, such as their laws and attires. Eli Wiesel uses night as a motif in the memoir Night in order to convey an underlying message about the increase of darkness, possibilities of death and lack of humanity once non-authoritarian members arrive.
In the book Night the author uses repetition to create a tone in the passage, and that tone the author is trying to create is sadness. Elie shows sadness/disbelief in the book when he realizes that he might lose his life in the concentration camp. In the book we realize the author is using a phrase over and over again(repetition)to show a tone in the book, and the phrase he uses to show the tone is “Never shall I forget”. He uses the phrase and thinks back to things he would never forget because he realizes he might die in the concentration camps and this starts to create the tone of sadness. On page 34 it said “I thought: This is what the antechamber of hell must look like.
In this passage of Elie Wiesel's memoir, Night, the prisoners of the camp are forced to watch the death of a young boy, who is being hanged for having worked against the Nazi's. As the pipel hung from the noose, Elizer was forced to ponder the question "Where is God?" The despairing tone is revealed through each sentence of this passage, however Elizer's answer is what truly fortifies the hopeless tone- " Here he is- He is hanging here on the gallows.
Strength of Love Scared and afraid wanting to die, but the only thing keeping you from giving up and dying is the love of your family. In the memoir Night by Elie Wiesel, Elie is just a normal 15- year-old boy when him and his family are taken to Birkenau a concentration camp in Poland. When Elie and his family were taken to Birkenau Elie and his dad is separated from his mom and his sisters never to see them again. After Elie and his dad are separated from the girls Elie and his father find it very difficult to survive in the camp, they just want to give up and die but the their love for each other kept them going. In Night the author uses imagery to help convey the message of family bonds.
The memoir and autobiography, "Night" is a book about the holocaust through the eyes of Elie Wiesel who was able to surrvive it all. By the use of different writing strategies such as mood he was able to develop a central idea of the loss of dignity. In the beginning of the book when all the Jews were taken to the concentration camps Elie Wiesel sets a mood of emptiness by describing how all the Jews became equal. He says, "Our clothes were to be thrown on the floor at the back of the barrack.
To begin, our interactions define us when we believe in a religion because it is what we have hope and faith in. In the excerpt “Night” by Elie Wiesel, Elie is in a concentration camp where he begins to lose his faith in God because he has seen things that he wished he had not. The texts says, “Never shall I forget those flames that consumed my faith forever ”(Wiesel 37). What this quote shows is throughout the time when Elie was at the concentration camp he saw the way people were being burned alive and thrown into the flames. This shows interactions by how the Jews were treated in a negative way.
Learning to adapt is helping millions of people throughout history. In periods of history, the people that do not adapt die. Night is written by Elie Wiesel and is about Jewish people going through the Holocaust. Particularly, the book focuses on Elie Wiesel. The camps that the Jewish go to are not meant for them to come out alive.
Francisco Cid Ms. Steinmeier ENG 1214.5 March 4, 2014 No Longer Human Elie Wiesel was only a teenager when he was taken from his home in 1944 to eventually end up at Auschwitz concentration camp. Night is the terrifying story of the memories of the death of his family, his innocence, his faith, and even hope. Ultimately, the Nazis were able to take away his very humanity.
Throughout the memoir, Elie Wiesel is faced with multiple gory sites that test his faith. A major one was the hanging of the young boy, the pipel. Not only did that event affect Elie, but it affected the whole concentration camp. The Nazi’s intended for it to be a threat or warning to the prisoners; however, the prisoners felt as though the perpetrators crossed the line with the hanging. Although they did kill thousands of people on the daily basis, the hanging of the child was seen to be the cruelest of cruel acts just to prove a point.
Daniel Haugen Mr. Dayton Ninth Lit/Comp 19 October 2014 Starvation in Concentration Camps Eliezer Wiesel’s Night is a memoir about his own personal tragic experience with the Holocaust Concentration Camps. While there Eliezer’s entire life turns upside down as he is exposed to the worst forms of torture that anyone should be involved with. Night greatly demonstrates the evils that were bestowed upon the Jewish community and the other groups thought by Hitler to be intolerable. The Concentration Camps caused the Jewish people to be deprived of the proper nutrition leaving them not only physically scarred, but psychologically as well.
Night by Elie Wiesel is a memoir of his first hand experience in the Nazi concentration camps during the Holocaust. Elie Wiesel creates a fictional character named Eliezer, the protagonist, to portray himself. At the young age of fifteen Eliezer was forced to endure stress, fear, and inhumane treatment for being born into the opposing minority group. Eliezer struggled to maintain his Jewish faith and persevere through the hardships that were forced upon him. The mistreatment of the Jews by the Germans caused Eliezer, as well as the author, to reconsider his identity and question his own standard of humanity.
Night Elie Wiesel’s story of his experience in the holocaust. The author is Elie Wiesel, his story takes place in the concentration camp, a theme word from this story is strength. In night, Elie Wiesel demonstrates everyone has the strength to push through trying situations even though they might not think it’s there through the separation of his family, seeing his dad struggle, and his injured foot. Elie Wiesel showed a lot of strength when his family was separated. “Men to the left!, women to the right!
When Elie Wiesel was liberated from the Buchenwald concentration camp in April 1945, he decided to wait for ten years before writing his memoirs of the Holocaust. Night is the story of Elie Wiesel surviving Nazi concentration camps as a teenager. The original Yiddish publication of Night was 900 pages and titled And the World Remained Silent. Despite low sales originally, Night has now been translated into thirty languages and has become a classic. In the book Night, the character that contradicts Elie’s resilient attitude is his father when he loses the motivation to survive while Elie has the motivation to survive, the lesson to be learned through these two characters would be the importance of family. | <urn:uuid:a0a44aff-2067-46b5-892c-5745a85870e1> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.ipl.org/essay/Perspective-Of-Night-By-Elie-Wiesel-E649E242E9B3D088 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476397.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303174631-20240303204631-00231.warc.gz | en | 0.98183 | 2,218 | 3.328125 | 3 | [
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0.305148601531982... | 1 | Most commonly known for writing the award winning book Night, Elie Wiesel was a Jewish writer, professor, political activist, and Holocaust survivor. Night is about Wiesel's time in Auschwitz and Burgenbelsen, his struggle to survive and to retain his belief in God. Wiesel first went to Auschwitz in 1944, was liberated in 1945, but he didn’t start writing Night until 1959. This time gap between his release and his writing, which allowed Wiesel to gain perspective, gives Night the introspective tone that makes the story of Wiesel’s time in concentration camps so captivating.
Perspective is subjective. Depending on the person, time, and venue every view of a situation is different. Some people tend to stick to one perspective, never daring to try and see things from another point of view. They can’t see past their nose, so to speak. Others change their perspective often. Sometimes a person's outlook relies on how that person is feeling in the moment. Their perspective can be skewed one way or another if they are sad, angry, or excited. Perspective can also change with time. The passage of time allows for one to gain, among other things; …show more content…
He went through a major trauma and needed time to deal with and recover from that. Anyone who went through something like that would have a skewed perspective because the person is recovering from that trauma. It can take a person years to finally heal after the sort of deeply disturbing experience that Wiesel went through. Not only did he have to recover from that trauma, but he had to go through the process of grieving. He lost family, friends, and his fellow people. Every hope and dream that he had was torched. Wiesel even went so far as to say “Never shall I forget those moments that murdered my God and my soul and turned my dreams to ashes,” (34). Wiesel needed the time to heal from the wounds he had obtained from the holocaust before he could properly write about his
Night is an incredible first person account of the horrors that Elie Wiesel went through as a teenager in the Holocaust. Wiesel has spoken about his experiences through writing, but also through speeches around the world. In 1986 he gave a speech after receiving the Nobel Prize. In the speech he said “Because if we forget, we are guilty, we are accomplices.” This gives insight as to why he wrote the book Night.
The memoir Night captures the horrors of Elie Wiesel, a Jewish Holocaust survivor. In this beautifully crafted, riveting, and unforgettable book, the true meaning behind inhumanity becomes clear as Elie and his father are in a extremely cruel journey. The book depicts how awful conditions were and how they had to adapt to their environment to even have the slightest chance of survival. In the WWII era (1941-1945) times were difficult and most places involved with WWII were put in a state of economic depression, even more so in certain parts close to axis powers.
Imagine showing up to church, nothing different from every other time you arrive. However, this time when you show up, you notice flames and pure destruction. Today, this scenario seems make-believe, however this was not the case in Sighet, Transylvania in 1941. According to Elie Wiesel’s memoir Night, once the German soldiers arrived in Sighet, many norms were altered, such as their laws and attires. Eli Wiesel uses night as a motif in the memoir Night in order to convey an underlying message about the increase of darkness, possibilities of death and lack of humanity once non-authoritarian members arrive.
In the book Night the author uses repetition to create a tone in the passage, and that tone the author is trying to create is sadness. Elie shows sadness/disbelief in the book when he realizes that he might lose his life in the concentration camp. In the book we realize the author is using a phrase over and over again(repetition)to show a tone in the book, and the phrase he uses to show the tone is “Never shall I forget”. He uses the phrase and thinks back to things he would never forget because he realizes he might die in the concentration camps and this starts to create the tone of sadness. On page 34 it said “I thought: This is what the antechamber of hell must look like.
In this passage of Elie Wiesel's memoir, Night, the prisoners of the camp are forced to watch the death of a young boy, who is being hanged for having worked against the Nazi's. As the pipel hung from the noose, Elizer was forced to ponder the question "Where is God?" The despairing tone is revealed through each sentence of this passage, however Elizer's answer is what truly fortifies the hopeless tone- " Here he is- He is hanging here on the gallows.
Strength of Love Scared and afraid wanting to die, but the only thing keeping you from giving up and dying is the love of your family. In the memoir Night by Elie Wiesel, Elie is just a normal 15- year-old boy when him and his family are taken to Birkenau a concentration camp in Poland. When Elie and his family were taken to Birkenau Elie and his dad is separated from his mom and his sisters never to see them again. After Elie and his dad are separated from the girls Elie and his father find it very difficult to survive in the camp, they just want to give up and die but the their love for each other kept them going. In Night the author uses imagery to help convey the message of family bonds.
The memoir and autobiography, "Night" is a book about the holocaust through the eyes of Elie Wiesel who was able to surrvive it all. By the use of different writing strategies such as mood he was able to develop a central idea of the loss of dignity. In the beginning of the book when all the Jews were taken to the concentration camps Elie Wiesel sets a mood of emptiness by describing how all the Jews became equal. He says, "Our clothes were to be thrown on the floor at the back of the barrack.
To begin, our interactions define us when we believe in a religion because it is what we have hope and faith in. In the excerpt “Night” by Elie Wiesel, Elie is in a concentration camp where he begins to lose his faith in God because he has seen things that he wished he had not. The texts says, “Never shall I forget those flames that consumed my faith forever ”(Wiesel 37). What this quote shows is throughout the time when Elie was at the concentration camp he saw the way people were being burned alive and thrown into the flames. This shows interactions by how the Jews were treated in a negative way.
Learning to adapt is helping millions of people throughout history. In periods of history, the people that do not adapt die. Night is written by Elie Wiesel and is about Jewish people going through the Holocaust. Particularly, the book focuses on Elie Wiesel. The camps that the Jewish go to are not meant for them to come out alive.
Francisco Cid Ms. Steinmeier ENG 1214.5 March 4, 2014 No Longer Human Elie Wiesel was only a teenager when he was taken from his home in 1944 to eventually end up at Auschwitz concentration camp. Night is the terrifying story of the memories of the death of his family, his innocence, his faith, and even hope. Ultimately, the Nazis were able to take away his very humanity.
Throughout the memoir, Elie Wiesel is faced with multiple gory sites that test his faith. A major one was the hanging of the young boy, the pipel. Not only did that event affect Elie, but it affected the whole concentration camp. The Nazi’s intended for it to be a threat or warning to the prisoners; however, the prisoners felt as though the perpetrators crossed the line with the hanging. Although they did kill thousands of people on the daily basis, the hanging of the child was seen to be the cruelest of cruel acts just to prove a point.
Daniel Haugen Mr. Dayton Ninth Lit/Comp 19 October 2014 Starvation in Concentration Camps Eliezer Wiesel’s Night is a memoir about his own personal tragic experience with the Holocaust Concentration Camps. While there Eliezer’s entire life turns upside down as he is exposed to the worst forms of torture that anyone should be involved with. Night greatly demonstrates the evils that were bestowed upon the Jewish community and the other groups thought by Hitler to be intolerable. The Concentration Camps caused the Jewish people to be deprived of the proper nutrition leaving them not only physically scarred, but psychologically as well.
Night by Elie Wiesel is a memoir of his first hand experience in the Nazi concentration camps during the Holocaust. Elie Wiesel creates a fictional character named Eliezer, the protagonist, to portray himself. At the young age of fifteen Eliezer was forced to endure stress, fear, and inhumane treatment for being born into the opposing minority group. Eliezer struggled to maintain his Jewish faith and persevere through the hardships that were forced upon him. The mistreatment of the Jews by the Germans caused Eliezer, as well as the author, to reconsider his identity and question his own standard of humanity.
Night Elie Wiesel’s story of his experience in the holocaust. The author is Elie Wiesel, his story takes place in the concentration camp, a theme word from this story is strength. In night, Elie Wiesel demonstrates everyone has the strength to push through trying situations even though they might not think it’s there through the separation of his family, seeing his dad struggle, and his injured foot. Elie Wiesel showed a lot of strength when his family was separated. “Men to the left!, women to the right!
When Elie Wiesel was liberated from the Buchenwald concentration camp in April 1945, he decided to wait for ten years before writing his memoirs of the Holocaust. Night is the story of Elie Wiesel surviving Nazi concentration camps as a teenager. The original Yiddish publication of Night was 900 pages and titled And the World Remained Silent. Despite low sales originally, Night has now been translated into thirty languages and has become a classic. In the book Night, the character that contradicts Elie’s resilient attitude is his father when he loses the motivation to survive while Elie has the motivation to survive, the lesson to be learned through these two characters would be the importance of family. | 2,219 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Earned capital, also known as retained earnings, represents the portion of net income of a company that is retained by the company rather than distributed to its shareholders as dividends. It’s a part of shareholders’ equity in the balance sheet and shows the total profits that have been reinvested in the business since its inception.
Earned capital can be used in various ways to benefit the company, including:
- Funding new projects or investments
- Paying off debt
- Purchasing equipment or assets
- Funding research and development
- Building up a reserve for future financial stability
When a company’s earned capital is positive, it generally indicates that the company has been profitable over time and has chosen to reinvest those profits rather than pay them out in dividends. If earned capital is negative, it could indicate that the company has sustained losses or has distributed more in dividends than it has made in profits.
It’s important to note that earned capital only comes from operational and investment activities of the company, distinguishing it from other forms of capital such as contributed capital (also known as paid-in capital), which comes from investors in exchange for stock.
Example of Earned Capital
Let’s consider a hypothetical company, Company ABC.
Company ABC was founded five years ago and had a net income (after all expenses and taxes) of $100,000 in each of those years. Each year, it paid out $20,000 as dividends to its shareholders. The remaining $80,000 per year was not distributed and was retained by the company.
So, over five years, Company ABC has accumulated earned capital (retained earnings) of $400,000 ($80,000 * 5).
Now, let’s say that in the sixth year, Company ABC had a net income of $150,000 and paid out $30,000 in dividends. The remaining $120,000 would be added to the earned capital.
So, at the end of the sixth year, the total earned capital for Company ABC would be $520,000 ($400,000 + $120,000).
This accumulated earned capital is a source of funding that Company ABC could use to invest in new projects, expand its operations, purchase new assets, pay off debt, or save for future use. It represents the total profits that have been earned and reinvested in the company over its history. | <urn:uuid:db51531d-01b9-478a-93fe-061a0f0ae94b> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.superfastcpa.com/what-is-earned-capital/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474737.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228143955-20240228173955-00263.warc.gz | en | 0.981401 | 491 | 3.34375 | 3 | [
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-0.00439588818... | 1 | Earned capital, also known as retained earnings, represents the portion of net income of a company that is retained by the company rather than distributed to its shareholders as dividends. It’s a part of shareholders’ equity in the balance sheet and shows the total profits that have been reinvested in the business since its inception.
Earned capital can be used in various ways to benefit the company, including:
- Funding new projects or investments
- Paying off debt
- Purchasing equipment or assets
- Funding research and development
- Building up a reserve for future financial stability
When a company’s earned capital is positive, it generally indicates that the company has been profitable over time and has chosen to reinvest those profits rather than pay them out in dividends. If earned capital is negative, it could indicate that the company has sustained losses or has distributed more in dividends than it has made in profits.
It’s important to note that earned capital only comes from operational and investment activities of the company, distinguishing it from other forms of capital such as contributed capital (also known as paid-in capital), which comes from investors in exchange for stock.
Example of Earned Capital
Let’s consider a hypothetical company, Company ABC.
Company ABC was founded five years ago and had a net income (after all expenses and taxes) of $100,000 in each of those years. Each year, it paid out $20,000 as dividends to its shareholders. The remaining $80,000 per year was not distributed and was retained by the company.
So, over five years, Company ABC has accumulated earned capital (retained earnings) of $400,000 ($80,000 * 5).
Now, let’s say that in the sixth year, Company ABC had a net income of $150,000 and paid out $30,000 in dividends. The remaining $120,000 would be added to the earned capital.
So, at the end of the sixth year, the total earned capital for Company ABC would be $520,000 ($400,000 + $120,000).
This accumulated earned capital is a source of funding that Company ABC could use to invest in new projects, expand its operations, purchase new assets, pay off debt, or save for future use. It represents the total profits that have been earned and reinvested in the company over its history. | 514 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Annie Besant was a prominent British social reformer, women’s rights activist, and theosophist who played a significant role in India’s struggle for independence from British colonial rule. Born in 1847 in London, Besant was raised in a deeply religious family and developed a passion for social justice at an early age.
In the late 19th century, Besant became involved in theosophy, a spiritual movement that sought to promote universal brotherhood and the study of comparative religion. She quickly rose to prominence within the movement and became a close associate of the movement’s leader, Helena Blavatsky.
In 1893, Besant traveled to India for the first time and became deeply involved in Indian politics and social reform. She became a vocal advocate for Indian independence and worked closely with Indian nationalist leaders such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Gopal Krishna Gokhale.
Besant was also a strong advocate for women’s rights and played a key role in promoting the idea of women’s suffrage in India. She founded the Women’s Indian Association in 1917, which worked to promote women’s education, health, and political participation.
Throughout her life, Besant remained committed to the ideals of social justice and universal brotherhood, and her legacy continues to inspire generations of activists and reformers. Today, she is remembered as one of the most important figures in India’s struggle for independence and as a pioneer in the fight for women’s rights and social justice.
Other Names Of Annie Besant:
Here are some more details on the other names of Annie Besant:
- Annie Wood: This was Annie Besant’s name at birth. She was born on October 1, 1847, in London, England, as Annie Wood.
- Annie Besant-Besant: Annie Besant married Frank Besant in 1867 and took his surname, making her Annie Besant-Besant. However, the couple separated in 1873 and eventually divorced in 1878.
- Nitya: Annie Besant was introduced to Theosophy and the teachings of Helena Blavatsky in 1889. Blavatsky gave Besant the name “Nitya,” which means eternal, when Besant became a member of the Theosophical Society.
- Bhavani Shankar: After her conversion to Hinduism in 1893, Annie Besant took on the Hindu name “Bhavani Shankar.” She also wore Indian clothing and became a prominent advocate for Indian independence and culture.
- Kamala: Annie Besant was also known by the name “Kamala” in her later years. She took on this name when she joined the Order of the Star in the East, a spiritual organization founded by Jiddu Krishnamurti.
Nicknames Of Annie Besant:
Annie Besant had several nicknames throughout her life, including:
- Red Annie: This was a nickname given to Annie Besant because of her fiery red hair and her radical political views. She was known for her outspokenness and her advocacy for women’s rights and workers’ rights.
- Atheist Besant: This nickname was given to Annie Besant because of her early rejection of Christianity and her advocacy for secularism and rationalism.
- Diamond Jubilee Star: This nickname was given to Annie Besant by the Indian press in honor of her 75th birthday in 1922. She had become a prominent figure in the Indian nationalist movement and was widely respected for her advocacy for Indian independence and her efforts to promote Indian culture and education.
- Grand Old Lady of India: Annie Besant was also known by this nickname because of her long and illustrious career as a social reformer and political activist in India. She had become a beloved figure in the Indian nationalist movement and was widely regarded as a pioneer in the fight for women’s rights and social justice.
Annie Besant’s father was a clergyman in the Church of England, and her mother died when Annie was just five years old. Annie was raised by her father, who gave her a thorough education in languages, literature, and science.
Annie was a brilliant student and excelled in her studies. However, she was also a free thinker and rebelled against the strict religious beliefs of her father and the Church of England. At the age of 19, she married Frank Besant, a clergyman, but their marriage was unhappy and they eventually separated.
After leaving her husband, Annie became involved in the women’s rights movement and the campaign for birth control. She also began to question her Christian beliefs and became an atheist. In 1874, she met the social reformer Charles Bradlaugh, who became her mentor and encouraged her to become a political activist. Together, they founded the National Secular Society, which advocated for secularism and rationalism.
Annie Besant’s early life was marked by her fierce independence and her commitment to social justice and political activism. These values would guide her throughout her life and shape her role as a prominent leader in the women’s rights and social reform movements.
Annie Besant was largely self-taught, as her father provided her with an extensive education in languages, literature, and science. She was a voracious reader and spent much of her youth studying the works of philosophers, scientists, and social reformers.
Despite her lack of formal education, Annie was able to gain entry to London University, where she studied mathematics, logic, and political economy. She excelled in her studies and was awarded a gold medal for her work in mathematics.
Annie’s education was not limited to academic subjects. She also learned about the struggles of working-class people and became involved in social reform movements. Her experiences working with the poor and marginalized would inspire her later work as a political activist and advocate for social justice.
Throughout her life, Annie continued to learn and expand her knowledge. She studied Eastern religions and philosophies and became a prominent advocate for Indian independence and the revival of Indian culture. She also became involved in Theosophy, a spiritual movement that sought to unite the wisdom of all religions and traditions.
Annie Besant was born to William Burton, a middle-class stockbroker, and Emily Morris, who died when Annie was only five years old. Her father remarried and Annie was sent to live with her maternal grandparents in the town of Harrow, on the outskirts of London.
Annie’s grandfather was a retired army officer who became a wealthy businessman, and he provided her with a comfortable upbringing. However, she had a difficult relationship with her grandmother, who was strict and religious.
In 1867, Annie married Frank Besant, a clergyman who shared her interest in social reform. The couple had two children, but their marriage was unhappy and they eventually separated. Annie was granted custody of their children, which was unusual for the time, and she supported them by working as a writer and editor.
Annie’s family history played a significant role in shaping her beliefs and values. Her grandfather’s military background and business success instilled in her a sense of discipline and ambition, while her grandmother’s religious fervor inspired her to question traditional beliefs and seek out new ideas. Her unhappy marriage and struggle to support her children as a single mother also gave her a deep empathy for the struggles of working-class women and children.
Annie Besant Contribution To India’s Struggle For Independence:
Annie Besant made significant contributions to India’s struggle for independence. She became a staunch supporter of Indian self-rule and worked tirelessly to advance the cause of Indian independence through her political and social activism.
In addition to her role in the formation of the Swaraj Party, Besant also played a key role in the Indian National Congress. She served as the president of the Congress in 1917 and used her position to advocate for Indian self-rule and to challenge British colonial policies in India.
Besant was also a vocal supporter of Indian education and worked to establish schools and colleges that would provide quality education to Indian students. She believed that education was the key to India’s progress and worked to promote Indian culture and heritage through the educational system.
Besant was also known for her support of Indian workers and laborers. She fought for workers’ rights and demanded better working conditions for Indian laborers.
Perhaps Besant’s most significant contribution to the Indian independence movement was her role in the Theosophical Society. She became a prominent member of the Society and used its platform to promote Indian spirituality and culture. The Society became a rallying point for Indian nationalists and played a significant role in mobilizing support for Indian independence.
Overall, Annie Besant’s contributions to India’s struggle for independence were significant and far-reaching. She was a powerful advocate for Indian self-rule and worked tirelessly to advance the cause of Indian independence through her political and social activism.
Annie Besant And The Indian National Congress:
Annie Besant was deeply involved in the Indian National Congress (INC) and played an important role in the organization’s history. She joined the Congress in 1914 and became the president of the organization in 1917, becoming the first woman to hold that position.
As the president of the Congress, Besant advocated for Indian self-rule and challenged British colonial policies in India. She played an important role in mobilizing support for the Indian independence movement and used her position to raise awareness of the plight of Indian workers and laborers.
Besant’s presidency of the Congress was marked by her support for the non-cooperation movement, which was a strategy of nonviolent resistance against British colonial rule in India. She encouraged Indians to boycott British goods and institutions, and she herself was arrested several times for her involvement in the movement.
Besant’s support for the non-cooperation movement led to a rift within the Congress, with some members criticizing her for being too radical. However, Besant remained committed to the cause of Indian self-rule and continued to advocate for independence throughout her career.
Overall, Annie Besant’s involvement in the Indian National Congress was an important part of her contribution to the Indian independence movement. She used her position to advance the cause of Indian self-rule and to challenge British colonial policies in India, paving the way for India’s eventual independence in 1947.
Annie Besant’s Role In The Formation Of The Swaraj Party:
Annie Besant played a significant role in the formation of the Swaraj Party, which was a political party in India that was founded in 1923 to advocate for Indian self-rule and to challenge British colonial policies.
Besant was initially a member of the Indian National Congress, but she became disillusioned with the organization’s policies and leadership. She believed that the Congress was too moderate in its approach to Indian self-rule and that more radical action was needed to achieve independence.
In 1916, Besant founded the All India Home Rule League, which was an organization that advocated for Indian self-rule and worked to mobilize support for the Indian independence movement. The league was a precursor to the Swaraj Party and played an important role in laying the groundwork for its formation.
In 1923, the Swaraj Party was officially founded by a group of Congress members who were dissatisfied with the organization’s policies. Besant was a key figure in the party’s formation and played an important role in shaping its ideology and agenda.
The Swaraj Party was committed to achieving Indian self-rule and worked to challenge British colonial policies through a variety of means, including parliamentary action, civil disobedience, and nonviolent resistance.
Overall, Annie Besant’s role in the formation of the Swaraj Party was an important part of her contribution to the Indian independence movement. She recognized the need for more radical action to achieve Indian self-rule and worked to build a political party that could advance that cause. The Swaraj Party became an important force in the struggle for Indian independence and paved the way for the eventual formation of an independent Indian state.
Awards And Recognition:
Annie Besant received several awards and recognitions throughout her lifetime for her contributions to various social and political causes. Some of the notable awards and recognitions she received are:
- Freedom of the City of Edinburgh: In 1894, Annie Besant was awarded the Freedom of the City of Edinburgh in Scotland in recognition of her work as a social reformer and political activist.
- Order of the Star of India: In 1917, Annie Besant was awarded the Order of the Star of India, which was one of the highest honors that could be conferred on a non-royal individual by the British Empire. She was awarded this honor for her contributions to Indian society and her work as a political activist.
- International Theosophical Society: In 1922, Annie Besant was elected as the International President of the Theosophical Society, which was a worldwide organization dedicated to the promotion of universal brotherhood and the study of comparative religion and philosophy.
- Indian independence movement: Annie Besant was widely respected and admired for her contributions to the Indian independence movement. She was considered one of the most prominent and influential women leaders of her time and was known for her strong advocacy of Indian self-rule.
- Women’s rights: Annie Besant was also recognized for her work in promoting women’s rights and gender equality. She was a vocal advocate for women’s suffrage and worked to advance the cause of women’s education and empowerment.
Overall, Annie Besant was widely respected and recognized for her contributions to various social and political causes throughout her lifetime. Her advocacy of Indian self-rule, women’s rights, and other progressive causes left a lasting impact on Indian society and the world at large.
Relation With Other Freedom Fighters:
Annie Besant had close relationships with many other prominent freedom fighters of her time. She worked closely with Indian nationalist leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, and Mahatma Gandhi, and was a member of the Indian National Congress.
Besant was also deeply involved in the Theosophical Society, and worked alongside other Theosophical leaders like Helena Blavatsky and Henry Olcott. She was instrumental in expanding the organization’s reach in India, and played a key role in establishing the society’s headquarters in Adyar, Chennai.
In addition to her work in India, Besant was also involved in the international movement for social justice and human rights. She was a member of the Fabian Society in England, and was involved in efforts to advance women’s suffrage and workers’ rights.
Besant’s relationships with other freedom fighters were marked by mutual respect and admiration, and her contributions to the Indian independence movement continue to be celebrated alongside those of her colleagues and contemporaries.
Illness And Death:
In the later years of her life, Annie Besant’s health began to decline. She suffered from heart problems and other ailments, which caused her to become increasingly frail and weak.
On September 20, 1933, Annie Besant passed away at the age of 85 in Adyar, Chennai. She was given a state funeral and her body was cremated according to Hindu customs. Her ashes were later scattered in the Bay of Bengal, off the coast of Chennai.
Annie Besant’s death was widely mourned in India and around the world, and she was remembered as a courageous and visionary leader who had dedicated her life to the cause of Indian self-rule and social justice. Her contributions to the Indian independence movement, women’s rights, and the Theosophical Society continue to be celebrated and remembered to this day.
Annie Besant was a remarkable figure in the Indian independence movement and a tireless advocate for social justice and human rights. She dedicated her life to the cause of Indian self-rule, women’s rights, and the Theosophical Society, and her contributions continue to be celebrated and remembered to this day.
Besant’s commitment to the Indian nationalist cause led her to work closely with many other prominent freedom fighters of her time, and her relationships with her colleagues were marked by mutual respect and admiration. Her legacy is a testament to the power of individual courage and conviction, and serves as an inspiration to all those who seek to create a more just and equitable society. | <urn:uuid:11f233ac-a06b-464c-8745-524a05681741> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://openblogpost.com/annie-besant-1847-1933-a-short-biography/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474775.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229003536-20240229033536-00329.warc.gz | en | 0.981874 | 3,451 | 3.859375 | 4 | [
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0.07832115143537521... | 1 | Annie Besant was a prominent British social reformer, women’s rights activist, and theosophist who played a significant role in India’s struggle for independence from British colonial rule. Born in 1847 in London, Besant was raised in a deeply religious family and developed a passion for social justice at an early age.
In the late 19th century, Besant became involved in theosophy, a spiritual movement that sought to promote universal brotherhood and the study of comparative religion. She quickly rose to prominence within the movement and became a close associate of the movement’s leader, Helena Blavatsky.
In 1893, Besant traveled to India for the first time and became deeply involved in Indian politics and social reform. She became a vocal advocate for Indian independence and worked closely with Indian nationalist leaders such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Gopal Krishna Gokhale.
Besant was also a strong advocate for women’s rights and played a key role in promoting the idea of women’s suffrage in India. She founded the Women’s Indian Association in 1917, which worked to promote women’s education, health, and political participation.
Throughout her life, Besant remained committed to the ideals of social justice and universal brotherhood, and her legacy continues to inspire generations of activists and reformers. Today, she is remembered as one of the most important figures in India’s struggle for independence and as a pioneer in the fight for women’s rights and social justice.
Other Names Of Annie Besant:
Here are some more details on the other names of Annie Besant:
- Annie Wood: This was Annie Besant’s name at birth. She was born on October 1, 1847, in London, England, as Annie Wood.
- Annie Besant-Besant: Annie Besant married Frank Besant in 1867 and took his surname, making her Annie Besant-Besant. However, the couple separated in 1873 and eventually divorced in 1878.
- Nitya: Annie Besant was introduced to Theosophy and the teachings of Helena Blavatsky in 1889. Blavatsky gave Besant the name “Nitya,” which means eternal, when Besant became a member of the Theosophical Society.
- Bhavani Shankar: After her conversion to Hinduism in 1893, Annie Besant took on the Hindu name “Bhavani Shankar.” She also wore Indian clothing and became a prominent advocate for Indian independence and culture.
- Kamala: Annie Besant was also known by the name “Kamala” in her later years. She took on this name when she joined the Order of the Star in the East, a spiritual organization founded by Jiddu Krishnamurti.
Nicknames Of Annie Besant:
Annie Besant had several nicknames throughout her life, including:
- Red Annie: This was a nickname given to Annie Besant because of her fiery red hair and her radical political views. She was known for her outspokenness and her advocacy for women’s rights and workers’ rights.
- Atheist Besant: This nickname was given to Annie Besant because of her early rejection of Christianity and her advocacy for secularism and rationalism.
- Diamond Jubilee Star: This nickname was given to Annie Besant by the Indian press in honor of her 75th birthday in 1922. She had become a prominent figure in the Indian nationalist movement and was widely respected for her advocacy for Indian independence and her efforts to promote Indian culture and education.
- Grand Old Lady of India: Annie Besant was also known by this nickname because of her long and illustrious career as a social reformer and political activist in India. She had become a beloved figure in the Indian nationalist movement and was widely regarded as a pioneer in the fight for women’s rights and social justice.
Annie Besant’s father was a clergyman in the Church of England, and her mother died when Annie was just five years old. Annie was raised by her father, who gave her a thorough education in languages, literature, and science.
Annie was a brilliant student and excelled in her studies. However, she was also a free thinker and rebelled against the strict religious beliefs of her father and the Church of England. At the age of 19, she married Frank Besant, a clergyman, but their marriage was unhappy and they eventually separated.
After leaving her husband, Annie became involved in the women’s rights movement and the campaign for birth control. She also began to question her Christian beliefs and became an atheist. In 1874, she met the social reformer Charles Bradlaugh, who became her mentor and encouraged her to become a political activist. Together, they founded the National Secular Society, which advocated for secularism and rationalism.
Annie Besant’s early life was marked by her fierce independence and her commitment to social justice and political activism. These values would guide her throughout her life and shape her role as a prominent leader in the women’s rights and social reform movements.
Annie Besant was largely self-taught, as her father provided her with an extensive education in languages, literature, and science. She was a voracious reader and spent much of her youth studying the works of philosophers, scientists, and social reformers.
Despite her lack of formal education, Annie was able to gain entry to London University, where she studied mathematics, logic, and political economy. She excelled in her studies and was awarded a gold medal for her work in mathematics.
Annie’s education was not limited to academic subjects. She also learned about the struggles of working-class people and became involved in social reform movements. Her experiences working with the poor and marginalized would inspire her later work as a political activist and advocate for social justice.
Throughout her life, Annie continued to learn and expand her knowledge. She studied Eastern religions and philosophies and became a prominent advocate for Indian independence and the revival of Indian culture. She also became involved in Theosophy, a spiritual movement that sought to unite the wisdom of all religions and traditions.
Annie Besant was born to William Burton, a middle-class stockbroker, and Emily Morris, who died when Annie was only five years old. Her father remarried and Annie was sent to live with her maternal grandparents in the town of Harrow, on the outskirts of London.
Annie’s grandfather was a retired army officer who became a wealthy businessman, and he provided her with a comfortable upbringing. However, she had a difficult relationship with her grandmother, who was strict and religious.
In 1867, Annie married Frank Besant, a clergyman who shared her interest in social reform. The couple had two children, but their marriage was unhappy and they eventually separated. Annie was granted custody of their children, which was unusual for the time, and she supported them by working as a writer and editor.
Annie’s family history played a significant role in shaping her beliefs and values. Her grandfather’s military background and business success instilled in her a sense of discipline and ambition, while her grandmother’s religious fervor inspired her to question traditional beliefs and seek out new ideas. Her unhappy marriage and struggle to support her children as a single mother also gave her a deep empathy for the struggles of working-class women and children.
Annie Besant Contribution To India’s Struggle For Independence:
Annie Besant made significant contributions to India’s struggle for independence. She became a staunch supporter of Indian self-rule and worked tirelessly to advance the cause of Indian independence through her political and social activism.
In addition to her role in the formation of the Swaraj Party, Besant also played a key role in the Indian National Congress. She served as the president of the Congress in 1917 and used her position to advocate for Indian self-rule and to challenge British colonial policies in India.
Besant was also a vocal supporter of Indian education and worked to establish schools and colleges that would provide quality education to Indian students. She believed that education was the key to India’s progress and worked to promote Indian culture and heritage through the educational system.
Besant was also known for her support of Indian workers and laborers. She fought for workers’ rights and demanded better working conditions for Indian laborers.
Perhaps Besant’s most significant contribution to the Indian independence movement was her role in the Theosophical Society. She became a prominent member of the Society and used its platform to promote Indian spirituality and culture. The Society became a rallying point for Indian nationalists and played a significant role in mobilizing support for Indian independence.
Overall, Annie Besant’s contributions to India’s struggle for independence were significant and far-reaching. She was a powerful advocate for Indian self-rule and worked tirelessly to advance the cause of Indian independence through her political and social activism.
Annie Besant And The Indian National Congress:
Annie Besant was deeply involved in the Indian National Congress (INC) and played an important role in the organization’s history. She joined the Congress in 1914 and became the president of the organization in 1917, becoming the first woman to hold that position.
As the president of the Congress, Besant advocated for Indian self-rule and challenged British colonial policies in India. She played an important role in mobilizing support for the Indian independence movement and used her position to raise awareness of the plight of Indian workers and laborers.
Besant’s presidency of the Congress was marked by her support for the non-cooperation movement, which was a strategy of nonviolent resistance against British colonial rule in India. She encouraged Indians to boycott British goods and institutions, and she herself was arrested several times for her involvement in the movement.
Besant’s support for the non-cooperation movement led to a rift within the Congress, with some members criticizing her for being too radical. However, Besant remained committed to the cause of Indian self-rule and continued to advocate for independence throughout her career.
Overall, Annie Besant’s involvement in the Indian National Congress was an important part of her contribution to the Indian independence movement. She used her position to advance the cause of Indian self-rule and to challenge British colonial policies in India, paving the way for India’s eventual independence in 1947.
Annie Besant’s Role In The Formation Of The Swaraj Party:
Annie Besant played a significant role in the formation of the Swaraj Party, which was a political party in India that was founded in 1923 to advocate for Indian self-rule and to challenge British colonial policies.
Besant was initially a member of the Indian National Congress, but she became disillusioned with the organization’s policies and leadership. She believed that the Congress was too moderate in its approach to Indian self-rule and that more radical action was needed to achieve independence.
In 1916, Besant founded the All India Home Rule League, which was an organization that advocated for Indian self-rule and worked to mobilize support for the Indian independence movement. The league was a precursor to the Swaraj Party and played an important role in laying the groundwork for its formation.
In 1923, the Swaraj Party was officially founded by a group of Congress members who were dissatisfied with the organization’s policies. Besant was a key figure in the party’s formation and played an important role in shaping its ideology and agenda.
The Swaraj Party was committed to achieving Indian self-rule and worked to challenge British colonial policies through a variety of means, including parliamentary action, civil disobedience, and nonviolent resistance.
Overall, Annie Besant’s role in the formation of the Swaraj Party was an important part of her contribution to the Indian independence movement. She recognized the need for more radical action to achieve Indian self-rule and worked to build a political party that could advance that cause. The Swaraj Party became an important force in the struggle for Indian independence and paved the way for the eventual formation of an independent Indian state.
Awards And Recognition:
Annie Besant received several awards and recognitions throughout her lifetime for her contributions to various social and political causes. Some of the notable awards and recognitions she received are:
- Freedom of the City of Edinburgh: In 1894, Annie Besant was awarded the Freedom of the City of Edinburgh in Scotland in recognition of her work as a social reformer and political activist.
- Order of the Star of India: In 1917, Annie Besant was awarded the Order of the Star of India, which was one of the highest honors that could be conferred on a non-royal individual by the British Empire. She was awarded this honor for her contributions to Indian society and her work as a political activist.
- International Theosophical Society: In 1922, Annie Besant was elected as the International President of the Theosophical Society, which was a worldwide organization dedicated to the promotion of universal brotherhood and the study of comparative religion and philosophy.
- Indian independence movement: Annie Besant was widely respected and admired for her contributions to the Indian independence movement. She was considered one of the most prominent and influential women leaders of her time and was known for her strong advocacy of Indian self-rule.
- Women’s rights: Annie Besant was also recognized for her work in promoting women’s rights and gender equality. She was a vocal advocate for women’s suffrage and worked to advance the cause of women’s education and empowerment.
Overall, Annie Besant was widely respected and recognized for her contributions to various social and political causes throughout her lifetime. Her advocacy of Indian self-rule, women’s rights, and other progressive causes left a lasting impact on Indian society and the world at large.
Relation With Other Freedom Fighters:
Annie Besant had close relationships with many other prominent freedom fighters of her time. She worked closely with Indian nationalist leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, and Mahatma Gandhi, and was a member of the Indian National Congress.
Besant was also deeply involved in the Theosophical Society, and worked alongside other Theosophical leaders like Helena Blavatsky and Henry Olcott. She was instrumental in expanding the organization’s reach in India, and played a key role in establishing the society’s headquarters in Adyar, Chennai.
In addition to her work in India, Besant was also involved in the international movement for social justice and human rights. She was a member of the Fabian Society in England, and was involved in efforts to advance women’s suffrage and workers’ rights.
Besant’s relationships with other freedom fighters were marked by mutual respect and admiration, and her contributions to the Indian independence movement continue to be celebrated alongside those of her colleagues and contemporaries.
Illness And Death:
In the later years of her life, Annie Besant’s health began to decline. She suffered from heart problems and other ailments, which caused her to become increasingly frail and weak.
On September 20, 1933, Annie Besant passed away at the age of 85 in Adyar, Chennai. She was given a state funeral and her body was cremated according to Hindu customs. Her ashes were later scattered in the Bay of Bengal, off the coast of Chennai.
Annie Besant’s death was widely mourned in India and around the world, and she was remembered as a courageous and visionary leader who had dedicated her life to the cause of Indian self-rule and social justice. Her contributions to the Indian independence movement, women’s rights, and the Theosophical Society continue to be celebrated and remembered to this day.
Annie Besant was a remarkable figure in the Indian independence movement and a tireless advocate for social justice and human rights. She dedicated her life to the cause of Indian self-rule, women’s rights, and the Theosophical Society, and her contributions continue to be celebrated and remembered to this day.
Besant’s commitment to the Indian nationalist cause led her to work closely with many other prominent freedom fighters of her time, and her relationships with her colleagues were marked by mutual respect and admiration. Her legacy is a testament to the power of individual courage and conviction, and serves as an inspiration to all those who seek to create a more just and equitable society. | 3,337 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Teachers have been striving to make their curriculum more fully reflect the history of all members of a community, to tell the stories not only of kings and generals, but of the young and the old, women and men, and those with both extraordinary and ordinary abilities and challenges. The lesson added to our resource library this week is an example of how to bring this perspective to the study of the Ancient World, using the words of writers at that time, as well as images of artifacts, and drawing comparisons with examples from U.S.
King Tutankhamun was a pharaoh who became a leader at age 9. His tomb is a rich source of art and information about the time in which he lived. He was also a leader with a physical disability. | <urn:uuid:768d5042-dedb-4eb7-8ec6-cb4beb3d9773> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | http://www.emergingamerica.org/taxonomy/term/105 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474669.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226225941-20240227015941-00670.warc.gz | en | 0.980184 | 153 | 3.78125 | 4 | [
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0.3913545012474... | 1 | Teachers have been striving to make their curriculum more fully reflect the history of all members of a community, to tell the stories not only of kings and generals, but of the young and the old, women and men, and those with both extraordinary and ordinary abilities and challenges. The lesson added to our resource library this week is an example of how to bring this perspective to the study of the Ancient World, using the words of writers at that time, as well as images of artifacts, and drawing comparisons with examples from U.S.
King Tutankhamun was a pharaoh who became a leader at age 9. His tomb is a rich source of art and information about the time in which he lived. He was also a leader with a physical disability. | 151 | ENGLISH | 1 |
When did humans first start creating images? When was the first time we understood the tangible meaning of images? A question often comes up, how we made this conceptual leap towards a more balanced visually oriented society and culture, which is our modern culture? Was it all so easy and fast or things were balanced and gradual.
This program investigates when, how and why humanity went through so many changes. Archaeologists often refer to this entire phase and process as a creative explosion which led to the invention of creative Pictorial art. It all started with the famous cave paintings in Spain, this documentary film addresses several questions on the related issues. Questions that are related to the emergence of the famous Paleolithic art – about the idea which involves recognition and creation of images is actually a learned human behavior, something which is not inherent.
This interesting program moves through the rock paintings of South Africa and then through the many stone monuments in Turkey, which is overall a very rich experience for the art lovers. The program talks about paintings are often linked to many rituals which successfully increased the chances of a successful hunt. In the recent times, archaeology has been able to show how animals were depicted and how they were not eaten by the people of that time. This documentary talks about the many paintings of that time, how they made an impact and also how difficult it was to reach some of the many paintings which existed in caves. A richly and aesthetically made documentary which is a must watch for everyone! This is a part of the series: How Art Made The World. (The Day Pictures Were Born, DVD, 47minutes) | <urn:uuid:0742f8d0-2cfc-4568-b28f-2f5cff967eb4> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.madisonartshop.com/40675.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475727.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302020802-20240302050802-00094.warc.gz | en | 0.985716 | 324 | 3.796875 | 4 | [
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0.521263420581... | 1 | When did humans first start creating images? When was the first time we understood the tangible meaning of images? A question often comes up, how we made this conceptual leap towards a more balanced visually oriented society and culture, which is our modern culture? Was it all so easy and fast or things were balanced and gradual.
This program investigates when, how and why humanity went through so many changes. Archaeologists often refer to this entire phase and process as a creative explosion which led to the invention of creative Pictorial art. It all started with the famous cave paintings in Spain, this documentary film addresses several questions on the related issues. Questions that are related to the emergence of the famous Paleolithic art – about the idea which involves recognition and creation of images is actually a learned human behavior, something which is not inherent.
This interesting program moves through the rock paintings of South Africa and then through the many stone monuments in Turkey, which is overall a very rich experience for the art lovers. The program talks about paintings are often linked to many rituals which successfully increased the chances of a successful hunt. In the recent times, archaeology has been able to show how animals were depicted and how they were not eaten by the people of that time. This documentary talks about the many paintings of that time, how they made an impact and also how difficult it was to reach some of the many paintings which existed in caves. A richly and aesthetically made documentary which is a must watch for everyone! This is a part of the series: How Art Made The World. (The Day Pictures Were Born, DVD, 47minutes) | 325 | ENGLISH | 1 |
In 1959, the Colonial Government of Kenya set up a Working Party to recommend suitable measures to promote the development of smallholder tea cultivation in the country. Tea was a relatively new agricultural crop in Kenya, having been introduced in the country only in the 1920s. 1 British tea companies, which had made their fortunes in India and Ceylon, were responsible for the commercial development of tea in Kenya and the rest of East Africa. In India, tea cultivation on a commercial basis had begun in the early part of the 19th century. Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and 3ava (Indonesia) had also tea estates by the late 19th century. Compared to these South Asian countries, Kenya had relatively limited experience in tea growing and tea trade. | <urn:uuid:5e8bb9be-fb83-493a-a076-f218ee29d4f2> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://uat.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9780429049255-4/kenya-smallholder-tea-development-program-samuel-paul?context=ubx&refId=347b41f3-f9de-4e12-835a-872b91aba5a1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476205.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303043351-20240303073351-00792.warc.gz | en | 0.98 | 151 | 3.515625 | 4 | [
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0.4486428201198578... | 1 | In 1959, the Colonial Government of Kenya set up a Working Party to recommend suitable measures to promote the development of smallholder tea cultivation in the country. Tea was a relatively new agricultural crop in Kenya, having been introduced in the country only in the 1920s. 1 British tea companies, which had made their fortunes in India and Ceylon, were responsible for the commercial development of tea in Kenya and the rest of East Africa. In India, tea cultivation on a commercial basis had begun in the early part of the 19th century. Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and 3ava (Indonesia) had also tea estates by the late 19th century. Compared to these South Asian countries, Kenya had relatively limited experience in tea growing and tea trade. | 166 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Some extra relevant information:
During the English Civil War, the New Model Army was established by the Parliament. This formidable military force played a crucial role in the conflict, emerging as a highly disciplined and professional army. The commander of the New Model Army was none other than Sir Thomas Fairfax.
Sir Thomas Fairfax was a skilled and experienced military leader who had previously fought in several battles during the early stages of the civil war. He was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the New Model Army in June 1645. Fairfax was chosen for this role due to his proven leadership abilities, strategic prowess, and his reputation as a fair and respected officer.
Under Fairfax’s command, the New Model Army went through significant reforms that transformed it into a formidable fighting force. The army was reorganized into a disciplined, professional unit with strict codes of conduct and training. These reforms, coupled with Fairfax’s leadership and the appointment of Oliver Cromwell as his second-in-command, greatly enhanced the army’s effectiveness on the battlefield.
Fairfax and the New Model Army achieved a series of notable victories against the Royalist forces, most notably the decisive Battle of Naseby in 1645. This victory marked a turning point in the civil war and paved the way for Parliament’s eventual triumph.
Despite his military achievements, Fairfax remained a moderate figure and was known for his efforts to minimize civilian casualties and protect property during the war. After the conflict, he played a crucial role in the trial of King Charles I and advocated for leniency, although he eventually retired from public life.
In summary, the New Model Army during the English Civil War was commanded by Sir Thomas Fairfax. His leadership, along with the army’s disciplined structure and training, played a vital role in Parliament’s victory over the Royalists. | <urn:uuid:9749ed1a-b580-4747-be76-e2d1a9e1b031> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://rokanswers.com/who-commanded-the-new-army-founded-by-parliament-during-the-english-civil-war/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476413.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304033910-20240304063910-00624.warc.gz | en | 0.982983 | 375 | 3.671875 | 4 | [
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0.3782845437... | 1 | Some extra relevant information:
During the English Civil War, the New Model Army was established by the Parliament. This formidable military force played a crucial role in the conflict, emerging as a highly disciplined and professional army. The commander of the New Model Army was none other than Sir Thomas Fairfax.
Sir Thomas Fairfax was a skilled and experienced military leader who had previously fought in several battles during the early stages of the civil war. He was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the New Model Army in June 1645. Fairfax was chosen for this role due to his proven leadership abilities, strategic prowess, and his reputation as a fair and respected officer.
Under Fairfax’s command, the New Model Army went through significant reforms that transformed it into a formidable fighting force. The army was reorganized into a disciplined, professional unit with strict codes of conduct and training. These reforms, coupled with Fairfax’s leadership and the appointment of Oliver Cromwell as his second-in-command, greatly enhanced the army’s effectiveness on the battlefield.
Fairfax and the New Model Army achieved a series of notable victories against the Royalist forces, most notably the decisive Battle of Naseby in 1645. This victory marked a turning point in the civil war and paved the way for Parliament’s eventual triumph.
Despite his military achievements, Fairfax remained a moderate figure and was known for his efforts to minimize civilian casualties and protect property during the war. After the conflict, he played a crucial role in the trial of King Charles I and advocated for leniency, although he eventually retired from public life.
In summary, the New Model Army during the English Civil War was commanded by Sir Thomas Fairfax. His leadership, along with the army’s disciplined structure and training, played a vital role in Parliament’s victory over the Royalists. | 360 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Volume 9, pages 23-26, 1924
SOME UNUSUAL SPECIMENS OF "FLOAT" COPPER1
EDWARD H. KRAUS, University of Michigan
In August 1923, the Mineralogical Laboratory of the University of Michigan received a large mass of native copper from the copper district in the northern part of Michigan which proved not only of interest to mineralogists but also of great importance to American archaeologists. The specimen was obtained through the efforts of Dr. L. L. Hubbard of Houghton, Michigan, formerly state geologist of Michigan and latterly, for many years, a regent of the University. It was found as float material, that is, loose in the soil and hence is referred to as "float" copper.
The specimen was uncovered about two years ago by Mr. John Gaspardo while plowing on his farm located about two and a quarter miles in a northwesterly direction from the Franklin Mine, in Houghton County, Michigan. When found it was covered by about six inches of soil. It is thirty-two inches wide and forty-two inches long. Its greatest thickness is about six inches. It weighs 483 pounds.
When the specimen was received at the laboratory it was at once observed that the side then exposed to view not only showed all the characteristics of float copper, which had long been subjected to the oxidizing and hydrating agencies of the soil, but also that it had been well glaciated. The glaciation is clearly shown by the striations which extend lengthwise across the specimen. They are especially well seen in what will be called the upper portion of the specimen. Furthermore, the edges of what may be termed the lower portion are well rounded while the upper edges are not. In this way the direction of the ice movement across the slab of copper is clearly indicated, namely from the lower to the upper portion. The glaciation antedated exposure to oxidation and hydration in the soil for the striations underlie the cuprite and malachite crusts, which were undoubtedly formed after the specimen became lodged in the soil where it was found.
As soon as evidences of glaciation were observed it was at once decided to have the specimen photographed from various angles in order to show the glaciation to the best advantage. In developing one of the negatives it was observed that the specimen, which is quite large and on account of its weight not easily handled and therefore had been studied at very close range while it was lying flat on the floor, was actually in the form of a large Indian head. The outline is distinctly that of an Indian chieftain with headdress, (Fig. 2).
FIG. 1. FIG. 2.
That this specimen of native copper was actually worked by primitive man is clearly seen on the reverse side (Fig. 1). Here it is obvious that the original edges have been pounded over, especially on the nose, forehead, and certain portions of the headgear. This, of course, was done to improve the outline. Undoubtedly the original shape of the specimen attracted the attention of the Indians who saw in it the rough outline of a chieftain's head with elaborate head-dress but not being entirely satisfied with its appearance improved it by turning over the edges, as indicated above.
The position and unusual sharpness of the eye slit clearly indicate that it is also the work of man. It may be that a natural depression or small crack served as a basis for the slit. The well preserved character and prominence of the slit are rather conclusive evidence that this work could not have been done in pre-glacial times for glaciation would obviously have obliterated much of the opening. At any rate the slit would not be as well defined as it is. The accentuating of the profile is, therefore, clearly post-glacial. For reasons given above, the movement of the ice was undoubtedly from the lower, or chin portion, across the face toward the top and from the lower, or chin portion, across the face toward the upper part of the head and headgear.
Figs. 3 and 4 Fig. 5
It is suggested that this unusual specimen of native copper, after having been fashioned as described, was either set up in the wigwam of the chieftain of a prehistoric tribe inhabiting the copper district of Michigan, or it may have been mounted as a totem in some prominent place in the tribal village. Later on, when the tribe moved away, the specimen was left behind on account of its weight, and in due time became dislodged and sank into the soil where it was found about two years ago.
In confirmation of the suggestion that the locality, from which this Indian head was obtained, was formerly the scene of a prehistoric village, it is of interest to report that in October 1923, four other but very much smaller specimens of native copper, also "float" material, were obtained from the same place. These specimens are in the shape of implements. One of them is an axe head or tomahawk (Fig. 4). It is eight and a quarter inches long and five and a half inches in the widest part. Another specimen apparently was used as a hammer head. It is six and a half inches long and three and a half inches at the base (Fig. 3). A third specimen was probably a primitive hoe or perhaps a crude plowshare (Fig. 5). Its average length is about eight inches. It measures six inches in the widest portion and tapers to a blunt point. Near the top it has been notched at both edges apparently for the purpose of tying it to a handle or some support. . The fourth specimen is circular in outline, rather flat on one side and more convex on the other (Fig. 6). It measures nine inches in diameter and has a maximum thickness of two and a quarter inches. The edge is partly blunt and partly quite sharp. The use to which this implement was put is not clear but it is thought that it may have been employed to crush grain by rocking it back and forth as is done at present by some primitive tribes in other parts of the world.
The first three implements referred to are rather rough. They have not been well pounded out. Hence they are very crude when compared with many of the copper implements previously found which have a much more finished appearance. It is suggested that these specimens represent either partially finished products or, what to my mind appears to be more probable, very early attempts on the part of primitive man in the Lake Superior district to shape native copper into implement forms.
1 Read before the Mineralogical Society of America at the Washington meeting, December 29, 1923. | <urn:uuid:2f3bb1a9-f487-4960-b7d7-5693deea0d13> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | http://www.minsocam.org/msa/collectors_corner/arc/float_cu.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476592.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304232829-20240305022829-00690.warc.gz | en | 0.982611 | 1,365 | 3.28125 | 3 | [
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0.34547191858291626... | 1 | Volume 9, pages 23-26, 1924
SOME UNUSUAL SPECIMENS OF "FLOAT" COPPER1
EDWARD H. KRAUS, University of Michigan
In August 1923, the Mineralogical Laboratory of the University of Michigan received a large mass of native copper from the copper district in the northern part of Michigan which proved not only of interest to mineralogists but also of great importance to American archaeologists. The specimen was obtained through the efforts of Dr. L. L. Hubbard of Houghton, Michigan, formerly state geologist of Michigan and latterly, for many years, a regent of the University. It was found as float material, that is, loose in the soil and hence is referred to as "float" copper.
The specimen was uncovered about two years ago by Mr. John Gaspardo while plowing on his farm located about two and a quarter miles in a northwesterly direction from the Franklin Mine, in Houghton County, Michigan. When found it was covered by about six inches of soil. It is thirty-two inches wide and forty-two inches long. Its greatest thickness is about six inches. It weighs 483 pounds.
When the specimen was received at the laboratory it was at once observed that the side then exposed to view not only showed all the characteristics of float copper, which had long been subjected to the oxidizing and hydrating agencies of the soil, but also that it had been well glaciated. The glaciation is clearly shown by the striations which extend lengthwise across the specimen. They are especially well seen in what will be called the upper portion of the specimen. Furthermore, the edges of what may be termed the lower portion are well rounded while the upper edges are not. In this way the direction of the ice movement across the slab of copper is clearly indicated, namely from the lower to the upper portion. The glaciation antedated exposure to oxidation and hydration in the soil for the striations underlie the cuprite and malachite crusts, which were undoubtedly formed after the specimen became lodged in the soil where it was found.
As soon as evidences of glaciation were observed it was at once decided to have the specimen photographed from various angles in order to show the glaciation to the best advantage. In developing one of the negatives it was observed that the specimen, which is quite large and on account of its weight not easily handled and therefore had been studied at very close range while it was lying flat on the floor, was actually in the form of a large Indian head. The outline is distinctly that of an Indian chieftain with headdress, (Fig. 2).
FIG. 1. FIG. 2.
That this specimen of native copper was actually worked by primitive man is clearly seen on the reverse side (Fig. 1). Here it is obvious that the original edges have been pounded over, especially on the nose, forehead, and certain portions of the headgear. This, of course, was done to improve the outline. Undoubtedly the original shape of the specimen attracted the attention of the Indians who saw in it the rough outline of a chieftain's head with elaborate head-dress but not being entirely satisfied with its appearance improved it by turning over the edges, as indicated above.
The position and unusual sharpness of the eye slit clearly indicate that it is also the work of man. It may be that a natural depression or small crack served as a basis for the slit. The well preserved character and prominence of the slit are rather conclusive evidence that this work could not have been done in pre-glacial times for glaciation would obviously have obliterated much of the opening. At any rate the slit would not be as well defined as it is. The accentuating of the profile is, therefore, clearly post-glacial. For reasons given above, the movement of the ice was undoubtedly from the lower, or chin portion, across the face toward the top and from the lower, or chin portion, across the face toward the upper part of the head and headgear.
Figs. 3 and 4 Fig. 5
It is suggested that this unusual specimen of native copper, after having been fashioned as described, was either set up in the wigwam of the chieftain of a prehistoric tribe inhabiting the copper district of Michigan, or it may have been mounted as a totem in some prominent place in the tribal village. Later on, when the tribe moved away, the specimen was left behind on account of its weight, and in due time became dislodged and sank into the soil where it was found about two years ago.
In confirmation of the suggestion that the locality, from which this Indian head was obtained, was formerly the scene of a prehistoric village, it is of interest to report that in October 1923, four other but very much smaller specimens of native copper, also "float" material, were obtained from the same place. These specimens are in the shape of implements. One of them is an axe head or tomahawk (Fig. 4). It is eight and a quarter inches long and five and a half inches in the widest part. Another specimen apparently was used as a hammer head. It is six and a half inches long and three and a half inches at the base (Fig. 3). A third specimen was probably a primitive hoe or perhaps a crude plowshare (Fig. 5). Its average length is about eight inches. It measures six inches in the widest portion and tapers to a blunt point. Near the top it has been notched at both edges apparently for the purpose of tying it to a handle or some support. . The fourth specimen is circular in outline, rather flat on one side and more convex on the other (Fig. 6). It measures nine inches in diameter and has a maximum thickness of two and a quarter inches. The edge is partly blunt and partly quite sharp. The use to which this implement was put is not clear but it is thought that it may have been employed to crush grain by rocking it back and forth as is done at present by some primitive tribes in other parts of the world.
The first three implements referred to are rather rough. They have not been well pounded out. Hence they are very crude when compared with many of the copper implements previously found which have a much more finished appearance. It is suggested that these specimens represent either partially finished products or, what to my mind appears to be more probable, very early attempts on the part of primitive man in the Lake Superior district to shape native copper into implement forms.
1 Read before the Mineralogical Society of America at the Washington meeting, December 29, 1923. | 1,389 | ENGLISH | 1 |
As other answers have said, life changed dramatically and became much for the worse for Native Americans after the arrival of the Europeans. First, the Native American population was rapidly reduced by the introduction of European diseases for which the people had no immunity, such as smallpox, cholera, bubonic plague,...
and whooping cough. Some estimates run as high as a ninety percent mortality rate among some tribes—a devastating figure.
These very high death rates had a disruptive effect on Native American societies, and this was followed by having to contend with increasing numbers of foreigners who possessed a superior weapons technology and yet little to no understanding of native cultures. Native Americans had to adapt to survive, and they did so in a number of ways, which included merging tribes, attacking settlers, allying with one group of settlers against another, entering into treaties with Europeans, and adopting Western technologies when feasible. Other survival attempts, once the United States was established, including petitioning Congress or the White House for redress of grievances and trying to persuade people in power that their native cultures were behaving according to white expectations.
Another devastating effect on Native Americans were forced relocations from their ancestral lands. Not only did many people die due to the rigors of the journeys, but cultural trauma followed, especially as most Native American religions were tied to a particular piece of land whose gods were understood to offer protection to that group only so long as they remained there.
Culture clash did not go well for the Native Americans, who were badly outnumbered by hostile invaders with lethal technologies and a vastly different idea of social organization. | <urn:uuid:14602501-00ac-47cb-8be7-2944f768c01d> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.enotes.com/topics/history/questions/how-did-life-change-for-native-americans-from-530667 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474843.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229134901-20240229164901-00758.warc.gz | en | 0.982283 | 320 | 3.71875 | 4 | [
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-0.10737134... | 1 | As other answers have said, life changed dramatically and became much for the worse for Native Americans after the arrival of the Europeans. First, the Native American population was rapidly reduced by the introduction of European diseases for which the people had no immunity, such as smallpox, cholera, bubonic plague,...
and whooping cough. Some estimates run as high as a ninety percent mortality rate among some tribes—a devastating figure.
These very high death rates had a disruptive effect on Native American societies, and this was followed by having to contend with increasing numbers of foreigners who possessed a superior weapons technology and yet little to no understanding of native cultures. Native Americans had to adapt to survive, and they did so in a number of ways, which included merging tribes, attacking settlers, allying with one group of settlers against another, entering into treaties with Europeans, and adopting Western technologies when feasible. Other survival attempts, once the United States was established, including petitioning Congress or the White House for redress of grievances and trying to persuade people in power that their native cultures were behaving according to white expectations.
Another devastating effect on Native Americans were forced relocations from their ancestral lands. Not only did many people die due to the rigors of the journeys, but cultural trauma followed, especially as most Native American religions were tied to a particular piece of land whose gods were understood to offer protection to that group only so long as they remained there.
Culture clash did not go well for the Native Americans, who were badly outnumbered by hostile invaders with lethal technologies and a vastly different idea of social organization. | 316 | ENGLISH | 1 |
While the Congress was in the thick of battle, the Third Round Table Conference met in London in November 1932, once again without the leaders of the Congress.
Its discussions eventually led to the passing of the Government of India Act of 1935. The Act provided for the establishment of an All India Federation and a new system of government for the provinces on the basis of provincial autonomy.
The federation was to be based on union ofthe provinces of British India and the princely states. There was to be a bicameral federal legislature in which the states were given disproportionate weight age. Moreover, the representatives of the states were not to be elected by the people, but appointed directly by the rulers.
Only 14 per cent of the total population in British India was given the right to vote. Even this legislature, in which the princes were once again to be used to check and counter the nationalist elements, was denied any real Power.
Defense and foreign affairs remained outside its control, while the Governor-General retained special control over the other subjects.
The Governor-General and the Governors were to be appointed by the British government and were to be responsible to it. In the provinces, local power was increased. Ministers responsible to the provincial assemblies were to control all departments of provincial administration.
But the Governors were given special powers. They could veto legislative action and legislate on their own. Moreover, they retained full control over the civil service and the police.
The Act could not satisfy the nationalist aspiration for both political and economic power continued to be concentrated in the hands of the British government.
Foreign rule was to continue as before; only a few popularly elected ministers were to be added to the structure of British administration in India. The Congress condemned the Act as “totally disappointing”.
The federal part of the Act was never introduced but the provincial part was soon put into operation. Bitterly opposed to the Act though the Congress was, it decided to contest the elections under the new Act of 193 5, though with the declared aim of showing how unpopular the Act was.
The whirlwind election campaign of the Congress met with massive popular response, even though Gandhiji did not address a single election meeting.
The elections, held in February 1937, conclusively demonstrated that a large majority of Indian people supported the Congress which swept the polls in most of the provinces.
Congress ministries were formed in July 1937 in seven out of eleven provinces. Later, Congress formed coalition governments in two others.
Only Bengal and Punjab had non-Congress ministries. Punjab was ruled by the Unionist Party and Bengal by a coalition of the Krishak Praja Party and the Muslim League. | <urn:uuid:1a9524fe-7139-49e0-9248-af4ac90d9658> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.preservearticles.com/sample-essay/essay-on-the-government-of-india-act-1935/11207 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473690.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222030017-20240222060017-00880.warc.gz | en | 0.980979 | 542 | 3.8125 | 4 | [
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0.2185572087764... | 1 | While the Congress was in the thick of battle, the Third Round Table Conference met in London in November 1932, once again without the leaders of the Congress.
Its discussions eventually led to the passing of the Government of India Act of 1935. The Act provided for the establishment of an All India Federation and a new system of government for the provinces on the basis of provincial autonomy.
The federation was to be based on union ofthe provinces of British India and the princely states. There was to be a bicameral federal legislature in which the states were given disproportionate weight age. Moreover, the representatives of the states were not to be elected by the people, but appointed directly by the rulers.
Only 14 per cent of the total population in British India was given the right to vote. Even this legislature, in which the princes were once again to be used to check and counter the nationalist elements, was denied any real Power.
Defense and foreign affairs remained outside its control, while the Governor-General retained special control over the other subjects.
The Governor-General and the Governors were to be appointed by the British government and were to be responsible to it. In the provinces, local power was increased. Ministers responsible to the provincial assemblies were to control all departments of provincial administration.
But the Governors were given special powers. They could veto legislative action and legislate on their own. Moreover, they retained full control over the civil service and the police.
The Act could not satisfy the nationalist aspiration for both political and economic power continued to be concentrated in the hands of the British government.
Foreign rule was to continue as before; only a few popularly elected ministers were to be added to the structure of British administration in India. The Congress condemned the Act as “totally disappointing”.
The federal part of the Act was never introduced but the provincial part was soon put into operation. Bitterly opposed to the Act though the Congress was, it decided to contest the elections under the new Act of 193 5, though with the declared aim of showing how unpopular the Act was.
The whirlwind election campaign of the Congress met with massive popular response, even though Gandhiji did not address a single election meeting.
The elections, held in February 1937, conclusively demonstrated that a large majority of Indian people supported the Congress which swept the polls in most of the provinces.
Congress ministries were formed in July 1937 in seven out of eleven provinces. Later, Congress formed coalition governments in two others.
Only Bengal and Punjab had non-Congress ministries. Punjab was ruled by the Unionist Party and Bengal by a coalition of the Krishak Praja Party and the Muslim League. | 548 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Page in Japanese
|Click the pictures, hear them talk!
|"What do you think of .?"
by Richard Graham
What do you think of this?
What do you think of this?
I think it's good!
(I think it's good)
I think it's great!
(I think it's great)
I think it's cool!
(I think it's cool)
I think it's excellent!
(I think it's excellent!)
What do you think of him?
What do you think of him?
I think he's good!
(I think he's good)
I think he's great!
(I think he's great)
I think he's cool!
(I think he's cool)
I think he's excellent!
(I think he's excellent!)
What do you think of her?
What do you think of her?
I think she's good!
(I think she's good)
I think she's great!
(I think she's great)
I think she's cool!
(I think she's cool)
I think she's excellent!
(I think she's excellent!)
There are a few themes to do before this lesson:
1. How are you? Lesson (so you have things like "I'm happy", "I'm good" etc,)
2. Pronouns Lesson (to then get things like "He's happy", "She's hungry" etc.)
3. "Look at me!" lesson ot learn me/ him/her etc.
4. Then it is easy to do this lesson so you can get the kids to say things like "I think he's hungry, but she thinks we're tired!" - which is a pretty great accomplishment for 4 hours of lessons!
To introduce the theme I show my iphone then ask in the kids' language "What do you think of this?" to which someone will say something like "good" So you can introduce the phrase "I think it's ...." and then the next words in the song, "cool" and "excellent"
Then you can ask about a boy in the class, saying (in the kids' language) "How do you say "I think he's great" in English?" To which the kids usually say "I think it's great!" so then you introduce "He" and "She" from the previous lesson.
Then I usually just let the What do you think of ...? mini lesson (from the software) to introduce the question. It works a treat!
One other example ...
First of all select 4 volunteers, 2 boys and 2 girls. ( Use Mingle if you have to!)
In the first line the teacher says asks the rest of the class "What do you think of this?" and the 4 kids start dancing. You could maybe get the 4 kids to ask as well, but it's OK if just the teacher says it as the kids already have quite a bit to do.
Then the teacher asks "What do yo think of this?" and the kids do another dance.
Now in the chorus the teacher says "I think it's good!" whilst doing a "thumbs up".
The class repeats with the thumbs up
Next is "I think it's great!" whilst pushing your arms up in the air.
Third is "I think it's cool!" - you can make your own gesture here, but I usually use 2 thumbs up!
And finally "I think it's excellent!" - here I stretch my arms out to the sides!
Repeat the chorus.
In the next verse the teacher says "What do you think of him?" and points to the first boy. In the time allowed he has to say as many English words as he can!!
You say "What do you think of him?" and point to the next boy. He again has to say as many English words as he can in the time.
In the next chorus the teacher says the line with the action and the kids repeat, but this time it's "I think HE's....."
Similarly with the 3rd verse with the girls and "I think SHE's....."
It can be a bit tricky to set this up, so make sure you do it without the music at least once so everyone knows what is going one. But when you do put the music on it brings things up to a whole new level and makes it into a fun performance piece, like being on a TV quiz show!
You can of course do this in different ways, by maybe making the kids dance every time instead of saying English words. Or make them do a self introduction instead of just English words. Or you could choose kids at random during the actual song! This can work really, really great for shy kids, because even if they only say one word, they'll have the whole class saying "I think he/she's good, great, cool, excellent!" which is a great confidence booster for anyone!
As I say this can be a bit more tricky to teach than the other themes, but it's a great way for the kids to express themselves.
1. Put the kids in groups.
2. Decide whether you will answer with "It's good, great" etc. or "It's not good great" etc.
3. In turn the kids have to ask you questions that will elicit from you the correct response
e.g. "What do you think of pokemon?" if the answer is supposed to be something you like.
or "What do you think of onion and apple sandwiches?" if it's something you're not supposed to like!
You can of course have lots of fun tricking the kids!
Recommended Game 2
Or you could try this amazing idea from Margit:
In each of the four big boxes they draw a picture of a famous person, place, cartoon character etc. Then they go round the class doing an interview asking their friends "What do you think of.. ?" plus whatever they have drawn in each box. Their friend answers with "I think he/she/it's.. " plus either, good, excellent etc. or "not good" etc. If the answer is positive they put a tick in the first of the small boxes under their picture. For a negative reply they put a cross. They ask five people so they have filled all five smaller boxes for each picture. They then total up the score for each of their four items, a tick is +1 point, a cross is -1 point. Go round the class and find out what things have the biggest and lowest scores! Great for finding out what's popular with the kids!
I never ever did this song until a month ago.
My sixth graders got harder and harder, not giving any opinions on anything, ...you all know this?!
I tried in their first language, but even here; Silence.
So I thought to give this topic a try. In the beginning I didn't know how to teach, but as it was Sports carnival timing, I had each of them do some "acrobatics" they've been practicing in school.
"What do you think of this?" (explaining this question) they had an easy time to say: It's good>> So I added "I think it's/he's/she's...
Then we did the song, watching at the illustrations; they got that.
I asked them a few "opinions" about newspaper cut outs>>silence!
So I explained that there is NO WRONG OPINION! and they can answer what ever they want. Two hands going up. It was opposite opinion of mine, but they stayed tough what was really good.
Then I gave the first set of homework . I handed out a cute notebook to each. "What do you think of.... notebook"
The first page stays empty, the second says in big letters:
What do you think of...
And after that they had to cut out one newspaper clip (picture, article, maze, manga, weather,,,,)each day and put one on each page. so seven pages until the next week.
No writing or anything else.
Also I told the parents. And asked the kids and the parents to have a conversation with their parents every day.
BECAUSE, I figured out that there were only 2 kids talking about 30 minutes to their family 3 less then 15 minutes and 1 only 5 minutes.
As none of them reads the newspaper or watches news, they seem to not know what to talk about.
Well, the outcome of this homework was that they looked into the newspaper everyday and their interest in the world definitely rose.
They had amazing pictures and articles I hadn't found.
So the next week we asked each other about one cut out, in the beginning using words from the song.
Then we went further as they started and wanted to use their own words; so they came and asked "How do you say..."
Collecting several useful words we made a list on the open first page:
On the top positive words, on the bottom a small space for negative words (they had articles of earthquake victims and typhoon disturbed houses...)
>>Next homework was to write a sentence (their opinion) under each of last weeks picture,+ three new articles (to keep them reading newspaper I'll continue that !)etc.
Now, parallel we were doing the "You're the best" song;
So next weeks homework is to cut out 5 articles again, this time having in mind the adjectives of this song. So cut out something where they can answer: "I think it's cute/ hard/hot/ fast..."
I also found some videos of Senegal at e-pals. Kids have made them and they're really simple with lot's of content in one minute.
So I have them watch one each lesson, sometimes have them write their thoughts in Japanese and then a few" I think it's ...sentences" in English.
While teaching there are many ideas from the kids and they've turned into a much livelier class. I have the feeling I'll be starting to link many more topics with this. It's starting to be my favorite topic.
This is how far I'm right now.
What do you think of this?????????
This turned out to be a really exciting lesson. I divided the board into
3 parts: the "What do you think of THIS, the HIM and HER. It could
get a bit confusing if the kids aren't familiar with THIS-IT, HIM-HE and
HER-SHE but they catch on fast. Here the kids can add a lot of new adjectives
- the best ones were: crazy, stupid, bad, ugly, beautiful,super, delicious,
terrible (if you use food cards). I passed out the cards and everyone put
a card on the board and gave an opinion, "I think it's/he's/she's
. . ." Cool clip art figures get a good rating (a lot of adjectives!)Sometimes
it's a short discussion if a monster is a IT or a HIM. For homework they
had to draw 4 pictures on the worksheet. This was a real surprise. They
were so excited to show me their drawings. Scenes from movies, figures
from computer games, books, rock stars, etc. One boy brought in his hard
rock/heavy metal CD and we listened to it. Sometimes I bring in a box of
flea market junk, pass out the objects and let the kids ask each other.
This is a lot of fun.
Sign up to get my top tips, games & hints via email! | <urn:uuid:e4697da2-438b-4f0e-a04b-981e3c63ee3c> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://genkienglish.net/think.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474526.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224080616-20240224110616-00495.warc.gz | en | 0.98003 | 2,446 | 3.265625 | 3 | [
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0.14223642647266388,
0.006329336203634739,
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0.89482796192169... | 1 | Page in Japanese
|Click the pictures, hear them talk!
|"What do you think of .?"
by Richard Graham
What do you think of this?
What do you think of this?
I think it's good!
(I think it's good)
I think it's great!
(I think it's great)
I think it's cool!
(I think it's cool)
I think it's excellent!
(I think it's excellent!)
What do you think of him?
What do you think of him?
I think he's good!
(I think he's good)
I think he's great!
(I think he's great)
I think he's cool!
(I think he's cool)
I think he's excellent!
(I think he's excellent!)
What do you think of her?
What do you think of her?
I think she's good!
(I think she's good)
I think she's great!
(I think she's great)
I think she's cool!
(I think she's cool)
I think she's excellent!
(I think she's excellent!)
There are a few themes to do before this lesson:
1. How are you? Lesson (so you have things like "I'm happy", "I'm good" etc,)
2. Pronouns Lesson (to then get things like "He's happy", "She's hungry" etc.)
3. "Look at me!" lesson ot learn me/ him/her etc.
4. Then it is easy to do this lesson so you can get the kids to say things like "I think he's hungry, but she thinks we're tired!" - which is a pretty great accomplishment for 4 hours of lessons!
To introduce the theme I show my iphone then ask in the kids' language "What do you think of this?" to which someone will say something like "good" So you can introduce the phrase "I think it's ...." and then the next words in the song, "cool" and "excellent"
Then you can ask about a boy in the class, saying (in the kids' language) "How do you say "I think he's great" in English?" To which the kids usually say "I think it's great!" so then you introduce "He" and "She" from the previous lesson.
Then I usually just let the What do you think of ...? mini lesson (from the software) to introduce the question. It works a treat!
One other example ...
First of all select 4 volunteers, 2 boys and 2 girls. ( Use Mingle if you have to!)
In the first line the teacher says asks the rest of the class "What do you think of this?" and the 4 kids start dancing. You could maybe get the 4 kids to ask as well, but it's OK if just the teacher says it as the kids already have quite a bit to do.
Then the teacher asks "What do yo think of this?" and the kids do another dance.
Now in the chorus the teacher says "I think it's good!" whilst doing a "thumbs up".
The class repeats with the thumbs up
Next is "I think it's great!" whilst pushing your arms up in the air.
Third is "I think it's cool!" - you can make your own gesture here, but I usually use 2 thumbs up!
And finally "I think it's excellent!" - here I stretch my arms out to the sides!
Repeat the chorus.
In the next verse the teacher says "What do you think of him?" and points to the first boy. In the time allowed he has to say as many English words as he can!!
You say "What do you think of him?" and point to the next boy. He again has to say as many English words as he can in the time.
In the next chorus the teacher says the line with the action and the kids repeat, but this time it's "I think HE's....."
Similarly with the 3rd verse with the girls and "I think SHE's....."
It can be a bit tricky to set this up, so make sure you do it without the music at least once so everyone knows what is going one. But when you do put the music on it brings things up to a whole new level and makes it into a fun performance piece, like being on a TV quiz show!
You can of course do this in different ways, by maybe making the kids dance every time instead of saying English words. Or make them do a self introduction instead of just English words. Or you could choose kids at random during the actual song! This can work really, really great for shy kids, because even if they only say one word, they'll have the whole class saying "I think he/she's good, great, cool, excellent!" which is a great confidence booster for anyone!
As I say this can be a bit more tricky to teach than the other themes, but it's a great way for the kids to express themselves.
1. Put the kids in groups.
2. Decide whether you will answer with "It's good, great" etc. or "It's not good great" etc.
3. In turn the kids have to ask you questions that will elicit from you the correct response
e.g. "What do you think of pokemon?" if the answer is supposed to be something you like.
or "What do you think of onion and apple sandwiches?" if it's something you're not supposed to like!
You can of course have lots of fun tricking the kids!
Recommended Game 2
Or you could try this amazing idea from Margit:
In each of the four big boxes they draw a picture of a famous person, place, cartoon character etc. Then they go round the class doing an interview asking their friends "What do you think of.. ?" plus whatever they have drawn in each box. Their friend answers with "I think he/she/it's.. " plus either, good, excellent etc. or "not good" etc. If the answer is positive they put a tick in the first of the small boxes under their picture. For a negative reply they put a cross. They ask five people so they have filled all five smaller boxes for each picture. They then total up the score for each of their four items, a tick is +1 point, a cross is -1 point. Go round the class and find out what things have the biggest and lowest scores! Great for finding out what's popular with the kids!
I never ever did this song until a month ago.
My sixth graders got harder and harder, not giving any opinions on anything, ...you all know this?!
I tried in their first language, but even here; Silence.
So I thought to give this topic a try. In the beginning I didn't know how to teach, but as it was Sports carnival timing, I had each of them do some "acrobatics" they've been practicing in school.
"What do you think of this?" (explaining this question) they had an easy time to say: It's good>> So I added "I think it's/he's/she's...
Then we did the song, watching at the illustrations; they got that.
I asked them a few "opinions" about newspaper cut outs>>silence!
So I explained that there is NO WRONG OPINION! and they can answer what ever they want. Two hands going up. It was opposite opinion of mine, but they stayed tough what was really good.
Then I gave the first set of homework . I handed out a cute notebook to each. "What do you think of.... notebook"
The first page stays empty, the second says in big letters:
What do you think of...
And after that they had to cut out one newspaper clip (picture, article, maze, manga, weather,,,,)each day and put one on each page. so seven pages until the next week.
No writing or anything else.
Also I told the parents. And asked the kids and the parents to have a conversation with their parents every day.
BECAUSE, I figured out that there were only 2 kids talking about 30 minutes to their family 3 less then 15 minutes and 1 only 5 minutes.
As none of them reads the newspaper or watches news, they seem to not know what to talk about.
Well, the outcome of this homework was that they looked into the newspaper everyday and their interest in the world definitely rose.
They had amazing pictures and articles I hadn't found.
So the next week we asked each other about one cut out, in the beginning using words from the song.
Then we went further as they started and wanted to use their own words; so they came and asked "How do you say..."
Collecting several useful words we made a list on the open first page:
On the top positive words, on the bottom a small space for negative words (they had articles of earthquake victims and typhoon disturbed houses...)
>>Next homework was to write a sentence (their opinion) under each of last weeks picture,+ three new articles (to keep them reading newspaper I'll continue that !)etc.
Now, parallel we were doing the "You're the best" song;
So next weeks homework is to cut out 5 articles again, this time having in mind the adjectives of this song. So cut out something where they can answer: "I think it's cute/ hard/hot/ fast..."
I also found some videos of Senegal at e-pals. Kids have made them and they're really simple with lot's of content in one minute.
So I have them watch one each lesson, sometimes have them write their thoughts in Japanese and then a few" I think it's ...sentences" in English.
While teaching there are many ideas from the kids and they've turned into a much livelier class. I have the feeling I'll be starting to link many more topics with this. It's starting to be my favorite topic.
This is how far I'm right now.
What do you think of this?????????
This turned out to be a really exciting lesson. I divided the board into
3 parts: the "What do you think of THIS, the HIM and HER. It could
get a bit confusing if the kids aren't familiar with THIS-IT, HIM-HE and
HER-SHE but they catch on fast. Here the kids can add a lot of new adjectives
- the best ones were: crazy, stupid, bad, ugly, beautiful,super, delicious,
terrible (if you use food cards). I passed out the cards and everyone put
a card on the board and gave an opinion, "I think it's/he's/she's
. . ." Cool clip art figures get a good rating (a lot of adjectives!)Sometimes
it's a short discussion if a monster is a IT or a HIM. For homework they
had to draw 4 pictures on the worksheet. This was a real surprise. They
were so excited to show me their drawings. Scenes from movies, figures
from computer games, books, rock stars, etc. One boy brought in his hard
rock/heavy metal CD and we listened to it. Sometimes I bring in a box of
flea market junk, pass out the objects and let the kids ask each other.
This is a lot of fun.
Sign up to get my top tips, games & hints via email! | 2,336 | ENGLISH | 1 |
1907 – 1915
By the turn to the 20th century, the maritime nation Great Britain was in a state of shock. The empire that had ruled the waves for so long had suddenly been overcome by a nation that in comparison was just in its cradle – Germany. The Blue Riband had been taken from the British by the Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse, owned and operated by the shipping line Norddeutscher Lloyd, in 1897. And when the Deutschland took the Blue Riband a few years later, it was evident that the supreme ships of the North Atlantic were the German ones. To make matters even worse for Great Britain, it now seemed as if the Empire in the future would have no shipping line with which to give the Germans a match.
With the intention of creating a monopoly on the North Atlantic passenger route, American financier Junius Pierpont Morgan formed the International Mercantile Marine (IMM) in 1901. This consortium soon included such companies as the American Line, Dominion Line, Red Star Line and Holland-Amerika Line and by 1902, Morgan had managed to acquire the famous White Star Line. Although he now controlled one of the two major British shipping lines, Morgan was not yet satisfied. He wanted the Cunard Line as well. Now, it seemed highly unlikely that Cunard would be able to escape Morgan’s clutches. Their rivals, including the German line HAPAG, had already made their peace with IMM. To compete, Cunard needed better, more luxurious and above all faster ships. But for such there was no money.
As a last attempt to keep the company British, the chairman of Cunard – Lord Inverclyde – turned to the British government with a proposition that both parties would benefit from. Taking advantage of British patriotism and the tense political situation in Europe at the time, Lord Inverclyde talked the government into granting the Cunard Line a low-interest loan of £2,600,000. This money would be used to build two new superliners, guaranteed to regain the Blue Riband into British hands. The government would also contribute with an annual operating subsidy of £150,000. In return, Cunard promised to keep the company British and that the two new ships would be constructed so that they in the event of war easily could be converted into armed merchant cruisers.
Now, with the financial difficulties out of the way, Cunard quickly started to draw up the plans for their two new liners. It was obvious that both ships were needed as soon as possible, so two different shipyards were given the task of building one vessel each. The Scottish firm of John Brown and Co. was to build the future Lusitania. Her sister ship, the Mauretania, was to be constructed by the English firm of Swan, Hunter and Wigham Richardson. Although both ships would eventually sail in the Cunard fleet, the companies that now were to build them were competitors. Therefore, each of the two shipyards wanted to have the honour of building the ship superior to its sister. Both companies had been given specifications to meet concerning size and speed, but Cunard also allowed them to make slight modifications of their own. For two years, the engineers of the two shipyards made changes and additions to the original plans, all to improve the performance of ‘their’ ship.
Construction started in 1904, and as the two ships were taking shape, the small differences between them became apparent. The one difference that first may have caught a spectator’s eye was the vents on the superstructure. Mauretania had the traditional cowl vents, bent in ninety degrees on top, whereas her sister was fitted with shorter, hinge-topped, canister-like ones. These ultimately made the decks of the Lusitania seem less cluttered than the ones on her sister, but unfortunately the short hinge-top vents would prove to fail in the test of the North Atlantic, and would need constant replacing.
Originally, the two ships were launched with four three-bladed propellers, but the Mauretania was soon fitted with four-bladed ones after a short time in service, thus improving her performance further, and also making her more distinct from her sister. The rounded stern of the Mauretania also made her five feet longer than her sister, and with her gross tonnage about 400 tons greater than the Lusitania’s, the Mauretania was given the honour of ‘the longest and largest liner afloat’. The two sisters were indeed the latest in shipbuilding technology. With their hull divided into thirty-four watertight compartments, they were claimed to be virtually unsinkable.
From the very beginning, it was decided that these two new superliners would have an operating speed of at least 24.5 knots. Anything less would be unacceptable, since they were intended to break records. To obtain these high speeds at reasonable costs, Cunard decided to take a wild chance and use a new type of machinery. The use of turbines to propel ships was becoming more popular, but it had never been used on ships of this, so far unprecedented, size. To decide whether or not to adopt this new technology, Cunard tested it on a smaller vessel. The Carmania, launched in 1905, was fitted with turbine engines, and her otherwise identical sister, the Caronia, had traditional reciprocating engines. The result of this ‘experiment’ spoke for itself. The Carmania proved to be both faster and more economical to operate than her sister was. With this in mind, Cunard made their decision: The Mauretania and Lusitania would both be equipped with turbine engines.
The first of the two to be launched was the Lusitania, on June 7th, 1906. The event attracted some 20,000 spectators, and as soon as Lady Inverclyde had smashed the bottle of champagne against the ship’s bow and sent the great vessel into its proper element, work began on fitting her out. In accordance with famous Cunard traditions, every effort was made to give each ship a distinct and unique atmosphere, rather than making them as identical as possible, which was the case with for example White Star Line’s Olympic and Titanic a few years later. Although very much alike on the outside, the two new Cunarders would be very different from each other when it came to their interiors. The job of decorating the Lusitania was given to designer James Millar. Working in plaster highlighted with gold leaf, Millar managed to create an environment inspired by the Georgian period and Louis XVI style. This resulted in a light and delicate atmosphere. On the Mauretania, decoration was made by Harold Peto, who was mostly known for having designed the interiors of contemporary English manor houses. By using such materials as oak and mahogany, Peto produced a darker and heavier tone on the Mauretania.
When fitted out, Lusitania had only to go through her sea trials. These were thought to become a mere routine procedure, but during the sea trials a serious flaw in the ship’s construction was detected. At high speeds, the stern of the ship vibrated so violently that it was impossible to inhabit the spaces located in this part of the vessel. Of course, this was not acceptable and Lusitania had to return to her builders to go through extensive renovations. The stern, which contained mainly second class spaces, was strengthened by adding several arches, beams and pillars. Unfortunately, this procedure erased several airy public areas, and turned them into less comfortable, smaller rooms. However, this renovation reduced the shaking considerably, although not completely.
But finally, later than predicted, the Lusitania was ready to depart on her maiden voyage across the North Atlantic. And by the same time, the Mauretania neared completion. Vibration-problems were found on her too, although not as severe as those on her sister, and on the Mauretania the part of the ship haunted by shaking was the forward part of the superstructure. Still, she too was forced to go through some minor changes. By November 1907, the Mauretania was ready for her maiden voyage. Now, Lusitania had already managed to win back the Blue Riband for Great Britain. But soon, Mauretania would take it from her, and although the Lusitania did win it back from her, it eventually found itself back in the hands of the Mauretania, that by now seemed to be the superior ship. These two ocean greyhounds had now crushed the competition, and so superior was the Mauretania that the Blue Riband would remain hers for an incredible twenty-two years.
Through the years that followed, the two Cunarders ruled the waves of the North Atlantic. The Mauretania was undoubtedly the faster of the two, but the Lusitania was more popular among the passengers, probably because of her magnificent interiors. And besides being large and luxurious, the two prides of the Cunard Line were also very reliable. Their turbine engines always seemed to give them the required power, and the shape of the bow was constructed for speed, and speed alone. The way it rose straight up like a knife made the ship break through on-coming waves rather than riding on top of it. But this feature also had its drawbacks. Both of the ships were soon dubbed ‘wet ships’, since they had a tendency to produce great amounts of spray and send it back on the superstructure when they smashed through a wave. During a crossing in 1910, the Lusitania encountered a wave so large that when it hit the bow, it slammed back against the bridge, which was moved a couple of inches aft. The bow of these ships had yet a flaw, however the engineers of the time were not aware of it. Its special shape produced vacuum-pockets on each side, thus slowing the ship down. Ultimately, this cost the Cunard Line thousands of dollars in unnecessary fuel-consumption.
The dominance of the two Cunarders on the North Atlantic continued, but suddenly it was interrupted. In 1914, just after the Cunard Line had launched the new Aquitania, thus turning the previous duo into a trio, World War I broke out. Almost immediately, plans were underway to convert the great ocean liners into armed merchant cruisers. But this concept was soon abandoned. The British Admiralty’s coal bunkers were quickly depleted, because of the great amounts of fuel required by these giant vessels when on patrol. Instead, many of the liners would come to serve their respective countries as either hospital ships or troop transports.
During the first months of the conflict, the Mauretania was confiscated by the Admiralty and stripped of her peacetime interiors. Then she simply would have to wait for a task to be given to her by her new masters. Meanwhile, the Lusitania continued her regular service across the North Atlantic as a non-combatant. It was in this guise that she would eventually meet her fate.
On May 1st, 1915, a warning appeared in several American newspapers. Behind it was the German embassy, which warned people of travelling with ships flying the British flag, since these were possible targets for German U-boats. However, few of the people who had booked passage on the Lusitania were troubled by this warning. The great Cunarder, which was scheduled to depart from New York later that day, was considered very safe. Although six of the ship’s boilers had been shut down to conserve fuel, she could still easily maintain a good speed of 21 knots, making her the fastest ship on the North Atlantic run at the time. It would be a difficult task for a potential U-boat to keep up with her, and in any case, no one really thought that the Germans would actually attack an unarmed passenger liner.
At half past eleven, the whistle blew. The Lusitania, carrying 1,959 people of who a great amount were Americans, was moved out of the quay and set forth upon her journey like so many times before. It was a rainy day, but throughout the voyage the weather improved and on May 7th, the Lusitania, under the command of Captain William Turner, was nearing the Irish coast. Turner had earlier that morning been warned by the British Admiralty that German U-boats were lurking in these waters. One of these was the U-20, under the command of Kapitänleutnant Walther Schwieger. He had already managed to sink three allied vessels during the past two days.
Thirty miles from Cape Clear, the Lusitania encountered fog. Concerned about this, Captain Turner ordered his ship slowed down to 18 knots. Yet, this was an opportunity to cross the last part of the voyage hidden by the fog, arriving safe in Liverpool early the next morning. At about 11.30 a.m., the weather was clearer and the Irish coast was now visible from the Lusitania. A little more than one and a half-hour later, at twelve minutes past two, the track of a torpedo was spotted on the starboard side of the ship. The impact was inevitable and shook the ship violently when it came, just abaft the bridge and below the waterline. Distress calls were sent out by the wireless operators, and officers started to lower the lifeboats. Not long after the torpedo had hit, there was a violent secondary blast that opened a huge hole in the ship’s side. She began to settle rapidly at the head. Panic broke out, and the lifeboats were lowered in utter confusion. In just 18 minutes, the great liner was gone, taking with her 1,195 people, of who 123 were Americans.
Aroused by the stricken liner’s distress calls, many vessels were coming to the rescue, both from the surrounding waters and from the port of Queenstown. But the only thing they could do upon arrival was to salvage the survivors from the water, among them Captain William Turner himself.
Those who had thought that the First World War would be fought in a ‘civilised’ manor had been proven wrong. The Germans had attacked and sunk an unarmed passenger liner, resulting in a great loss of civilian lives. The Americans were in an uproar, and the sinking of the Lusitania was considered a sheer act of barbarism. The event clearly helped to build the public opinion that later would allow the USA to declare war on the German Empire.
Much speculation has circulated about the loss of the Lusitania, mainly about the cause of the violent secondary explosion that made the ship sink so quickly. In an attempt to justify their attack, the Germans always claimed that the Lusitania was carrying secret contraband munitions, which exploded as a result of the torpedo impact. British authorities denied any such cargo being on the Lusitania, and the controversy surrounding those horrifying 18 minutes in the waters off the Old Head of Kinsale would continue into the 21st century.
Today, the Lusitania remains on the location where she once met her ultimate fate. A shadow of the once so glorious liner, she lies on her starboard side on a depth of just 295 feet (90 metres). The hull has collapsed to half its original width, and the superstructure has slid down towards the bottom. The wreck is also entangled in many fishing nets, thus making the site very hard and dangerous to explore. According to Robert D. Ballard, who visited the wreck in the summer of 1993, the only thing recognisable of belonging to the once so proud Cunarder is the forwardmost part of the bow, still pointing up towards the surface. Dr. Ballard did not find any evidence of the suspected secret munitions on the wreck site, but in September of 2008, diver Eoin McGarry used a remotely operated vehicle to enter the wreck. In an area not believed to have carried any cargo, they found a large amount of Remington .303 caliber bullets that were commonly used by the British military during World War I. The find actually validates the German claim that the Lusitania was secretly carrying war supplies, which arguably made her a legitimate military target.
- 785 feet (239.8 m) long
- 88 feet (26.9 m) wide
- 31,550 gross tons
- Steam turbines turning four three-bladed propellers
- 25 knot service speed
- Passenger capacity of 2,165 people | <urn:uuid:1dcd0ccf-49d0-4096-8d95-3a07b32cf5d0> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | http://thegreatoceanliners.com/articles/lusitania/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474784.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229035411-20240229065411-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.984488 | 3,459 | 3.6875 | 4 | [
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0.4246435... | 1 | 1907 – 1915
By the turn to the 20th century, the maritime nation Great Britain was in a state of shock. The empire that had ruled the waves for so long had suddenly been overcome by a nation that in comparison was just in its cradle – Germany. The Blue Riband had been taken from the British by the Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse, owned and operated by the shipping line Norddeutscher Lloyd, in 1897. And when the Deutschland took the Blue Riband a few years later, it was evident that the supreme ships of the North Atlantic were the German ones. To make matters even worse for Great Britain, it now seemed as if the Empire in the future would have no shipping line with which to give the Germans a match.
With the intention of creating a monopoly on the North Atlantic passenger route, American financier Junius Pierpont Morgan formed the International Mercantile Marine (IMM) in 1901. This consortium soon included such companies as the American Line, Dominion Line, Red Star Line and Holland-Amerika Line and by 1902, Morgan had managed to acquire the famous White Star Line. Although he now controlled one of the two major British shipping lines, Morgan was not yet satisfied. He wanted the Cunard Line as well. Now, it seemed highly unlikely that Cunard would be able to escape Morgan’s clutches. Their rivals, including the German line HAPAG, had already made their peace with IMM. To compete, Cunard needed better, more luxurious and above all faster ships. But for such there was no money.
As a last attempt to keep the company British, the chairman of Cunard – Lord Inverclyde – turned to the British government with a proposition that both parties would benefit from. Taking advantage of British patriotism and the tense political situation in Europe at the time, Lord Inverclyde talked the government into granting the Cunard Line a low-interest loan of £2,600,000. This money would be used to build two new superliners, guaranteed to regain the Blue Riband into British hands. The government would also contribute with an annual operating subsidy of £150,000. In return, Cunard promised to keep the company British and that the two new ships would be constructed so that they in the event of war easily could be converted into armed merchant cruisers.
Now, with the financial difficulties out of the way, Cunard quickly started to draw up the plans for their two new liners. It was obvious that both ships were needed as soon as possible, so two different shipyards were given the task of building one vessel each. The Scottish firm of John Brown and Co. was to build the future Lusitania. Her sister ship, the Mauretania, was to be constructed by the English firm of Swan, Hunter and Wigham Richardson. Although both ships would eventually sail in the Cunard fleet, the companies that now were to build them were competitors. Therefore, each of the two shipyards wanted to have the honour of building the ship superior to its sister. Both companies had been given specifications to meet concerning size and speed, but Cunard also allowed them to make slight modifications of their own. For two years, the engineers of the two shipyards made changes and additions to the original plans, all to improve the performance of ‘their’ ship.
Construction started in 1904, and as the two ships were taking shape, the small differences between them became apparent. The one difference that first may have caught a spectator’s eye was the vents on the superstructure. Mauretania had the traditional cowl vents, bent in ninety degrees on top, whereas her sister was fitted with shorter, hinge-topped, canister-like ones. These ultimately made the decks of the Lusitania seem less cluttered than the ones on her sister, but unfortunately the short hinge-top vents would prove to fail in the test of the North Atlantic, and would need constant replacing.
Originally, the two ships were launched with four three-bladed propellers, but the Mauretania was soon fitted with four-bladed ones after a short time in service, thus improving her performance further, and also making her more distinct from her sister. The rounded stern of the Mauretania also made her five feet longer than her sister, and with her gross tonnage about 400 tons greater than the Lusitania’s, the Mauretania was given the honour of ‘the longest and largest liner afloat’. The two sisters were indeed the latest in shipbuilding technology. With their hull divided into thirty-four watertight compartments, they were claimed to be virtually unsinkable.
From the very beginning, it was decided that these two new superliners would have an operating speed of at least 24.5 knots. Anything less would be unacceptable, since they were intended to break records. To obtain these high speeds at reasonable costs, Cunard decided to take a wild chance and use a new type of machinery. The use of turbines to propel ships was becoming more popular, but it had never been used on ships of this, so far unprecedented, size. To decide whether or not to adopt this new technology, Cunard tested it on a smaller vessel. The Carmania, launched in 1905, was fitted with turbine engines, and her otherwise identical sister, the Caronia, had traditional reciprocating engines. The result of this ‘experiment’ spoke for itself. The Carmania proved to be both faster and more economical to operate than her sister was. With this in mind, Cunard made their decision: The Mauretania and Lusitania would both be equipped with turbine engines.
The first of the two to be launched was the Lusitania, on June 7th, 1906. The event attracted some 20,000 spectators, and as soon as Lady Inverclyde had smashed the bottle of champagne against the ship’s bow and sent the great vessel into its proper element, work began on fitting her out. In accordance with famous Cunard traditions, every effort was made to give each ship a distinct and unique atmosphere, rather than making them as identical as possible, which was the case with for example White Star Line’s Olympic and Titanic a few years later. Although very much alike on the outside, the two new Cunarders would be very different from each other when it came to their interiors. The job of decorating the Lusitania was given to designer James Millar. Working in plaster highlighted with gold leaf, Millar managed to create an environment inspired by the Georgian period and Louis XVI style. This resulted in a light and delicate atmosphere. On the Mauretania, decoration was made by Harold Peto, who was mostly known for having designed the interiors of contemporary English manor houses. By using such materials as oak and mahogany, Peto produced a darker and heavier tone on the Mauretania.
When fitted out, Lusitania had only to go through her sea trials. These were thought to become a mere routine procedure, but during the sea trials a serious flaw in the ship’s construction was detected. At high speeds, the stern of the ship vibrated so violently that it was impossible to inhabit the spaces located in this part of the vessel. Of course, this was not acceptable and Lusitania had to return to her builders to go through extensive renovations. The stern, which contained mainly second class spaces, was strengthened by adding several arches, beams and pillars. Unfortunately, this procedure erased several airy public areas, and turned them into less comfortable, smaller rooms. However, this renovation reduced the shaking considerably, although not completely.
But finally, later than predicted, the Lusitania was ready to depart on her maiden voyage across the North Atlantic. And by the same time, the Mauretania neared completion. Vibration-problems were found on her too, although not as severe as those on her sister, and on the Mauretania the part of the ship haunted by shaking was the forward part of the superstructure. Still, she too was forced to go through some minor changes. By November 1907, the Mauretania was ready for her maiden voyage. Now, Lusitania had already managed to win back the Blue Riband for Great Britain. But soon, Mauretania would take it from her, and although the Lusitania did win it back from her, it eventually found itself back in the hands of the Mauretania, that by now seemed to be the superior ship. These two ocean greyhounds had now crushed the competition, and so superior was the Mauretania that the Blue Riband would remain hers for an incredible twenty-two years.
Through the years that followed, the two Cunarders ruled the waves of the North Atlantic. The Mauretania was undoubtedly the faster of the two, but the Lusitania was more popular among the passengers, probably because of her magnificent interiors. And besides being large and luxurious, the two prides of the Cunard Line were also very reliable. Their turbine engines always seemed to give them the required power, and the shape of the bow was constructed for speed, and speed alone. The way it rose straight up like a knife made the ship break through on-coming waves rather than riding on top of it. But this feature also had its drawbacks. Both of the ships were soon dubbed ‘wet ships’, since they had a tendency to produce great amounts of spray and send it back on the superstructure when they smashed through a wave. During a crossing in 1910, the Lusitania encountered a wave so large that when it hit the bow, it slammed back against the bridge, which was moved a couple of inches aft. The bow of these ships had yet a flaw, however the engineers of the time were not aware of it. Its special shape produced vacuum-pockets on each side, thus slowing the ship down. Ultimately, this cost the Cunard Line thousands of dollars in unnecessary fuel-consumption.
The dominance of the two Cunarders on the North Atlantic continued, but suddenly it was interrupted. In 1914, just after the Cunard Line had launched the new Aquitania, thus turning the previous duo into a trio, World War I broke out. Almost immediately, plans were underway to convert the great ocean liners into armed merchant cruisers. But this concept was soon abandoned. The British Admiralty’s coal bunkers were quickly depleted, because of the great amounts of fuel required by these giant vessels when on patrol. Instead, many of the liners would come to serve their respective countries as either hospital ships or troop transports.
During the first months of the conflict, the Mauretania was confiscated by the Admiralty and stripped of her peacetime interiors. Then she simply would have to wait for a task to be given to her by her new masters. Meanwhile, the Lusitania continued her regular service across the North Atlantic as a non-combatant. It was in this guise that she would eventually meet her fate.
On May 1st, 1915, a warning appeared in several American newspapers. Behind it was the German embassy, which warned people of travelling with ships flying the British flag, since these were possible targets for German U-boats. However, few of the people who had booked passage on the Lusitania were troubled by this warning. The great Cunarder, which was scheduled to depart from New York later that day, was considered very safe. Although six of the ship’s boilers had been shut down to conserve fuel, she could still easily maintain a good speed of 21 knots, making her the fastest ship on the North Atlantic run at the time. It would be a difficult task for a potential U-boat to keep up with her, and in any case, no one really thought that the Germans would actually attack an unarmed passenger liner.
At half past eleven, the whistle blew. The Lusitania, carrying 1,959 people of who a great amount were Americans, was moved out of the quay and set forth upon her journey like so many times before. It was a rainy day, but throughout the voyage the weather improved and on May 7th, the Lusitania, under the command of Captain William Turner, was nearing the Irish coast. Turner had earlier that morning been warned by the British Admiralty that German U-boats were lurking in these waters. One of these was the U-20, under the command of Kapitänleutnant Walther Schwieger. He had already managed to sink three allied vessels during the past two days.
Thirty miles from Cape Clear, the Lusitania encountered fog. Concerned about this, Captain Turner ordered his ship slowed down to 18 knots. Yet, this was an opportunity to cross the last part of the voyage hidden by the fog, arriving safe in Liverpool early the next morning. At about 11.30 a.m., the weather was clearer and the Irish coast was now visible from the Lusitania. A little more than one and a half-hour later, at twelve minutes past two, the track of a torpedo was spotted on the starboard side of the ship. The impact was inevitable and shook the ship violently when it came, just abaft the bridge and below the waterline. Distress calls were sent out by the wireless operators, and officers started to lower the lifeboats. Not long after the torpedo had hit, there was a violent secondary blast that opened a huge hole in the ship’s side. She began to settle rapidly at the head. Panic broke out, and the lifeboats were lowered in utter confusion. In just 18 minutes, the great liner was gone, taking with her 1,195 people, of who 123 were Americans.
Aroused by the stricken liner’s distress calls, many vessels were coming to the rescue, both from the surrounding waters and from the port of Queenstown. But the only thing they could do upon arrival was to salvage the survivors from the water, among them Captain William Turner himself.
Those who had thought that the First World War would be fought in a ‘civilised’ manor had been proven wrong. The Germans had attacked and sunk an unarmed passenger liner, resulting in a great loss of civilian lives. The Americans were in an uproar, and the sinking of the Lusitania was considered a sheer act of barbarism. The event clearly helped to build the public opinion that later would allow the USA to declare war on the German Empire.
Much speculation has circulated about the loss of the Lusitania, mainly about the cause of the violent secondary explosion that made the ship sink so quickly. In an attempt to justify their attack, the Germans always claimed that the Lusitania was carrying secret contraband munitions, which exploded as a result of the torpedo impact. British authorities denied any such cargo being on the Lusitania, and the controversy surrounding those horrifying 18 minutes in the waters off the Old Head of Kinsale would continue into the 21st century.
Today, the Lusitania remains on the location where she once met her ultimate fate. A shadow of the once so glorious liner, she lies on her starboard side on a depth of just 295 feet (90 metres). The hull has collapsed to half its original width, and the superstructure has slid down towards the bottom. The wreck is also entangled in many fishing nets, thus making the site very hard and dangerous to explore. According to Robert D. Ballard, who visited the wreck in the summer of 1993, the only thing recognisable of belonging to the once so proud Cunarder is the forwardmost part of the bow, still pointing up towards the surface. Dr. Ballard did not find any evidence of the suspected secret munitions on the wreck site, but in September of 2008, diver Eoin McGarry used a remotely operated vehicle to enter the wreck. In an area not believed to have carried any cargo, they found a large amount of Remington .303 caliber bullets that were commonly used by the British military during World War I. The find actually validates the German claim that the Lusitania was secretly carrying war supplies, which arguably made her a legitimate military target.
- 785 feet (239.8 m) long
- 88 feet (26.9 m) wide
- 31,550 gross tons
- Steam turbines turning four three-bladed propellers
- 25 knot service speed
- Passenger capacity of 2,165 people | 3,500 | ENGLISH | 1 |
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Jesuit missioner and writer; born according to the best authorities, in 1585; died at Seville, 1655.
His father, Simon Malone, was a Dublin merchant, and his mother was Margaret Bexwick, a native of Manchester. William entered the Society of Jesus at Rome in 1606, and, after studying there and in Portugal, was sent as a missioner to Ireland in 1615. In 1635 he was summoned to Rome, where he was made rector of the Irish College, a post which he held for many years. He was again sent to Ireland in 1647 as superior of the Irish Mission of the Society. His term of office fell in most difficult times. In a letter dated from Waterford, 15 March 1649, he says that the burden was heavier on his shoulders than Mount Edna, so that he could say with the Apostle that he was weary even of his life. He was at Waterford when the town was taken by the Parliamentarians, and being captured he was banished. On reaching the Seville his talents for government were again utilized, and he was made rector of the Jesuit College of St. Gregory in that city. Dr. Oliver says of Malone that during nearly a quarter of a century he rendered good service to the Irish Mission by his splendid talents, apostolic zeal, and extraordinary prudence. Dodd, in his "Church History of England", testifies that "he was a person of learning and conduct, and well esteemed not only by those of his own order, but by all others that had any knowledge of him".
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As a writer he is well known from his controversy with Ussher, the famous Protestant Archbishop of Armagh. Malone himself tells us how the controversy arose. At the request of his friend, Sir Piers Crosby, not long after Malone had come to Ireland in 1615, he wrote a "Demand concerning the alteration of Faith and Religion in the Roman Church". Although both Dodd and Sommervogel put this paper down as one of his "Works", it was in reality nothing more than a thesis, proposition, or brief statement of the Catholic position in the religious controversy. It was hurriedly drawn up by Malone at the request of his Protestant friend, who said that he was convinced that it could be answered by Ussher, then Dean of Finglas. The thesis was printed both by Ussher, in his "Answer to a Challege made by a Jesuit in Ireland ", published in London, 1625, and also by Malone himself in his "Reply to Mr. James Ussher his Answere, wherein it is discovered how Answerlesse the said Mr. Ussher returneth. The uniform consent also of Antiquity is declared to stande for the Roman Religion: and the Answerer is convinced of vanity in challenging the Patronage of the Doctors of the Primitive church of his Protestancy". Apparently this book was printed at Douai in 1627, and was dedicated to Charles I, King of England, in an "Epistle Dedicatory" which breathes a spirit of ardent patriotism and loyalty. The author protests against his thesis being called a "Challege" by Ussher. It was nothing more than a brief statement of the well-known argument from prescription, and it was answered neither by Dr. Synge, nor by Dr. Hoyle, nor by Puttock, a Protestant minister at Navan, although all of them wrote against the book. It was the only work written by Malone, and has never been reprinted.
Help Now > | <urn:uuid:080b6bc6-2274-4989-a1f3-c99f0a25edd8> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.catholic.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=7448 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474893.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229234355-20240301024355-00681.warc.gz | en | 0.99367 | 745 | 3.34375 | 3 | [
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FREE Catholic Classes
Jesuit missioner and writer; born according to the best authorities, in 1585; died at Seville, 1655.
His father, Simon Malone, was a Dublin merchant, and his mother was Margaret Bexwick, a native of Manchester. William entered the Society of Jesus at Rome in 1606, and, after studying there and in Portugal, was sent as a missioner to Ireland in 1615. In 1635 he was summoned to Rome, where he was made rector of the Irish College, a post which he held for many years. He was again sent to Ireland in 1647 as superior of the Irish Mission of the Society. His term of office fell in most difficult times. In a letter dated from Waterford, 15 March 1649, he says that the burden was heavier on his shoulders than Mount Edna, so that he could say with the Apostle that he was weary even of his life. He was at Waterford when the town was taken by the Parliamentarians, and being captured he was banished. On reaching the Seville his talents for government were again utilized, and he was made rector of the Jesuit College of St. Gregory in that city. Dr. Oliver says of Malone that during nearly a quarter of a century he rendered good service to the Irish Mission by his splendid talents, apostolic zeal, and extraordinary prudence. Dodd, in his "Church History of England", testifies that "he was a person of learning and conduct, and well esteemed not only by those of his own order, but by all others that had any knowledge of him".
Help Now >
As a writer he is well known from his controversy with Ussher, the famous Protestant Archbishop of Armagh. Malone himself tells us how the controversy arose. At the request of his friend, Sir Piers Crosby, not long after Malone had come to Ireland in 1615, he wrote a "Demand concerning the alteration of Faith and Religion in the Roman Church". Although both Dodd and Sommervogel put this paper down as one of his "Works", it was in reality nothing more than a thesis, proposition, or brief statement of the Catholic position in the religious controversy. It was hurriedly drawn up by Malone at the request of his Protestant friend, who said that he was convinced that it could be answered by Ussher, then Dean of Finglas. The thesis was printed both by Ussher, in his "Answer to a Challege made by a Jesuit in Ireland ", published in London, 1625, and also by Malone himself in his "Reply to Mr. James Ussher his Answere, wherein it is discovered how Answerlesse the said Mr. Ussher returneth. The uniform consent also of Antiquity is declared to stande for the Roman Religion: and the Answerer is convinced of vanity in challenging the Patronage of the Doctors of the Primitive church of his Protestancy". Apparently this book was printed at Douai in 1627, and was dedicated to Charles I, King of England, in an "Epistle Dedicatory" which breathes a spirit of ardent patriotism and loyalty. The author protests against his thesis being called a "Challege" by Ussher. It was nothing more than a brief statement of the well-known argument from prescription, and it was answered neither by Dr. Synge, nor by Dr. Hoyle, nor by Puttock, a Protestant minister at Navan, although all of them wrote against the book. It was the only work written by Malone, and has never been reprinted.
Help Now > | 777 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Law is a set of rules that a society creates in order to deal with issues like crime, business agreements, and social relationships. There is a lot of complexity to the study of law. There are many different theories of what it means for something to be a law, and people often disagree about what is actually being referred to when someone says “law.”
One idea of law that was created by Hans Kelsen is called the pure theory of law. This theory states that the law is a ‘normative science,’ meaning that it does not try to describe what must happen, but defines certain rules that people have to abide by.
The main reason that people have an interest in law is because it provides a structure for the behaviour of a society. It also gives people reasons to behave in a particular way. This normative dimension of law is what makes it an object of philosophical inquiry. Other social practices that are similar to law, such as morality, religion, and social conventions, guide human behaviour in ways that are sometimes quite different from law.
A person might want to learn more about law because they have a specific job that involves it, or they might just be curious about the role that law plays in a culture. Some of the articles that might be useful for a person who wants to understand more about this subject include:
Legal education and legal profession
There are a number of articles that explore how people become lawyers, and the role that they play in society. Other articles delineate the different areas of law, including contract law; constitutional law; criminal law; family law; intellectual property law; property law; tort law; and tax law.
Various laws are created by governments around the world, and are designed to help keep their citizens safe and happy. Laws can be written or verbal, and are usually put into effect by courts. These are made up of a panel of judges who look at the facts in a case, and decide whether or not the person is guilty. Some countries have systems of appeals, right up to the highest court in that country.
The law is a complex and fascinating part of our world, and there are many articles that focus on different aspects of it. There are also a number of articles that explore the relationship between the law and other things, such as politics, religion, and economics.
The legal system is an integral part of any nation, and it’s vitally important that we make sure that the laws are upheld. The best way to do this is by making sure that all of the judges involved in a case are trained in what it takes to be a good judge. This is done through law schools, which prepare students to work in a variety of fields. In addition, there are various other laws that are put into place in order to protect citizens from things like fraud. | <urn:uuid:327fb751-222c-4647-aba8-9a1bedda3d3e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://johnsphones.org/a-guide-to-the-study-of-law/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474663.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226194006-20240226224006-00166.warc.gz | en | 0.982868 | 578 | 3.484375 | 3 | [
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0.0930142924189... | 1 | Law is a set of rules that a society creates in order to deal with issues like crime, business agreements, and social relationships. There is a lot of complexity to the study of law. There are many different theories of what it means for something to be a law, and people often disagree about what is actually being referred to when someone says “law.”
One idea of law that was created by Hans Kelsen is called the pure theory of law. This theory states that the law is a ‘normative science,’ meaning that it does not try to describe what must happen, but defines certain rules that people have to abide by.
The main reason that people have an interest in law is because it provides a structure for the behaviour of a society. It also gives people reasons to behave in a particular way. This normative dimension of law is what makes it an object of philosophical inquiry. Other social practices that are similar to law, such as morality, religion, and social conventions, guide human behaviour in ways that are sometimes quite different from law.
A person might want to learn more about law because they have a specific job that involves it, or they might just be curious about the role that law plays in a culture. Some of the articles that might be useful for a person who wants to understand more about this subject include:
Legal education and legal profession
There are a number of articles that explore how people become lawyers, and the role that they play in society. Other articles delineate the different areas of law, including contract law; constitutional law; criminal law; family law; intellectual property law; property law; tort law; and tax law.
Various laws are created by governments around the world, and are designed to help keep their citizens safe and happy. Laws can be written or verbal, and are usually put into effect by courts. These are made up of a panel of judges who look at the facts in a case, and decide whether or not the person is guilty. Some countries have systems of appeals, right up to the highest court in that country.
The law is a complex and fascinating part of our world, and there are many articles that focus on different aspects of it. There are also a number of articles that explore the relationship between the law and other things, such as politics, religion, and economics.
The legal system is an integral part of any nation, and it’s vitally important that we make sure that the laws are upheld. The best way to do this is by making sure that all of the judges involved in a case are trained in what it takes to be a good judge. This is done through law schools, which prepare students to work in a variety of fields. In addition, there are various other laws that are put into place in order to protect citizens from things like fraud. | 564 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Healthcare has come a long way in the past centuries. We’re now able to cure diseases and save lives with access to advanced medical technology and practices. The field of healthcare, however, has not always been so progressive. It was once a taboo that people died from infectious diseases. Thankfully, we’ve come quite a long way since back then and have progressed greatly as a society. This blog is all about helping you understand the history of healthcare in the modern world. We will discuss topics such as why health care is important, how ancient civilizations dealt with it, and their impact on our current system of healthcare today.
Table of Contents
The Importance of Health Care
Health care is an essential part of human life. It serves as a foundation for everything else that happens in your life. Without health care, you can’t get an education, you can’t get a job, and you can’t take care of your loved ones. If you don’t have health care, you will likely have to prioritize it and put health care costs before other financial priorities. You simply cannot afford to go without health care, even if you can afford to pay the bill. Health care is important because it can prevent many diseases and other health issues before they become serious problems. It is also important because, if you have health care, you can be more productive at work and have fewer issues with your job because of minor injuries.
How ancient civilizations dealt with healthcare
Healthcare in ancient civilizations was very different from what we have now. They didn’t have the same access to technology, treatments, and health care resources that we do now. There were some things they could do, but it would have been extremely limited. This is not to say that ancient civilizations were healthier than us. They weren’t. Disease still plagued them, and their solutions were quite different than ours. There were two main ways ancient civilizations dealt with healthcare. The first was superstition. Ancient civilizations often used superstition to try and cure diseases. Diseases were often categorized as “lunar” or “solar.” Lunar diseases were caused by the moon and were treated with moonlight and other natural remedies. Solar diseases were caused by the sun and were treated with light. Ancient civilizations also relied on their gods to cure diseases. The Egyptians used lambs to cure the plague and the Aztecs used human sacrifices to cure diseases like leprosy. The Ancient Greeks used leeches to cure illnesses such as epilepsy and syphilis.
The Dark Ages and the start of modern healthcare
The Dark Ages were a very dark period in history. Many civilizations fell during this time, and modern healthcare didn’t start for thousands of years. This is when people started to focus on natural remedies and healing through prayer and magic. It was not until the 11th century that people started to progress technologically again. The first hospitals were built after that point. These hospitals primarily treated the poor and those who suffered from serious injuries. It wasn’t until the Renaissance that people started to focus on improving healthcare again.
Medieval Healthcare and its impact on our current system
Medieval healthcare was much different than the health care we have today. There weren’t any vaccines or antibiotics at the time, so diseases weren’t cured as easily. If someone was sick, they were often sent to the local apothecary to try and get medicine that wouldn’t harm them but would help them recover. Physicians were not highly respected at the time, so most people didn’t seek their help if they weren’t in pain. The best way to describe medieval healthcare is to imagine Hogwarts. You’re in this magical world, but you don’t know what is going on and how to get the help you need.
The Enlightenment and the birth of modern medicine
The Enlightenment was a movement that happened between the years of 1650 and 1800. It was a time of exploration and discovery and helped create the modern world. One of the most important contributions of the Enlightenment was the development of modern science. The scientists of the Enlightenment were the first to realize that all matter is made up of atoms, and they discovered that movement causes change. This helped create modern medicine. Previously, doctors believed that illnesses were caused by demons or witchcraft. They also believed that people were made of four humours, which were the blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile.
Controversial Topics in Modern Healthcare
One of the biggest controversies in healthcare today is the Affordable Care Act and the threat it poses to the health care system. Many people are worried that the ACA will lessen access to healthcare, especially for low-income individuals. The idea of universal healthcare is a very old idea. The first healthcare plan for the poor was created in ancient China. The debate over the ACA has been going on for a long time. It started in the late 1800s when people realized that death rates due to infectious diseases were too high. They also realized that people with no healthcare died more often than those with healthcare.
How to Buy High-quality Healthcare Product for Best Results?
Buying high-quality healthcare products is important, but it can be difficult to know what to look for in a product. The key to buying high-quality healthcare products is to look for quality ingredients and a high-quality source. How do you do this? First, look for a company that tests each product for quality and safety. Another way to know that the product is high-quality is to look for certifications. These include but are not limited to the GoodGuide seal of approval, the Natural Products Association seal of approval, and the United States Pharmacopeia seal of approval.
Healthcare has come a long way in the past centuries. We now have access to advanced treatment options, better health outcomes, and preventative measures. The field of healthcare, however, has not always been so progressive. It was once a taboo that people died from infectious diseases. Thankfully, we’ve come quite a long way since then and have progressed greatly as a society. This blog is all about helping you understand the history of healthcare in the modern world. We will discuss topics such as why health care is important, how ancient civilizations dealt with it, and their impact on our current system of healthcare today. | <urn:uuid:d72cb865-af8e-4c70-a63e-4adfa1a1f145> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.scoopearth.com/hronestop-a-guide-to-the-history-of-healthcare/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474440.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223153350-20240223183350-00596.warc.gz | en | 0.984435 | 1,309 | 3.265625 | 3 | [
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0.23652136... | 1 | Healthcare has come a long way in the past centuries. We’re now able to cure diseases and save lives with access to advanced medical technology and practices. The field of healthcare, however, has not always been so progressive. It was once a taboo that people died from infectious diseases. Thankfully, we’ve come quite a long way since back then and have progressed greatly as a society. This blog is all about helping you understand the history of healthcare in the modern world. We will discuss topics such as why health care is important, how ancient civilizations dealt with it, and their impact on our current system of healthcare today.
Table of Contents
The Importance of Health Care
Health care is an essential part of human life. It serves as a foundation for everything else that happens in your life. Without health care, you can’t get an education, you can’t get a job, and you can’t take care of your loved ones. If you don’t have health care, you will likely have to prioritize it and put health care costs before other financial priorities. You simply cannot afford to go without health care, even if you can afford to pay the bill. Health care is important because it can prevent many diseases and other health issues before they become serious problems. It is also important because, if you have health care, you can be more productive at work and have fewer issues with your job because of minor injuries.
How ancient civilizations dealt with healthcare
Healthcare in ancient civilizations was very different from what we have now. They didn’t have the same access to technology, treatments, and health care resources that we do now. There were some things they could do, but it would have been extremely limited. This is not to say that ancient civilizations were healthier than us. They weren’t. Disease still plagued them, and their solutions were quite different than ours. There were two main ways ancient civilizations dealt with healthcare. The first was superstition. Ancient civilizations often used superstition to try and cure diseases. Diseases were often categorized as “lunar” or “solar.” Lunar diseases were caused by the moon and were treated with moonlight and other natural remedies. Solar diseases were caused by the sun and were treated with light. Ancient civilizations also relied on their gods to cure diseases. The Egyptians used lambs to cure the plague and the Aztecs used human sacrifices to cure diseases like leprosy. The Ancient Greeks used leeches to cure illnesses such as epilepsy and syphilis.
The Dark Ages and the start of modern healthcare
The Dark Ages were a very dark period in history. Many civilizations fell during this time, and modern healthcare didn’t start for thousands of years. This is when people started to focus on natural remedies and healing through prayer and magic. It was not until the 11th century that people started to progress technologically again. The first hospitals were built after that point. These hospitals primarily treated the poor and those who suffered from serious injuries. It wasn’t until the Renaissance that people started to focus on improving healthcare again.
Medieval Healthcare and its impact on our current system
Medieval healthcare was much different than the health care we have today. There weren’t any vaccines or antibiotics at the time, so diseases weren’t cured as easily. If someone was sick, they were often sent to the local apothecary to try and get medicine that wouldn’t harm them but would help them recover. Physicians were not highly respected at the time, so most people didn’t seek their help if they weren’t in pain. The best way to describe medieval healthcare is to imagine Hogwarts. You’re in this magical world, but you don’t know what is going on and how to get the help you need.
The Enlightenment and the birth of modern medicine
The Enlightenment was a movement that happened between the years of 1650 and 1800. It was a time of exploration and discovery and helped create the modern world. One of the most important contributions of the Enlightenment was the development of modern science. The scientists of the Enlightenment were the first to realize that all matter is made up of atoms, and they discovered that movement causes change. This helped create modern medicine. Previously, doctors believed that illnesses were caused by demons or witchcraft. They also believed that people were made of four humours, which were the blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile.
Controversial Topics in Modern Healthcare
One of the biggest controversies in healthcare today is the Affordable Care Act and the threat it poses to the health care system. Many people are worried that the ACA will lessen access to healthcare, especially for low-income individuals. The idea of universal healthcare is a very old idea. The first healthcare plan for the poor was created in ancient China. The debate over the ACA has been going on for a long time. It started in the late 1800s when people realized that death rates due to infectious diseases were too high. They also realized that people with no healthcare died more often than those with healthcare.
How to Buy High-quality Healthcare Product for Best Results?
Buying high-quality healthcare products is important, but it can be difficult to know what to look for in a product. The key to buying high-quality healthcare products is to look for quality ingredients and a high-quality source. How do you do this? First, look for a company that tests each product for quality and safety. Another way to know that the product is high-quality is to look for certifications. These include but are not limited to the GoodGuide seal of approval, the Natural Products Association seal of approval, and the United States Pharmacopeia seal of approval.
Healthcare has come a long way in the past centuries. We now have access to advanced treatment options, better health outcomes, and preventative measures. The field of healthcare, however, has not always been so progressive. It was once a taboo that people died from infectious diseases. Thankfully, we’ve come quite a long way since then and have progressed greatly as a society. This blog is all about helping you understand the history of healthcare in the modern world. We will discuss topics such as why health care is important, how ancient civilizations dealt with it, and their impact on our current system of healthcare today. | 1,264 | ENGLISH | 1 |
An elusive golden mole hiding in the sand has been found in South Africa after more than 86 years. For nine decades this species was thought to be extinct.
De Winton’s golden mole was last seen among the dunes of South Africa before the outbreak of World War II. Since then, not a single individual has been observed. Until now. After 86 years, a species considered extinct has been found. See what this unusual animal looks like.
De Winton’s golden mole found after 86 years
Until recently, De Winton’s golden mole (Cryptochloris wintoni) was considered an extinct species. It lived in underground burrows and had not been seen since 1937. It owes its “golden” name to the secretions that lubricate its fur, thanks to which it can “swim” in the sand of the dunes and become iridescent. It does not create conventional tunnels, which makes it much more difficult to detect. Like the classic mole, it is also blind and relies on its very sensitive hearing. It runs away if it detects vibrations caused by movement above the ground. It has been placed on the “most wanted” list of lost species, compiled by the global conservation group Re:wild.
Recently, however, something unheard of happened and the mole was found after 86 years. It happened thanks to a two-year search conducted by ecologists and a border collie dog named Jessie, which was trained to find such animals. The research results were published in the journal Biodiversity and Conservation.
“It was very exciting to be part of the team searching for lost species. The icing on the cake is finding one,” said Esther Matthew, senior field officer at the Endangered Wildlife Trust (EWT).
The dog “sniffed out” the golden mole
Scientists from EWT and the University of Pretoria worked with the dog Jessie, who “notified” them that something had been found by lying down on the spot. Jessie was rewarded for her efforts with the opportunity to play with a tennis ball.
Each time Jessie stopped, scientists collected a soil sample, which was later tested for environmental DNA (eDNA). This analysis detects DNA from skin cells, urine, feces and mucus that moles release as they move through the dunes. Using this technique, the team searched up to 18 km of dunes in a day. A total of 100 sand samples were collected and eventually two of De Winton’s golden moles were discovered. Field research was conducted in 2021 and the team thought they had found De Winton’s mole, but it looks very similar to other golden moles, so the discovery was not confirmed until the samples were genetically sequenced.
“While many people questioned whether De Winton’s golden mole still existed anywhere, I believed the species was not yet extinct,” said Cobus Theron, senior conservation manager at EWT and a member of the search team. “Now we have not only solved the mystery, but we have opened up enormous opportunities to find other lost and endangered species.”
So far, 21 species of golden moles have been identified in the world, most of which occur only in South Africa. The team found evidence of three other moles, including Van Zyl’s golden mole, which is also endangered.
Since surveys were carried out in 2021, EWT has discovered four further populations of De Winton’s golden moles, and researchers believe there is a healthy population of them in Port Nolloth. However, this area is not protected and is at risk due to diamond mining. “We need to identify areas where we focus our conservation efforts and secure them to ensure that strongholds for these species continue to exist there,” said JP Le Roux, a former EWT field officer. | <urn:uuid:533b1115-039d-4751-93f4-1c1f59806d61> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.orla.fm/a-golden-mole-found-after-almost-a-hundred-years-it-was-considered-an-extinct-species/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474784.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229035411-20240229065411-00012.warc.gz | en | 0.980231 | 809 | 3.4375 | 3 | [
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... | 1 | An elusive golden mole hiding in the sand has been found in South Africa after more than 86 years. For nine decades this species was thought to be extinct.
De Winton’s golden mole was last seen among the dunes of South Africa before the outbreak of World War II. Since then, not a single individual has been observed. Until now. After 86 years, a species considered extinct has been found. See what this unusual animal looks like.
De Winton’s golden mole found after 86 years
Until recently, De Winton’s golden mole (Cryptochloris wintoni) was considered an extinct species. It lived in underground burrows and had not been seen since 1937. It owes its “golden” name to the secretions that lubricate its fur, thanks to which it can “swim” in the sand of the dunes and become iridescent. It does not create conventional tunnels, which makes it much more difficult to detect. Like the classic mole, it is also blind and relies on its very sensitive hearing. It runs away if it detects vibrations caused by movement above the ground. It has been placed on the “most wanted” list of lost species, compiled by the global conservation group Re:wild.
Recently, however, something unheard of happened and the mole was found after 86 years. It happened thanks to a two-year search conducted by ecologists and a border collie dog named Jessie, which was trained to find such animals. The research results were published in the journal Biodiversity and Conservation.
“It was very exciting to be part of the team searching for lost species. The icing on the cake is finding one,” said Esther Matthew, senior field officer at the Endangered Wildlife Trust (EWT).
The dog “sniffed out” the golden mole
Scientists from EWT and the University of Pretoria worked with the dog Jessie, who “notified” them that something had been found by lying down on the spot. Jessie was rewarded for her efforts with the opportunity to play with a tennis ball.
Each time Jessie stopped, scientists collected a soil sample, which was later tested for environmental DNA (eDNA). This analysis detects DNA from skin cells, urine, feces and mucus that moles release as they move through the dunes. Using this technique, the team searched up to 18 km of dunes in a day. A total of 100 sand samples were collected and eventually two of De Winton’s golden moles were discovered. Field research was conducted in 2021 and the team thought they had found De Winton’s mole, but it looks very similar to other golden moles, so the discovery was not confirmed until the samples were genetically sequenced.
“While many people questioned whether De Winton’s golden mole still existed anywhere, I believed the species was not yet extinct,” said Cobus Theron, senior conservation manager at EWT and a member of the search team. “Now we have not only solved the mystery, but we have opened up enormous opportunities to find other lost and endangered species.”
So far, 21 species of golden moles have been identified in the world, most of which occur only in South Africa. The team found evidence of three other moles, including Van Zyl’s golden mole, which is also endangered.
Since surveys were carried out in 2021, EWT has discovered four further populations of De Winton’s golden moles, and researchers believe there is a healthy population of them in Port Nolloth. However, this area is not protected and is at risk due to diamond mining. “We need to identify areas where we focus our conservation efforts and secure them to ensure that strongholds for these species continue to exist there,” said JP Le Roux, a former EWT field officer. | 787 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The holocaust is considered one of the worst tragedies in modern history. It claimed the lives of many people and it left a dark mark on the world’s history. Today, we remember the lives lost in many different ways. There are countless accounts written regarding life in concentration camps. Two of these accounts are Elie Wiesel’s Night and On the Bottom by Primo Levi. Both authors survived the atrocities of the holocaust and wrote their respective stories in order to bring to light the wrongs that human beings endured during the holocaust. Both authors set out with a purpose and, even though they both used different ways to convey that purpose, they both managed to write two magnificent pieces of work. Both of these works were written to display …show more content…
However, Wiesel and Levi had two very different ways of approaching the topic. Wiesel tells his story through the eyes of Eliezer (Wiesel). The amazing aspect of this whole story is that Eliezer is Wiesel himself. Wiesel decided to write his own story in the third person in order to find a new way to tell his story. As for the purpose of writing this book, Samantha Power, an American ambassador for the United Nations, states the following, “Survivors did not speak about their past even to their own children. Here in the United States, there were no memorials to the six million Jews who had been killed. It was against this wall of silence that Elie wrote.” (Weiland). Wiesel’s purpose was to provide people a true account of the horrid concentration camp conditions because there were not many accounts before. As for Primo Levi, he used a direct memoir in the first person in order to approach the topic of the holocaust (Levi). Even in the small excerpt in Elements of Literature, Levi’s incredible writing can be admired. In an interview in 1986, Levi said, “While I was in the camp the need to tell the story was so strong that I began to describe my experiences there… and yet I knew that I would not be able under any circumstances to hold onto those haphazardly scribbled notes. As soon as I returned to Italy, I felt compelled to write,” (Levi). Levi knew he had to write about his experience and so he kept notes so that he could provide the best information
Elie Wiesel is a Holocaust survivor who strongly believes that people need to share their stories about the Holocaust with others. Elie Wiesel was in concentration camps for about half of his teen years along with his father. After being the only member of his family to survive the Holocaust he resolved to make what really happened more well-known. Elie Wiesel wrote dozens of books and submitted an essay titled “A God Who Remembers” to the book This I Believe. The essay focused on Elie Wiesel’s belief that those who have survived the Holocaust should not suppress their experiences but must share them so history will not repeat itself.
For centuries mankind has faced injustice due to prejudice and hate. How we have dealt with unjust acts has shaped society and molded the way that we think, changing our very morals and values. In Elie Wiesel’s memoir Night, millions of people in concentration camps, including Elie, endure the tyranny of Hitler’s rein in an unforgettable event known as the holocaust. The deplorable conditions and oppressive treatment emphasizes the injustice inflicted upon Elie and his comrades. Wiesel’s theme is to stand up against oppression and speak out against injustice.
Elie Wiesel Rhetorical Speech Analysis Elie Wiesel, a holocaust survivor and winner of a Nobel peace prize, stood up on April 12, 1999 at the White House to give his speech, “The Perils of Indifference”. In Wiesel’s speech he was addressing to the nation, the audience only consisted of President Clinton, Mrs. Clinton, congress, and other officials. The speech he gave was an eye-opener to the world in his perspective. Wiesel uses a variety of rhetorical strategies and devices to bring lots of emotion and to educate the indifference people have towards the holocaust. “You fight it.
In the novel, “Night” Elie Wiesel communicates with the readers his thoughts and experiences during the Holocaust. Wiesel describes his fight for survival and journey questioning god’s justice, wanting an answer to why he would allow all these deaths to occur. His first time subjected into the concentration camp he felt fear, and was warned about the chimneys where the bodies were burned and turned into ashes. Despite being warned by an inmate about Auschwitz he stayed optimistic telling himself a human can’t possibly be that cruel to another human.
Elie Wiesel successfully created a clever plot consisting of dialogue, introspection and dynamic characters to make his story realistic and compelling. Elie WIesel changed the protagonist Eliezer, an observant Jewish youngster, that strived to delve deeper into the mythical traditions of his religion, changed to a person that questions God’s greatness, a disloyal son and a person that only seeks personal gain. The protagonist, Eliezer, proves to be a very dynamic character. One of the most noticeable change in Eliezer is that his perspective and beliefs of God has changed dramatically.
Elie Wiesel’s memoir Night tells the personal tale of his account of the inhumanity and brutality the Nazis showed during the Holocaust. Night depicts the story of a young Jew from the small town of Sighet named Eliezer. Wiesel and his family are deported to the concentration camp known as Auschwitz. He must learn to survive with his father’s help until he finds liberation from the horror of the camp. This memoir, however, hides a greater lesson that can only be revealed through careful analyzation.
The memoir written by Elie Wiesel, Night, is illustrating the Holocaust, the even which caused the death of over 6 million Jews. Auschwitz, the concentration camps, is responsible for over 1 million of the deaths. In the memoir Night, Wiesel uses the symbolism of fire, and silence to clearly communicate to the readers that the Holocaust was a catastrophic and calamitous event, and that children should never be involved in warfare. Elie Wiesel enters Auschwitz at the age of 15, and witnesses’ horrific events as a prisoner in Auschwitz, including the deaths of numerous children, and the beating and death of his own father. All these inhumane things were done just because Adolf Hitler wanted to cleanse the German society of the Jews.
Wiesel changes vastly throughout the book, whether it is his faith in God, his faith in living, or even the way his mind works. In the beginning of his memoir, Wiesel appeared to be faithful to God and the Jewish religion, but during his time in concentration camps, his faith in God wavered tremendously. Before his life was corrupted, he would praise God even when he was being transferred to Auschwitz, but after living in concentration camps, he began to feel rebellious against his own religion. In the book, Elie
Being the last sentence of the book, and out of all the passages I highlighted this one stood out to me and described Wiesel’s experience in just a few simple sentence. He looked at himself for the first time in many years, and did not recognize himself he saw a different person. This showed me that the concentration camps changed him he was a different person inside and out. The events that occurred to him had scared him so much that the man he saw in the mirror wasn’t him, but one who had been drained of life that looked lifeless from the events occurred in the concentration camps. He was weak and this whole passage embodies his weakness and the whole point of the concentration camps.
Very few books illustrate the suffering endured in World War II concentration camps as vividly as Elie Wiesel's Night. It is a memoire that will leave disturbing mental images of famine, anti-Semitism, and death such as infants being shoveled as
Eliezer Wiesel and Jeanne Wakatsuki have very many things in common through rough experiences in the camps they were in. Eliezer and Jeanne have a lot in common like how they both changed personality’s throughout the story, how they showed fear in many situations, and lastly they both learned from these hard experiences. Even though Eliezer and Jeanne can relate in many ways they are actually quite different and experienced different things. For instance, Eliezer was not obstinate like Jeanne. Also, there was a point in the novel where he was completely alone while Jeanne had her family with her throughout the whole time in the camp.
The severely cruel conditions of concentration camps had a profound impact on everyone who had the misfortune of experiencing them. For Elie Wiesel, the author of Night and a survivor of Auschwitz, one aspect of himself that was greatly impacted was his view of humanity. During his time before, during, and after the holocaust, Elie changed from being a boy with a relatively average outlook on mankind, to a shadow of a man with no faith in the goodness of society, before regaining confidence in humanity once again later in his life. For the first 13 years of his life, Elie seemed to have a normal outlook on humanity.
In a span of 10 years, the Holocaust killed over 7 million people, that’s just as much as the population of Hong Kong. In the book Night, by Elie Wiesel, Wiesel shares his experience on how he survived the Holocaust and what he went through. How he dealt with the horrors and even to how he felt of his dad’s death and how he saw himself after it was all over. As he tried to publish it he was constantly turned down due to the fact of how horrid and truful it was. He still tried and tried until it was finally published.
The novel ‘Night’ written by Elie Wiesel and the film ‘Schindlers List’ directed by Steven Spielberg, are both based in World War 2 and more specifically the holocaust and the attempted cleanse of the Jewish race. These two texts both heavily demonstrate the horrors and brutalities that the Jewish people had faced during the holocaust. The two depictions of these events have many similarities although one being word and the other being film, however they differ in perspective, Schindlers List showing an outside look at the events where Night is a first person experience. The two representations of the holocaust, although are opposites of perspective both do not shy away from showing the brutalities and the wickedness that took | <urn:uuid:94431093-5b17-4413-8245-664ff1ae5d35> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.ipl.org/essay/Elie-Wiesel-Compare-And-Contrast-50D431D9C19B7A01 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476399.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303210414-20240304000414-00684.warc.gz | en | 0.982362 | 2,200 | 3.328125 | 3 | [
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... | 1 | The holocaust is considered one of the worst tragedies in modern history. It claimed the lives of many people and it left a dark mark on the world’s history. Today, we remember the lives lost in many different ways. There are countless accounts written regarding life in concentration camps. Two of these accounts are Elie Wiesel’s Night and On the Bottom by Primo Levi. Both authors survived the atrocities of the holocaust and wrote their respective stories in order to bring to light the wrongs that human beings endured during the holocaust. Both authors set out with a purpose and, even though they both used different ways to convey that purpose, they both managed to write two magnificent pieces of work. Both of these works were written to display …show more content…
However, Wiesel and Levi had two very different ways of approaching the topic. Wiesel tells his story through the eyes of Eliezer (Wiesel). The amazing aspect of this whole story is that Eliezer is Wiesel himself. Wiesel decided to write his own story in the third person in order to find a new way to tell his story. As for the purpose of writing this book, Samantha Power, an American ambassador for the United Nations, states the following, “Survivors did not speak about their past even to their own children. Here in the United States, there were no memorials to the six million Jews who had been killed. It was against this wall of silence that Elie wrote.” (Weiland). Wiesel’s purpose was to provide people a true account of the horrid concentration camp conditions because there were not many accounts before. As for Primo Levi, he used a direct memoir in the first person in order to approach the topic of the holocaust (Levi). Even in the small excerpt in Elements of Literature, Levi’s incredible writing can be admired. In an interview in 1986, Levi said, “While I was in the camp the need to tell the story was so strong that I began to describe my experiences there… and yet I knew that I would not be able under any circumstances to hold onto those haphazardly scribbled notes. As soon as I returned to Italy, I felt compelled to write,” (Levi). Levi knew he had to write about his experience and so he kept notes so that he could provide the best information
Elie Wiesel is a Holocaust survivor who strongly believes that people need to share their stories about the Holocaust with others. Elie Wiesel was in concentration camps for about half of his teen years along with his father. After being the only member of his family to survive the Holocaust he resolved to make what really happened more well-known. Elie Wiesel wrote dozens of books and submitted an essay titled “A God Who Remembers” to the book This I Believe. The essay focused on Elie Wiesel’s belief that those who have survived the Holocaust should not suppress their experiences but must share them so history will not repeat itself.
For centuries mankind has faced injustice due to prejudice and hate. How we have dealt with unjust acts has shaped society and molded the way that we think, changing our very morals and values. In Elie Wiesel’s memoir Night, millions of people in concentration camps, including Elie, endure the tyranny of Hitler’s rein in an unforgettable event known as the holocaust. The deplorable conditions and oppressive treatment emphasizes the injustice inflicted upon Elie and his comrades. Wiesel’s theme is to stand up against oppression and speak out against injustice.
Elie Wiesel Rhetorical Speech Analysis Elie Wiesel, a holocaust survivor and winner of a Nobel peace prize, stood up on April 12, 1999 at the White House to give his speech, “The Perils of Indifference”. In Wiesel’s speech he was addressing to the nation, the audience only consisted of President Clinton, Mrs. Clinton, congress, and other officials. The speech he gave was an eye-opener to the world in his perspective. Wiesel uses a variety of rhetorical strategies and devices to bring lots of emotion and to educate the indifference people have towards the holocaust. “You fight it.
In the novel, “Night” Elie Wiesel communicates with the readers his thoughts and experiences during the Holocaust. Wiesel describes his fight for survival and journey questioning god’s justice, wanting an answer to why he would allow all these deaths to occur. His first time subjected into the concentration camp he felt fear, and was warned about the chimneys where the bodies were burned and turned into ashes. Despite being warned by an inmate about Auschwitz he stayed optimistic telling himself a human can’t possibly be that cruel to another human.
Elie Wiesel successfully created a clever plot consisting of dialogue, introspection and dynamic characters to make his story realistic and compelling. Elie WIesel changed the protagonist Eliezer, an observant Jewish youngster, that strived to delve deeper into the mythical traditions of his religion, changed to a person that questions God’s greatness, a disloyal son and a person that only seeks personal gain. The protagonist, Eliezer, proves to be a very dynamic character. One of the most noticeable change in Eliezer is that his perspective and beliefs of God has changed dramatically.
Elie Wiesel’s memoir Night tells the personal tale of his account of the inhumanity and brutality the Nazis showed during the Holocaust. Night depicts the story of a young Jew from the small town of Sighet named Eliezer. Wiesel and his family are deported to the concentration camp known as Auschwitz. He must learn to survive with his father’s help until he finds liberation from the horror of the camp. This memoir, however, hides a greater lesson that can only be revealed through careful analyzation.
The memoir written by Elie Wiesel, Night, is illustrating the Holocaust, the even which caused the death of over 6 million Jews. Auschwitz, the concentration camps, is responsible for over 1 million of the deaths. In the memoir Night, Wiesel uses the symbolism of fire, and silence to clearly communicate to the readers that the Holocaust was a catastrophic and calamitous event, and that children should never be involved in warfare. Elie Wiesel enters Auschwitz at the age of 15, and witnesses’ horrific events as a prisoner in Auschwitz, including the deaths of numerous children, and the beating and death of his own father. All these inhumane things were done just because Adolf Hitler wanted to cleanse the German society of the Jews.
Wiesel changes vastly throughout the book, whether it is his faith in God, his faith in living, or even the way his mind works. In the beginning of his memoir, Wiesel appeared to be faithful to God and the Jewish religion, but during his time in concentration camps, his faith in God wavered tremendously. Before his life was corrupted, he would praise God even when he was being transferred to Auschwitz, but after living in concentration camps, he began to feel rebellious against his own religion. In the book, Elie
Being the last sentence of the book, and out of all the passages I highlighted this one stood out to me and described Wiesel’s experience in just a few simple sentence. He looked at himself for the first time in many years, and did not recognize himself he saw a different person. This showed me that the concentration camps changed him he was a different person inside and out. The events that occurred to him had scared him so much that the man he saw in the mirror wasn’t him, but one who had been drained of life that looked lifeless from the events occurred in the concentration camps. He was weak and this whole passage embodies his weakness and the whole point of the concentration camps.
Very few books illustrate the suffering endured in World War II concentration camps as vividly as Elie Wiesel's Night. It is a memoire that will leave disturbing mental images of famine, anti-Semitism, and death such as infants being shoveled as
Eliezer Wiesel and Jeanne Wakatsuki have very many things in common through rough experiences in the camps they were in. Eliezer and Jeanne have a lot in common like how they both changed personality’s throughout the story, how they showed fear in many situations, and lastly they both learned from these hard experiences. Even though Eliezer and Jeanne can relate in many ways they are actually quite different and experienced different things. For instance, Eliezer was not obstinate like Jeanne. Also, there was a point in the novel where he was completely alone while Jeanne had her family with her throughout the whole time in the camp.
The severely cruel conditions of concentration camps had a profound impact on everyone who had the misfortune of experiencing them. For Elie Wiesel, the author of Night and a survivor of Auschwitz, one aspect of himself that was greatly impacted was his view of humanity. During his time before, during, and after the holocaust, Elie changed from being a boy with a relatively average outlook on mankind, to a shadow of a man with no faith in the goodness of society, before regaining confidence in humanity once again later in his life. For the first 13 years of his life, Elie seemed to have a normal outlook on humanity.
In a span of 10 years, the Holocaust killed over 7 million people, that’s just as much as the population of Hong Kong. In the book Night, by Elie Wiesel, Wiesel shares his experience on how he survived the Holocaust and what he went through. How he dealt with the horrors and even to how he felt of his dad’s death and how he saw himself after it was all over. As he tried to publish it he was constantly turned down due to the fact of how horrid and truful it was. He still tried and tried until it was finally published.
The novel ‘Night’ written by Elie Wiesel and the film ‘Schindlers List’ directed by Steven Spielberg, are both based in World War 2 and more specifically the holocaust and the attempted cleanse of the Jewish race. These two texts both heavily demonstrate the horrors and brutalities that the Jewish people had faced during the holocaust. The two depictions of these events have many similarities although one being word and the other being film, however they differ in perspective, Schindlers List showing an outside look at the events where Night is a first person experience. The two representations of the holocaust, although are opposites of perspective both do not shy away from showing the brutalities and the wickedness that took | 2,163 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Eleanor Roosevelt and her Accoplishments
As the wife of a popular United States president, Anna Eleanor Roosevelt was born in New York City, October 11, 1884, and died November 7, 1962. She was an active worker for social causes. She was the niece of President Theodore Roosevelt, and was raised by her maternal grandmother after the premature death of her parents. In 1905 she married her cousin Franklin Delano Roosevelt. They had six children, but one of them died in infancy. Although she was extremely shy, Eleanor worked hard and became a well known and admired humanitarian. (Webster III, 100).
When her husband became the President, Eleanor Roosevelt made herself a strong speaker on behalf of a wide range of social causes, …show more content…
A further thing that Eleanor was particularly interested in was the black Negro people. She had always been supportive for the equality of every person black or white. The works of Negroes were greatly admired by Eleanor. They inspired her to try to make changes to end discrimination. Once, she gave a White House party for delinquent Negro girls (Wilson, 693). Not many people approved of what she did for blacks, but that didn’t keep her from doing what she wanted to do. She also resigned from the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) because the organization refused to allow black singer Marian Anderson to perform in their concert hall. Eleanor had made sacrifices like this to help Negroes get the rights she thought they deserved, and she never cared what the public thought of her.
The many accomplishments made by Eleanor Roosevelt benefited mankind in many ways. Her determination to get more equality for women helped to start organizations to get these rights. As an outspoken leader, she encouraged women of all kinds to speak out for the equal rights that men have too. She had changed the thoughts of people and what they thought the role of a woman was all about. This accomplishment was a great benefit to the women of society.
Eleanor’s awareness of the treatment of the Jewish during the holocaust helped to save numerous lives because of what she was able to do. She rescued people from the horror of concentration camps by getting
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She gathered many women who felt like they needed more rights. Susan B Anthony was one of the bravest women known till this day. She stood for what she believed in that is why she is so important. She helped women’s rights progress(web designer 1-2)
Eleanor Roosevelt was once a shy, timid girl with her focus on her family but over time became a strong leader, who would have rather spoiled them As a child, Eleanor was timid, shy and serious, but after her husband, Franklin, was paralyzed from the waist down she became a strong, determined women. “Meanwhile Eleanor had changed.” (pg. 794) At first, she had only got involved in the community because she felt it was her duty to keep Franklin in the public eye. However, as the years rolled on and her duty was complete, she still continued to make her mark in the world. This new, strong Eleanor did great things like working with poor children, helping with war efforts, and much more.Eleanor’s focus was on raising her children in a way that
This book is about a woman who forever changed the course of women's role in American history. Eleanor Roosevelt was an extremely important figure in the history of the United States, especially during the twentieth century. The way the author uses the book to help the reader to feel included in Eleanor's life, makes the reader feel as if he knows Mrs. Roosevelt.
When, in 1921 Franklin Roosevelt became paralyzed from polio, Eleanor nursed him while still encouraging him to be involved in public life, much to F.D.R.’s mother’s dismay. Eleanor became a member of the Women’s Trade Union League, to help them pay off mortgage on their club house and to carry through plans on the Val-Kill experiment (Roosevelt, This I Remember. 31). She also joined the Democratic State Committee and met Marion Dickerman and Nancy Cook in 1922. Marion and Nan had lived and worked together for years.
Eleanor Roosevelt was very influential in the policies of the New Deal, and also spoke very openly in support of civil rights and women’s rights. She worked to expand the amount of women in the Roosevelt administration and said that women should still be able to have jobs even if their husbands were employed. She supported the Southern Tenant Farmer’s Union and promoted the inclusion of blacks in the government. Eleanor visited migrant camps, coal mines, and the homes of sharecroppers. She also founded many programs to help people who were affected by the Great Depression.
Not only is she a role model to women, but to people who treat others equally. As women’s dilemmas, children treatment, and human rights have alleviated over the past five and a half decades, Roosevelt has not only made America great again, but the
Eleanor Roosevelt (1884–1962), one of the most admired women in American history, acted as first lady from 1933 until 1945, longer than any other presidential spouse, and put that position on the nation’s political map. Yet, ironically, Eleanor did not want the job because she thought it would hamper her own self-development as an independent person. Through her own path-breaking efforts she transformed her role from official hostess to important spokesperson for her husband’s administration. In the process she became a role model for millions of Americans who applauded her activism on behalf of social causes.
“Success must include two things: the development of an individual to his utmost potentiality and a contribution of some kind to one 's world” (Roosevelt, p 119, 1960). Eleanor Roosevelt was born in New York City October 11th, 1884 (Burns, 2012). Having grown up in a family considered to be in the top of society, Eleanor could have focused her life on parties and social gatherings. However, Eleanor came to the realization that she preferred social work rather than to attend parties with the rich (Burns, 2012). Eleanor is a perfect example of an effective leader in three ways, she was a lifelong learner, she used her position in life to better the society as a whole and she faced her many fears and flaws with life lessons she used later on.
“Although she had worked in the National Consumers League before she was married; which promoted the rights of women; “after World War I, Eleanor Roosevelt realized the power and influence she obtained as First Lady of the United States and desired to help those who were helpless. She worked with the International Congress of Working Women and the Women’s International League of Peace and Freedom; which promoted the end to poverty and war. The friendships made through these societies not only shaped her understanding of the importance and equality of all people, but dramatically changed her life forever.” She was fully committed to American politics and human rights and worked with women rights groups around the nation for women to become involved and to be part of the New Deal. “Eleanor Roosevelt encouraged women to be part of the union, limited the hours and employer forced a woman to work, and fought for the rights for women to vote.” She continuously encouraged women to stand up for their rights and stated of their capability to do the work of that men could accomplish; like joining the military. Even after the end of the White House Eleanor continued to promote women’s equality and believed that women “had special qualities that made the peacemakers and mothers, but also believed these qualities made them fine
An influential first lady, civil rights activist, feminist and writer, Eleanor Roosevelt was born Anna Eleanor Roosevelt on October 11, 1884 in New York City and died November 7, 1962. Eleanor was born to Anna Hall and Elliot Roosevelt, who is the little brother of future President, Theodore Roosevelt. Eleanor was raised by her grandmother, Mary Livingston Ludlow, after the premature death of her parents. Eleanor then moved to England where she attended a private school, there she had a feminist teacher, Marie Souvestre who taught and encouraged the learning in independent thinking in young women. At age 17, Eleanor returned back home in 1902 where she was presented in a debutante ball (her “coming-out” party that established when a women
As a young child, Roosevelt was very timid and was never interested in politics. Her mom referred to her as the “ugly duckling” and told her that “You have no looks, so see to it that you have manners.” (Eleanor Roosevelt: A Life of Discovery) During this time period, women and children stayed home and did the chores while the men would work. About five years later, Roosevelt entered a school in England where she was “draw[n] out of her shell” (biography.com) Years later, she became involved in politics and helped in many charities that supported African American and world issues.
She also liked to attend meetings at the Capitol building and listen to speakers (Morey, 30). In the winter and spring of 1917-1918, Franklin came down with pneumonia and Eleanor discovered that Franklin was having an affair with their good friend, Lucy Mercer. During this time they saw each other very little, but did not get a divorce (Cook, 222-224, vol. 1). In fact, Franklin’s mother threatened that if he got a divorce, she would “cut him out without a cent” and he needed her money for his campaign, so they did not get a divorce (Morey, 33). After Franklin got over his pneumonia, Eleanor still stayed dedicated to him even after his affair and they tried to work on their relationship. They even began to travel together again. Eleanor still went through some periods of depression but through this she developed independence and leadership (Morey, 35-36).
from the girls school in England (Toor, 1989). When she returned home she began a relationship with her distant cousin Franklin. On a Sunday in November 1903 Franklin Delano Roosevelt asked Eleanor to marry him (Toor, 1989). Eleanor married Franklin when she was only nineteen years old, and he was 22. Franklin and Eleanor wedded on March 17, 1905, on St. Patrick's day. Her uncle, and president at the time Theodore Roosevelt gave Eleanor away at her wedding (Toor, 1989). Franklin's mother, Sara Delano Roosevelt was very disappointed of their relationship.
In Eleanor Roosevelt: A Personal and Public Life by J. William T. Youngs describes the life of Eleanor Roosevelt. Anna and Elliott Roosevelt was married and gave birth to a beautiful daughter who is Eleanor Roosevelt. This biography shows the reader a description of Eleanor’s early childhood, young adult, marriage, and how she was faced with many challenges, grief, and changes throughout her years. Eleanor is one of the great First Ladies in the United States.
She nursed her husband back to walking after he was a victim to a nearly fatal attack of polio and was paralyzed. Once World War I came around in the year of 1914, Eleanor decided to become involved with Navy Department and Red Cross relief efforts (Stevenson, Keira). She also decided that she would volunteer within hospitals and soldier’s canteens (7). Eleanor, being the caring woman she was, would often visit wounded men as much as she possibly could. Eleanor Roosevelt tried her absolute best to have personal relationships with the men during the World War I, and tried to help them and make them just as important even while they were injured and shell-shocked. In the summer of 1921, the Roosevelt family went on a vacation to their summer house that was on Campobello Island in New Brunswick. While the family was vacationing, her husband, Franklin, was a victim to a nearly disastrous attack of polio, an infectious disease. Franklin survived, but the sickness from the attack left him with an infantile paralysis that he would have for the rest of his life. Once he realized that he could no longer walk, Franklin felt as if his world was falling apart right in front of his eyes. He thought that he could longer succeed in politics. Soon though, this all changed (8). Eleanor nursed her husband as he was paralyzed, and she also became more politically active so franklin would feel inspired to not let go of his | <urn:uuid:35b2eeac-2d47-4213-be37-416a7a8f634f> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Eleanor-Roosevelt-and-her-Accomplishments-P3CV9LWYTJ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474659.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226094435-20240226124435-00121.warc.gz | en | 0.987447 | 2,575 | 3.328125 | 3 | [
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0.37453725934028... | 1 | Eleanor Roosevelt and her Accoplishments
As the wife of a popular United States president, Anna Eleanor Roosevelt was born in New York City, October 11, 1884, and died November 7, 1962. She was an active worker for social causes. She was the niece of President Theodore Roosevelt, and was raised by her maternal grandmother after the premature death of her parents. In 1905 she married her cousin Franklin Delano Roosevelt. They had six children, but one of them died in infancy. Although she was extremely shy, Eleanor worked hard and became a well known and admired humanitarian. (Webster III, 100).
When her husband became the President, Eleanor Roosevelt made herself a strong speaker on behalf of a wide range of social causes, …show more content…
A further thing that Eleanor was particularly interested in was the black Negro people. She had always been supportive for the equality of every person black or white. The works of Negroes were greatly admired by Eleanor. They inspired her to try to make changes to end discrimination. Once, she gave a White House party for delinquent Negro girls (Wilson, 693). Not many people approved of what she did for blacks, but that didn’t keep her from doing what she wanted to do. She also resigned from the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) because the organization refused to allow black singer Marian Anderson to perform in their concert hall. Eleanor had made sacrifices like this to help Negroes get the rights she thought they deserved, and she never cared what the public thought of her.
The many accomplishments made by Eleanor Roosevelt benefited mankind in many ways. Her determination to get more equality for women helped to start organizations to get these rights. As an outspoken leader, she encouraged women of all kinds to speak out for the equal rights that men have too. She had changed the thoughts of people and what they thought the role of a woman was all about. This accomplishment was a great benefit to the women of society.
Eleanor’s awareness of the treatment of the Jewish during the holocaust helped to save numerous lives because of what she was able to do. She rescued people from the horror of concentration camps by getting
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She gathered many women who felt like they needed more rights. Susan B Anthony was one of the bravest women known till this day. She stood for what she believed in that is why she is so important. She helped women’s rights progress(web designer 1-2)
Eleanor Roosevelt was once a shy, timid girl with her focus on her family but over time became a strong leader, who would have rather spoiled them As a child, Eleanor was timid, shy and serious, but after her husband, Franklin, was paralyzed from the waist down she became a strong, determined women. “Meanwhile Eleanor had changed.” (pg. 794) At first, she had only got involved in the community because she felt it was her duty to keep Franklin in the public eye. However, as the years rolled on and her duty was complete, she still continued to make her mark in the world. This new, strong Eleanor did great things like working with poor children, helping with war efforts, and much more.Eleanor’s focus was on raising her children in a way that
This book is about a woman who forever changed the course of women's role in American history. Eleanor Roosevelt was an extremely important figure in the history of the United States, especially during the twentieth century. The way the author uses the book to help the reader to feel included in Eleanor's life, makes the reader feel as if he knows Mrs. Roosevelt.
When, in 1921 Franklin Roosevelt became paralyzed from polio, Eleanor nursed him while still encouraging him to be involved in public life, much to F.D.R.’s mother’s dismay. Eleanor became a member of the Women’s Trade Union League, to help them pay off mortgage on their club house and to carry through plans on the Val-Kill experiment (Roosevelt, This I Remember. 31). She also joined the Democratic State Committee and met Marion Dickerman and Nancy Cook in 1922. Marion and Nan had lived and worked together for years.
Eleanor Roosevelt was very influential in the policies of the New Deal, and also spoke very openly in support of civil rights and women’s rights. She worked to expand the amount of women in the Roosevelt administration and said that women should still be able to have jobs even if their husbands were employed. She supported the Southern Tenant Farmer’s Union and promoted the inclusion of blacks in the government. Eleanor visited migrant camps, coal mines, and the homes of sharecroppers. She also founded many programs to help people who were affected by the Great Depression.
Not only is she a role model to women, but to people who treat others equally. As women’s dilemmas, children treatment, and human rights have alleviated over the past five and a half decades, Roosevelt has not only made America great again, but the
Eleanor Roosevelt (1884–1962), one of the most admired women in American history, acted as first lady from 1933 until 1945, longer than any other presidential spouse, and put that position on the nation’s political map. Yet, ironically, Eleanor did not want the job because she thought it would hamper her own self-development as an independent person. Through her own path-breaking efforts she transformed her role from official hostess to important spokesperson for her husband’s administration. In the process she became a role model for millions of Americans who applauded her activism on behalf of social causes.
“Success must include two things: the development of an individual to his utmost potentiality and a contribution of some kind to one 's world” (Roosevelt, p 119, 1960). Eleanor Roosevelt was born in New York City October 11th, 1884 (Burns, 2012). Having grown up in a family considered to be in the top of society, Eleanor could have focused her life on parties and social gatherings. However, Eleanor came to the realization that she preferred social work rather than to attend parties with the rich (Burns, 2012). Eleanor is a perfect example of an effective leader in three ways, she was a lifelong learner, she used her position in life to better the society as a whole and she faced her many fears and flaws with life lessons she used later on.
“Although she had worked in the National Consumers League before she was married; which promoted the rights of women; “after World War I, Eleanor Roosevelt realized the power and influence she obtained as First Lady of the United States and desired to help those who were helpless. She worked with the International Congress of Working Women and the Women’s International League of Peace and Freedom; which promoted the end to poverty and war. The friendships made through these societies not only shaped her understanding of the importance and equality of all people, but dramatically changed her life forever.” She was fully committed to American politics and human rights and worked with women rights groups around the nation for women to become involved and to be part of the New Deal. “Eleanor Roosevelt encouraged women to be part of the union, limited the hours and employer forced a woman to work, and fought for the rights for women to vote.” She continuously encouraged women to stand up for their rights and stated of their capability to do the work of that men could accomplish; like joining the military. Even after the end of the White House Eleanor continued to promote women’s equality and believed that women “had special qualities that made the peacemakers and mothers, but also believed these qualities made them fine
An influential first lady, civil rights activist, feminist and writer, Eleanor Roosevelt was born Anna Eleanor Roosevelt on October 11, 1884 in New York City and died November 7, 1962. Eleanor was born to Anna Hall and Elliot Roosevelt, who is the little brother of future President, Theodore Roosevelt. Eleanor was raised by her grandmother, Mary Livingston Ludlow, after the premature death of her parents. Eleanor then moved to England where she attended a private school, there she had a feminist teacher, Marie Souvestre who taught and encouraged the learning in independent thinking in young women. At age 17, Eleanor returned back home in 1902 where she was presented in a debutante ball (her “coming-out” party that established when a women
As a young child, Roosevelt was very timid and was never interested in politics. Her mom referred to her as the “ugly duckling” and told her that “You have no looks, so see to it that you have manners.” (Eleanor Roosevelt: A Life of Discovery) During this time period, women and children stayed home and did the chores while the men would work. About five years later, Roosevelt entered a school in England where she was “draw[n] out of her shell” (biography.com) Years later, she became involved in politics and helped in many charities that supported African American and world issues.
She also liked to attend meetings at the Capitol building and listen to speakers (Morey, 30). In the winter and spring of 1917-1918, Franklin came down with pneumonia and Eleanor discovered that Franklin was having an affair with their good friend, Lucy Mercer. During this time they saw each other very little, but did not get a divorce (Cook, 222-224, vol. 1). In fact, Franklin’s mother threatened that if he got a divorce, she would “cut him out without a cent” and he needed her money for his campaign, so they did not get a divorce (Morey, 33). After Franklin got over his pneumonia, Eleanor still stayed dedicated to him even after his affair and they tried to work on their relationship. They even began to travel together again. Eleanor still went through some periods of depression but through this she developed independence and leadership (Morey, 35-36).
from the girls school in England (Toor, 1989). When she returned home she began a relationship with her distant cousin Franklin. On a Sunday in November 1903 Franklin Delano Roosevelt asked Eleanor to marry him (Toor, 1989). Eleanor married Franklin when she was only nineteen years old, and he was 22. Franklin and Eleanor wedded on March 17, 1905, on St. Patrick's day. Her uncle, and president at the time Theodore Roosevelt gave Eleanor away at her wedding (Toor, 1989). Franklin's mother, Sara Delano Roosevelt was very disappointed of their relationship.
In Eleanor Roosevelt: A Personal and Public Life by J. William T. Youngs describes the life of Eleanor Roosevelt. Anna and Elliott Roosevelt was married and gave birth to a beautiful daughter who is Eleanor Roosevelt. This biography shows the reader a description of Eleanor’s early childhood, young adult, marriage, and how she was faced with many challenges, grief, and changes throughout her years. Eleanor is one of the great First Ladies in the United States.
She nursed her husband back to walking after he was a victim to a nearly fatal attack of polio and was paralyzed. Once World War I came around in the year of 1914, Eleanor decided to become involved with Navy Department and Red Cross relief efforts (Stevenson, Keira). She also decided that she would volunteer within hospitals and soldier’s canteens (7). Eleanor, being the caring woman she was, would often visit wounded men as much as she possibly could. Eleanor Roosevelt tried her absolute best to have personal relationships with the men during the World War I, and tried to help them and make them just as important even while they were injured and shell-shocked. In the summer of 1921, the Roosevelt family went on a vacation to their summer house that was on Campobello Island in New Brunswick. While the family was vacationing, her husband, Franklin, was a victim to a nearly disastrous attack of polio, an infectious disease. Franklin survived, but the sickness from the attack left him with an infantile paralysis that he would have for the rest of his life. Once he realized that he could no longer walk, Franklin felt as if his world was falling apart right in front of his eyes. He thought that he could longer succeed in politics. Soon though, this all changed (8). Eleanor nursed her husband as he was paralyzed, and she also became more politically active so franklin would feel inspired to not let go of his | 2,628 | ENGLISH | 1 |
By: Sydnee Walcott
Blacks Who Revolutionized The Hair Industry
By: Sydnee Walcott
For women of colour, hair is a form of expression that encompasses their identity and culture for centuries. Different hairstyles such as cornrows, single braids, dreadlocks, and afros help with presenting who Black people are and the pride they have towards their natural beauty.
Hair care has unfortunately been an issue for Black people as many often struggle with finding the right products that improve hair growth and hair health. These issues became prevalent during the slavery and Jim Crow era.
However, as Black women were innovating new ideas that would provide advanced hair care for Black people, these women helped revolutionize the hair industry.
Outlined is a list of some of the most renowned Black inventors who transformed the hair industry for the better:
Not only was she one of the first African Americans to become a millionaire, but Annie Malone has also made history by becoming the first woman in America to become a self-made millionaire.
Malone had a passion for chemistry from the time she was a child. Her love for chemistry would then lead her to become one of the first African Americans to transform the hair care industry for Black women.
Many women were experiencing hair loss by using harmful methods to straighten their hair. Malone invented products that provided women with healthy straight hair without the added damage from heat.
The product was called “Wonderful Hair Grower,” and the growth stimulant attracted many customers on the market.
When Malone began to hire and train salespeople, her products would receive mass distribution through America, South America, Africa, and the Caribbean.
When transitioning over to cosmetics, Malone named her brand “Poro,” and continued to sell both hair care and cosmetics.
Poro continued to receive success and led to the opening of Poro College where Black women would be able to receive training on healthy hair care practices and seek future employment opportunities.
Madam C.J. Walker
Madam C.J. Walker is one of the most recognized African Americans to become a self-made millionaire during the Jim Crow era.
Born as Sarah Breedlove to formerly enslaved parents, Walker experienced hair loss, dandruff, and other scalp issues which forced her to turn to the hair industry for help with these problems.
In the 1890s, hair loss was a common issue among many Black women due to a lack of indoor plumbing leading to many Black families washing their hair irregularly.
Walker began experimenting at home with remedies, treatments, and products that would tailor to her hair type.
In the early 1900s, she moved to Colorado where she would work for Annie Malone as a saleswoman to gain more knowledge on hair care.
Walker began to create and sell her own hair growth and scalp conditioning products. She then expanded her brand by adding shampoo, oils, and hot combs.
Walker went on to establish the Madam C.J. Walker Manufacturing Company and hire sales agents who would receive sales training, build their own businesses, and achieve financial security.
Combing and brushing is key to help one maintain healthy hair, but at one point, Black women were struggling to find a brush suitable for their hair type.
This issue was resolved when women’s right Advocate and Inventor Lyda Newman created a newly-designed hairbrush to accommodate Black women’s hair.
Newman was working as a hair specialist and noticed the demand for a brush that worked for Black women’s hair. She was 13 years old when she patented the new and improved hair brush design in 1898.
The previous brush included bristles that were made out of animal hair while the brushes designed for Black hair had synthetic bristles that were firmer, durable, and did not break easily when used on ethnic hair.
The new patent brush also had a unique feature.
It contained an air chamber that allowed airflow to the bristles which would help the brush dry much faster.
With the brush being cheaper and easier to manufacture, the brush was accessible to women of many backgrounds.
The hair weave is one the most popular hairstyles among Black women as it provides versatility with different colours, lengths, and hair patterns.
The invention of the sew-in hair weave was created by Christina Jenkins in the 1940s. This new technique would bring innovation to the hair industry.
While working for a wig manufacturer, Jenkins began doing research to seek alternative ways of attaching hair firmly without using heat or harsh chemicals. This is when the idea of the sew-in was introduced.
The hair would be braided into cornrows with or without the use of added hair to form a base. Once the base was completed, the wefts of hair would be sent to the cornrows until all of them were completely covered. Afterwards, the wefts would be styled in any desired way.
Jenkins believed that this method would provide a long-lasting voluminous style.
In 1951, Jenkins received a patent for this method which still remains popular over 70 years later.
The women listed above diversified the industry and opened up avenues of success among Black-owned hair businesses in the hair care industry. In society, there is a wide selection of products and methods available for Black people to use in order to achieve the healthy hair they are worthy of having. | <urn:uuid:02c1cbad-9fc7-477c-ac0c-f999412800fa> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.blackvoice.ca/2023/12/29/lifestyle/black-people-who-revolutionalized-the-hair-industry/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474659.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226094435-20240226124435-00595.warc.gz | en | 0.982344 | 1,103 | 3.53125 | 4 | [
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Blacks Who Revolutionized The Hair Industry
By: Sydnee Walcott
For women of colour, hair is a form of expression that encompasses their identity and culture for centuries. Different hairstyles such as cornrows, single braids, dreadlocks, and afros help with presenting who Black people are and the pride they have towards their natural beauty.
Hair care has unfortunately been an issue for Black people as many often struggle with finding the right products that improve hair growth and hair health. These issues became prevalent during the slavery and Jim Crow era.
However, as Black women were innovating new ideas that would provide advanced hair care for Black people, these women helped revolutionize the hair industry.
Outlined is a list of some of the most renowned Black inventors who transformed the hair industry for the better:
Not only was she one of the first African Americans to become a millionaire, but Annie Malone has also made history by becoming the first woman in America to become a self-made millionaire.
Malone had a passion for chemistry from the time she was a child. Her love for chemistry would then lead her to become one of the first African Americans to transform the hair care industry for Black women.
Many women were experiencing hair loss by using harmful methods to straighten their hair. Malone invented products that provided women with healthy straight hair without the added damage from heat.
The product was called “Wonderful Hair Grower,” and the growth stimulant attracted many customers on the market.
When Malone began to hire and train salespeople, her products would receive mass distribution through America, South America, Africa, and the Caribbean.
When transitioning over to cosmetics, Malone named her brand “Poro,” and continued to sell both hair care and cosmetics.
Poro continued to receive success and led to the opening of Poro College where Black women would be able to receive training on healthy hair care practices and seek future employment opportunities.
Madam C.J. Walker
Madam C.J. Walker is one of the most recognized African Americans to become a self-made millionaire during the Jim Crow era.
Born as Sarah Breedlove to formerly enslaved parents, Walker experienced hair loss, dandruff, and other scalp issues which forced her to turn to the hair industry for help with these problems.
In the 1890s, hair loss was a common issue among many Black women due to a lack of indoor plumbing leading to many Black families washing their hair irregularly.
Walker began experimenting at home with remedies, treatments, and products that would tailor to her hair type.
In the early 1900s, she moved to Colorado where she would work for Annie Malone as a saleswoman to gain more knowledge on hair care.
Walker began to create and sell her own hair growth and scalp conditioning products. She then expanded her brand by adding shampoo, oils, and hot combs.
Walker went on to establish the Madam C.J. Walker Manufacturing Company and hire sales agents who would receive sales training, build their own businesses, and achieve financial security.
Combing and brushing is key to help one maintain healthy hair, but at one point, Black women were struggling to find a brush suitable for their hair type.
This issue was resolved when women’s right Advocate and Inventor Lyda Newman created a newly-designed hairbrush to accommodate Black women’s hair.
Newman was working as a hair specialist and noticed the demand for a brush that worked for Black women’s hair. She was 13 years old when she patented the new and improved hair brush design in 1898.
The previous brush included bristles that were made out of animal hair while the brushes designed for Black hair had synthetic bristles that were firmer, durable, and did not break easily when used on ethnic hair.
The new patent brush also had a unique feature.
It contained an air chamber that allowed airflow to the bristles which would help the brush dry much faster.
With the brush being cheaper and easier to manufacture, the brush was accessible to women of many backgrounds.
The hair weave is one the most popular hairstyles among Black women as it provides versatility with different colours, lengths, and hair patterns.
The invention of the sew-in hair weave was created by Christina Jenkins in the 1940s. This new technique would bring innovation to the hair industry.
While working for a wig manufacturer, Jenkins began doing research to seek alternative ways of attaching hair firmly without using heat or harsh chemicals. This is when the idea of the sew-in was introduced.
The hair would be braided into cornrows with or without the use of added hair to form a base. Once the base was completed, the wefts of hair would be sent to the cornrows until all of them were completely covered. Afterwards, the wefts would be styled in any desired way.
Jenkins believed that this method would provide a long-lasting voluminous style.
In 1951, Jenkins received a patent for this method which still remains popular over 70 years later.
The women listed above diversified the industry and opened up avenues of success among Black-owned hair businesses in the hair care industry. In society, there is a wide selection of products and methods available for Black people to use in order to achieve the healthy hair they are worthy of having. | 1,068 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Synopsis of short story:
Target Age: 8–13-years-old
Have you ever wondered why your parents named you the way they did?
Do you think your name is important to your identity?
Have you ever wondered what your name means?
What would you do if someone would purposefully call you by a name you really didn’t like?
This is a story about Judea, a girl who faces bullying in school by a group of kids who purposefully call her not by her given name. The more that Judea tries to show to the students that her name is Judea, the more proof she brings, the bullying increases. In time, even the school administrators, teachers, and students forget her real name and Judea herself wonders whether her name is really Judea. She begins to doubt her reality, her sense of self and identity.
It is her extended family, however, who plays a critical role in reminding Judea of her familial roots, and that her great-grandfather, Judah, is whom she is named after. And in the process of reminding Judea to reclaim her identity, the young girl is empowered. She decides that she will not be a victim and instead, proclaim her name aloud!
By now you’ve figured out that Judea’s story is the story of the Jewish people and their homeland, Israel. For thousands of years, in the hands of several empires, the original name of Israel—Judea—was renamed. The Romans wanted the world to forget about Judea and the holy city of Jerusalem, so they named it Palestina. But the Jewish family is strong. And just like in the case of Judea’s family, who played a central role in reminding and inspiring Judea to reclaim her identity, the Jewish people’s hearts moved as they longed for a return to their homeland. These Jewish family members were known as Zionists.
On the first day of school, the teacher laid out the name tags. Mrs. Uma Nathans was excited to greet the fifth-grade class. She took great care to make sure that each name tag was a different color. As she was waiting for the children to enter the classroom, Mrs. Nathans smiled, recalling her school days.
The bell rang and the kids bounced into the classroom. To Mrs. Nathans, they were still nameless: cheerful smiles and bouncy bodies. “My name is Mrs. Uma Nathans. I want to get to know you,” she said as the kids settled into their seats. “I want you to come up to the name tags that I have placed on this table,” she showed them, “and write your name. After you have done this, I would like you to share with us what your name means, why your parents named you this way. For example, I am named after my great-aunt Ursa, who lived during the time of the suffrage. She was a leader for women and their right to vote!” Mrs. Nathans demonstrated to the students.
Some of the kids already knew one another from previous years. “Hannah,” Miriam turned to her friend, “I never knew why you are called Hannah. This is going to be fun!” Student after student, each took a name tag and proudly wrote their names.
“But what if we don’t know why we are named the way we are?” a boy shot up.
“That’s ok,” Mrs. Nathans observed. “This will be your homework and you can report back to the class tomorrow.” The boy took the nametag as if it was a treasure, his eyes lighting up with curiosity.
Judea was new to the school. Her family had just moved from New York. California was beaming with sunshine she was not so accustomed to. Back home, she had many friends and though she was nervous, she looked forward to meeting new people. She took the purple-colored name tag, as purple was her favorite color. With great care she wrote her name, letter by letter, and stuck the tag on her shirt. When it was her turn to share, she said, “My name is Judea. My mother and my father named me Judea in honor of my great-grandfather, Judah.” She paused and looked around, as if looking for him. “But I never met him.”
Being new to school comes with many challenges, of course, and when she shared about her name, she noticed kids chuckling in their seats, whispering to one another, most likely about her name, she thought.
“Thank you for sharing with us, Judea,” Mrs. Nathans tried to quiet the room. In no time, all the kids shared their names, and the bell rang. “That’s recess!” Mrs. Nathans proclaimed. “Make sure to eat a snack and drink your water, it’s a hot day today.”
The kids ran out of the classroom as if they were participating in the Olympiads. They burst onto the playground and began to group themselves with their friends. Judea, on the other hand, did not have any friends yet. She stood aside, observing the kids, and hoped that one of the kids would come up and play with her.
“Hey Paula!” one of the girls shouted toward Judea. She didn’t respond and looked back. Perhaps there was another girl behind her name Paula. But during the sharing they did in class, Judea did not remember any Paula.
“Yeah, you! Paula!” Molly teased.
“Oh, I’m not Paula, I’m Judea,” she corrected Molly. The girls circling Molly began to laugh. Like parrots, they flocked around one another, and repeated the name “Paula” over and over again. Judea felt a knot in her throat and her eyes began to water. She turned red and ran back to the classroom.
The bell rang and the kids gathered slowly around the class door.
That evening, Judea came home and hardly ate her dinner. “How was school?” her mother inquired, noticing that Judea did not touch her favorite grilled potatoes and cucumber and tomato salad.
“Not so good mom,” Judea remarked. “The kids weren’t very nice,” Judea went on, describing how they teased her and didn’t address her by her name.
Judea’s mom furrowed her brows, came to give her daughter a hug and said, “Sometimes kids can be mean… especially to new kids. I’m sure it will be fine. Let’s take it day by day.”
That evening, Judea lay in her bed and couldn’t fall asleep. For the first time in her life, she wondered why she had this name. It was also the first time that she realized that she does not know any other Judeas. Maybe her name was too old-fashioned? She thought. Maybe it sounded weird? Or maybe they just didn’t like the way it looked written out on her name tag. Doubt began to fill her mind as dawn greeted her bedroom window.
Apprehensive about the second day of school, Judea walked into the classroom, this time with her head hanging a little low. She didn’t want to call attention to herself and tried her hardest to be silent. But during recess, the flock of kids grew, as if they had planned this round of mockery. They gathered in the yard, but unlike yesterday, they did not split into groups of friends. “Paula! Paula!” They pointed at her while mocking her.
She turned around and ran to the classroom. Judea turned just to check if they followed her; they did not. She sat low to the ground, her face buried in her hands. She could hear laughs and giggles from her classmates, and she cried harder. She cried because she was embarrassed. She cried because she was humiliated. The rest of recess, if someone asked where Judea was, they would find her hiding away from her tormentors, far far from the playground.
Mrs. Nathans was not on yard duty that day but noticed Judea’s red puffy face as the kids trailed back into the classroom. The class settled and she pulled out the map of the world, concentrating on the fertile crescent and the ancient map of Mesopotamia. When the bell rang for lunch, Mrs. Nathans noticed that Judea did not stand up. “Are you not going to eat your lunch?” she asked.
“Is it okay if I eat my lunch inside today?” Judea asked.
Mrs. Nathans was no stranger to the many cases of bullying she had witnessed throughout the years. “Judea,” she said, “is everything alright?”
Judea did not answer with words, just with her body. From aside she looked like the number 2, her head sinking down. “It will get better,” Mrs. Nathans comforted Judea, “it’s just the beginning of the year. Give it some time.”
Some time did, indeed, pass, but nothing changed. In fact, it only got worse. The more that Judea tried to prove to her peers that her name really was Judea, the more they laughed and taunted her. “You could have forged those papers, Paula!” Molly, the ringleader, folded her arms across her chest as Judea showed them her identification card, with the letters of her name in bold writing. It was impossible. Nothing she did could have convinced them otherwise.
Every time they didn’t call her by her given name, it was as if her family’s history did not exist. Worse: It was as if she did not exist. She began to doubt everything, to doubt whether there really was a great-grandfather named Judah. At home, she retreated further into herself, spending most of her time in her room, looking at the blank California streets. She didn’t even respond to “Judea” when her parents called her name.
Toward the end of the school year, Judea heard that her family from New York was coming to visit. For the first time in many months, her heart was lifted with joy. She would see her cousins, uncles, and aunts again. For once, in a very long time, she had been hopeful. She went to school and didn’t mind the taunting; she even ignored her bullies. “Paula!” Molly shouted, trying to get Judea’s attention. But she was lost in the sweet thought of seeing her family soon.
That evening, the door swung open, and the many familiar faces appeared before her eyes. She ran to Esther, her cousin with whom she had grown up. They had not seen one another for almost an entire year. “My, how our Judea has grown!” Esther’s mother remarked as she ran her fingers through Judea’s copper coils.
As the family members trickled in, one by one, Judea noticed a man she did not recognize. He was tall and stately and wore a gray-striped suit. He was old and seemed to be fragile like a vase that could break at any moment. “Come, come, Jacob,” Judea’s mom took his stuff as she ushered him in. “Please, please feel at home.”
He took a big breath and searched for the nearest place to sit, his legs tired from the journey. “Thank you, dear Ruth,” he found the armchair in the living room and sunk into it.
Judea watched from behind the wall. “Why are you hiding?” Esther asked.
Judea turned to her cousin and said, “Who is that? I’ve never seen him before.”
“That’s Jacob, Judah’s son,” Esther explained.
“Who?” Judea said aloud.
“You know, Judah, our great grandfather…?” Esther looked at her cousin a bit surprised.
Judea remained silent.
“You’re different,” Esther observed.
“I am different,” Judea snapped back.
The evening was still early, and Ruth invited everyone to the table. She helped Jacob get seated at the head of the table and said, “We are all so happy to be together again. And so excited that our dear Jacob could be with us here.”
Everyone smiled and shared their latest news. Everyone, except Judea. It was as if she was not there, but rather observing everyone else. Jacob was a funny man, funny because he spoke with a slight accent. Though she tried to avoid him, deep down inside Judea was curious who he was.
All this was too much for Judea. It was as if she were living two lives. The one at school where she was Paula and the one here, at home, where she was still called Judea. Who was she?
The school year was coming to an end, and Mrs. Nathans had a surprise for the class. She had kept all the name tags from the first day and wanted to give them to the students so that they would have something to remember their fifth-grade year. She put the tags into a ziplocked bag and carefully placed it in her purse. As they bounced into the class, Mrs. Nathans recalled her excitement from the first day of school.
“I have a surprise for you all!” she announced as they hurried into their seats. And she pulled the ziplocked bag out and waved it triumphantly. Judea felt the familiar feeling of the knot in her throat.
“Our name tags!” the students shouted. And they jumped out of the seats like rockets into outer space.
“I found mine!”
“Wow I used to write like a chicken!”
Judea did not get up from her seat. She sat frozen.
“Aren’t you going to get your name tag?” Molly returned to her seat and looked at Judea. “Oh wait, there isn’t one for you! I didn’t see a Paula in the pile!”
Mrs. Nathans quietly approached Judea’s desk and placed the name tag on the desk. “This is yours,” she said. Judea stared at the letters J-U-D-E-A but did not recognize her name. Out of habit, when the school day was coming to an end, she gathered all the papers from her desk, and stuffed them in her backpack. She did not mean to take the nametag with “Judea” on it, but it must have attached itself to one of the piles and thus found its way into Judea’s backpack.
At home, Judea stood in the kitchen, cleaning out her backpack. She removed old papers, worn-down erasers, and pencils that had stopped working. The papers flew out of her backpack and the nametag fell on the tip of her shoe. She bent down, grabbed it, and headed straight to the trash.
“That’s my favorite color, too,” Jacob, who had been sitting in the armchair turned to Judea and pointed to his lavender polo shirt. Ceremoniously, Judea smiled. “What are you throwing out?” he asked.
Judea had been trying to avoid Jacob all week. But for some reason, the tenderness in his voice and his warm eyes beckoned to her. She turned and walked toward him. “This…” she showed him the purple nametag.
“Why do you have a nametag?” he asked. She explained and asked him to have it back. His hands shook and the nametag trembled in them like a leaf on a windy day. “Do you know why you are called Judea?” he asked. The familiar knot formed in her throat again.
She shook her head.
“Of course, she knows!” Judea’s mother shouted from the kitchen.
“I don’t,” Judea said and hesitated before saying, “I don’t even know why I am called the way I am called, who this great-grandfather Judah was or if he ever truly existed!” It all came out of her like a waterfall. Jacob looked confused and her mother came out of the kitchen. All her emotions, her anger and sadness poured forth, and she cried.
“But of course, there was a man named Judah, and he was my father,” Jacob explained. He proceeded to tell Judea all about his father, where he was born and where he grew up. And that during the war he lost all of his family members, and that he met his wife, Jacob’s mother, after the war. Judea listened and looked at her mother, who nodded all along the way.
“Your great-grandfather was a very special man. He survived great horrors and lived to tell us his story. You must know his story!” Jacob became animated. It was the first time during that visit that Judea observed Jacob so passionate. As she wiped her tears, Jacob continued to speak about his father. “So you see,” Jacob still held onto the nametag. “Your name carries the memory and life of a great man!”
On the last day of school, Judea chose to wear her name tag proudly on the front of her shirt. And every time the kids attempted to tease or make fun of her, she raised her head that much higher. From that day on, she decided not to be defined by her bullies. When she realized that it was up to her and her alone to proclaim with great pride that her name was Judea, she was not easily swayed.
So that everywhere she went she would declare: “My name is Judea! My great-grandfather was called Judah. He was a great man.”
By now you’ve figured out that Judea’s story is the story of the Jewish people and their homeland, Israel. For thousands of years, in the hands of several empires, the name of the Jewish kingdom—Judea—was renamed. The Romans wanted the world to forget about Judea and the holy city of Jerusalem, so they named it Palestina. But the Jewish family is strong. And just like in the case of Judea’s family who played a central role in reminding and inspiring Judea to reclaim her identity, the Jewish people’s hearts moved as they longed for a return to their homeland.
These Jewish family members were known as Zionists.
In 70 A.D. the Jewish Kingdom of Judea fell under the ruthless hands of the Romans. For long, the Romans had despised the Judeans. And when they finally destroyed the holy city of Jerusalem, and exiled the Jews from it, they decided to rename Judea to Palestina. They did this because it was not enough for the Romans to destroy the Jewish kingdom; no, they wanted to obliterate its name from memory. So that no one would ever remember that there was a Judea. To show their pride of conquering Judea, the Romans minted a coin they called “Judea Capta.”
But the Jewish heart does not wane; the two-thousand exile, known as the diaspora, culminated with the Holocaust, a most evil case of anti-Semitism. And still, the Jewish heart did not waver. The Jews have longed for Zion and the return to their Promised Homeland. The Jewish family members who fought for a return to Eretz Yisrael were known as Zionists. These were men and women who left Eastern Europe to rebuild their homeland. These were also men and women who worked very hard to convince the world that the Jewish people are like any other people who have a rich national past. The Zionists did not just believe that the Jewish people deserved their own land, but must return to their ancestral homeland, the Land of Israel. To celebrate their liberation, Israel minted a coin in 1953, called “Israel Liberata.” This special coin is evidence that though the world may have wanted to forget about Judea, the Jewish people never did. | <urn:uuid:d3a78558-b6f2-4226-838e-e10c38752808> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://whiterosemagazine.com/my-name-is-judea/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476205.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303043351-20240303073351-00716.warc.gz | en | 0.987375 | 4,419 | 3.65625 | 4 | [
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0.038414113223552... | 1 | Synopsis of short story:
Target Age: 8–13-years-old
Have you ever wondered why your parents named you the way they did?
Do you think your name is important to your identity?
Have you ever wondered what your name means?
What would you do if someone would purposefully call you by a name you really didn’t like?
This is a story about Judea, a girl who faces bullying in school by a group of kids who purposefully call her not by her given name. The more that Judea tries to show to the students that her name is Judea, the more proof she brings, the bullying increases. In time, even the school administrators, teachers, and students forget her real name and Judea herself wonders whether her name is really Judea. She begins to doubt her reality, her sense of self and identity.
It is her extended family, however, who plays a critical role in reminding Judea of her familial roots, and that her great-grandfather, Judah, is whom she is named after. And in the process of reminding Judea to reclaim her identity, the young girl is empowered. She decides that she will not be a victim and instead, proclaim her name aloud!
By now you’ve figured out that Judea’s story is the story of the Jewish people and their homeland, Israel. For thousands of years, in the hands of several empires, the original name of Israel—Judea—was renamed. The Romans wanted the world to forget about Judea and the holy city of Jerusalem, so they named it Palestina. But the Jewish family is strong. And just like in the case of Judea’s family, who played a central role in reminding and inspiring Judea to reclaim her identity, the Jewish people’s hearts moved as they longed for a return to their homeland. These Jewish family members were known as Zionists.
On the first day of school, the teacher laid out the name tags. Mrs. Uma Nathans was excited to greet the fifth-grade class. She took great care to make sure that each name tag was a different color. As she was waiting for the children to enter the classroom, Mrs. Nathans smiled, recalling her school days.
The bell rang and the kids bounced into the classroom. To Mrs. Nathans, they were still nameless: cheerful smiles and bouncy bodies. “My name is Mrs. Uma Nathans. I want to get to know you,” she said as the kids settled into their seats. “I want you to come up to the name tags that I have placed on this table,” she showed them, “and write your name. After you have done this, I would like you to share with us what your name means, why your parents named you this way. For example, I am named after my great-aunt Ursa, who lived during the time of the suffrage. She was a leader for women and their right to vote!” Mrs. Nathans demonstrated to the students.
Some of the kids already knew one another from previous years. “Hannah,” Miriam turned to her friend, “I never knew why you are called Hannah. This is going to be fun!” Student after student, each took a name tag and proudly wrote their names.
“But what if we don’t know why we are named the way we are?” a boy shot up.
“That’s ok,” Mrs. Nathans observed. “This will be your homework and you can report back to the class tomorrow.” The boy took the nametag as if it was a treasure, his eyes lighting up with curiosity.
Judea was new to the school. Her family had just moved from New York. California was beaming with sunshine she was not so accustomed to. Back home, she had many friends and though she was nervous, she looked forward to meeting new people. She took the purple-colored name tag, as purple was her favorite color. With great care she wrote her name, letter by letter, and stuck the tag on her shirt. When it was her turn to share, she said, “My name is Judea. My mother and my father named me Judea in honor of my great-grandfather, Judah.” She paused and looked around, as if looking for him. “But I never met him.”
Being new to school comes with many challenges, of course, and when she shared about her name, she noticed kids chuckling in their seats, whispering to one another, most likely about her name, she thought.
“Thank you for sharing with us, Judea,” Mrs. Nathans tried to quiet the room. In no time, all the kids shared their names, and the bell rang. “That’s recess!” Mrs. Nathans proclaimed. “Make sure to eat a snack and drink your water, it’s a hot day today.”
The kids ran out of the classroom as if they were participating in the Olympiads. They burst onto the playground and began to group themselves with their friends. Judea, on the other hand, did not have any friends yet. She stood aside, observing the kids, and hoped that one of the kids would come up and play with her.
“Hey Paula!” one of the girls shouted toward Judea. She didn’t respond and looked back. Perhaps there was another girl behind her name Paula. But during the sharing they did in class, Judea did not remember any Paula.
“Yeah, you! Paula!” Molly teased.
“Oh, I’m not Paula, I’m Judea,” she corrected Molly. The girls circling Molly began to laugh. Like parrots, they flocked around one another, and repeated the name “Paula” over and over again. Judea felt a knot in her throat and her eyes began to water. She turned red and ran back to the classroom.
The bell rang and the kids gathered slowly around the class door.
That evening, Judea came home and hardly ate her dinner. “How was school?” her mother inquired, noticing that Judea did not touch her favorite grilled potatoes and cucumber and tomato salad.
“Not so good mom,” Judea remarked. “The kids weren’t very nice,” Judea went on, describing how they teased her and didn’t address her by her name.
Judea’s mom furrowed her brows, came to give her daughter a hug and said, “Sometimes kids can be mean… especially to new kids. I’m sure it will be fine. Let’s take it day by day.”
That evening, Judea lay in her bed and couldn’t fall asleep. For the first time in her life, she wondered why she had this name. It was also the first time that she realized that she does not know any other Judeas. Maybe her name was too old-fashioned? She thought. Maybe it sounded weird? Or maybe they just didn’t like the way it looked written out on her name tag. Doubt began to fill her mind as dawn greeted her bedroom window.
Apprehensive about the second day of school, Judea walked into the classroom, this time with her head hanging a little low. She didn’t want to call attention to herself and tried her hardest to be silent. But during recess, the flock of kids grew, as if they had planned this round of mockery. They gathered in the yard, but unlike yesterday, they did not split into groups of friends. “Paula! Paula!” They pointed at her while mocking her.
She turned around and ran to the classroom. Judea turned just to check if they followed her; they did not. She sat low to the ground, her face buried in her hands. She could hear laughs and giggles from her classmates, and she cried harder. She cried because she was embarrassed. She cried because she was humiliated. The rest of recess, if someone asked where Judea was, they would find her hiding away from her tormentors, far far from the playground.
Mrs. Nathans was not on yard duty that day but noticed Judea’s red puffy face as the kids trailed back into the classroom. The class settled and she pulled out the map of the world, concentrating on the fertile crescent and the ancient map of Mesopotamia. When the bell rang for lunch, Mrs. Nathans noticed that Judea did not stand up. “Are you not going to eat your lunch?” she asked.
“Is it okay if I eat my lunch inside today?” Judea asked.
Mrs. Nathans was no stranger to the many cases of bullying she had witnessed throughout the years. “Judea,” she said, “is everything alright?”
Judea did not answer with words, just with her body. From aside she looked like the number 2, her head sinking down. “It will get better,” Mrs. Nathans comforted Judea, “it’s just the beginning of the year. Give it some time.”
Some time did, indeed, pass, but nothing changed. In fact, it only got worse. The more that Judea tried to prove to her peers that her name really was Judea, the more they laughed and taunted her. “You could have forged those papers, Paula!” Molly, the ringleader, folded her arms across her chest as Judea showed them her identification card, with the letters of her name in bold writing. It was impossible. Nothing she did could have convinced them otherwise.
Every time they didn’t call her by her given name, it was as if her family’s history did not exist. Worse: It was as if she did not exist. She began to doubt everything, to doubt whether there really was a great-grandfather named Judah. At home, she retreated further into herself, spending most of her time in her room, looking at the blank California streets. She didn’t even respond to “Judea” when her parents called her name.
Toward the end of the school year, Judea heard that her family from New York was coming to visit. For the first time in many months, her heart was lifted with joy. She would see her cousins, uncles, and aunts again. For once, in a very long time, she had been hopeful. She went to school and didn’t mind the taunting; she even ignored her bullies. “Paula!” Molly shouted, trying to get Judea’s attention. But she was lost in the sweet thought of seeing her family soon.
That evening, the door swung open, and the many familiar faces appeared before her eyes. She ran to Esther, her cousin with whom she had grown up. They had not seen one another for almost an entire year. “My, how our Judea has grown!” Esther’s mother remarked as she ran her fingers through Judea’s copper coils.
As the family members trickled in, one by one, Judea noticed a man she did not recognize. He was tall and stately and wore a gray-striped suit. He was old and seemed to be fragile like a vase that could break at any moment. “Come, come, Jacob,” Judea’s mom took his stuff as she ushered him in. “Please, please feel at home.”
He took a big breath and searched for the nearest place to sit, his legs tired from the journey. “Thank you, dear Ruth,” he found the armchair in the living room and sunk into it.
Judea watched from behind the wall. “Why are you hiding?” Esther asked.
Judea turned to her cousin and said, “Who is that? I’ve never seen him before.”
“That’s Jacob, Judah’s son,” Esther explained.
“Who?” Judea said aloud.
“You know, Judah, our great grandfather…?” Esther looked at her cousin a bit surprised.
Judea remained silent.
“You’re different,” Esther observed.
“I am different,” Judea snapped back.
The evening was still early, and Ruth invited everyone to the table. She helped Jacob get seated at the head of the table and said, “We are all so happy to be together again. And so excited that our dear Jacob could be with us here.”
Everyone smiled and shared their latest news. Everyone, except Judea. It was as if she was not there, but rather observing everyone else. Jacob was a funny man, funny because he spoke with a slight accent. Though she tried to avoid him, deep down inside Judea was curious who he was.
All this was too much for Judea. It was as if she were living two lives. The one at school where she was Paula and the one here, at home, where she was still called Judea. Who was she?
The school year was coming to an end, and Mrs. Nathans had a surprise for the class. She had kept all the name tags from the first day and wanted to give them to the students so that they would have something to remember their fifth-grade year. She put the tags into a ziplocked bag and carefully placed it in her purse. As they bounced into the class, Mrs. Nathans recalled her excitement from the first day of school.
“I have a surprise for you all!” she announced as they hurried into their seats. And she pulled the ziplocked bag out and waved it triumphantly. Judea felt the familiar feeling of the knot in her throat.
“Our name tags!” the students shouted. And they jumped out of the seats like rockets into outer space.
“I found mine!”
“Wow I used to write like a chicken!”
Judea did not get up from her seat. She sat frozen.
“Aren’t you going to get your name tag?” Molly returned to her seat and looked at Judea. “Oh wait, there isn’t one for you! I didn’t see a Paula in the pile!”
Mrs. Nathans quietly approached Judea’s desk and placed the name tag on the desk. “This is yours,” she said. Judea stared at the letters J-U-D-E-A but did not recognize her name. Out of habit, when the school day was coming to an end, she gathered all the papers from her desk, and stuffed them in her backpack. She did not mean to take the nametag with “Judea” on it, but it must have attached itself to one of the piles and thus found its way into Judea’s backpack.
At home, Judea stood in the kitchen, cleaning out her backpack. She removed old papers, worn-down erasers, and pencils that had stopped working. The papers flew out of her backpack and the nametag fell on the tip of her shoe. She bent down, grabbed it, and headed straight to the trash.
“That’s my favorite color, too,” Jacob, who had been sitting in the armchair turned to Judea and pointed to his lavender polo shirt. Ceremoniously, Judea smiled. “What are you throwing out?” he asked.
Judea had been trying to avoid Jacob all week. But for some reason, the tenderness in his voice and his warm eyes beckoned to her. She turned and walked toward him. “This…” she showed him the purple nametag.
“Why do you have a nametag?” he asked. She explained and asked him to have it back. His hands shook and the nametag trembled in them like a leaf on a windy day. “Do you know why you are called Judea?” he asked. The familiar knot formed in her throat again.
She shook her head.
“Of course, she knows!” Judea’s mother shouted from the kitchen.
“I don’t,” Judea said and hesitated before saying, “I don’t even know why I am called the way I am called, who this great-grandfather Judah was or if he ever truly existed!” It all came out of her like a waterfall. Jacob looked confused and her mother came out of the kitchen. All her emotions, her anger and sadness poured forth, and she cried.
“But of course, there was a man named Judah, and he was my father,” Jacob explained. He proceeded to tell Judea all about his father, where he was born and where he grew up. And that during the war he lost all of his family members, and that he met his wife, Jacob’s mother, after the war. Judea listened and looked at her mother, who nodded all along the way.
“Your great-grandfather was a very special man. He survived great horrors and lived to tell us his story. You must know his story!” Jacob became animated. It was the first time during that visit that Judea observed Jacob so passionate. As she wiped her tears, Jacob continued to speak about his father. “So you see,” Jacob still held onto the nametag. “Your name carries the memory and life of a great man!”
On the last day of school, Judea chose to wear her name tag proudly on the front of her shirt. And every time the kids attempted to tease or make fun of her, she raised her head that much higher. From that day on, she decided not to be defined by her bullies. When she realized that it was up to her and her alone to proclaim with great pride that her name was Judea, she was not easily swayed.
So that everywhere she went she would declare: “My name is Judea! My great-grandfather was called Judah. He was a great man.”
By now you’ve figured out that Judea’s story is the story of the Jewish people and their homeland, Israel. For thousands of years, in the hands of several empires, the name of the Jewish kingdom—Judea—was renamed. The Romans wanted the world to forget about Judea and the holy city of Jerusalem, so they named it Palestina. But the Jewish family is strong. And just like in the case of Judea’s family who played a central role in reminding and inspiring Judea to reclaim her identity, the Jewish people’s hearts moved as they longed for a return to their homeland.
These Jewish family members were known as Zionists.
In 70 A.D. the Jewish Kingdom of Judea fell under the ruthless hands of the Romans. For long, the Romans had despised the Judeans. And when they finally destroyed the holy city of Jerusalem, and exiled the Jews from it, they decided to rename Judea to Palestina. They did this because it was not enough for the Romans to destroy the Jewish kingdom; no, they wanted to obliterate its name from memory. So that no one would ever remember that there was a Judea. To show their pride of conquering Judea, the Romans minted a coin they called “Judea Capta.”
But the Jewish heart does not wane; the two-thousand exile, known as the diaspora, culminated with the Holocaust, a most evil case of anti-Semitism. And still, the Jewish heart did not waver. The Jews have longed for Zion and the return to their Promised Homeland. The Jewish family members who fought for a return to Eretz Yisrael were known as Zionists. These were men and women who left Eastern Europe to rebuild their homeland. These were also men and women who worked very hard to convince the world that the Jewish people are like any other people who have a rich national past. The Zionists did not just believe that the Jewish people deserved their own land, but must return to their ancestral homeland, the Land of Israel. To celebrate their liberation, Israel minted a coin in 1953, called “Israel Liberata.” This special coin is evidence that though the world may have wanted to forget about Judea, the Jewish people never did. | 4,039 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Woodrow Wilson was the 28th president of the United States and his term, which took place between 1913 and 1921, coincided with World War I. Wilson helped draft the Treaty of Versailles, which hastened the end of the war. His famous quote on the matter was: “At last the world knows America as the savior of the world!”
He is also known for his stance that America should join the League of Nations, which later changed its name to the United Nations, but Congress at the time was not in favor. Wilson was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1919 for his efforts to promote international peace.
The 44th president of the United States, Barack Obama, made history by becoming the first ever African-American president. During his time in office, in the years 2009 to 2017, Obama made some momentous changes, including signing the Affordable Care Act which strived to bring health care to all Americans.
He was instrumental in brokering the Iran nuclear deal, revoking the “Don’t Ask Don’t Tell” policy in the military and restoring relations between the U.S. and Cuba. Obama left behind a legacy of tolerance and inclusion.
President Obama’s inauguration was an inspiring event. Over 1 million people turned up and Beyoncé gave an emotional rendition of the national anthem.
Obama stirred the hearts of many during his speech when he said, “Our journey is not complete until our gay brothers and sisters are treated like anyone else under the law.”
Wilson’s Love of Golf
Wilson cared deeply about democracy and peace around the world, but there was something that he loved almost as much – the sport of golf.
Wilson was so passionate about the game that not even snow on the ground could keep him from teeing off. In winter, he would paint his golf balls black in order to see and retrieve them even when the course was completely covered in snow.
Lyndon Baines Johnson
Lyndon Baines Johnson, more commonly known as LBJ, was America’s 36th president, in office from 1963 to 1969. He was John F. Kennedy’s vice president and stepped in after Kennedy was assassinated. LBJ left behind a strong legacy of social reform. He signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, The Voting Rights Act of 1965, passed laws for gun control and welfare. He also signed the Social Security Act of 1965, which established Medicaid and Medicare.
Johnson’s public appeal took a hit when he committed hundreds of thousands of troops to the war in Vietnam and his decision divided the nation. | <urn:uuid:b3c5eab1-a46d-4e64-8be9-0dc0faed92cf> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.daily-stuff.com/the-greatest-presidents-in-u-s-history/59 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475701.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301193300-20240301223300-00144.warc.gz | en | 0.981541 | 538 | 3.375 | 3 | [
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0.5885164737701416,... | 1 | Woodrow Wilson was the 28th president of the United States and his term, which took place between 1913 and 1921, coincided with World War I. Wilson helped draft the Treaty of Versailles, which hastened the end of the war. His famous quote on the matter was: “At last the world knows America as the savior of the world!”
He is also known for his stance that America should join the League of Nations, which later changed its name to the United Nations, but Congress at the time was not in favor. Wilson was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1919 for his efforts to promote international peace.
The 44th president of the United States, Barack Obama, made history by becoming the first ever African-American president. During his time in office, in the years 2009 to 2017, Obama made some momentous changes, including signing the Affordable Care Act which strived to bring health care to all Americans.
He was instrumental in brokering the Iran nuclear deal, revoking the “Don’t Ask Don’t Tell” policy in the military and restoring relations between the U.S. and Cuba. Obama left behind a legacy of tolerance and inclusion.
President Obama’s inauguration was an inspiring event. Over 1 million people turned up and Beyoncé gave an emotional rendition of the national anthem.
Obama stirred the hearts of many during his speech when he said, “Our journey is not complete until our gay brothers and sisters are treated like anyone else under the law.”
Wilson’s Love of Golf
Wilson cared deeply about democracy and peace around the world, but there was something that he loved almost as much – the sport of golf.
Wilson was so passionate about the game that not even snow on the ground could keep him from teeing off. In winter, he would paint his golf balls black in order to see and retrieve them even when the course was completely covered in snow.
Lyndon Baines Johnson
Lyndon Baines Johnson, more commonly known as LBJ, was America’s 36th president, in office from 1963 to 1969. He was John F. Kennedy’s vice president and stepped in after Kennedy was assassinated. LBJ left behind a strong legacy of social reform. He signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, The Voting Rights Act of 1965, passed laws for gun control and welfare. He also signed the Social Security Act of 1965, which established Medicaid and Medicare.
Johnson’s public appeal took a hit when he committed hundreds of thousands of troops to the war in Vietnam and his decision divided the nation. | 553 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Henry V is regarded as one of the great warrior kings of medieval England, famous for his victory against the French at the Battle of Agincourt. He grew up fond of music and reading, and became the first English king who could both read and write with ease in english.
In Loxwood the Oratory that had been built encouraged more people to settle in the area and this in turn allowed land owners to secure tenant farmers to rent their lands. Robert Rede the Bishop of Chichester died in 1415 and this heralded a period where a number of Bishops were ordained in Chichester but their role in office only lasted for a short period as they were moved to different areas of the Country.
In the wider sphere the first stone was laid at Syon Abbey in Isleworth, and this would become the wealthiest Monastery in England, and the home of one of the great libraries. The ancient glass making process was beginning to be seen in European homes fuelled in part by stained glass windows in monasteries and cathedrals.Read More... | <urn:uuid:26abe157-9ffe-47b2-a21f-ebea998f74a6> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://loxwoodhistory.co.uk/timelines_monarchs/1413-1422-henry-v-and-medieval-loxwood/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474688.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227220707-20240228010707-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.986384 | 216 | 3.546875 | 4 | [
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0.429395973682... | 1 | Henry V is regarded as one of the great warrior kings of medieval England, famous for his victory against the French at the Battle of Agincourt. He grew up fond of music and reading, and became the first English king who could both read and write with ease in english.
In Loxwood the Oratory that had been built encouraged more people to settle in the area and this in turn allowed land owners to secure tenant farmers to rent their lands. Robert Rede the Bishop of Chichester died in 1415 and this heralded a period where a number of Bishops were ordained in Chichester but their role in office only lasted for a short period as they were moved to different areas of the Country.
In the wider sphere the first stone was laid at Syon Abbey in Isleworth, and this would become the wealthiest Monastery in England, and the home of one of the great libraries. The ancient glass making process was beginning to be seen in European homes fuelled in part by stained glass windows in monasteries and cathedrals.Read More... | 217 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The statement, “Power corrupts, absolute power corrupts absolutely”, simply means that the more power one has – the more control one has over people – then the more corrupt it is possible for that person to become. This statement is certainly correct if the person with the power has certain proclivities towards corruption. There are many examples in the book, “Animal Farm”, by George Orwell, of power corrupting those in charge because they had these tendencies. In the story, the most powerful animals are the two pigs, Napoleon and, to a lesser degree, Snowball. During the course of the story these pigs used their power to get more power, and in the process their inclinations towards corruption triumphed. When Old Major, the boar who came …show more content…
Napoleon went further down the road of corruption at the beginning when he and his right-hand pig, Squealer, secretly drank all the milk after the cows’ udders had been relieved.
Napoleon used force to gain control of Animal Farm, and used fear to keep it. When he and Snowball both led the other animals, they had many disagreements. Napoleon saw that Snowball was better at communicating with the animals, so he used the dogs which he had secretly trained to drive Snowball away – permanently. Napoleon used these dogs to keep all the animals ‘in line’ and quash any thought of rebellion with fear.
Napoleon was so eager to keep his power that he used scapegoats for anything that went wrong on the farm. When the windmill that all the animals had been building collapsed, Napoleon did not want faith in him to be lost and replaced with rebellious thoughts. Napoleon relieved himself of any blame for the bad construction plans of the windmill by naming Snowball, who unbeknownst to the other animals had been killed, as the person responsible for its collapse. He told them that Snowball was a traitor and that anyone found to be in league with him would be punished.
Napoleon made excellent use of his second-in-command Squealer’s abilities at speaking eloquently and convincingly to make propaganda. Squealer would make the other animals think that they were better off
Click here to unlock this and over one million essaysGet Access
One way Napoleon took control of Animal Farm was by Ideology. By using Ideology to take control, he used the Seven Commandments. The Seven Commandments were seven rules that the animals had to live by. The Seven Commandments were reduced to two legs good, four legs bad. After seeing Squealer lying in the
In Animal Farm, George Orwell proves the quote “Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely.” This quote is saying that power can corrupt anyone, and with all the power complete corruption can occur. Farmer Jones had the power, it began to control him but then he lost it to the animals. He didn’t have control long enough for it to corrupt him.
Shortly after the Revolution, Snowball comes up with the plan to construct a windmill to make the lives of the inhabitants of Animal Farm easier. Napoleon hides in the shadows per se until the puppies that he has taken and trained are old enough to act as a police force. Once they are old enough, Napoleon has the dogs drive Snowball off the farm. He then takes credit for the idea of the windmill and proceeds to claim that he, not Snowball, won the award at the Battle of Cowshed. Napoleon then informs the animals that Snowball was an enemy and was a threat to Animal Farm. The animals are swayed by his propaganda and are fearful of his police dogs; this is what keeps him in power.
When thinking about pigs, you generally associate them with being dirty, repulsive and gluttonous. Well, that's Napoleon. In the novel, Animal Farm, by George Orwell Napoleon is a pig on Manor Farm who slowly exerts power over others and begins his reign as a dictator. Napoleon takes over and renames the farm Animal Farm while being completely deceptive and unfair. Napoleon is a prime example of how absolute power corrupts absolutely because he is unjust and doesn't care for the wellbeing of any of the other animals on the farm but himself.
“Four legs good, two legs bad” (Orwell 34) the sheep kept shouting whenever someone tried to question Napoleon. Before any animal could say their point on what they thought, the animals other than Napoleon were rudely interrupted. Through these outbursts and other schemes Orwell introduces the idea that power can corrupt those with too much control and he shows it through Napoleon. During Animal Farm Napoleon and his side kicks, the other pigs are changing the commandments and doing whatever they please. Napoleon, and the pigs never follow the rules instead they change them up. The dogs are the secret police that Napoleon has formed to protect him. All of the animals are afraid of Napoleon because of his dogs that he has trained to obey only
Squealer the pig was very persuasive and could make anyone believe anything he said. He communicated to all the other animals what Napoleon had said, and always convinced them that it was right. Lenin, much like Squealer made sure that everyone agreed with Stalin’s decisions, and persuaded them to think that it was always the right move. Animal Farm characters have strong connections to people and things that actually existed. During the Russian revolution, Orwell did a great job contrasting three famous Russian leaders, with three common farm
Power itself is not necessarily a bad thing; in many cases power produces positive results. It is when power is combined with abuse that the problem begins. In Animal Farm by George Orwell, it studies the topic of power. Indeed, the story suggests that when people are given too much power, power will be abused. One way power is mistreated is by the pigs violating the seven commandments. Power is also abused when the animals try to get rid of each other. Another way in which power is misused is in the attempts to brainwash others.
Power Corrupts those who Possess it John Dalberg-Acton once said, “Power corrupts; absolute power corrupts absolutely”, this means that the more power that a person has the more corrupt the person will become. This statement is obviously correct especially if the person with absolute power has tendency towards corruption. The book, “Animal Farm”, by George Orwell, has many examples of how power is gate way to corrupt leaders because they have some tendencies towards corruption. Introduction Power corrupts those that possess it; this is a very important theme in Animal Farm.
Squealer is always making up excuses and bending the rules to make it seem as though Napoleon was the lord and savior of the entire farm. He once gave a short speech and said, “No one believes more firmly than Comrade Napoleon that all animals are equal. He would be happy to let you make your decisions for yourselves. But sometimes you might make the wrong decisions, comrades, and when where would we be?”
The pigs under Napoleon often twisted the truth to justify their actions, as well as to make the animals trust Napoleon’s leadership. Napoleon used Squealer, the sheep, and the farm rituals to spread propaganda. For example, Napoleon used Squealer as his mouthpiece to push his doctrines and ideas by getting him to explain to the farm animals that everything Napoleon did was for one reason or another. Squealer would refute each and every one of the farm animals concerns, form ones about food rations to the commandments’ revisions to even their memory about their past life. If any animal had any distrust in Comrade Napoleon, Squealer would eliminate it. But as time went on and there were more changes to The 7 Commandments of Animalism, Napoleon
Squealer, one of Napoleon’s advocates, also convinced the animals into believing in Napoleon. Squealer was so consumed with Napoleon’s leadership that he managed to convince the animals into believe in his manipulative ways. While Animal Farm was very prosperous, it was also very
Napoleon, who is the leading power in the farm, had complete control of the animal’s minds, being able to convince them that “Snowball [had] done this thing! In sheer malignity, thinking to set back our plans and avenge himself for his ignominious expulsion, this traitor has crept here under cover of night and destroyed our work of nearly a year” (Orwell 70). Napoleon’s need for complete power was able to be achieved from the trust he had established from the other animals, making them not question him and follow whatever he said.
The first reason power leads to corruption is because with power comes broken rules. The pigs use their power to override the rules in Animal Farm. They show the reader this when George Orwell says, “It was a few days later than this that the pigs came upon a case of whiskey”(106-107). This means that the Pigs are breaking a rule that no other animal is allowed to break. The reason no other animal says anything is because the pigs possess power and they can not do anything about it.
Contextualize- Squealer does his best to do Napoleon’s bidding as a speaker to the animals. Squealer represents the Soviet Press, which Stalin controlled throughout his rule as well.
Napoleon, in a similar fashion as to how Stalin exiled Trotsky with his specialized police force, had cheated the animals on Animal Farm by eliminating his opponents. During a meeting with the animals, when Napoleon realized that the other animals were in favor of Snowball. he “[stands] up and, casting a peculiar look at Snowball, [utters] a high-pitched whimper of a kind that no one [has] ever heard him utter before. At this there [is] a terrible baying sound outside and nine enormous dogs… [dash] out straight for Snowball” (Orwell 67). By taking out his competitors, he is forcing the animals to choose him, as well as going against the very foundation of which Animalism was built upon. The Seven Commandments clearly state that “whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, in a friend” (Orwell 43). By exiling Snowball, Napoleon is boldly stating that Snowball is no longer his comrade and should not be treated as such. This disregard of the Seven Commandments clearly foreshadow the rest of Napoleon’s rule. The pig’s corruption is shown in another incident involving the ‘working class’ of the farm. Like the farmers did not want to give up their farms, the hens did not want to give up their eggs; however, Napoleon continues to demand that the hens give up their eggs so that more grain and meal could be bought, but fails | <urn:uuid:15d66e3e-b45d-4056-9cb5-5baa6df5eff2> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Corruption-of-Power-in-Animal-Farm-P3JVVWZTJ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473401.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221070402-20240221100402-00408.warc.gz | en | 0.981396 | 2,247 | 3.484375 | 3 | [
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-0.164361... | 1 | The statement, “Power corrupts, absolute power corrupts absolutely”, simply means that the more power one has – the more control one has over people – then the more corrupt it is possible for that person to become. This statement is certainly correct if the person with the power has certain proclivities towards corruption. There are many examples in the book, “Animal Farm”, by George Orwell, of power corrupting those in charge because they had these tendencies. In the story, the most powerful animals are the two pigs, Napoleon and, to a lesser degree, Snowball. During the course of the story these pigs used their power to get more power, and in the process their inclinations towards corruption triumphed. When Old Major, the boar who came …show more content…
Napoleon went further down the road of corruption at the beginning when he and his right-hand pig, Squealer, secretly drank all the milk after the cows’ udders had been relieved.
Napoleon used force to gain control of Animal Farm, and used fear to keep it. When he and Snowball both led the other animals, they had many disagreements. Napoleon saw that Snowball was better at communicating with the animals, so he used the dogs which he had secretly trained to drive Snowball away – permanently. Napoleon used these dogs to keep all the animals ‘in line’ and quash any thought of rebellion with fear.
Napoleon was so eager to keep his power that he used scapegoats for anything that went wrong on the farm. When the windmill that all the animals had been building collapsed, Napoleon did not want faith in him to be lost and replaced with rebellious thoughts. Napoleon relieved himself of any blame for the bad construction plans of the windmill by naming Snowball, who unbeknownst to the other animals had been killed, as the person responsible for its collapse. He told them that Snowball was a traitor and that anyone found to be in league with him would be punished.
Napoleon made excellent use of his second-in-command Squealer’s abilities at speaking eloquently and convincingly to make propaganda. Squealer would make the other animals think that they were better off
Click here to unlock this and over one million essaysGet Access
One way Napoleon took control of Animal Farm was by Ideology. By using Ideology to take control, he used the Seven Commandments. The Seven Commandments were seven rules that the animals had to live by. The Seven Commandments were reduced to two legs good, four legs bad. After seeing Squealer lying in the
In Animal Farm, George Orwell proves the quote “Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely.” This quote is saying that power can corrupt anyone, and with all the power complete corruption can occur. Farmer Jones had the power, it began to control him but then he lost it to the animals. He didn’t have control long enough for it to corrupt him.
Shortly after the Revolution, Snowball comes up with the plan to construct a windmill to make the lives of the inhabitants of Animal Farm easier. Napoleon hides in the shadows per se until the puppies that he has taken and trained are old enough to act as a police force. Once they are old enough, Napoleon has the dogs drive Snowball off the farm. He then takes credit for the idea of the windmill and proceeds to claim that he, not Snowball, won the award at the Battle of Cowshed. Napoleon then informs the animals that Snowball was an enemy and was a threat to Animal Farm. The animals are swayed by his propaganda and are fearful of his police dogs; this is what keeps him in power.
When thinking about pigs, you generally associate them with being dirty, repulsive and gluttonous. Well, that's Napoleon. In the novel, Animal Farm, by George Orwell Napoleon is a pig on Manor Farm who slowly exerts power over others and begins his reign as a dictator. Napoleon takes over and renames the farm Animal Farm while being completely deceptive and unfair. Napoleon is a prime example of how absolute power corrupts absolutely because he is unjust and doesn't care for the wellbeing of any of the other animals on the farm but himself.
“Four legs good, two legs bad” (Orwell 34) the sheep kept shouting whenever someone tried to question Napoleon. Before any animal could say their point on what they thought, the animals other than Napoleon were rudely interrupted. Through these outbursts and other schemes Orwell introduces the idea that power can corrupt those with too much control and he shows it through Napoleon. During Animal Farm Napoleon and his side kicks, the other pigs are changing the commandments and doing whatever they please. Napoleon, and the pigs never follow the rules instead they change them up. The dogs are the secret police that Napoleon has formed to protect him. All of the animals are afraid of Napoleon because of his dogs that he has trained to obey only
Squealer the pig was very persuasive and could make anyone believe anything he said. He communicated to all the other animals what Napoleon had said, and always convinced them that it was right. Lenin, much like Squealer made sure that everyone agreed with Stalin’s decisions, and persuaded them to think that it was always the right move. Animal Farm characters have strong connections to people and things that actually existed. During the Russian revolution, Orwell did a great job contrasting three famous Russian leaders, with three common farm
Power itself is not necessarily a bad thing; in many cases power produces positive results. It is when power is combined with abuse that the problem begins. In Animal Farm by George Orwell, it studies the topic of power. Indeed, the story suggests that when people are given too much power, power will be abused. One way power is mistreated is by the pigs violating the seven commandments. Power is also abused when the animals try to get rid of each other. Another way in which power is misused is in the attempts to brainwash others.
Power Corrupts those who Possess it John Dalberg-Acton once said, “Power corrupts; absolute power corrupts absolutely”, this means that the more power that a person has the more corrupt the person will become. This statement is obviously correct especially if the person with absolute power has tendency towards corruption. The book, “Animal Farm”, by George Orwell, has many examples of how power is gate way to corrupt leaders because they have some tendencies towards corruption. Introduction Power corrupts those that possess it; this is a very important theme in Animal Farm.
Squealer is always making up excuses and bending the rules to make it seem as though Napoleon was the lord and savior of the entire farm. He once gave a short speech and said, “No one believes more firmly than Comrade Napoleon that all animals are equal. He would be happy to let you make your decisions for yourselves. But sometimes you might make the wrong decisions, comrades, and when where would we be?”
The pigs under Napoleon often twisted the truth to justify their actions, as well as to make the animals trust Napoleon’s leadership. Napoleon used Squealer, the sheep, and the farm rituals to spread propaganda. For example, Napoleon used Squealer as his mouthpiece to push his doctrines and ideas by getting him to explain to the farm animals that everything Napoleon did was for one reason or another. Squealer would refute each and every one of the farm animals concerns, form ones about food rations to the commandments’ revisions to even their memory about their past life. If any animal had any distrust in Comrade Napoleon, Squealer would eliminate it. But as time went on and there were more changes to The 7 Commandments of Animalism, Napoleon
Squealer, one of Napoleon’s advocates, also convinced the animals into believing in Napoleon. Squealer was so consumed with Napoleon’s leadership that he managed to convince the animals into believe in his manipulative ways. While Animal Farm was very prosperous, it was also very
Napoleon, who is the leading power in the farm, had complete control of the animal’s minds, being able to convince them that “Snowball [had] done this thing! In sheer malignity, thinking to set back our plans and avenge himself for his ignominious expulsion, this traitor has crept here under cover of night and destroyed our work of nearly a year” (Orwell 70). Napoleon’s need for complete power was able to be achieved from the trust he had established from the other animals, making them not question him and follow whatever he said.
The first reason power leads to corruption is because with power comes broken rules. The pigs use their power to override the rules in Animal Farm. They show the reader this when George Orwell says, “It was a few days later than this that the pigs came upon a case of whiskey”(106-107). This means that the Pigs are breaking a rule that no other animal is allowed to break. The reason no other animal says anything is because the pigs possess power and they can not do anything about it.
Contextualize- Squealer does his best to do Napoleon’s bidding as a speaker to the animals. Squealer represents the Soviet Press, which Stalin controlled throughout his rule as well.
Napoleon, in a similar fashion as to how Stalin exiled Trotsky with his specialized police force, had cheated the animals on Animal Farm by eliminating his opponents. During a meeting with the animals, when Napoleon realized that the other animals were in favor of Snowball. he “[stands] up and, casting a peculiar look at Snowball, [utters] a high-pitched whimper of a kind that no one [has] ever heard him utter before. At this there [is] a terrible baying sound outside and nine enormous dogs… [dash] out straight for Snowball” (Orwell 67). By taking out his competitors, he is forcing the animals to choose him, as well as going against the very foundation of which Animalism was built upon. The Seven Commandments clearly state that “whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, in a friend” (Orwell 43). By exiling Snowball, Napoleon is boldly stating that Snowball is no longer his comrade and should not be treated as such. This disregard of the Seven Commandments clearly foreshadow the rest of Napoleon’s rule. The pig’s corruption is shown in another incident involving the ‘working class’ of the farm. Like the farmers did not want to give up their farms, the hens did not want to give up their eggs; however, Napoleon continues to demand that the hens give up their eggs so that more grain and meal could be bought, but fails | 2,205 | ENGLISH | 1 |
During the second world war villages up and down the country became unknowing participants in a great social experiment. There would be a mixing of races, which would leave a lasting legacy across Britain. By 1944, over a million US soldiers had landed in Britain. And around a hundred and thirty thousand of these GIs were black soldiers, who were mostly sent to rural parts of Britain.
But there was a problem. The segregated US sent a segregated army to Britain. Black and white troops lived in separate camps, they ate in separate canteens, and spent their free time in separate clubs.
The question for the British government and the British people was would they tolerate segregation in the towns and villages of Britain? Would British pubs, dancehalls and restaurants in Britain refuse to admit black men?Would railway carriages be reserved for whites only?
From 1942 onwards, white GIs tried to use violence and threats to force racial segregation upon the British. But millions of people were so appalled by what they witnessed that they refused to have anything to do with American racism or segregation. Across the nation there were countless acts of kindness towards the black GIs.
Then, just as suddenly as the black GIs arrived, in June 1944 they were gone, joining the combat on the beaches of Normandy. But they left a lasting legacy.
There were hundreds of so called ‘brown babies’ who were left behind across the country. For some this would lead to years of shame and secrecy. In many communities, the secret history of the mixed race children is only now being uncovered.
This photo was featured in Black and British: A Forgotten History (2016), a BBC series revealing the extraordinarily long relationship between the British Isles and people whose origins are in Africa. | <urn:uuid:d4632c69-82c8-4e46-8030-48ddbbf4f90b> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/gis-who-were-stationed-in-aberysychan-village-wales-monk-family/FgEOzKt6t5A0Jw | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474697.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228044414-20240228074414-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.982555 | 355 | 3.671875 | 4 | [
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0.274633... | 1 | During the second world war villages up and down the country became unknowing participants in a great social experiment. There would be a mixing of races, which would leave a lasting legacy across Britain. By 1944, over a million US soldiers had landed in Britain. And around a hundred and thirty thousand of these GIs were black soldiers, who were mostly sent to rural parts of Britain.
But there was a problem. The segregated US sent a segregated army to Britain. Black and white troops lived in separate camps, they ate in separate canteens, and spent their free time in separate clubs.
The question for the British government and the British people was would they tolerate segregation in the towns and villages of Britain? Would British pubs, dancehalls and restaurants in Britain refuse to admit black men?Would railway carriages be reserved for whites only?
From 1942 onwards, white GIs tried to use violence and threats to force racial segregation upon the British. But millions of people were so appalled by what they witnessed that they refused to have anything to do with American racism or segregation. Across the nation there were countless acts of kindness towards the black GIs.
Then, just as suddenly as the black GIs arrived, in June 1944 they were gone, joining the combat on the beaches of Normandy. But they left a lasting legacy.
There were hundreds of so called ‘brown babies’ who were left behind across the country. For some this would lead to years of shame and secrecy. In many communities, the secret history of the mixed race children is only now being uncovered.
This photo was featured in Black and British: A Forgotten History (2016), a BBC series revealing the extraordinarily long relationship between the British Isles and people whose origins are in Africa. | 364 | ENGLISH | 1 |
1. Bald Hills, located in the 4036 postcode area of Queensland, has a rich and fascinating early history. Originally inhabited by the Turrbal Aboriginal people, the area was known for its abundant natural resources, including lush vegetation, wildlife, and waterways.
2. European settlement in Bald Hills began in the mid-19th century when the land was used for timber harvesting and farming. The area quickly became a hub for timber workers, who established sawmills and began clearing the land for agriculture.
3. In the late 1800s, Bald Hills saw the construction of its first railway line, which connected the area to Brisbane and facilitated the transportation of goods and people. This development brought further growth and prosperity to the region, leading to the establishment of schools, churches, and small businesses, shaping Bald Hills into the vibrant community it is today. | <urn:uuid:568dcfe0-6b69-4928-8959-1f8225478d6d> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://brisbanespringwater.com/delivery-locations/bald-hills-4036/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474744.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228175828-20240228205828-00183.warc.gz | en | 0.982153 | 173 | 3.265625 | 3 | [
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0.2092259377... | 1 | 1. Bald Hills, located in the 4036 postcode area of Queensland, has a rich and fascinating early history. Originally inhabited by the Turrbal Aboriginal people, the area was known for its abundant natural resources, including lush vegetation, wildlife, and waterways.
2. European settlement in Bald Hills began in the mid-19th century when the land was used for timber harvesting and farming. The area quickly became a hub for timber workers, who established sawmills and began clearing the land for agriculture.
3. In the late 1800s, Bald Hills saw the construction of its first railway line, which connected the area to Brisbane and facilitated the transportation of goods and people. This development brought further growth and prosperity to the region, leading to the establishment of schools, churches, and small businesses, shaping Bald Hills into the vibrant community it is today. | 179 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The land on which the modern city of Yonkers is built was once part of a Dutch 24,000-acre (97-square-kilometer) land grant called Colen Donck. It ran from the current Manhattan-Bronx border at Marble Hill northwards for 12 miles (19 km), and from the Hudson River eastwards to the Bronx River. In July 1645, the area was granted to Adriaen van der Donck, the patroon of Colendonck. Van der Donck was known locally as the Jonkheer or Jonker (etymologically, "young gentleman", derivation of old Dutch jong (young) and heer ("lord"); in effect, "Esquire"), a word from which the name "Yonkers" is directly derived. Van der Donck built a saw mill near where the confluence of Nepperhan Creek and the Hudson lies. The Nepperhan is now also known as the Saw Mill River. Van der Donck was killed in the Peach War. His wife, Mary Doughty, was taken captive by Native Americans and later ransomed.
Near the site of Van Der Donck's mill is Philipse Manor Hall, a Colonial-era manor house owned by Dutch colonists. Today the manor is preserved and operated as a museum and archive, offering many glimpses into life before the American Revolution. The original structure (later enlarged) was built around 1682 by workmen and slaves for Frederick Philipse and his wife Margaret Hardenbroeck de Vries. Philipse was a wealthy Dutchman who by the time of his death had amassed an enormous estate, which encompassed the entire modern City of Yonkers, as well as several other Hudson River towns. Philipse's great-grandson, Frederick Philipse III, was a prominent Loyalist during the American Revolution. He had many economic ties to English businessmen, which also resulted in political ties. Because of his political leanings, he was forced to flee to England. The American colonists in New York state confiscated all the lands and property that belonged to the Philipse family and sold it. | <urn:uuid:00957595-c49e-42dd-bcc5-e958b03e579e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://encyclopedia.nahc-mapping.org/place/yonkers-ny | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475311.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301125520-20240301155520-00237.warc.gz | en | 0.982062 | 436 | 3.453125 | 3 | [
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0.21814095973968... | 1 | The land on which the modern city of Yonkers is built was once part of a Dutch 24,000-acre (97-square-kilometer) land grant called Colen Donck. It ran from the current Manhattan-Bronx border at Marble Hill northwards for 12 miles (19 km), and from the Hudson River eastwards to the Bronx River. In July 1645, the area was granted to Adriaen van der Donck, the patroon of Colendonck. Van der Donck was known locally as the Jonkheer or Jonker (etymologically, "young gentleman", derivation of old Dutch jong (young) and heer ("lord"); in effect, "Esquire"), a word from which the name "Yonkers" is directly derived. Van der Donck built a saw mill near where the confluence of Nepperhan Creek and the Hudson lies. The Nepperhan is now also known as the Saw Mill River. Van der Donck was killed in the Peach War. His wife, Mary Doughty, was taken captive by Native Americans and later ransomed.
Near the site of Van Der Donck's mill is Philipse Manor Hall, a Colonial-era manor house owned by Dutch colonists. Today the manor is preserved and operated as a museum and archive, offering many glimpses into life before the American Revolution. The original structure (later enlarged) was built around 1682 by workmen and slaves for Frederick Philipse and his wife Margaret Hardenbroeck de Vries. Philipse was a wealthy Dutchman who by the time of his death had amassed an enormous estate, which encompassed the entire modern City of Yonkers, as well as several other Hudson River towns. Philipse's great-grandson, Frederick Philipse III, was a prominent Loyalist during the American Revolution. He had many economic ties to English businessmen, which also resulted in political ties. Because of his political leanings, he was forced to flee to England. The American colonists in New York state confiscated all the lands and property that belonged to the Philipse family and sold it. | 448 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) was the founder of the Ford Motor Company. He was one of the first to apply assembly line manufacturing in the automotive industry. Not only did he revolutionize the manufacturing industry in the United States and Europe, but he also greatly influenced the economy and society of the twentieth century to the point of combining mass production, high wages, and low production costs. for consumers has been called "Fordism." He became one of the richest people in the world in the twentieth century, leaving most of his fortune to the Ford Foundation.
Henry Ford, along with eleven other investors and $28,000 of capital, founded the Ford Motor Company in 1903. But at the time, his stake was only 25%. Unwilling to see the company he founded being torn between investors, with his own money, he bought the company and ran everything according to his own will.
On January 5, 1914, Ford made a decision that shocked his fellow capitalists by doubling the daily wage for most workers plus a bonus system for loyal employees. long time ago. He knows what he's doing. The purchasing power of workers increases, and it stimulates their consumption demand. Ford calls it the 'wage engine'.
But he didn't know what he was doing, inadvertently initiating a revolutionary work movement: other workers around the world, when they heard the news, were very angry and pressured to want their company to adopt the same policy. Ford books. "Apply it or I'll go to Ford." Gradually, companies have adopted this unwritten law until now. Even many countries have included that in their Labor Laws. Of course, there have been some improvements today to better suit modern life, but history will carve Ford's name as the man who started this revolution.
According to Wikipedia | <urn:uuid:9e760ef0-cc10-41bf-bcac-ef21de6f2d61> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://worldkings.org/news/world-almanac-achievement-academy/worldkings-anniversary-event-january-5-2023-marks-109-years-of-ford-motor-company-initiating-an-8-hour-working-day-and-rewarding-after-the-base-salary | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474544.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224180245-20240224210245-00759.warc.gz | en | 0.98379 | 366 | 3.609375 | 4 | [
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0.428471297025680... | 1 | Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) was the founder of the Ford Motor Company. He was one of the first to apply assembly line manufacturing in the automotive industry. Not only did he revolutionize the manufacturing industry in the United States and Europe, but he also greatly influenced the economy and society of the twentieth century to the point of combining mass production, high wages, and low production costs. for consumers has been called "Fordism." He became one of the richest people in the world in the twentieth century, leaving most of his fortune to the Ford Foundation.
Henry Ford, along with eleven other investors and $28,000 of capital, founded the Ford Motor Company in 1903. But at the time, his stake was only 25%. Unwilling to see the company he founded being torn between investors, with his own money, he bought the company and ran everything according to his own will.
On January 5, 1914, Ford made a decision that shocked his fellow capitalists by doubling the daily wage for most workers plus a bonus system for loyal employees. long time ago. He knows what he's doing. The purchasing power of workers increases, and it stimulates their consumption demand. Ford calls it the 'wage engine'.
But he didn't know what he was doing, inadvertently initiating a revolutionary work movement: other workers around the world, when they heard the news, were very angry and pressured to want their company to adopt the same policy. Ford books. "Apply it or I'll go to Ford." Gradually, companies have adopted this unwritten law until now. Even many countries have included that in their Labor Laws. Of course, there have been some improvements today to better suit modern life, but history will carve Ford's name as the man who started this revolution.
According to Wikipedia | 388 | ENGLISH | 1 |
These notes were contributed by members of the GradeSaver community. The story begins when Anna and Caleb—missing their mother who died—wish for another woman to make their father laugh again. Caleb begins to cry in relief and Anna says they were worried that Sarah left on a train. This unit works great in a one-on-one setting for homeschool or for a teacher to use as a resource in the classroom for a small group or entire class. You will be able to grasp the subject matter faster, retain critical knowledge longer and earn better grades. Chapters 1-5 Chapter 1 The story begins by Caleb asking older sister, Anna, about his mother. Maggie, like Sarah, had answered an ad in the paper to come to the prairie to be a wife and mother.
Anna wants to ask Sarah if she sings. She tells them that she does sing. Jacob is a widowed farmer who lives with his two children, Anna and Caleb. Caleb and Anna are shy at first, but their dogs really like Sarah at first. This section contains 822 words approx. What connects the Civil War to the prairie during the time in which Sarah, Plain and Tall is set? Chapter 5 Sarah has never touched a sheep before so she is excited to see the sheep and lambs. And she would be able to sing.
GradeSaver, 17 March 2018 Web. She tells them that she wants to touch the sheep because she has never touched one before, but she has touched seals before in Maine, where she used to live. She finds out that it is very cold and snowy during the winter. Therefore, with a different custom from you. Everyone is currently interacting with the screen. It is written for the 3-5th grade reading level.
This is reinforced in adult life. You can help us out by revising, improving and updating this section. Suddenly a violent storm begins to brew. It is a huge pile of hay nearly as tall as the barn. This is included at the end of the unit so if you do not need it you can easily discard without changing the unit itself. However, all of them forget the chickens, and Sarah runs into the storm to retrieve them.
American University has conducted research and recommended that when in difficult times in life, reading about the related subject induces to experience the character struggles in this book and proceed to practical life. The whole story revolves around Sarah coming to live with , , and. In Patricia MacLachlan's Sarah, Plain and Tall, how does Sarah come to live with Jacob, Anna, and Caleb? Anna and Caleb are worried that she won't want to come because she loves the sea so much. So Sarah comes to see if she likes it there and wants to marry Jacob. Here is an award-winning book about a midwestern pioneer family and it is a favorite of children and teachers.
These notes were contributed by members of the GradeSaver community. Little Caleb, in particular, needs a mother. She brings her cat, Seal, and some gifts for Anna and Caleb. The brain used serves as a long-term benefit and some studies indicate the prevention of both. This loss tears at Anna's heart every time Caleb asks her what life was like when Mama was alive. An editor will review the submission and either publish your submission or provide feedback. Sarah climbs it and slides down laughing.
Progeny Press Study Guides deal with literature as works of art and philosophy as they explain and use literary terms; deal with plot construction; dig into character studies; and bring attention to themes and ideas the author has crafted. She loves all the animals. Their family is happy again. How does it do this? The children start to write Sarah letters too. We are thankful of their contributions and encourage you to make your own. Complete sentences from the story with their missing vocabulary words.
Sarah responds to an ad, stating she will come by train, wearing a yellow bonnet and that she is plain and tall. She has been taking care of her brother but now he is getting married. However, Sarah asks if she can come and visit them. Written by people who wish to remain anonymous When it starts, is making dinner because their mother has passed away. An End of the Book Activity Packet that can be used with any book. She gives them gifts that she got for them in town. The children try to be very good so that she will stay. | <urn:uuid:9696e5e1-bf96-413e-b6c1-e9b75c734b47> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | http://spitfirephoto.com/sarah-plain-and-tall-study-guide.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474377.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223085439-20240223115439-00157.warc.gz | en | 0.982093 | 900 | 3.34375 | 3 | [
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0.159377... | 1 | These notes were contributed by members of the GradeSaver community. The story begins when Anna and Caleb—missing their mother who died—wish for another woman to make their father laugh again. Caleb begins to cry in relief and Anna says they were worried that Sarah left on a train. This unit works great in a one-on-one setting for homeschool or for a teacher to use as a resource in the classroom for a small group or entire class. You will be able to grasp the subject matter faster, retain critical knowledge longer and earn better grades. Chapters 1-5 Chapter 1 The story begins by Caleb asking older sister, Anna, about his mother. Maggie, like Sarah, had answered an ad in the paper to come to the prairie to be a wife and mother.
Anna wants to ask Sarah if she sings. She tells them that she does sing. Jacob is a widowed farmer who lives with his two children, Anna and Caleb. Caleb and Anna are shy at first, but their dogs really like Sarah at first. This section contains 822 words approx. What connects the Civil War to the prairie during the time in which Sarah, Plain and Tall is set? Chapter 5 Sarah has never touched a sheep before so she is excited to see the sheep and lambs. And she would be able to sing.
GradeSaver, 17 March 2018 Web. She tells them that she wants to touch the sheep because she has never touched one before, but she has touched seals before in Maine, where she used to live. She finds out that it is very cold and snowy during the winter. Therefore, with a different custom from you. Everyone is currently interacting with the screen. It is written for the 3-5th grade reading level.
This is reinforced in adult life. You can help us out by revising, improving and updating this section. Suddenly a violent storm begins to brew. It is a huge pile of hay nearly as tall as the barn. This is included at the end of the unit so if you do not need it you can easily discard without changing the unit itself. However, all of them forget the chickens, and Sarah runs into the storm to retrieve them.
American University has conducted research and recommended that when in difficult times in life, reading about the related subject induces to experience the character struggles in this book and proceed to practical life. The whole story revolves around Sarah coming to live with , , and. In Patricia MacLachlan's Sarah, Plain and Tall, how does Sarah come to live with Jacob, Anna, and Caleb? Anna and Caleb are worried that she won't want to come because she loves the sea so much. So Sarah comes to see if she likes it there and wants to marry Jacob. Here is an award-winning book about a midwestern pioneer family and it is a favorite of children and teachers.
These notes were contributed by members of the GradeSaver community. Little Caleb, in particular, needs a mother. She brings her cat, Seal, and some gifts for Anna and Caleb. The brain used serves as a long-term benefit and some studies indicate the prevention of both. This loss tears at Anna's heart every time Caleb asks her what life was like when Mama was alive. An editor will review the submission and either publish your submission or provide feedback. Sarah climbs it and slides down laughing.
Progeny Press Study Guides deal with literature as works of art and philosophy as they explain and use literary terms; deal with plot construction; dig into character studies; and bring attention to themes and ideas the author has crafted. She loves all the animals. Their family is happy again. How does it do this? The children start to write Sarah letters too. We are thankful of their contributions and encourage you to make your own. Complete sentences from the story with their missing vocabulary words.
Sarah responds to an ad, stating she will come by train, wearing a yellow bonnet and that she is plain and tall. She has been taking care of her brother but now he is getting married. However, Sarah asks if she can come and visit them. Written by people who wish to remain anonymous When it starts, is making dinner because their mother has passed away. An End of the Book Activity Packet that can be used with any book. She gives them gifts that she got for them in town. The children try to be very good so that she will stay. | 898 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Magna Carta: The Great Charter of English Liberties
Magna Carta, or the Great Charter, is one of the most famous documents in the world. It was issued by King John of England in 1215 as a way to end his conflict with a group of rebel barons who demanded that he respect their rights and the law. The charter contained a series of clauses that limited the power of the king and granted various liberties to the free men of the kingdom. Some of these clauses are still relevant today, such as the right to a fair trial and the protection of property.
The original Magna Carta was not a single document, but a series of different versions that were reissued and revised over time. The first version was sealed by King John at Runnymede on 15 June 1215, but it was soon annulled by Pope Innocent III, who declared it unlawful and invalid. The barons then rose in rebellion against John, starting the First Barons’ War. After John’s death in 1216, his son Henry III reissued a new version of Magna Carta in 1216, with some changes and omissions. This was followed by another version in 1217, known as the Charter of the Forest, which added some provisions for the rights of commoners and the management of royal forests. The final and definitive version of Magna Carta was issued in 1225, with the seal of Henry III and the approval of the pope. This version was later confirmed by Edward I in 1297, and became part of the statute law of England.
Magna Carta had a significant impact on the development of English law and government, as well as on other countries and regions that adopted or adapted its principles. It influenced the emergence of parliament, the common law, and the concept of constitutional monarchy. It also inspired later movements for liberty and justice, such as the American Revolution and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Today, Magna Carta is regarded as a symbol of freedom and democracy around the world.
King John: The Controversial Monarch
King John was the youngest son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine, and the brother of Richard I, also known as Richard the Lionheart. He became king of England in 1199, after Richard’s death, but he had to face many challenges to his authority, both at home and abroad. He is often regarded as one of the worst kings in English history, because of his tyranny, incompetence, and unpopularity.
One of John’s main problems was his conflict with the French king Philip II, who wanted to take back the lands that the English kings had inherited or conquered in France. John lost most of his French possessions, including Normandy, Anjou, and Poitou, by 1204, after a series of military defeats and diplomatic failures. He spent the next decade trying to recover them, but he was unsuccessful and wasted a lot of money and resources in the process.
Another problem was his dispute with the pope over the appointment of the archbishop of Canterbury. John refused to accept Stephen Langton, whom Pope Innocent III had chosen in 1207, and seized the lands of the church in England. The pope responded by placing England under an interdict, which suspended all religious services and sacraments, and by excommunicating John in 1209. This alienated many of John’s subjects, who feared for their souls and blamed him for their spiritual distress. John finally submitted to the pope in 1213, accepting Langton as archbishop and agreeing to pay an annual tribute to Rome.
The final problem was his rebellion by his own barons, who were fed up with his heavy taxation, arbitrary justice, and disregard for their rights and privileges. They forced him to grant them a charter of liberties, known as Magna Carta, at Runnymede on 15 June 1215. This document limited the king’s power and established the principle that he was subject to the law and accountable to his subjects. However, John soon asked the pope to annul the charter, which he did in August 1215. This sparked a civil war between John and the rebel barons, who invited Prince Louis of France to invade England and become their king.
John died on 19 October 1216, while fleeing from his enemies across the marshy fields of eastern England. He was buried at Worcester Cathedral, where his tomb can still be seen today. His nine-year-old son Henry III succeeded him as king of England, with the help of William Marshal, a loyal knight who had served both Henry II and Richard I. Henry III reissued Magna Carta in 1216 and 1217, with some modifications, and managed to end the war with the barons and the French by 1217. Magna Carta became a cornerstone of English constitutional law and a symbol of liberty and justice for future generations. | <urn:uuid:57c7eb12-884c-44bf-a69c-2202077ae95d> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://lawnmaintenance-software.com/magna-carta/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474659.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226094435-20240226124435-00364.warc.gz | en | 0.986445 | 1,008 | 4.21875 | 4 | [
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0.0756241381168... | 1 | Magna Carta: The Great Charter of English Liberties
Magna Carta, or the Great Charter, is one of the most famous documents in the world. It was issued by King John of England in 1215 as a way to end his conflict with a group of rebel barons who demanded that he respect their rights and the law. The charter contained a series of clauses that limited the power of the king and granted various liberties to the free men of the kingdom. Some of these clauses are still relevant today, such as the right to a fair trial and the protection of property.
The original Magna Carta was not a single document, but a series of different versions that were reissued and revised over time. The first version was sealed by King John at Runnymede on 15 June 1215, but it was soon annulled by Pope Innocent III, who declared it unlawful and invalid. The barons then rose in rebellion against John, starting the First Barons’ War. After John’s death in 1216, his son Henry III reissued a new version of Magna Carta in 1216, with some changes and omissions. This was followed by another version in 1217, known as the Charter of the Forest, which added some provisions for the rights of commoners and the management of royal forests. The final and definitive version of Magna Carta was issued in 1225, with the seal of Henry III and the approval of the pope. This version was later confirmed by Edward I in 1297, and became part of the statute law of England.
Magna Carta had a significant impact on the development of English law and government, as well as on other countries and regions that adopted or adapted its principles. It influenced the emergence of parliament, the common law, and the concept of constitutional monarchy. It also inspired later movements for liberty and justice, such as the American Revolution and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Today, Magna Carta is regarded as a symbol of freedom and democracy around the world.
King John: The Controversial Monarch
King John was the youngest son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine, and the brother of Richard I, also known as Richard the Lionheart. He became king of England in 1199, after Richard’s death, but he had to face many challenges to his authority, both at home and abroad. He is often regarded as one of the worst kings in English history, because of his tyranny, incompetence, and unpopularity.
One of John’s main problems was his conflict with the French king Philip II, who wanted to take back the lands that the English kings had inherited or conquered in France. John lost most of his French possessions, including Normandy, Anjou, and Poitou, by 1204, after a series of military defeats and diplomatic failures. He spent the next decade trying to recover them, but he was unsuccessful and wasted a lot of money and resources in the process.
Another problem was his dispute with the pope over the appointment of the archbishop of Canterbury. John refused to accept Stephen Langton, whom Pope Innocent III had chosen in 1207, and seized the lands of the church in England. The pope responded by placing England under an interdict, which suspended all religious services and sacraments, and by excommunicating John in 1209. This alienated many of John’s subjects, who feared for their souls and blamed him for their spiritual distress. John finally submitted to the pope in 1213, accepting Langton as archbishop and agreeing to pay an annual tribute to Rome.
The final problem was his rebellion by his own barons, who were fed up with his heavy taxation, arbitrary justice, and disregard for their rights and privileges. They forced him to grant them a charter of liberties, known as Magna Carta, at Runnymede on 15 June 1215. This document limited the king’s power and established the principle that he was subject to the law and accountable to his subjects. However, John soon asked the pope to annul the charter, which he did in August 1215. This sparked a civil war between John and the rebel barons, who invited Prince Louis of France to invade England and become their king.
John died on 19 October 1216, while fleeing from his enemies across the marshy fields of eastern England. He was buried at Worcester Cathedral, where his tomb can still be seen today. His nine-year-old son Henry III succeeded him as king of England, with the help of William Marshal, a loyal knight who had served both Henry II and Richard I. Henry III reissued Magna Carta in 1216 and 1217, with some modifications, and managed to end the war with the barons and the French by 1217. Magna Carta became a cornerstone of English constitutional law and a symbol of liberty and justice for future generations. | 1,051 | ENGLISH | 1 |
In ancient times, clothing was not just a necessity for protection and warmth but also a way to display one’s status and identity. Different colors of clothing were worn by different groups of people, and purple was considered one of the most regal and luxurious colors. But who was most likely to wear purple clothing in ancient times?
The History of Purple Clothing
Purple dye was first discovered by the Phoenicians in the city of Tyre, which is now modern-day Lebanon. The dye was extracted from a species of sea snail called Murex. It was a laborious process that involved collecting thousands of snails, crushing them, and extracting the dye from their glands.
Due to its rarity and expense, purple clothing became associated with royalty and nobility. In ancient Rome, only emperors were allowed to wear robes dyed with Tyrian purple. The color was also used in the togas worn by senators and other high-ranking officials.
The Royalty Connection
It’s safe to say that royalty were most likely to wear purple clothing in ancient times. Kings, queens, emperors, and other members of ruling families would have had access to the expensive dye and could afford to have their clothes made from it.
But it wasn’t just monarchs who wore purple. In some societies, priests and priestesses also wore purple garments as a symbol of their religious authority. For example, the high priestess of the temple at Delphi in ancient Greece wore a purple robe as part of her ceremonial dress.
The Elite Class
Aside from royalty and religious leaders, members of the elite class were also likely to wear purple clothing. This included wealthy merchants, successful traders, and other influential individuals who wanted to display their wealth and social status.
In some cases, wearing purple clothing may have been restricted by law or custom. For example, in ancient Japan, only members of the imperial family were allowed to wear purple garments. In medieval Europe, laws were passed that restricted the wearing of certain colors, including purple, to members of the nobility.
In conclusion, purple clothing was associated with wealth, power, and status in ancient times. Members of the ruling class and elite were most likely to wear it, but religious leaders and other influential individuals may have also worn it as a symbol of their authority. Today, purple clothing is still considered a regal color and is often worn by those who want to make a bold statement or show off their individuality. | <urn:uuid:2d984105-dcb2-4db2-985a-7e337ca3079e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://historydisclosure.com/who-was-most-likely-to-wear-purple-clothing-in-ancient-times/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474649.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225234904-20240226024904-00353.warc.gz | en | 0.988804 | 503 | 3.9375 | 4 | [
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0.295422285... | 1 | In ancient times, clothing was not just a necessity for protection and warmth but also a way to display one’s status and identity. Different colors of clothing were worn by different groups of people, and purple was considered one of the most regal and luxurious colors. But who was most likely to wear purple clothing in ancient times?
The History of Purple Clothing
Purple dye was first discovered by the Phoenicians in the city of Tyre, which is now modern-day Lebanon. The dye was extracted from a species of sea snail called Murex. It was a laborious process that involved collecting thousands of snails, crushing them, and extracting the dye from their glands.
Due to its rarity and expense, purple clothing became associated with royalty and nobility. In ancient Rome, only emperors were allowed to wear robes dyed with Tyrian purple. The color was also used in the togas worn by senators and other high-ranking officials.
The Royalty Connection
It’s safe to say that royalty were most likely to wear purple clothing in ancient times. Kings, queens, emperors, and other members of ruling families would have had access to the expensive dye and could afford to have their clothes made from it.
But it wasn’t just monarchs who wore purple. In some societies, priests and priestesses also wore purple garments as a symbol of their religious authority. For example, the high priestess of the temple at Delphi in ancient Greece wore a purple robe as part of her ceremonial dress.
The Elite Class
Aside from royalty and religious leaders, members of the elite class were also likely to wear purple clothing. This included wealthy merchants, successful traders, and other influential individuals who wanted to display their wealth and social status.
In some cases, wearing purple clothing may have been restricted by law or custom. For example, in ancient Japan, only members of the imperial family were allowed to wear purple garments. In medieval Europe, laws were passed that restricted the wearing of certain colors, including purple, to members of the nobility.
In conclusion, purple clothing was associated with wealth, power, and status in ancient times. Members of the ruling class and elite were most likely to wear it, but religious leaders and other influential individuals may have also worn it as a symbol of their authority. Today, purple clothing is still considered a regal color and is often worn by those who want to make a bold statement or show off their individuality. | 494 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Empfindsamkeit originated in north Germany during the mid-18th century. It translates to sensibility or sentimental. Carl Phillip Emanuel Bach, also known as C.P.E. Bach, was one of the composers who was able to capture empfindsamkeit in his music. C.P.E. Bach believed that music should touch the heart of player and audience and move one’s emotions, specifically in his work Versuch uber die wahre Art das Clavier zu spielen. He mandated that music must be played from the soul. C.P.E. Bach warned about using too many ornaments as well. His music was described by Marburg as being able to precisely touch someone’s heart. Empfindsamkeit put a lot of weight on expression through music. Musicians were encouraged to express deep felt emotions …show more content…
Bach was the second son of Johann Sebastian Bach. C.P.E. Bach kept his father’s legacy alive and had a successful music career following his main teacher’s footsteps, his father. He played harpsichord for Frederick the Great, a flute player, for about 30 years. Much like his father’s job at Leipzig, C.P.E. became a Kantor in Hamburg at five churches and a Latin school. During his time at Hamburg, he composed a vast amount of music varying from symphonies, to chamber music, to harpsichord concertos. He wrote Essay on the True Art of Playing Keyboard Instruments which teaches on keyboard style of the 18th century is still used …show more content…
However the prior baroque period, emphasized complexity and severity. This was a major contrast between the two. C.P.E. Bach was the most well-known composer associated with empfindsamkeit. C.P.E. Bach originally started studying law at Leipzig University. He then moved to study at Frankfurt an der Oder in 1734. He continued his music playing throughout his college career. C.P.E. graduated in 1738. Not long after, he received an unexpected letter from the prince of Prussia. He became the prince’s harpsichordist for the next thirty years. C.P.E. Bach later died on December 14, 1788. His legacy lived on through his work, Essay on the True Art of Playing Keyboard Instruments. In conclusion, C.P.E. Bach had a major impact on empfindsamkeit. Empfindsamkeit translates to the “sensitive style”. Empfindsamkeit allows for more self-expression than in the baroque period. C.P.E. decreed that music should be played from the soul and should touch the heart. Out of the Bach sons, C.P.E. is the most associated with empfindsamkeit. C.P.E. Bach said “A musician cannot move others unless he too is moved. He must of necessity feel all of the affects that he hopes to arouse in his audience, for the revealing of his own humour will stimulate a like humour in the
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”2 Music has the potential to embody emotion so raw that its Midas’s touch does not discriminate. As the first note rings through the air, barriers are torn down as a ubiquitous feeling of unity rises. The creation of Carnegie Hall models this concept impeccably as
Handel was a well known composer of operas, oratorios, and instrumentals. He was a very influential composer during the Baroque era, and he still has a major impact on society today. George Friedrich Handel was born in Halle, Germany, on February 23, 1685. He was a contemporary of Johann Sebastian Bach, although they never actually met. Handel longed to study music from an early age, however, his father refused to allow him, as he didn’t think it would be a very good source of income.
Mozart, however, changed the mold. He incorporated an emotional side into his works and emphasized music based off of sound, notes, tone, and pitch as a form of art outside of religion (Brown 55). Music became more broad and open to all. In addition, Mozart had extraordinary performance skills thus, leading to his honor as an embodiment of classical movement (53). “Despite Mozart’s uncouthness and immaturity, he produced one work after another that seemed divinely sponsored as they transcended his own personality.
Bach-Brahm Project Concert No.1 Did you know that Joel Schoenhals, Professor of piano at Eastern Michigan University, is a foreign expert at Central China Normal University in Wuhan, Hubei, China? I was able to attend his Bach-Brahm Project Concert on September 23rd in Pease Auditorium at Eastern Michigan University, not only to enjoy the music, but to hear and understand the piano in different major and minor keys on a professional level. It mainly focused on him playing the piano and gave really interesting facts about piano music history. In this paper, I will be discussing what the different major and minor keys signify for each different mood, the two main composers Joel Schoenhals played, and how this event relates to my UNIV and speech class. I had intermediate knowledge going into this event because I was a former aristocrat in high school and had to listen and perform in different major keys.
David talked about a famous composer Leonard Bernstein’s work from a British perspective. For the British, they thought those American composers just too much praise how great they were in their work. Leonard Bernstein the American composer who were multi talented in musician. For his pieces Candide and West Side Story which performed in London, but those pieces received opposite comments. They thought Bernstein and American musicians had not lucid between ‘light’ and ‘serious’ music, and they did not respect music, because they did many musical and symphony together.
Music is emotions and feelings put into sound. However, this only became true after the influence of the Romantic Era. It was a time of expression and breaking free of restrictions; celebrating beauty and imagination rather than the strict guidelines of social norms and reason. This period introduced the idea of expressing one’s self through music, to hear the emotions that are felt inside in a musical composition played out loud is a truly powerful thing. However, imagine not being able to hear the sound waves but to be able to compose nonetheless.
Daniel Felsenfeld began his self-proclaimed “uninspiring” musical journey in High School. During this time he labored over musical pieces that left him feeling unfulfilled. His conflict of disinterest in Chopin Preludes and Beethoven’s Sonata led Felsenfeld to move on from professional music lessons to performing at piano bars. We have all felt a switch in our mood from an old song that provokes sad memories to an upbeat lyric that makes us want to dance. Music is known for bringing out the person you are truly deeply inside like the young man in Benjamin Zander’s Speech.
Toward Bach’s death his health started to decline and was becoming blind, and had been operated on twice to fix his eyes. However, Johann had become blind and died of a stroke after the failed eye surgery. Before his death he was working on a new composition that he was unable to complete due to his death. The composition he was working on just before his death was “The Art of Fugue”. One of Bach’s famous works that was a collection of six instrumental pieces was known as the Brandenburg Concertos.
Both J.S. Bach and G.F. Handel use different aspects of music to compose important pieces of music. The baroque period is often known as the time when artists exaggerated their motion and produced drama through interpreted detail. Both of these composers used this baroque style to convey messages through their music. The similarity in their music was that it is in a spiritual manner. J.S. Bach’s style was a harmonic and motivation manner, which Handel’s is more of a narrative.
Overall Glenn Gould has made two versions, the 1955 version and later the 1981 version that was made on Bachs 300th anniversary shortly before Goulds own death. In this essay I will be discussing the 1955 recording in more detail .The essay will include talk on the performers interpretation of this work , musical features with slight comparison to the 1981 version to conclude I will discuss my opinion on whether or not the 1955 recording was a failure or a success. Goulds 1955 recordings style had a remarkable and virtuosic technique. It has a style that was new to the world of music, he introduced a method that was unique for example throughout his variations he involved staccatissimo , a musical style in which is heard after the Aria ends, it comes across as and exaggerration on staccato notes in order to give the effect of quickness brief and the sense of detachment, they are distinctive notes.
Bach, a late seventeenth century German composer, came from a long line of musicians who instructed him in piano (“Johann Sebastian Bach”). Although he played the organ and composed pieces for many churches, and had patronships in the courts of Dukes and Princes, very few of his compositions were printed during his lifetime. At the time of his death in 1750, Bach was known publicly only as an organist. His work was not recognized until 1829 when Felix Mendelssohn publicized Bach’s piece “Passion According to St. Matthew.” In the modern era, Bach is proclaimed as one of the best composers of the Baroque
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born on January 27, 1756, in Salzburg, Austria, and died on December 5, 1791, in Vienna. He had composed numerous piano concertos, however, this essay would be discussing the social and historical factors that has influenced Mozart to compose one of his famous piano concertos in C Major, K.467. Mozart had arrived in Vienna in 1781 in search of a better musical platform. The musical life in Vienna during the 1780s was one of the world’s greatest then.
Through history, people are always finding new ways to express their feeling through different media. From Shakespear's time where theatre play a major role in expression love and innocence to twentith century where Shostakovich uses music to express his rebellion towards the Soviet Union. Artist are constantly searching for new ways that allows them to express their freedom in showing feeling. During the Sixteen Century, major great composers rises and during this particualr period, many artists try to express their idelogy of love through music. One of the most important from this period is the Franco-Flemish composer, Jacques Arcadelt.
Ludwig van Beethoven is widely regarded as one of the most important composers in the history of Western music. His music has influenced countless generations of musicians and listeners, and his creative output remains a source of inspiration to this day. Beethoven's music is known for its emotional intensity, its innovative use of form and structure, and its powerful expression of human themes and emotions. In this article, we will explore some of Beethoven's creative strategies and how they contributed to his lasting legacy. | <urn:uuid:100a9ffb-85db-4975-8187-41cd5e3c1c47> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.ipl.org/essay/Empfindsamkeit-Bachs-Life-And-Music-F3R5SLWBGXPT | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474595.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225103506-20240225133506-00821.warc.gz | en | 0.983762 | 2,417 | 3.3125 | 3 | [
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0.0997162759304... | 1 | Empfindsamkeit originated in north Germany during the mid-18th century. It translates to sensibility or sentimental. Carl Phillip Emanuel Bach, also known as C.P.E. Bach, was one of the composers who was able to capture empfindsamkeit in his music. C.P.E. Bach believed that music should touch the heart of player and audience and move one’s emotions, specifically in his work Versuch uber die wahre Art das Clavier zu spielen. He mandated that music must be played from the soul. C.P.E. Bach warned about using too many ornaments as well. His music was described by Marburg as being able to precisely touch someone’s heart. Empfindsamkeit put a lot of weight on expression through music. Musicians were encouraged to express deep felt emotions …show more content…
Bach was the second son of Johann Sebastian Bach. C.P.E. Bach kept his father’s legacy alive and had a successful music career following his main teacher’s footsteps, his father. He played harpsichord for Frederick the Great, a flute player, for about 30 years. Much like his father’s job at Leipzig, C.P.E. became a Kantor in Hamburg at five churches and a Latin school. During his time at Hamburg, he composed a vast amount of music varying from symphonies, to chamber music, to harpsichord concertos. He wrote Essay on the True Art of Playing Keyboard Instruments which teaches on keyboard style of the 18th century is still used …show more content…
However the prior baroque period, emphasized complexity and severity. This was a major contrast between the two. C.P.E. Bach was the most well-known composer associated with empfindsamkeit. C.P.E. Bach originally started studying law at Leipzig University. He then moved to study at Frankfurt an der Oder in 1734. He continued his music playing throughout his college career. C.P.E. graduated in 1738. Not long after, he received an unexpected letter from the prince of Prussia. He became the prince’s harpsichordist for the next thirty years. C.P.E. Bach later died on December 14, 1788. His legacy lived on through his work, Essay on the True Art of Playing Keyboard Instruments. In conclusion, C.P.E. Bach had a major impact on empfindsamkeit. Empfindsamkeit translates to the “sensitive style”. Empfindsamkeit allows for more self-expression than in the baroque period. C.P.E. decreed that music should be played from the soul and should touch the heart. Out of the Bach sons, C.P.E. is the most associated with empfindsamkeit. C.P.E. Bach said “A musician cannot move others unless he too is moved. He must of necessity feel all of the affects that he hopes to arouse in his audience, for the revealing of his own humour will stimulate a like humour in the
Click here to unlock this and over one million essaysShow More
”2 Music has the potential to embody emotion so raw that its Midas’s touch does not discriminate. As the first note rings through the air, barriers are torn down as a ubiquitous feeling of unity rises. The creation of Carnegie Hall models this concept impeccably as
Handel was a well known composer of operas, oratorios, and instrumentals. He was a very influential composer during the Baroque era, and he still has a major impact on society today. George Friedrich Handel was born in Halle, Germany, on February 23, 1685. He was a contemporary of Johann Sebastian Bach, although they never actually met. Handel longed to study music from an early age, however, his father refused to allow him, as he didn’t think it would be a very good source of income.
Mozart, however, changed the mold. He incorporated an emotional side into his works and emphasized music based off of sound, notes, tone, and pitch as a form of art outside of religion (Brown 55). Music became more broad and open to all. In addition, Mozart had extraordinary performance skills thus, leading to his honor as an embodiment of classical movement (53). “Despite Mozart’s uncouthness and immaturity, he produced one work after another that seemed divinely sponsored as they transcended his own personality.
Bach-Brahm Project Concert No.1 Did you know that Joel Schoenhals, Professor of piano at Eastern Michigan University, is a foreign expert at Central China Normal University in Wuhan, Hubei, China? I was able to attend his Bach-Brahm Project Concert on September 23rd in Pease Auditorium at Eastern Michigan University, not only to enjoy the music, but to hear and understand the piano in different major and minor keys on a professional level. It mainly focused on him playing the piano and gave really interesting facts about piano music history. In this paper, I will be discussing what the different major and minor keys signify for each different mood, the two main composers Joel Schoenhals played, and how this event relates to my UNIV and speech class. I had intermediate knowledge going into this event because I was a former aristocrat in high school and had to listen and perform in different major keys.
David talked about a famous composer Leonard Bernstein’s work from a British perspective. For the British, they thought those American composers just too much praise how great they were in their work. Leonard Bernstein the American composer who were multi talented in musician. For his pieces Candide and West Side Story which performed in London, but those pieces received opposite comments. They thought Bernstein and American musicians had not lucid between ‘light’ and ‘serious’ music, and they did not respect music, because they did many musical and symphony together.
Music is emotions and feelings put into sound. However, this only became true after the influence of the Romantic Era. It was a time of expression and breaking free of restrictions; celebrating beauty and imagination rather than the strict guidelines of social norms and reason. This period introduced the idea of expressing one’s self through music, to hear the emotions that are felt inside in a musical composition played out loud is a truly powerful thing. However, imagine not being able to hear the sound waves but to be able to compose nonetheless.
Daniel Felsenfeld began his self-proclaimed “uninspiring” musical journey in High School. During this time he labored over musical pieces that left him feeling unfulfilled. His conflict of disinterest in Chopin Preludes and Beethoven’s Sonata led Felsenfeld to move on from professional music lessons to performing at piano bars. We have all felt a switch in our mood from an old song that provokes sad memories to an upbeat lyric that makes us want to dance. Music is known for bringing out the person you are truly deeply inside like the young man in Benjamin Zander’s Speech.
Toward Bach’s death his health started to decline and was becoming blind, and had been operated on twice to fix his eyes. However, Johann had become blind and died of a stroke after the failed eye surgery. Before his death he was working on a new composition that he was unable to complete due to his death. The composition he was working on just before his death was “The Art of Fugue”. One of Bach’s famous works that was a collection of six instrumental pieces was known as the Brandenburg Concertos.
Both J.S. Bach and G.F. Handel use different aspects of music to compose important pieces of music. The baroque period is often known as the time when artists exaggerated their motion and produced drama through interpreted detail. Both of these composers used this baroque style to convey messages through their music. The similarity in their music was that it is in a spiritual manner. J.S. Bach’s style was a harmonic and motivation manner, which Handel’s is more of a narrative.
Overall Glenn Gould has made two versions, the 1955 version and later the 1981 version that was made on Bachs 300th anniversary shortly before Goulds own death. In this essay I will be discussing the 1955 recording in more detail .The essay will include talk on the performers interpretation of this work , musical features with slight comparison to the 1981 version to conclude I will discuss my opinion on whether or not the 1955 recording was a failure or a success. Goulds 1955 recordings style had a remarkable and virtuosic technique. It has a style that was new to the world of music, he introduced a method that was unique for example throughout his variations he involved staccatissimo , a musical style in which is heard after the Aria ends, it comes across as and exaggerration on staccato notes in order to give the effect of quickness brief and the sense of detachment, they are distinctive notes.
Bach, a late seventeenth century German composer, came from a long line of musicians who instructed him in piano (“Johann Sebastian Bach”). Although he played the organ and composed pieces for many churches, and had patronships in the courts of Dukes and Princes, very few of his compositions were printed during his lifetime. At the time of his death in 1750, Bach was known publicly only as an organist. His work was not recognized until 1829 when Felix Mendelssohn publicized Bach’s piece “Passion According to St. Matthew.” In the modern era, Bach is proclaimed as one of the best composers of the Baroque
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born on January 27, 1756, in Salzburg, Austria, and died on December 5, 1791, in Vienna. He had composed numerous piano concertos, however, this essay would be discussing the social and historical factors that has influenced Mozart to compose one of his famous piano concertos in C Major, K.467. Mozart had arrived in Vienna in 1781 in search of a better musical platform. The musical life in Vienna during the 1780s was one of the world’s greatest then.
Through history, people are always finding new ways to express their feeling through different media. From Shakespear's time where theatre play a major role in expression love and innocence to twentith century where Shostakovich uses music to express his rebellion towards the Soviet Union. Artist are constantly searching for new ways that allows them to express their freedom in showing feeling. During the Sixteen Century, major great composers rises and during this particualr period, many artists try to express their idelogy of love through music. One of the most important from this period is the Franco-Flemish composer, Jacques Arcadelt.
Ludwig van Beethoven is widely regarded as one of the most important composers in the history of Western music. His music has influenced countless generations of musicians and listeners, and his creative output remains a source of inspiration to this day. Beethoven's music is known for its emotional intensity, its innovative use of form and structure, and its powerful expression of human themes and emotions. In this article, we will explore some of Beethoven's creative strategies and how they contributed to his lasting legacy. | 2,335 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Pigs have always played a significant role in various cultures throughout history. In ancient Egypt, Rome, and Greece, these animals were associated with fertility, abundance, and spirituality. Their symbolism and meaning evolved over time, linking them to important goddesses and embodying traits such as power, wisdom, and luck.
In ancient Egypt, the pig was strongly connected to the goddess Isis, who was often depicted with the head of a pig. This association was primarily due to pigs being highly fertile animals, symbolizing the cycle of birth and rebirth. Additionally, pigs were seen as lucky animals that brought good fortune and prosperity to those who saw them or interacted with them. The pig’s pink color, which is often associated with abundance and vitality, further reinforced its sacred status.
In Rome and Greece, pigs were associated with the goddesses Ceres and Demeter, respectively. Both of these goddesses were closely linked to agriculture, fertility, and the harvest. Pigs were seen as a symbol of fertility and abundance since they were frequently used in religious ceremonies and offerings to ensure a bountiful harvest. The pig’s connection to these goddesses also represented their role as caretakers of the earth and providers of nourishment.
In Christianity, however, the symbolism and meaning of pigs took on a darker tone. Pigs were often associated with greed, gluttony, and uncleanliness. This shift in perception can be traced back to the biblical story of the Prodigal Son, where the son is said to have wasted his inheritance on a life of excess and ended up feeding pigs. Since then, the pig has come to represent indulgence and sinful behavior in many Western cultures, including America.
Despite the negative connotations in Christianity, the pig’s symbolic significance in ancient Egypt, Rome, and Greece remains rich and meaningful. It tells us that these cultures saw the pig as a powerful and spiritual animal, one that embodied fertility, abundance, and the divine feminine. The pig was a totem of sorts, guiding people on their path to spiritual fulfillment and reminding them to embrace the abundance and wisdom that life has to offer.
In the zodiac, individuals born under the sign of the pig are said to possess traits such as kindness, generosity, and loyalty. They are often associated with having good luck and being able to find opportunities in any situation. This further reinforces the pig’s symbolic importance in ancient cultures, highlighting its role as a symbol of positivity and prosperity.
So, what does the presence of pigs in our dreams and everyday lives mean? Seeing a pig, whether in a dream or in reality, can signify that abundance and good fortune are ahead. It can also serve as a reminder to focus on the spiritual aspects of life and to embrace the wisdom and power that pigs symbolize. Whether wild or domesticated, these animals have always held a special place in the hearts and minds of humans, and their symbolic meaning continues to resonate with us to this day.
In summary, pigs in ancient Egypt, Rome, and Greece were associated with fertility, abundance, and spirituality. They were linked to the goddesses Isis, Ceres, and Demeter, embodying traits such as power, wisdom, and luck. While their symbolic meaning has shifted in Christianity and Western cultures, the pig’s enduring significance reminds us to embrace the abundance and wisdom life has to offer.
The Symbolic Significance of Pigs in Ancient Egypt
In ancient Egypt, pigs held a significant symbolic meaning, often being associated with the goddess Isis. The pig was believed to be a greedy animal, and thus linked to the idea of abundance and fertility. Egyptians had a strong belief in the importance of fertility and the role it played in their society.
The pig was considered to have a protective role, both in this life and in the afterlife. It was also associated with the boar, particularly the Martin boar, which was considered a symbol of fertility and was often depicted in Egyptian artwork and hieroglyphs.
In addition to its associations with fertility and abundance, the pig was also seen as a totem animal. People would often wear pig-shaped amulets or charms to bring good luck and protection.
The pig played a significant role in religious rituals and ceremonies. It was commonly sacrificed and offered to the gods and goddesses, symbolizing the giving of life and the hope for a bountiful future.
It is important to note that pigs had different symbolic meanings in each culture. In ancient Egypt, they were associated with fertility and abundance, while in other cultures, such as ancient Rome and Greece, pigs were often seen as symbols of intelligence and resourcefulness.
Overall, pigs held a symbolic significance in ancient Egypt, believing in its association with fertility, abundance, protection, and the afterlife. Its role in religious ceremonies and its presence in artwork and hieroglyphs tells us about the cultural importance and beliefs surrounding this animal in ancient Egyptian society.
Exploring the Fertility and Sacred Associations with Isis
Isis, a powerful goddess in ancient Egyptian mythology, is often associated with fertility and abundance. In ancient Egypt, she was revered as the mother goddess and the bringer of life. Her association with pigs can be traced back to her role as a symbol of fertility.
In ancient Egyptian culture, pigs were seen as a symbol of abundance and fertility. The pig was believed to bring good fortune and prosperity, and its association with Isis further emphasized its symbolic meaning. The pig was seen as a sacred animal, representing the life-giving power of the goddess.
Isis and the Power of Pigs
What makes the association between Isis and pigs significant is the belief that pigs have the power to bring good luck and abundance. In ancient Egyptian society, pig farming was an important source of food and income. Therefore, pigs were seen as a symbol of prosperity and wealth.
It is also interesting to note that pigs were associated with fertility in other ancient cultures, such as Rome and Greece. In these societies, pigs were sacrificed to deities like Ceres and Demeter, who were also associated with fertility. This further highlights the symbolic significance of pigs in relation to fertility and abundance.
The Symbolic Meanings of Pigs
In Western cultures, pigs are often associated with negative connotations, such as greed and filth. However, in ancient cultures, pigs were seen in a more positive light. They were symbols of resourcefulness, wisdom, and protection.
In Chinese culture, for example, pigs are considered lucky animals and are often associated with wealth and abundance. They are also believed to bring good fortune and are a common motif in Feng Shui practices.
In many religions, pigs are seen as sacred or symbolic animals. In the Gospel of Matthew, for instance, Jesus casts demons into a herd of pigs, symbolizing the power of his teachings to overcome evil. In Islam, the consumption of pork is forbidden, further emphasizing the symbolic significance of pigs in religious contexts.
In summary, the association between Isis and pigs highlights the role of pigs as symbols of fertility and abundance in ancient cultures. Pigs were seen as sacred animals, able to bring good fortune and prosperity. The symbolic meanings of pigs vary across cultures, but they are often associated with resourcefulness, wisdom, and protection. Despite their different meanings, the presence of pigs in various cultural and religious contexts speaks to the symbolic power they hold.
The Symbolic Significance of Pigs in Rome
In ancient Rome, pigs held a significant symbolic meaning in both religious and cultural contexts. The association between pigs and fertility, abundance, and luck was prevalent in many aspects of Roman society.
|Symbolic Association with Pigs
|In Roman culture, pigs were often used as sacrificial animals in rituals dedicated to the goddess Isis. The pig symbolized fertility, prosperity, and the nurturing nature of the goddess. It was believed that offering a pig to Isis would ensure a bountiful harvest and a prosperous year ahead.
|Ceres, the Roman goddess of agriculture and fertility, was also closely associated with pigs. Pigs were seen as symbols of abundance and agricultural prosperity. Ceres was often depicted with pigs or accompanied by them, emphasizing her role in ensuring a successful harvest and the availability of food.
|In Roman mythology, Demeter, the Greek counterpart of Ceres, was also closely linked to pigs. The pig symbolized fertility and was considered a sacred animal associated with the goddess. Pigs were often sacrificed to honor Demeter and seek her blessings for agricultural abundance and the growth of crops.
In addition to their religious significance, pigs were also regarded as symbols of power, resourcefulness, and protection. The characteristics of pigs and boars, such as their strength, cunning, and tenacity, were admired and sought after. Pigs were often associated with hunters and symbolized the ability to stand up against adversaries.
In Christian symbolism, pigs were often seen in a negative light, representing impurity and gluttony. This negative association might have stemmed from the Jewish dietary laws that prohibited the consumption of pork. However, in other cultures and religions, pigs held positive symbolic meanings. For example, in the Chinese zodiac, the pig is considered a lucky animal symbolizing good fortune, wealth, and generosity.
Overall, the symbolic significance of pigs in ancient Rome reflected the cultural and religious focus on fertility, abundance, and protection. Whether as sacred animals associated with goddesses or as representations of power and resourcefulness, pigs played a significant role in shaping the spiritual and cultural beliefs of the time.
Exploring the Fertility and Sacred Associations with Ceres
In ancient Egypt, pigs were often associated with the goddess Isis, who was revered for her fertility and nurturing qualities. The pig was seen as a symbol of abundance and prosperity, as it represented the cycle of life and death, renewing the earth with its fertile nature.
In Rome, the goddess Ceres was closely associated with pigs, especially wild boars. These animals were known for their fierce fighting power and resourcefulness. The Romans admired the boar’s bravery and saw it as a symbol of strength and courage. They believed that by wearing the image of a boar, they could tap into these qualities in their daily lives.
The symbolic meanings of pigs and boars were not limited to just ancient Egyptians and Romans. In Greece, the goddess Demeter, who was associated with agriculture and fertility, also had connections to these animals. Pigs represented wisdom and intelligence, as they were known for their keen sense of smell and ability to find food. This made them a fitting symbol for a goddess associated with the harvest and the earth’s bounty.
When it came to the spirt of the year, pigs were often used to symbolize abundance and fertility. In many cultures, seeing a pig in a dream or in real life was considered a lucky sign, signifying that good fortune and prosperity were on their way. These beliefs were rooted in the pig’s ability to eat just about anything, making it a symbol of wealth and abundance.
In America, some Native American cultures believe that pigs are spiritual animal totems, representing resourcefulness and adaptability. Pigs were seen as a giving animal, providing food and sustenance to hunters and their families. This association with giving and nourishment gave pigs a sacred status in these cultures.
In Islam, pigs are seen in a different light. They are forbidden to be consumed and are seen as unclean animals. This association is rooted in religious beliefs and practices, with pigs being seen as impure and unfit for consumption.
Overall, pigs and boars have had a significant role in various ancient cultures, symbolizing fertility, abundance, wisdom, and other important qualities. Although their meanings may vary, the spiritual and symbolic associations with these animals highlight their importance in the human psyche throughout history.
The Symbolic Significance of Pigs in Greece
In ancient Greece, pigs held significant symbolic meaning and were associated with various gods and goddesses. They were often seen as creatures linked to dreams and the spiritual realm. Pigs were believed to symbolize abundance, fertility, and wisdom.
In Greek mythology, pigs were often associated with the goddess Ceres, who was the patroness of agriculture and fertility. According to myth, she had the power to make crops grow and was symbolized by the pig, which was considered a symbol of abundance and prosperity. In some stories, Ceres is said to have had a dream in which a pig speaks to her, telling her that she will find her daughter Persephone, who had been kidnapped by Hades.
In addition to Ceres, pigs were also associated with the goddess Demeter, who was the mother of Persephone. Demeter was often depicted with pigs and they played a symbolic role in her cult. This association may have been due to the pig’s reputation for being a powerful and fertile animal.
Pigs also had a significant role in the Germanic and Celtic cultures, where they were considered to be sacred animals. They were seen as a totem of protection and were believed to have a spiritual connection with humans. In these cultures, seeing or encountering a pig was believed to be a sign of good luck and protection.
In summary, pigs held a symbolic significance in ancient Greece, representing abundance, fertility, and wisdom. They were associated with goddesses such as Ceres and Demeter, and were linked to the spiritual realm and the world of dreams. Pigs were seen as creatures with a deep connection to humans, and their presence was believed to bring luck and protection.
Exploring the Fertility and Sacred Associations with Demeter
In many cultures, pigs have held a special place in the symbolic and spiritual realm. From ancient Egypt to Rome and Greece, the pig has been associated with fertility, abundance, and sacred divinity.
In ancient Egypt, the pig was symbolic of the goddess Isis and her association with fertility. The pig was often depicted in art and hieroglyphics, representing the ability to give birth and create life. As a totem animal, the pig was believed to bring about an abundance of resources and power.
Similarly, in ancient Greece, the pig had a strong connection to the goddess Demeter, the goddess of agriculture and fertility. Demeter was often represented alongside pigs, highlighting her role in providing food and sustenance to the people. The pig was seen as a symbol of resourcefulness and abundance.
In Roman mythology, the pig was associated with Ceres, the goddess of agriculture, grain crops, and motherly love. The pig was often seen as a sacred animal and was known to be associated with the protection of crops and fertility. The pig symbolized the future and the coming year, reminding people of the cycle of life and the importance of nurturing the land for future harvests.
The Zodiac and the Pig
In the Chinese zodiac, the pig is the twelfth animal sign, representing the traits of diligence, generosity, and abundance. Those born in the Year of the Pig are believed to be reliable, trustworthy, and hardworking. The pig’s association with fertility and abundance is reflected in its representation in this ancient astrological system.
The Symbolic Meaning of Boars
Boars, a wild type of pig, hold a different symbolic meaning. In Western cultures, the boar is often associated with power, protection, and spiritual strength. Boars were seen as formidable fighters and were revered for their courage and tenacity. The boar symbolizes the ability to fight for what is right and stand up against adversity.
In summary, pigs have played a significant role in various cultures and religions as symbols of fertility, abundance, and divine associations. From the spiritual associations with Demeter, Isis, and Ceres, to the symbolic meaning of boars in Western cultures, pigs have always held a special place in our collective consciousness.
Are Pigs Good Spirit Animals?
In many ancient cultures, pigs have been considered as spiritual animals with diverse and significant meanings. Whether they are seen as symbols of luck, abundance, or protection, pigs have played an important role in various religious beliefs and traditions.
In ancient Egypt, pigs were associated with the afterlife and were believed to have spiritual connections. They were often depicted in tomb paintings and were thought to guide the deceased through the realm of the dead. Pigs were also believed to bring good luck and prosperity to those who believed in their spiritual power.
In ancient Rome and Greece, pigs held similar spiritual significance. The goddesses Isis, Ceres, and Demeter were all believed to have a close association with pigs. In these cultures, pigs were seen as symbols of fertility and abundance, and they were often sacrificed in religious rituals as offerings to these goddesses.
Pigs have always been known to represent different meanings in various religions and cultures. In some belief systems, pigs are seen as lucky animals, while in others they may have darker associations. For example, in certain Germanic cultures, pigs were linked to war and the spirit of fighting, and were even believed to be able to communicate with the spirits of the dead.
Having a pig as a spiritual animal might signify wisdom, protection, or abundance, depending on the beliefs of the individual or culture. Feng Shui, the Chinese system of arranging one’s surroundings to promote harmony and balance, associates pigs with spiritual and material wealth. In this practice, people often place pig-shaped statues or images to attract good fortune and prosperity.
Symbolic Meanings of Pigs
1. Abundance: Pigs are often associated with abundance and are believed to bring good fortune and material wealth.
2. Protection: Pigs are seen as protective animals, symbolizing strength and guarding against negative influences or energies.
3. Wisdom: Pigs are often associated with wisdom and knowledge, representing intelligence and the ability to make wise decisions.
4. Luck: Pigs are considered lucky animals in many cultures and beliefs, bringing good luck and positive outcomes.
How to Interpret Pig Symbolism in Your Life
If you encounter pigs in your dreams or in your everyday life, it can be helpful to consider their symbolic meanings. Pay attention to any emotions or thoughts that arise when you think about pigs, as this can offer insight into the specific meaning they hold for you.
For example, if you feel a sense of joy or excitement when thinking about pigs, it may indicate a connection to abundance and good fortune. On the other hand, if you feel a sense of unease or negativity, it may suggest a need for protection or caution in certain areas of your life.
Ultimately, the meaning of pigs as spirit animals can vary greatly depending on individual beliefs and cultural interpretations. Whether pigs symbolize luck, wisdom, abundance, or protection, their spiritual significance continues to influence and inspire people in various ways.
What is the symbolism of pigs in ancient Egypt, Rome, and Greece?
Pigs held a significant symbolic meaning in ancient Egypt, Rome, and Greece. In these cultures, pigs were associated with fertility, abundance, and sacredness. They were often seen as symbols of the goddesses Isis, Ceres, and Demeter, who were all connected to fertility and agriculture.
Who were the goddesses associated with pigs in ancient Egypt, Rome, and Greece?
In ancient Egypt, pigs were associated with the goddess Isis, who was considered the mother goddess and represented fertility, magic, and protection. In Rome, pigs were associated with the goddess Ceres, who was the goddess of agriculture and grain. In Greece, pigs were associated with the goddess Demeter, who was also a goddess of fertility and agriculture.
What were the spiritual and symbolic meanings of pigs in different cultures and religions?
Pigs have had various spiritual and symbolic meanings in different cultures and religions. In some cultures, pigs are seen as a symbol of good luck, prosperity, and abundance. However, in other cultures, especially in some religions, pigs are considered unclean and impure animals. These differing meanings can be influenced by cultural, religious, and historical factors.
Why were pigs considered sacred and associated with fertility?
Pigs were considered sacred and associated with fertility due to their ability to produce large litters of piglets. Their reproductive capacity was seen as a symbol of abundance and fertility in agriculture and human life. Additionally, pigs were often associated with the goddesses of fertility, who were believed to have control over the growth and abundance of crops.
How did the symbolism of pigs in ancient Egypt, Rome, and Greece reflect their cultural beliefs?
The symbolism of pigs in ancient Egypt, Rome, and Greece reflected their cultural beliefs in the importance of fertility and agricultural abundance. These cultures relied heavily on agriculture for sustenance and prosperity, so they placed great importance on fertility and the ability to produce bountiful harvests. Pigs, as symbols of fertility and abundance, were woven into their myths, religious practices, and everyday life.
What was the symbolic significance of pigs in ancient Egypt, Rome, and Greece?
Pigs held significant symbolic importance in ancient Egypt, Rome, and Greece. They were associated with fertility and were often seen as sacred animals.
Which goddesses were pigs associated with in ancient Egypt, Rome, and Greece?
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... | 1 | Pigs have always played a significant role in various cultures throughout history. In ancient Egypt, Rome, and Greece, these animals were associated with fertility, abundance, and spirituality. Their symbolism and meaning evolved over time, linking them to important goddesses and embodying traits such as power, wisdom, and luck.
In ancient Egypt, the pig was strongly connected to the goddess Isis, who was often depicted with the head of a pig. This association was primarily due to pigs being highly fertile animals, symbolizing the cycle of birth and rebirth. Additionally, pigs were seen as lucky animals that brought good fortune and prosperity to those who saw them or interacted with them. The pig’s pink color, which is often associated with abundance and vitality, further reinforced its sacred status.
In Rome and Greece, pigs were associated with the goddesses Ceres and Demeter, respectively. Both of these goddesses were closely linked to agriculture, fertility, and the harvest. Pigs were seen as a symbol of fertility and abundance since they were frequently used in religious ceremonies and offerings to ensure a bountiful harvest. The pig’s connection to these goddesses also represented their role as caretakers of the earth and providers of nourishment.
In Christianity, however, the symbolism and meaning of pigs took on a darker tone. Pigs were often associated with greed, gluttony, and uncleanliness. This shift in perception can be traced back to the biblical story of the Prodigal Son, where the son is said to have wasted his inheritance on a life of excess and ended up feeding pigs. Since then, the pig has come to represent indulgence and sinful behavior in many Western cultures, including America.
Despite the negative connotations in Christianity, the pig’s symbolic significance in ancient Egypt, Rome, and Greece remains rich and meaningful. It tells us that these cultures saw the pig as a powerful and spiritual animal, one that embodied fertility, abundance, and the divine feminine. The pig was a totem of sorts, guiding people on their path to spiritual fulfillment and reminding them to embrace the abundance and wisdom that life has to offer.
In the zodiac, individuals born under the sign of the pig are said to possess traits such as kindness, generosity, and loyalty. They are often associated with having good luck and being able to find opportunities in any situation. This further reinforces the pig’s symbolic importance in ancient cultures, highlighting its role as a symbol of positivity and prosperity.
So, what does the presence of pigs in our dreams and everyday lives mean? Seeing a pig, whether in a dream or in reality, can signify that abundance and good fortune are ahead. It can also serve as a reminder to focus on the spiritual aspects of life and to embrace the wisdom and power that pigs symbolize. Whether wild or domesticated, these animals have always held a special place in the hearts and minds of humans, and their symbolic meaning continues to resonate with us to this day.
In summary, pigs in ancient Egypt, Rome, and Greece were associated with fertility, abundance, and spirituality. They were linked to the goddesses Isis, Ceres, and Demeter, embodying traits such as power, wisdom, and luck. While their symbolic meaning has shifted in Christianity and Western cultures, the pig’s enduring significance reminds us to embrace the abundance and wisdom life has to offer.
The Symbolic Significance of Pigs in Ancient Egypt
In ancient Egypt, pigs held a significant symbolic meaning, often being associated with the goddess Isis. The pig was believed to be a greedy animal, and thus linked to the idea of abundance and fertility. Egyptians had a strong belief in the importance of fertility and the role it played in their society.
The pig was considered to have a protective role, both in this life and in the afterlife. It was also associated with the boar, particularly the Martin boar, which was considered a symbol of fertility and was often depicted in Egyptian artwork and hieroglyphs.
In addition to its associations with fertility and abundance, the pig was also seen as a totem animal. People would often wear pig-shaped amulets or charms to bring good luck and protection.
The pig played a significant role in religious rituals and ceremonies. It was commonly sacrificed and offered to the gods and goddesses, symbolizing the giving of life and the hope for a bountiful future.
It is important to note that pigs had different symbolic meanings in each culture. In ancient Egypt, they were associated with fertility and abundance, while in other cultures, such as ancient Rome and Greece, pigs were often seen as symbols of intelligence and resourcefulness.
Overall, pigs held a symbolic significance in ancient Egypt, believing in its association with fertility, abundance, protection, and the afterlife. Its role in religious ceremonies and its presence in artwork and hieroglyphs tells us about the cultural importance and beliefs surrounding this animal in ancient Egyptian society.
Exploring the Fertility and Sacred Associations with Isis
Isis, a powerful goddess in ancient Egyptian mythology, is often associated with fertility and abundance. In ancient Egypt, she was revered as the mother goddess and the bringer of life. Her association with pigs can be traced back to her role as a symbol of fertility.
In ancient Egyptian culture, pigs were seen as a symbol of abundance and fertility. The pig was believed to bring good fortune and prosperity, and its association with Isis further emphasized its symbolic meaning. The pig was seen as a sacred animal, representing the life-giving power of the goddess.
Isis and the Power of Pigs
What makes the association between Isis and pigs significant is the belief that pigs have the power to bring good luck and abundance. In ancient Egyptian society, pig farming was an important source of food and income. Therefore, pigs were seen as a symbol of prosperity and wealth.
It is also interesting to note that pigs were associated with fertility in other ancient cultures, such as Rome and Greece. In these societies, pigs were sacrificed to deities like Ceres and Demeter, who were also associated with fertility. This further highlights the symbolic significance of pigs in relation to fertility and abundance.
The Symbolic Meanings of Pigs
In Western cultures, pigs are often associated with negative connotations, such as greed and filth. However, in ancient cultures, pigs were seen in a more positive light. They were symbols of resourcefulness, wisdom, and protection.
In Chinese culture, for example, pigs are considered lucky animals and are often associated with wealth and abundance. They are also believed to bring good fortune and are a common motif in Feng Shui practices.
In many religions, pigs are seen as sacred or symbolic animals. In the Gospel of Matthew, for instance, Jesus casts demons into a herd of pigs, symbolizing the power of his teachings to overcome evil. In Islam, the consumption of pork is forbidden, further emphasizing the symbolic significance of pigs in religious contexts.
In summary, the association between Isis and pigs highlights the role of pigs as symbols of fertility and abundance in ancient cultures. Pigs were seen as sacred animals, able to bring good fortune and prosperity. The symbolic meanings of pigs vary across cultures, but they are often associated with resourcefulness, wisdom, and protection. Despite their different meanings, the presence of pigs in various cultural and religious contexts speaks to the symbolic power they hold.
The Symbolic Significance of Pigs in Rome
In ancient Rome, pigs held a significant symbolic meaning in both religious and cultural contexts. The association between pigs and fertility, abundance, and luck was prevalent in many aspects of Roman society.
|Symbolic Association with Pigs
|In Roman culture, pigs were often used as sacrificial animals in rituals dedicated to the goddess Isis. The pig symbolized fertility, prosperity, and the nurturing nature of the goddess. It was believed that offering a pig to Isis would ensure a bountiful harvest and a prosperous year ahead.
|Ceres, the Roman goddess of agriculture and fertility, was also closely associated with pigs. Pigs were seen as symbols of abundance and agricultural prosperity. Ceres was often depicted with pigs or accompanied by them, emphasizing her role in ensuring a successful harvest and the availability of food.
|In Roman mythology, Demeter, the Greek counterpart of Ceres, was also closely linked to pigs. The pig symbolized fertility and was considered a sacred animal associated with the goddess. Pigs were often sacrificed to honor Demeter and seek her blessings for agricultural abundance and the growth of crops.
In addition to their religious significance, pigs were also regarded as symbols of power, resourcefulness, and protection. The characteristics of pigs and boars, such as their strength, cunning, and tenacity, were admired and sought after. Pigs were often associated with hunters and symbolized the ability to stand up against adversaries.
In Christian symbolism, pigs were often seen in a negative light, representing impurity and gluttony. This negative association might have stemmed from the Jewish dietary laws that prohibited the consumption of pork. However, in other cultures and religions, pigs held positive symbolic meanings. For example, in the Chinese zodiac, the pig is considered a lucky animal symbolizing good fortune, wealth, and generosity.
Overall, the symbolic significance of pigs in ancient Rome reflected the cultural and religious focus on fertility, abundance, and protection. Whether as sacred animals associated with goddesses or as representations of power and resourcefulness, pigs played a significant role in shaping the spiritual and cultural beliefs of the time.
Exploring the Fertility and Sacred Associations with Ceres
In ancient Egypt, pigs were often associated with the goddess Isis, who was revered for her fertility and nurturing qualities. The pig was seen as a symbol of abundance and prosperity, as it represented the cycle of life and death, renewing the earth with its fertile nature.
In Rome, the goddess Ceres was closely associated with pigs, especially wild boars. These animals were known for their fierce fighting power and resourcefulness. The Romans admired the boar’s bravery and saw it as a symbol of strength and courage. They believed that by wearing the image of a boar, they could tap into these qualities in their daily lives.
The symbolic meanings of pigs and boars were not limited to just ancient Egyptians and Romans. In Greece, the goddess Demeter, who was associated with agriculture and fertility, also had connections to these animals. Pigs represented wisdom and intelligence, as they were known for their keen sense of smell and ability to find food. This made them a fitting symbol for a goddess associated with the harvest and the earth’s bounty.
When it came to the spirt of the year, pigs were often used to symbolize abundance and fertility. In many cultures, seeing a pig in a dream or in real life was considered a lucky sign, signifying that good fortune and prosperity were on their way. These beliefs were rooted in the pig’s ability to eat just about anything, making it a symbol of wealth and abundance.
In America, some Native American cultures believe that pigs are spiritual animal totems, representing resourcefulness and adaptability. Pigs were seen as a giving animal, providing food and sustenance to hunters and their families. This association with giving and nourishment gave pigs a sacred status in these cultures.
In Islam, pigs are seen in a different light. They are forbidden to be consumed and are seen as unclean animals. This association is rooted in religious beliefs and practices, with pigs being seen as impure and unfit for consumption.
Overall, pigs and boars have had a significant role in various ancient cultures, symbolizing fertility, abundance, wisdom, and other important qualities. Although their meanings may vary, the spiritual and symbolic associations with these animals highlight their importance in the human psyche throughout history.
The Symbolic Significance of Pigs in Greece
In ancient Greece, pigs held significant symbolic meaning and were associated with various gods and goddesses. They were often seen as creatures linked to dreams and the spiritual realm. Pigs were believed to symbolize abundance, fertility, and wisdom.
In Greek mythology, pigs were often associated with the goddess Ceres, who was the patroness of agriculture and fertility. According to myth, she had the power to make crops grow and was symbolized by the pig, which was considered a symbol of abundance and prosperity. In some stories, Ceres is said to have had a dream in which a pig speaks to her, telling her that she will find her daughter Persephone, who had been kidnapped by Hades.
In addition to Ceres, pigs were also associated with the goddess Demeter, who was the mother of Persephone. Demeter was often depicted with pigs and they played a symbolic role in her cult. This association may have been due to the pig’s reputation for being a powerful and fertile animal.
Pigs also had a significant role in the Germanic and Celtic cultures, where they were considered to be sacred animals. They were seen as a totem of protection and were believed to have a spiritual connection with humans. In these cultures, seeing or encountering a pig was believed to be a sign of good luck and protection.
In summary, pigs held a symbolic significance in ancient Greece, representing abundance, fertility, and wisdom. They were associated with goddesses such as Ceres and Demeter, and were linked to the spiritual realm and the world of dreams. Pigs were seen as creatures with a deep connection to humans, and their presence was believed to bring luck and protection.
Exploring the Fertility and Sacred Associations with Demeter
In many cultures, pigs have held a special place in the symbolic and spiritual realm. From ancient Egypt to Rome and Greece, the pig has been associated with fertility, abundance, and sacred divinity.
In ancient Egypt, the pig was symbolic of the goddess Isis and her association with fertility. The pig was often depicted in art and hieroglyphics, representing the ability to give birth and create life. As a totem animal, the pig was believed to bring about an abundance of resources and power.
Similarly, in ancient Greece, the pig had a strong connection to the goddess Demeter, the goddess of agriculture and fertility. Demeter was often represented alongside pigs, highlighting her role in providing food and sustenance to the people. The pig was seen as a symbol of resourcefulness and abundance.
In Roman mythology, the pig was associated with Ceres, the goddess of agriculture, grain crops, and motherly love. The pig was often seen as a sacred animal and was known to be associated with the protection of crops and fertility. The pig symbolized the future and the coming year, reminding people of the cycle of life and the importance of nurturing the land for future harvests.
The Zodiac and the Pig
In the Chinese zodiac, the pig is the twelfth animal sign, representing the traits of diligence, generosity, and abundance. Those born in the Year of the Pig are believed to be reliable, trustworthy, and hardworking. The pig’s association with fertility and abundance is reflected in its representation in this ancient astrological system.
The Symbolic Meaning of Boars
Boars, a wild type of pig, hold a different symbolic meaning. In Western cultures, the boar is often associated with power, protection, and spiritual strength. Boars were seen as formidable fighters and were revered for their courage and tenacity. The boar symbolizes the ability to fight for what is right and stand up against adversity.
In summary, pigs have played a significant role in various cultures and religions as symbols of fertility, abundance, and divine associations. From the spiritual associations with Demeter, Isis, and Ceres, to the symbolic meaning of boars in Western cultures, pigs have always held a special place in our collective consciousness.
Are Pigs Good Spirit Animals?
In many ancient cultures, pigs have been considered as spiritual animals with diverse and significant meanings. Whether they are seen as symbols of luck, abundance, or protection, pigs have played an important role in various religious beliefs and traditions.
In ancient Egypt, pigs were associated with the afterlife and were believed to have spiritual connections. They were often depicted in tomb paintings and were thought to guide the deceased through the realm of the dead. Pigs were also believed to bring good luck and prosperity to those who believed in their spiritual power.
In ancient Rome and Greece, pigs held similar spiritual significance. The goddesses Isis, Ceres, and Demeter were all believed to have a close association with pigs. In these cultures, pigs were seen as symbols of fertility and abundance, and they were often sacrificed in religious rituals as offerings to these goddesses.
Pigs have always been known to represent different meanings in various religions and cultures. In some belief systems, pigs are seen as lucky animals, while in others they may have darker associations. For example, in certain Germanic cultures, pigs were linked to war and the spirit of fighting, and were even believed to be able to communicate with the spirits of the dead.
Having a pig as a spiritual animal might signify wisdom, protection, or abundance, depending on the beliefs of the individual or culture. Feng Shui, the Chinese system of arranging one’s surroundings to promote harmony and balance, associates pigs with spiritual and material wealth. In this practice, people often place pig-shaped statues or images to attract good fortune and prosperity.
Symbolic Meanings of Pigs
1. Abundance: Pigs are often associated with abundance and are believed to bring good fortune and material wealth.
2. Protection: Pigs are seen as protective animals, symbolizing strength and guarding against negative influences or energies.
3. Wisdom: Pigs are often associated with wisdom and knowledge, representing intelligence and the ability to make wise decisions.
4. Luck: Pigs are considered lucky animals in many cultures and beliefs, bringing good luck and positive outcomes.
How to Interpret Pig Symbolism in Your Life
If you encounter pigs in your dreams or in your everyday life, it can be helpful to consider their symbolic meanings. Pay attention to any emotions or thoughts that arise when you think about pigs, as this can offer insight into the specific meaning they hold for you.
For example, if you feel a sense of joy or excitement when thinking about pigs, it may indicate a connection to abundance and good fortune. On the other hand, if you feel a sense of unease or negativity, it may suggest a need for protection or caution in certain areas of your life.
Ultimately, the meaning of pigs as spirit animals can vary greatly depending on individual beliefs and cultural interpretations. Whether pigs symbolize luck, wisdom, abundance, or protection, their spiritual significance continues to influence and inspire people in various ways.
What is the symbolism of pigs in ancient Egypt, Rome, and Greece?
Pigs held a significant symbolic meaning in ancient Egypt, Rome, and Greece. In these cultures, pigs were associated with fertility, abundance, and sacredness. They were often seen as symbols of the goddesses Isis, Ceres, and Demeter, who were all connected to fertility and agriculture.
Who were the goddesses associated with pigs in ancient Egypt, Rome, and Greece?
In ancient Egypt, pigs were associated with the goddess Isis, who was considered the mother goddess and represented fertility, magic, and protection. In Rome, pigs were associated with the goddess Ceres, who was the goddess of agriculture and grain. In Greece, pigs were associated with the goddess Demeter, who was also a goddess of fertility and agriculture.
What were the spiritual and symbolic meanings of pigs in different cultures and religions?
Pigs have had various spiritual and symbolic meanings in different cultures and religions. In some cultures, pigs are seen as a symbol of good luck, prosperity, and abundance. However, in other cultures, especially in some religions, pigs are considered unclean and impure animals. These differing meanings can be influenced by cultural, religious, and historical factors.
Why were pigs considered sacred and associated with fertility?
Pigs were considered sacred and associated with fertility due to their ability to produce large litters of piglets. Their reproductive capacity was seen as a symbol of abundance and fertility in agriculture and human life. Additionally, pigs were often associated with the goddesses of fertility, who were believed to have control over the growth and abundance of crops.
How did the symbolism of pigs in ancient Egypt, Rome, and Greece reflect their cultural beliefs?
The symbolism of pigs in ancient Egypt, Rome, and Greece reflected their cultural beliefs in the importance of fertility and agricultural abundance. These cultures relied heavily on agriculture for sustenance and prosperity, so they placed great importance on fertility and the ability to produce bountiful harvests. Pigs, as symbols of fertility and abundance, were woven into their myths, religious practices, and everyday life.
What was the symbolic significance of pigs in ancient Egypt, Rome, and Greece?
Pigs held significant symbolic importance in ancient Egypt, Rome, and Greece. They were associated with fertility and were often seen as sacred animals.
Which goddesses were pigs associated with in ancient Egypt, Rome, and Greece?
In ancient Egypt, pigs were associated with the goddess Isis. In Rome, they were associated with the goddess Ceres. In Greece, they were associated with the goddess Demeter. | 4,290 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The British Takeover of Bengal
Bengal's revolution was precipitated by a variety of unique circumstances. In 1755, the British dispatched Clive and his army to Madras because of the approaching Seven Years' War.
Bengal's succession issues, combined with British mercantile inefficiency, precipitated a crisis at a time when the French in south India were still awaiting French reinforcements.
The Nawab Of Bengal
Ali Vardi Khan, Bengal's nawab and de facto ruler died in April 1756, leaving control to his young grandson, Sirajal Daulah. The latter's position was insecure due to dissatisfaction among his subordinates, both Hindu and Muslim, and due to his own pompous and contradictory temperament.
On June 20, 1756, he invaded and seized Calcutta on a false claim that the British were preparing the city. The departure of the British governor and some councillors added to the humiliation of the defeat. The survivors were detained for one night in the local jail, which are known as the "Black Hole of Calcutta," and many of the inmates died the next morning.
When word of this disaster reached Madras, a force assembled to expel Bussy-Castelnau from the Deccan was redirected to Bengal, giving Clive with an army of 900 Europeans and 1,500 Indians.
Clive relieved the Calcutta survivors and reclaimed the city on Jan. 2, 1757. On February 9, after a protracted struggle, a settlement was reached with Siraj al-Daulah, returning the company's rights, authorising the defence of Calcutta, and announcing a partnership.
The Battle of Plassey
This was a watershed point in British India's history. 'Robert Clive' was scheduled to return to Madras to fight the French, but he did not. He sensed Siraj al-Daulah's nervousness and began to accept signals indicating support for a military coup.
He attempted to choose a friendly and loyal nawab and found the right candidate in Mir Jafar, an elderly officer who was Siraj al- Daulah's brother in law & commander, wielded tremendous military influence.
The Clive was encouraged by Bussy Castelnau's example in Hyderabad, where he had successfully maintained the Nizam, Salabat Jang, and French control in the largest south Indian state with an Indo-French force. Clive envisioned Bengal as a "supported" Indian state that would be controlled but not ruled by the British.
At first glance, it appeared as though the chances of success were favourable. However, the story occurred in a manner that was not anticipated for a multitude of reasons. Local leaders lacked initiative and frequently offered no resistance to British efforts.
The external threat could only originate from one direction and source—the destabilised Mughal government at the time. While Bussy-Castelnau was devoid of French merchants, the British merchants in Calcutta were eager to capitalise on the situation.
Additionally, because the British company's government was mostly comprised of merchants, there were considerable pressures to invade the sponsored state.
Prior to battling Siraj al-Daulah, Clive captured the French town of Chandernagore, which the Nawab abandoned in order to avoid having British assistance in repelling a northern Afghan onslaught.
The Defeat of Siraj-ul-daulah
On June 23rd of that year, the East India Company's men led by Robert Clive defeated Siraj-ul-daulah's army at the Battle of Plassey, a small village and mangrove swamp located between Calcutta and Murshidabad.
The "war" lasted only a few hours, and the outcome was decided well before the men arrived on the battlefield.
Mir Jafar, the Nawab's heir apparent, had already pledged his allegiance to Clive, and a significantly larger number of the Nawab's men had been paid to abandon their guns, surrender prematurely, and even turn their weapons against their own army.
In short, Plassey was won not by superior numbers but via Clive's forces being bolstered by dissensions inside the Nawab's camp and, most importantly, Mir Jafar's betrayal of his superior.
Plassey was followed by the assassination and flight of Siraj al Daulah, the occupation of Murshidabad, the capital, and the installation of Mir Jafar as the new Nawab of Bengal.
After war Developments
Clive now governed a sponsored state, and he performed admirably for the British. The problem was exacerbated from the start by the Nawab's inability to uncover the supposed hidden treasures necessary to compensate the British. As a result, the Nawab sought financial assistance from outside sources, causing substantial economic damage to the region.
Clive was frequently involved in Bengali affairs. In 1759, he defended Patna against an effort by Ali Gauhar (later Shah Alam II), the Mughal heir apparent, to consolidate his authority by the conquest of Bihar. Clive also had to contend with the Dutch, who deployed a six-ship armament to their port at Chinsura on the Hooghly River after learning of Mir Jafar's unhappiness with his British backers and fear of the growth of British control in Bengal.
Though Britain and the Netherlands were at the time at peace, Clive provoked the Dutch, seizing their fleet, beating them on land, and demanding ransom. While the Dutch retained Chinsura, they were unable to reclaim Bengal from the British.
Clive left Calcutta on Feb. 25, 1760, at the height of his reputation and only 34 years old, with an eye toward a career in English politics. The Nawab was completely dependent on the British, with whom he could now trade the great wealth of Bengal.
Post Plassey Problems
Despite the triumph at Plassey, a number of problems occurred in Bengal during the next few years, most of them were directly related to Clive's operations.
Two specific steps threatened a sponsored state's approach, culminating in the company's demise on the one hand and Bengal's virtual takeover on the other.
The first was an agreement with Mir Jafar that business people would be exempt from tolls and customs taxes for personal domestic commerce (i.e., trade within India), although this was not included in the official contract.
Since 1717, the company's commerce with Europe had been tax-free, but extending similar benefits to individual workers or, for that matter, to anybody who possessed an exclusion pass (dastak) was a fiscal disaster, given how frequently the pass system was abused.
Local merchants were unable to compete against rivals with such an advantage, and even the Company was quickly crushed by its own employees (who received little compensation from the company and relied on their own entrepreneurial skills to make ends meet).
Worse yet, many business employees began employing intimidatory tactics, recruiting agents to terrorise the countryside and disrupt the corporation's monopoly.
The second trend was British workers' open acceptance of presents. This was not banned by the firm and was in fact a widely accepted practice, but it opened the floodgates to corruption.
For instance, substantial sums were given to the armed troops and corporate leaders following Murshidabad's collapse. Additionally, Clive acquired additional Mughal lands and subsequently claimed a revenue assignment, or jagir, for their upkeep, which was worth a sizable yearly payment.
These grants accounted for over one-fourth of the average annual Bengal revenue and, in fact, accounted for around 6% of Great Britain's yearly revenue at the time.
With such a forceful opening of the loot floodgates, it was almost necessary that the company's other servants would demand additional loot as a matter of course, and that the company's directors in London, with relatives and connections on the ground, would prefer verbal protests to any resolute or steady action.
The effects of these enemies became clear when the Murshidabad wealth was discovered to be worth just a fraction of its reputed value, forcing the Nawab to sell jewels, commodities, and furniture in order to satisfy his commitments.
The effects of these policies became apparent during the next decade and remained for a generation. | <urn:uuid:ccdbed59-cb82-4d7f-ada4-1b73580fc961> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.oneyoungindia.com/cuet-and-upsc-general-studies-notes/bengal-the-battle-of-plassey | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476464.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304165127-20240304195127-00113.warc.gz | en | 0.981003 | 1,709 | 3.4375 | 3 | [
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0.2697891592979... | 1 | The British Takeover of Bengal
Bengal's revolution was precipitated by a variety of unique circumstances. In 1755, the British dispatched Clive and his army to Madras because of the approaching Seven Years' War.
Bengal's succession issues, combined with British mercantile inefficiency, precipitated a crisis at a time when the French in south India were still awaiting French reinforcements.
The Nawab Of Bengal
Ali Vardi Khan, Bengal's nawab and de facto ruler died in April 1756, leaving control to his young grandson, Sirajal Daulah. The latter's position was insecure due to dissatisfaction among his subordinates, both Hindu and Muslim, and due to his own pompous and contradictory temperament.
On June 20, 1756, he invaded and seized Calcutta on a false claim that the British were preparing the city. The departure of the British governor and some councillors added to the humiliation of the defeat. The survivors were detained for one night in the local jail, which are known as the "Black Hole of Calcutta," and many of the inmates died the next morning.
When word of this disaster reached Madras, a force assembled to expel Bussy-Castelnau from the Deccan was redirected to Bengal, giving Clive with an army of 900 Europeans and 1,500 Indians.
Clive relieved the Calcutta survivors and reclaimed the city on Jan. 2, 1757. On February 9, after a protracted struggle, a settlement was reached with Siraj al-Daulah, returning the company's rights, authorising the defence of Calcutta, and announcing a partnership.
The Battle of Plassey
This was a watershed point in British India's history. 'Robert Clive' was scheduled to return to Madras to fight the French, but he did not. He sensed Siraj al-Daulah's nervousness and began to accept signals indicating support for a military coup.
He attempted to choose a friendly and loyal nawab and found the right candidate in Mir Jafar, an elderly officer who was Siraj al- Daulah's brother in law & commander, wielded tremendous military influence.
The Clive was encouraged by Bussy Castelnau's example in Hyderabad, where he had successfully maintained the Nizam, Salabat Jang, and French control in the largest south Indian state with an Indo-French force. Clive envisioned Bengal as a "supported" Indian state that would be controlled but not ruled by the British.
At first glance, it appeared as though the chances of success were favourable. However, the story occurred in a manner that was not anticipated for a multitude of reasons. Local leaders lacked initiative and frequently offered no resistance to British efforts.
The external threat could only originate from one direction and source—the destabilised Mughal government at the time. While Bussy-Castelnau was devoid of French merchants, the British merchants in Calcutta were eager to capitalise on the situation.
Additionally, because the British company's government was mostly comprised of merchants, there were considerable pressures to invade the sponsored state.
Prior to battling Siraj al-Daulah, Clive captured the French town of Chandernagore, which the Nawab abandoned in order to avoid having British assistance in repelling a northern Afghan onslaught.
The Defeat of Siraj-ul-daulah
On June 23rd of that year, the East India Company's men led by Robert Clive defeated Siraj-ul-daulah's army at the Battle of Plassey, a small village and mangrove swamp located between Calcutta and Murshidabad.
The "war" lasted only a few hours, and the outcome was decided well before the men arrived on the battlefield.
Mir Jafar, the Nawab's heir apparent, had already pledged his allegiance to Clive, and a significantly larger number of the Nawab's men had been paid to abandon their guns, surrender prematurely, and even turn their weapons against their own army.
In short, Plassey was won not by superior numbers but via Clive's forces being bolstered by dissensions inside the Nawab's camp and, most importantly, Mir Jafar's betrayal of his superior.
Plassey was followed by the assassination and flight of Siraj al Daulah, the occupation of Murshidabad, the capital, and the installation of Mir Jafar as the new Nawab of Bengal.
After war Developments
Clive now governed a sponsored state, and he performed admirably for the British. The problem was exacerbated from the start by the Nawab's inability to uncover the supposed hidden treasures necessary to compensate the British. As a result, the Nawab sought financial assistance from outside sources, causing substantial economic damage to the region.
Clive was frequently involved in Bengali affairs. In 1759, he defended Patna against an effort by Ali Gauhar (later Shah Alam II), the Mughal heir apparent, to consolidate his authority by the conquest of Bihar. Clive also had to contend with the Dutch, who deployed a six-ship armament to their port at Chinsura on the Hooghly River after learning of Mir Jafar's unhappiness with his British backers and fear of the growth of British control in Bengal.
Though Britain and the Netherlands were at the time at peace, Clive provoked the Dutch, seizing their fleet, beating them on land, and demanding ransom. While the Dutch retained Chinsura, they were unable to reclaim Bengal from the British.
Clive left Calcutta on Feb. 25, 1760, at the height of his reputation and only 34 years old, with an eye toward a career in English politics. The Nawab was completely dependent on the British, with whom he could now trade the great wealth of Bengal.
Post Plassey Problems
Despite the triumph at Plassey, a number of problems occurred in Bengal during the next few years, most of them were directly related to Clive's operations.
Two specific steps threatened a sponsored state's approach, culminating in the company's demise on the one hand and Bengal's virtual takeover on the other.
The first was an agreement with Mir Jafar that business people would be exempt from tolls and customs taxes for personal domestic commerce (i.e., trade within India), although this was not included in the official contract.
Since 1717, the company's commerce with Europe had been tax-free, but extending similar benefits to individual workers or, for that matter, to anybody who possessed an exclusion pass (dastak) was a fiscal disaster, given how frequently the pass system was abused.
Local merchants were unable to compete against rivals with such an advantage, and even the Company was quickly crushed by its own employees (who received little compensation from the company and relied on their own entrepreneurial skills to make ends meet).
Worse yet, many business employees began employing intimidatory tactics, recruiting agents to terrorise the countryside and disrupt the corporation's monopoly.
The second trend was British workers' open acceptance of presents. This was not banned by the firm and was in fact a widely accepted practice, but it opened the floodgates to corruption.
For instance, substantial sums were given to the armed troops and corporate leaders following Murshidabad's collapse. Additionally, Clive acquired additional Mughal lands and subsequently claimed a revenue assignment, or jagir, for their upkeep, which was worth a sizable yearly payment.
These grants accounted for over one-fourth of the average annual Bengal revenue and, in fact, accounted for around 6% of Great Britain's yearly revenue at the time.
With such a forceful opening of the loot floodgates, it was almost necessary that the company's other servants would demand additional loot as a matter of course, and that the company's directors in London, with relatives and connections on the ground, would prefer verbal protests to any resolute or steady action.
The effects of these enemies became clear when the Murshidabad wealth was discovered to be worth just a fraction of its reputed value, forcing the Nawab to sell jewels, commodities, and furniture in order to satisfy his commitments.
The effects of these policies became apparent during the next decade and remained for a generation. | 1,719 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Regular assessment of any work in school, including ICT, is necessary for effective planning for the next stage of learning. This assessment should not only look at what pupils produce, whether a spreadsheet, a poster or a brochure, but also consider the thinking and practical skills that were required to create it. Assessment of ICT work should look at how the children have worked: if they have cooperated with others or striven on their own. It should look at how they explain their ideas and the choices they made for the outcome; it should look at their oral explanations of their comprehension of the benefits and problems of using digital techniques; and it should involve the pupils in their own self-assessment. The process of self-evaluation should be a regular part of ICT use, in a way that lets pupils recognise the progress they have made, celebrates their success and helps them identify the next steps in their learning. Above all, it should be sensitive to their abilities and experience and to the effort they have made, so that they feel empowered to tackle further challenges. | <urn:uuid:3afa35c5-c884-4aa2-a423-274d7ec2ef0b> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://uat.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9780203810194-10/assessing-children-use-ict-jill-jesson-graham-peacock?context=ubx&refId=92c825c8-49f9-464d-811c-0af5d5ee3da0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474686.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227184934-20240227214934-00087.warc.gz | en | 0.980077 | 219 | 3.390625 | 3 | [
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0.2799018323421478,... | 1 | Regular assessment of any work in school, including ICT, is necessary for effective planning for the next stage of learning. This assessment should not only look at what pupils produce, whether a spreadsheet, a poster or a brochure, but also consider the thinking and practical skills that were required to create it. Assessment of ICT work should look at how the children have worked: if they have cooperated with others or striven on their own. It should look at how they explain their ideas and the choices they made for the outcome; it should look at their oral explanations of their comprehension of the benefits and problems of using digital techniques; and it should involve the pupils in their own self-assessment. The process of self-evaluation should be a regular part of ICT use, in a way that lets pupils recognise the progress they have made, celebrates their success and helps them identify the next steps in their learning. Above all, it should be sensitive to their abilities and experience and to the effort they have made, so that they feel empowered to tackle further challenges. | 211 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Solution:The Bastar uprising took place in 1910.
Forest communities protested against the changes imposed on them by colonisers in several areas of India and throughout the world. One of these was Bastar, the southernmost region of Chhattisgarh. The people of Bastar were deeply connected with the land they lived in and believed it to be sacred. But their intimate connection was threatened when the British colonists proposed to reserve around two-thirds of the forested land, prohibiting shifting cultivation and collection of various resources. Moreover, the people in Bastar were allowed to live in the reserved lands only on the condition that they would work for free. Hence, displacement and famines caused discontent, and people rose against the government. Gunda Dhur led this movement. | <urn:uuid:1150e43b-cee9-4056-ab41-7306f8a769bc> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://infinitylearn.com/surge/question/history/when-did-the-bastar-uprising-take-place/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475711.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301225031-20240302015031-00708.warc.gz | en | 0.983426 | 155 | 4.1875 | 4 | [
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0.3712605834007... | 1 | Solution:The Bastar uprising took place in 1910.
Forest communities protested against the changes imposed on them by colonisers in several areas of India and throughout the world. One of these was Bastar, the southernmost region of Chhattisgarh. The people of Bastar were deeply connected with the land they lived in and believed it to be sacred. But their intimate connection was threatened when the British colonists proposed to reserve around two-thirds of the forested land, prohibiting shifting cultivation and collection of various resources. Moreover, the people in Bastar were allowed to live in the reserved lands only on the condition that they would work for free. Hence, displacement and famines caused discontent, and people rose against the government. Gunda Dhur led this movement. | 157 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The movie Gandhi starts off with the assassination of Gandhi on January 30, 1948. He was killed because of the split of Hindus and Muslims into Pakistan and India, instead of trying to keep the country united (which was impossible at the time). The story then jumps back to Gandhi early in his life, when he is a practicing attorney. He is traveling in South Africa on a train and is thrown off because he refuses to give up his first class seat. The conductor wants him to move because he is Indian. This upsets him and he organizes a burning of the discriminatory codes. The protestors are arrested and released. Gandhi is motivated by religious means; he believes that everyone is equal in God’s eyes. He gets involved in several movements for equality, and he stresses non-violence very strongly. The Indians are very mad because British rule continues to limit their rights. They are supposed to all get fingerprinted, and their marriage laws are invalid. Gandhi’s followers vow to fight their oppressors to the death, but he discourages them from violence. He and his wife form a sort of commune of purity. They live off of the land entirely. During one scene, they ask all of Gandhi’s followers to burn all of their clothes that were made in Britain and wear only what they can make themselves. Gandhi practices this for the rest of his life, usually wearing just a loincloth. In another scene, Gandhi is in jail, and some of his followers are peacefully gathered in a square. The police lock up the square and kill almost everyone, over 1,500 people. Gandhi is disgusted and discouraged. He continues to preach non-violence, but the Indians do have occasional conflict with the police. Gandhi’s counter to the popular phrase “an eye for an eye” says that after that, “everyone will be blind.” Gandhi leads several organized protests against British rule. In one, all Indians stopped doing their work, and the major cities in the country were disabled. Another time, he led a 165-mile walk to the sea to protest the British monopoly on salt. The Indians made their own salt out of the sea. A turning point on the Indian fight for independence was the western press. Reporters witnessed a scene in which Indians tried to get into a factory row by row, and were brutally beaten by soldiers, row by row, as the women pulled the dead and injured away.
Even though Catherine Owens Pearce’s biography of Gandhi and Henry Wiebe’s novel, Peace Shall Destroy Many, are set in different countries, they share many common themes like nonviolence, effect of religion on conflicts and the idea of cooperation to move forward toward a common goal. Mahatma Gandhi fought for many Indian rights within India during the time of British control. Gandhi also fought to end discrimination in South Africa as Indian people encountered racism and prejudice everywhere they went. In the novel Peace Shall Destroy Many, an Amish family who moves to Canada faces many hardships. They find themselves in conflict with their Amish community and with the neighbouring Native Americans. Not only do these two books show how
Mahatma Gandhi, a nationalist and spiritual leader was perceptive and objectively so, perhaps most eminently when he instructed his zealots, “First they ignore you. Then they laugh at you. Then they fight you. Then you win” (Mahatma). Gandhi has a remarkable sagacity at a young age and strengthened it throughout the succession of his life. Although the aforementioned quote merely previews the extent of his intellect, it effectively summarizes his political approach. After becoming a member of the Indian National Congress Gandhi had the potential to become a most influential leader for the Indian people, and he did. Gandhi committed his political title towards fighting against the unlawful oppression of British rule. His method of fighting, however, was a politically innovative, mental type of fight. As a firm believer in the value of Pacifism, Gandhi developed the theory of non-violent civil protest and vowed to prevent his followers from succumbing to the allure of bloodshed. The irenic nature of Gandhi’s leadership won him the admiration of many Indian people, and is now considered to have political genius prestigious enough to be studied today (Mahatma 2). In some instances, studying Gandhi’s political strategy demonstrates the benefits of an actively participating governed majority. In today’s society, many people tend to make uneducated political decisions and sometimes even refrain from making one completely. In a variety of circumstances, related to any category of politics, from the election of a new president to the enactment of new laws, a group of Americans remain unrepresented because of their refusal to exercise their right to vote. A topic such as gun control would be a fitting example of a subject that while put ...
What is family structure and how has it changed over the years compared to the 1950? Family structure is the support of loving family member to help care for and raise their offspring under the roof to which they live. Usually, this is by two loving parents, or grandparents to which help raise these children if parents are unable to fulfill their commitments. Though, family structure has changed tremendously over the years, I recall my parents telling me that before considering marriage you need to date first, be financially secure; then begin having a family. Basically, there was a golden rule to the values and responsibilities to which we needed to abide by when it
World wars, mass genocides, and violent revolutions have become unusually iconic in history. However, the efficiency of nonviolent tactics and political strategies is relatively ambiguous. There have been several pacifistic approaches to solve a particular problem, some much more successful than others. Gandhi is primarily known for his work in the Indian Independence Movement and his nonviolent practices. Born in 1869, Gandhi was to respect all religions and taught to treat all living things sacred. Growing up, he encountered several cases of racism and poverty, and from these experiences, he developed a unique lifestyle. Eventually, Gandhi earned the title of “Mahatma,” or “Great Soul.” England was a feared and well-respected country at this time, but Gandhi miraculously changed this prevalent opinion to accomplish independence. Gandhi’s incarceration, teachings of self-control, and altruistic attitude towards the English assisted in his crusade for an independent nation.
Mohandas Gandhi was a non-violent promoter for Indian independence.He was married young at 13,and went to London to go to law school.Gandhi got his degree there and was on his way to being a lawyer.He went to his first case,but couldn't even speak. Gandhi then got invited to South Africa from a businessman. Gandhi’s luck their was no good either.European racism came to him,after he got kicked off of a train,because he was “colored” and was holding a first class ticket.When Gandhi fought back because of it,was arrested and was sent to jail.After this, he became know as as a leader.Gandhi returned to India in 1896,and he was disgusted by it.British wanted them to wear their clothes,copy their manners,accept their standards of beauty,but Gandhi refused.Gandhi wanted people to live free of all class and wealth.Gandhi tried so hard and was more successful then any other man in India.They won independence in 1947. Gandhi’s non-violent movement worked because,Gandhi used clever planning, mass appeal, conviction, and compassion to win independence for India.
Families have changed considerably over the decades. When comparing the 1950’s to the 2000’s one could argue that the 00’s was a better era for families. The 2000’s families went through remarkable changes in their status and lifestyle along with how it functions. In the 2000’s there were new kinds of families accompanied by different values and norms. Furthermore, the era brought change to gender roles, social norms, marriage and in general the style of living.
Family life was a lot different today than it was in 50’s it was seen as materialistic nation also a social status decade(Stuart A. kallen “The 1950’s). After having the victory in world war 2 a lot of young veterans coming and finding girls, to settle down and have a family(Becky Bradley). Which came to be called the baby boom generation. Which in this time and in within the family life and what it was like to live in 1950’s neighborhood was that everyone knew each other (Stuart A. kallen). In the 50’s we were not afraid of lawsuits if you touch person or you did this etc. We were more together as a family. When times got hard are first was not to run from our partner but to, but to stay through thick and thin (Becky Bradley). Children growing up always had something to do from mak...
Gandhi’s nonviolent movement worked because he didn’t believe in segregation and didn’t follow the British’s rules for Indians. When coming back from prison in 1859, things changed in India. The people if India were forced to mimic the English on how they dressed, copy their manner and accept their standards of beauty. When hearing this, Gandhi didn’t accept it and started his movement. According to the background document,” he shed the cloths that made him look like a British lawyer and dressed in a poor man’s traditional loincloth.”(Background document) By do...
The “Epic of Gilgamesh” is a historic story of the king of Uruk, Gilgamesh. The story portrays the short lived friendship of Gilgamesh and Enkidu. The story begins as Shamat the prostitute seduces Enkidu and convinces him to go to the city of Uruk and meet Gilgamesh. From that moment on, the two were very close. They planned a trip to the forest of cedars to defeat the monster known as Humbaba so that Gilgamesh could show his power to the citizens of Uruk. However, Enkidu tried vainly to dissuade Gilgamesh in going to the forest. Despite Enkidu’s plead, the two continued on their adventure to the forest where Humbaba lives. Once they arrived, they found the monster and killed him.
In 1983 Richard Attenborough made a movie based on the life of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi also known as Mahatma Gandhi. This movie is a biography, drama, and historical. The movie starts off by showing the assassination of Gandhi, and then goes into a flashback of his life in South Africa and India. The movie covers all importance events that were lead by Gandhi in South Africa and India. The makers put in $22 million worth of hard work to make this film possible. From the story to the actors and setting all took a lot of research, time and hard work. The film is made to look as real as possible. The film won over the hearts of many due to the actors, setting/props, and story.
In the 1950s, the family unit was glamorized as something that was expected. In this era, the importance of family unity was obvious. 1950s America was quite like your typical modern Hispanic family. The man was the head of the house, the wife maintained the living area, and children had responsibilities of their own. When each member has a role, the family is usually in sync with one another. The family unit had straightforward morals, teachings, responsibilities and gender roles (Buckett). As gender roles have left the equation, new things also
Religion and human nature combined tend to create a superiority complex among those who perceive themselves as having better, or more, faith. Religion is generally perceived as singular, but humans choose to dynamically express their faith, whether that be by love or war. Gandhi, depicted the movie Gandhi directed by Richard Attenborough, in the face of Muslims protesting Hindus, declared: “I am a Muslim and a Hindu and a Christian and a Jew and so are all of you,” and that perception of himself and others influenced a mass ethnic and religious revolution that enlightened India. Gandhi opened the world to revolutionary ideas -- the strength in tolerance, the pluralism in religion, and the unification of all mankind.
Gandhi’s implementation for the Salt March was the result of British colonization of India, which had caused a change in the lifestyle of the Indians. In 1975 when the East India Company established manufacturing monopolies, which assisted the British to exercise their powers over the salt facilities in India by applying salt taxes. As the British occupied the salt works, the Indian population became deprived of one of the most important resources. Thus, the Indians in nation began to fall apart, because the strict British ruling restricted the Indians to perform against the salt taxes. The Salt March was a way that Gandhi sought to inspire a strong uniformity in the minds of the many. These Indians soon adapted to Gandhi’s nonviolent belief and became known as the satyagrahis, w...
The ideal American family was transformed in the 19th century in large part due to the great changes taking place in the American society. Many family groups fit this changing mold while some did not. In this essay I will show how this concept of the ideal American family changed. I will also try to explain which groups of Americans followed this concept and why.
One of humanity’s ancient compulsions has been to vanquish death. This compulsion is strongly depicted in the Epic of Gilgamesh, as it creates a large portion of the Epic. It reveals the importance of the perception of immortality and the universal fear of humanity: Death. Immortality means to live on forever, indicating everlasting life. In a more symbolical way of thinking, immortality could be living on through remembrance of one’s accomplishments. This paper concentrates on the character of Gilgamesh and his pursuit of immortality after the loss of his friend Enkidu in tablet VII. For such a powerful character, a demigod at that, Gilgamesh lets his human side to emasculate his true power. Desperate for obtaining immortality, Gilgamesh deserts Uruk to begin his search for Utnapishtim, whom had survived the great flood and given immorality by the gods. | <urn:uuid:f02801c1-cc81-4754-9a00-e1511c0bd4ff> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.123helpme.com/essay/Gandhi-Movie-Summary-66739 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473401.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221070402-20240221100402-00543.warc.gz | en | 0.981235 | 2,980 | 3.8125 | 4 | [
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0.3613859415054... | 1 | The movie Gandhi starts off with the assassination of Gandhi on January 30, 1948. He was killed because of the split of Hindus and Muslims into Pakistan and India, instead of trying to keep the country united (which was impossible at the time). The story then jumps back to Gandhi early in his life, when he is a practicing attorney. He is traveling in South Africa on a train and is thrown off because he refuses to give up his first class seat. The conductor wants him to move because he is Indian. This upsets him and he organizes a burning of the discriminatory codes. The protestors are arrested and released. Gandhi is motivated by religious means; he believes that everyone is equal in God’s eyes. He gets involved in several movements for equality, and he stresses non-violence very strongly. The Indians are very mad because British rule continues to limit their rights. They are supposed to all get fingerprinted, and their marriage laws are invalid. Gandhi’s followers vow to fight their oppressors to the death, but he discourages them from violence. He and his wife form a sort of commune of purity. They live off of the land entirely. During one scene, they ask all of Gandhi’s followers to burn all of their clothes that were made in Britain and wear only what they can make themselves. Gandhi practices this for the rest of his life, usually wearing just a loincloth. In another scene, Gandhi is in jail, and some of his followers are peacefully gathered in a square. The police lock up the square and kill almost everyone, over 1,500 people. Gandhi is disgusted and discouraged. He continues to preach non-violence, but the Indians do have occasional conflict with the police. Gandhi’s counter to the popular phrase “an eye for an eye” says that after that, “everyone will be blind.” Gandhi leads several organized protests against British rule. In one, all Indians stopped doing their work, and the major cities in the country were disabled. Another time, he led a 165-mile walk to the sea to protest the British monopoly on salt. The Indians made their own salt out of the sea. A turning point on the Indian fight for independence was the western press. Reporters witnessed a scene in which Indians tried to get into a factory row by row, and were brutally beaten by soldiers, row by row, as the women pulled the dead and injured away.
Even though Catherine Owens Pearce’s biography of Gandhi and Henry Wiebe’s novel, Peace Shall Destroy Many, are set in different countries, they share many common themes like nonviolence, effect of religion on conflicts and the idea of cooperation to move forward toward a common goal. Mahatma Gandhi fought for many Indian rights within India during the time of British control. Gandhi also fought to end discrimination in South Africa as Indian people encountered racism and prejudice everywhere they went. In the novel Peace Shall Destroy Many, an Amish family who moves to Canada faces many hardships. They find themselves in conflict with their Amish community and with the neighbouring Native Americans. Not only do these two books show how
Mahatma Gandhi, a nationalist and spiritual leader was perceptive and objectively so, perhaps most eminently when he instructed his zealots, “First they ignore you. Then they laugh at you. Then they fight you. Then you win” (Mahatma). Gandhi has a remarkable sagacity at a young age and strengthened it throughout the succession of his life. Although the aforementioned quote merely previews the extent of his intellect, it effectively summarizes his political approach. After becoming a member of the Indian National Congress Gandhi had the potential to become a most influential leader for the Indian people, and he did. Gandhi committed his political title towards fighting against the unlawful oppression of British rule. His method of fighting, however, was a politically innovative, mental type of fight. As a firm believer in the value of Pacifism, Gandhi developed the theory of non-violent civil protest and vowed to prevent his followers from succumbing to the allure of bloodshed. The irenic nature of Gandhi’s leadership won him the admiration of many Indian people, and is now considered to have political genius prestigious enough to be studied today (Mahatma 2). In some instances, studying Gandhi’s political strategy demonstrates the benefits of an actively participating governed majority. In today’s society, many people tend to make uneducated political decisions and sometimes even refrain from making one completely. In a variety of circumstances, related to any category of politics, from the election of a new president to the enactment of new laws, a group of Americans remain unrepresented because of their refusal to exercise their right to vote. A topic such as gun control would be a fitting example of a subject that while put ...
What is family structure and how has it changed over the years compared to the 1950? Family structure is the support of loving family member to help care for and raise their offspring under the roof to which they live. Usually, this is by two loving parents, or grandparents to which help raise these children if parents are unable to fulfill their commitments. Though, family structure has changed tremendously over the years, I recall my parents telling me that before considering marriage you need to date first, be financially secure; then begin having a family. Basically, there was a golden rule to the values and responsibilities to which we needed to abide by when it
World wars, mass genocides, and violent revolutions have become unusually iconic in history. However, the efficiency of nonviolent tactics and political strategies is relatively ambiguous. There have been several pacifistic approaches to solve a particular problem, some much more successful than others. Gandhi is primarily known for his work in the Indian Independence Movement and his nonviolent practices. Born in 1869, Gandhi was to respect all religions and taught to treat all living things sacred. Growing up, he encountered several cases of racism and poverty, and from these experiences, he developed a unique lifestyle. Eventually, Gandhi earned the title of “Mahatma,” or “Great Soul.” England was a feared and well-respected country at this time, but Gandhi miraculously changed this prevalent opinion to accomplish independence. Gandhi’s incarceration, teachings of self-control, and altruistic attitude towards the English assisted in his crusade for an independent nation.
Mohandas Gandhi was a non-violent promoter for Indian independence.He was married young at 13,and went to London to go to law school.Gandhi got his degree there and was on his way to being a lawyer.He went to his first case,but couldn't even speak. Gandhi then got invited to South Africa from a businessman. Gandhi’s luck their was no good either.European racism came to him,after he got kicked off of a train,because he was “colored” and was holding a first class ticket.When Gandhi fought back because of it,was arrested and was sent to jail.After this, he became know as as a leader.Gandhi returned to India in 1896,and he was disgusted by it.British wanted them to wear their clothes,copy their manners,accept their standards of beauty,but Gandhi refused.Gandhi wanted people to live free of all class and wealth.Gandhi tried so hard and was more successful then any other man in India.They won independence in 1947. Gandhi’s non-violent movement worked because,Gandhi used clever planning, mass appeal, conviction, and compassion to win independence for India.
Families have changed considerably over the decades. When comparing the 1950’s to the 2000’s one could argue that the 00’s was a better era for families. The 2000’s families went through remarkable changes in their status and lifestyle along with how it functions. In the 2000’s there were new kinds of families accompanied by different values and norms. Furthermore, the era brought change to gender roles, social norms, marriage and in general the style of living.
Family life was a lot different today than it was in 50’s it was seen as materialistic nation also a social status decade(Stuart A. kallen “The 1950’s). After having the victory in world war 2 a lot of young veterans coming and finding girls, to settle down and have a family(Becky Bradley). Which came to be called the baby boom generation. Which in this time and in within the family life and what it was like to live in 1950’s neighborhood was that everyone knew each other (Stuart A. kallen). In the 50’s we were not afraid of lawsuits if you touch person or you did this etc. We were more together as a family. When times got hard are first was not to run from our partner but to, but to stay through thick and thin (Becky Bradley). Children growing up always had something to do from mak...
Gandhi’s nonviolent movement worked because he didn’t believe in segregation and didn’t follow the British’s rules for Indians. When coming back from prison in 1859, things changed in India. The people if India were forced to mimic the English on how they dressed, copy their manner and accept their standards of beauty. When hearing this, Gandhi didn’t accept it and started his movement. According to the background document,” he shed the cloths that made him look like a British lawyer and dressed in a poor man’s traditional loincloth.”(Background document) By do...
The “Epic of Gilgamesh” is a historic story of the king of Uruk, Gilgamesh. The story portrays the short lived friendship of Gilgamesh and Enkidu. The story begins as Shamat the prostitute seduces Enkidu and convinces him to go to the city of Uruk and meet Gilgamesh. From that moment on, the two were very close. They planned a trip to the forest of cedars to defeat the monster known as Humbaba so that Gilgamesh could show his power to the citizens of Uruk. However, Enkidu tried vainly to dissuade Gilgamesh in going to the forest. Despite Enkidu’s plead, the two continued on their adventure to the forest where Humbaba lives. Once they arrived, they found the monster and killed him.
In 1983 Richard Attenborough made a movie based on the life of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi also known as Mahatma Gandhi. This movie is a biography, drama, and historical. The movie starts off by showing the assassination of Gandhi, and then goes into a flashback of his life in South Africa and India. The movie covers all importance events that were lead by Gandhi in South Africa and India. The makers put in $22 million worth of hard work to make this film possible. From the story to the actors and setting all took a lot of research, time and hard work. The film is made to look as real as possible. The film won over the hearts of many due to the actors, setting/props, and story.
In the 1950s, the family unit was glamorized as something that was expected. In this era, the importance of family unity was obvious. 1950s America was quite like your typical modern Hispanic family. The man was the head of the house, the wife maintained the living area, and children had responsibilities of their own. When each member has a role, the family is usually in sync with one another. The family unit had straightforward morals, teachings, responsibilities and gender roles (Buckett). As gender roles have left the equation, new things also
Religion and human nature combined tend to create a superiority complex among those who perceive themselves as having better, or more, faith. Religion is generally perceived as singular, but humans choose to dynamically express their faith, whether that be by love or war. Gandhi, depicted the movie Gandhi directed by Richard Attenborough, in the face of Muslims protesting Hindus, declared: “I am a Muslim and a Hindu and a Christian and a Jew and so are all of you,” and that perception of himself and others influenced a mass ethnic and religious revolution that enlightened India. Gandhi opened the world to revolutionary ideas -- the strength in tolerance, the pluralism in religion, and the unification of all mankind.
Gandhi’s implementation for the Salt March was the result of British colonization of India, which had caused a change in the lifestyle of the Indians. In 1975 when the East India Company established manufacturing monopolies, which assisted the British to exercise their powers over the salt facilities in India by applying salt taxes. As the British occupied the salt works, the Indian population became deprived of one of the most important resources. Thus, the Indians in nation began to fall apart, because the strict British ruling restricted the Indians to perform against the salt taxes. The Salt March was a way that Gandhi sought to inspire a strong uniformity in the minds of the many. These Indians soon adapted to Gandhi’s nonviolent belief and became known as the satyagrahis, w...
The ideal American family was transformed in the 19th century in large part due to the great changes taking place in the American society. Many family groups fit this changing mold while some did not. In this essay I will show how this concept of the ideal American family changed. I will also try to explain which groups of Americans followed this concept and why.
One of humanity’s ancient compulsions has been to vanquish death. This compulsion is strongly depicted in the Epic of Gilgamesh, as it creates a large portion of the Epic. It reveals the importance of the perception of immortality and the universal fear of humanity: Death. Immortality means to live on forever, indicating everlasting life. In a more symbolical way of thinking, immortality could be living on through remembrance of one’s accomplishments. This paper concentrates on the character of Gilgamesh and his pursuit of immortality after the loss of his friend Enkidu in tablet VII. For such a powerful character, a demigod at that, Gilgamesh lets his human side to emasculate his true power. Desperate for obtaining immortality, Gilgamesh deserts Uruk to begin his search for Utnapishtim, whom had survived the great flood and given immorality by the gods. | 2,947 | ENGLISH | 1 |
A Fable from Aesop
Aesop is believed to have lived during the 6th century BC. He was born disfigured and according to historical records, spoke with a stammer. Being born with these handicaps and being a Greek slave on the island of Samos, Aesop is credited to have had a sharp mind and was able to teach lessons in morality through story. His fables were compiled from oral tradition and transcribed into written word at about 300 BC. According to Herodotus and other classical writers, Aesop was killed by the people of Delphi after he committed some grave offence against them.
According to Sir Roger L ’Estrange (1616-1704), Aesop told his stories to other underprivileged adults like himself who appreciated advice on how to make life more comfortable in an unjust world.
Today’s blog is taken from the book, Aesop’s Fables, that Sir Roger compiled in 1692. I purchased this book at an independent bookseller, Daunt Books, while visiting in Oxford, England, July 2022. I have copied the text almost verbatim. I did take some small liberties in language and grammar to make the writing somewhat more modern. Enjoy!
A Lark and her Young Ones
There was a brood of young Larks in the Corn, and the mother, when she went abroad to forage for them, laid a strict instruction upon her little ones, to pick up what news they could get before she came back with food. They told her at her return, that the Owner of the Field had been there and offered his ripe crop to his neighbors to come and reap the Corn.
“Well,”, says the Mother Lark, “there’s no danger yet then.” The children told her the next day that the Owner of the Field had been there and again offered his crop of corn to his neighbors. “Well, well”, says the mother. There is no worry yet for our home and she went out again to forage for her family.
However, on the third day, the children told their mother that the owner and his son were going to come the next morning to harvest the corn themselves. Mother Lark immediately instructed the children to gather up their belongings because it was time to move. “As for the neighbors and friends, I fear them not; but the owner, I’m sure will be as good as his word, because he will take care of his business!”
- As a property owner or as a business owner, you will always care more about your interests than your neighbors, your employees, or the government ever will. That’s just human nature!
- People have understood point #1 for thousands of years!
- You will glean more knowledge, and hopefully more wisdom, by reading than by watching TV! The neighbours could have gotten some free food had they expended the effort. However, the opportunity expired, and they had to get their food at a higher cost!
- It seems that even though technical knowledge has improved significantly over the millennia, wisdom and human behaviour has not changed. | <urn:uuid:f76d8416-7c15-402a-aec0-e559258ecf93> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.acdyck.com/a-fable-from-aesop/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474523.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224044749-20240224074749-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.990269 | 659 | 3.46875 | 3 | [
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0.1390145272016... | 1 | A Fable from Aesop
Aesop is believed to have lived during the 6th century BC. He was born disfigured and according to historical records, spoke with a stammer. Being born with these handicaps and being a Greek slave on the island of Samos, Aesop is credited to have had a sharp mind and was able to teach lessons in morality through story. His fables were compiled from oral tradition and transcribed into written word at about 300 BC. According to Herodotus and other classical writers, Aesop was killed by the people of Delphi after he committed some grave offence against them.
According to Sir Roger L ’Estrange (1616-1704), Aesop told his stories to other underprivileged adults like himself who appreciated advice on how to make life more comfortable in an unjust world.
Today’s blog is taken from the book, Aesop’s Fables, that Sir Roger compiled in 1692. I purchased this book at an independent bookseller, Daunt Books, while visiting in Oxford, England, July 2022. I have copied the text almost verbatim. I did take some small liberties in language and grammar to make the writing somewhat more modern. Enjoy!
A Lark and her Young Ones
There was a brood of young Larks in the Corn, and the mother, when she went abroad to forage for them, laid a strict instruction upon her little ones, to pick up what news they could get before she came back with food. They told her at her return, that the Owner of the Field had been there and offered his ripe crop to his neighbors to come and reap the Corn.
“Well,”, says the Mother Lark, “there’s no danger yet then.” The children told her the next day that the Owner of the Field had been there and again offered his crop of corn to his neighbors. “Well, well”, says the mother. There is no worry yet for our home and she went out again to forage for her family.
However, on the third day, the children told their mother that the owner and his son were going to come the next morning to harvest the corn themselves. Mother Lark immediately instructed the children to gather up their belongings because it was time to move. “As for the neighbors and friends, I fear them not; but the owner, I’m sure will be as good as his word, because he will take care of his business!”
- As a property owner or as a business owner, you will always care more about your interests than your neighbors, your employees, or the government ever will. That’s just human nature!
- People have understood point #1 for thousands of years!
- You will glean more knowledge, and hopefully more wisdom, by reading than by watching TV! The neighbours could have gotten some free food had they expended the effort. However, the opportunity expired, and they had to get their food at a higher cost!
- It seems that even though technical knowledge has improved significantly over the millennia, wisdom and human behaviour has not changed. | 642 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Who was Robert E Lee prior to the Civil War?
After duty as superintendent at the Military Academy in the early 1850s, Lee transferred from the corps of engineers to a newly formed cavalry unit assigned to Texas. His frequent separations from his wife and children often caused Lee periods of discontentment.
Who is Ulysses S Grant quizlet?
Who was Ulysses S. Grant? He was the Union(North) General and one of the highest ranking officers. He led the North to victory against the South.
What role did Robert E . Lee play in the Civil War?
Robert E. Lee was the commander of the Army of Northern Virginia from 1862 to the end of the Civil War. In this role, he was arguably the most significant general of the Civil War.
What did Robert E . Lee do in the American Civil War?
Robert E. Lee. Robert E. Lee (1807-70) served as a military officer in the U.S. Army, a West Point commandant and the legendary general of the Confederate Army during the American Civil War (1861-65). In June 1862, Lee assumed command of the Army of Northern Virginia , which he would lead for the rest of the war.
Why was Robert E . Lee important?
Lee was well-regarded by his peers because of his actions on and off the field of battle . He was an excellent military leader, as shown by his tactical brilliance in the Seven Days Battles and the Battle of Chancellorsville. He was an honorable West Point cadet that graduated near the top of his class. He rebuilt Washington and Lee after the war.
What influenced Robert E . Lee?
Robert E. Lees impact on America and even throughout the world influenced people to aspire to be great leaders in military and out, and his attitude towards problems inspires people today. He faced difficult challenges but his determined and stubborn qualities caused him to be able to lead men into battle and fight. | <urn:uuid:964bb44d-ac9e-429b-a5c0-02e2a88699d8> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://wise-answer.com/who-was-robert-e-lee-prior-to-the-civil-war/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473401.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221070402-20240221100402-00060.warc.gz | en | 0.983896 | 404 | 3.859375 | 4 | [
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0.27116745710372925,... | 1 | Who was Robert E Lee prior to the Civil War?
After duty as superintendent at the Military Academy in the early 1850s, Lee transferred from the corps of engineers to a newly formed cavalry unit assigned to Texas. His frequent separations from his wife and children often caused Lee periods of discontentment.
Who is Ulysses S Grant quizlet?
Who was Ulysses S. Grant? He was the Union(North) General and one of the highest ranking officers. He led the North to victory against the South.
What role did Robert E . Lee play in the Civil War?
Robert E. Lee was the commander of the Army of Northern Virginia from 1862 to the end of the Civil War. In this role, he was arguably the most significant general of the Civil War.
What did Robert E . Lee do in the American Civil War?
Robert E. Lee. Robert E. Lee (1807-70) served as a military officer in the U.S. Army, a West Point commandant and the legendary general of the Confederate Army during the American Civil War (1861-65). In June 1862, Lee assumed command of the Army of Northern Virginia , which he would lead for the rest of the war.
Why was Robert E . Lee important?
Lee was well-regarded by his peers because of his actions on and off the field of battle . He was an excellent military leader, as shown by his tactical brilliance in the Seven Days Battles and the Battle of Chancellorsville. He was an honorable West Point cadet that graduated near the top of his class. He rebuilt Washington and Lee after the war.
What influenced Robert E . Lee?
Robert E. Lees impact on America and even throughout the world influenced people to aspire to be great leaders in military and out, and his attitude towards problems inspires people today. He faced difficult challenges but his determined and stubborn qualities caused him to be able to lead men into battle and fight. | 411 | ENGLISH | 1 |
This could be the biggest conundrum to plague humankind after the chicken and egg question. Why is there a hole in a donut? There is a strangely staid logic behind this and you will thank the inventor, once you know it.
Initially, donuts were called fried cakes as they were the whole pieces of sweetened flour dough, fried deep in oil. They were available in different shapes including rounds, diamonds, and long strips. But when these cakes were fried, the middle of the dough used to remain raw, while the edges were fine.
Captain Hanson Gregory, a sailor on the American shores, noticed it and came up with an idea of making a donut with a hole at the centre. When the cruise got over and he went back home, Captain Hanson showed his mother how to cook the doughnuts with no centre. And she adopted the method and made the doughnuts similar way for his later voyages. Since then it became popular. It is said that on June 22, 1847, the new donut was invented.
Also, a popular story which was doing rounds suggested that Gregory loved his donuts a lot but during a storm, he needed both hands to steer his ship, so he skewered some of the fried cakes on the spokes of the ship’s wheel. This way he didn’t have to miss out on eating donuts even in the middle of a hailstorm.
However, in 1916 Gregory himself clarified and confirmed the first theory.
In Rockport, ME, you can see a plaque inscribed, “In commemoration. This is the birthplace of Captain Hanson Gregory, who first invented the hole in the doughnut in 1847. Erected by his friends, Nov. 2, 1947.”
According to some historians, the doughnut hole was a Dutch discovery in the U.S. | <urn:uuid:640ae5e0-78a8-436a-9ac3-145fcea18c76> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.inuth.com/lifestyle/food/do-you-know-why-donuts-have-holes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474641.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225171204-20240225201204-00060.warc.gz | en | 0.987416 | 381 | 3.4375 | 3 | [
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-0.05637648701... | 1 | This could be the biggest conundrum to plague humankind after the chicken and egg question. Why is there a hole in a donut? There is a strangely staid logic behind this and you will thank the inventor, once you know it.
Initially, donuts were called fried cakes as they were the whole pieces of sweetened flour dough, fried deep in oil. They were available in different shapes including rounds, diamonds, and long strips. But when these cakes were fried, the middle of the dough used to remain raw, while the edges were fine.
Captain Hanson Gregory, a sailor on the American shores, noticed it and came up with an idea of making a donut with a hole at the centre. When the cruise got over and he went back home, Captain Hanson showed his mother how to cook the doughnuts with no centre. And she adopted the method and made the doughnuts similar way for his later voyages. Since then it became popular. It is said that on June 22, 1847, the new donut was invented.
Also, a popular story which was doing rounds suggested that Gregory loved his donuts a lot but during a storm, he needed both hands to steer his ship, so he skewered some of the fried cakes on the spokes of the ship’s wheel. This way he didn’t have to miss out on eating donuts even in the middle of a hailstorm.
However, in 1916 Gregory himself clarified and confirmed the first theory.
In Rockport, ME, you can see a plaque inscribed, “In commemoration. This is the birthplace of Captain Hanson Gregory, who first invented the hole in the doughnut in 1847. Erected by his friends, Nov. 2, 1947.”
According to some historians, the doughnut hole was a Dutch discovery in the U.S. | 386 | ENGLISH | 1 |
F EW people ever knew so many things as Franklin. Men said, "How did he ever learn so many things?" For he had been a poor boy who had to work for a living. He could not go to school at all after he was ten years old.
His father made soap and candles. Little Ben Franklin had to cut wicks for the candles. He also filled the candle molds. He also sold soap and candles, and ran on errands. But when he was not at work he spent his time in reading good books. What little money he got he used to buy books with.
He read the old story of Pilgrim's Progress, and liked it so well that he bought all the other stories by the same man. But as he wanted more books, and had not money to buy them, he sold all of these books. The next he bought were some little history books. These were made to sell cheaply, and they were sold by peddlers. He managed to buy forty or fifty of these little books of history.
Another way he had of learning was by seeing things with his own eyes. His father took him to see carpenters at work with their saws and planes. He also saw masons laying bricks. And he went to see men making brass and copper kettles. And he saw a man with a turning lathe making the round legs of chairs. Other men were at work making knives. Some things people learn out of books, and some things they have to see for themselves.
As he was fond of books, Ben's father thought that it would be a good plan to send him to learn to print them. So the boy went to work in his brother's printing office. Here he passed his spare time in reading. He borrowed some books out of the stores where books were sold. He would sit up a great part of the night sometimes to read one of these books. He wished to return it when the bookstore opened in the morning. One man who had many books lent to Ben such of his books as he wanted.
Franklin at Study
It was part of the bargain that Ben's brother should pay his board. The boy offered to board himself if his brother would give him half what it cost to pay for his board. His brother was glad to do this, and Ben saved part of the money and bought books with it. He was a healthy boy, and it did not hurt him to live mostly on bread and butter. Sometimes he bought a little pie or a handful of raisins.
Long before he was a man, people said, "How much the
boy knows!" This was
He did not waste his time.
He read good books.
He saw things for himself. | <urn:uuid:ebdc9077-f517-4419-b6ad-07180d67058d> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | http://www.gatewaytotheclassics.com/offerings/displayitem.php?item=books/eggleston/great/teacher | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475238.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301093751-20240301123751-00707.warc.gz | en | 0.99691 | 562 | 3.375 | 3 | [
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0.40520... | 1 | F EW people ever knew so many things as Franklin. Men said, "How did he ever learn so many things?" For he had been a poor boy who had to work for a living. He could not go to school at all after he was ten years old.
His father made soap and candles. Little Ben Franklin had to cut wicks for the candles. He also filled the candle molds. He also sold soap and candles, and ran on errands. But when he was not at work he spent his time in reading good books. What little money he got he used to buy books with.
He read the old story of Pilgrim's Progress, and liked it so well that he bought all the other stories by the same man. But as he wanted more books, and had not money to buy them, he sold all of these books. The next he bought were some little history books. These were made to sell cheaply, and they were sold by peddlers. He managed to buy forty or fifty of these little books of history.
Another way he had of learning was by seeing things with his own eyes. His father took him to see carpenters at work with their saws and planes. He also saw masons laying bricks. And he went to see men making brass and copper kettles. And he saw a man with a turning lathe making the round legs of chairs. Other men were at work making knives. Some things people learn out of books, and some things they have to see for themselves.
As he was fond of books, Ben's father thought that it would be a good plan to send him to learn to print them. So the boy went to work in his brother's printing office. Here he passed his spare time in reading. He borrowed some books out of the stores where books were sold. He would sit up a great part of the night sometimes to read one of these books. He wished to return it when the bookstore opened in the morning. One man who had many books lent to Ben such of his books as he wanted.
Franklin at Study
It was part of the bargain that Ben's brother should pay his board. The boy offered to board himself if his brother would give him half what it cost to pay for his board. His brother was glad to do this, and Ben saved part of the money and bought books with it. He was a healthy boy, and it did not hurt him to live mostly on bread and butter. Sometimes he bought a little pie or a handful of raisins.
Long before he was a man, people said, "How much the
boy knows!" This was
He did not waste his time.
He read good books.
He saw things for himself. | 555 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The measure of unmet need for contraception represents a core concept in the field of family planning and is one of the most important indicators for family planning policy, programs and research. A general concept of unmet need has existed almost as long as the international family planning movement has been in existence, beginning with researchers in the 1960s describing the discrepancy between women’s stated desire to limit childbearing and their actual use of contraceptives.1,2 Measurement of this gap between knowledge, attitude and practice—the "KAP-gap"—was included in national family planning studies in developing countries from the 1960s through the 1980s. Charles Westoff and colleagues further refined the concept to take into consideration pregnancy, postpartum amenorrhea, fecundity and women’s desire to space births.3–6 Recently, Bradley et al. revised the unmet need measure to reduce its complexity and allow for more consistent application across time and countries.7 The core of the concept, however, remains based on an algorithm that assigns unmet need to women who are married or in union and are fecund, but do not want a child in the next two years and are not using any method of contraception. Pregnant and amenorrheic women are considered to have an unmet need if they say that their current or last pregnancy was unintended.*6
Over the last three decades, recommendations have been made to improve the concept of unmet need, including accounting for the need for more effective family planning among women using traditional methods,8,9 pregnant and postpartum women’s future fertility intentions,10 husbands’ preferences and the unmet need of the couple,11,12 and the unique contraceptive needs of unmarried women.8,13 Researchers have also argued that to more effectively gauge actual contraceptive demand, the measure of unmet need should account for women’s intention to use contraceptives,10,14 and that a sizeable proportion of women classified as having an unmet need would not use contraceptives even if they were available. Therefore, using unmet need as the measure of contraceptive demand may be misleading.15,16
Due to a lack of appropriate longitudinal data, few studies have assessed the value of the unmet need measure for predicting future contraceptive use or compared outcomes among women classified as having an unmet need according to whether or not the women intend to use a method. Analyses of cross-sectional Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data have shown that 26–83% of women with an unmet need across 48 countries report intending to use a method.15 DHS data also show that many women who intend to use are not classified as having an unmet need, usually because they report their current pregnancy as intended or are amenorrheic and report their last birth as wanted. However, many of these women do not want to become pregnant again soon, and many say they intend to use contraceptives. According to Ross and Winfrey, 40% of postpartum women across 27 countries said they intended to use a method within the next year.10 Using data from a rare DHS panel survey in Morocco, Curtis and Westoff found that 40% of women classified as having an unmet need said they did not intend to practice contraception in the future; however, among these women, 38% went on to adopt a method within the next three years.17,18
Data from a longitudinal study in rural Bangladesh with interviews in 2006 and 2009 provide another opportunity to examine the relationships between unmet need, intention to use contraceptives and unwanted pregnancy over time. These unique data include information on contraceptive use intentions, method adoption and a pregnancy history for more than 3,600 women over the three-year period. The specific aims of the present analysis are: to examine how unmet need changed in the sample population between 2006 and 2009, to explore the relationship between women’s intention to use contraceptives and subsequent method use among those with and without an unmet need for contraception, and to determine whether women with an unmet need for contraception were more likely to experience an unwanted pregnancy over the study period than women without an unmet need.
On the basis of prior research assessing predictors of unmet need in Bangladesh, we hypothesized that women who had never attended school or who had not used a method in the past would be more likely than those who had attended school or used a method to have an unmet need in both 2006 and 2009.19 Since previous longitudinal studies have found that stated intention to practice contraception is predictive of subsequent contraceptive adoption, we also hypothesized that women who had had an unmet need for contraception at the start of the study would be more likely to begin use of a method between surveys if they had intended to use at baseline.14,18 However, we predicted that women with an unmet need who had not intended to use a method were more likely to experience an unwanted pregnancy than those who had intended to use.
The data used in this analysis come from the Bangladesh Microcredit and Health Study (BMHS), an experimental study designed to measure the relative effects of microcredit and basic health service interventions—introduced both separately and jointly—on the use of health services, economic well-being and women’s empowerment. The study was conducted in 128 rural villages in three divisions of Bangladesh (Chittagong, Dhaka and Rajshahi) over a period of three years. Villages were eligible for the intervention if fewer than 50% of households participated in microcredit activities and if the village’s health programs were exclusively government-run.§ The study consisted of a 2006 baseline household survey and a 2009 follow-up survey, which used a largely identical community, household, women’s and husband’s questionnaires. Our analysis is based on data from the women’s questionnaires.
On the basis of a census conducted in the study villages prior to the baseline survey, households were divided into three wealth categories consistent with Grameen Bank standards: not eligible for microcredit (household owns more than half an acre of land), eligible and currently involved in microcredit activities, and eligible but not currently involved in microcredit activities. For the survey, a proportional random sample was taken from these three strata among all households in each village. In each village, the sample consisted of four women who were ineligible for microcredit, 12 who were eligible and already in a program, and 15 who were eligible but not in a program.
The household response rate for the baseline survey was 91%, and the response rate among women eligible for the BMHS was 99%. Of the 3,933 women who were interviewed at baseline, 3,687 (93%) completed the follow-up survey. Women who did not complete the follow-up survey were similar to women completing both survey rounds in terms of household wealth, school attendance and experience with contraception. However, the small number who did not complete the second survey were significantly younger and of lower parity than those completing both surveys. A description of women lost to follow-up20 and additional details of the experimental study and study design are reported elsewhere.21 Women were eligible for the present analysis if they completed both BMHS survey rounds and were married and between the ages of 13–49 at baseline; the final sample totaled 3,024 women.
The women’s questionnaire collected relevant socioeconomic data, information on microcredit participation, birth history information and details about maternal and child health care, including contraceptive use. Much of the women’s questionnaire was modeled after the DHS, including the use of a calendar to document contraceptive use month by month. Birth histories and information on future pregnancy intentions were solicited from currently married women younger than 50.
In this study, a woman was defined as having an unmet need for limiting births under the following conditions: if she was married, younger than 50 and not using a method; and if she had reported that she was fecund and did not want any more children, that she was pregnant and did not want her current pregnancy, or that she was no more than seven months postpartum and her most recent birth had been unplanned. Because the BMHS questionnaires asked women only if they wanted more children and not when they would like another pregnancy, we could not calculate unmet need for birthspacing. The BMHS also did not collect information about the duration of amenorrhea and sexual abstinence after births, so we could not directly measure postpartum insusceptibility. For the calculation of unmet need presented here, we assumed that all women who were seven months postpartum or less were amenorrheic or abstaining from sex, since this is the median length of postpartum insusceptibility reported in the 2007 Bangladesh DHS.¤22
Intention to use a method was measured in the BMHS by asking pregnant and nonpregnant married women younger than 50 who were not currently using contraceptives, "Do you think you will use a method to delay or avoid pregnancy at any time in the future?" Women who responded "yes" were then asked what method they planned to use. The contraceptive calendar, completed as part of the follow-up women’s questionnaire, collected monthly information on all pregnancies, births, terminations and episodes of contraceptive use during the period between the two surveys. A woman was considered to have had an unwanted pregnancy if she reported at baseline that she did not want any more children but reported a pregnancy (regardless of outcome) during the intersurvey period. Other covariates of interest include ever having attended school, ever having used contraceptives, household wealth (measured by an asset index),† women’s household decision-making power,‡ and experience of child death or stillbirth. All data on covariate measures come from the baseline survey.
We constructed bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models to assess the predictors of having an unmet need for contraception for limiting births in both 2006 and 2009. Notably, we have data only from these two time points, so we are not able to assess whether women moved in and out of having unmet need during the three-year study period.
Changes in Contraceptive Use and Unmet Need Status
We first estimated unmet need for limiting births in 2006 and 2009, respectively, among women who participated in both rounds of the study. At baseline, 13% of the 3,024 women had an unmet need: They either wanted to limit births but were not using a method of contraception, were pregnant and reported that their current pregnancy was unwanted, or were postpartum and reported that their last birth had been unplanned. By 2009, this proportion had increased to 15%. Overall unmet need for limiting between the two time points rose mainly because a larger proportion of women in 2009 than in 2006 reported not using a method although they were not pregnant or amenorrheic and said they did not want more children.
Many women moved between categories of unmet need and contraceptive use between 2006 and 2009. Of the 388 women classified as having an unmet need for limiting births in 2006, more than half had begun using a method by 2009, while 26% continued to have an unmet need (Table 1). Among women who were using a method in 2006, nearly three-fourths also reported use in 2009; however, 11% of those who were using a method at baseline were no longer using in 2009 although they had reported in the earlier survey that they did not want any more children. (The true proportion of women who discontinued contraceptive use over the three years is actually higher than 11% because some women discontinued use during the period and then began again before the 2009 survey.) Another 11% of those who were practicing contraception in 2006 discontinued use because they wanted to become pregnant or because they were no longer fecund.
A logistic regression analysis indicates that the odds of having an unmet need for limiting births in both 2006 and 2009 increased with age (odds ratio, 1.04) and parity (1.2; Table 2). Meanwhile, women who had ever used a method had significantly decreased odds of having an unmet need at both time points, compared with those who had never used a method (0.3). Relative household wealth, schooling, decision-making power, and having experienced a child death or stillbirth were not associated with having had unmet need at both surveys in the multivariate analysis.
Intention to Use Contraceptives and Subsequent Use
Overall contraceptive prevalence was high in the sampled population at the time of the surveys. Among married women aged 13–49, 64% reported current method use in 2006, and 67% did so in 2009 (not shown). Of the 1,103 women not using a method in 2006, 65% reported that they intended to use a method at some point in the future.
Overall, most women who were not using a method at the 2006 survey—both those with and those without an unmet need for limiting births—were using a method in 2009 (69% and 58%, respectively; Table 3). The proportion of women who reported using a method in 2009 was higher among those who had previously reported intending to use a method than among those had reported no intention to do so. This was true among both women who had had an unmet need in 2006 (85% vs. 40%; unadjusted odds ratio 8.3) and women who had not had an unmet need (74% vs. 28%; unadjusted odds ratio, 7.2).
The majority of women who went on to adopt a method chose either oral or injectable contraceptives, whether they had had (63%) or had not had (67%) an unmet need for limiting births in 2006 (Table 4). Although all the women with an unmet need said that they did not want any more children, only 6% adopted a long-acting or permanent method.
In 2006, 2,064 women said they wanted no more children and thus were considered to have a demand for contraception for limiting births. Of this group, nearly three-quarters were using a method of contraception, and most were using a modern method (63%; Figure 1, page 8). The standard definition of unmet need accounts for fewer than two-thirds of the remaining women wishing to limit births: Eighteen percent of women not wanting another birth were not using a method and would thus have been considered to have an unmet need. An additional 10% of women wanting no more births did not fall under the standard definition of unmet need because they were pregnant or postpartum at the time of the survey and reported that their last pregnancy was intended. A small proportion of both women with and without a defined unmet need (7%) said they did not intend to use contraceptives even though they expressed a desire for no more children.
Between 2006 and 2009, 32% of 2,853 women who were aged 13 to 49 and married at the time of both surveys became pregnant at least once (not shown), and these pregnancies were fairly evenly split between women with and without an unmet need for contraception to limit births in 2006 (30% and 33%, respectively). All of the pregnancies among women having an unmet need are considered unwanted. However, 40% of the pregnancies among women without an unmet need occurred among those who had said they wanted no more children, indicating that these women changed their childbearing intentions, stopped method use or experienced a contraceptive failure.
Forty-seven percent of the 923 pregnancies that occurred during the intersurvey period among women who were married and aged 13–49 were unwanted—i.e., they were conceived by women who had reported in 2006 that they wanted no more children. Three-quarters of the unwanted pregnancies occurred among women who were not classified as having an unmet need in 2006: Half of unwanted pregnancies occurred among women who were using contraception at baseline, and 24% occurred among those who were pregnant or postpartum at baseline and said their last pregnancy was intended.
Of the 470 women who were pregnant or postpartum at the time of the baseline survey, 31% went on to have an unwanted pregnancy during the study, a rate roughly equal to that of the larger study population. Among those who had an unwanted pregnancy in 2006–2009, only 23% would have been considered to have an unmet need for contraception for limiting births on the basis of the reported planning status of their last birth or pregnancy. The vast majority (94%) of the pregnant and postpartum women who experienced an unwanted pregnancy had said that they intended to use contraceptives.
Family planning researchers, policymakers and program administrators commonly use the indicator of unmet need as a measure of the potential unsatisfied demand for contraception and to judge the success of family planning programs. Although repeat cross-sectional surveys such as the DHS provide estimates of the aggregate levels and changes in unmet need among women over time, they do not provide insight into whether and in what proportions women move in and out of the state of unmet need.17 Because unmet need is not something reported by survey respondents themselves and is instead derived from women’s reports of desire for children and of contraceptive use, it may not accurately reflect women’s (or men’s) perception of their need. In addition, the measure can vary significantly depending on how it is defined.
The longitudinal data presented here indicate that in this sample of rural Bangladeshi women, nearly three-quarters of those identified as having an unmet need for limiting births in 2006 were no longer in need three years later, according to the prevailing definition of unmet need. While a small proportion of these women were no longer in need in 2009 because of demographic changes, i.e., because they were older than 49 or were no longer married, the majority had moved out of unmet need status because they had begun to use a method. While this finding is encouraging, it is tempered by the fact that overall unmet need for limiting births in the sample increased between the two surveys. The increase in unmet need is primarily due to an increase in the proportion of women who were not pregnant or postpartum but who indicated that they wanted no more children and were not using a method in 2009. This finding is not unexpected, given that women in the sample had aged three years by 2009, and some had reached their desired family size.
Women who were classified as having an unmet need in both 2006 and 2009 were older and of higher parity than women who did not have an unmet need at either time or who had moved in or out of unmet need status during the study period. Though we had hypothesized that women with consistent unmet need would have had less schooling than other women, no such difference was found in our sample. This could be due to the overall low levels of schooling in this population. Women who had used a method in the past had greatly reduced odds of having had unmet need at both points in time.
The measure of unmet need has been criticized for not taking into account women’s stated intention to use contraceptives.10 Our results strongly support the assumption that women who say they intend to use a method will go on to use one, whether or not they have an unmet need for contraception. Not surprisingly, the proportion of women who went on to adopt a method in the next three years was greater among those who had said in 2006 that they intended to use a method and had an unmet need than it was among women who had intended to use a method but who had not had an unmet need. However, among women with an unmet need in 2006 and no intention to practice contraception, two-fifths went on to adopt a method, reflecting the fact that many women’s intentions change over time. And while we had hypothesized that women with an unmet need who did not intend to use a method would be at heightened risk for unwanted pregnancy, we did not find evidence for this. The vast majority of women who experienced an unwanted pregnancy—both those who were classified as having an unmet need and those who were not—had reported in 2006 that they intended to use a method; however, they did not fulfill their intentions before they became pregnant.
In many contexts, including rural Bangladesh, as the present analysis shows, some proportion of women classified as having an unmet need report that they intend to use a method in the future.16,18 At the same time, many women with an unmet need do not intend to use a method, and others who say they intend to practice contraception do not fall into the unmet need category. In our analysis, the groups at risk of miscategorization were those who wanted no more children but who were not considered in need either because they were pregnant in 2006 and said that their pregnancy was intended or because they were postpartum and their last birth was planned. Programs that place primary focus on reaching women defined as having an unmet need for contraception risk overlooking these likely motivated groups of potential users.
Prior analyses of DHS data have shown that variation in how unmet need is defined among pregnant and postpartum women can make a sizable difference in overall country-level estimates of unmet need. Ross and Winfrey demonstrated in their analysis of DHS data from 27 countries in the mid-1990s that defining unmet need among women within one year postpartum according to future childbearing preferences, rather than the planning status of their last birth, results in an overall unmet need estimate of 65% among this group (range, 28% in Brazil to 88% in Côte d’Ivoire).10 In contrast, global unmet need estimates calculated from 55 surveys conducted around the same time period for all married women using the traditional definition for postpartum women are considerably lower, ranging from 6% in Colombia to 40% in Haiti.13 Ross and Winfrey argue that because the vast majority of postpartum women do not want another birth soon—in their study, only about 5% of postpartum women across countries wanted another birth within two years—and because many of these women fail to begin use of a method soon after birth, this group is at heightened risk for unintended pregnancy. Our analysis supports this assertion. Of the 434 unwanted pregnancies reported in our sample between 2006 and 2009, more than one-third occurred among women who were either pregnant or postpartum in 2006, the vast majority of whom were not defined as having an unmet need for contraception.
Unwanted pregnancy was also common among women who were not pregnant or postpartum in 2006 and said they were currently using a method. Half of all unwanted pregnancies occurred in this group. While it is not possible to determine how many of these women’s childbearing intentions changed over the three-year period, many of the reported pregnancies were almost certainly the result of contraceptive discontinuation or method failure.
The findings presented here come from data collected for another purpose, and our analyses are therefore limited by the type of data available. Most notably, women were asked in 2006 only whether they wanted to have another child and not when, so we are unable to assess unmet need related to birthspacing in this sample. Undoubtedly, the inclusion of women wanting to delay their next birth who were not using a method would have resulted in a higher estimate of unmet need. Data from the most recent Bangladesh DHS indicate that the total unmet need in the country stands at 12%, and one-third of this need is among women who would like to delay their next birth.23
A second limitation is the loss to follow-up of about 7% of women who completed the baseline survey. These women were younger and had fewer children than those who completed both surveys. While we do not think that the loss of these women introduces any important bias into the analysis, our estimates of unmet need might have been slightly different with their inclusion.
Finally, we used unweighted data from a stratified sample that oversampled poor women; we cannot generalize these findings either to the villages from which the data were collected or to rural Bangladesh. However, we think that this analysis is useful for describing the relationships between unmet need, intention to use contraceptives and subsequent unintended pregnancy, and we believe that the results are relevant for other contexts.
In summary, we believe our results highlight three important issues for the family planning field. First, the measure of unmet need for family planning has predominantly been used to track aggregate changes in contraceptive demand and not as an individual-level indicator of family planning need. However, the present analysis shows that the measure does apply at the individual level, specifically to identify the women most likely to adopt a method, i.e., those defined as having an unmet need who also say they intend to use contraceptives. It is the task of family planning programs to make available a wide range of methods, including long-acting and permanent methods, so that women and couples can adopt a method that will meet their needs. Second, in the context of this study—and likely in other contexts—the measure of unmet need is not very effective in identifying the contraceptive needs of pregnant and postpartum women. Rather than relying on the reported planning status of these women’s last birth or current pregnancy, the unmet need classification would be better if based on the future childbearing preferences of pregnant and postpartum women. Finally, overreliance on the measure of unmet need for measuring contraceptive demand and reducing unwanted pregnancy among nonusers may result in missed opportunities for meeting the needs of existing users—including those using less effective traditional methods—who may be at risk for contraceptive failure or discontinuation. Family planning policymakers and program administrators must focus on the total demand for contraception, ensuring that those with both met and unmet need have access to the most acceptable, appropriate and effective methods of contraception. | <urn:uuid:d6732269-cf98-41b8-83eb-b6a7416cab38> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.guttmacher.org/journals/ipsrh/2014/03/unmet-need-intention-use-contraceptives-and-unwanted-pregnancy-rural | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222161802-20240222191802-00478.warc.gz | en | 0.980722 | 5,279 | 3.265625 | 3 | [
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0.4284839630126953... | 1 | The measure of unmet need for contraception represents a core concept in the field of family planning and is one of the most important indicators for family planning policy, programs and research. A general concept of unmet need has existed almost as long as the international family planning movement has been in existence, beginning with researchers in the 1960s describing the discrepancy between women’s stated desire to limit childbearing and their actual use of contraceptives.1,2 Measurement of this gap between knowledge, attitude and practice—the "KAP-gap"—was included in national family planning studies in developing countries from the 1960s through the 1980s. Charles Westoff and colleagues further refined the concept to take into consideration pregnancy, postpartum amenorrhea, fecundity and women’s desire to space births.3–6 Recently, Bradley et al. revised the unmet need measure to reduce its complexity and allow for more consistent application across time and countries.7 The core of the concept, however, remains based on an algorithm that assigns unmet need to women who are married or in union and are fecund, but do not want a child in the next two years and are not using any method of contraception. Pregnant and amenorrheic women are considered to have an unmet need if they say that their current or last pregnancy was unintended.*6
Over the last three decades, recommendations have been made to improve the concept of unmet need, including accounting for the need for more effective family planning among women using traditional methods,8,9 pregnant and postpartum women’s future fertility intentions,10 husbands’ preferences and the unmet need of the couple,11,12 and the unique contraceptive needs of unmarried women.8,13 Researchers have also argued that to more effectively gauge actual contraceptive demand, the measure of unmet need should account for women’s intention to use contraceptives,10,14 and that a sizeable proportion of women classified as having an unmet need would not use contraceptives even if they were available. Therefore, using unmet need as the measure of contraceptive demand may be misleading.15,16
Due to a lack of appropriate longitudinal data, few studies have assessed the value of the unmet need measure for predicting future contraceptive use or compared outcomes among women classified as having an unmet need according to whether or not the women intend to use a method. Analyses of cross-sectional Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data have shown that 26–83% of women with an unmet need across 48 countries report intending to use a method.15 DHS data also show that many women who intend to use are not classified as having an unmet need, usually because they report their current pregnancy as intended or are amenorrheic and report their last birth as wanted. However, many of these women do not want to become pregnant again soon, and many say they intend to use contraceptives. According to Ross and Winfrey, 40% of postpartum women across 27 countries said they intended to use a method within the next year.10 Using data from a rare DHS panel survey in Morocco, Curtis and Westoff found that 40% of women classified as having an unmet need said they did not intend to practice contraception in the future; however, among these women, 38% went on to adopt a method within the next three years.17,18
Data from a longitudinal study in rural Bangladesh with interviews in 2006 and 2009 provide another opportunity to examine the relationships between unmet need, intention to use contraceptives and unwanted pregnancy over time. These unique data include information on contraceptive use intentions, method adoption and a pregnancy history for more than 3,600 women over the three-year period. The specific aims of the present analysis are: to examine how unmet need changed in the sample population between 2006 and 2009, to explore the relationship between women’s intention to use contraceptives and subsequent method use among those with and without an unmet need for contraception, and to determine whether women with an unmet need for contraception were more likely to experience an unwanted pregnancy over the study period than women without an unmet need.
On the basis of prior research assessing predictors of unmet need in Bangladesh, we hypothesized that women who had never attended school or who had not used a method in the past would be more likely than those who had attended school or used a method to have an unmet need in both 2006 and 2009.19 Since previous longitudinal studies have found that stated intention to practice contraception is predictive of subsequent contraceptive adoption, we also hypothesized that women who had had an unmet need for contraception at the start of the study would be more likely to begin use of a method between surveys if they had intended to use at baseline.14,18 However, we predicted that women with an unmet need who had not intended to use a method were more likely to experience an unwanted pregnancy than those who had intended to use.
The data used in this analysis come from the Bangladesh Microcredit and Health Study (BMHS), an experimental study designed to measure the relative effects of microcredit and basic health service interventions—introduced both separately and jointly—on the use of health services, economic well-being and women’s empowerment. The study was conducted in 128 rural villages in three divisions of Bangladesh (Chittagong, Dhaka and Rajshahi) over a period of three years. Villages were eligible for the intervention if fewer than 50% of households participated in microcredit activities and if the village’s health programs were exclusively government-run.§ The study consisted of a 2006 baseline household survey and a 2009 follow-up survey, which used a largely identical community, household, women’s and husband’s questionnaires. Our analysis is based on data from the women’s questionnaires.
On the basis of a census conducted in the study villages prior to the baseline survey, households were divided into three wealth categories consistent with Grameen Bank standards: not eligible for microcredit (household owns more than half an acre of land), eligible and currently involved in microcredit activities, and eligible but not currently involved in microcredit activities. For the survey, a proportional random sample was taken from these three strata among all households in each village. In each village, the sample consisted of four women who were ineligible for microcredit, 12 who were eligible and already in a program, and 15 who were eligible but not in a program.
The household response rate for the baseline survey was 91%, and the response rate among women eligible for the BMHS was 99%. Of the 3,933 women who were interviewed at baseline, 3,687 (93%) completed the follow-up survey. Women who did not complete the follow-up survey were similar to women completing both survey rounds in terms of household wealth, school attendance and experience with contraception. However, the small number who did not complete the second survey were significantly younger and of lower parity than those completing both surveys. A description of women lost to follow-up20 and additional details of the experimental study and study design are reported elsewhere.21 Women were eligible for the present analysis if they completed both BMHS survey rounds and were married and between the ages of 13–49 at baseline; the final sample totaled 3,024 women.
The women’s questionnaire collected relevant socioeconomic data, information on microcredit participation, birth history information and details about maternal and child health care, including contraceptive use. Much of the women’s questionnaire was modeled after the DHS, including the use of a calendar to document contraceptive use month by month. Birth histories and information on future pregnancy intentions were solicited from currently married women younger than 50.
In this study, a woman was defined as having an unmet need for limiting births under the following conditions: if she was married, younger than 50 and not using a method; and if she had reported that she was fecund and did not want any more children, that she was pregnant and did not want her current pregnancy, or that she was no more than seven months postpartum and her most recent birth had been unplanned. Because the BMHS questionnaires asked women only if they wanted more children and not when they would like another pregnancy, we could not calculate unmet need for birthspacing. The BMHS also did not collect information about the duration of amenorrhea and sexual abstinence after births, so we could not directly measure postpartum insusceptibility. For the calculation of unmet need presented here, we assumed that all women who were seven months postpartum or less were amenorrheic or abstaining from sex, since this is the median length of postpartum insusceptibility reported in the 2007 Bangladesh DHS.¤22
Intention to use a method was measured in the BMHS by asking pregnant and nonpregnant married women younger than 50 who were not currently using contraceptives, "Do you think you will use a method to delay or avoid pregnancy at any time in the future?" Women who responded "yes" were then asked what method they planned to use. The contraceptive calendar, completed as part of the follow-up women’s questionnaire, collected monthly information on all pregnancies, births, terminations and episodes of contraceptive use during the period between the two surveys. A woman was considered to have had an unwanted pregnancy if she reported at baseline that she did not want any more children but reported a pregnancy (regardless of outcome) during the intersurvey period. Other covariates of interest include ever having attended school, ever having used contraceptives, household wealth (measured by an asset index),† women’s household decision-making power,‡ and experience of child death or stillbirth. All data on covariate measures come from the baseline survey.
We constructed bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models to assess the predictors of having an unmet need for contraception for limiting births in both 2006 and 2009. Notably, we have data only from these two time points, so we are not able to assess whether women moved in and out of having unmet need during the three-year study period.
Changes in Contraceptive Use and Unmet Need Status
We first estimated unmet need for limiting births in 2006 and 2009, respectively, among women who participated in both rounds of the study. At baseline, 13% of the 3,024 women had an unmet need: They either wanted to limit births but were not using a method of contraception, were pregnant and reported that their current pregnancy was unwanted, or were postpartum and reported that their last birth had been unplanned. By 2009, this proportion had increased to 15%. Overall unmet need for limiting between the two time points rose mainly because a larger proportion of women in 2009 than in 2006 reported not using a method although they were not pregnant or amenorrheic and said they did not want more children.
Many women moved between categories of unmet need and contraceptive use between 2006 and 2009. Of the 388 women classified as having an unmet need for limiting births in 2006, more than half had begun using a method by 2009, while 26% continued to have an unmet need (Table 1). Among women who were using a method in 2006, nearly three-fourths also reported use in 2009; however, 11% of those who were using a method at baseline were no longer using in 2009 although they had reported in the earlier survey that they did not want any more children. (The true proportion of women who discontinued contraceptive use over the three years is actually higher than 11% because some women discontinued use during the period and then began again before the 2009 survey.) Another 11% of those who were practicing contraception in 2006 discontinued use because they wanted to become pregnant or because they were no longer fecund.
A logistic regression analysis indicates that the odds of having an unmet need for limiting births in both 2006 and 2009 increased with age (odds ratio, 1.04) and parity (1.2; Table 2). Meanwhile, women who had ever used a method had significantly decreased odds of having an unmet need at both time points, compared with those who had never used a method (0.3). Relative household wealth, schooling, decision-making power, and having experienced a child death or stillbirth were not associated with having had unmet need at both surveys in the multivariate analysis.
Intention to Use Contraceptives and Subsequent Use
Overall contraceptive prevalence was high in the sampled population at the time of the surveys. Among married women aged 13–49, 64% reported current method use in 2006, and 67% did so in 2009 (not shown). Of the 1,103 women not using a method in 2006, 65% reported that they intended to use a method at some point in the future.
Overall, most women who were not using a method at the 2006 survey—both those with and those without an unmet need for limiting births—were using a method in 2009 (69% and 58%, respectively; Table 3). The proportion of women who reported using a method in 2009 was higher among those who had previously reported intending to use a method than among those had reported no intention to do so. This was true among both women who had had an unmet need in 2006 (85% vs. 40%; unadjusted odds ratio 8.3) and women who had not had an unmet need (74% vs. 28%; unadjusted odds ratio, 7.2).
The majority of women who went on to adopt a method chose either oral or injectable contraceptives, whether they had had (63%) or had not had (67%) an unmet need for limiting births in 2006 (Table 4). Although all the women with an unmet need said that they did not want any more children, only 6% adopted a long-acting or permanent method.
In 2006, 2,064 women said they wanted no more children and thus were considered to have a demand for contraception for limiting births. Of this group, nearly three-quarters were using a method of contraception, and most were using a modern method (63%; Figure 1, page 8). The standard definition of unmet need accounts for fewer than two-thirds of the remaining women wishing to limit births: Eighteen percent of women not wanting another birth were not using a method and would thus have been considered to have an unmet need. An additional 10% of women wanting no more births did not fall under the standard definition of unmet need because they were pregnant or postpartum at the time of the survey and reported that their last pregnancy was intended. A small proportion of both women with and without a defined unmet need (7%) said they did not intend to use contraceptives even though they expressed a desire for no more children.
Between 2006 and 2009, 32% of 2,853 women who were aged 13 to 49 and married at the time of both surveys became pregnant at least once (not shown), and these pregnancies were fairly evenly split between women with and without an unmet need for contraception to limit births in 2006 (30% and 33%, respectively). All of the pregnancies among women having an unmet need are considered unwanted. However, 40% of the pregnancies among women without an unmet need occurred among those who had said they wanted no more children, indicating that these women changed their childbearing intentions, stopped method use or experienced a contraceptive failure.
Forty-seven percent of the 923 pregnancies that occurred during the intersurvey period among women who were married and aged 13–49 were unwanted—i.e., they were conceived by women who had reported in 2006 that they wanted no more children. Three-quarters of the unwanted pregnancies occurred among women who were not classified as having an unmet need in 2006: Half of unwanted pregnancies occurred among women who were using contraception at baseline, and 24% occurred among those who were pregnant or postpartum at baseline and said their last pregnancy was intended.
Of the 470 women who were pregnant or postpartum at the time of the baseline survey, 31% went on to have an unwanted pregnancy during the study, a rate roughly equal to that of the larger study population. Among those who had an unwanted pregnancy in 2006–2009, only 23% would have been considered to have an unmet need for contraception for limiting births on the basis of the reported planning status of their last birth or pregnancy. The vast majority (94%) of the pregnant and postpartum women who experienced an unwanted pregnancy had said that they intended to use contraceptives.
Family planning researchers, policymakers and program administrators commonly use the indicator of unmet need as a measure of the potential unsatisfied demand for contraception and to judge the success of family planning programs. Although repeat cross-sectional surveys such as the DHS provide estimates of the aggregate levels and changes in unmet need among women over time, they do not provide insight into whether and in what proportions women move in and out of the state of unmet need.17 Because unmet need is not something reported by survey respondents themselves and is instead derived from women’s reports of desire for children and of contraceptive use, it may not accurately reflect women’s (or men’s) perception of their need. In addition, the measure can vary significantly depending on how it is defined.
The longitudinal data presented here indicate that in this sample of rural Bangladeshi women, nearly three-quarters of those identified as having an unmet need for limiting births in 2006 were no longer in need three years later, according to the prevailing definition of unmet need. While a small proportion of these women were no longer in need in 2009 because of demographic changes, i.e., because they were older than 49 or were no longer married, the majority had moved out of unmet need status because they had begun to use a method. While this finding is encouraging, it is tempered by the fact that overall unmet need for limiting births in the sample increased between the two surveys. The increase in unmet need is primarily due to an increase in the proportion of women who were not pregnant or postpartum but who indicated that they wanted no more children and were not using a method in 2009. This finding is not unexpected, given that women in the sample had aged three years by 2009, and some had reached their desired family size.
Women who were classified as having an unmet need in both 2006 and 2009 were older and of higher parity than women who did not have an unmet need at either time or who had moved in or out of unmet need status during the study period. Though we had hypothesized that women with consistent unmet need would have had less schooling than other women, no such difference was found in our sample. This could be due to the overall low levels of schooling in this population. Women who had used a method in the past had greatly reduced odds of having had unmet need at both points in time.
The measure of unmet need has been criticized for not taking into account women’s stated intention to use contraceptives.10 Our results strongly support the assumption that women who say they intend to use a method will go on to use one, whether or not they have an unmet need for contraception. Not surprisingly, the proportion of women who went on to adopt a method in the next three years was greater among those who had said in 2006 that they intended to use a method and had an unmet need than it was among women who had intended to use a method but who had not had an unmet need. However, among women with an unmet need in 2006 and no intention to practice contraception, two-fifths went on to adopt a method, reflecting the fact that many women’s intentions change over time. And while we had hypothesized that women with an unmet need who did not intend to use a method would be at heightened risk for unwanted pregnancy, we did not find evidence for this. The vast majority of women who experienced an unwanted pregnancy—both those who were classified as having an unmet need and those who were not—had reported in 2006 that they intended to use a method; however, they did not fulfill their intentions before they became pregnant.
In many contexts, including rural Bangladesh, as the present analysis shows, some proportion of women classified as having an unmet need report that they intend to use a method in the future.16,18 At the same time, many women with an unmet need do not intend to use a method, and others who say they intend to practice contraception do not fall into the unmet need category. In our analysis, the groups at risk of miscategorization were those who wanted no more children but who were not considered in need either because they were pregnant in 2006 and said that their pregnancy was intended or because they were postpartum and their last birth was planned. Programs that place primary focus on reaching women defined as having an unmet need for contraception risk overlooking these likely motivated groups of potential users.
Prior analyses of DHS data have shown that variation in how unmet need is defined among pregnant and postpartum women can make a sizable difference in overall country-level estimates of unmet need. Ross and Winfrey demonstrated in their analysis of DHS data from 27 countries in the mid-1990s that defining unmet need among women within one year postpartum according to future childbearing preferences, rather than the planning status of their last birth, results in an overall unmet need estimate of 65% among this group (range, 28% in Brazil to 88% in Côte d’Ivoire).10 In contrast, global unmet need estimates calculated from 55 surveys conducted around the same time period for all married women using the traditional definition for postpartum women are considerably lower, ranging from 6% in Colombia to 40% in Haiti.13 Ross and Winfrey argue that because the vast majority of postpartum women do not want another birth soon—in their study, only about 5% of postpartum women across countries wanted another birth within two years—and because many of these women fail to begin use of a method soon after birth, this group is at heightened risk for unintended pregnancy. Our analysis supports this assertion. Of the 434 unwanted pregnancies reported in our sample between 2006 and 2009, more than one-third occurred among women who were either pregnant or postpartum in 2006, the vast majority of whom were not defined as having an unmet need for contraception.
Unwanted pregnancy was also common among women who were not pregnant or postpartum in 2006 and said they were currently using a method. Half of all unwanted pregnancies occurred in this group. While it is not possible to determine how many of these women’s childbearing intentions changed over the three-year period, many of the reported pregnancies were almost certainly the result of contraceptive discontinuation or method failure.
The findings presented here come from data collected for another purpose, and our analyses are therefore limited by the type of data available. Most notably, women were asked in 2006 only whether they wanted to have another child and not when, so we are unable to assess unmet need related to birthspacing in this sample. Undoubtedly, the inclusion of women wanting to delay their next birth who were not using a method would have resulted in a higher estimate of unmet need. Data from the most recent Bangladesh DHS indicate that the total unmet need in the country stands at 12%, and one-third of this need is among women who would like to delay their next birth.23
A second limitation is the loss to follow-up of about 7% of women who completed the baseline survey. These women were younger and had fewer children than those who completed both surveys. While we do not think that the loss of these women introduces any important bias into the analysis, our estimates of unmet need might have been slightly different with their inclusion.
Finally, we used unweighted data from a stratified sample that oversampled poor women; we cannot generalize these findings either to the villages from which the data were collected or to rural Bangladesh. However, we think that this analysis is useful for describing the relationships between unmet need, intention to use contraceptives and subsequent unintended pregnancy, and we believe that the results are relevant for other contexts.
In summary, we believe our results highlight three important issues for the family planning field. First, the measure of unmet need for family planning has predominantly been used to track aggregate changes in contraceptive demand and not as an individual-level indicator of family planning need. However, the present analysis shows that the measure does apply at the individual level, specifically to identify the women most likely to adopt a method, i.e., those defined as having an unmet need who also say they intend to use contraceptives. It is the task of family planning programs to make available a wide range of methods, including long-acting and permanent methods, so that women and couples can adopt a method that will meet their needs. Second, in the context of this study—and likely in other contexts—the measure of unmet need is not very effective in identifying the contraceptive needs of pregnant and postpartum women. Rather than relying on the reported planning status of these women’s last birth or current pregnancy, the unmet need classification would be better if based on the future childbearing preferences of pregnant and postpartum women. Finally, overreliance on the measure of unmet need for measuring contraceptive demand and reducing unwanted pregnancy among nonusers may result in missed opportunities for meeting the needs of existing users—including those using less effective traditional methods—who may be at risk for contraceptive failure or discontinuation. Family planning policymakers and program administrators must focus on the total demand for contraception, ensuring that those with both met and unmet need have access to the most acceptable, appropriate and effective methods of contraception. | 5,616 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Chola Bronze Sculptures
A body of bronze-cast sculptures made through the tenth to thirteenth centuries in southern India, Chola bronzes are especially known for depictions of Shiva as the Lord of Dance, Nataraja.
Though most frequently associated with the Chola Dynasty, bronze sculptures were commissioned by a variety of patrons through this period. Most bronzes were produced as part of iconographic sets, usually a group including a male deity and his consort and attendants in hierarchical scale. The iconography of these sculptures align closely with contemporary depictions in stone as well as specifications laid out in the textual tradition. The bodies are lithe and firm and arranged in frontal poses, sculpted with ornaments and sinuous folds suggesting clothing. Most bronzes were made using lost-wax casting. Additional costumes, jewellery, and accessories were used to adorn them once they began to be actively worshipped.
The production of bronzes in early mediaeval Tamil Nadu was linked with political and religious developments. The second half of the tenth century CE saw the emergence of the Cholas as a major power in the region, and many early Chola monarchs and family members patronised existing shrines such as that at Chidambaram, associated with a dancing form of Shiva. The resulting prominence of Chidambaram then led to the production of a number of Nataraja images: one of the most common depictions of Shiva from this period was of the god in ananda tandava (the dance of bliss), with his left leg thrust across his body. Another popular figure was of Shiva performing the nadanta (dance of destruction), in the same posture but grasping a damaru drum, dancing upon a vanquished dwarf, and wearing a snake around his neck. The god was also frequently depicted as Dakshinamurti and Tripuravijaya, as well as in groups with Parvati and their son Skanda, such as the Kalyanasundaramurti or Somaskanda. Bronze imagery of the period also includes depictions of Krishna, especially as a young boy dancing on the head of the serpent-king Kaliya, as well as Shaivite saints such as Karaikkal Ammaiyar and Manikkavacakar.
Bronzes also grew to become a crucial aspect of temple worship as a result of evolving ideas of the role of the enshrined god. While the deity of the temple was initially believed to be resting within the garbhagriha, from the eleventh century onwards, they came to be seen as a corollary of the monarch. Thus, among the roles played by the deity were giving audiences to their devotees, inspecting the temple, participating in festivities celebrating their birth and marriage anniversaries, and undertaking processions and parades. As deities became an active part of socio-religious life, these portable bronze representations became a stand-in for the immovable images in the garbhagriha.
As of writing, artisans in Tamil Nadu continue to produce bronze sculptures in a tradition descended from that of the early mediaeval period, and bronzes continue to be extensively used in temple processions in the region.
Our website is currently undergoing maintenance and re-design, due to which we have had to take down some of our bibliographies. While these will be re-published shortly, you can request references for specific articles by writing to firstname.lastname@example.org. | <urn:uuid:7e752c98-ecb0-401f-be41-c66e850bd49e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://mapacademy.io/article/chola-bronze-sculptures/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473347.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20240220211055-20240221001055-00668.warc.gz | en | 0.980297 | 711 | 3.8125 | 4 | [
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0.39222627878189... | 1 | Chola Bronze Sculptures
A body of bronze-cast sculptures made through the tenth to thirteenth centuries in southern India, Chola bronzes are especially known for depictions of Shiva as the Lord of Dance, Nataraja.
Though most frequently associated with the Chola Dynasty, bronze sculptures were commissioned by a variety of patrons through this period. Most bronzes were produced as part of iconographic sets, usually a group including a male deity and his consort and attendants in hierarchical scale. The iconography of these sculptures align closely with contemporary depictions in stone as well as specifications laid out in the textual tradition. The bodies are lithe and firm and arranged in frontal poses, sculpted with ornaments and sinuous folds suggesting clothing. Most bronzes were made using lost-wax casting. Additional costumes, jewellery, and accessories were used to adorn them once they began to be actively worshipped.
The production of bronzes in early mediaeval Tamil Nadu was linked with political and religious developments. The second half of the tenth century CE saw the emergence of the Cholas as a major power in the region, and many early Chola monarchs and family members patronised existing shrines such as that at Chidambaram, associated with a dancing form of Shiva. The resulting prominence of Chidambaram then led to the production of a number of Nataraja images: one of the most common depictions of Shiva from this period was of the god in ananda tandava (the dance of bliss), with his left leg thrust across his body. Another popular figure was of Shiva performing the nadanta (dance of destruction), in the same posture but grasping a damaru drum, dancing upon a vanquished dwarf, and wearing a snake around his neck. The god was also frequently depicted as Dakshinamurti and Tripuravijaya, as well as in groups with Parvati and their son Skanda, such as the Kalyanasundaramurti or Somaskanda. Bronze imagery of the period also includes depictions of Krishna, especially as a young boy dancing on the head of the serpent-king Kaliya, as well as Shaivite saints such as Karaikkal Ammaiyar and Manikkavacakar.
Bronzes also grew to become a crucial aspect of temple worship as a result of evolving ideas of the role of the enshrined god. While the deity of the temple was initially believed to be resting within the garbhagriha, from the eleventh century onwards, they came to be seen as a corollary of the monarch. Thus, among the roles played by the deity were giving audiences to their devotees, inspecting the temple, participating in festivities celebrating their birth and marriage anniversaries, and undertaking processions and parades. As deities became an active part of socio-religious life, these portable bronze representations became a stand-in for the immovable images in the garbhagriha.
As of writing, artisans in Tamil Nadu continue to produce bronze sculptures in a tradition descended from that of the early mediaeval period, and bronzes continue to be extensively used in temple processions in the region.
Our website is currently undergoing maintenance and re-design, due to which we have had to take down some of our bibliographies. While these will be re-published shortly, you can request references for specific articles by writing to firstname.lastname@example.org. | 704 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Articles of Confederation was a first attempt at a constitution for the United States while it was fighting to gain independence from the British government in the Revolutionary War. First proposed in 1776 by Richard Henry Lee at the Second Continental Congress, the Articles of Confederation were able to maintain some stability for the country through the end of the war. However, it proved to be a highly inadequate form of government when it could not provide for the economic and political demands of a developing nation. The Articles of Confederation were not able support a strong centralized government, therefore resulting in a lack of an authoritative presence with regard to domestic and foreign affairs affecting the thirteen states. The national government was weak and disconnected, and the federal powers were greatly lacking.
The main reason for the failure of the Frankfurt parliament was indefinitely its lack of military power, which could have been used to combat any opposing forces that didn’t follow with their decisions. However Prussia and King Friedrich Wilhelm IV (King Frederick William or KFWIV) must also be counted into the failure of the Frankfurt Parliament, as must the factors of Austrian presence and Internal Problems within the Frankfurt Parliament. Primarily, military power was non-existent in the Frankfurt Parliament and in its endeavours, as there was simply no money to pay for an army. Many states in Germany had armies, but none were as powerful as that of Prussia or Austria. The parliament would have been able to muster volunteers, but there was no money to equip them with weapons, and the only way that the Parliament would have been able to make money, would be by introducing taxes.
In a democracy along the lines of the United States or Great Britain, Hitler could have never risen to power. (1) Germany had no democratic tradition, and in fact many parties were deeply opposed to the creation of a democracy. These included old monarchists, the Army, the industrialists, the Nationalists and several other conservative parties. Many, like the Nazis to come, were not so much members of the Republic as they were conspirators to overthrow it. When it came time to create the Republic, the conservative parties took no part in the process.
Finally, Hobson partially blames the ineffectiveness of Imperialism on the British ideal of Anglo superiority, and the British misunderstanding of other cultures (Winks 11). Therefore, as argued by Hobson, British Imperialism of India was neither socially, nor politically, nor economically beneficial for Britain. The British elevated social tensions in India because the British misunderstood Indian culture, were constantly forced to over-expand the British Government, and spent endless amounts in an attempt to maintain order. To begin with, Britain’s Imperialism of India was not socially beneficial. The British were unsuccessful in establishing a working relationship with the Indian people, and, as a result, British Imperialism never reached its maximum potential.
Also, another issue with the court system was all the power to the King. This was an issue because a large mass of people (The 3rd Estate) had no share in the government, which meant that the likelihood that they were unhappy was high; to make it worse, Louis XVI was not a great ruler. He was famous for the line, “The thing is legal because I wish it,” which basically means, “What I say goes,” which is not a good plan because there is no planning or foresight involved. Also, he used the lettres de cachet, which is like a warrant where any critic of the government would receive a letter that
This was the weakness of the league. Also Germany wasn’t a member due to the reason of creating WWI and USSR wasn’t a member too as they were communists. Other problem includes the truth that it was created as a part of Treaty of Versailles which indirectly meant that the league will be a serving favor of the big4. Due to these, member states were able to create chaos in the League where it already didn’t have any controls. Also the league wasn’t responsible enough to take care of all the problems in Europe as its powers were not so strong.
Another Major flaw was that “the country, whose president, Woodrow Wilson, had dreamt up the idea of the League - America -, refused to join it.” The league’s most powerful militaries Britain and France not only suffered casualties, but also economically as they were greatly in debt to the United States. Because of this neither country was enthusiastic to get involved in disputes that did not affect Western Europe. Therefore the League had no military might and could only enforce economic sanctions in hope that they worked against aggressive nations. All these flaws point to signs that the League of Nations was a failure. However, even though there were a few setbacks, the league was a success in many ways.
Anti-Federalist felt that the Constitution gave more power to central government and less to the states. They also argued that the constitution would become too weak because the central government wouldn’t be able to run all states as a result of being too distant and removed from interest of common citizens and farmers. They feared that the Federalists' new government would be too similar to the harsh regimes of Europe which held great power and thus repressed the people. Anti-Feds were extremely scared of a strong central government and the fact that under the new Constitution, the federal government was more powerful than individual states. Another argument was that the states could not print money
Hamilton was an ardent believer that the states were incapable of uniting the people politically and economically. He feared the interests of the states would lead to chaos due to “an excess of the spirit of liberty, which has made the particular states show a jealousy of all power not in their own hands” (Morse, 1890). Hamilton was leery of state power because of how ineffective the Articles of Confederation were in promoting a national identity capable of defending the homeland and creating the basic foundation for economic development. Unlike many of his colleagues, Hamilton did not grow up a child of privilege and carried with him the stigma of being a bastard because his mother was previously married and his biological father abandoned the family. He grew up on the small Caribbean island of Nevis that “generated more wealth for Britain than all of her North American colonies combined” (Chernow, 2004).
The Weimar Republics’ aim was to create the perfect democracy, but there were ultimately two flaws that destroyed the Republic: Proportional representation and Article 48. Proportional representation meant that, instead of voting for an MP like we did in Britain, they voted for a party, which turned out to be disastrous because there wasn’t a party strong enough t get the majority of votes, so therefore no laws could be passed. Article 48 meant that, in the case of an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the Reichstag, but could issue decrees, the problem with this was that they didn’t state what an emergency was and, in the end, it turned out to be a way for Hitler to take power legally. The Weimar Republic faced violent uprisings from various groups, and also had disastrous economic problems. Germany between 1918-1919 was in chaos, people were starving, the Kaiser had fled, Bands of soldiers called ‘Freikorps’ refused to disband and formed private armies. | <urn:uuid:44479f60-f317-459a-9125-1a1da4ea2ade> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.antiessays.com/free-essays/Apush-Confederation-Dbq-416498.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473524.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221170215-20240221200215-00746.warc.gz | en | 0.987117 | 1,514 | 4.3125 | 4 | [
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0.4186969697475... | 1 | The Articles of Confederation was a first attempt at a constitution for the United States while it was fighting to gain independence from the British government in the Revolutionary War. First proposed in 1776 by Richard Henry Lee at the Second Continental Congress, the Articles of Confederation were able to maintain some stability for the country through the end of the war. However, it proved to be a highly inadequate form of government when it could not provide for the economic and political demands of a developing nation. The Articles of Confederation were not able support a strong centralized government, therefore resulting in a lack of an authoritative presence with regard to domestic and foreign affairs affecting the thirteen states. The national government was weak and disconnected, and the federal powers were greatly lacking.
The main reason for the failure of the Frankfurt parliament was indefinitely its lack of military power, which could have been used to combat any opposing forces that didn’t follow with their decisions. However Prussia and King Friedrich Wilhelm IV (King Frederick William or KFWIV) must also be counted into the failure of the Frankfurt Parliament, as must the factors of Austrian presence and Internal Problems within the Frankfurt Parliament. Primarily, military power was non-existent in the Frankfurt Parliament and in its endeavours, as there was simply no money to pay for an army. Many states in Germany had armies, but none were as powerful as that of Prussia or Austria. The parliament would have been able to muster volunteers, but there was no money to equip them with weapons, and the only way that the Parliament would have been able to make money, would be by introducing taxes.
In a democracy along the lines of the United States or Great Britain, Hitler could have never risen to power. (1) Germany had no democratic tradition, and in fact many parties were deeply opposed to the creation of a democracy. These included old monarchists, the Army, the industrialists, the Nationalists and several other conservative parties. Many, like the Nazis to come, were not so much members of the Republic as they were conspirators to overthrow it. When it came time to create the Republic, the conservative parties took no part in the process.
Finally, Hobson partially blames the ineffectiveness of Imperialism on the British ideal of Anglo superiority, and the British misunderstanding of other cultures (Winks 11). Therefore, as argued by Hobson, British Imperialism of India was neither socially, nor politically, nor economically beneficial for Britain. The British elevated social tensions in India because the British misunderstood Indian culture, were constantly forced to over-expand the British Government, and spent endless amounts in an attempt to maintain order. To begin with, Britain’s Imperialism of India was not socially beneficial. The British were unsuccessful in establishing a working relationship with the Indian people, and, as a result, British Imperialism never reached its maximum potential.
Also, another issue with the court system was all the power to the King. This was an issue because a large mass of people (The 3rd Estate) had no share in the government, which meant that the likelihood that they were unhappy was high; to make it worse, Louis XVI was not a great ruler. He was famous for the line, “The thing is legal because I wish it,” which basically means, “What I say goes,” which is not a good plan because there is no planning or foresight involved. Also, he used the lettres de cachet, which is like a warrant where any critic of the government would receive a letter that
This was the weakness of the league. Also Germany wasn’t a member due to the reason of creating WWI and USSR wasn’t a member too as they were communists. Other problem includes the truth that it was created as a part of Treaty of Versailles which indirectly meant that the league will be a serving favor of the big4. Due to these, member states were able to create chaos in the League where it already didn’t have any controls. Also the league wasn’t responsible enough to take care of all the problems in Europe as its powers were not so strong.
Another Major flaw was that “the country, whose president, Woodrow Wilson, had dreamt up the idea of the League - America -, refused to join it.” The league’s most powerful militaries Britain and France not only suffered casualties, but also economically as they were greatly in debt to the United States. Because of this neither country was enthusiastic to get involved in disputes that did not affect Western Europe. Therefore the League had no military might and could only enforce economic sanctions in hope that they worked against aggressive nations. All these flaws point to signs that the League of Nations was a failure. However, even though there were a few setbacks, the league was a success in many ways.
Anti-Federalist felt that the Constitution gave more power to central government and less to the states. They also argued that the constitution would become too weak because the central government wouldn’t be able to run all states as a result of being too distant and removed from interest of common citizens and farmers. They feared that the Federalists' new government would be too similar to the harsh regimes of Europe which held great power and thus repressed the people. Anti-Feds were extremely scared of a strong central government and the fact that under the new Constitution, the federal government was more powerful than individual states. Another argument was that the states could not print money
Hamilton was an ardent believer that the states were incapable of uniting the people politically and economically. He feared the interests of the states would lead to chaos due to “an excess of the spirit of liberty, which has made the particular states show a jealousy of all power not in their own hands” (Morse, 1890). Hamilton was leery of state power because of how ineffective the Articles of Confederation were in promoting a national identity capable of defending the homeland and creating the basic foundation for economic development. Unlike many of his colleagues, Hamilton did not grow up a child of privilege and carried with him the stigma of being a bastard because his mother was previously married and his biological father abandoned the family. He grew up on the small Caribbean island of Nevis that “generated more wealth for Britain than all of her North American colonies combined” (Chernow, 2004).
The Weimar Republics’ aim was to create the perfect democracy, but there were ultimately two flaws that destroyed the Republic: Proportional representation and Article 48. Proportional representation meant that, instead of voting for an MP like we did in Britain, they voted for a party, which turned out to be disastrous because there wasn’t a party strong enough t get the majority of votes, so therefore no laws could be passed. Article 48 meant that, in the case of an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the Reichstag, but could issue decrees, the problem with this was that they didn’t state what an emergency was and, in the end, it turned out to be a way for Hitler to take power legally. The Weimar Republic faced violent uprisings from various groups, and also had disastrous economic problems. Germany between 1918-1919 was in chaos, people were starving, the Kaiser had fled, Bands of soldiers called ‘Freikorps’ refused to disband and formed private armies. | 1,495 | ENGLISH | 1 |
These bronze sculptures are dated to be from the 5th and 3rd century BC and belong to the Post- Talayotic culture. They are highly realistic representations of two adult bulls and a heifer with long horns that curve out and up in the form of a lyre. They were cast using the lost wax method and are hollow inside. The horns and ears were probably riveted to the heads. The anatomical detailing was chiselled into the bronze, and the eyes were originally filled with vitreous paste. These pieces were found at Costitx (Mallorca), in the Shrine of Predio de Son Corró, where they were probably fixed atop column shafts to preside over the ceremonies. Based on the remains found during archaeological excavations, it seems that religious rituals, animal sacrifices related to fertility, feasting and wine libations were held at this shrine under the open sky. The presence of these sculptures indicates that the indigenous societies of the Balearic Islands venerated a deity with the form and attributes of the bull—namely, its vigour and virility. This belief and cult can be traced back to the ancient cultures of the Near East and the Mediterranean. | <urn:uuid:50950ee6-2729-454c-b7fe-01f7f97fa398> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.man.es/man/en/exposicion/recorridos-tematicos/imprescindibles/costitx.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474853.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229202522-20240229232522-00889.warc.gz | en | 0.980769 | 243 | 3.53125 | 4 | [
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0.3469067215919494... | 1 | These bronze sculptures are dated to be from the 5th and 3rd century BC and belong to the Post- Talayotic culture. They are highly realistic representations of two adult bulls and a heifer with long horns that curve out and up in the form of a lyre. They were cast using the lost wax method and are hollow inside. The horns and ears were probably riveted to the heads. The anatomical detailing was chiselled into the bronze, and the eyes were originally filled with vitreous paste. These pieces were found at Costitx (Mallorca), in the Shrine of Predio de Son Corró, where they were probably fixed atop column shafts to preside over the ceremonies. Based on the remains found during archaeological excavations, it seems that religious rituals, animal sacrifices related to fertility, feasting and wine libations were held at this shrine under the open sky. The presence of these sculptures indicates that the indigenous societies of the Balearic Islands venerated a deity with the form and attributes of the bull—namely, its vigour and virility. This belief and cult can be traced back to the ancient cultures of the Near East and the Mediterranean. | 244 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles (5 July 1781 – 5 July 1826) was a British colonial official who served as Governor of the Dutch East Indies between 1811 and 1816 and Lieutenant-Governor of Bencoolen between 1818 and 1824. Raffles was heavily involved in the capture of the Indonesian island of Java from the Dutch during the Napoleonic Wars. It was subsequently returned under the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814. He also wrote The History of Java in 1817, describing the history of the island from ancient times.
Raffles also played a role in further establishing the British Empire in the Far East. He secured control over the strategically located Singapore in 1819 in order to secure British access along the Strait of Singapore and the nearby seas in the region, particularly the South China Sea. His actions led to tensions between the British and the Dutch Empire, although this was settled in the Anglo–Dutch Treaty of 1824 which firmly established their spheres of influence; the Dutch subs | <urn:uuid:7b9068bd-23a2-4d74-9a99-709833808a7d> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://graphsearch.epfl.ch/en/concept/160914 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475238.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301093751-20240301123751-00709.warc.gz | en | 0.98024 | 204 | 3.3125 | 3 | [
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... | 1 | Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles (5 July 1781 – 5 July 1826) was a British colonial official who served as Governor of the Dutch East Indies between 1811 and 1816 and Lieutenant-Governor of Bencoolen between 1818 and 1824. Raffles was heavily involved in the capture of the Indonesian island of Java from the Dutch during the Napoleonic Wars. It was subsequently returned under the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814. He also wrote The History of Java in 1817, describing the history of the island from ancient times.
Raffles also played a role in further establishing the British Empire in the Far East. He secured control over the strategically located Singapore in 1819 in order to secure British access along the Strait of Singapore and the nearby seas in the region, particularly the South China Sea. His actions led to tensions between the British and the Dutch Empire, although this was settled in the Anglo–Dutch Treaty of 1824 which firmly established their spheres of influence; the Dutch subs | 237 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Protestant Reformation Movement
How it works
“The protestant reformation was a political and social movement in Europe due to the fact that it affected both parties. It affected the social aspect of Europe due to the churches abuse of its powers and people realizing what it has done. One example from Document 2 is “ It is mere human talk to preach that the soul flies out [of purgatory] immediately the money clinks in the collection-box”. People were beginning to realize all of these “ holy” acts were a scam the people started to lose faith in the church.
They began questioning the church and its methods of practice. The poor most of all became enraged with the church “In your government you do nothing but flay and rob your subjects in order that you may lead a life of splendor and pride, until the poor common folk can bear it no longer”. The poor believed all this would actually save their souls as they wanted any hope they could get. When the time of renaissance came around the poor began to see these fallacies and rise up. They began to raid churches and ministries to steal back what was stolen from them, “ they are starting a rebellion, and violently robbing and plundering monasteries and castles which are not theirs”. The largest percent of society is poor so the social movement affected a large portion of the population making it a very large uprising in social standards.
The protestant reformation also affected the political aspect of Europe by masses of people revolting against political leaders as well as governments themselves prosecuting rebels. One of those prosecuted was John Wycliffe , “ has fallen into such a detestable madness that he does not hesitate to dogmatize and publicly preach, or rather vomit forth from the recesses of his breast, certain propositions and conclusions which are erroneous and false”. The church called these men crazy and mad for their ideas. The church was losing its grip on central Europe, “ For rebellion is not simple murder, but is like a great fire, which attacks and lays waste a whole land…. Therefore, let everyone who can, smite, slay and stain, secretly or openly, remembering that nothing can be more pod”. The church’s popularity was at an all time low. Martin luther was even called to court but did not show as he refused to listen to the churches voice. Document 8 states,” “”I cannot submit my faith either to the Pope or to the Councils, because it is clear as day they have frequently erred and contradicted each other. Unless therefore, I am convinced by the testimony of Scripture…I cannot and will not retract…Here I stand, I can do no other. So help my God, Amen”.” | <urn:uuid:4a07bc54-d2df-4df5-825c-7ccc56d19fe0> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://papersowl.com/examples/the-protestant-reformation-movement/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474569.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224212113-20240225002113-00223.warc.gz | en | 0.980417 | 574 | 3.28125 | 3 | [
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-0.2316946387290... | 1 | The Protestant Reformation Movement
How it works
“The protestant reformation was a political and social movement in Europe due to the fact that it affected both parties. It affected the social aspect of Europe due to the churches abuse of its powers and people realizing what it has done. One example from Document 2 is “ It is mere human talk to preach that the soul flies out [of purgatory] immediately the money clinks in the collection-box”. People were beginning to realize all of these “ holy” acts were a scam the people started to lose faith in the church.
They began questioning the church and its methods of practice. The poor most of all became enraged with the church “In your government you do nothing but flay and rob your subjects in order that you may lead a life of splendor and pride, until the poor common folk can bear it no longer”. The poor believed all this would actually save their souls as they wanted any hope they could get. When the time of renaissance came around the poor began to see these fallacies and rise up. They began to raid churches and ministries to steal back what was stolen from them, “ they are starting a rebellion, and violently robbing and plundering monasteries and castles which are not theirs”. The largest percent of society is poor so the social movement affected a large portion of the population making it a very large uprising in social standards.
The protestant reformation also affected the political aspect of Europe by masses of people revolting against political leaders as well as governments themselves prosecuting rebels. One of those prosecuted was John Wycliffe , “ has fallen into such a detestable madness that he does not hesitate to dogmatize and publicly preach, or rather vomit forth from the recesses of his breast, certain propositions and conclusions which are erroneous and false”. The church called these men crazy and mad for their ideas. The church was losing its grip on central Europe, “ For rebellion is not simple murder, but is like a great fire, which attacks and lays waste a whole land…. Therefore, let everyone who can, smite, slay and stain, secretly or openly, remembering that nothing can be more pod”. The church’s popularity was at an all time low. Martin luther was even called to court but did not show as he refused to listen to the churches voice. Document 8 states,” “”I cannot submit my faith either to the Pope or to the Councils, because it is clear as day they have frequently erred and contradicted each other. Unless therefore, I am convinced by the testimony of Scripture…I cannot and will not retract…Here I stand, I can do no other. So help my God, Amen”.” | 552 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The centrepin reel and its development
Barry Grantham looks at the introduction of the fishing reel to the British Isles, the impact of the centrepin reel and the work of two notable reel makers.
It is thought by many of today’s angling historians that the fishing reel did not appear in the British Isles until the 17th century. But fishing reels were used several hundred years ago in China. There are records that show that fishing rods were invented during the Tang Dynasty (618AD to 907AD).
Evidence of the fishing reel comes from poems of that era about fishing.
Reels were widely used in China from 960AD to 1279 and it is from this era that we get a glimpse of a fishing reel. This is on a painting by a Mr T Wong from 1037 called Rowing on the Fishing Pond.
Historians say it is impossible to say whether the fishing reel was introduced to the British Isles from China, or if it evolved independently. The first recording of a winding device on a fishing rod in England was in a book called The Art of Angling by Thomas Barker, published in 1651. This reel, called a winch, was held on to the fishing rod with a spike that went through a hole in the end of the rod.
We know that the reel was an early invention, because that famous angler Izaak Walton does not mention a winch in his book The Compleat Angler, printed in 1653. In the second edition of the book, published a little later in 1656, he goes on to say that salmon anglers used to fish with a wire ring on top of the rod, through which the line may run and the line is then wound round a wheel that is fixed to the rod where it is held by the salmon angler’s hands.
In 1657 the second edition of Barker’s book was printed. In this edition there is information about a winch for salmon fishing. It says that you must put the winch at the bottom of the rod (handle) and attach with the spring where you please. The spring is much like a modern day circlip.
In those days, fishing rods were made of a variety of woods – hickory, hazel, greenheart and bamboo – and came in all shapes, sizes and thicknesses. The winch with its spring clip could easily be attached to the rod in any position.
Around five years later, in 1662, in the book The Experienced Angler by Robert Venables, there is a print of a winch on the frontispiece of the book. This is, as far as angling historians know, only the second illustration of a winch up to that date.
There were many variations of the winch to be designed in the years that followed but for today’s angler it was a company called S. Allcock and Co who were to develop some outstanding centrepin fishing reels. In 1803 a gentleman called Polycarp Allcock was making needles and as a side-line he started making fishing hooks. In 1829 Polycarp had a son called Samuel and he started to work with his father at the age of 10. By 1880 Samuel had inherited the company which then became known as S. Allcock and Company, employing around 400 people. S. Allcock and Co was by then one of the largest fishing tackle manufacturers in the world.
The First World War suspended production of the fishing tackle and when the war ended there was a great demand for their products. The Second World War again interrupted the business and when that war ended there was again a large demand and interest in angling.
Henry Coxon was an angler who regularly fished the River Trent, and he suggested a design of a reel for Allcocks to build using his name. This was called and patented the Aerial that bore Coxon’s name.
The reels were made from wood, ebonite and aluminium. Many of the wooden reels were made in various sizes but the ultimate one was an aluminium reel with spokes – this reel was considered to be the best of their reels and was called the Aerial Match, produced in 1939.
Another famous reel maker was David Slater of Newark. David was originally a rod maker but expanded his business at 9 Portland Street, Newark to manufacture wooden reels, the backs of which were made from ebonite. These reels also had an annular line guard, and he called this The Perfect Combination Centre Pin. He acquired a patent for the line guard in May 1883. His premises expanded in 1883 to numbers 8, 9 and 10 Portland Street. At these premises a large number of reels were made with an ebonite back plate, and a wooden spool with a brass Starbeck fixed on the ebonite back.
David Slater attended many fishing tackle exhibitions and in 1881 at Norwich he won his first diploma medal and a prize of £10. He went on to compete at the fisheries exhibition in London in 1883. At this exhibition, he won four diplomas and medals. His Perfect Combination Centre Pin went on to win a first-class bronze medal at the Cornwall Polytechnic show.
In December 1883, The Fishing Gazette reviewed Slater’s new patent Combination Winch. This was made of a well seasoned mahogany, a light brass frame and side bars. This was priced at 15 shillings for a 4″ reel, 12/6d for a 3½”, and 10/6d for a 2½” reel.
The Fishing Gazette held a casting tournament in 1886. David Slater beat 19 others to win a cup and 5 guineas prize money. He also won other notable events including one in Glasgow in 1888 – and diplomas and medals for his fishing reels at the Bolton Piscatorial Society in 1889.
David was the founder of the Newark Piscatorial Society and went on to be very famous for his reels and rods. He had applied for several patents but never sealed or completed them. One of them was the famous Slater latch. This was a small latch near the centre of the reel. This would release the reel drum for instant removal. Reels with this latch are very much sought after by collectors.
In 1892 David Slater sold his business and the firm continued to trade as David Slater and Co. In 1894 the business address changed to 60 Harcourt Street. On 29th June 1895, an advertisement appeared in The Fishing Gazette offering the company for sale. This was due to the ill health of the proprietor. In August 1895 it was announced that David Slater had purchased the business once again and was trading under his own name.
David developed further reels including the Zephyr that had a narrow wooden spool and aluminium back – this was quoted as being a reel suitable for bottom fishing.
In 1912, David moved his business into his former premises, and he traded from there until 1920. It is thought that David died soon after this and was buried in Newark cemetery.
A true centrepin is a fishing reel that runs on a plain bearing usually made from phosphor bronze or naval bronze and runs on a smooth close fit spindle. A screw comes through the centre of the spool front face and sits against the spindle end. To get the free running, the reel must be fished handles uppermost. A reel made with no screw or modern ball bearings is just a normal pin reel.
I have always had an interest in pin reels, and today I make my own versions or replicas of some of these famous reels. Yes, there are modern free running reels made on state-of-the-art computerised machines but if you like the joy of any pin reel angling, you cannot beat a well-made reel of yesteryear or a modern day replica. | <urn:uuid:a5a52dd9-25c3-4dba-b4ed-a359e6fc39f9> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.lincolnshirelife.co.uk/heritage/the-centrepin-reel-and-its-development/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707948235171.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20240305124045-20240305154045-00601.warc.gz | en | 0.985475 | 1,629 | 3.40625 | 3 | [
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0.012630940... | 1 | The centrepin reel and its development
Barry Grantham looks at the introduction of the fishing reel to the British Isles, the impact of the centrepin reel and the work of two notable reel makers.
It is thought by many of today’s angling historians that the fishing reel did not appear in the British Isles until the 17th century. But fishing reels were used several hundred years ago in China. There are records that show that fishing rods were invented during the Tang Dynasty (618AD to 907AD).
Evidence of the fishing reel comes from poems of that era about fishing.
Reels were widely used in China from 960AD to 1279 and it is from this era that we get a glimpse of a fishing reel. This is on a painting by a Mr T Wong from 1037 called Rowing on the Fishing Pond.
Historians say it is impossible to say whether the fishing reel was introduced to the British Isles from China, or if it evolved independently. The first recording of a winding device on a fishing rod in England was in a book called The Art of Angling by Thomas Barker, published in 1651. This reel, called a winch, was held on to the fishing rod with a spike that went through a hole in the end of the rod.
We know that the reel was an early invention, because that famous angler Izaak Walton does not mention a winch in his book The Compleat Angler, printed in 1653. In the second edition of the book, published a little later in 1656, he goes on to say that salmon anglers used to fish with a wire ring on top of the rod, through which the line may run and the line is then wound round a wheel that is fixed to the rod where it is held by the salmon angler’s hands.
In 1657 the second edition of Barker’s book was printed. In this edition there is information about a winch for salmon fishing. It says that you must put the winch at the bottom of the rod (handle) and attach with the spring where you please. The spring is much like a modern day circlip.
In those days, fishing rods were made of a variety of woods – hickory, hazel, greenheart and bamboo – and came in all shapes, sizes and thicknesses. The winch with its spring clip could easily be attached to the rod in any position.
Around five years later, in 1662, in the book The Experienced Angler by Robert Venables, there is a print of a winch on the frontispiece of the book. This is, as far as angling historians know, only the second illustration of a winch up to that date.
There were many variations of the winch to be designed in the years that followed but for today’s angler it was a company called S. Allcock and Co who were to develop some outstanding centrepin fishing reels. In 1803 a gentleman called Polycarp Allcock was making needles and as a side-line he started making fishing hooks. In 1829 Polycarp had a son called Samuel and he started to work with his father at the age of 10. By 1880 Samuel had inherited the company which then became known as S. Allcock and Company, employing around 400 people. S. Allcock and Co was by then one of the largest fishing tackle manufacturers in the world.
The First World War suspended production of the fishing tackle and when the war ended there was a great demand for their products. The Second World War again interrupted the business and when that war ended there was again a large demand and interest in angling.
Henry Coxon was an angler who regularly fished the River Trent, and he suggested a design of a reel for Allcocks to build using his name. This was called and patented the Aerial that bore Coxon’s name.
The reels were made from wood, ebonite and aluminium. Many of the wooden reels were made in various sizes but the ultimate one was an aluminium reel with spokes – this reel was considered to be the best of their reels and was called the Aerial Match, produced in 1939.
Another famous reel maker was David Slater of Newark. David was originally a rod maker but expanded his business at 9 Portland Street, Newark to manufacture wooden reels, the backs of which were made from ebonite. These reels also had an annular line guard, and he called this The Perfect Combination Centre Pin. He acquired a patent for the line guard in May 1883. His premises expanded in 1883 to numbers 8, 9 and 10 Portland Street. At these premises a large number of reels were made with an ebonite back plate, and a wooden spool with a brass Starbeck fixed on the ebonite back.
David Slater attended many fishing tackle exhibitions and in 1881 at Norwich he won his first diploma medal and a prize of £10. He went on to compete at the fisheries exhibition in London in 1883. At this exhibition, he won four diplomas and medals. His Perfect Combination Centre Pin went on to win a first-class bronze medal at the Cornwall Polytechnic show.
In December 1883, The Fishing Gazette reviewed Slater’s new patent Combination Winch. This was made of a well seasoned mahogany, a light brass frame and side bars. This was priced at 15 shillings for a 4″ reel, 12/6d for a 3½”, and 10/6d for a 2½” reel.
The Fishing Gazette held a casting tournament in 1886. David Slater beat 19 others to win a cup and 5 guineas prize money. He also won other notable events including one in Glasgow in 1888 – and diplomas and medals for his fishing reels at the Bolton Piscatorial Society in 1889.
David was the founder of the Newark Piscatorial Society and went on to be very famous for his reels and rods. He had applied for several patents but never sealed or completed them. One of them was the famous Slater latch. This was a small latch near the centre of the reel. This would release the reel drum for instant removal. Reels with this latch are very much sought after by collectors.
In 1892 David Slater sold his business and the firm continued to trade as David Slater and Co. In 1894 the business address changed to 60 Harcourt Street. On 29th June 1895, an advertisement appeared in The Fishing Gazette offering the company for sale. This was due to the ill health of the proprietor. In August 1895 it was announced that David Slater had purchased the business once again and was trading under his own name.
David developed further reels including the Zephyr that had a narrow wooden spool and aluminium back – this was quoted as being a reel suitable for bottom fishing.
In 1912, David moved his business into his former premises, and he traded from there until 1920. It is thought that David died soon after this and was buried in Newark cemetery.
A true centrepin is a fishing reel that runs on a plain bearing usually made from phosphor bronze or naval bronze and runs on a smooth close fit spindle. A screw comes through the centre of the spool front face and sits against the spindle end. To get the free running, the reel must be fished handles uppermost. A reel made with no screw or modern ball bearings is just a normal pin reel.
I have always had an interest in pin reels, and today I make my own versions or replicas of some of these famous reels. Yes, there are modern free running reels made on state-of-the-art computerised machines but if you like the joy of any pin reel angling, you cannot beat a well-made reel of yesteryear or a modern day replica. | 1,689 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Konstantin Alexandrovich Shilov was born in Bugulma in Russia in 1913 and, like millions of other Russians of his generation, he experienced great hardship during his childhood.
Throughout history, war has led to brutality and injustice.
At the same time, however, most armies have attempted to follow codes of civilised behaviour for the conduct of war, including for the treatment of prisoners of war (POWs). Generally accepted principles that POWs should be treated humanely were eventually put into international law by the Hague Convention (1907) and the 3rd Geneva Convention (1929) which were signed by most countries in the world.
However, these international laws were completely abandoned when Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union (USSR) in 1941.
For the Nazis this war was not a normal military conflict between two states but what they termed a ‘war of annihilation’. This reflected two key Nazi ideas. The first was anti-Communism. Hitler and other Nazi leaders believed that Communism was part of a Jewish conspiracy to destroy Germany (even though they also believed that capitalism was part of this conspiracy). This linked to the second idea: racism. The Nazis regarded the Russians and other peoples of the Soviet Union as subhumans who had no fundamental right to live. Germany therefore felt it had the right to seek Lebensraum (living space) by invading the Soviet Union and settling its land with Germans. The supposedly inferior peoples of the USSR would be enslaved, expelled or simply left to die.
These attitudes did not stop Hitler from agreeing to the Nazi-Soviet Pact in August 1939. As neither Germany nor the Soviet Union were ready for war against each other, Hitler and the Soviet leader Stalin promised not to fight each other and secretly arranged for the division of Poland between them. However, Hitler still intended to attack the USSR when the time was right and in late 1940 he decided that the invasion would begin in 1941. This decision was fully supported by the leadership of the Wehrmacht (German army). Many senior officers had opposed some of Hitler’s earlier military gambles, such as the invasion of France, but they shared his prejudices against the USSR.
In fact, Wehrmacht commanders were heavily involved in plans for genocide in the USSR. In the spring of 1941, the army, along with the Food Ministry, developed the so-called Hunger Plan which intended to let 20 to 30 million people in the USSR starve to death in order to provide food for Germany. The plan was never fully carried out because of Germany’s military failure but it played a major role in the treatment of POWs. The army leadership also issued the Commissar Order of 6th June 1941 which said that any political commissars (Communist propaganda officers) found amongst captured soldiers should be immediately shot. This was a clear breach of international law which reflected the belief of Hitler and his generals that the laws of war should not apply to the Soviet Red Army. The official reason was that the USSR had never signed the Geneva Convention; the real reason was that the Nazis regarded the lives of Soviet citizens as worthless.
The consequences of these attitudes were evident as soon as the invasion, codenamed Operation Barbarossa, began on 22nd June 1941. Within weeks the Germans had captured huge numbers of prisoners; tens of thousands of them were shot under the terms of the Commissar Order. As it was often difficult to tell who was a political commissar, the army agreed to let the Gestapo (the Nazi secret police) visit POW camps to find prisoners who were considered ‘politically and racially intolerable’. Suspected commissars, other Communists, Jews and intellectuals were taken by the Gestapo and killed. Many were shot near the POW camps but others were taken to concentration camps to be murdered, including 600 POWs who became the first people to be gassed in Auschwitz, in September 1941.
They were only a fraction of the total number of victims: by February 1942, 2 million Soviet soldiers (out of 3.3 million captured up to that point) had died. Many died in transit to POW camps, travelling hundreds of miles on foot or in open freight trains with hardly any food or water. Those who were unable to continue were shot. When they finally arrived, most of the ‘camps’ turned out to little more than fields surrounded by barbed wire, forcing the POWs to live in the open air or in holes in the ground with virtually no food; many ate grass and leaves in desperation. Even when barracks were built, they were hopelessly overcrowded.
The resulting starvation and disease produced staggering death rates. In the camp at De˛blin in Poland, for example, approximately 80% of the more than 100,000 prisoners died in the winter of 1941-42.
German policy changed at the end of 1941 but not for humanitarian reasons. The failure to defeat the USSR quickly meant that the war would be longer than expected so Germany needed more workers. It was decided to use surviving POWs as forced labour: their food rations were increased and they were sent to concentration camps and factories, where they were used as slaves. Despite the slightly better conditions, starvation and disease remained. Unsurprisingly, many POWs escaped and they played a leading role in partisan resistance against the Nazis in eastern Europe.
However, those who were recaptured were treated appallingly. For example, 4,500 officers who had previously escaped were taken to Mauthausen concentration camp in 1944 and left to starve.
It is estimated that 3.3 million Soviet prisoners of war lost their lives under the Nazis, out of 5.7 million who were captured (57.9 % compared to 3.6 % for British and American POWs). They were therefore the second largest group of victims (after Jews) of Nazi genocide. The suffering of those who survived did not end in 1945. Stalin regarded Red Army soldiers who were captured as traitors to the USSR, even though most of them had been caught because of his military blunders in the early months of the war. More than 200,000 former POWs were sent to Soviet concentration camps after the war where many died; the survivors were only released in the mid-1950s after Stalin’s death. Hundreds of thousands of other former POWs were used for forced labour. Even those who were supposedly not punished found themselves treated as second-class citizens, with restrictions on their work, housing and education.
Soviet prisoners of war thus became victims of two dictatorships.
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0.72606527805... | 1 | Konstantin Alexandrovich Shilov was born in Bugulma in Russia in 1913 and, like millions of other Russians of his generation, he experienced great hardship during his childhood.
Throughout history, war has led to brutality and injustice.
At the same time, however, most armies have attempted to follow codes of civilised behaviour for the conduct of war, including for the treatment of prisoners of war (POWs). Generally accepted principles that POWs should be treated humanely were eventually put into international law by the Hague Convention (1907) and the 3rd Geneva Convention (1929) which were signed by most countries in the world.
However, these international laws were completely abandoned when Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union (USSR) in 1941.
For the Nazis this war was not a normal military conflict between two states but what they termed a ‘war of annihilation’. This reflected two key Nazi ideas. The first was anti-Communism. Hitler and other Nazi leaders believed that Communism was part of a Jewish conspiracy to destroy Germany (even though they also believed that capitalism was part of this conspiracy). This linked to the second idea: racism. The Nazis regarded the Russians and other peoples of the Soviet Union as subhumans who had no fundamental right to live. Germany therefore felt it had the right to seek Lebensraum (living space) by invading the Soviet Union and settling its land with Germans. The supposedly inferior peoples of the USSR would be enslaved, expelled or simply left to die.
These attitudes did not stop Hitler from agreeing to the Nazi-Soviet Pact in August 1939. As neither Germany nor the Soviet Union were ready for war against each other, Hitler and the Soviet leader Stalin promised not to fight each other and secretly arranged for the division of Poland between them. However, Hitler still intended to attack the USSR when the time was right and in late 1940 he decided that the invasion would begin in 1941. This decision was fully supported by the leadership of the Wehrmacht (German army). Many senior officers had opposed some of Hitler’s earlier military gambles, such as the invasion of France, but they shared his prejudices against the USSR.
In fact, Wehrmacht commanders were heavily involved in plans for genocide in the USSR. In the spring of 1941, the army, along with the Food Ministry, developed the so-called Hunger Plan which intended to let 20 to 30 million people in the USSR starve to death in order to provide food for Germany. The plan was never fully carried out because of Germany’s military failure but it played a major role in the treatment of POWs. The army leadership also issued the Commissar Order of 6th June 1941 which said that any political commissars (Communist propaganda officers) found amongst captured soldiers should be immediately shot. This was a clear breach of international law which reflected the belief of Hitler and his generals that the laws of war should not apply to the Soviet Red Army. The official reason was that the USSR had never signed the Geneva Convention; the real reason was that the Nazis regarded the lives of Soviet citizens as worthless.
The consequences of these attitudes were evident as soon as the invasion, codenamed Operation Barbarossa, began on 22nd June 1941. Within weeks the Germans had captured huge numbers of prisoners; tens of thousands of them were shot under the terms of the Commissar Order. As it was often difficult to tell who was a political commissar, the army agreed to let the Gestapo (the Nazi secret police) visit POW camps to find prisoners who were considered ‘politically and racially intolerable’. Suspected commissars, other Communists, Jews and intellectuals were taken by the Gestapo and killed. Many were shot near the POW camps but others were taken to concentration camps to be murdered, including 600 POWs who became the first people to be gassed in Auschwitz, in September 1941.
They were only a fraction of the total number of victims: by February 1942, 2 million Soviet soldiers (out of 3.3 million captured up to that point) had died. Many died in transit to POW camps, travelling hundreds of miles on foot or in open freight trains with hardly any food or water. Those who were unable to continue were shot. When they finally arrived, most of the ‘camps’ turned out to little more than fields surrounded by barbed wire, forcing the POWs to live in the open air or in holes in the ground with virtually no food; many ate grass and leaves in desperation. Even when barracks were built, they were hopelessly overcrowded.
The resulting starvation and disease produced staggering death rates. In the camp at De˛blin in Poland, for example, approximately 80% of the more than 100,000 prisoners died in the winter of 1941-42.
German policy changed at the end of 1941 but not for humanitarian reasons. The failure to defeat the USSR quickly meant that the war would be longer than expected so Germany needed more workers. It was decided to use surviving POWs as forced labour: their food rations were increased and they were sent to concentration camps and factories, where they were used as slaves. Despite the slightly better conditions, starvation and disease remained. Unsurprisingly, many POWs escaped and they played a leading role in partisan resistance against the Nazis in eastern Europe.
However, those who were recaptured were treated appallingly. For example, 4,500 officers who had previously escaped were taken to Mauthausen concentration camp in 1944 and left to starve.
It is estimated that 3.3 million Soviet prisoners of war lost their lives under the Nazis, out of 5.7 million who were captured (57.9 % compared to 3.6 % for British and American POWs). They were therefore the second largest group of victims (after Jews) of Nazi genocide. The suffering of those who survived did not end in 1945. Stalin regarded Red Army soldiers who were captured as traitors to the USSR, even though most of them had been caught because of his military blunders in the early months of the war. More than 200,000 former POWs were sent to Soviet concentration camps after the war where many died; the survivors were only released in the mid-1950s after Stalin’s death. Hundreds of thousands of other former POWs were used for forced labour. Even those who were supposedly not punished found themselves treated as second-class citizens, with restrictions on their work, housing and education.
Soviet prisoners of war thus became victims of two dictatorships.
photo © National Archives and Records Administration, College Park. | 1,426 | ENGLISH | 1 |
common stock. common stock is the common stock of a corporation.
The most common type of stock is common stock. If you are a corporation and have only one class of stock, the account is entitled common stock or common stock. Common stock is the common stock of a corporation. Common stock is the common stock of a corporation that is owned by the owner of the company. It is also common stock if it is owned indirectly through a family or trust, such as a trust that owns a company.
Common stock is the highest of the three levels of corporate ownership. The highest level of ownership is, of course, the stockholders. The other two levels are common, which is the lowest level of ownership, and preferred, which is the second lowest level of ownership.
The highest level of corporate ownership is the stockholder level, and the preferred level is the stockholder level.
I’m not sure if this is the right word for it, but I’ll go with “equity.” In the stock market, we refer to “equity” as a company’s investment in itself, or its ownership in the company. A company’s equity is its total amount of ownership, as opposed to its number of shares.
For example, if the CEO of a company has only one class of stock, this is equity, as opposed to common. The CEO has an ownership stake of one share of the company. It’s called a one-share stock, as opposed to the common stock which is the total number of shares owned by the company. At this level of corporate ownership, the CEO does not have any voting rights over the company.
The common stock is the first level of ownership for the CEO of a corporation. However, this type of stock is usually not sold to the public, where the CEO has the right to vote on its management. The stock is more commonly traded through stock indexes, although it is not always listed on these. At this level of corporate ownership, the CEO of any company has the right to sell all or part of his stock to the public.
Common stock is the first level of ownership for the CEO of a corporation.
The corporation is entitled to an annual dividend of $10,000.00, while common stock is referred to as the “shareholder dividend.” This is not enough to make up for the fact that a corporation makes only one dividend every two years. In addition to the general annual dividend, the CFO of a company (often called “the CFO” in the United States) also has the right to buy the stock of another company.
This is a very simple list of the corporation’s stockholders, which are usually people who are not registered as CFOs. | <urn:uuid:60bbbc9d-1ded-4027-a117-d9b7f82e3816> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://entrepreneurshipsense.com/if-a-corporation-has-only-one-class-of-stock-the-account-is-entitled-common-stock-or/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475806.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302084508-20240302114508-00361.warc.gz | en | 0.983807 | 577 | 3.34375 | 3 | [
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-0.024333884939... | 1 | common stock. common stock is the common stock of a corporation.
The most common type of stock is common stock. If you are a corporation and have only one class of stock, the account is entitled common stock or common stock. Common stock is the common stock of a corporation. Common stock is the common stock of a corporation that is owned by the owner of the company. It is also common stock if it is owned indirectly through a family or trust, such as a trust that owns a company.
Common stock is the highest of the three levels of corporate ownership. The highest level of ownership is, of course, the stockholders. The other two levels are common, which is the lowest level of ownership, and preferred, which is the second lowest level of ownership.
The highest level of corporate ownership is the stockholder level, and the preferred level is the stockholder level.
I’m not sure if this is the right word for it, but I’ll go with “equity.” In the stock market, we refer to “equity” as a company’s investment in itself, or its ownership in the company. A company’s equity is its total amount of ownership, as opposed to its number of shares.
For example, if the CEO of a company has only one class of stock, this is equity, as opposed to common. The CEO has an ownership stake of one share of the company. It’s called a one-share stock, as opposed to the common stock which is the total number of shares owned by the company. At this level of corporate ownership, the CEO does not have any voting rights over the company.
The common stock is the first level of ownership for the CEO of a corporation. However, this type of stock is usually not sold to the public, where the CEO has the right to vote on its management. The stock is more commonly traded through stock indexes, although it is not always listed on these. At this level of corporate ownership, the CEO of any company has the right to sell all or part of his stock to the public.
Common stock is the first level of ownership for the CEO of a corporation.
The corporation is entitled to an annual dividend of $10,000.00, while common stock is referred to as the “shareholder dividend.” This is not enough to make up for the fact that a corporation makes only one dividend every two years. In addition to the general annual dividend, the CFO of a company (often called “the CFO” in the United States) also has the right to buy the stock of another company.
This is a very simple list of the corporation’s stockholders, which are usually people who are not registered as CFOs. | 546 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Through most of human history, opium circulated in very small quantities and was used primarily as a medicine. Anatolia was probably the region in which farmers first began to cultivate poppies as an important commercial crop, and the practice is thought to have spread outwards from there. The armies of Alexander the Great are believed to have carried opium into Iran, hence the derivation of the Persian and Arabic words for opium, “afyun,” from the Greek “opion.” The Perso-Arabic terms, in turn, engendered the word “afeem,” widely used across the Indian subcontinent, and Chinese terms “afyon” and “yapian.”
A useful analogy in thinking of the social history of opium is that of an opportunistic pathogen, one that goes through long periods of dormancy, affecting very small numbers of people. But when social processes and historical events provide the pathogen with an opportunity, it bursts out to rapidly expand its circulation. With opium this happened in several phases, over centuries, usually in connection with empires. The Mongol Empire, for instance, along with its successor states, played an important role in propagating opium in many parts of Asia in the 15th and 16th centuries. This came about because opium was adopted as a recreational drug by imperial courts and ruling elites; it was not used as an instrument of state policy. The pioneer in that regard was the Dutch East India Company, which made extensive use of opium in its quest for commercial and territorial expansion in Southeast Asia. Yet while the Dutch led the way in enmeshing opium with European colonialism, it was the British in India who perfected the model of the colonial narco-state, when they began to use opium to pay for their imports of Chinese tea, a commodity that produced enormous revenues for Britain in the colonies as well as the metropolis.
After Britain, the country that benefited the most from the China trade—and, therefore, the global traffic in opium—was none other than the United States. And in the United States, unlike in Britain, it is well-established that the beneficiaries included many of the preeminent families, institutions, and individuals in the land.
This is not to imply that fewer British subjects benefited from opium; quite the contrary. Since Britain was the prime mover behind the global drug traffic, its involvement with opium was obviously on a much larger scale than that of the United States. Not only was the British colonial apparatus in India overseeing the production and distribution of most of the world’s opium, but Britain was also home to the single largest, and richest, group of “private traders” involved in smuggling opium into China. It is possible that the pathways of the fortunes that British traders brought back could be tracked in the same way the circulation of the wealth derived from slavery has been charted in recent years. But the task would not be an easy one, because opium money seeped so deeply into 19th-century Britain that it essentially became invisible through its ubiquity. In any event, this exercise has not been undertaken, possibly because of its inherent difficulties, or because it would threaten cherished myths about Britain’s imperial past, or because there exists no domestic constituency to press for such an investigation, as was done for slavery.
On the other hand, even though the United States’ involvement with the 19th-century opium trade was on a far smaller scale than that of Britain, what became of the money that was brought back by American private traders has been tracked in considerable detail. The principal reason for this is probably that those funds had a much greater impact in the young, newly independent country, because its economy was tiny compared with Britain’s.
Such was the influence of the China trade on the United States that its place in American memory is very different from that in British or Indian memory. One sign of this is that while Britain possesses vast collections of Chinese objects, books, and artworks, it does not, so far as I know, have any museums devoted solely to the China trade: Its Chinese artifacts are mostly housed in institutions that are global in scope, such as the British Museum and the Victoria and Albert Museum. In America, by contrast, there exists a museum dedicated entirely to the China trade. Nor is this the only one; there are several others in which the China trade figures prominently, such as the impressive and well-funded Peabody Essex Museum in Salem, Mass.
Another measure of the impact of the China trade on the United States is the sheer number of American towns and cities named Canton: There are more than 30, twice as many as are named after London. Yet while there are many American Cantons, there is not a single Guangzhou or even Whampoa: Those names would perhaps have made China’s unseen presence within the country uncomfortably real. The word “Canton” thus served to create a very particular niche within American memory, one in which China was domesticated and anglicized and the disconcerting realities of the opium trade were rendered palatable.
Those realities have been the subject of several excellent studies, including John R. Haddad’s America’s First Adventure in China, Dael A. Norwood’s Trading Freedom, and Jacques M. Downs’s The Golden Ghetto: The American Commercial Community at Canton and the Shaping of American China Policy, 1784–1844. The last of these was the outcome of a lifetime’s work: Downs combed through the records of all the major traders, which together constitute an archive of monumental proportions, having been preserved by “New Englanders and Philadelphians—people who never discard anything, be it documents, clothes, broken furniture, or outworn institutions.” Yet, while massive in size, the archive does not necessarily provide a transparent window on the past: The traders were generally very careful to hide the real nature of their businesses, even warning their families back home not to make anything public of their letters. In some instances, the traders’ descendants selectively destroyed papers that mentioned the buying and selling of opium.
Opium did not, by any means, account for the entirety of the traders’ businesses, but their other ventures were entirely predicated on it. They used their earnings from the drug to fund their purchases of teas, porcelain, silk, artworks, and much else. Thus, for example, in a letter written shortly after Commissioner Lin Zexu shut down the opium trade in 1839, Robert Bennet Forbes, a young Yankee trader, explained that no other part of the foreign merchants’ business with China could function without it: “[T]he Opium trade being cut off there is no money… thus does the Opium Trade affect every one trading here and us too… we cannot get money to buy tea & so we do not get our commissions.”
Traders like Forbes and his brother John understood perfectly well, as Downs notes, that “the entire China trade, was based on the opium traffic.” It is essential to remember, therefore, that America’s China trade, as a legitimate commerce, existed for only about 20 years, from 1784 to 1804. When applied to later forms of the commerce, the expression “China trade” is nothing other than a polite euphemism, much like calling Pablo Escobar’s cocaine business the “Andean trade.”
The coupling of the United States and China is not a new phenomenon, as many American pundits seem to believe. As Norwood explains in Trading Freedom, this link has existed since the earliest days of the republic. In America, as in Britain, it was tea that created the initial connections. Americans too were enthusiastic drinkers of tea, which “had a special place in the new nation’s political imagination for its ties to the performance of gentility,” Norwood writes. But during the colonial period, Americans were expressly forbidden to trade with China, that being the exclusive prerogative of the East India Company. As a result, the tea that Americans drank had to be routed through Britain, which made it more expensive. The resentments generated by this exploded in 1773 with the Boston Tea Party, which helped light the fuse of the American War of Independence.
At the end of the war, in 1783, the new nation found itself independent but hemmed in. With nearby British colonies shut off from trade, China was one of the few worthwhile destinations open to American ships, a potential lifeline for the country’s merchants. “Send ships immediately to China,” John Adams told Congress in 1783. “This trade is as open to us, as to any nation.” Adams got his wish soon enough: The first American vessel to set off for China, a diminutive sloop by the name of the Harriet, hoisted sail the same year, within weeks of the departure of the British from New York. But the Harriet never reached China. Its cargo, which consisted mainly of ginseng roots, was acquired at an unusually high price by the captain of an East India Company ship at the Cape of Good Hope. This was probably done in the hope of dissuading the Americans from entering directly into the China trade—but the race was already on, and there was no stopping it.
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The Harriet was followed, two months later, by a much larger vessel, whose mission was announced by its name: the Empress of China. The supercargo (business agent) was Samuel Shaw, a veteran of the Revolutionary War who would later become an ardent advocate for expanding America’s trade relations with China.
Six months after its departure from New York, the Empress became the first American ship to drop anchor at Whampoa, the last deepwater anchorage on the Pearl River. As Jonathan Goldstein relays in his study of Philadelphia and the China trade, the Americans were warmly welcomed by Chinese merchants, and the Empress’s cargo, which consisted of rum, furs, and “the largest quantity of ginseng ever brought to the Chinese market,” was sold for good prices. On its way back, the ship’s holds were filled with tea, porcelain, and textiles; it also carried some Shanghai roosters, which on being cross-bred with American strains produced a variety—the “Bucks County chicken”—that soon became immensely popular in the United States. These imports earned the Empress’s owners $30,000, a solid 25 percent return on their investment. Word of the ship’s successful voyage spread quickly along the Eastern Seaboard, and soon merchants and shipowners from Boston, Salem, Providence, New York, and Baltimore were also outfitting vessels for the journey to China. Within a few years of the Empress of China’s voyage, dozens of American ships were visiting Guangzhou annually.
But American merchants quickly ran into the same problem as others had before them: They had to pay for Chinese tea with Spanish silver dollars, and there was little the Chinese wanted from them other than bullion. Ginseng was one commodity for which there was some demand in China, but the American product was considered inferior, and there was only so much of it that the market could absorb. What else? For a while the answer was furs and sealskins, and that was how two Massachusetts families—the Delanos and the Perkinses—were drawn into the China trade along with John Jacob Astor, America’s most prominent vendor of furs. However, despite their initial success in selling furs to the Chinese, they soon encountered an insurmountable challenge: There were only so many seals and sea otters that could be killed before their numbers dwindled to a point where it was no longer economical to hunt them. Sandalwood became the next solution, and several Pacific islands were ransacked until they were thoroughly depleted of sandalwood trees; then it was the turn of the humble sea cucumber (bêche-de-mer)—and so on. All the while, there hung before the Americans the solution that had been fashioned by the British in the late 18th century: opium, a commodity that, unlike ginseng, did not obey the dictates of the supposed laws of supply and demand.
Americans were at a disadvantage, however, because in the early years of the opium traffic, they were shut out of the East India Company’s auctions in Calcutta. But the success of the British drug-running operation induced American merchants to look for other sources of opium, and they found a good one in Izmir (Smyrna), which was the outlet for Turkey’s principal opium-growing region in the interior.
The pioneers in the Turkish drug trade were the brothers James Smith Wilcocks and Benjamin Chew Wilcocks, from a prominent Philadelphia family. The Wilcocks brothers traveled as supercargoes on the first American ship to carry Turkish opium, the Pennsylvania, in 1805. The ship disposed of its 50 chests of Izmir opium even before reaching China; the cargo was sold in Jakarta. The success of this pioneering effort created something of an “opium rush” among leading American merchants like John Jacob Astor of New York, Joseph Peabody of Salem, and Stephen Girard of Philadelphia. Girard was a self-made man who had come to America from France as a cabin boy and had eventually become an immensely wealthy enslaver, banker, and shipping magnate. After learning of the Turkish opium route, he wrote urgently to his agents in the Mediterranean: “I am very much in favor of investing heavily in opium.” When Girard died in 1831, he was the wealthiest man in America, and is still counted among the richest Americans of all time; the same is true of Astor.
Soon there were so many American merchants in Izmir that they were able to monopolize the shipping of Turkish opium to China. But the output of the Turkish industry was not large, and the opportunities in India were simply too great to be missed. So even as they were setting up the traffic in Turkish opium, some Americans also began eyeing the East India Company’s auctions in Bengal. In 1804, Charles Cabot, captain of a Boston-owned ship, declared, “I intend to purchase Opium at the Company’s sales & proceed to the eastward where I have no doubt of being first at market.”
Those early attempts to tap the Indian market foundered initially because of the disruptions caused first by the Napoleonic Wars and then by the British-American War of 1812. But after that war ended in 1815, Americans began to expand their dealings in opium at a rapid rate. John Jacob Astor even sent a ship into the Persian Gulf in an attempt at finding another source to supplement the supplies from Turkey. Astor’s speculations in opium in this period were large enough to send tremors down his rivals’ spines. “We know of no one but Astor we fear,” declared the Boston firm that then dominated the Turkish market.
By 1818, Americans were, by some estimates, smuggling as much as a third of all the opium consumed in China, thereby posing a major challenge to the East India Company’s domination of the market. Indeed, competition from Americans, and their Turkish opium, was one of the reasons that the company ramped up its production in Bihar soon after.
Meanwhile, India continued to be by far the greatest source of profits in the opium trade, and American merchants remained eager to expand their reach into the Indian traffic: The fact that they were shut out of it only whetted their appetites. And it was not as if the Americans did not hold some winning cards of their own. Marketing Turkish opium in China had put them in a good position to act as agents for Indian businessmen; they knew the ins and outs of the trade and had acquired extensive contacts within smuggling networks. They also had their own receiving ships at Lintin Island, on the Pearl River, where they could offer to store their partners’ drug consignments at lower rates than those of the big British smuggling networks. Moreover, their connections with the business worlds of Bombay and Calcutta went back a long way, to the years immediately following the formal recognition of American independence in 1783.
By the late 1780s, several New England merchants had started to work with Parsi and Gujarati brokers in Bombay, because they offered better rates and more reliable service than English agents. Bombay’s major export then was cotton, while the American products that found a market there were gin, rum, iron, and cordage. At that time, British regulations made it difficult for Americans to carry Indian goods to China, but the rules changed after 1815, and that was when New England merchants plunged headlong into the trafficking of Malwa opium.
Soon, several American merchants, mainly from Salem, were residing in Bombay, where their provisions and housing were taken care of by their Parsi partners. While the Americans did find partners among the great Parsi merchant clans like the Wadia, Dadiseth, and Readymoney families, most of the bigger companies were already spoken for by the British behemoths like Jardine Matheson & Co. and Dent & Co. Thus, it was often the smaller Parsi firms that were more eager to work with them. Among the Gujarati firms that partnered with Americans, the most important was Ahmedabad’s Hutheesing Khushalchand, one of the largest Malwa opium brokerages.
The indefatigable Benjamin Chew Wilcocks of Philadelphia was one of the pioneers in establishing American-Indian partnerships in opium. By 1824, Wilcocks was doing business to the tune of 100,000 silver dollars annually with Hormuzjee Dorabjee of Bombay, and this kept growing steadily until his retirement in 1827, when he passed his company to a relative, John R. Latimer, who further developed the firm’s connection with Parsi merchants, most notably the Cowasjee, Framjee, and Hormuzjee families.
Following close on the heels of the Philadelphia merchants were the big opium-trading clans of Boston—the Perkins, Sturgis, Russell, and Forbes families, who were all as intricately interrelated as the Mafia lineages of southern Italy. They called themselves “the Boston Concern,” and the eventual merger of their firms would make them the single biggest opium trading network in China. The wealth they gained from the opium trade would establish them as core members of the elite circle that Oliver Wendell Holmes called “the Boston Brahmins,” America’s closest equivalent to an aristocracy.
“Almost without exception,” writes Downs, “Americans involved in opium during the last quarter century of the old China trade went home with fortunes after only a few years in the trade.”
Who were these fortunate Americans? It is no accident that their names read like a litany of the Northeastern upper crust: Astor, Cabot, Peabody, Brown, Archer, Hathaway, Webster, Delano, Coolidge, Forbes, Russell, Perkins, Bryant, and so on. They were mostly from the more privileged ranks of white settler society, families of British origin that had long been settled in the Northeast. Many of them were educated in elite schools like the Boston Latin School, Milton Academy, Phillips Academy Andover, Phillips Exeter Academy, and so on, and many went to universities like Harvard, Yale, the University of Pennsylvania, and Brown (named after a prominent slave- and opium-trading family from Providence).
To belong to an upper-crust Northeastern family in the early 19th century was different from being a member of other white elites, such as those in Europe or even the American South. The Northeastern elite was not principally a landowning group but a largely professional and mercantile class, subject to the fluctuations of a young and erratic economy. Businesses failed so frequently that even the most well-connected families lived with a certain degree of precarity.
A case in point is the family of Washington Irving, the author of “Rip Van Winkle,” “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,” and other classic American stories. The writer and his brothers belonged to one of the most well-connected families of the Northeast, with a circle of friends whose surnames are now emblazoned on street signs across Manhattan and Brooklyn: Schermerhorn, Schuyler, Van Rensselaer, Livingston, and so on. Their family home was at 3 Bridge Street, a prize location in the heart of Lower Manhattan, and they also owned several country cottages between them. Yet it is clear from the family’s correspondence that the younger Irvings were constantly plagued by money worries. “I have a terrible load of debts on my shoulders,” complained Theodore Irving, one of the writer’s nephews, “which must be paid before I can breathe freely.”
It wasn’t Theodore, however, but his younger brother William—Will to his relatives—who was chosen to go to Guangzhou to restore the family’s fortunes. Washington Irving himself pulled strings to get his nephew a clerkship in the biggest American opium-trading firm in China, Russell & Co. Twenty-two-year-old Will set off for China in 1833 with another young man of the same age, Abiel Abbot Low, who was also on his way to Guangzhou to join Russell & Co. Abbot Low, as he was generally known to his friends, was from a Salem family that had recently resettled in Brooklyn. He and Will became good friends during the journey, and on reaching Guangzhou they bought a boat together and would often go sailing on the Pearl River.
At around the same time as Irving and Low, another young American, by the name of Warren Delano Jr., also joined Russell & Co. All three men started off as clerks in the firm’s offices in Guangzhou’s Foreign Enclave, where Will was known to everyone as “a nephew of Washington Irving.” But while Low and Delano prospered, William Irving was not able to make much headway and began to despair of his prospects in the firm. His family did what they could to encourage him.
“I don’t like your being in low spirits,” wrote his brother Theodore, “you must cheer up—consider the few years to come as a Purgatory leading to ease and opulence—for be your prospects what they may in the [firm], you can certainly lay up something by speculating…. I would join you there tomorrow if money could be made—for alack a-day this poverty is a dirty thing.”
But Will’s gloom continued unabated, prompting his brother to write, reassuringly: “I have no wish that you should amass great wealth, my hope is that you may pick up some 20 or 40 thousand dollars, and be able to return to your native country while yet young—I would not have you pass more than ten years away.”
Yet even as Will was complaining about his own career, he was also reporting back on the vast sums that other Americans were making in Guangzhou. “We may have been mistaken,” wrote his father, “in the expectations of your soon getting an interest in the [firm], but from all we can learn from the frequent changes in the partners we still think your prospects are good. You say that Mr Heard leaves this spring having amassed $150,000 in three years.”
Will seems to have come to the conclusion that his inability to rise in Russell & Co. was due to the fact that, unlike Abbot Low and Warren Delano Jr., he had no funds of his own to speculate on opium. So he wrote to his relatives to raise money for him, which they very obligingly did, creating a small family fund in which Washington Irving, who appears to have been surprisingly well-informed about opium dealings in Canton, also invested. “[Y]ou will have great opportunities of speculating,” wrote brother Theodore, “Uncle Washington has commissioned father to advance monies, to allow you to speculate.” Despite this, advancement still eluded William, and he continued to flounder. Perhaps he found drug-trading distasteful; or perhaps he had no head for business; or perhaps his failure to get ahead was due to the fact that unlike Delano and Low, both of whom were from Massachusetts families, he had no close relatives in the Boston firms that were Russell & Co.’s closest partners. As a last resort, the Irving family placed their hopes for Will’s future in the hands of another well-connected American, Joseph Coolidge.
A Yankee blueblood and Harvard graduate, Coolidge was married to Thomas Jefferson’s favorite granddaughter, Ellen Wayles Randolph; Jefferson himself presided over the wedding at Monticello. A few years before his marriage, Coolidge had gone on a grand tour of Europe and, while passing through Paris, had sought out Washington Irving, who was there at the time. The writer took a shine to the young man and introduced him to Lord Byron, who was then living in Ravenna.
It was probably through Washington Irving that Coolidge found his way into the opium trade. The writer seems to have done him another good turn by recommending him to the Boston Concern, possibly in the hope that Coolidge would help young Will with his career. But this was a big mistake: Although charming and well-read, Coolidge was actually a quarrelsome and unreliable fellow who in the course of his short career in Guangzhou managed to antagonize almost everyone who crossed his path. Far from advancing Will’s career, Coolidge actually ended it, by starting a nasty quarrel. What the dispute was about is not known, but it was so ugly that Will left Guangzhou immediately, without even picking up his trunk or collecting his washing. His belongings were later forwarded to him in Manila by Abbot Low, who also disposed of the last of the opium that Will had bought with the funds his family had sent him. But that too did not turn out well, because the sale was made at a loss.
Thus ended the ill-starred venture of William Irving, who returned to New York with very little to show for his pains. He was one of the rare Americans of his class who failed to make a fortune in Guangzhou.
William Irving’s career may have diverged from the usual pattern, but he was entirely typical of American opium traffickers of this period in that he was a less affluent member of a privileged class. Many of the Yankees who established the American connection with China were, similarly, from the more penurious branches of the families of rich merchants. Usually they were the nephews of wealthy or influential men, and their entry into the business came about through nepotism, in the exact sense. This was true, for instance, of Samuel Russell, the founder of Russell & Co.: He started off in Middletown, Conn., as a “half-orphaned” white boy with only an “ordinary schooling.” But he had uncles in Providence who did business with China, and it was they who initially sent him out to Guangzhou and helped him establish his company. He could not have built his fortune without his family connections. That he was believed to be a “self-made man” is a sign of how the expression often conceals many kinds of privilege.
To go out to China at this time meant being away from one’s home for years on end, so young men needed to be very hungry and highly motivated to make the journey. It is not surprising, then, that many of those who went were the poor relations of rich men, boys who had grown up in the orbit of wealth, chafing at their own straitened circumstances and longing for an opportunity to better their lot. But to be merely intelligent, ambitious, and white wasn’t enough: A certain kind of class privilege was essential. To succeed in Guangzhou, a young American needed an education, as well as family connections to secure for him not just a clerkship in a good firm but also access to capital, which usually came, as in Will Irving’s case, from relatives. A penniless white boy from the backwoods, no matter how intelligent, hardworking, or ambitious, would have stood very little chance of finding a place at Russell & Co., let alone a Jew or a Black man.
Youth was another attribute that many American China merchants had in common, and sometimes it worked to their advantage, as it did for John Perkins Cushing, an impoverished nephew of Thomas Handasyd Perkins, one of Boston’s wealthiest merchants. Thomas H. Perkins had himself made an early journey to Guangzhou, as a supercargo on his brother-in-law’s ship, the Astrea, and had come back convinced that the future of American business lay in China. In 1803, he sent a couple of representatives to Guangzhou to set up an office; one was a senior partner and the other was Perkins’s 16-year-old nephew, John Cushing. The older man fell ill and died soon after reaching Guangzhou, and the inexperienced teenage boy suddenly found himself alone, saddled with a huge responsibility. Fortunately for him, the wealthiest and most powerful member of the Cohong syndicate took him under his wing. This was the immensely wealthy Wu Bingjian, a man of great intelligence and foresight. At the time of his first meeting with John Cushing, Wu Bingjian was in his early 30s and had recently lost a 16-year-old son; it was perhaps this that caused him to look upon the boy’s plight with sympathy. In any event, John Cushing soon became “like a son” to Wu Bingjian, who guided the lad in setting up his business and gave him interest-free loans. With Wu Bingjian’s help, the once-penurious Yankee boy became a millionaire and, upon his return to Boston, was regarded as one of the most eligible bachelors in the land.
After Cushing’s departure from Guangzhou, his place at Russell & Co. was taken by another impecunious Perkins relative, John Murray Forbes. Along with his brother Robert Bennet Forbes, John Murray made a fortune in China and became a great American tycoon, leaving a legacy so lasting that the family name is still an icon of American capitalism.
John Forbes’s path to success was very much like that of his uncle, John Cushing. He too grew up in straitened circumstances, but in a family that had important commercial and educational connections: In addition to Thomas Handasyd Perkins, another of his uncles was the head of Phillips Exeter Academy. On arriving in Guangzhou in 1830 as a boy of 17, John Forbes was shoehorned into Russell & Co. by his family. Soon, he and his brother Robert were also on quasi-familial terms with Wu Bingjian (who was also known as Howqua) and his clan. Years later, John Forbes would write:
Howqua, who never did anything by halves, at once took me as Mr Cushing’s successor, and . . . gave me his entire confidence. All his foreign letters, some of which were of almost national importance, were handed to me to read, and to prepare such answers as he indicated . . . before I was eighteen years old it was not uncommon for him to order me to charter one or more entire ships at a time, and load them. The invoices were made out in my name, and the instructions as to sales and returns given just as if the shipments were my own property, and at one time I had as much as half a million dollars thus afloat.
The two Forbes brothers eventually became Wu Bingjian’s investment managers in the United States. Through them, the Wu clan invested hundreds of thousands of dollars in the mid-19th-century American economy. All of this was done on trust, without any written contracts, yet the families continued to honor their obligations to each other long after Wu Bingjian’s death in 1843.
Since opium was transported mainly by ship, it is not at all surprising that shipbuilding and carpentry became avenues through which many prominent families found their way into the trade. Among these, there was one that would become exceptionally renowned: the Delano clan. Originally of Flemish origin, the founder of the American branch of the family, Philippe de Lannoy (“Delano” is thought to be a contraction of the name), settled in New England in 1621, at age 19, residing initially with an uncle who had arrived the year before on the Mayflower. He participated in the massacre of the Pequot tribe and acquired large tracts of land in New England. One of his descendants, Samuel, a shipbuilder in Duxbury, Mass., was the father of shipwright and master mariner Amasa Delano, who traveled to, and resided in, Guangzhou several times in the course of an extraordinarily eventful life. He was also the author of a noted maritime memoir based on his three circumnavigations of the earth: A Narrative of Voyages and Travels in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere. It was in this memoir that Herman Melville found the materials for Benito Cereno: The incident on which the story is based occurred in 1805, when Amasa Delano came upon a drifting Spanish slave ship, the Tryal, while transporting sealskins from Chile to China. Delano was none other than the story’s real-life narrator.
It wasn’t Amasa, however, but a Delano from a collateral branch who forged the family’s connection with the opium trade: Warren Delano Jr., who arrived in Guangzhou the same year as Will Irving and quickly became the head of Russell & Co.’s offices in the city. He was joined there by his half-brother Edward, who also became a partner in the company. Together, the two Delano brothers held a majority stake in the biggest American opium-trading company for decades. Under Warren Delano Jr.’s leadership, Russell & Co. outdistanced every other American company in its opium holdings.
Through the first opium war (1839-42), Warren Delano Jr. remained in China, serving, for a part of the time, as the honorary consul of the United States in Guangzhou, a position he was well equipped to fill, not only because of his prominence as a merchant but also because he was sympathetic to the Chinese cause. In this, he was not alone: Many other Americans also disapproved of the British assault on China and privately wished that the Chinese were better able to resist. Warren Delano Jr. even helped the Chinese defense forces acquire their only Western ship, the Cambridge. He, along with other members of Russell & Co., also aided Wu Bingjian’s clan, warning them of attacks, tipping them off about when they needed to evacuate, and protecting them from incurring losses on their cargoes.
But the Delano brothers were also among those who benefited the most from the First Opium War, making windfall gains after the British withdrawal from Guangzhou. And even though Russell & Co. briefly abjured the opium trade at the insistence of Wu Bingjian, once the war was over they plunged right back into the drug-trafficking business. Like many of their fellow Americans, regardless of their private reservations, the Delano brothers were eager to take advantage of the conditions that the British had violently imposed on China. In the words of one such merchant: “[T]he opium trade is the branch of business which we should most encourage, it is by far the safest and most profitable.”
Nor did the Delanos, or any of their compatriots, doubt that in relation to China—and the non-West in general—Americans and Europeans, whatever their internal differences, needed to act as essentially a single bloc. Even though Westerners were perennially at war with one another, they were entirely in agreement on the necessity of maintaining white supremacy at all costs. The Chinese, for their part, understood very well the relationship between the two English-speaking countries and often referred to Americans as the “younger brothers” of the British.
In 1843, after returning to the United States as an immensely wealthy man, Warren Delano Jr. married Catherine Lyman, daughter of a distinguished Massachusetts family. The couple had many children, including a girl, Sara, whose only son, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, became the 32nd president of the United States. Through his brothers and his children, Warren Delano Jr. was also related to the Astors and many of America’s other most prominent families, including that of President Calvin Coolidge.
In 1857, Warren Delano Jr. lost much of his wealth in a financial panic—so, like many other American speculators before him, he returned to the opium trade and quickly rebuilt his fortune. It was at his palatial estate, Algonac, in New York, that Franklin D. Roosevelt’s parents were married.
The story of the American involvement with the 19th-century opium trade is well researched and extensively documented. Yet, even though dozens of books and articles have been published on this subject, it remains largely unknown to the overwhelming majority of Americans, who still tend to associate drug trading with foreigners while continuing to believe that the foundations of American industry were built by exemplars of Puritan virtue. Therein lies the importance of this story: If the role that privileged, upper-class white Americans played in the history of the opium trade were better known, it would surely be more difficult, if not impossible, to impose xenophobic, anti-immigrant framings on issues concerning narcotics, as is still so often done in the United States.
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0.372206568717... | 1 | Through most of human history, opium circulated in very small quantities and was used primarily as a medicine. Anatolia was probably the region in which farmers first began to cultivate poppies as an important commercial crop, and the practice is thought to have spread outwards from there. The armies of Alexander the Great are believed to have carried opium into Iran, hence the derivation of the Persian and Arabic words for opium, “afyun,” from the Greek “opion.” The Perso-Arabic terms, in turn, engendered the word “afeem,” widely used across the Indian subcontinent, and Chinese terms “afyon” and “yapian.”
A useful analogy in thinking of the social history of opium is that of an opportunistic pathogen, one that goes through long periods of dormancy, affecting very small numbers of people. But when social processes and historical events provide the pathogen with an opportunity, it bursts out to rapidly expand its circulation. With opium this happened in several phases, over centuries, usually in connection with empires. The Mongol Empire, for instance, along with its successor states, played an important role in propagating opium in many parts of Asia in the 15th and 16th centuries. This came about because opium was adopted as a recreational drug by imperial courts and ruling elites; it was not used as an instrument of state policy. The pioneer in that regard was the Dutch East India Company, which made extensive use of opium in its quest for commercial and territorial expansion in Southeast Asia. Yet while the Dutch led the way in enmeshing opium with European colonialism, it was the British in India who perfected the model of the colonial narco-state, when they began to use opium to pay for their imports of Chinese tea, a commodity that produced enormous revenues for Britain in the colonies as well as the metropolis.
After Britain, the country that benefited the most from the China trade—and, therefore, the global traffic in opium—was none other than the United States. And in the United States, unlike in Britain, it is well-established that the beneficiaries included many of the preeminent families, institutions, and individuals in the land.
This is not to imply that fewer British subjects benefited from opium; quite the contrary. Since Britain was the prime mover behind the global drug traffic, its involvement with opium was obviously on a much larger scale than that of the United States. Not only was the British colonial apparatus in India overseeing the production and distribution of most of the world’s opium, but Britain was also home to the single largest, and richest, group of “private traders” involved in smuggling opium into China. It is possible that the pathways of the fortunes that British traders brought back could be tracked in the same way the circulation of the wealth derived from slavery has been charted in recent years. But the task would not be an easy one, because opium money seeped so deeply into 19th-century Britain that it essentially became invisible through its ubiquity. In any event, this exercise has not been undertaken, possibly because of its inherent difficulties, or because it would threaten cherished myths about Britain’s imperial past, or because there exists no domestic constituency to press for such an investigation, as was done for slavery.
On the other hand, even though the United States’ involvement with the 19th-century opium trade was on a far smaller scale than that of Britain, what became of the money that was brought back by American private traders has been tracked in considerable detail. The principal reason for this is probably that those funds had a much greater impact in the young, newly independent country, because its economy was tiny compared with Britain’s.
Such was the influence of the China trade on the United States that its place in American memory is very different from that in British or Indian memory. One sign of this is that while Britain possesses vast collections of Chinese objects, books, and artworks, it does not, so far as I know, have any museums devoted solely to the China trade: Its Chinese artifacts are mostly housed in institutions that are global in scope, such as the British Museum and the Victoria and Albert Museum. In America, by contrast, there exists a museum dedicated entirely to the China trade. Nor is this the only one; there are several others in which the China trade figures prominently, such as the impressive and well-funded Peabody Essex Museum in Salem, Mass.
Another measure of the impact of the China trade on the United States is the sheer number of American towns and cities named Canton: There are more than 30, twice as many as are named after London. Yet while there are many American Cantons, there is not a single Guangzhou or even Whampoa: Those names would perhaps have made China’s unseen presence within the country uncomfortably real. The word “Canton” thus served to create a very particular niche within American memory, one in which China was domesticated and anglicized and the disconcerting realities of the opium trade were rendered palatable.
Those realities have been the subject of several excellent studies, including John R. Haddad’s America’s First Adventure in China, Dael A. Norwood’s Trading Freedom, and Jacques M. Downs’s The Golden Ghetto: The American Commercial Community at Canton and the Shaping of American China Policy, 1784–1844. The last of these was the outcome of a lifetime’s work: Downs combed through the records of all the major traders, which together constitute an archive of monumental proportions, having been preserved by “New Englanders and Philadelphians—people who never discard anything, be it documents, clothes, broken furniture, or outworn institutions.” Yet, while massive in size, the archive does not necessarily provide a transparent window on the past: The traders were generally very careful to hide the real nature of their businesses, even warning their families back home not to make anything public of their letters. In some instances, the traders’ descendants selectively destroyed papers that mentioned the buying and selling of opium.
Opium did not, by any means, account for the entirety of the traders’ businesses, but their other ventures were entirely predicated on it. They used their earnings from the drug to fund their purchases of teas, porcelain, silk, artworks, and much else. Thus, for example, in a letter written shortly after Commissioner Lin Zexu shut down the opium trade in 1839, Robert Bennet Forbes, a young Yankee trader, explained that no other part of the foreign merchants’ business with China could function without it: “[T]he Opium trade being cut off there is no money… thus does the Opium Trade affect every one trading here and us too… we cannot get money to buy tea & so we do not get our commissions.”
Traders like Forbes and his brother John understood perfectly well, as Downs notes, that “the entire China trade, was based on the opium traffic.” It is essential to remember, therefore, that America’s China trade, as a legitimate commerce, existed for only about 20 years, from 1784 to 1804. When applied to later forms of the commerce, the expression “China trade” is nothing other than a polite euphemism, much like calling Pablo Escobar’s cocaine business the “Andean trade.”
The coupling of the United States and China is not a new phenomenon, as many American pundits seem to believe. As Norwood explains in Trading Freedom, this link has existed since the earliest days of the republic. In America, as in Britain, it was tea that created the initial connections. Americans too were enthusiastic drinkers of tea, which “had a special place in the new nation’s political imagination for its ties to the performance of gentility,” Norwood writes. But during the colonial period, Americans were expressly forbidden to trade with China, that being the exclusive prerogative of the East India Company. As a result, the tea that Americans drank had to be routed through Britain, which made it more expensive. The resentments generated by this exploded in 1773 with the Boston Tea Party, which helped light the fuse of the American War of Independence.
At the end of the war, in 1783, the new nation found itself independent but hemmed in. With nearby British colonies shut off from trade, China was one of the few worthwhile destinations open to American ships, a potential lifeline for the country’s merchants. “Send ships immediately to China,” John Adams told Congress in 1783. “This trade is as open to us, as to any nation.” Adams got his wish soon enough: The first American vessel to set off for China, a diminutive sloop by the name of the Harriet, hoisted sail the same year, within weeks of the departure of the British from New York. But the Harriet never reached China. Its cargo, which consisted mainly of ginseng roots, was acquired at an unusually high price by the captain of an East India Company ship at the Cape of Good Hope. This was probably done in the hope of dissuading the Americans from entering directly into the China trade—but the race was already on, and there was no stopping it.
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The Harriet was followed, two months later, by a much larger vessel, whose mission was announced by its name: the Empress of China. The supercargo (business agent) was Samuel Shaw, a veteran of the Revolutionary War who would later become an ardent advocate for expanding America’s trade relations with China.
Six months after its departure from New York, the Empress became the first American ship to drop anchor at Whampoa, the last deepwater anchorage on the Pearl River. As Jonathan Goldstein relays in his study of Philadelphia and the China trade, the Americans were warmly welcomed by Chinese merchants, and the Empress’s cargo, which consisted of rum, furs, and “the largest quantity of ginseng ever brought to the Chinese market,” was sold for good prices. On its way back, the ship’s holds were filled with tea, porcelain, and textiles; it also carried some Shanghai roosters, which on being cross-bred with American strains produced a variety—the “Bucks County chicken”—that soon became immensely popular in the United States. These imports earned the Empress’s owners $30,000, a solid 25 percent return on their investment. Word of the ship’s successful voyage spread quickly along the Eastern Seaboard, and soon merchants and shipowners from Boston, Salem, Providence, New York, and Baltimore were also outfitting vessels for the journey to China. Within a few years of the Empress of China’s voyage, dozens of American ships were visiting Guangzhou annually.
But American merchants quickly ran into the same problem as others had before them: They had to pay for Chinese tea with Spanish silver dollars, and there was little the Chinese wanted from them other than bullion. Ginseng was one commodity for which there was some demand in China, but the American product was considered inferior, and there was only so much of it that the market could absorb. What else? For a while the answer was furs and sealskins, and that was how two Massachusetts families—the Delanos and the Perkinses—were drawn into the China trade along with John Jacob Astor, America’s most prominent vendor of furs. However, despite their initial success in selling furs to the Chinese, they soon encountered an insurmountable challenge: There were only so many seals and sea otters that could be killed before their numbers dwindled to a point where it was no longer economical to hunt them. Sandalwood became the next solution, and several Pacific islands were ransacked until they were thoroughly depleted of sandalwood trees; then it was the turn of the humble sea cucumber (bêche-de-mer)—and so on. All the while, there hung before the Americans the solution that had been fashioned by the British in the late 18th century: opium, a commodity that, unlike ginseng, did not obey the dictates of the supposed laws of supply and demand.
Americans were at a disadvantage, however, because in the early years of the opium traffic, they were shut out of the East India Company’s auctions in Calcutta. But the success of the British drug-running operation induced American merchants to look for other sources of opium, and they found a good one in Izmir (Smyrna), which was the outlet for Turkey’s principal opium-growing region in the interior.
The pioneers in the Turkish drug trade were the brothers James Smith Wilcocks and Benjamin Chew Wilcocks, from a prominent Philadelphia family. The Wilcocks brothers traveled as supercargoes on the first American ship to carry Turkish opium, the Pennsylvania, in 1805. The ship disposed of its 50 chests of Izmir opium even before reaching China; the cargo was sold in Jakarta. The success of this pioneering effort created something of an “opium rush” among leading American merchants like John Jacob Astor of New York, Joseph Peabody of Salem, and Stephen Girard of Philadelphia. Girard was a self-made man who had come to America from France as a cabin boy and had eventually become an immensely wealthy enslaver, banker, and shipping magnate. After learning of the Turkish opium route, he wrote urgently to his agents in the Mediterranean: “I am very much in favor of investing heavily in opium.” When Girard died in 1831, he was the wealthiest man in America, and is still counted among the richest Americans of all time; the same is true of Astor.
Soon there were so many American merchants in Izmir that they were able to monopolize the shipping of Turkish opium to China. But the output of the Turkish industry was not large, and the opportunities in India were simply too great to be missed. So even as they were setting up the traffic in Turkish opium, some Americans also began eyeing the East India Company’s auctions in Bengal. In 1804, Charles Cabot, captain of a Boston-owned ship, declared, “I intend to purchase Opium at the Company’s sales & proceed to the eastward where I have no doubt of being first at market.”
Those early attempts to tap the Indian market foundered initially because of the disruptions caused first by the Napoleonic Wars and then by the British-American War of 1812. But after that war ended in 1815, Americans began to expand their dealings in opium at a rapid rate. John Jacob Astor even sent a ship into the Persian Gulf in an attempt at finding another source to supplement the supplies from Turkey. Astor’s speculations in opium in this period were large enough to send tremors down his rivals’ spines. “We know of no one but Astor we fear,” declared the Boston firm that then dominated the Turkish market.
By 1818, Americans were, by some estimates, smuggling as much as a third of all the opium consumed in China, thereby posing a major challenge to the East India Company’s domination of the market. Indeed, competition from Americans, and their Turkish opium, was one of the reasons that the company ramped up its production in Bihar soon after.
Meanwhile, India continued to be by far the greatest source of profits in the opium trade, and American merchants remained eager to expand their reach into the Indian traffic: The fact that they were shut out of it only whetted their appetites. And it was not as if the Americans did not hold some winning cards of their own. Marketing Turkish opium in China had put them in a good position to act as agents for Indian businessmen; they knew the ins and outs of the trade and had acquired extensive contacts within smuggling networks. They also had their own receiving ships at Lintin Island, on the Pearl River, where they could offer to store their partners’ drug consignments at lower rates than those of the big British smuggling networks. Moreover, their connections with the business worlds of Bombay and Calcutta went back a long way, to the years immediately following the formal recognition of American independence in 1783.
By the late 1780s, several New England merchants had started to work with Parsi and Gujarati brokers in Bombay, because they offered better rates and more reliable service than English agents. Bombay’s major export then was cotton, while the American products that found a market there were gin, rum, iron, and cordage. At that time, British regulations made it difficult for Americans to carry Indian goods to China, but the rules changed after 1815, and that was when New England merchants plunged headlong into the trafficking of Malwa opium.
Soon, several American merchants, mainly from Salem, were residing in Bombay, where their provisions and housing were taken care of by their Parsi partners. While the Americans did find partners among the great Parsi merchant clans like the Wadia, Dadiseth, and Readymoney families, most of the bigger companies were already spoken for by the British behemoths like Jardine Matheson & Co. and Dent & Co. Thus, it was often the smaller Parsi firms that were more eager to work with them. Among the Gujarati firms that partnered with Americans, the most important was Ahmedabad’s Hutheesing Khushalchand, one of the largest Malwa opium brokerages.
The indefatigable Benjamin Chew Wilcocks of Philadelphia was one of the pioneers in establishing American-Indian partnerships in opium. By 1824, Wilcocks was doing business to the tune of 100,000 silver dollars annually with Hormuzjee Dorabjee of Bombay, and this kept growing steadily until his retirement in 1827, when he passed his company to a relative, John R. Latimer, who further developed the firm’s connection with Parsi merchants, most notably the Cowasjee, Framjee, and Hormuzjee families.
Following close on the heels of the Philadelphia merchants were the big opium-trading clans of Boston—the Perkins, Sturgis, Russell, and Forbes families, who were all as intricately interrelated as the Mafia lineages of southern Italy. They called themselves “the Boston Concern,” and the eventual merger of their firms would make them the single biggest opium trading network in China. The wealth they gained from the opium trade would establish them as core members of the elite circle that Oliver Wendell Holmes called “the Boston Brahmins,” America’s closest equivalent to an aristocracy.
“Almost without exception,” writes Downs, “Americans involved in opium during the last quarter century of the old China trade went home with fortunes after only a few years in the trade.”
Who were these fortunate Americans? It is no accident that their names read like a litany of the Northeastern upper crust: Astor, Cabot, Peabody, Brown, Archer, Hathaway, Webster, Delano, Coolidge, Forbes, Russell, Perkins, Bryant, and so on. They were mostly from the more privileged ranks of white settler society, families of British origin that had long been settled in the Northeast. Many of them were educated in elite schools like the Boston Latin School, Milton Academy, Phillips Academy Andover, Phillips Exeter Academy, and so on, and many went to universities like Harvard, Yale, the University of Pennsylvania, and Brown (named after a prominent slave- and opium-trading family from Providence).
To belong to an upper-crust Northeastern family in the early 19th century was different from being a member of other white elites, such as those in Europe or even the American South. The Northeastern elite was not principally a landowning group but a largely professional and mercantile class, subject to the fluctuations of a young and erratic economy. Businesses failed so frequently that even the most well-connected families lived with a certain degree of precarity.
A case in point is the family of Washington Irving, the author of “Rip Van Winkle,” “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,” and other classic American stories. The writer and his brothers belonged to one of the most well-connected families of the Northeast, with a circle of friends whose surnames are now emblazoned on street signs across Manhattan and Brooklyn: Schermerhorn, Schuyler, Van Rensselaer, Livingston, and so on. Their family home was at 3 Bridge Street, a prize location in the heart of Lower Manhattan, and they also owned several country cottages between them. Yet it is clear from the family’s correspondence that the younger Irvings were constantly plagued by money worries. “I have a terrible load of debts on my shoulders,” complained Theodore Irving, one of the writer’s nephews, “which must be paid before I can breathe freely.”
It wasn’t Theodore, however, but his younger brother William—Will to his relatives—who was chosen to go to Guangzhou to restore the family’s fortunes. Washington Irving himself pulled strings to get his nephew a clerkship in the biggest American opium-trading firm in China, Russell & Co. Twenty-two-year-old Will set off for China in 1833 with another young man of the same age, Abiel Abbot Low, who was also on his way to Guangzhou to join Russell & Co. Abbot Low, as he was generally known to his friends, was from a Salem family that had recently resettled in Brooklyn. He and Will became good friends during the journey, and on reaching Guangzhou they bought a boat together and would often go sailing on the Pearl River.
At around the same time as Irving and Low, another young American, by the name of Warren Delano Jr., also joined Russell & Co. All three men started off as clerks in the firm’s offices in Guangzhou’s Foreign Enclave, where Will was known to everyone as “a nephew of Washington Irving.” But while Low and Delano prospered, William Irving was not able to make much headway and began to despair of his prospects in the firm. His family did what they could to encourage him.
“I don’t like your being in low spirits,” wrote his brother Theodore, “you must cheer up—consider the few years to come as a Purgatory leading to ease and opulence—for be your prospects what they may in the [firm], you can certainly lay up something by speculating…. I would join you there tomorrow if money could be made—for alack a-day this poverty is a dirty thing.”
But Will’s gloom continued unabated, prompting his brother to write, reassuringly: “I have no wish that you should amass great wealth, my hope is that you may pick up some 20 or 40 thousand dollars, and be able to return to your native country while yet young—I would not have you pass more than ten years away.”
Yet even as Will was complaining about his own career, he was also reporting back on the vast sums that other Americans were making in Guangzhou. “We may have been mistaken,” wrote his father, “in the expectations of your soon getting an interest in the [firm], but from all we can learn from the frequent changes in the partners we still think your prospects are good. You say that Mr Heard leaves this spring having amassed $150,000 in three years.”
Will seems to have come to the conclusion that his inability to rise in Russell & Co. was due to the fact that, unlike Abbot Low and Warren Delano Jr., he had no funds of his own to speculate on opium. So he wrote to his relatives to raise money for him, which they very obligingly did, creating a small family fund in which Washington Irving, who appears to have been surprisingly well-informed about opium dealings in Canton, also invested. “[Y]ou will have great opportunities of speculating,” wrote brother Theodore, “Uncle Washington has commissioned father to advance monies, to allow you to speculate.” Despite this, advancement still eluded William, and he continued to flounder. Perhaps he found drug-trading distasteful; or perhaps he had no head for business; or perhaps his failure to get ahead was due to the fact that unlike Delano and Low, both of whom were from Massachusetts families, he had no close relatives in the Boston firms that were Russell & Co.’s closest partners. As a last resort, the Irving family placed their hopes for Will’s future in the hands of another well-connected American, Joseph Coolidge.
A Yankee blueblood and Harvard graduate, Coolidge was married to Thomas Jefferson’s favorite granddaughter, Ellen Wayles Randolph; Jefferson himself presided over the wedding at Monticello. A few years before his marriage, Coolidge had gone on a grand tour of Europe and, while passing through Paris, had sought out Washington Irving, who was there at the time. The writer took a shine to the young man and introduced him to Lord Byron, who was then living in Ravenna.
It was probably through Washington Irving that Coolidge found his way into the opium trade. The writer seems to have done him another good turn by recommending him to the Boston Concern, possibly in the hope that Coolidge would help young Will with his career. But this was a big mistake: Although charming and well-read, Coolidge was actually a quarrelsome and unreliable fellow who in the course of his short career in Guangzhou managed to antagonize almost everyone who crossed his path. Far from advancing Will’s career, Coolidge actually ended it, by starting a nasty quarrel. What the dispute was about is not known, but it was so ugly that Will left Guangzhou immediately, without even picking up his trunk or collecting his washing. His belongings were later forwarded to him in Manila by Abbot Low, who also disposed of the last of the opium that Will had bought with the funds his family had sent him. But that too did not turn out well, because the sale was made at a loss.
Thus ended the ill-starred venture of William Irving, who returned to New York with very little to show for his pains. He was one of the rare Americans of his class who failed to make a fortune in Guangzhou.
William Irving’s career may have diverged from the usual pattern, but he was entirely typical of American opium traffickers of this period in that he was a less affluent member of a privileged class. Many of the Yankees who established the American connection with China were, similarly, from the more penurious branches of the families of rich merchants. Usually they were the nephews of wealthy or influential men, and their entry into the business came about through nepotism, in the exact sense. This was true, for instance, of Samuel Russell, the founder of Russell & Co.: He started off in Middletown, Conn., as a “half-orphaned” white boy with only an “ordinary schooling.” But he had uncles in Providence who did business with China, and it was they who initially sent him out to Guangzhou and helped him establish his company. He could not have built his fortune without his family connections. That he was believed to be a “self-made man” is a sign of how the expression often conceals many kinds of privilege.
To go out to China at this time meant being away from one’s home for years on end, so young men needed to be very hungry and highly motivated to make the journey. It is not surprising, then, that many of those who went were the poor relations of rich men, boys who had grown up in the orbit of wealth, chafing at their own straitened circumstances and longing for an opportunity to better their lot. But to be merely intelligent, ambitious, and white wasn’t enough: A certain kind of class privilege was essential. To succeed in Guangzhou, a young American needed an education, as well as family connections to secure for him not just a clerkship in a good firm but also access to capital, which usually came, as in Will Irving’s case, from relatives. A penniless white boy from the backwoods, no matter how intelligent, hardworking, or ambitious, would have stood very little chance of finding a place at Russell & Co., let alone a Jew or a Black man.
Youth was another attribute that many American China merchants had in common, and sometimes it worked to their advantage, as it did for John Perkins Cushing, an impoverished nephew of Thomas Handasyd Perkins, one of Boston’s wealthiest merchants. Thomas H. Perkins had himself made an early journey to Guangzhou, as a supercargo on his brother-in-law’s ship, the Astrea, and had come back convinced that the future of American business lay in China. In 1803, he sent a couple of representatives to Guangzhou to set up an office; one was a senior partner and the other was Perkins’s 16-year-old nephew, John Cushing. The older man fell ill and died soon after reaching Guangzhou, and the inexperienced teenage boy suddenly found himself alone, saddled with a huge responsibility. Fortunately for him, the wealthiest and most powerful member of the Cohong syndicate took him under his wing. This was the immensely wealthy Wu Bingjian, a man of great intelligence and foresight. At the time of his first meeting with John Cushing, Wu Bingjian was in his early 30s and had recently lost a 16-year-old son; it was perhaps this that caused him to look upon the boy’s plight with sympathy. In any event, John Cushing soon became “like a son” to Wu Bingjian, who guided the lad in setting up his business and gave him interest-free loans. With Wu Bingjian’s help, the once-penurious Yankee boy became a millionaire and, upon his return to Boston, was regarded as one of the most eligible bachelors in the land.
After Cushing’s departure from Guangzhou, his place at Russell & Co. was taken by another impecunious Perkins relative, John Murray Forbes. Along with his brother Robert Bennet Forbes, John Murray made a fortune in China and became a great American tycoon, leaving a legacy so lasting that the family name is still an icon of American capitalism.
John Forbes’s path to success was very much like that of his uncle, John Cushing. He too grew up in straitened circumstances, but in a family that had important commercial and educational connections: In addition to Thomas Handasyd Perkins, another of his uncles was the head of Phillips Exeter Academy. On arriving in Guangzhou in 1830 as a boy of 17, John Forbes was shoehorned into Russell & Co. by his family. Soon, he and his brother Robert were also on quasi-familial terms with Wu Bingjian (who was also known as Howqua) and his clan. Years later, John Forbes would write:
Howqua, who never did anything by halves, at once took me as Mr Cushing’s successor, and . . . gave me his entire confidence. All his foreign letters, some of which were of almost national importance, were handed to me to read, and to prepare such answers as he indicated . . . before I was eighteen years old it was not uncommon for him to order me to charter one or more entire ships at a time, and load them. The invoices were made out in my name, and the instructions as to sales and returns given just as if the shipments were my own property, and at one time I had as much as half a million dollars thus afloat.
The two Forbes brothers eventually became Wu Bingjian’s investment managers in the United States. Through them, the Wu clan invested hundreds of thousands of dollars in the mid-19th-century American economy. All of this was done on trust, without any written contracts, yet the families continued to honor their obligations to each other long after Wu Bingjian’s death in 1843.
Since opium was transported mainly by ship, it is not at all surprising that shipbuilding and carpentry became avenues through which many prominent families found their way into the trade. Among these, there was one that would become exceptionally renowned: the Delano clan. Originally of Flemish origin, the founder of the American branch of the family, Philippe de Lannoy (“Delano” is thought to be a contraction of the name), settled in New England in 1621, at age 19, residing initially with an uncle who had arrived the year before on the Mayflower. He participated in the massacre of the Pequot tribe and acquired large tracts of land in New England. One of his descendants, Samuel, a shipbuilder in Duxbury, Mass., was the father of shipwright and master mariner Amasa Delano, who traveled to, and resided in, Guangzhou several times in the course of an extraordinarily eventful life. He was also the author of a noted maritime memoir based on his three circumnavigations of the earth: A Narrative of Voyages and Travels in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere. It was in this memoir that Herman Melville found the materials for Benito Cereno: The incident on which the story is based occurred in 1805, when Amasa Delano came upon a drifting Spanish slave ship, the Tryal, while transporting sealskins from Chile to China. Delano was none other than the story’s real-life narrator.
It wasn’t Amasa, however, but a Delano from a collateral branch who forged the family’s connection with the opium trade: Warren Delano Jr., who arrived in Guangzhou the same year as Will Irving and quickly became the head of Russell & Co.’s offices in the city. He was joined there by his half-brother Edward, who also became a partner in the company. Together, the two Delano brothers held a majority stake in the biggest American opium-trading company for decades. Under Warren Delano Jr.’s leadership, Russell & Co. outdistanced every other American company in its opium holdings.
Through the first opium war (1839-42), Warren Delano Jr. remained in China, serving, for a part of the time, as the honorary consul of the United States in Guangzhou, a position he was well equipped to fill, not only because of his prominence as a merchant but also because he was sympathetic to the Chinese cause. In this, he was not alone: Many other Americans also disapproved of the British assault on China and privately wished that the Chinese were better able to resist. Warren Delano Jr. even helped the Chinese defense forces acquire their only Western ship, the Cambridge. He, along with other members of Russell & Co., also aided Wu Bingjian’s clan, warning them of attacks, tipping them off about when they needed to evacuate, and protecting them from incurring losses on their cargoes.
But the Delano brothers were also among those who benefited the most from the First Opium War, making windfall gains after the British withdrawal from Guangzhou. And even though Russell & Co. briefly abjured the opium trade at the insistence of Wu Bingjian, once the war was over they plunged right back into the drug-trafficking business. Like many of their fellow Americans, regardless of their private reservations, the Delano brothers were eager to take advantage of the conditions that the British had violently imposed on China. In the words of one such merchant: “[T]he opium trade is the branch of business which we should most encourage, it is by far the safest and most profitable.”
Nor did the Delanos, or any of their compatriots, doubt that in relation to China—and the non-West in general—Americans and Europeans, whatever their internal differences, needed to act as essentially a single bloc. Even though Westerners were perennially at war with one another, they were entirely in agreement on the necessity of maintaining white supremacy at all costs. The Chinese, for their part, understood very well the relationship between the two English-speaking countries and often referred to Americans as the “younger brothers” of the British.
In 1843, after returning to the United States as an immensely wealthy man, Warren Delano Jr. married Catherine Lyman, daughter of a distinguished Massachusetts family. The couple had many children, including a girl, Sara, whose only son, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, became the 32nd president of the United States. Through his brothers and his children, Warren Delano Jr. was also related to the Astors and many of America’s other most prominent families, including that of President Calvin Coolidge.
In 1857, Warren Delano Jr. lost much of his wealth in a financial panic—so, like many other American speculators before him, he returned to the opium trade and quickly rebuilt his fortune. It was at his palatial estate, Algonac, in New York, that Franklin D. Roosevelt’s parents were married.
The story of the American involvement with the 19th-century opium trade is well researched and extensively documented. Yet, even though dozens of books and articles have been published on this subject, it remains largely unknown to the overwhelming majority of Americans, who still tend to associate drug trading with foreigners while continuing to believe that the foundations of American industry were built by exemplars of Puritan virtue. Therein lies the importance of this story: If the role that privileged, upper-class white Americans played in the history of the opium trade were better known, it would surely be more difficult, if not impossible, to impose xenophobic, anti-immigrant framings on issues concerning narcotics, as is still so often done in the United States.
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The lesser-known literary figures of the early LGBTQ+ rights movement, beyond Oscar Wilde.
Oscar Wilde always imposed. Meeting him in 1892, the French writer Jules Renard reported: “He offers you a cigarette, but selects it himself. He does not walk around a table: he moves the table out of the way … He is enormous, and carries an enormous cane.” The affectations of dress and manner; the extraordinary, magnetic talk; the flourished epigrams; the startling, needling essays, stories and plays – all these were impositions. They were how Wilde forced himself on the attention of the world, made himself notorious, and then famous. And in the ugliness and despair of his downfall – in 1895 he was found guilty of homosexual offences (acts of “gross indecency”) and sentenced to two years of hard labour – he imposed himself again: on the contemporary and historical imagination. But also on the lives of gay men, for 128 years and counting.
There is a famous passage in the novel Maurice by EM Forster, originally written in 1913 but not published until after Forster’s death in 1971. Maurice, who has struggled to suppress his sexual desires, decides to seek medical help for his problem. He confesses, “I am an unspeakable of the Oscar Wilde sort,” revealing that he is homosexual. This term, “Oscar Wilde sort,” was used to describe gay men, but it also raised questions about their similarities to the iconic writer Oscar Wilde. For Forster’s generation and those after, this was a major concern until homosexuality was legalized in England and Wales in 1967 (Scotland in 1981, Northern Ireland in 1982, Ireland in 1993). The scandal surrounding Wilde created a set of societal assumptions and prejudices that persisted for more than 50 years and affected how gay individuals viewed themselves. One of these beliefs was that gay men, like Wilde, stood out from society due to their differences in appearance and behavior. It was also believed that their relationships were solely based on sexual desires and were exploitative and unequal in terms of age and class. There was also a fear that their vulnerability to blackmail made them prone to criminal behavior and suspicion. It was thought that tragedy was always looming for them. Maurice attempted to challenge these ideas, but Forster’s decision not to publish the novel during his lifetime shows how deeply ingrained these beliefs were.
The hold has relaxed. In the 1960s and 1970s, as the contemporary movement for gay rights gained momentum, Wilde was hailed as its original martyr, the most infamous target of discrimination against homosexuality in history. He was slowly being acknowledged for his contributions to literature. But now, he was also seen as a gay icon and eventually, a popular figure. For those who identify as gay, Wilde remains a prominent figure to be acknowledged and reckoned with: Oscar.
Does Wilde truly deserve all of this? There is no doubt that he faced discrimination due to his sexuality. The Marquess of Queensberry, who was driven to madness by the belief that Wilde had corrupted his son Lord Alfred Douglas, left a card at Wilde’s club with the misspelled word “sodomite.” However, the real trouble began when Wilde decided to take legal action for defamation. Both Wilde and his friends were aware that Queensberry’s accusation, though distasteful, was true. Despite his efforts, Wilde lost the case and was subsequently arrested by the police based on the evidence presented in court. On May 25th, he received his sentence. This sparked a moral panic. Months later, while being transferred between prisons, Wilde was recognized at Clapham Junction station and jeered at by a crowd.
The widespread hatred and tragedy that befell Wilde has overshadowed the fact that the early 1890s marked the emergence of Britain’s first gay rights movement. After Wilde’s imprisonment, another homosexual man, Edward Carpenter, wrote to a supportive acquaintance stating that there was a long battle ahead. The use of the word “campaign” is significant. While Wilde did not publicly advocate for gay rights, he often made veiled references to the subject. However, others were actively involved in campaigns for gay rights. A few years prior, Carpenter assisted in collecting personal accounts from over 30 homosexual men for a book called Sexual Inversion, co-authored by John Addington Symonds and Havelock Ellis (whose partnership inspired my novel, The New Life). Sexual Inversion aimed to prove that homosexuality was not a sin or illness, but a harmless aspect of human nature. It also argued that the law used to convict Wilde was flawed, unjust, and should be repealed. The book also included testimonies from six lesbian women, acknowledging the societal prejudice they faced and the need for their liberation from stigma. Carpenter also wrote his own defense of homosexuality, titled Homogenic Love and Its Place in a Free Society, with plans to publish it in 1894.
Carpenter, Symonds, and Ellis were motivated by their personal backgrounds. Carpenter’s partner, George Merrill, had been in his life since 1891. Symonds had struggled with his own sexuality before accepting it later in life. Ellis, although heterosexual, was married to a lesbian and had his own unconventional desires, including being aroused by women urinating. These men were influenced by European ideas, as researchers in France and Germany had begun to view homosexuality as a medical issue rather than a social or legal one. In countries like France and Italy, where homosexuality was already legal, it seemed possible that Britain could also achieve this same acceptance.
Inspiration from the United States took a different form: Carpenter, Symonds, and Ellis were brought together by their admiration for Walt Whitman’s poetry (Wilde was also a fan). They interpreted Whitman’s work as promoting love between men as a positive force for societal improvement, embodied by the ideal of democratic and cross-class “comradeship”. It is no surprise that many socialists also praised Whitman – Carpenter, Symonds, and Ellis all identified as some form of socialist (as did Wilde). It is also not unexpected – given the current connection between the LGBTQ+ movement and feminism – that supporters of homosexual rights also advocated for women’s rights. Therefore, the burgeoning gay rights movement in Britain was intertwined with larger reform movements during the late Victorian era, all driven by a desire to find new and better ways of living in the modern world.
The Wilde trials caused the destruction of the intellectual connection between Wilde, Carpenter, and Symonds. Carpenter’s Homogenic Love pamphlet was rejected by his publisher, who also decided to remove Carpenter’s poem Towards Democracy from their list. Symonds passed away at the young age of 52 in 1893; Ellis hesitated to publish Sexual Inversion and finally released it in 1897. However, the first edition was destroyed after Symonds’s executor objected on behalf of his family. Despite this setback, Ellis persisted and published the book under his own name. Unfortunately, it was seized by the police and deemed obscene, resulting in its destruction once again.
However, that was not the end. Although Wilde had become a cultural figure to be feared, his influence continued into the 20th century in subtle ways. Carpenter lived until 1929 and formed a friendship with the young Forster. Maurice was inspired by a playful gesture from Carpenter’s partner, Merrill, which Forster described as “going straight through the small of my back and into my thoughts.” Carpenter’s ideas also influenced DH Lawrence, a more outspoken advocate for sexual liberation. Ellis remained active until 1939 and gained international recognition as a sexologist, known for his taboo knowledge found in the volumes of his Studies in the Psychology of Sex (published in the US to avoid censorship). Sexual Inversion was the first of these volumes. Even Symonds, who passed away in 1893, continued to have an impact. Forster found inspiration in his sexually candid autobiography, which was kept locked up in the London Library until 1984. Symonds’s homosexuality was finally revealed to the public in 1964 by biographer Phyllis Grosskurth, whose book received widespread attention. This was one of many factors that contributed to a change in societal attitudes and eventually led to the legalization of homosexuality three years later.
As we acknowledge the advancements of LGBTQ+ rights, it is important to recognize and highlight stories like Oscar Wilde’s in history. The past is not just filled with tragedy and injustice, but also moments of inspiration and glimpses into a brighter future. | <urn:uuid:5c7fc634-e00f-462b-a8f1-0cc4a4e5752c> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://assobeleyme.org/culture/the-lesser-known-literary-figures-of-the-early-lgbtq-rights-movement-beyond-oscar-wilde/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474700.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228080245-20240228110245-00803.warc.gz | en | 0.984771 | 1,761 | 3.734375 | 4 | [
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-0.06701879203319... | 1 | The lesser-known literary figures of the early LGBTQ+ rights movement, beyond Oscar Wilde.
Oscar Wilde always imposed. Meeting him in 1892, the French writer Jules Renard reported: “He offers you a cigarette, but selects it himself. He does not walk around a table: he moves the table out of the way … He is enormous, and carries an enormous cane.” The affectations of dress and manner; the extraordinary, magnetic talk; the flourished epigrams; the startling, needling essays, stories and plays – all these were impositions. They were how Wilde forced himself on the attention of the world, made himself notorious, and then famous. And in the ugliness and despair of his downfall – in 1895 he was found guilty of homosexual offences (acts of “gross indecency”) and sentenced to two years of hard labour – he imposed himself again: on the contemporary and historical imagination. But also on the lives of gay men, for 128 years and counting.
There is a famous passage in the novel Maurice by EM Forster, originally written in 1913 but not published until after Forster’s death in 1971. Maurice, who has struggled to suppress his sexual desires, decides to seek medical help for his problem. He confesses, “I am an unspeakable of the Oscar Wilde sort,” revealing that he is homosexual. This term, “Oscar Wilde sort,” was used to describe gay men, but it also raised questions about their similarities to the iconic writer Oscar Wilde. For Forster’s generation and those after, this was a major concern until homosexuality was legalized in England and Wales in 1967 (Scotland in 1981, Northern Ireland in 1982, Ireland in 1993). The scandal surrounding Wilde created a set of societal assumptions and prejudices that persisted for more than 50 years and affected how gay individuals viewed themselves. One of these beliefs was that gay men, like Wilde, stood out from society due to their differences in appearance and behavior. It was also believed that their relationships were solely based on sexual desires and were exploitative and unequal in terms of age and class. There was also a fear that their vulnerability to blackmail made them prone to criminal behavior and suspicion. It was thought that tragedy was always looming for them. Maurice attempted to challenge these ideas, but Forster’s decision not to publish the novel during his lifetime shows how deeply ingrained these beliefs were.
The hold has relaxed. In the 1960s and 1970s, as the contemporary movement for gay rights gained momentum, Wilde was hailed as its original martyr, the most infamous target of discrimination against homosexuality in history. He was slowly being acknowledged for his contributions to literature. But now, he was also seen as a gay icon and eventually, a popular figure. For those who identify as gay, Wilde remains a prominent figure to be acknowledged and reckoned with: Oscar.
Does Wilde truly deserve all of this? There is no doubt that he faced discrimination due to his sexuality. The Marquess of Queensberry, who was driven to madness by the belief that Wilde had corrupted his son Lord Alfred Douglas, left a card at Wilde’s club with the misspelled word “sodomite.” However, the real trouble began when Wilde decided to take legal action for defamation. Both Wilde and his friends were aware that Queensberry’s accusation, though distasteful, was true. Despite his efforts, Wilde lost the case and was subsequently arrested by the police based on the evidence presented in court. On May 25th, he received his sentence. This sparked a moral panic. Months later, while being transferred between prisons, Wilde was recognized at Clapham Junction station and jeered at by a crowd.
The widespread hatred and tragedy that befell Wilde has overshadowed the fact that the early 1890s marked the emergence of Britain’s first gay rights movement. After Wilde’s imprisonment, another homosexual man, Edward Carpenter, wrote to a supportive acquaintance stating that there was a long battle ahead. The use of the word “campaign” is significant. While Wilde did not publicly advocate for gay rights, he often made veiled references to the subject. However, others were actively involved in campaigns for gay rights. A few years prior, Carpenter assisted in collecting personal accounts from over 30 homosexual men for a book called Sexual Inversion, co-authored by John Addington Symonds and Havelock Ellis (whose partnership inspired my novel, The New Life). Sexual Inversion aimed to prove that homosexuality was not a sin or illness, but a harmless aspect of human nature. It also argued that the law used to convict Wilde was flawed, unjust, and should be repealed. The book also included testimonies from six lesbian women, acknowledging the societal prejudice they faced and the need for their liberation from stigma. Carpenter also wrote his own defense of homosexuality, titled Homogenic Love and Its Place in a Free Society, with plans to publish it in 1894.
Carpenter, Symonds, and Ellis were motivated by their personal backgrounds. Carpenter’s partner, George Merrill, had been in his life since 1891. Symonds had struggled with his own sexuality before accepting it later in life. Ellis, although heterosexual, was married to a lesbian and had his own unconventional desires, including being aroused by women urinating. These men were influenced by European ideas, as researchers in France and Germany had begun to view homosexuality as a medical issue rather than a social or legal one. In countries like France and Italy, where homosexuality was already legal, it seemed possible that Britain could also achieve this same acceptance.
Inspiration from the United States took a different form: Carpenter, Symonds, and Ellis were brought together by their admiration for Walt Whitman’s poetry (Wilde was also a fan). They interpreted Whitman’s work as promoting love between men as a positive force for societal improvement, embodied by the ideal of democratic and cross-class “comradeship”. It is no surprise that many socialists also praised Whitman – Carpenter, Symonds, and Ellis all identified as some form of socialist (as did Wilde). It is also not unexpected – given the current connection between the LGBTQ+ movement and feminism – that supporters of homosexual rights also advocated for women’s rights. Therefore, the burgeoning gay rights movement in Britain was intertwined with larger reform movements during the late Victorian era, all driven by a desire to find new and better ways of living in the modern world.
The Wilde trials caused the destruction of the intellectual connection between Wilde, Carpenter, and Symonds. Carpenter’s Homogenic Love pamphlet was rejected by his publisher, who also decided to remove Carpenter’s poem Towards Democracy from their list. Symonds passed away at the young age of 52 in 1893; Ellis hesitated to publish Sexual Inversion and finally released it in 1897. However, the first edition was destroyed after Symonds’s executor objected on behalf of his family. Despite this setback, Ellis persisted and published the book under his own name. Unfortunately, it was seized by the police and deemed obscene, resulting in its destruction once again.
However, that was not the end. Although Wilde had become a cultural figure to be feared, his influence continued into the 20th century in subtle ways. Carpenter lived until 1929 and formed a friendship with the young Forster. Maurice was inspired by a playful gesture from Carpenter’s partner, Merrill, which Forster described as “going straight through the small of my back and into my thoughts.” Carpenter’s ideas also influenced DH Lawrence, a more outspoken advocate for sexual liberation. Ellis remained active until 1939 and gained international recognition as a sexologist, known for his taboo knowledge found in the volumes of his Studies in the Psychology of Sex (published in the US to avoid censorship). Sexual Inversion was the first of these volumes. Even Symonds, who passed away in 1893, continued to have an impact. Forster found inspiration in his sexually candid autobiography, which was kept locked up in the London Library until 1984. Symonds’s homosexuality was finally revealed to the public in 1964 by biographer Phyllis Grosskurth, whose book received widespread attention. This was one of many factors that contributed to a change in societal attitudes and eventually led to the legalization of homosexuality three years later.
As we acknowledge the advancements of LGBTQ+ rights, it is important to recognize and highlight stories like Oscar Wilde’s in history. The past is not just filled with tragedy and injustice, but also moments of inspiration and glimpses into a brighter future. | 1,787 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The first project of a light infantry tank, which later transformed into the Valentine, was presented to the War Ministry on February 10th, 1938. The tank that Leslie Little developed was rejected by the British at least once. One of the reasons for the rejection was the two-man turret, as the British wanted to have it house three crewmen. Leslie Little won that time, and in April of 1939 the Infantry Tank Mk.III was approved with a two-man turret. However, the War Ministry returned to the idea of increasing the crew size of the turret, which led to the Valentine III and Valentine V with three-man turrets.
Result of a compromise
The main reason why Little, the chief designer of the Vickers-Armstrongs company, insisted on a two-man turret was the limit in mass. Little already had a bad experience in creating the Cruiser Tank A10. The desire to create a "heavy cruiser" led to a 12.5 ton tank ballooning to almost 14, and compared to the A9 its top speed dropped from 40 to 26 kph. The load on the engine and suspension also increased. This came back to haunt the British: the A10, also known as the Cruiser Tank Mk.II, broke down most out of all British tanks to be ever used in combat. In France, out of 14 A10s lost by the 1st Armoured Division, only 2 were knocked out. The same happened in Greece. A Cruiser Tank Mk.II abandoned by the side of the road was a favourite photography subject for the Germans.
The Infantry Tank Mk.III was designed on the A10 chassis. Naturally, the suspension was altered, but the overall idea was the same as on the A9 and A10. Any requests by the War Ministry like increasing the armour to 75 mm or adding a three-man turret would result in the tank's mass growing. Little fiercely defended the initial form of his creation, managing to get it built in its intended fashion.
Diagram of a three man turret for the Valentine.
Future events showed that Little was right. The only major problem the Valentine had was the AEC A189 engine, which the British military insisted on themselves. Vickers' chief designer insisted on using a diesel engine from the very start. The track links, an evolution of the A9/A10, also behaved poorly. Engine problems stopped after the tank received the A190 diesel engine. Issues with tracks were also resolved around this time.
After completion of the first 308 Infantry Tank Mk.III (Or Valentine I), an improved version known as the Valentine II entered production. 1493 of them were built, making this version the most numerous British tank of its time. Its combined characteristics made it a solid competitor for the title of best British tank. The Crusader surpassed it only in speed, and significantly fell behind in armour and, most importantly, reliability.
However, the British never forgot their desire to have a third man in the turret. It's not hard to understand them: the commander has to be able to do his work without also having to perform the function of a loader.
Cutaway of the Valentine III/V turret. It managed to fit three people.
The Infantry Tank Mk.III first received a three man turret at the design stage, in April of 1939. That time the British military rejected this proposal, but two years later they came back to the idea of a three man turret. By this point, the situation changed. The tank was in production, and nobody would dare radically change the design. Each tank was worth its weight in gold, and supplies of American vehicles had not yet started. In these conditions, Little managed to trade the three man turret for the preservation of the existing turret ring and thinning out of the armour in some places.
The new turret front with the gun mount brought forward.
The stock turret was taken as the basis. The only way to insert a third crewman into it was to stretch it lengthwise. The turret received a bustle, which the radio station was moved into from its special perch. This left some room for the commander in the back of the turret. Issues with the gun mount, which took up a large portion of the space inside, were solved by extending the turret face forward by 140 mm. This allowed the gun mount to move forward by the same distance. However, the armour had to be altered. This allowed the commander to fit into the turret with the existing turret ring.
In addition to the aforementioned transformations, the design of the pistol ports changed. Their shape was unified, and the design improved. The turret roof also changed. The large center hatch was inconvenient to use with the new layout, and it was replaced by a commander's cupola with a three-piece hatch. The front part of the hatch mounted a Mk.IV observation periscope, giving the commander good visibility.
A rare photo of a Valentine III. Most archive photos show Valentine V tanks.
It's hard to call the commander's working conditions in the three-man Valentine turret comfortable. He had barely any room to work with, and the recoiling gun breech was placed right in front of his face. The Matilda's fighting compartment was also hardly a resort, but at least it was taller.
A diagram of the Valentine V. Late production Valentine III tanks were indistinguishable from it.
The new tank received the index Valentine III. The increased size and weight of the turret had to be balanced out by reducing the thickness of the sides to 50 mm. The mass of the tank grew, but not a lot, only to 16 tons. Depending on the configuration it could increase up to 18 tons, but the same was true for the 2-man turret tank as well.
Contract T2455 was signed with Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company (BRC&W) on June 26th, 1941, for 500 Valentine III tanks. Each tank cost 7500 pounds Sterling, plus the engine and several other components cost 4490 pounds. Another contract, TM6117, was signed with BRC&W on October 7th, 1941, for 435 tanks. Delivery of the last vehicles described by the first contract was due on May 26th, 1942, but the real delivery was rather different.
The tanks started being issued no sooner than early 1942, and production plans had to change as a result. Instead of 500 tanks, only 386 were built to satisfy T2455, 54 more were built as bridgelayers, and 60 as Bishop SPGs. The WD numbers, including bridgelayers and Bishops, ranged from T.59684 to T.60183. Changes were made to TM6117 as well: it was reduced to 305 vehicles, of which 82 were bridgelayers. These tanks received WD numbers T.121823–T.122127. The third contract, TM11534, issued on February 7th, 1942, was cancelled. BRC&W would have built 440 tanks with WD numbers T122258-T123157. In total, 699 Valentine III tanks were built. BRC&W was the only factory that produced Valentine III tanks.
T.66591, the first Valentine V built by Elswick Works.
The issue of equipping British tanks with engines came up by the summer of 1941. The solution was the Valentine IV with a two-man turret, equipped with the American GM 6004 engine. An analogous modification for the three-man turret Valentine was called Valentine V. Externally, the Valentine III and Valentine V were identical. Only the WD number gives a hint as to what kind of tank it really is.
The same tank from the right showing its Parrish-Lakeman Mounting.
The first contract for Valentine V tanks was signed with Vickers-Armstrongs on May 7th, 1941. Contract T2455 ordered 755 tanks with WD numbers T.66466–T.67220. Each tank cost 5520 pounds Sterling, with 4490 more for the engine. The first tanks were scheduled for delivery on March 22nd, 1942, and the deadline was met this time, although the T.66466–T.66590 interval was filled with Valentine IV tanks, not Valentine V. Tanks started receiving three-man turrets at T.66591. The number of Valentine V tanks produced was reduced to 400 units. The remaining 230 were built as Valentine IX.
Valentine V WD number T.67707 built by the Metropolitan Cammell Carriage and Wagon Company.
The majority of Valentine tanks with a three-man turret were built by the Metropolitan Cammell Carriage and Wagon Company. Contract T2454 issued on June 26th, 1941, ordered 645 Valentine II tanks here, but soon the number of tanks was reduced to 40 plus 60 bridgelayers. 545 tanks would be built as the Valentine IV, but even these plans had to change. Instead, 545 Valentine V tanks with WD numbers T.67321–T.67865 were built. MMCW also built 35 two-man turrets and 25 three-man turrets for instructional purposes.
Contract TM6118 for 455 tanks was signed on October 7th. It was the last not only for three-man turret Valentines, but for Valentines with 2-pounder guns as a whole, at least for British manufacturers. This contract was also corrected: 127 Valentine Vs were built, the remaining 328 were Valentine IXs. Vehicles of both types received WD numbers T.82163–T.82617.
Valentine V DD with retracted amphibious equipment.
160 tanks of those produved by MCCW received unusual extra equipment. The Hungarian inventor Nicholas Straussler began working on a system that could turn any tank amphibious since 1941. It was known as the Duplex Drive, or DD for short. The recipe for this transformation was simple: a metallic foundation was installed on the tank, and a rubberized fabric screen with a frame was installed on top. Inflating rubber hoses would raise the screen, which would allow the tank to float. Propellers installed in the rear part of the hull allowed it to move in water.
The same vehicle with the screen up. The propellers can be seen in the rear.
A Tetrarch tank was the first to receive DD equipment, and went through trials successfully. The Valentine tank was deemed the most appropriate for this modification. Unlike the Tetrarch, which had a questionable future, the Valentine was in large scale production. Trials of a Valentine II showed that this equipment works well with this tank. Valentines equipped with GMC engines were deemed the most suitable. A decision to equip two tank divisions with Valentine DD tanks was made in June of 1942. 450 tanks were ordered, 225 of which were expected by January 1st, 1943. The main candidate for conversion was the Valentine IX. Nevertheless, at least 85 Valentine V tanks built to contract T2454 and 75 tanks built to contract TM6118 were also built in this fashion. A number of Valentine V DD tanks received 43 mm thick sides to compensate for their extra mass.
Such a number of amphibious tanks was easy to explain. The British were seriously preparing to land in France in the summer of 1943. However, the landing did not happen, and the deadlines for producing these tanks were missed anyway. Mass production of the Valentine V DD only began in March of 1943. By this point, the British army lots its faith in the Valentine and began to rearm with the Medium Tank M4. It also turned out that the Medium Tank M4 was compatible with the Duplex Drive system, and these tanks went into battle in the summer of 1944. The only thing that the armada of amphibious tanks with 2-pounders was good for was training.
From North Africa to the Pacific
The first shipments of the Valentine with a three-man turret began in the spring of 1942. These tanks arrived in North Africa even later, in the summer of 1942. The Valentine III were the first to reach the front lines. At the time, the majority of the light infantry tank fleet was composed of Valentine II tanks with AEC A190 engines. The GM 6004 engines on the Valentine V were more powerful, but having two similar tanks with different engines in use at the same time was not very convenient. Because of this, even though the first Valentine V tanks were built in March of 1942, their arrival in Africa was delayed.
Valentine III in battle, summer of 1942.
In the summer of 1942, when the three-man turret Valentines had made their debut, use of tanks of this type was already under question. Even though these tanks were superior to the Matilda in mobility, they were still ill-suited for use in the desert. However, the tanks were more effective than the Valentine II, since the commander could do his job instead of having to work double duty. The first Valentine III tanks that arrived in North Africa did not yet have extra fuel tanks, but they were installed soon after. The maximum range increased.
However, the tank's 2-pounder gun could only combat German and new Italian tanks at close ranges. At the same time, the Africa Corps received the PzIII Ausf.L with long barreled 50 mm guns that could defeat the Valentine's armour at medium distances.
This tank was captured by the Germans and ended up in the 10th Tank Division. It didn't spent a lot of time here.
The 23rd Armoured Brigade, where the Valentine III made its debut, lost from 87 to 93 Valentines out of 104 they were issued. Some tanks were captured and used by the Germans. After such a "success", the Valentines were phased out for American Lee, Grant, and Sherman tanks. Nevertheless, the 23rd Armoured Brigade still retained 135 Valentines as of September 14th, 1942.
One of the first Valentine V tanks in North Africa, late 1942. The tanks already have sand shields, but the colour scheme is still "continental".
Valentine V tanks were finally issued towards the end of the year. These tanks also ended up as a part of the Malta garrison. The Valentine V saw its first battle in December of 1942, and continued to be used in combat until May of 1943, when the German-Italian forces in Tunis capitulated. By this point it was clear that using these tanks against the Germans was pointless. In May of 1943 tank units equipped with Valentines were hurriedly rearmed with Sherman tanks. A number of Valentines were given to the 2nd Polish Armoured Brigade, which continued to use them in the Middle East until Shermans arrived.
Tunis was the last place where the Valentine V was used against the Germans.
In 1943, the Valentine III and Valentine V were issued to the 146th Royal Tank Corps fighting in Burma. Even though the unit already had Grant and Lee tanks, these light infantry tanks ended up serving for a long time. By May of 1944 319 of the tanks were still in service, 72 of them in the 50th Indian Tank Brigade. The Valentine tanks were finally taken out of service in Burma in July of 1944.
Polish Valentine IV and V tanks in Iraq, summer of 1943.
New Zealand also didn't say no to British light infantry tanks. 80 Valentine III tanks and 77 Valentine V tanks arrived in this country. Shipments of Valentines with three-man turrets continued from late 1942 to early 1942. The New Zealand army also ordered 34 Matilda IV CS tanks, but they didn't last long: in May of 1944 these tanks were sent to Australia.
A Valentine III CS tank lands on the Nissan Atoll, February 1944.
The New Zealanders encountered an issue that was one of the biggest issues with British tanks: a lack of 2-pounder high explosive ammunition. The Australians solved this problem by loading 40 mm Bofors HE shells into 2-pounder casings. The New Zealanders chose a different route. The Valentine's gun mount permitted the installation of a 76 mm howitzer. In February of 1943, one Valentine III was converted in the Waiouru tank school to take a howitzer from the Matilda IV CS instead of a 2-pounder gun. The howitzer received an appropriate sight. The ammunition racks were also changed. The tank received 35 rounds, 32 of which were HE and 3 were smoke. 18 tanks were altered this way, and given the title Valentine III CS.
New Zealand's tanks also worked as tractors.
New Zealand's tanks received local registration numbers. They were distributed among three tank regiments, where they served alongside the Stuart III. Only 19 New Zealander Valentine IIIs (including two Valentine III CS) got to fight. In early 1944 tanks of the 3rd Tank Battalion, 3rd New Zealand Tank Division, were used to liberate the Green Islands, to the east of New Guinea. On February 11th these tanks landed on Nissan Atoll. This was the only combat operation to use New Zealand's tanks.
New Zealander Valentine V, 1950s.
New Zealand's Valentines lived a long life. The last of these tanks were only retired from service in 1960. These tanks were rather reliable, and New Zealand had little need of modern tanks. The country had nobody to fight with. A number of these tanks later ended up in Australia, where they were converted into tractors and engineering vehicles. About half of the Valentine tanks preserved to this day has New Zealand roots.
First and last recipients
After the British Army, the USSR was the second largest user of Valentine III and V tanks. Strangely enough, the tanks with three-man turrets went nearly unnoticed by the GABTU. Unlike Canadian Valentines, which went through all sorts of trials in the USSR, the Valentine III and V were nearly ignored in correspondence. This is largely due to the fact that these vehicles differed little in effectiveness compared to the Valentine II and Valentine IV.
Acceptance act for Valentine V tanks that arrived in the USSR. The delivery was not homogenous: it includes Matilda IV, Valentine II, and Valentine V tanks.
Unlike the British army, where initially only Valentine IIIs were used, the USSR first received the Valentine V. These tanks arrived with PQ-16 in June of 1942. The Valentine III was not shipped to the Red Army at all in 1942. However, the stream of Valentine Vs also dried up fairly quickly. The second major shipment was loaded onto the infamous PQ-17. A large number of tanks were lost, and a pause followed. Of 340 Valentine V tanks that were sent to the USSR, 113 were lost en route.
Nevertheless, a small amount of tanks arrived through the northern route in December of 1942. In January of 1943, the first Valentine IIIs arrived with convoy WJ-51B. The last tank of this type that arrived through the north came in February of 1943, and this shipment included Valentine III, V, and IX tanks.
A Valentine V lost in August of 1942. These tanks rarely pop up in front line photo albums.
The next shipment of British light infantry tanks only came in July of 1943. These were Valentine III tanks that arrived through Iran. Here is where things get interesting. As mentioned before, the British army began switching over to the Sherman in May of 1943. A torrent of used tanks hit the USSR. This was obvious from the condition of the tanks that were coming in: they had missing parts and smashed up fenders. There were also complaints about the Valentine VIIs, but at least they were coming in better condition and with a full set of parts. Shipments of Valentine III and V tanks in 1943 were in small batches (51 and 16 in total, respectively).
A message came in April of 1944 that informed the USSR that it could receive 90 tanks that served in Iraq. Among them was a number of Valentine V tanks, likely those formerly used by the Polish brigade. In this case, they were used by the same former Polish POWs that were shipped from the USSR to the Middle East after the start of the Great Patriotic War. The condition of these tanks was so poor that they had to be repaired right in Baku.
Used Valentine III and V tanks also arrived through the northern route. JW-54 brought 37 Valentine III and 42 Valentine V tanks in December of 1943. In 1944 50 Valentine V and 61 Valentine III tanks arrived through the north. As for the southern route, 54 of these tanks arrived in 1944. The last 11 tanks were received on September 30th, 1944, with 10 Valentine IX tanks, also used. These were the last Valentine tanks that arrived in the USSR. According to British data, the USSR received 346 Valentine III tanks without a single one lost en route.
A list of the last Valentine tanks to arrive in the USSR. The tanks were previously used and required repairs.
The Valentines first saw battle on the Eastern Front in the summer of 1942. The Red Army did not distinguish between versions of tanks with two and three man turrets, which makes it hard to track their combat career. Knocked out Valentine III and V tanks rarely appear in photographs of German soldiers and officers that are now sold on internet auctions. The tanks begin being distinguished in 1944. While in the case with the Valentine III it might be hard to determine the variant, it's different with the Valentine V. These vehicles were sometimes called Mk.5 or Mk.V. In correspondence written in 1944 and later these tanks are separated, as are the Valentien VII (Mk.7 or Mk.VII) and Valentine IX (Mk.9 or Mk.IX).
Valentine V on the front, Belarus, 1944.
The Western Allies stopped using the Valentine with three man turrets by the summer of 1944, but their career hit a second breath on the Eastern Front. Use of these tanks continued in independent tank regiments used by cavalry divisions. For instance, the 87th OTP received 5 Valentine V tanks on November 26th, 1944. As of June 22nd, 1944, 30 Valentine III tanks were listed in the 3rd Guards Cavalry Corps. The 151st Independent Tank Regiment received 6 Valentine III and 4 Valentine IX tanks in February of 1945. A number of these vehicles fought until the end of the war.
Some tanks of this type saw action in Iraq, then on the Eastern Front, and ended their career on the Far East, fighting against Japan.
It is often said that the Valentine's gun was very weak. Downright utopian suggestions to rearm these tanks with 76 mm F-34 or even 85 mm S-53 guns were sent in to the Central Artillery Design Bureau. Nevertheless, these tanks managed to last long enough to fight against the Japanese. FOr instance, Valentine III tanks were present in the Far East with the 267th Tank Regiment, which also cooperated with cavalrymen. | <urn:uuid:0631d1df-417d-4125-b74d-87cc301de65b> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://awareness2367.rssing.com/chan-58094640/article988.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474541.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224144416-20240224174416-00715.warc.gz | en | 0.985144 | 4,709 | 3.34375 | 3 | [
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0.06759139895439... | 1 | The first project of a light infantry tank, which later transformed into the Valentine, was presented to the War Ministry on February 10th, 1938. The tank that Leslie Little developed was rejected by the British at least once. One of the reasons for the rejection was the two-man turret, as the British wanted to have it house three crewmen. Leslie Little won that time, and in April of 1939 the Infantry Tank Mk.III was approved with a two-man turret. However, the War Ministry returned to the idea of increasing the crew size of the turret, which led to the Valentine III and Valentine V with three-man turrets.
Result of a compromise
The main reason why Little, the chief designer of the Vickers-Armstrongs company, insisted on a two-man turret was the limit in mass. Little already had a bad experience in creating the Cruiser Tank A10. The desire to create a "heavy cruiser" led to a 12.5 ton tank ballooning to almost 14, and compared to the A9 its top speed dropped from 40 to 26 kph. The load on the engine and suspension also increased. This came back to haunt the British: the A10, also known as the Cruiser Tank Mk.II, broke down most out of all British tanks to be ever used in combat. In France, out of 14 A10s lost by the 1st Armoured Division, only 2 were knocked out. The same happened in Greece. A Cruiser Tank Mk.II abandoned by the side of the road was a favourite photography subject for the Germans.
The Infantry Tank Mk.III was designed on the A10 chassis. Naturally, the suspension was altered, but the overall idea was the same as on the A9 and A10. Any requests by the War Ministry like increasing the armour to 75 mm or adding a three-man turret would result in the tank's mass growing. Little fiercely defended the initial form of his creation, managing to get it built in its intended fashion.
Diagram of a three man turret for the Valentine.
Future events showed that Little was right. The only major problem the Valentine had was the AEC A189 engine, which the British military insisted on themselves. Vickers' chief designer insisted on using a diesel engine from the very start. The track links, an evolution of the A9/A10, also behaved poorly. Engine problems stopped after the tank received the A190 diesel engine. Issues with tracks were also resolved around this time.
After completion of the first 308 Infantry Tank Mk.III (Or Valentine I), an improved version known as the Valentine II entered production. 1493 of them were built, making this version the most numerous British tank of its time. Its combined characteristics made it a solid competitor for the title of best British tank. The Crusader surpassed it only in speed, and significantly fell behind in armour and, most importantly, reliability.
However, the British never forgot their desire to have a third man in the turret. It's not hard to understand them: the commander has to be able to do his work without also having to perform the function of a loader.
Cutaway of the Valentine III/V turret. It managed to fit three people.
The Infantry Tank Mk.III first received a three man turret at the design stage, in April of 1939. That time the British military rejected this proposal, but two years later they came back to the idea of a three man turret. By this point, the situation changed. The tank was in production, and nobody would dare radically change the design. Each tank was worth its weight in gold, and supplies of American vehicles had not yet started. In these conditions, Little managed to trade the three man turret for the preservation of the existing turret ring and thinning out of the armour in some places.
The new turret front with the gun mount brought forward.
The stock turret was taken as the basis. The only way to insert a third crewman into it was to stretch it lengthwise. The turret received a bustle, which the radio station was moved into from its special perch. This left some room for the commander in the back of the turret. Issues with the gun mount, which took up a large portion of the space inside, were solved by extending the turret face forward by 140 mm. This allowed the gun mount to move forward by the same distance. However, the armour had to be altered. This allowed the commander to fit into the turret with the existing turret ring.
In addition to the aforementioned transformations, the design of the pistol ports changed. Their shape was unified, and the design improved. The turret roof also changed. The large center hatch was inconvenient to use with the new layout, and it was replaced by a commander's cupola with a three-piece hatch. The front part of the hatch mounted a Mk.IV observation periscope, giving the commander good visibility.
A rare photo of a Valentine III. Most archive photos show Valentine V tanks.
It's hard to call the commander's working conditions in the three-man Valentine turret comfortable. He had barely any room to work with, and the recoiling gun breech was placed right in front of his face. The Matilda's fighting compartment was also hardly a resort, but at least it was taller.
A diagram of the Valentine V. Late production Valentine III tanks were indistinguishable from it.
The new tank received the index Valentine III. The increased size and weight of the turret had to be balanced out by reducing the thickness of the sides to 50 mm. The mass of the tank grew, but not a lot, only to 16 tons. Depending on the configuration it could increase up to 18 tons, but the same was true for the 2-man turret tank as well.
Contract T2455 was signed with Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company (BRC&W) on June 26th, 1941, for 500 Valentine III tanks. Each tank cost 7500 pounds Sterling, plus the engine and several other components cost 4490 pounds. Another contract, TM6117, was signed with BRC&W on October 7th, 1941, for 435 tanks. Delivery of the last vehicles described by the first contract was due on May 26th, 1942, but the real delivery was rather different.
The tanks started being issued no sooner than early 1942, and production plans had to change as a result. Instead of 500 tanks, only 386 were built to satisfy T2455, 54 more were built as bridgelayers, and 60 as Bishop SPGs. The WD numbers, including bridgelayers and Bishops, ranged from T.59684 to T.60183. Changes were made to TM6117 as well: it was reduced to 305 vehicles, of which 82 were bridgelayers. These tanks received WD numbers T.121823–T.122127. The third contract, TM11534, issued on February 7th, 1942, was cancelled. BRC&W would have built 440 tanks with WD numbers T122258-T123157. In total, 699 Valentine III tanks were built. BRC&W was the only factory that produced Valentine III tanks.
T.66591, the first Valentine V built by Elswick Works.
The issue of equipping British tanks with engines came up by the summer of 1941. The solution was the Valentine IV with a two-man turret, equipped with the American GM 6004 engine. An analogous modification for the three-man turret Valentine was called Valentine V. Externally, the Valentine III and Valentine V were identical. Only the WD number gives a hint as to what kind of tank it really is.
The same tank from the right showing its Parrish-Lakeman Mounting.
The first contract for Valentine V tanks was signed with Vickers-Armstrongs on May 7th, 1941. Contract T2455 ordered 755 tanks with WD numbers T.66466–T.67220. Each tank cost 5520 pounds Sterling, with 4490 more for the engine. The first tanks were scheduled for delivery on March 22nd, 1942, and the deadline was met this time, although the T.66466–T.66590 interval was filled with Valentine IV tanks, not Valentine V. Tanks started receiving three-man turrets at T.66591. The number of Valentine V tanks produced was reduced to 400 units. The remaining 230 were built as Valentine IX.
Valentine V WD number T.67707 built by the Metropolitan Cammell Carriage and Wagon Company.
The majority of Valentine tanks with a three-man turret were built by the Metropolitan Cammell Carriage and Wagon Company. Contract T2454 issued on June 26th, 1941, ordered 645 Valentine II tanks here, but soon the number of tanks was reduced to 40 plus 60 bridgelayers. 545 tanks would be built as the Valentine IV, but even these plans had to change. Instead, 545 Valentine V tanks with WD numbers T.67321–T.67865 were built. MMCW also built 35 two-man turrets and 25 three-man turrets for instructional purposes.
Contract TM6118 for 455 tanks was signed on October 7th. It was the last not only for three-man turret Valentines, but for Valentines with 2-pounder guns as a whole, at least for British manufacturers. This contract was also corrected: 127 Valentine Vs were built, the remaining 328 were Valentine IXs. Vehicles of both types received WD numbers T.82163–T.82617.
Valentine V DD with retracted amphibious equipment.
160 tanks of those produved by MCCW received unusual extra equipment. The Hungarian inventor Nicholas Straussler began working on a system that could turn any tank amphibious since 1941. It was known as the Duplex Drive, or DD for short. The recipe for this transformation was simple: a metallic foundation was installed on the tank, and a rubberized fabric screen with a frame was installed on top. Inflating rubber hoses would raise the screen, which would allow the tank to float. Propellers installed in the rear part of the hull allowed it to move in water.
The same vehicle with the screen up. The propellers can be seen in the rear.
A Tetrarch tank was the first to receive DD equipment, and went through trials successfully. The Valentine tank was deemed the most appropriate for this modification. Unlike the Tetrarch, which had a questionable future, the Valentine was in large scale production. Trials of a Valentine II showed that this equipment works well with this tank. Valentines equipped with GMC engines were deemed the most suitable. A decision to equip two tank divisions with Valentine DD tanks was made in June of 1942. 450 tanks were ordered, 225 of which were expected by January 1st, 1943. The main candidate for conversion was the Valentine IX. Nevertheless, at least 85 Valentine V tanks built to contract T2454 and 75 tanks built to contract TM6118 were also built in this fashion. A number of Valentine V DD tanks received 43 mm thick sides to compensate for their extra mass.
Such a number of amphibious tanks was easy to explain. The British were seriously preparing to land in France in the summer of 1943. However, the landing did not happen, and the deadlines for producing these tanks were missed anyway. Mass production of the Valentine V DD only began in March of 1943. By this point, the British army lots its faith in the Valentine and began to rearm with the Medium Tank M4. It also turned out that the Medium Tank M4 was compatible with the Duplex Drive system, and these tanks went into battle in the summer of 1944. The only thing that the armada of amphibious tanks with 2-pounders was good for was training.
From North Africa to the Pacific
The first shipments of the Valentine with a three-man turret began in the spring of 1942. These tanks arrived in North Africa even later, in the summer of 1942. The Valentine III were the first to reach the front lines. At the time, the majority of the light infantry tank fleet was composed of Valentine II tanks with AEC A190 engines. The GM 6004 engines on the Valentine V were more powerful, but having two similar tanks with different engines in use at the same time was not very convenient. Because of this, even though the first Valentine V tanks were built in March of 1942, their arrival in Africa was delayed.
Valentine III in battle, summer of 1942.
In the summer of 1942, when the three-man turret Valentines had made their debut, use of tanks of this type was already under question. Even though these tanks were superior to the Matilda in mobility, they were still ill-suited for use in the desert. However, the tanks were more effective than the Valentine II, since the commander could do his job instead of having to work double duty. The first Valentine III tanks that arrived in North Africa did not yet have extra fuel tanks, but they were installed soon after. The maximum range increased.
However, the tank's 2-pounder gun could only combat German and new Italian tanks at close ranges. At the same time, the Africa Corps received the PzIII Ausf.L with long barreled 50 mm guns that could defeat the Valentine's armour at medium distances.
This tank was captured by the Germans and ended up in the 10th Tank Division. It didn't spent a lot of time here.
The 23rd Armoured Brigade, where the Valentine III made its debut, lost from 87 to 93 Valentines out of 104 they were issued. Some tanks were captured and used by the Germans. After such a "success", the Valentines were phased out for American Lee, Grant, and Sherman tanks. Nevertheless, the 23rd Armoured Brigade still retained 135 Valentines as of September 14th, 1942.
One of the first Valentine V tanks in North Africa, late 1942. The tanks already have sand shields, but the colour scheme is still "continental".
Valentine V tanks were finally issued towards the end of the year. These tanks also ended up as a part of the Malta garrison. The Valentine V saw its first battle in December of 1942, and continued to be used in combat until May of 1943, when the German-Italian forces in Tunis capitulated. By this point it was clear that using these tanks against the Germans was pointless. In May of 1943 tank units equipped with Valentines were hurriedly rearmed with Sherman tanks. A number of Valentines were given to the 2nd Polish Armoured Brigade, which continued to use them in the Middle East until Shermans arrived.
Tunis was the last place where the Valentine V was used against the Germans.
In 1943, the Valentine III and Valentine V were issued to the 146th Royal Tank Corps fighting in Burma. Even though the unit already had Grant and Lee tanks, these light infantry tanks ended up serving for a long time. By May of 1944 319 of the tanks were still in service, 72 of them in the 50th Indian Tank Brigade. The Valentine tanks were finally taken out of service in Burma in July of 1944.
Polish Valentine IV and V tanks in Iraq, summer of 1943.
New Zealand also didn't say no to British light infantry tanks. 80 Valentine III tanks and 77 Valentine V tanks arrived in this country. Shipments of Valentines with three-man turrets continued from late 1942 to early 1942. The New Zealand army also ordered 34 Matilda IV CS tanks, but they didn't last long: in May of 1944 these tanks were sent to Australia.
A Valentine III CS tank lands on the Nissan Atoll, February 1944.
The New Zealanders encountered an issue that was one of the biggest issues with British tanks: a lack of 2-pounder high explosive ammunition. The Australians solved this problem by loading 40 mm Bofors HE shells into 2-pounder casings. The New Zealanders chose a different route. The Valentine's gun mount permitted the installation of a 76 mm howitzer. In February of 1943, one Valentine III was converted in the Waiouru tank school to take a howitzer from the Matilda IV CS instead of a 2-pounder gun. The howitzer received an appropriate sight. The ammunition racks were also changed. The tank received 35 rounds, 32 of which were HE and 3 were smoke. 18 tanks were altered this way, and given the title Valentine III CS.
New Zealand's tanks also worked as tractors.
New Zealand's tanks received local registration numbers. They were distributed among three tank regiments, where they served alongside the Stuart III. Only 19 New Zealander Valentine IIIs (including two Valentine III CS) got to fight. In early 1944 tanks of the 3rd Tank Battalion, 3rd New Zealand Tank Division, were used to liberate the Green Islands, to the east of New Guinea. On February 11th these tanks landed on Nissan Atoll. This was the only combat operation to use New Zealand's tanks.
New Zealander Valentine V, 1950s.
New Zealand's Valentines lived a long life. The last of these tanks were only retired from service in 1960. These tanks were rather reliable, and New Zealand had little need of modern tanks. The country had nobody to fight with. A number of these tanks later ended up in Australia, where they were converted into tractors and engineering vehicles. About half of the Valentine tanks preserved to this day has New Zealand roots.
First and last recipients
After the British Army, the USSR was the second largest user of Valentine III and V tanks. Strangely enough, the tanks with three-man turrets went nearly unnoticed by the GABTU. Unlike Canadian Valentines, which went through all sorts of trials in the USSR, the Valentine III and V were nearly ignored in correspondence. This is largely due to the fact that these vehicles differed little in effectiveness compared to the Valentine II and Valentine IV.
Acceptance act for Valentine V tanks that arrived in the USSR. The delivery was not homogenous: it includes Matilda IV, Valentine II, and Valentine V tanks.
Unlike the British army, where initially only Valentine IIIs were used, the USSR first received the Valentine V. These tanks arrived with PQ-16 in June of 1942. The Valentine III was not shipped to the Red Army at all in 1942. However, the stream of Valentine Vs also dried up fairly quickly. The second major shipment was loaded onto the infamous PQ-17. A large number of tanks were lost, and a pause followed. Of 340 Valentine V tanks that were sent to the USSR, 113 were lost en route.
Nevertheless, a small amount of tanks arrived through the northern route in December of 1942. In January of 1943, the first Valentine IIIs arrived with convoy WJ-51B. The last tank of this type that arrived through the north came in February of 1943, and this shipment included Valentine III, V, and IX tanks.
A Valentine V lost in August of 1942. These tanks rarely pop up in front line photo albums.
The next shipment of British light infantry tanks only came in July of 1943. These were Valentine III tanks that arrived through Iran. Here is where things get interesting. As mentioned before, the British army began switching over to the Sherman in May of 1943. A torrent of used tanks hit the USSR. This was obvious from the condition of the tanks that were coming in: they had missing parts and smashed up fenders. There were also complaints about the Valentine VIIs, but at least they were coming in better condition and with a full set of parts. Shipments of Valentine III and V tanks in 1943 were in small batches (51 and 16 in total, respectively).
A message came in April of 1944 that informed the USSR that it could receive 90 tanks that served in Iraq. Among them was a number of Valentine V tanks, likely those formerly used by the Polish brigade. In this case, they were used by the same former Polish POWs that were shipped from the USSR to the Middle East after the start of the Great Patriotic War. The condition of these tanks was so poor that they had to be repaired right in Baku.
Used Valentine III and V tanks also arrived through the northern route. JW-54 brought 37 Valentine III and 42 Valentine V tanks in December of 1943. In 1944 50 Valentine V and 61 Valentine III tanks arrived through the north. As for the southern route, 54 of these tanks arrived in 1944. The last 11 tanks were received on September 30th, 1944, with 10 Valentine IX tanks, also used. These were the last Valentine tanks that arrived in the USSR. According to British data, the USSR received 346 Valentine III tanks without a single one lost en route.
A list of the last Valentine tanks to arrive in the USSR. The tanks were previously used and required repairs.
The Valentines first saw battle on the Eastern Front in the summer of 1942. The Red Army did not distinguish between versions of tanks with two and three man turrets, which makes it hard to track their combat career. Knocked out Valentine III and V tanks rarely appear in photographs of German soldiers and officers that are now sold on internet auctions. The tanks begin being distinguished in 1944. While in the case with the Valentine III it might be hard to determine the variant, it's different with the Valentine V. These vehicles were sometimes called Mk.5 or Mk.V. In correspondence written in 1944 and later these tanks are separated, as are the Valentien VII (Mk.7 or Mk.VII) and Valentine IX (Mk.9 or Mk.IX).
Valentine V on the front, Belarus, 1944.
The Western Allies stopped using the Valentine with three man turrets by the summer of 1944, but their career hit a second breath on the Eastern Front. Use of these tanks continued in independent tank regiments used by cavalry divisions. For instance, the 87th OTP received 5 Valentine V tanks on November 26th, 1944. As of June 22nd, 1944, 30 Valentine III tanks were listed in the 3rd Guards Cavalry Corps. The 151st Independent Tank Regiment received 6 Valentine III and 4 Valentine IX tanks in February of 1945. A number of these vehicles fought until the end of the war.
Some tanks of this type saw action in Iraq, then on the Eastern Front, and ended their career on the Far East, fighting against Japan.
It is often said that the Valentine's gun was very weak. Downright utopian suggestions to rearm these tanks with 76 mm F-34 or even 85 mm S-53 guns were sent in to the Central Artillery Design Bureau. Nevertheless, these tanks managed to last long enough to fight against the Japanese. FOr instance, Valentine III tanks were present in the Far East with the 267th Tank Regiment, which also cooperated with cavalrymen. | 5,198 | ENGLISH | 1 |
By 1877 the congressional reconstruction plan set in motion by radical republicans ended by the compromise of 1877 in the United States of America. The congressional reconstruction plan had aimed to better the lives of freedmen in the United States of America, and essentially equal to their white counterparts, I think it was unsuccessful attempt, because of how the lives of the slaves turned out to be and how it allowed for the creation of the Black codes. The reconstruction plan had aimed to abolish slavery, Freedman's bureau to raise living standards and lastly provide voting rights. Before the 13th amendment there was no law that stated that African Americans were free, they were called freedman, and the lives of the slaves weren't dogmatic. …show more content…
Although, there African Americans were technically free the former white slaveowners in the South did not agree with this and attempted to contain the Freedmen in the South. They had been successful with the practice of sharecropping. Sharecropping was where the freedman would come to an agreement with the former white slave owners, where both sides benefited; the freedman would get paid for their labor while the white former slave owner were able to continue their business. Sharecropping was corrupted and the white former slave owner would cheat the freedman and not pay them. The white former slave owners would keep track of the payments and would alter the data because they were educated, and the freedman population had no knowledge, and were illiterate because of this they were not able to keep track. In the Reconstruction: the revolution that failed, the 13th amendment was seen as a power grip by the radical republicans rather than them actually wanting to free …show more content…
Before the Freedman's bureau the education levels of the slaves were less than 5%, the African Americans had no access to education because the former white slave owners saw this act as a threat to their right to property. The former white slave owners did not want to lose their slaves. However, with the Freedman's bureau the Freedman's literacy rate rose up to 60% which was significant improvement in their lives, but still far behind their white counterpart which sat at around 90%. These schools were the first form of schools that included the mixing of black and white kids. This caused many white southerners not allowing their kids to attend these schools because going to a school and sitting a classroom with the freedman brought down the social status of the white. The African Americans, while being influenced by the institution of slavery, had low to nothing medical help. Most of the African Americans lost their lives to curable diseases. However, with the freedman's bureau, the live expectancy of the African Americans had rose up, and also their access to hospitals and remedies. While this helped the Freedman raise their standard of living, this health care system was far behind of what the white people in the north had access to. Most of the nurses were naive to the equipment, and there weren't that many
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In Eric Foner’s book A Short History of Reconstruction, the author goes on to describe that “...all the loyal slave states, slaveholders had dominated antebellum politics... its political leaders dominated the state, thanks to an archaic system of legislative appointment” (Foner, pgs. 17-18) Their own declaration of the Civil rights act of 1875 as deemed unconstitutional and then removed added tools that were made in an effort to guard the rights of
Reconstruction was when the federal government was setting the rules that would let the rebellious Southerners back into the union. The goal of Reconstruction was to restore the union so the South would not secede again. In order for Lincoln to do that, he 'd have to make a few new and changes to the laws so that the South would want to come back serenely. One of the biggest things he and Congress created was the 13th amendment which would completely abolish slavery and that was the beginning of restoration. But were African Americans really free?
Lylah Cassidy Honors US History Ms. McKinnon 16 March 2023 Reconstruction DBQ The Civil War ended in 1865 after four long years of American bloodshed. The South lost and slavery would never again be legal in the United States. The states that seceded would eventually be readmitted to the Union under certain conditions and the role of the federal government over the states was proven. This period after the Civil War from 1865 - 1877 is known as Reconstruction.
African Americans were forced to be segregated in schools that were often of inferior quality than those provided for whites, which denied their right to equal protection of the laws. To worsen the situation, the Jim Crow laws did not just affect schools, as they
The African Americans who became slaves through the Atlantic slave trade were often those who committed crimes or kidnapped. They were thrown into chattel slavery in which they’d endure inhumane treatment. For example, they would be racially abused mentally and physically, forced to work unreasonable hours in vexatious conditions without pay, and lastly unable to have anything of their own. Not only on plantations, but also in Hacienda environments slaves were needed to work. Mainly women and children would be found doing the work that needed to be done inside rather than outside as those were the duties fit for them at the time.
The Union victory in the Civil War in 1865 gave millions of slaves their freedom, however, the process of rebuilding the South during what is known as the Reconstruction Era, that took place between 1865 and 1877, introduced a whole new set of significant challenges. The most important part of reconstruction was to secure rights for former slaves. Radical republicans, aware that newly freed slaves would face racism and inequality, passed a series of progressive laws and amendments in Congress that protected blacks’ rights under federal and state law. This included the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments that granted black men citizenship and the right to vote. However, before the 14th and 15th amendments were passed, the Civil Rights Act of
The “Jim Crow” laws were implemented in the South during the beginning of the 1880’s and were heavily enforced. These laws were used in order to segregate the common areas between the whites and the African Americans. Many areas such as the restrooms, schools, and hospitals were each provided separately depending on the color of their skin. Many of the areas reserved for the African Americans were in worse conditions than those reserved for the Whites. This left the freedmen with the more rundown environments while the whites were able to have the best of the best wherever they happened to go.
Reconstruction was a period in American history, spanning from 1865 to 1877, following the Civil war. Its primary aim was to rebuild the South and bring the former Confederate states back into the Union. Additionally, Reconstruction aimed to provide social equality to African Americans who had been enslaved and oppressed for centuries. The goals of Reconstruction were implemented through legislation and constitutional amendments, but they were met with resistance from white Southern Democrats who opposed the changes and sought to maintain white supremacy. One of the primary achievements of Reconstruction was the passage of three constitutional amendments.
This explains that the system of segregation known as Jim Crow dominated almost every aspect of Black life in the Southern United States. This meant that Black people were subjected to worse healthcare and education, and were treated as second-class citizens in their daily lives. This included being served last in stores and having to give way to white people on public sidewalks. These laws made it legal to treat people unfairly because of their race, which went
After Lincoln’s election as America’s next president, Southern states feared the abolition of slavery despite Lincoln’s promise to only prevent the expansion of slavery. Following this fear, many Southern states seceded from the Union and created the Confederate States of America. Not surprisingly, Lincoln refused to give up the Union’s land to its traitors and enemies. Eventually, this disagreement sparked war between the two territories and countless battles followed. After hundreds of thousands of lives lost and millions of acres of land destroyed, the Union came out victorious, proved its ability to preserve itself, and freed all black people.
Throughout United States history, many constitutional Civic issues have been debated by Americans. These debates result in effort by individuals, groups, and governments to address these issues. These efforts have achieved varying degrees of success. One of these constitutional Civic issues is African-American civil rights. Throughout United States history, various efforts have been made through activism and community efforts in order to advance the civil rights of African Americans.
The Reconstruction Era was a period between the conclusion of the Civil War to the Compromise of 1877 in which the North established new principles in the South to attempt to create equality and push the Confederacy to rejoin the works of the union. After surrendering, the Confederacy surrendered their supplies, currency, and generals to the Union powers, while the military settled their land in several areas. Amendments influenced the North’s motives by abolishing slavery, granting natural citizenship to all men, and securing the rights for colored people to vote. The inexistent Confederacy fired back by initiating Black Codes, laws enacted to limit colored voters through unfair exploitation. White supremacists disapproved of the new Reconstruction
Reconstruction in the South caused a lot of controversy, and it faced many obstacles. The South was being integrated back into the union, and many people on both sides tried to obstruct Reconstruction because they did not like it, or because it did not align with their beliefs. The radicals of the North wanted citizenship and voting rights for all African Americans, while southerners believed that this went against their traditional values. The republicans were able to obtain power, with the help from former slaves and abolitionists. The republicans, once in power, passed the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments. | <urn:uuid:c0ca8740-b4cb-43cd-b6ee-f4788e8aad06> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.ipl.org/essay/Reconstruction-Dbq-Essay-9F800F93A7CD51DA | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222161802-20240222191802-00623.warc.gz | en | 0.985867 | 2,023 | 3.703125 | 4 | [
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0.24985186755657196,... | 1 | By 1877 the congressional reconstruction plan set in motion by radical republicans ended by the compromise of 1877 in the United States of America. The congressional reconstruction plan had aimed to better the lives of freedmen in the United States of America, and essentially equal to their white counterparts, I think it was unsuccessful attempt, because of how the lives of the slaves turned out to be and how it allowed for the creation of the Black codes. The reconstruction plan had aimed to abolish slavery, Freedman's bureau to raise living standards and lastly provide voting rights. Before the 13th amendment there was no law that stated that African Americans were free, they were called freedman, and the lives of the slaves weren't dogmatic. …show more content…
Although, there African Americans were technically free the former white slaveowners in the South did not agree with this and attempted to contain the Freedmen in the South. They had been successful with the practice of sharecropping. Sharecropping was where the freedman would come to an agreement with the former white slave owners, where both sides benefited; the freedman would get paid for their labor while the white former slave owner were able to continue their business. Sharecropping was corrupted and the white former slave owner would cheat the freedman and not pay them. The white former slave owners would keep track of the payments and would alter the data because they were educated, and the freedman population had no knowledge, and were illiterate because of this they were not able to keep track. In the Reconstruction: the revolution that failed, the 13th amendment was seen as a power grip by the radical republicans rather than them actually wanting to free …show more content…
Before the Freedman's bureau the education levels of the slaves were less than 5%, the African Americans had no access to education because the former white slave owners saw this act as a threat to their right to property. The former white slave owners did not want to lose their slaves. However, with the Freedman's bureau the Freedman's literacy rate rose up to 60% which was significant improvement in their lives, but still far behind their white counterpart which sat at around 90%. These schools were the first form of schools that included the mixing of black and white kids. This caused many white southerners not allowing their kids to attend these schools because going to a school and sitting a classroom with the freedman brought down the social status of the white. The African Americans, while being influenced by the institution of slavery, had low to nothing medical help. Most of the African Americans lost their lives to curable diseases. However, with the freedman's bureau, the live expectancy of the African Americans had rose up, and also their access to hospitals and remedies. While this helped the Freedman raise their standard of living, this health care system was far behind of what the white people in the north had access to. Most of the nurses were naive to the equipment, and there weren't that many
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In Eric Foner’s book A Short History of Reconstruction, the author goes on to describe that “...all the loyal slave states, slaveholders had dominated antebellum politics... its political leaders dominated the state, thanks to an archaic system of legislative appointment” (Foner, pgs. 17-18) Their own declaration of the Civil rights act of 1875 as deemed unconstitutional and then removed added tools that were made in an effort to guard the rights of
Reconstruction was when the federal government was setting the rules that would let the rebellious Southerners back into the union. The goal of Reconstruction was to restore the union so the South would not secede again. In order for Lincoln to do that, he 'd have to make a few new and changes to the laws so that the South would want to come back serenely. One of the biggest things he and Congress created was the 13th amendment which would completely abolish slavery and that was the beginning of restoration. But were African Americans really free?
Lylah Cassidy Honors US History Ms. McKinnon 16 March 2023 Reconstruction DBQ The Civil War ended in 1865 after four long years of American bloodshed. The South lost and slavery would never again be legal in the United States. The states that seceded would eventually be readmitted to the Union under certain conditions and the role of the federal government over the states was proven. This period after the Civil War from 1865 - 1877 is known as Reconstruction.
African Americans were forced to be segregated in schools that were often of inferior quality than those provided for whites, which denied their right to equal protection of the laws. To worsen the situation, the Jim Crow laws did not just affect schools, as they
The African Americans who became slaves through the Atlantic slave trade were often those who committed crimes or kidnapped. They were thrown into chattel slavery in which they’d endure inhumane treatment. For example, they would be racially abused mentally and physically, forced to work unreasonable hours in vexatious conditions without pay, and lastly unable to have anything of their own. Not only on plantations, but also in Hacienda environments slaves were needed to work. Mainly women and children would be found doing the work that needed to be done inside rather than outside as those were the duties fit for them at the time.
The Union victory in the Civil War in 1865 gave millions of slaves their freedom, however, the process of rebuilding the South during what is known as the Reconstruction Era, that took place between 1865 and 1877, introduced a whole new set of significant challenges. The most important part of reconstruction was to secure rights for former slaves. Radical republicans, aware that newly freed slaves would face racism and inequality, passed a series of progressive laws and amendments in Congress that protected blacks’ rights under federal and state law. This included the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments that granted black men citizenship and the right to vote. However, before the 14th and 15th amendments were passed, the Civil Rights Act of
The “Jim Crow” laws were implemented in the South during the beginning of the 1880’s and were heavily enforced. These laws were used in order to segregate the common areas between the whites and the African Americans. Many areas such as the restrooms, schools, and hospitals were each provided separately depending on the color of their skin. Many of the areas reserved for the African Americans were in worse conditions than those reserved for the Whites. This left the freedmen with the more rundown environments while the whites were able to have the best of the best wherever they happened to go.
Reconstruction was a period in American history, spanning from 1865 to 1877, following the Civil war. Its primary aim was to rebuild the South and bring the former Confederate states back into the Union. Additionally, Reconstruction aimed to provide social equality to African Americans who had been enslaved and oppressed for centuries. The goals of Reconstruction were implemented through legislation and constitutional amendments, but they were met with resistance from white Southern Democrats who opposed the changes and sought to maintain white supremacy. One of the primary achievements of Reconstruction was the passage of three constitutional amendments.
This explains that the system of segregation known as Jim Crow dominated almost every aspect of Black life in the Southern United States. This meant that Black people were subjected to worse healthcare and education, and were treated as second-class citizens in their daily lives. This included being served last in stores and having to give way to white people on public sidewalks. These laws made it legal to treat people unfairly because of their race, which went
After Lincoln’s election as America’s next president, Southern states feared the abolition of slavery despite Lincoln’s promise to only prevent the expansion of slavery. Following this fear, many Southern states seceded from the Union and created the Confederate States of America. Not surprisingly, Lincoln refused to give up the Union’s land to its traitors and enemies. Eventually, this disagreement sparked war between the two territories and countless battles followed. After hundreds of thousands of lives lost and millions of acres of land destroyed, the Union came out victorious, proved its ability to preserve itself, and freed all black people.
Throughout United States history, many constitutional Civic issues have been debated by Americans. These debates result in effort by individuals, groups, and governments to address these issues. These efforts have achieved varying degrees of success. One of these constitutional Civic issues is African-American civil rights. Throughout United States history, various efforts have been made through activism and community efforts in order to advance the civil rights of African Americans.
The Reconstruction Era was a period between the conclusion of the Civil War to the Compromise of 1877 in which the North established new principles in the South to attempt to create equality and push the Confederacy to rejoin the works of the union. After surrendering, the Confederacy surrendered their supplies, currency, and generals to the Union powers, while the military settled their land in several areas. Amendments influenced the North’s motives by abolishing slavery, granting natural citizenship to all men, and securing the rights for colored people to vote. The inexistent Confederacy fired back by initiating Black Codes, laws enacted to limit colored voters through unfair exploitation. White supremacists disapproved of the new Reconstruction
Reconstruction in the South caused a lot of controversy, and it faced many obstacles. The South was being integrated back into the union, and many people on both sides tried to obstruct Reconstruction because they did not like it, or because it did not align with their beliefs. The radicals of the North wanted citizenship and voting rights for all African Americans, while southerners believed that this went against their traditional values. The republicans were able to obtain power, with the help from former slaves and abolitionists. The republicans, once in power, passed the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments. | 2,067 | ENGLISH | 1 |
- Granville T. Woods was one of the most prolific Black inventors in the 19th century.
- In the 1880s, Thomas Edison sued Woods twice, claiming he'd first invented a telegraph for trains.
- Woods' inventions revolutionized transportation, but he faced many challenges as a Black inventor.
Thomas Edison is widely regarded as one of the most celebrated inventors in American history, pioneering technologies like the incandescent light bulb, the phonograph, and the motion-picture camera.
One such inventor was Granville T. Woods, the most prolific Black inventor of the late 19th century. Woods was regarded as the first African American mechanical and electrical engineer after the Civil War and competed with other prominent inventors like Thomas Edison, George Westinghouse, and Frank Sprague.
In 1887, Woods secured a patent for the induction telegraph, which allowed messages to be sent between moving trains and train stations. His discovery was a much-needed improvement to the communication system at the time, which was slow, shoddy, and could lead to train collisions.
Soon after Woods patented his invention, Edison sued Woods, arguing he had first created a similar telegraph and was thus entitled to the patent. Woods eventually won the battle over the patent, but the victory came at a hefty financial and personal cost, according to several historians.
"Woods' life — at times closer to a nightmare than the American dream — clearly illustrates the harsh realities of being a Black inventor at the end of the 19th century," the historian Rayvon Fouché wrote in "Black Inventors in the Age of Segregation: Granville T. Woods, Lewis H. Latimer and Shelby J. Davison."
Woods, ironically, was dubbed "Black Edison" by newspapers at the time for his contributions to science.
Woods' inventions revolutionized transportation
Woods was born in Columbus, Ohio, to freed African Americans in 1856. When he was 10 years old, Woods had to stop attending school because his parents couldn't continue paying for their children's education.
Instead, Woods became an apprentice at a railroad shop, which became the springboard for his career as an engineer.
Woods went on to have nearly 60 patents to his name. His innovations revolutionized the world of transportation, including the "Dead Man's Handle," an automatic brake that slows down trains if the operator is incapacitated. Woods also patented an innovation that led to the "third rail," a crucial means of providing electricity to trains to keep them moving, according to the United States Patent and Trademark Office and the National Inventors Hall of Fame.
Several biographers said that Woods spoke and dressed in an elegant fashion, often wearing all-black clothing. He sometimes said he was an immigrant from Australia, which biographers believe was a way to garner more respect than if people knew he was African American.
The legal battle with Edison
Among Woods' most important inventions was the synchronous multiplex railway telegraph, which allowed messages to be sent uninterrupted between trains.
Before he could file for a patent, however, Woods caught smallpox and was bedridden for months. Historians describe how, upon recovery, Woods was shocked to learn that another inventor, Lucius Phelps, had been credited for a version of the induction telegraph.
Woods painstakingly used notes, sketches, and a working model of his invention to prove that he'd started developing the technology first, and he won the patent in 1887.
But the battle over the patent didn't end there. Soon after, Edison sued Woods not once, but twice, claiming he had invented the inductor telegraph first. Woods successfully defeated both lawsuits, according to several historians. Some writers suggest that Edison offered Woods a job at the Edison Company, which Woods declined.
The challenges of being a Black inventor
Woods ultimately sold some of his patents and devices to Edison and other industrialists, as well as companies like Westinghouse, General Electric, and American Engineering. Historians ascribe Woods' decision to sell his hard-won patents to an acknowledgment that it was difficult to market Black American inventions to a largely white audience.
"Like most other Black inventors of the era, Woods had to concede that the race of the inventor did affect the market value of the invention," Michael C. Christopher wrote in the Journal of Black Studies.
Some of the people who bought Woods' inventions didn't pay him fairly or failed to give him credit for his work, according to historians. Sometimes, inventors lost all claims to their inventions once sold and received no profits.
Woods died of a cerebral hemorrhage in 1910, destitute and virtually forgotten for decades. He was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2006. | <urn:uuid:a13700d5-7137-47d0-8078-a1a6d3d56df3> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.businessinsider.com/granville-woods-black-inventor-thomas-edison-electricity-invention-telegraph-2023-11 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474653.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226062606-20240226092606-00395.warc.gz | en | 0.981966 | 981 | 3.734375 | 4 | [
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0.2663601040... | 1 | - Granville T. Woods was one of the most prolific Black inventors in the 19th century.
- In the 1880s, Thomas Edison sued Woods twice, claiming he'd first invented a telegraph for trains.
- Woods' inventions revolutionized transportation, but he faced many challenges as a Black inventor.
Thomas Edison is widely regarded as one of the most celebrated inventors in American history, pioneering technologies like the incandescent light bulb, the phonograph, and the motion-picture camera.
One such inventor was Granville T. Woods, the most prolific Black inventor of the late 19th century. Woods was regarded as the first African American mechanical and electrical engineer after the Civil War and competed with other prominent inventors like Thomas Edison, George Westinghouse, and Frank Sprague.
In 1887, Woods secured a patent for the induction telegraph, which allowed messages to be sent between moving trains and train stations. His discovery was a much-needed improvement to the communication system at the time, which was slow, shoddy, and could lead to train collisions.
Soon after Woods patented his invention, Edison sued Woods, arguing he had first created a similar telegraph and was thus entitled to the patent. Woods eventually won the battle over the patent, but the victory came at a hefty financial and personal cost, according to several historians.
"Woods' life — at times closer to a nightmare than the American dream — clearly illustrates the harsh realities of being a Black inventor at the end of the 19th century," the historian Rayvon Fouché wrote in "Black Inventors in the Age of Segregation: Granville T. Woods, Lewis H. Latimer and Shelby J. Davison."
Woods, ironically, was dubbed "Black Edison" by newspapers at the time for his contributions to science.
Woods' inventions revolutionized transportation
Woods was born in Columbus, Ohio, to freed African Americans in 1856. When he was 10 years old, Woods had to stop attending school because his parents couldn't continue paying for their children's education.
Instead, Woods became an apprentice at a railroad shop, which became the springboard for his career as an engineer.
Woods went on to have nearly 60 patents to his name. His innovations revolutionized the world of transportation, including the "Dead Man's Handle," an automatic brake that slows down trains if the operator is incapacitated. Woods also patented an innovation that led to the "third rail," a crucial means of providing electricity to trains to keep them moving, according to the United States Patent and Trademark Office and the National Inventors Hall of Fame.
Several biographers said that Woods spoke and dressed in an elegant fashion, often wearing all-black clothing. He sometimes said he was an immigrant from Australia, which biographers believe was a way to garner more respect than if people knew he was African American.
The legal battle with Edison
Among Woods' most important inventions was the synchronous multiplex railway telegraph, which allowed messages to be sent uninterrupted between trains.
Before he could file for a patent, however, Woods caught smallpox and was bedridden for months. Historians describe how, upon recovery, Woods was shocked to learn that another inventor, Lucius Phelps, had been credited for a version of the induction telegraph.
Woods painstakingly used notes, sketches, and a working model of his invention to prove that he'd started developing the technology first, and he won the patent in 1887.
But the battle over the patent didn't end there. Soon after, Edison sued Woods not once, but twice, claiming he had invented the inductor telegraph first. Woods successfully defeated both lawsuits, according to several historians. Some writers suggest that Edison offered Woods a job at the Edison Company, which Woods declined.
The challenges of being a Black inventor
Woods ultimately sold some of his patents and devices to Edison and other industrialists, as well as companies like Westinghouse, General Electric, and American Engineering. Historians ascribe Woods' decision to sell his hard-won patents to an acknowledgment that it was difficult to market Black American inventions to a largely white audience.
"Like most other Black inventors of the era, Woods had to concede that the race of the inventor did affect the market value of the invention," Michael C. Christopher wrote in the Journal of Black Studies.
Some of the people who bought Woods' inventions didn't pay him fairly or failed to give him credit for his work, according to historians. Sometimes, inventors lost all claims to their inventions once sold and received no profits.
Woods died of a cerebral hemorrhage in 1910, destitute and virtually forgotten for decades. He was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2006. | 988 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Both The 14 Points that Wilson gave, and The Treaty of Versailles gave very good points about what needs to done. They both hit that “M.A.I.N” issues that were the causes of WWl. But The Treaty of Versailles gave a lot more understanding and definition that what Germany can, cannot, and need to do to make up for the war. This is why the treaty is a little better than The 14 Points. The Treaty of Versailles really made sure that hit militarism hard. It said that “The German army shall be reduced to no more than 100,000 men and 4,000 officers. “The army shall be devoted exclusively to the maintenance of order within the territory.”. It also said that “The German government takes full and sole responsibility for the war and any damage caused …show more content…
Without them it wouldn’t of been called World War. Everyone was fighting. In The Treaty of Versailles, it clearly stated that “The trade agreements must also be applied to all allied forces.”. That way everyone they trade with are all in agreement. That way there wouldn’t be a problem or no disagreement causing an issue. Most countries wanted to practice imperialism overseas. That way they can grow their economic structure. It started to become a problem when Germany started becoming aggressive. For example they destroyed France 's coal mines during the war. So in The Treaty of Peace it said that ‘In compensation for destroying France’s coal mines during the war, Germany gives to France her coal mines in the Saar Basin area, free of charge.”. It also stated that “Germany renounces...all her rights and titles over her overseas possessions.” That is a pretty big deal for everyone. For nationalism during WWl, Wilson stated that Poland should be independent, and that is exactly what The Treaty of Versailles says. The only thing different was that the treaty said a little more than just Poland. It also says that Czecho-Slovak State, Austria, and Belgium will also be recognized as an independent. The Treaty of Versailles gave a lot of more countries their independence from germany which is one of the reasons why I think that the treaty was better than Wilson’s 14
At the end of the war Germany agreed to the 14 points and the punishments it entailed. Wilson however would foresee international relations becoming more important to american
Following the First World War, the Treaty of Versailles was ratified in 1919 with the goal of bringing a lasting peace in Europe between the Allied powers and Germany. However, its unpopular and one-sided declarations, combined with the harsh reparations imposed on the defeated nations, would ultimately lead to the outbreak of World War II less than two decades later. The treaty was a harsh punishment on Germany forcing them to set limits on their military capabilities and make reparation payments. The Treaty of Versailles did not adequately address the grievances of the German people, which ultimately led to a resurgence of nationalism, militarism, and resentment of the Allies, contributing to the outbreak of World War II. France, England,
After World War, leaders of different countries gathered in Paris to discuss the terms of a peace agreement in 1919. In fact, Prime Minister Borden also fought for Canada to have its own seat in the Paris Peace Conference. The Treaty of Versailles was a document which set out the terms for a peace agreement. In fact, president of the United States of America proposed a “fourteen-point” plan peace and forgiveness. But, France and the Belgian leader wanted Germany to make reparation payments on the damages their country faced during World War 1.
In addition to this, Article 232 stated that the Germans have to pay reparations for the damage done during the war. The Germans were demilitarized and lost most of their territory. The German people felt betrayed by the treaty because it imposed harsh war reparations upon the German nation and the treaty did not adhere to President Woodrow Wilson's 14 points from the League of Nations . Overall the Germans felt that the treaty was too
The Treaty of Versailles was a treaty that was created after World War 1 that was harsh and not successful. It was created to restore peace and make sure that Germany does not start more wars by making Germany pay reparations for the damages. Germany lost around 13 percent of its territory and its reparation fees were way too high. Eventually, many nations disagreed with the Treaty of Versailles leading to the emergence of nationalist movements The failure of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 lead to the emergence of nationalist movements around the world.
So in an attempt to avoid future conflict of the same scale, the Allies allowed the Central Powers no participation in the treaty’s negotiations, stripped Germany of many of its territories, blamed it for the war, and imposed substantial reparation payments. However, although the Allies were hopeful that these measures would ensure peace in the future, the Versailles Treaty has been cited as a
In many circumstances peace can lead to war. The Treaty of Versailles was one of the times peace consequently led to war because of Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points, the punishments towards Germany, and the War Guilt Clause. The purpose of the Treaty was to establish peace among the nations, and to punish Germany for starting World War 1. This caused conflict to arise between the nations. Woodrow Wilson believed that there should have been peace between the countries without the need for a victory.
Wilson negotiated the peace treaty at the Paris Peace Conference. At the conference, he presented The Treaty Of Versailles. As he presented it, it required Germany to accept full responsibility for starting the war, make repairs to other countries with damages, surrender some land to other countries etc. The Germans weren’t happy with this negotiation, yet agreed anyway. Wilson called this “A Peace Without
Woodrow mean by peace without victory? What is the treaty of Versailles? What did Germany lose by signing the treaty of Versailles? These are all questions that will be answered throughout this paper. I believe that peace doesn 't have to lead to war.
After millions of deaths occurred during World War I, a peace treaty known as the Treaty of Versailles was created to maintain peace as well as prevent war; however, coincedently, the same treaty that was made to sustain peace helped prompt the start of yet another bloody war known as World War II. During the end of World War I, Germany was forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles as punishment for Germany and her allies being the aggressors of the war. Reparations, the War Guilt Clause, territorial loss, and restricted military were all factors as to how the Treaty of Versailles helped trigger World War II. War reparations were payments that Germany were required to pay as punishment to World War 1. Document C displays how Germany was set
Many theories exist today to show that not only Hitler was responsible for the Holocaust. Many different forces, people, and ideas were at work to achieve this monumental tragedy which still rocks our world to this day. The evidence showing one of the main factors to achieve this event was the condition that Germany itself as a people, and a country, were facing after World War I. The fact that Germany played a major role in this event made it even harder for it’s people as many harsh conditions were put onto it in the end. As Germany was just exiting WWI the Allies felt as though further punishment should be administered because they felt Germany had started the war.
On January 8, 1918, President Woodrow Wilson delivered a solemn oration to Congress on the role of peace after the cessation of World War I. During this focal epoch in American history, Wilson—an ardent arbitrator by heart—sets out to establish ‘covenants of justice and law and fair dealing’ amongst the nations of the world; he, moreover, propounds the notion that imperialist adventurism and coercion should hereafter be put aside for a “peace without victory”. This ‘progressive’ speech did not resonate well with the European Allies, who thought little of conferring with Germany and Austria-Hungary to orchestrate a cordial agreement. Instead, the western Allies imposed stringent reparations upon the abashed German Empire, ultimately setting
Militarism was a huge factor as to why the war was caused, as too many other reasons including Imperialism and Allies. The war was caused because of the distrust and accusations made by one nation to another. Militarism is the belief of keeping a strong military. Each nation would spend millions on weapons and keeping their military strong. Document C ‘‘Growth in Armaments, 1890-1914’’, states that nations including Great Britain, Austria-Hungary and many more spent millions on developing their armies, Great Britain being the nation that spent the most.
“What were the underlying causes of World War 1?” There were many causes to World War 1. They all were placed under categories. The four main causes are militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism. Here are the examples or how each cause was used in the World War.
Refer to the terms of the Versailles Treaty, Germany had to pay heavy reparation, £6,600 million, as the compensation for the victorious powers; suffered from territorial loss, for example, Alsace-Lorraine and Memel was given to France and Lithuania respectively, West Prussia and Posen were ceded to Poland; disarmament, such as German army could only contain 100,000 soldiers, only six battleships were allowed in the navy, and she could not send troops to Rhineland; accepted the war-guilt clause. Furthermore, the union of Germany and Austria was banned by the allies, many Germans were put under foreign control such as Austria and Polish Corridor, their national self-determination was taken away. Great humiliation and resentment aroused among Germans, this led to strong desire for revenge. Moreover, the treaty discredited the Weimar Republic which was the democratic government in Germany, they longed for a new leader to bring them national glory. All these provided a favorable environment for the rise of Hitler and Nazism, he made use of people’s discontent and promised to restore the greatness of Germany. | <urn:uuid:0f447fdf-8bc7-4062-94b1-120b66aeb430> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.ipl.org/essay/Treaty-Of-Versailles-14-Points-Essay-FKLDANWBU5FT | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476442.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304101406-20240304131406-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.980346 | 2,144 | 3.453125 | 3 | [
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0.715171575546... | 1 | Both The 14 Points that Wilson gave, and The Treaty of Versailles gave very good points about what needs to done. They both hit that “M.A.I.N” issues that were the causes of WWl. But The Treaty of Versailles gave a lot more understanding and definition that what Germany can, cannot, and need to do to make up for the war. This is why the treaty is a little better than The 14 Points. The Treaty of Versailles really made sure that hit militarism hard. It said that “The German army shall be reduced to no more than 100,000 men and 4,000 officers. “The army shall be devoted exclusively to the maintenance of order within the territory.”. It also said that “The German government takes full and sole responsibility for the war and any damage caused …show more content…
Without them it wouldn’t of been called World War. Everyone was fighting. In The Treaty of Versailles, it clearly stated that “The trade agreements must also be applied to all allied forces.”. That way everyone they trade with are all in agreement. That way there wouldn’t be a problem or no disagreement causing an issue. Most countries wanted to practice imperialism overseas. That way they can grow their economic structure. It started to become a problem when Germany started becoming aggressive. For example they destroyed France 's coal mines during the war. So in The Treaty of Peace it said that ‘In compensation for destroying France’s coal mines during the war, Germany gives to France her coal mines in the Saar Basin area, free of charge.”. It also stated that “Germany renounces...all her rights and titles over her overseas possessions.” That is a pretty big deal for everyone. For nationalism during WWl, Wilson stated that Poland should be independent, and that is exactly what The Treaty of Versailles says. The only thing different was that the treaty said a little more than just Poland. It also says that Czecho-Slovak State, Austria, and Belgium will also be recognized as an independent. The Treaty of Versailles gave a lot of more countries their independence from germany which is one of the reasons why I think that the treaty was better than Wilson’s 14
At the end of the war Germany agreed to the 14 points and the punishments it entailed. Wilson however would foresee international relations becoming more important to american
Following the First World War, the Treaty of Versailles was ratified in 1919 with the goal of bringing a lasting peace in Europe between the Allied powers and Germany. However, its unpopular and one-sided declarations, combined with the harsh reparations imposed on the defeated nations, would ultimately lead to the outbreak of World War II less than two decades later. The treaty was a harsh punishment on Germany forcing them to set limits on their military capabilities and make reparation payments. The Treaty of Versailles did not adequately address the grievances of the German people, which ultimately led to a resurgence of nationalism, militarism, and resentment of the Allies, contributing to the outbreak of World War II. France, England,
After World War, leaders of different countries gathered in Paris to discuss the terms of a peace agreement in 1919. In fact, Prime Minister Borden also fought for Canada to have its own seat in the Paris Peace Conference. The Treaty of Versailles was a document which set out the terms for a peace agreement. In fact, president of the United States of America proposed a “fourteen-point” plan peace and forgiveness. But, France and the Belgian leader wanted Germany to make reparation payments on the damages their country faced during World War 1.
In addition to this, Article 232 stated that the Germans have to pay reparations for the damage done during the war. The Germans were demilitarized and lost most of their territory. The German people felt betrayed by the treaty because it imposed harsh war reparations upon the German nation and the treaty did not adhere to President Woodrow Wilson's 14 points from the League of Nations . Overall the Germans felt that the treaty was too
The Treaty of Versailles was a treaty that was created after World War 1 that was harsh and not successful. It was created to restore peace and make sure that Germany does not start more wars by making Germany pay reparations for the damages. Germany lost around 13 percent of its territory and its reparation fees were way too high. Eventually, many nations disagreed with the Treaty of Versailles leading to the emergence of nationalist movements The failure of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 lead to the emergence of nationalist movements around the world.
So in an attempt to avoid future conflict of the same scale, the Allies allowed the Central Powers no participation in the treaty’s negotiations, stripped Germany of many of its territories, blamed it for the war, and imposed substantial reparation payments. However, although the Allies were hopeful that these measures would ensure peace in the future, the Versailles Treaty has been cited as a
In many circumstances peace can lead to war. The Treaty of Versailles was one of the times peace consequently led to war because of Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points, the punishments towards Germany, and the War Guilt Clause. The purpose of the Treaty was to establish peace among the nations, and to punish Germany for starting World War 1. This caused conflict to arise between the nations. Woodrow Wilson believed that there should have been peace between the countries without the need for a victory.
Wilson negotiated the peace treaty at the Paris Peace Conference. At the conference, he presented The Treaty Of Versailles. As he presented it, it required Germany to accept full responsibility for starting the war, make repairs to other countries with damages, surrender some land to other countries etc. The Germans weren’t happy with this negotiation, yet agreed anyway. Wilson called this “A Peace Without
Woodrow mean by peace without victory? What is the treaty of Versailles? What did Germany lose by signing the treaty of Versailles? These are all questions that will be answered throughout this paper. I believe that peace doesn 't have to lead to war.
After millions of deaths occurred during World War I, a peace treaty known as the Treaty of Versailles was created to maintain peace as well as prevent war; however, coincedently, the same treaty that was made to sustain peace helped prompt the start of yet another bloody war known as World War II. During the end of World War I, Germany was forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles as punishment for Germany and her allies being the aggressors of the war. Reparations, the War Guilt Clause, territorial loss, and restricted military were all factors as to how the Treaty of Versailles helped trigger World War II. War reparations were payments that Germany were required to pay as punishment to World War 1. Document C displays how Germany was set
Many theories exist today to show that not only Hitler was responsible for the Holocaust. Many different forces, people, and ideas were at work to achieve this monumental tragedy which still rocks our world to this day. The evidence showing one of the main factors to achieve this event was the condition that Germany itself as a people, and a country, were facing after World War I. The fact that Germany played a major role in this event made it even harder for it’s people as many harsh conditions were put onto it in the end. As Germany was just exiting WWI the Allies felt as though further punishment should be administered because they felt Germany had started the war.
On January 8, 1918, President Woodrow Wilson delivered a solemn oration to Congress on the role of peace after the cessation of World War I. During this focal epoch in American history, Wilson—an ardent arbitrator by heart—sets out to establish ‘covenants of justice and law and fair dealing’ amongst the nations of the world; he, moreover, propounds the notion that imperialist adventurism and coercion should hereafter be put aside for a “peace without victory”. This ‘progressive’ speech did not resonate well with the European Allies, who thought little of conferring with Germany and Austria-Hungary to orchestrate a cordial agreement. Instead, the western Allies imposed stringent reparations upon the abashed German Empire, ultimately setting
Militarism was a huge factor as to why the war was caused, as too many other reasons including Imperialism and Allies. The war was caused because of the distrust and accusations made by one nation to another. Militarism is the belief of keeping a strong military. Each nation would spend millions on weapons and keeping their military strong. Document C ‘‘Growth in Armaments, 1890-1914’’, states that nations including Great Britain, Austria-Hungary and many more spent millions on developing their armies, Great Britain being the nation that spent the most.
“What were the underlying causes of World War 1?” There were many causes to World War 1. They all were placed under categories. The four main causes are militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism. Here are the examples or how each cause was used in the World War.
Refer to the terms of the Versailles Treaty, Germany had to pay heavy reparation, £6,600 million, as the compensation for the victorious powers; suffered from territorial loss, for example, Alsace-Lorraine and Memel was given to France and Lithuania respectively, West Prussia and Posen were ceded to Poland; disarmament, such as German army could only contain 100,000 soldiers, only six battleships were allowed in the navy, and she could not send troops to Rhineland; accepted the war-guilt clause. Furthermore, the union of Germany and Austria was banned by the allies, many Germans were put under foreign control such as Austria and Polish Corridor, their national self-determination was taken away. Great humiliation and resentment aroused among Germans, this led to strong desire for revenge. Moreover, the treaty discredited the Weimar Republic which was the democratic government in Germany, they longed for a new leader to bring them national glory. All these provided a favorable environment for the rise of Hitler and Nazism, he made use of people’s discontent and promised to restore the greatness of Germany. | 2,114 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Charles Dickens is an influential author for all ages. He has written many books that children know very well, including A Christmas Carol, with the character, Ebenezer Scrooge, finding his love for Christmas again. Dickens has also written some more mature books with topics that relate to our world today, such as Great Expectations, were the young boy, Pip, deals with an abusive family. In Charles Dickens books, we read many different themes that all have one thing in common: good v.s. evil. Charles Dickens was born on February 7, 1812 in Portsmouth, England, United Kingdom to his parents John and Elizabeth Dickens, and was their second child, they would go on to have eight children. John Dickens was a naval clerk and his mother had always dreamed of being a teacher so she helped as much as she could for her children to succeed. In 1824 his father was sent to prison for debt. Charles decided to leave school and try to help the family as much as he could. Later on, his father would be released from prison, and Charles would go back to school only to be pulled back out at the age of 15 to once again help with the family income (Biography). The Victorian Era was a time that the government was not seen as much because of the changing laws as well as no longer being able to sentence people to cruel and unusual punishments. This played a role in getting Dickens’s father out of debtor’s prison in England. Dickens wrote a piece on the five Points neighborhood in New York City.
Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens in 1843 where there was a lot of poverty in England. Charles was poor growing up so his dad got sent to prison and Charles got sent to a workhouse. This is a story about a man that changes personalities in a little time. Charles wrote the Christmas Carol to show people to be kind and give to all people no matter what and to also treat the poor as equal.
There are very few characters in “A Christmas Carol” by Charles Dickens, which is why one character stood out to me. That characters name is Ebenezer Scrooge. Though there are very few characters, it was still challenging to figure out Scrooge's personality because of all of the changing moods and themes throughout the book. In the beginning of the book, Scrooge was a very cold-hearted man.
The author Charles Dickens and his character Scrooge have very similar lives and they have many connections. At the beginning of the book, “A Christmas Carol” the character Ebenezer Scrooge is not a nice person. Scrooge is always upset because nothing good ever comes his way but nothing good ever happens to him because he is always mean, grumpy, and upset towards everyone around him. Scrooge and Charles Dickens are very similar types of people. They are both mean people and according to www.telegraph.co.uk, Charles Dickens abused Women and he didn't get along with very many people.
In a 'Christmas Carol' Charles dickens shows the readers a tale of redemption along with entertainment and a little bit of education, Dickens' book a christmas carol takes us on a journey and teaches us that redemption is an option In a Christmas Carol the author tells us about redemption and how it is shown throughout the book, Dickens uses the character Scrooge to set an example, " God bless us, everyone!". Scrooge's journey to redemption taught readers that redemption is always avaliable. Charles Dickens' puts scrooge in a situation where he is forced to go to the path of redemption and caused his love for money and greed to decrease In charles Dickens' book he is aimed to show the readers and educate them with 'a Chistmas Carol a ghost
“We all have good and evil inside us. It's what side we choose to follow that defines who we are”-J.K. Rowling William Golding wrote Lord of the Flies during a time of conflict and war. In response to all the conflict Golding wrote Lord of the Flies, a book about kids that crash landed on an island and how the isolation affects them. Golding wrote Lord of the Flies to tell that humans are corrupted to evil or forced to be good based by their surroundings.
Charles Dickens, author of the novella, A Christmas Carol, published on December 19, 1843, impacted Christmas in a way none of us can forget. Most people don’t give credit to Dickens for traditions we thought were normal! Such as how before A Christmas Carol, turkey was infrequently found on the table for Christmas dinner. However, Dickens didn’t want credit for Christmas traditions, he merely wanted people to be less self-centered on Christmas, and be more generous to the poor and the needy, and to each other. “They were not a handsome family; they were not well dressed; their shoes were far from being water-proof; their clothes were scanty; and Peter might have known, and very likely did, the inside of a pawnbroker’s.
Have you ever heard of Charles Dickens? Well, Charles Dickens wrote a novel called, “A Christmas Carol,” and it talks about how some people don’t like Christmas, and then the way they change throughout the story. Charles Dickens was known for a British novelist who wrote classic novels. Charles Dickens had an impact on our Christmas traditions and the way you teach education. Charles Dickens became a well known author from writing many novels.
In Charles Dickens novel, A. Christmas Carol, Ebenezer Scrooge states "Men's courses will foreshadow certain ends, to which, if persevered in, they must lead. But if the courses be departed from, the ends will change. Say it is thus with what you show me. " This can mean several things. These are just the main ones.
In A Christmas Carol, Charles dickens relates themes of Christmas, loneliness and Family, to the overall Theme of Compassion. The book is set during the time of Christmas to symbolize generosity, selflessness and love. While it looks at the world from the eyes of an old, rich, grumpy man, whom is the exact opposite, and has yet to understand what it means to care for others. Dickens uses this character of Scrooge, to symbolize greed, selfishness and hatred that is found in a person and in a society. While he introduces other characters to represent the good that has surrounds him.
In ‘A Christmas Carol’, Dickens presents Ignorance and Want in a metaphorical fashion, depicting them as children. This is done in such a manner as to shock and appall the reader, leading to greater emotional investment. Throughout the extract’s entirety, Ignorance and Want are depicted as children, increasing the atmosphere of pessimism that surrounds them. Dickens describes the manner in which the Ghost of Christmas Present “brought two children” – by describing Ignorance and Want as “children”, Dickens creates the impression of innocence, vulnerability, and weakness.
The Display of Scrooge’s Change It is very important that an author does a good job displaying his characters and their changes in the story. Charles Dickens does a great job showing us that Scrooge is not a static character in A Christmas Carol. Dickens displays his change using descriptions of Scrooge and through his actions before and after his Christmas experience.
Danielle Lurz Mrs. Figg British Literature 10 January 2018 A Biography of Charles Dickens Charles Dickens was most famous for his book The Christmas Carol. Most people only know his name because of his book, A Christmas Carol; however, he was a well as a crusader for human rights. Charles Dickens was born in England, he wrote A Christmas Carol, and he did not like the effects that the industrial revolution had on families. Charles John Huffam Dickens was born on February 7, 1812 in Landport, Portsmouth, England.
The Christmas Carol The Christmas carol is an allegory that provides many messages and morals that show the problems faced by society. The author Charles dickens delivered many messages by using characters and settings that showed the many comparison of the many problems we face today. Throughout the story dickens use characters such as scrooge, Fred, the ghost of Christmas Past, And also ignorance and greed, to share with the public.
In Charles Dickens’ novel A Tale of Two Cities, Dickens does an excellent job in representing justice throughout the novel. Doctor Manette does not want to get revenge for his imprisonment of eighteen years even though this part of Doctor Manette 's life was wasted. Charles d’Evremonde knows what his family is up to but does not want to be involved in it or have anything to do with this situation. Charles is sent to La Force for being an emigrant coming into France and is going to be executed for it until Sydney Carton comes into play and prevents Charles’ life from ending by risking his own life. In A Tale of Two Cities, Dickens uses the motif of justice to show that one does not have to like another person in order to risk their own life for that other person.
Picture this: a woman is getting arrested for shoplifting at the local Giant. As the cops take her away, a cluster of onlookers begins to form. Sure, they don’t know the story, but one thing for certain is that she really wanted that milk. She knows the story, however: that her husband just left her, leaving two kids and herself without a source of money. The conflict is that she shoplifted, so she committed a crime. | <urn:uuid:52622fbc-64ac-4941-85ef-6b183d4fc422> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.ipl.org/essay/What-Is-Charles-Dickens-Good-Vs-Evil-F3JKYDH4ACFR | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474853.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229202522-20240229232522-00060.warc.gz | en | 0.982536 | 2,001 | 3.59375 | 4 | [
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0.04470641165... | 1 | Charles Dickens is an influential author for all ages. He has written many books that children know very well, including A Christmas Carol, with the character, Ebenezer Scrooge, finding his love for Christmas again. Dickens has also written some more mature books with topics that relate to our world today, such as Great Expectations, were the young boy, Pip, deals with an abusive family. In Charles Dickens books, we read many different themes that all have one thing in common: good v.s. evil. Charles Dickens was born on February 7, 1812 in Portsmouth, England, United Kingdom to his parents John and Elizabeth Dickens, and was their second child, they would go on to have eight children. John Dickens was a naval clerk and his mother had always dreamed of being a teacher so she helped as much as she could for her children to succeed. In 1824 his father was sent to prison for debt. Charles decided to leave school and try to help the family as much as he could. Later on, his father would be released from prison, and Charles would go back to school only to be pulled back out at the age of 15 to once again help with the family income (Biography). The Victorian Era was a time that the government was not seen as much because of the changing laws as well as no longer being able to sentence people to cruel and unusual punishments. This played a role in getting Dickens’s father out of debtor’s prison in England. Dickens wrote a piece on the five Points neighborhood in New York City.
Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens in 1843 where there was a lot of poverty in England. Charles was poor growing up so his dad got sent to prison and Charles got sent to a workhouse. This is a story about a man that changes personalities in a little time. Charles wrote the Christmas Carol to show people to be kind and give to all people no matter what and to also treat the poor as equal.
There are very few characters in “A Christmas Carol” by Charles Dickens, which is why one character stood out to me. That characters name is Ebenezer Scrooge. Though there are very few characters, it was still challenging to figure out Scrooge's personality because of all of the changing moods and themes throughout the book. In the beginning of the book, Scrooge was a very cold-hearted man.
The author Charles Dickens and his character Scrooge have very similar lives and they have many connections. At the beginning of the book, “A Christmas Carol” the character Ebenezer Scrooge is not a nice person. Scrooge is always upset because nothing good ever comes his way but nothing good ever happens to him because he is always mean, grumpy, and upset towards everyone around him. Scrooge and Charles Dickens are very similar types of people. They are both mean people and according to www.telegraph.co.uk, Charles Dickens abused Women and he didn't get along with very many people.
In a 'Christmas Carol' Charles dickens shows the readers a tale of redemption along with entertainment and a little bit of education, Dickens' book a christmas carol takes us on a journey and teaches us that redemption is an option In a Christmas Carol the author tells us about redemption and how it is shown throughout the book, Dickens uses the character Scrooge to set an example, " God bless us, everyone!". Scrooge's journey to redemption taught readers that redemption is always avaliable. Charles Dickens' puts scrooge in a situation where he is forced to go to the path of redemption and caused his love for money and greed to decrease In charles Dickens' book he is aimed to show the readers and educate them with 'a Chistmas Carol a ghost
“We all have good and evil inside us. It's what side we choose to follow that defines who we are”-J.K. Rowling William Golding wrote Lord of the Flies during a time of conflict and war. In response to all the conflict Golding wrote Lord of the Flies, a book about kids that crash landed on an island and how the isolation affects them. Golding wrote Lord of the Flies to tell that humans are corrupted to evil or forced to be good based by their surroundings.
Charles Dickens, author of the novella, A Christmas Carol, published on December 19, 1843, impacted Christmas in a way none of us can forget. Most people don’t give credit to Dickens for traditions we thought were normal! Such as how before A Christmas Carol, turkey was infrequently found on the table for Christmas dinner. However, Dickens didn’t want credit for Christmas traditions, he merely wanted people to be less self-centered on Christmas, and be more generous to the poor and the needy, and to each other. “They were not a handsome family; they were not well dressed; their shoes were far from being water-proof; their clothes were scanty; and Peter might have known, and very likely did, the inside of a pawnbroker’s.
Have you ever heard of Charles Dickens? Well, Charles Dickens wrote a novel called, “A Christmas Carol,” and it talks about how some people don’t like Christmas, and then the way they change throughout the story. Charles Dickens was known for a British novelist who wrote classic novels. Charles Dickens had an impact on our Christmas traditions and the way you teach education. Charles Dickens became a well known author from writing many novels.
In Charles Dickens novel, A. Christmas Carol, Ebenezer Scrooge states "Men's courses will foreshadow certain ends, to which, if persevered in, they must lead. But if the courses be departed from, the ends will change. Say it is thus with what you show me. " This can mean several things. These are just the main ones.
In A Christmas Carol, Charles dickens relates themes of Christmas, loneliness and Family, to the overall Theme of Compassion. The book is set during the time of Christmas to symbolize generosity, selflessness and love. While it looks at the world from the eyes of an old, rich, grumpy man, whom is the exact opposite, and has yet to understand what it means to care for others. Dickens uses this character of Scrooge, to symbolize greed, selfishness and hatred that is found in a person and in a society. While he introduces other characters to represent the good that has surrounds him.
In ‘A Christmas Carol’, Dickens presents Ignorance and Want in a metaphorical fashion, depicting them as children. This is done in such a manner as to shock and appall the reader, leading to greater emotional investment. Throughout the extract’s entirety, Ignorance and Want are depicted as children, increasing the atmosphere of pessimism that surrounds them. Dickens describes the manner in which the Ghost of Christmas Present “brought two children” – by describing Ignorance and Want as “children”, Dickens creates the impression of innocence, vulnerability, and weakness.
The Display of Scrooge’s Change It is very important that an author does a good job displaying his characters and their changes in the story. Charles Dickens does a great job showing us that Scrooge is not a static character in A Christmas Carol. Dickens displays his change using descriptions of Scrooge and through his actions before and after his Christmas experience.
Danielle Lurz Mrs. Figg British Literature 10 January 2018 A Biography of Charles Dickens Charles Dickens was most famous for his book The Christmas Carol. Most people only know his name because of his book, A Christmas Carol; however, he was a well as a crusader for human rights. Charles Dickens was born in England, he wrote A Christmas Carol, and he did not like the effects that the industrial revolution had on families. Charles John Huffam Dickens was born on February 7, 1812 in Landport, Portsmouth, England.
The Christmas Carol The Christmas carol is an allegory that provides many messages and morals that show the problems faced by society. The author Charles dickens delivered many messages by using characters and settings that showed the many comparison of the many problems we face today. Throughout the story dickens use characters such as scrooge, Fred, the ghost of Christmas Past, And also ignorance and greed, to share with the public.
In Charles Dickens’ novel A Tale of Two Cities, Dickens does an excellent job in representing justice throughout the novel. Doctor Manette does not want to get revenge for his imprisonment of eighteen years even though this part of Doctor Manette 's life was wasted. Charles d’Evremonde knows what his family is up to but does not want to be involved in it or have anything to do with this situation. Charles is sent to La Force for being an emigrant coming into France and is going to be executed for it until Sydney Carton comes into play and prevents Charles’ life from ending by risking his own life. In A Tale of Two Cities, Dickens uses the motif of justice to show that one does not have to like another person in order to risk their own life for that other person.
Picture this: a woman is getting arrested for shoplifting at the local Giant. As the cops take her away, a cluster of onlookers begins to form. Sure, they don’t know the story, but one thing for certain is that she really wanted that milk. She knows the story, however: that her husband just left her, leaving two kids and herself without a source of money. The conflict is that she shoplifted, so she committed a crime. | 1,965 | ENGLISH | 1 |
“Christian Nubia” is a term that describes the cultures that developed south of Egypt roughly between the 5th and 15th centuries ce. Although it is often also called “medieval Nubia,” its major characteristic is Christianity, practiced by Nubian-speaking peoples living in at least three kingdoms, namely, Nobadia, Makuria, and Alwa. Very little is known about Alwa, both because of limited archaeological research in the region and due to the focus of written sources on Nobadia and Makuria, which were closer to Egypt. What is known about the Christian Nubian kingdoms suggests that they were heavily influenced by their northern neighbor. In the first centuries of the medieval era, Nubia received the Christian faith and church organization of Byzantine Egypt, and its church was subsequently subordinated to the Coptic Patriarchate of Alexandria. After the Arab conquest of Egypt, the relations between the Caliphate and Makuria were defined by an agreement called the Baqt, which was signed after a failed siege of the Makuritan capital in 651–652. The Fatimid period of Egypt coincided with the apogee of Christian Nubian civilization, while the arrival of the Ayyubids in the 12th century broke with a long-standing tradition of relatively peaceful coexistence. Interventions from the north increased under the Mamluks, particularly due to internal strife and dynastic conflicts in Nubia itself. After two tumultuous centuries, Muslim rulers took over the throne of Old Dongola, the capital of Makuria. Bedouins then pushed the centers of Christian authority to the peripheries of Makuria and to centers in northern Nubia, such as Qasr Ibrim and Gebel Adda, where the last Christian Nubian king is attested in an inscription in Old Nubian dating from 1483. Soba, the capital of Alwa and perhaps the largest city of Nubia, was also in ruins by the early 16th century, as witnessed by European travelers to the region. | <urn:uuid:bbf936dd-a952-46df-9c50-613122a45a3b> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/search?btog=chap&f_0=keyword&q_0=Old%20Nubian | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474573.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225003942-20240225033942-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.980985 | 422 | 3.8125 | 4 | [
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-0.055297... | 1 | “Christian Nubia” is a term that describes the cultures that developed south of Egypt roughly between the 5th and 15th centuries ce. Although it is often also called “medieval Nubia,” its major characteristic is Christianity, practiced by Nubian-speaking peoples living in at least three kingdoms, namely, Nobadia, Makuria, and Alwa. Very little is known about Alwa, both because of limited archaeological research in the region and due to the focus of written sources on Nobadia and Makuria, which were closer to Egypt. What is known about the Christian Nubian kingdoms suggests that they were heavily influenced by their northern neighbor. In the first centuries of the medieval era, Nubia received the Christian faith and church organization of Byzantine Egypt, and its church was subsequently subordinated to the Coptic Patriarchate of Alexandria. After the Arab conquest of Egypt, the relations between the Caliphate and Makuria were defined by an agreement called the Baqt, which was signed after a failed siege of the Makuritan capital in 651–652. The Fatimid period of Egypt coincided with the apogee of Christian Nubian civilization, while the arrival of the Ayyubids in the 12th century broke with a long-standing tradition of relatively peaceful coexistence. Interventions from the north increased under the Mamluks, particularly due to internal strife and dynastic conflicts in Nubia itself. After two tumultuous centuries, Muslim rulers took over the throne of Old Dongola, the capital of Makuria. Bedouins then pushed the centers of Christian authority to the peripheries of Makuria and to centers in northern Nubia, such as Qasr Ibrim and Gebel Adda, where the last Christian Nubian king is attested in an inscription in Old Nubian dating from 1483. Soba, the capital of Alwa and perhaps the largest city of Nubia, was also in ruins by the early 16th century, as witnessed by European travelers to the region. | 435 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Occupations in The 16th Century
In the Elizabethan Era, occupations were as varied as a bowl of Jelly Belly Jelly Beans. There was some much to do as the times were changing rapidly. Professions in this time and age ranged from rabbit catching to working with royalty. Making weapons, clothes, working in the house, working in the castle, selling goods in the marketplace, and healing others were just some of the more common trades of the time.
Break out the weapons! Two mortal enemies, sworn to cut each other’s throats, are at it again on the old battlefield. One side of the field is pouring with men in rusty brown uniforms, while the other side sports pale blue tunics. There is no end in sight, each side is fighting at their best. Then from the brown side the warriors step back and a valiant knight riding a horse steps into the clearing. Without a word, an equally terrifying champion on a horse steps out of the opposing crowd to face the combatant. Both armies step back and watch the scene in amazement. The champion in blue swiftly whips out his bow and arrows and aims it at his opponent. His adversary gives him a dry look and whips out his own weapon. He says deftly, “It’s made in Paris with about #25 draw weight. Made out of the choicest materials by the local fletcher and bowyer.”
The fighter in blue gasped and his face grew red. He threw his arrows on the ground and reached
for his sword. Just before he could put in a harsh word, his adversary cut in, “Let me guess… that’s a steel pommel and guard with a leather wrapped hilt. The blade is 30″ long, am I right?”
The steely faced warrior had regained his composure and slowly nodded. The other grinned and said, “Here I have in my had the famed Sword of Vaelen, a wonderful tempered blade…made, of course, by the finest blacksmith in Spain!”
The fight was on – the champion in blue had his weapons made by various specialists, like the armorer, a farrier, a saddler, and cutler. The fight even went as far as to see who had the better horseshoes on their horses. The knight defending the brown side had all of his weapons specially custom-made by a blacksmith. As the fight went on, the brown side started cheering louder and louder, for it was clear that the knight was winning. Finally the last blow struck. “Ha! You paid five times as much as I did for my armor! From the looks of both, my weapons are far sturdier than any of yours!” shouted the knight, as the champion stared daggers at this daring warrior. The champion called out to his men and led them away from the battlefield, waving his sword and muttering something about ?…waiting until they got caught off guard next time.’
Working with iron proved to be a very useful and resourceful trade during this time period. To come into battle with high quality equipment would lengthen one’s warrantee in the game of life. For a one stop shopping place to buy a variety of weapons, the blacksmith was always at hand to take orders for the customer.
Another line of work was found in the clothing department. Fashion depended on whatever the queen felt like wearing and shops had to be prepared for anything new that came out. If the style changed, the first to start copying the design was the seamstress, who made smocks and shirts. The clothing was then sent to the draper for the public to buy. To get a custom -made suit designed to one’s particular taste, a tailor was usually called in. The tailor would first
would draw out the suit.
Work could also be found in and around the home. Well-off members of the gentry almost always had a large estate to maintain, and thus they would be highly likely to employ many hired hands. It usually started off with a steward who would oversee all of the workers and servants and attend to their needs. In the kitchen, besides the cook, there would often be an acater, fowler, and/or warrener. The acater did the job of necessary procuring goods not produced on the land, the fowler would shoot game birds for the table, and the warrener would catch rabbits for the evening feast. Where did children fit it? If there were children, there would be a nurse to take care of and tutor them. If there were infants, there would often be a wet nurse to nurse the young, as it was not the proper place of a wealthy woman to take time off and breast-feed her child. If something needed to be built, such as furniture, a modest accessory for the house, the steward would take lumber to the sawyer to have it cut into the right sized planks. The lumber would then go to the turner or the joiner, who fashioned it exquisitely to the master’s taste. All the master’s investments and expenses were balanced by the Man of Business, who acted as an accountant.
Living and working in a castle was not that different from working in a well-to-do estate. The king living in it would rule vast areas of land. By splitting it up into small sections and entrusting it to the local lords, or vassals, the king avoided strife and invasion from neighboring kingdoms. These vassals would then rule the fiefs under the under the condition that the fiefs would fight for the king’s land if necessary. The vassals also could break down the land even further and have vassals of their own ruling the land. In the king’s army, there would be knights of all shapes and sizes. They were legionnaires on horseback, fighting with their lives for the king in return for a plot of land. When a knight went into battle, a noblewoman would give him her
handkerchief for good luck. Noblewomen were the wives and daughters of those with high ranking in the castle. If there was no steward to overlook the servants, the noblewoman would take charge and make sure everything is running smoothly. The servants who work for the king were called serfs; they were peasants who were bound to the castle grounds and separable from the land by the lord’s manumission only. These villagers, did not necessary lead a boring life. Karen Cushman, who wrote Catherine, Called Birdy, states that “…Villagers put aside their hard, tedious lives to dance around the Maypole, jump the bonfires on Midsummers’s Night, and share Christmas with their lord and lady.” (168) For many of these hard-working men and women, living in the castle was not only fun, it was a way of life.
Walking into the noisy marketplace, there are merchants walking up and down and setting up their stalls up for their wares to be displayed. Tantalizing smells fill the air and make one’s nose twitch. The calls of the merchants ring loud and clear, yelling their pitches such as, “Here my good man, sample this fine brew!” and, “The best of the marketplace is HERE! Step riiiight up!” Some interesting shops to look out for in the marketplace include the wine seller, the cobbler, the tiler, and the glazier. Wine was had at almost every meal, and it was a shame not to have any at a feast. People sometimes brewed their own ale, which was the only safe drink, even for children, until a couple hundred years later when piped water came. There were many cobblers in the marketplace; high heels had just been invented and were meant only for the most fashionable of ladies. Another interesting occupation was being a tiler, someone who makes and places tiles on rooftops to keep the rain out. Glaziers made glass for windows, ornaments, and jewelry. Strolling though the marketplace is an adventure in itself; there is much to grok.
the barber to have their ailments cured. The barber would pull out that sore tooth, give the patient
herbs, or just have the paining limb cut off. Cleanliness was not a big issue, so many deaths often occurred from contamination. Other methods of healing was to drain the ?bad’ blood from the patient, using cauterizing irons, and pouring boiling oil on the wound. The 16th century brought about great men in medicine who realized that these methods weren’t the best, and sought to find the correct treatment. Next to the barber, people also went to the apothecary, who sold medicinal herbs and charms that could supposedly ward away the plague and evil spirits. All in all, Elizabethan medicine was quite different from today’s practices and methods.
From owning a small business to ruling a country, the Elizabethan Era was well knit together with the spice of life – variety. From the marketplace to the king’s castle, there was much work to be done to keep the world running and it was not that hard to find a decent job. For the most part, this was an age where there was a lot of change. Change occurred in the medical sciences, fashion, weapons, and more. This era is one of the many building blocks of today’s advanced civilization.
Cushman, Karen. Catherine, Called Birdy. New York:Houghton Mifflin, 1994 (Author’s note used)
Ramsey, Lia. “Medical Beliefs and Practices.” Elizabethan England. (no date given).
(Accessed on: 4/4/01)
Anderson, Margo. “Elizabethan Accessories.” Elizabethan Costume. 17 September 1999.
(Accessed on: 4/4/01)
Rice, Aaron. “People of the Middle Ages” The Middle Ages. 8 Dec. 1994
(Accessed on: 4/4/01)
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0.1520432829856872... | 1 | Occupations in The 16th Century
In the Elizabethan Era, occupations were as varied as a bowl of Jelly Belly Jelly Beans. There was some much to do as the times were changing rapidly. Professions in this time and age ranged from rabbit catching to working with royalty. Making weapons, clothes, working in the house, working in the castle, selling goods in the marketplace, and healing others were just some of the more common trades of the time.
Break out the weapons! Two mortal enemies, sworn to cut each other’s throats, are at it again on the old battlefield. One side of the field is pouring with men in rusty brown uniforms, while the other side sports pale blue tunics. There is no end in sight, each side is fighting at their best. Then from the brown side the warriors step back and a valiant knight riding a horse steps into the clearing. Without a word, an equally terrifying champion on a horse steps out of the opposing crowd to face the combatant. Both armies step back and watch the scene in amazement. The champion in blue swiftly whips out his bow and arrows and aims it at his opponent. His adversary gives him a dry look and whips out his own weapon. He says deftly, “It’s made in Paris with about #25 draw weight. Made out of the choicest materials by the local fletcher and bowyer.”
The fighter in blue gasped and his face grew red. He threw his arrows on the ground and reached
for his sword. Just before he could put in a harsh word, his adversary cut in, “Let me guess… that’s a steel pommel and guard with a leather wrapped hilt. The blade is 30″ long, am I right?”
The steely faced warrior had regained his composure and slowly nodded. The other grinned and said, “Here I have in my had the famed Sword of Vaelen, a wonderful tempered blade…made, of course, by the finest blacksmith in Spain!”
The fight was on – the champion in blue had his weapons made by various specialists, like the armorer, a farrier, a saddler, and cutler. The fight even went as far as to see who had the better horseshoes on their horses. The knight defending the brown side had all of his weapons specially custom-made by a blacksmith. As the fight went on, the brown side started cheering louder and louder, for it was clear that the knight was winning. Finally the last blow struck. “Ha! You paid five times as much as I did for my armor! From the looks of both, my weapons are far sturdier than any of yours!” shouted the knight, as the champion stared daggers at this daring warrior. The champion called out to his men and led them away from the battlefield, waving his sword and muttering something about ?…waiting until they got caught off guard next time.’
Working with iron proved to be a very useful and resourceful trade during this time period. To come into battle with high quality equipment would lengthen one’s warrantee in the game of life. For a one stop shopping place to buy a variety of weapons, the blacksmith was always at hand to take orders for the customer.
Another line of work was found in the clothing department. Fashion depended on whatever the queen felt like wearing and shops had to be prepared for anything new that came out. If the style changed, the first to start copying the design was the seamstress, who made smocks and shirts. The clothing was then sent to the draper for the public to buy. To get a custom -made suit designed to one’s particular taste, a tailor was usually called in. The tailor would first
would draw out the suit.
Work could also be found in and around the home. Well-off members of the gentry almost always had a large estate to maintain, and thus they would be highly likely to employ many hired hands. It usually started off with a steward who would oversee all of the workers and servants and attend to their needs. In the kitchen, besides the cook, there would often be an acater, fowler, and/or warrener. The acater did the job of necessary procuring goods not produced on the land, the fowler would shoot game birds for the table, and the warrener would catch rabbits for the evening feast. Where did children fit it? If there were children, there would be a nurse to take care of and tutor them. If there were infants, there would often be a wet nurse to nurse the young, as it was not the proper place of a wealthy woman to take time off and breast-feed her child. If something needed to be built, such as furniture, a modest accessory for the house, the steward would take lumber to the sawyer to have it cut into the right sized planks. The lumber would then go to the turner or the joiner, who fashioned it exquisitely to the master’s taste. All the master’s investments and expenses were balanced by the Man of Business, who acted as an accountant.
Living and working in a castle was not that different from working in a well-to-do estate. The king living in it would rule vast areas of land. By splitting it up into small sections and entrusting it to the local lords, or vassals, the king avoided strife and invasion from neighboring kingdoms. These vassals would then rule the fiefs under the under the condition that the fiefs would fight for the king’s land if necessary. The vassals also could break down the land even further and have vassals of their own ruling the land. In the king’s army, there would be knights of all shapes and sizes. They were legionnaires on horseback, fighting with their lives for the king in return for a plot of land. When a knight went into battle, a noblewoman would give him her
handkerchief for good luck. Noblewomen were the wives and daughters of those with high ranking in the castle. If there was no steward to overlook the servants, the noblewoman would take charge and make sure everything is running smoothly. The servants who work for the king were called serfs; they were peasants who were bound to the castle grounds and separable from the land by the lord’s manumission only. These villagers, did not necessary lead a boring life. Karen Cushman, who wrote Catherine, Called Birdy, states that “…Villagers put aside their hard, tedious lives to dance around the Maypole, jump the bonfires on Midsummers’s Night, and share Christmas with their lord and lady.” (168) For many of these hard-working men and women, living in the castle was not only fun, it was a way of life.
Walking into the noisy marketplace, there are merchants walking up and down and setting up their stalls up for their wares to be displayed. Tantalizing smells fill the air and make one’s nose twitch. The calls of the merchants ring loud and clear, yelling their pitches such as, “Here my good man, sample this fine brew!” and, “The best of the marketplace is HERE! Step riiiight up!” Some interesting shops to look out for in the marketplace include the wine seller, the cobbler, the tiler, and the glazier. Wine was had at almost every meal, and it was a shame not to have any at a feast. People sometimes brewed their own ale, which was the only safe drink, even for children, until a couple hundred years later when piped water came. There were many cobblers in the marketplace; high heels had just been invented and were meant only for the most fashionable of ladies. Another interesting occupation was being a tiler, someone who makes and places tiles on rooftops to keep the rain out. Glaziers made glass for windows, ornaments, and jewelry. Strolling though the marketplace is an adventure in itself; there is much to grok.
the barber to have their ailments cured. The barber would pull out that sore tooth, give the patient
herbs, or just have the paining limb cut off. Cleanliness was not a big issue, so many deaths often occurred from contamination. Other methods of healing was to drain the ?bad’ blood from the patient, using cauterizing irons, and pouring boiling oil on the wound. The 16th century brought about great men in medicine who realized that these methods weren’t the best, and sought to find the correct treatment. Next to the barber, people also went to the apothecary, who sold medicinal herbs and charms that could supposedly ward away the plague and evil spirits. All in all, Elizabethan medicine was quite different from today’s practices and methods.
From owning a small business to ruling a country, the Elizabethan Era was well knit together with the spice of life – variety. From the marketplace to the king’s castle, there was much work to be done to keep the world running and it was not that hard to find a decent job. For the most part, this was an age where there was a lot of change. Change occurred in the medical sciences, fashion, weapons, and more. This era is one of the many building blocks of today’s advanced civilization.
Cushman, Karen. Catherine, Called Birdy. New York:Houghton Mifflin, 1994 (Author’s note used)
Ramsey, Lia. “Medical Beliefs and Practices.” Elizabethan England. (no date given).
(Accessed on: 4/4/01)
Anderson, Margo. “Elizabethan Accessories.” Elizabethan Costume. 17 September 1999.
(Accessed on: 4/4/01)
Rice, Aaron. “People of the Middle Ages” The Middle Ages. 8 Dec. 1994
(Accessed on: 4/4/01)
(Accessed on: 4/4/01) | 2,068 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Interestingly, there was a Greek thinker, Aristarchus of Samos, who had proposed the heliocentric theory as far back as the third century BC. “Aristarchus has been celebrated for his anticipation of Copernicus.” historian David Lindberg writes. But were Aristarchus and his followers good scientists? To avoid the retroactive fallacy of using current knowledge to judge the merits of past scientific claims, we have to examine the data available at the time. As Lindberg puts it, “The question is not whether we have persuasive reasons for being heliocentrists, but whether they had any such reasons, and the answer is that they did not.”
The data right up to Galileo’s day favored Ptolemy. Kuhn notes that throughout the Middle Ages there were people who proposed the heliocentric alternative. “They were ridiculed and ignored,” Kuhn writes, adding, “the reasons for the rejection were excellent.” Consider some examples he gives. The earth does not appear to move, and we can all witness the sun rise in the morning and set in the evening. If the earth moves at high speeds around the sun, then birds and clouds and other objects not attached to the ground should be left behind. A stone hurled into the sky would land many miles away from the spot at which it was thrown, as the earth would have traveled a considerable distance while the object was in the air. Human beings standing on the ground would be flung about. As none of this was observed, the earth was held to be stationary.”
Galileo was a Florentine astronomer highly respected by the Catholic church. Once a supporter of Ptolemy’s geocentric theory, Galileo became persuaded that Copernicus was right that the earth really did revolve around the sun. Copernicus had advanced his theory in 1543 in a book dedicated to the pope. Copernicus admitted that he had no physical proof, but the power of the heliocentric hypothesis was that it produced vastlybetter predictions of planetary orbits. Copernicus’s new ideas unleashed a major debate within the religious and scientific community, which at that time overlapped greatly. The prevailing view half a century later, when Galileo took up the issue, was that Copernicus had advanced an interesting but unproven hypothesis, useful for calculating the motions of heavenly bodies but not persuasive enough to jettison the geocentric theory altogether. | <urn:uuid:b0cb21f2-92e1-4bce-b6d5-20e78b606555> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.ellopos.com/blog/3462/an-atheist-fable-reopening-the-galileo-case/4/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476180.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303011622-20240303041622-00206.warc.gz | en | 0.982112 | 513 | 3.828125 | 4 | [
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0.239645913... | 1 | Interestingly, there was a Greek thinker, Aristarchus of Samos, who had proposed the heliocentric theory as far back as the third century BC. “Aristarchus has been celebrated for his anticipation of Copernicus.” historian David Lindberg writes. But were Aristarchus and his followers good scientists? To avoid the retroactive fallacy of using current knowledge to judge the merits of past scientific claims, we have to examine the data available at the time. As Lindberg puts it, “The question is not whether we have persuasive reasons for being heliocentrists, but whether they had any such reasons, and the answer is that they did not.”
The data right up to Galileo’s day favored Ptolemy. Kuhn notes that throughout the Middle Ages there were people who proposed the heliocentric alternative. “They were ridiculed and ignored,” Kuhn writes, adding, “the reasons for the rejection were excellent.” Consider some examples he gives. The earth does not appear to move, and we can all witness the sun rise in the morning and set in the evening. If the earth moves at high speeds around the sun, then birds and clouds and other objects not attached to the ground should be left behind. A stone hurled into the sky would land many miles away from the spot at which it was thrown, as the earth would have traveled a considerable distance while the object was in the air. Human beings standing on the ground would be flung about. As none of this was observed, the earth was held to be stationary.”
Galileo was a Florentine astronomer highly respected by the Catholic church. Once a supporter of Ptolemy’s geocentric theory, Galileo became persuaded that Copernicus was right that the earth really did revolve around the sun. Copernicus had advanced his theory in 1543 in a book dedicated to the pope. Copernicus admitted that he had no physical proof, but the power of the heliocentric hypothesis was that it produced vastlybetter predictions of planetary orbits. Copernicus’s new ideas unleashed a major debate within the religious and scientific community, which at that time overlapped greatly. The prevailing view half a century later, when Galileo took up the issue, was that Copernicus had advanced an interesting but unproven hypothesis, useful for calculating the motions of heavenly bodies but not persuasive enough to jettison the geocentric theory altogether. | 499 | ENGLISH | 1 |
At the end of the Civil War, there were between 3–4 million slaves in America. They were freed in stages. The Emancipation Proclamation, announced January 1, 1863, in the middle of the war; freed only those slaves in states that seceded from the Union. That action immediately freed between 25,000 to 75,000 slaves in territory already held by the Union. Slaves in Confederate-held territory were still slaves, they had to escape to Union-held territory to gain their freedom.
For all practical purposes, the war ended April 9. 1865 when Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox. States had to sign individual surrender documents with the last of those signed May 26, 1965. About 250,000 slaves in Texas had technically been freed by the Emancipation Proclamation but until the end of the war, there was no one to enforce it so they stayed slaves except for those who escaped. They gained their actual freedom on June 19, 1865, when Union soldiers notified them the war was over. The delay was part of an agreement to allow the slaves to harvest the cotton crops before telling them they were free. Juneteenth is now officially recognized as a holiday or special observance in 46 of 50 states.
The 13th Amendment was the document that officially freed slaves nationwide. It was passed by the House of Representatives on January 31, 1865, and President Abraham Lincoln signed a joint resolution for ratification. On April 14, 1865, Lincoln was assassinated and Vice-President Andrew Johnson of Tennessee became President. Johnson had remained loyal to the Union although he held staunchly segregationist views. He replaced Lincoln’s first Vice-President on the ticket for Lincoln’s unexpectedly shortened second term as a concession to those with Southern sympathies. Ratification of the 13th Amendment required a certain number of states to individually agree which occurred December 6, 1865. As part of each Southern state’s agreement to be readmitted to the Union. They had to agree to the terms of the 13th Amendment and it was this on a state by state basis that actually freed most of the slaves in territory not held by the Union. So what happens to 3–4 million people without property or jobs?
You rarely hear about the hundreds of thousands of slaves that starved to death. In historian Jim Downs's book, “Sick… | <urn:uuid:1208d209-7cb9-4053-a756-306ecad80da4> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://williamspivey.medium.com/the-black-codes-the-period-between-slavery-and-jim-crow-62ae3084dc76 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222193722-20240222223722-00079.warc.gz | en | 0.984267 | 482 | 4.28125 | 4 | [
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0.06690692156553268... | 1 | At the end of the Civil War, there were between 3–4 million slaves in America. They were freed in stages. The Emancipation Proclamation, announced January 1, 1863, in the middle of the war; freed only those slaves in states that seceded from the Union. That action immediately freed between 25,000 to 75,000 slaves in territory already held by the Union. Slaves in Confederate-held territory were still slaves, they had to escape to Union-held territory to gain their freedom.
For all practical purposes, the war ended April 9. 1865 when Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox. States had to sign individual surrender documents with the last of those signed May 26, 1965. About 250,000 slaves in Texas had technically been freed by the Emancipation Proclamation but until the end of the war, there was no one to enforce it so they stayed slaves except for those who escaped. They gained their actual freedom on June 19, 1865, when Union soldiers notified them the war was over. The delay was part of an agreement to allow the slaves to harvest the cotton crops before telling them they were free. Juneteenth is now officially recognized as a holiday or special observance in 46 of 50 states.
The 13th Amendment was the document that officially freed slaves nationwide. It was passed by the House of Representatives on January 31, 1865, and President Abraham Lincoln signed a joint resolution for ratification. On April 14, 1865, Lincoln was assassinated and Vice-President Andrew Johnson of Tennessee became President. Johnson had remained loyal to the Union although he held staunchly segregationist views. He replaced Lincoln’s first Vice-President on the ticket for Lincoln’s unexpectedly shortened second term as a concession to those with Southern sympathies. Ratification of the 13th Amendment required a certain number of states to individually agree which occurred December 6, 1865. As part of each Southern state’s agreement to be readmitted to the Union. They had to agree to the terms of the 13th Amendment and it was this on a state by state basis that actually freed most of the slaves in territory not held by the Union. So what happens to 3–4 million people without property or jobs?
You rarely hear about the hundreds of thousands of slaves that starved to death. In historian Jim Downs's book, “Sick… | 534 | ENGLISH | 1 |
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I'm Michael Voris coming to you from on board our fall Retreat at Sea, trekking along the New England Coast and focusing on the very beginnings of Catholicism here in the United States.
There really are two geographical centers of Catholic introduction to the New World. One was the Deep South, meaning the Gulf Coast area and extending further south into the Caribbean, Mexico and so forth.
Then there is the Atlantic Seaboard area. What may perhaps be a little note many Catholics don't know is this — neither area was especially "Catholic" in the way we might first think of it. For example, almost 200 years after Columbus landed in the modern-day Bahamas in 1492, the Catholic population of the New World was pretty tiny.
And especially in the English colonies (with their noted hatred for Catholics), the population was beyond meager in terms of numbers.
By the time the War for Independence broke out in 1776, the sum total of Catholics in all the colonies combined was about 30,000, compared to going on 3 million largely Protestants. Catholics were approximately 1% of the population.
During the pre-Revolution days, religious and political wars were being fought all over Europe, as the fallout from the 16th-century Protestant revolt continued to echo across the continent. Much of that had spilled over to the New World as well, as the Catholic French and the English Protestants duked it out in various battles.
The problem for Catholics boiled down to a numbers game: There simply were not enough. While the age of discovery was fueled by Catholic monarchs and Catholic explorers, in the end, it was the English Protestants who cashed in on it.
Being first doesn't matter if you don't push your advantage. And they were able to cash in for two major reasons. First, owing to the desire to leave England and get away from the English Church, which, for them, was still too "Catholic," their numbers began to swell.
The Mayflower may have been the first, and its passengers barely surviving, but it was by no means the last. Whatever their motive, it was English Protestants who poured into North America in overwhelming numbers between 1607 and 1776.
And they did not hold any regard for Catholics, whom they saw as the mortal enemy. The New England colonies had established churches, which were congregationalist. Those were Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire and, eventually, Maine.
They each had laws officially on the books that Catholics could not vote, and the "papist" religion would not be tolerated in their borders. The middle colonies — comprised of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware — did not have established churches, but that did not stop New York and New Jersey from having some of the most anti-Catholic laws on the books in all of the colonies.
Pennsylvania, and to a lesser degree Delaware, did demonstrate some level of religious tolerance, but even there, it wasn't pretty for day-to-day life of the handful of Catholics who took up residence there.
The southern colonies of Maryland, Virginia, Carolina and Georgia all had the established Church of England as the State religion. Only in Maryland was there breathing space for Catholics.
Maryland was founded in 1634 as a colony by Lord Baltimore for Catholics in England seeking refuge from persecution. So religious tolerance was granted, but it was a tolerance that permitted huge numbers of Protestants to flow in.
Eventually, they captured the House of Delegates in 1649, and tolerance for Catholics was brought to an end. Catholics were despised, persecuted and had laws erected against them in the colonial days.
For example, in Virginia, if a Catholic sought public office, he could be arrested, charged and fined 1,000 pounds of tobacco. In Maryland, it was illegal for a couple to be married by a Catholic priest. And so the list goes on, up and down the colonies.
In 11 of the 13 original colonies, Catholics were legally maltreated. And on a point of order here, it was not largely owing to dogma and doctrinal differences. It was the idea that the pope was a sovereign ruler as well, and the belief he would try to extend his rule to them as well.
Colonial Catholics were viewed as secret ambassadors of that sinister plot, and the English colonists were having none of it: Nipping Catholics and their popish loyalties in the bud before they could undermine the colonies was job one.
As we sail up and down the New England coast on this retreat at sea and briefly into Canadian waters, where the Protestant English and French mixed it up considerably, it's good for Catholics to take stock and remember the roots of America as they existed in the pre-Revolution colonies.
One final point to drive that home — the public school system was established in the colonies for one purpose: to teach children how to read the Bible on their own and not look to any "authority" to interpret it, especially a Roman one. | <urn:uuid:9a409a60-d792-4909-9748-6dab6deb48cc> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.churchmilitant.com/video/episode/vort-being-first-doesnt-always-matter | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476211.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303075134-20240303105134-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.984348 | 1,083 | 3.265625 | 3 | [
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0.11894063651... | 1 | You are not signed in as a Premium user; you are viewing the free version of this program. Premium users have access to full-length programs with limited commercials and receive a 10% discount in the store! Sign up for only one day for the low cost of $1.99. Click the button below.
I'm Michael Voris coming to you from on board our fall Retreat at Sea, trekking along the New England Coast and focusing on the very beginnings of Catholicism here in the United States.
There really are two geographical centers of Catholic introduction to the New World. One was the Deep South, meaning the Gulf Coast area and extending further south into the Caribbean, Mexico and so forth.
Then there is the Atlantic Seaboard area. What may perhaps be a little note many Catholics don't know is this — neither area was especially "Catholic" in the way we might first think of it. For example, almost 200 years after Columbus landed in the modern-day Bahamas in 1492, the Catholic population of the New World was pretty tiny.
And especially in the English colonies (with their noted hatred for Catholics), the population was beyond meager in terms of numbers.
By the time the War for Independence broke out in 1776, the sum total of Catholics in all the colonies combined was about 30,000, compared to going on 3 million largely Protestants. Catholics were approximately 1% of the population.
During the pre-Revolution days, religious and political wars were being fought all over Europe, as the fallout from the 16th-century Protestant revolt continued to echo across the continent. Much of that had spilled over to the New World as well, as the Catholic French and the English Protestants duked it out in various battles.
The problem for Catholics boiled down to a numbers game: There simply were not enough. While the age of discovery was fueled by Catholic monarchs and Catholic explorers, in the end, it was the English Protestants who cashed in on it.
Being first doesn't matter if you don't push your advantage. And they were able to cash in for two major reasons. First, owing to the desire to leave England and get away from the English Church, which, for them, was still too "Catholic," their numbers began to swell.
The Mayflower may have been the first, and its passengers barely surviving, but it was by no means the last. Whatever their motive, it was English Protestants who poured into North America in overwhelming numbers between 1607 and 1776.
And they did not hold any regard for Catholics, whom they saw as the mortal enemy. The New England colonies had established churches, which were congregationalist. Those were Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire and, eventually, Maine.
They each had laws officially on the books that Catholics could not vote, and the "papist" religion would not be tolerated in their borders. The middle colonies — comprised of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware — did not have established churches, but that did not stop New York and New Jersey from having some of the most anti-Catholic laws on the books in all of the colonies.
Pennsylvania, and to a lesser degree Delaware, did demonstrate some level of religious tolerance, but even there, it wasn't pretty for day-to-day life of the handful of Catholics who took up residence there.
The southern colonies of Maryland, Virginia, Carolina and Georgia all had the established Church of England as the State religion. Only in Maryland was there breathing space for Catholics.
Maryland was founded in 1634 as a colony by Lord Baltimore for Catholics in England seeking refuge from persecution. So religious tolerance was granted, but it was a tolerance that permitted huge numbers of Protestants to flow in.
Eventually, they captured the House of Delegates in 1649, and tolerance for Catholics was brought to an end. Catholics were despised, persecuted and had laws erected against them in the colonial days.
For example, in Virginia, if a Catholic sought public office, he could be arrested, charged and fined 1,000 pounds of tobacco. In Maryland, it was illegal for a couple to be married by a Catholic priest. And so the list goes on, up and down the colonies.
In 11 of the 13 original colonies, Catholics were legally maltreated. And on a point of order here, it was not largely owing to dogma and doctrinal differences. It was the idea that the pope was a sovereign ruler as well, and the belief he would try to extend his rule to them as well.
Colonial Catholics were viewed as secret ambassadors of that sinister plot, and the English colonists were having none of it: Nipping Catholics and their popish loyalties in the bud before they could undermine the colonies was job one.
As we sail up and down the New England coast on this retreat at sea and briefly into Canadian waters, where the Protestant English and French mixed it up considerably, it's good for Catholics to take stock and remember the roots of America as they existed in the pre-Revolution colonies.
One final point to drive that home — the public school system was established in the colonies for one purpose: to teach children how to read the Bible on their own and not look to any "authority" to interpret it, especially a Roman one. | 1,110 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Infused with Jazz: The Weary Blues by Langston Hughes, (1926) During the late 1920’s a movement known as the Harlem Renaissance surfaced, based in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City. This movement sparked a return to African American creativity. It brought to light many noteworthy African American literary figures and produced many profound works that are considered masterpieces over ninety years later. One literary standout of that time was Langston Hughes. His piece, The Weary Blues, was especially
To illustrate this point, the illustration point will be from the poem at fish houses by Elizabeth Bishop and the Negro speaks of rivers by Langston Hughes. Elizabeth Bishop in the poem at fish houses, she uses the theme of identity in presenting the place with her emotional feeling, the way she presented the place, the sea, and the color of the area all of these reveled who she is.
Lord, I still can’t see Why Democracy means Everyone but me “(Hughes). Langston Hughes used his writings to express his opinion of races that seemed to be elusive with the United States other than having equality. The time when Langston Hughes was born people were fighting for equality all throughout the United States. Segregation laws and laws against equality were affecting him and the people that were around him. The only way Hughes could express himself and make people understand was through poetry
Poem Explication: The Negro Speaks of Rivers “The Negro Speaks of Rivers” is written by the American poet Langston Hughes who was best known for his multiple roles as a poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist. He was among one of the most notable poets during the time period of 1920s which was better known as the “Harlem Renaissance” in America. This poem has been composed by Hughes in the year 1920 during a train journey back to his homeland. This poem is considered to be one
Americans during this time, literature was also going through an era of new and upcoming authors. While works from Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, and Countee Cullen aided the growth and spread of black culture, the famous poems, novels, and collections of folklore contributed by these ingenious writers continue to impact and shape our society today. Langston Hughes, the man called the “Negro Poet Laureate” and the “Poet Laureate of Harlem”, made many impacts on the African American population as
Langston Hughes’s Dream for Racial Equality Racism, prejudice and discrimination are some words that have harassed black people for a long period of time dating back to the arrival of Africans in America. As laws and times have changed, racism generally has lessened, and it has become increasingly difficult for many people to identify what racism is and how it shows up in today’s society. This concept, however, unlike today painted a different picture during The Harlem Renaissance Era. The Harlem
1930s depression. It was known then as the “New Negro Movement”, named after an anthology, titled The New Negro, of important African Americans works, published by philosopher Alain Locke in 1925. The renaissance involved a group of writers and highbrows associated with Harlem, the district of Manhattan, during the migration of African Americans from other parts of U.S. This cultural movement marked the first time in American history | <urn:uuid:45bc0b0f-8b1c-4f45-b0cc-c46e9ff089bb> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www2.bartleby.com/essay/Langston-Hughes-The-Negro-Speaks-Of-Rivers-CB2D7E0DB7D5B95D | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474795.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229071243-20240229101243-00871.warc.gz | en | 0.982519 | 691 | 3.859375 | 4 | [
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0.1333417... | 1 | Infused with Jazz: The Weary Blues by Langston Hughes, (1926) During the late 1920’s a movement known as the Harlem Renaissance surfaced, based in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City. This movement sparked a return to African American creativity. It brought to light many noteworthy African American literary figures and produced many profound works that are considered masterpieces over ninety years later. One literary standout of that time was Langston Hughes. His piece, The Weary Blues, was especially
To illustrate this point, the illustration point will be from the poem at fish houses by Elizabeth Bishop and the Negro speaks of rivers by Langston Hughes. Elizabeth Bishop in the poem at fish houses, she uses the theme of identity in presenting the place with her emotional feeling, the way she presented the place, the sea, and the color of the area all of these reveled who she is.
Lord, I still can’t see Why Democracy means Everyone but me “(Hughes). Langston Hughes used his writings to express his opinion of races that seemed to be elusive with the United States other than having equality. The time when Langston Hughes was born people were fighting for equality all throughout the United States. Segregation laws and laws against equality were affecting him and the people that were around him. The only way Hughes could express himself and make people understand was through poetry
Poem Explication: The Negro Speaks of Rivers “The Negro Speaks of Rivers” is written by the American poet Langston Hughes who was best known for his multiple roles as a poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist. He was among one of the most notable poets during the time period of 1920s which was better known as the “Harlem Renaissance” in America. This poem has been composed by Hughes in the year 1920 during a train journey back to his homeland. This poem is considered to be one
Americans during this time, literature was also going through an era of new and upcoming authors. While works from Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, and Countee Cullen aided the growth and spread of black culture, the famous poems, novels, and collections of folklore contributed by these ingenious writers continue to impact and shape our society today. Langston Hughes, the man called the “Negro Poet Laureate” and the “Poet Laureate of Harlem”, made many impacts on the African American population as
Langston Hughes’s Dream for Racial Equality Racism, prejudice and discrimination are some words that have harassed black people for a long period of time dating back to the arrival of Africans in America. As laws and times have changed, racism generally has lessened, and it has become increasingly difficult for many people to identify what racism is and how it shows up in today’s society. This concept, however, unlike today painted a different picture during The Harlem Renaissance Era. The Harlem
1930s depression. It was known then as the “New Negro Movement”, named after an anthology, titled The New Negro, of important African Americans works, published by philosopher Alain Locke in 1925. The renaissance involved a group of writers and highbrows associated with Harlem, the district of Manhattan, during the migration of African Americans from other parts of U.S. This cultural movement marked the first time in American history | 689 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Meiji Japan (1868-1912) experienced profound social, institutional, and political changes. The following documents reveal how people adopted a range of professions, assumed new roles, and were governed by new institutional frameworks during its tumultuous years.
These records were once owned by Suzuki Gentoku, a craftsman who specialized in a style of roofing known as hiwadabuki, which was made from cypress (hinoki) bark. These hiwadabuki roofs could only be found on the imperial palace and the most prestigious shrines and temples. Gentoku was affiliated with the Kamo mioya shrine, known more commonly today as the Shimogamo shrine, which is located close to Kyoto’s imperial palace but was technically located outside of the official boundaries of the city. It is the “First Shrine” (Ichinomiya) of Yamashiro province, and thus among the most prestigious in Kyoto.
A craftsman of Kamo mioya shrine, Suzuki Gentoku was governed by its officials until at least 1872. By 1876 he was registered as a resident of Kyoto, and for seven years, he oversaw Matsugasaki and Shimogamo. We know little of when he was born, or when he died, save for these records, which show how a hiwadabuki roofer affiliated with Shimogamo shrine went on to become the head of the Matsugasaki and Shimogamo region. These “villages,” encompassed the Kamo mioya shrine (Shimogamo) and its immediate north (Matsugasaki) and were incorporated into the city proper in 1890. | <urn:uuid:5a89b640-682a-44d6-bae1-e8eb95d76d67> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://komonjo.princeton.edu/thatchroofer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474544.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224180245-20240224210245-00868.warc.gz | en | 0.984031 | 338 | 3.5 | 4 | [
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0.5700983405113... | 1 | Meiji Japan (1868-1912) experienced profound social, institutional, and political changes. The following documents reveal how people adopted a range of professions, assumed new roles, and were governed by new institutional frameworks during its tumultuous years.
These records were once owned by Suzuki Gentoku, a craftsman who specialized in a style of roofing known as hiwadabuki, which was made from cypress (hinoki) bark. These hiwadabuki roofs could only be found on the imperial palace and the most prestigious shrines and temples. Gentoku was affiliated with the Kamo mioya shrine, known more commonly today as the Shimogamo shrine, which is located close to Kyoto’s imperial palace but was technically located outside of the official boundaries of the city. It is the “First Shrine” (Ichinomiya) of Yamashiro province, and thus among the most prestigious in Kyoto.
A craftsman of Kamo mioya shrine, Suzuki Gentoku was governed by its officials until at least 1872. By 1876 he was registered as a resident of Kyoto, and for seven years, he oversaw Matsugasaki and Shimogamo. We know little of when he was born, or when he died, save for these records, which show how a hiwadabuki roofer affiliated with Shimogamo shrine went on to become the head of the Matsugasaki and Shimogamo region. These “villages,” encompassed the Kamo mioya shrine (Shimogamo) and its immediate north (Matsugasaki) and were incorporated into the city proper in 1890. | 346 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Ethelbert was born into Britain's royalty in the year 552. He was the son of Eormenric, King of Kent. Ethelbert succeeded his father and later married Bertha, daughter of Charibert, King of the Franks. When they married, Ethelbert was an idol worshipper, and Bertha was a Christian. Out of respect for his wife, Ethelbert gave her the old Roman church of St. Martin in the capital of Canterbury and allowed her to practice her religion without any interference.
After the death of the Ceawlin, the king of Wessex, Ethelbert became supreme in southern Britian. In 597 Roman missionaries were sent to England by Pope Gregory the Great. Through the influence of his wife, Bertha, and these missionaries, Ethelbert decided to become a Christian and was baptized. This act had a tremendous influence on his countrymen. It is said that at least 10,000 followed his example and also converted to Christianity within a few months. Ethelbert founded the church which became later the first cathedral of England. He also started two other churches at Rochester and Canterbury.
Saint Ethelbert was the first Christian king of England. Ethelbert never compelled his subjects to accept baptism; however, through his example, thousands converted. Ethelbert also helped Saint Augustine of Canterbury convert a pagan temple into the Church of St. Pancras.
Father, we thank you today for St. Ethelbert and his example to his subjects and all he did to promote Christianity in England. We pray that those in authority today in areas of the world that do not know truth would also have a conversion like that of St. Ethelbert, and through them, others will come to know the truth. In Christ's Name we pray. Amen.
image: St. Ethelbert of Kent, Stained Glass Window / See description / Wikimedia Commons (Public Domain). | <urn:uuid:1789be9f-9bc7-440a-98f9-5af93542554e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://catholicexchange.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474541.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224144416-20240224174416-00532.warc.gz | en | 0.982979 | 395 | 3.4375 | 3 | [
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-0.1664901822... | 1 | Ethelbert was born into Britain's royalty in the year 552. He was the son of Eormenric, King of Kent. Ethelbert succeeded his father and later married Bertha, daughter of Charibert, King of the Franks. When they married, Ethelbert was an idol worshipper, and Bertha was a Christian. Out of respect for his wife, Ethelbert gave her the old Roman church of St. Martin in the capital of Canterbury and allowed her to practice her religion without any interference.
After the death of the Ceawlin, the king of Wessex, Ethelbert became supreme in southern Britian. In 597 Roman missionaries were sent to England by Pope Gregory the Great. Through the influence of his wife, Bertha, and these missionaries, Ethelbert decided to become a Christian and was baptized. This act had a tremendous influence on his countrymen. It is said that at least 10,000 followed his example and also converted to Christianity within a few months. Ethelbert founded the church which became later the first cathedral of England. He also started two other churches at Rochester and Canterbury.
Saint Ethelbert was the first Christian king of England. Ethelbert never compelled his subjects to accept baptism; however, through his example, thousands converted. Ethelbert also helped Saint Augustine of Canterbury convert a pagan temple into the Church of St. Pancras.
Father, we thank you today for St. Ethelbert and his example to his subjects and all he did to promote Christianity in England. We pray that those in authority today in areas of the world that do not know truth would also have a conversion like that of St. Ethelbert, and through them, others will come to know the truth. In Christ's Name we pray. Amen.
image: St. Ethelbert of Kent, Stained Glass Window / See description / Wikimedia Commons (Public Domain). | 400 | ENGLISH | 1 |
by Ayelen Flores Ruiz, age 13
In 1519, Portugal was the first country to circumnavigate the globe. Some parts of the world could, but most were not able to circumnavigate past South America. Some parts of the world had advantages that allowed them to build ships, but other parts of the world were incapable due to the lack of resources. However, there was one person who eventually was able to circumnavigate, Ferdinand Magellan.
Becoming the first to circumnavigate the globe was not something on China’s list. Although the country was powerful and had the resources, they were more focused on protecting their people. The Barbarian invasion threat made China create better protection on its northern boundaries. Improving their protection meant rebuilding and extending the Great Wall. China’s multistoried ships were large, compared to Western ships. What stopped its people from being the first to circumnavigate the globe was the anti-marine policy that was made in the 1500s, making it a crime to build a ship with two masts or bigger, and if disobeyed would lead to death. China created this policy so none of its people could be in danger.
Apart from China, Arab Muslims wanted to be the first to circumnavigate but they faced challenges. Individual Muslims navigated the Indian Ocean for centuries which helped them master the shifting direction of the moon. Navigating the Indian Ocean made them discover that another sea, south of Africa, was linked to the Indian Ocean. The Arabian Peninsula could not produce wood, resin, iron, and textiles which were the essentials to building a ship. Not having these products gave them the defeat they did not want. Arab Muslims, not having the supplies needed, gave Spaniards an advantage. [Read More] | <urn:uuid:13b950d6-150d-4fe5-a697-c49a18ccec61> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://simpsonstreetfreepress.org/geography/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474697.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228044414-20240228074414-00545.warc.gz | en | 0.986723 | 369 | 3.65625 | 4 | [
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0.26067909... | 1 | by Ayelen Flores Ruiz, age 13
In 1519, Portugal was the first country to circumnavigate the globe. Some parts of the world could, but most were not able to circumnavigate past South America. Some parts of the world had advantages that allowed them to build ships, but other parts of the world were incapable due to the lack of resources. However, there was one person who eventually was able to circumnavigate, Ferdinand Magellan.
Becoming the first to circumnavigate the globe was not something on China’s list. Although the country was powerful and had the resources, they were more focused on protecting their people. The Barbarian invasion threat made China create better protection on its northern boundaries. Improving their protection meant rebuilding and extending the Great Wall. China’s multistoried ships were large, compared to Western ships. What stopped its people from being the first to circumnavigate the globe was the anti-marine policy that was made in the 1500s, making it a crime to build a ship with two masts or bigger, and if disobeyed would lead to death. China created this policy so none of its people could be in danger.
Apart from China, Arab Muslims wanted to be the first to circumnavigate but they faced challenges. Individual Muslims navigated the Indian Ocean for centuries which helped them master the shifting direction of the moon. Navigating the Indian Ocean made them discover that another sea, south of Africa, was linked to the Indian Ocean. The Arabian Peninsula could not produce wood, resin, iron, and textiles which were the essentials to building a ship. Not having these products gave them the defeat they did not want. Arab Muslims, not having the supplies needed, gave Spaniards an advantage. [Read More] | 360 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Museum of the Confederacy in Richmond, Virginia, was founded in 1896 as a ‘shrine to the confederate cause and a memorial to the devotion of confederate women’ (Museum of the Confederacy Journal 1996: 3). The dedication was thus worded because white women had been responsible for building and managing what was perceived by its founders to be a testimony to the (white) male confederates of the 1860s. The museum has unashamedly symbolised white supremacy, ever since, through its displays of confederate uniforms, weaponry and flags, as well as furnishings and ornaments which once decorated the finest of the South’s plantation houses. Almost by way of countering this white supremacist historical narrative, which had evidently been embodied since its outset, the museum hosted an exhibition in 1991 under the title, ‘Before Freedom Came: African American Life in the Ante-bellum South’. Photographs of slaves (names unknown) as well as the more repressive means of terror, e.g. slave harnesses and collars, were displayed. | <urn:uuid:f5d7fb1c-e071-4cc4-bc49-f794afed963c> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://uat.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9780203015377-3/genealogies-whiteness-john-gabriel?context=ubx&refId=16a68835-3073-4589-845b-c86273ece8ea | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474595.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225103506-20240225133506-00840.warc.gz | en | 0.980342 | 224 | 3.5 | 4 | [
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0.395376890897750... | 1 | The Museum of the Confederacy in Richmond, Virginia, was founded in 1896 as a ‘shrine to the confederate cause and a memorial to the devotion of confederate women’ (Museum of the Confederacy Journal 1996: 3). The dedication was thus worded because white women had been responsible for building and managing what was perceived by its founders to be a testimony to the (white) male confederates of the 1860s. The museum has unashamedly symbolised white supremacy, ever since, through its displays of confederate uniforms, weaponry and flags, as well as furnishings and ornaments which once decorated the finest of the South’s plantation houses. Almost by way of countering this white supremacist historical narrative, which had evidently been embodied since its outset, the museum hosted an exhibition in 1991 under the title, ‘Before Freedom Came: African American Life in the Ante-bellum South’. Photographs of slaves (names unknown) as well as the more repressive means of terror, e.g. slave harnesses and collars, were displayed. | 234 | ENGLISH | 1 |
« ՆախորդըՇարունակել »
and that over the sea. Over the ice the sky was perfectly cloudless, whilst the sea was overcast with stormy-looking clouds, which passed heavily along with the gale, until they reached a line nearly perpendicular to the edge of the packed ice. At this point, or line of demarcation of the two hemispheres, it was curious to mark the rapid motion of the clouds to the right or left, and how immediately they became condensed, or were dispersed on arriving at it; and although masses of clouds were continually borne towards the spot, by the impetuosity of the tempest, the line of termination did not encroach upon that of the serene atmosphere overhanging the pack. This contrast between the two atmospheres, so remarkable in cloudy weather especially, is termed the "ice blink," and enables the experienced mariner to judge of the nature and position of the ice, even at a distance. The effect of a south-west gale upon the ice, especially when it is of long continuance, is first to pack it so closely as to exclude every pool of water, and then to propel the whole body to the northward. But, as soon as the wind ceases, the floes separate with an apparent elasticity; the prevailing current, which has been pressed up by the gale, resumes its course, the ice opens in every direction, and may be seen travelling at a rate scarcely credible. Thus, on the 23rd, we found the field to which we were fast, setting to the southward at the rate of three miles an hour, and the pack beginning to open in every direction.
Nothing made of wood can withstand these pressures; so that if a vessel be caught in them, she must either be crushed, or rise and allow the ice to advance until it meets an opponent as unyielding as itself.
After a time and numerous dangers as well as struggles, Captain Buchan resolved to proceed westward, and follow the margin of the barrier-ice towards Greenland. Without accompanying him we may mention that his efforts did not succeed, because the success of the voyage was impossible. The utmost advance the expedition was able to accomplish, was to 80 degrees 34 minutes, and only a little further than Hudson penetrated in 1607, with a small vessel and a crew of some ten men. The Dorothea, particularly, had at length sustained such injury, that it is hardly possible to imagine how she was preserved from immediately foundering. The return homewards was therefore determined upon, the coast of Spitzbergen being surveyed while the vessels were there detained in order to repair the damage done to them. The descriptions connected with the island form an interesting feature of the volume. But although Captain Buchan was prevented from penetrating so far as Parry did, for the barrier is not fixed, but encroaches more in one year than another, while new and different openings often occur in the ice, our author throws out a hint in his closing remarks with regard to the success that would probably attend the employment of a steam-vessel, with the screwpropeller, in a Polar voyage. He thus expresses himself:
The openings in the ice are generally of short duration, perhaps for eight or twelve hours only; during which time, an ordinary sailing-vessel, thread
ing the many tortuous channels, does not advance above ten or twenty miles in a direct line, before the closing of the fields puts a stop to her progress; whereas a steamer, regardless of wind-and it is mostly in calm weather that the ice opens-would be able to accomplish three or four times the advance in the same period, and perhaps to come to some land in the North, which, if reached, would materially improve her prospect of success. In the event of the ice closing, the propeller could be instantly drawn up into the body of the vessel, and when wanted could be as expeditiously replaced, especially as smooth water generally prevails between the floes of ice. In cases of frost the screw is wholly under water and entirely free from that accumulation of ice which would take place about the paddlefloats and boxes of an ordinary steam-vessel, to the great detriment if not the entire destruction of the wheel. Should the vessel be caught and compelled to winter, a steam-apparatus for warming the vessel throughout could be fitted with little trouble. And as the propeller is only intended to be used as an auxiliary power, a small high-pressure engine would be all that would be required, and consequently it would take up but little of the stowage of the vessel.
He goes on to observe, that it seems as if the invention of the screw-propeller about the present period, had taken place to stimulate to further exertion towards discovery in the far North. He says that the auspicious return of Captain James Ross from the Antarctic seas, with officers and seamen already accustomed to the ice, and with two vessels strengthened, to which propellers could be applied at a moderate expense, appears to indicate that the time has arrived at which Arctic research might be most advantageously resumed; and that, in connexion with this attempt, that most interesting and important question, of the compression of the earth at the Poles, might undergo an investigation, by a direct measurement of an extensive arc of the meridian at Spitzbergen. Among his intelligent suggestions on the present subject, we also find the following, relative to other interesting branches of science.
Much requires to be done in magnetism. The correct determination of the position of the magnetic poles; the present Dip and Magnetic intensity, as compared with results obtained twenty years ago, during which period the needle has begun to retrograde, would be particularly desirable. And amidst other natural phenomena, the stupendous ice formations, which have recently excited much attention, are not unworthy of investigation: whether they really have a progressive motion, tearing their icy bases from the firmly-frozen earth beneath, or whether they remain immovably fixed, and are thus icy monuments of at least four thousand years' antiquity, are inquiries full of interest, although they sink into insignificance compared with the magnitude of the propositions above mentioned. It has been shown that the highest latitude has been reached in the vicinity of Spitzbergen, and, consequently, that is the point from which any expedition sent upon this service should start. And as the sea here does not become clear of ice until the summer is well advanced, the ships would have ample time to land, and to settle the
party engaged in the measurement of the arc of the meridian, and to push other useful inquiries, before they would be required to start on their grand enterprise. If they should chance to arrive at an auspicious moment during one of these favourable openings in the ice, and if any land should be discovered in, or near the situation marked in an old Dutch chart, and its coast should stretch to the northward, and be approachable, there is but little doubt that the expedition would be able to advance along its western side, owing to the prevailing motion of the ice, and perhaps attain a very near approach to the Pole. In any case we shall have acquired knowledge, and a positive benefit to science, by a more accurate determination of the figure of the earth than we have hitherto possessed.
ART. VIII. The Life of Sir David Wilkie; with his Journals, Tours, and Critical Remarks on Works of Art;— and a Selection from his Correspondence. By ALLAN CUNNINGHAM. 3 vols. Murray.
THE faults of these three volumes are bad arrangement and injudicious selection. The sudden death of the biographer may in some measure account for the character of the book; but yet no ordinary revision would have removed its blemishes of repetition, or those many details that are now needless with regard to the career of the artist. No doubt there is abundance of materials in the work as well as in Sir David's history, for a biographer to work with and pithily set forth. But still neither was the painter's life so crowded with strange events, nor is there shown such a discriminating and sifting criticism of his later history as to warrant the bulky publication.
Wilkie was the son of a respectable Presbyterian minister of a small parish in the county of Fife, whose family was large and his stipend very limited. The father, however, managed to afford the boy a decent education in art, who "could draw before he could read, and paint before he could spell." Both grandfather and father originally designed the lad for the church, but his love of the pencil was too strong to be thwarted or to cease in endeavouring to master the difficulties of the profession. He even took likenesses in the church, to the scandal of well-meaning people, and at length, through the interest of the Earl of Leven, was admitted, but not without. scruples on the part of the secretary, to the Trustees' Academy in Edinburgh, where he remained four years studying hard both from the antique and from nature in the fields and streets. He exhibited some other traits of character in his early years, such as quietness, quaintness, and kindly disposition, preferring standing and looking at his companions to joining them at play. He was, at the same time, fond of mechanical pursuits, and is said to have had a taste for some of the more humble arts, such as constructing useful implements,
wielding the blacksmith's fore-hammer, trying his hand at the loom, or making use of the shoemaker's awl.
When his fellow-students followed him into his two-pair-of-stairs study in Nicholson Street, they found all in keeping, they said, with his demeanour in the Academy. The Bible and The Gentle Shepherd, a sketch or two on the wall, a table and a few chairs, with a fiddle whose strings, when he grew tired with drawing, he touched to a favourite air, were the chief articles; neither lay-figures covered with silk, nor easels of polished mahogany were there; a few brushes and a few colours, and a palette made by his own hands, may be added. The fiddle was to him then and long after an useful instrument; its music, he said, not only soothed himself, but put his live models, who sat for his shepherds and husbandmen, into the sort of humour which he desired; nay, he often pleased so much, that one of them, an old rough mendicant
Whose wallets before and behind did hang,
to whom he had played a welcome air, refused the pence when offered, and strode down the stair, saying, "Hout! put up your pennies, man; I was e'en as glad o' the spring as ye were!" He sometimes, too, in a land where living models of any other part save the head or hand are difficult to obtain for either love or money, made himself into his own model; and with a bared foot, a bared ancle, or a bared knee, would sit at the looking-glass till he confessed that he was almost benumbed by exposure. Nor did he desist when a friend knocked; he would say, "Come in," nor move from his posture, but deliberately explain his object, and continue to draw till he had made
He was the most industrious in his artistic studies, and at length felt that his progress was so great and his reliance upon himself so strong, that he removed to London, believing that he might maintain himself in the metropolis. He took this step in 1805, when he was twenty years of age, having by his limited practice in Scotland as a portrait-painter, earned some fifty pounds, which he brought to London:-
Something of his Edinburgh fame had come before him; Jackson, at that time a student, seems to have seen as well as heard of him, for he wrote to Haydon, then young and ardent, to hasten from Devonshire, for that a tall, pale, thin Scotsman had just come to study at the Academy, who had done something from Macbeth, of which report spoke highly. "Touched with this," said Haydon, "I came at once to London and went to the Academy; Wilkie, the most punctual of mankind, was there before me. We sat and drew in silence for some time: at length Wilkie rose, came and looked over my shoulder, said nothing, and resumed his seat. I rose, went and looked over his shoulder, said nothing, and resumed my seat. We saw enough to satisfy us of each other's skill, and when the class broke up we went and dined together. Wilkie was, as Jackson had described him, tall, pale, and thin, with blue and uncommon bright eyes, a nose rather short, and a mouth full of humour of the quietest and richest kind.
VOL. II. (1843) No. I.
His first year in the capital was his year of trial; his genius and his success soon rendering him an exception to the generality of artists. His first step was to enter the Royal Academy, where, as he had hitherto done, he laboured indefatigably, although several times reduced within the bounds of the last half guinea. "However, I have still as yet," he writes to the minister of Cults, "cleared my way and kept out of the pawnbroker's." He soon expressed himself to the same fond and anxious friend with increased confidence, hoping that Scotland might one day become "proud to boast of David Wilkie." He declared that he liked London better than Auld Reekie. Among other commissions he obtained one from Lord Mansfield for the "Village Politicians," which was exhibited at the Academy in 1806, astounding Mr. Angerstein and others by its excellence. The noble purchaser of the picture, however, endeavoured in a way not the most generous to obtain it for fifteen guineas, but subsequently paid for it twice the amount. We quote a letter that will substantiate the remark which we prefix to the nobleman's chaffering on the subject:
Portland Place, May 9, 1806.
Sir, I this morning received your letter informing me that you had been offered thirty guineas for your picture of The Village Politicians. I beg leave to remind you that that picture was painted for me, expressly at my desire; that while it was yet unfinished you informed me that the price was fifteen guineas, frame excluded; and that in answer I mentioned that I did not object to the price, but advised you to consult Mr. Smith, or other artists of eminence, as to the charges which you ought to make; conceiving, as I then told you, that the only chance a young artist has is to affix a very moderate price to his pictures till he is well known; and this, from the absurd fashion which prevails of paying large sums for very indifferent portraits, instead of purchasing superior pictures of another description at a fair rate. I therefore conceive that the picture is mine, and at the price of fifteen guineas; and upon this I am the more tempted to insist, from the conviction that it will be advantageous to you to have it in your power to say, that notwithstanding the success of your picture, and the offers which were made to you, you adhered to your original engagement. I hope you will see this subject in a proper point of view, and in so doing you will (believe me) consult your present as well as future advantage.
I am, Sir,
Your obedient humble Servant,
Wilkie, however, continued to find greater and greater favour for wonder-working London, as is shown by one of his accounts at a period when he was in the habit of getting his dinner and daily lessons in foreign languages at a French cating-house in Poland Street, for the small charge of thirteen pence.
Here, if you have money, you may do anything; and nobody will make the least inquiry, or trouble their heads about what you are doing. I have | <urn:uuid:f2f8f1be-9e32-4a69-809c-6e233603d1cd> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://books.google.am/books?id=XkMDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA88&vq=%22sweat+of+the+brain,+sweat+of+the+heart+%3B+which+includes+all+Kepler+calculations,+Newton+meditations,+all+Sciences,+all+spoken%22&dq=editions:HARVARD32044102791142&lr=&hl=hy&output=text | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476399.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303210414-20240304000414-00730.warc.gz | en | 0.983963 | 3,385 | 3.3125 | 3 | [
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and that over the sea. Over the ice the sky was perfectly cloudless, whilst the sea was overcast with stormy-looking clouds, which passed heavily along with the gale, until they reached a line nearly perpendicular to the edge of the packed ice. At this point, or line of demarcation of the two hemispheres, it was curious to mark the rapid motion of the clouds to the right or left, and how immediately they became condensed, or were dispersed on arriving at it; and although masses of clouds were continually borne towards the spot, by the impetuosity of the tempest, the line of termination did not encroach upon that of the serene atmosphere overhanging the pack. This contrast between the two atmospheres, so remarkable in cloudy weather especially, is termed the "ice blink," and enables the experienced mariner to judge of the nature and position of the ice, even at a distance. The effect of a south-west gale upon the ice, especially when it is of long continuance, is first to pack it so closely as to exclude every pool of water, and then to propel the whole body to the northward. But, as soon as the wind ceases, the floes separate with an apparent elasticity; the prevailing current, which has been pressed up by the gale, resumes its course, the ice opens in every direction, and may be seen travelling at a rate scarcely credible. Thus, on the 23rd, we found the field to which we were fast, setting to the southward at the rate of three miles an hour, and the pack beginning to open in every direction.
Nothing made of wood can withstand these pressures; so that if a vessel be caught in them, she must either be crushed, or rise and allow the ice to advance until it meets an opponent as unyielding as itself.
After a time and numerous dangers as well as struggles, Captain Buchan resolved to proceed westward, and follow the margin of the barrier-ice towards Greenland. Without accompanying him we may mention that his efforts did not succeed, because the success of the voyage was impossible. The utmost advance the expedition was able to accomplish, was to 80 degrees 34 minutes, and only a little further than Hudson penetrated in 1607, with a small vessel and a crew of some ten men. The Dorothea, particularly, had at length sustained such injury, that it is hardly possible to imagine how she was preserved from immediately foundering. The return homewards was therefore determined upon, the coast of Spitzbergen being surveyed while the vessels were there detained in order to repair the damage done to them. The descriptions connected with the island form an interesting feature of the volume. But although Captain Buchan was prevented from penetrating so far as Parry did, for the barrier is not fixed, but encroaches more in one year than another, while new and different openings often occur in the ice, our author throws out a hint in his closing remarks with regard to the success that would probably attend the employment of a steam-vessel, with the screwpropeller, in a Polar voyage. He thus expresses himself:
The openings in the ice are generally of short duration, perhaps for eight or twelve hours only; during which time, an ordinary sailing-vessel, thread
ing the many tortuous channels, does not advance above ten or twenty miles in a direct line, before the closing of the fields puts a stop to her progress; whereas a steamer, regardless of wind-and it is mostly in calm weather that the ice opens-would be able to accomplish three or four times the advance in the same period, and perhaps to come to some land in the North, which, if reached, would materially improve her prospect of success. In the event of the ice closing, the propeller could be instantly drawn up into the body of the vessel, and when wanted could be as expeditiously replaced, especially as smooth water generally prevails between the floes of ice. In cases of frost the screw is wholly under water and entirely free from that accumulation of ice which would take place about the paddlefloats and boxes of an ordinary steam-vessel, to the great detriment if not the entire destruction of the wheel. Should the vessel be caught and compelled to winter, a steam-apparatus for warming the vessel throughout could be fitted with little trouble. And as the propeller is only intended to be used as an auxiliary power, a small high-pressure engine would be all that would be required, and consequently it would take up but little of the stowage of the vessel.
He goes on to observe, that it seems as if the invention of the screw-propeller about the present period, had taken place to stimulate to further exertion towards discovery in the far North. He says that the auspicious return of Captain James Ross from the Antarctic seas, with officers and seamen already accustomed to the ice, and with two vessels strengthened, to which propellers could be applied at a moderate expense, appears to indicate that the time has arrived at which Arctic research might be most advantageously resumed; and that, in connexion with this attempt, that most interesting and important question, of the compression of the earth at the Poles, might undergo an investigation, by a direct measurement of an extensive arc of the meridian at Spitzbergen. Among his intelligent suggestions on the present subject, we also find the following, relative to other interesting branches of science.
Much requires to be done in magnetism. The correct determination of the position of the magnetic poles; the present Dip and Magnetic intensity, as compared with results obtained twenty years ago, during which period the needle has begun to retrograde, would be particularly desirable. And amidst other natural phenomena, the stupendous ice formations, which have recently excited much attention, are not unworthy of investigation: whether they really have a progressive motion, tearing their icy bases from the firmly-frozen earth beneath, or whether they remain immovably fixed, and are thus icy monuments of at least four thousand years' antiquity, are inquiries full of interest, although they sink into insignificance compared with the magnitude of the propositions above mentioned. It has been shown that the highest latitude has been reached in the vicinity of Spitzbergen, and, consequently, that is the point from which any expedition sent upon this service should start. And as the sea here does not become clear of ice until the summer is well advanced, the ships would have ample time to land, and to settle the
party engaged in the measurement of the arc of the meridian, and to push other useful inquiries, before they would be required to start on their grand enterprise. If they should chance to arrive at an auspicious moment during one of these favourable openings in the ice, and if any land should be discovered in, or near the situation marked in an old Dutch chart, and its coast should stretch to the northward, and be approachable, there is but little doubt that the expedition would be able to advance along its western side, owing to the prevailing motion of the ice, and perhaps attain a very near approach to the Pole. In any case we shall have acquired knowledge, and a positive benefit to science, by a more accurate determination of the figure of the earth than we have hitherto possessed.
ART. VIII. The Life of Sir David Wilkie; with his Journals, Tours, and Critical Remarks on Works of Art;— and a Selection from his Correspondence. By ALLAN CUNNINGHAM. 3 vols. Murray.
THE faults of these three volumes are bad arrangement and injudicious selection. The sudden death of the biographer may in some measure account for the character of the book; but yet no ordinary revision would have removed its blemishes of repetition, or those many details that are now needless with regard to the career of the artist. No doubt there is abundance of materials in the work as well as in Sir David's history, for a biographer to work with and pithily set forth. But still neither was the painter's life so crowded with strange events, nor is there shown such a discriminating and sifting criticism of his later history as to warrant the bulky publication.
Wilkie was the son of a respectable Presbyterian minister of a small parish in the county of Fife, whose family was large and his stipend very limited. The father, however, managed to afford the boy a decent education in art, who "could draw before he could read, and paint before he could spell." Both grandfather and father originally designed the lad for the church, but his love of the pencil was too strong to be thwarted or to cease in endeavouring to master the difficulties of the profession. He even took likenesses in the church, to the scandal of well-meaning people, and at length, through the interest of the Earl of Leven, was admitted, but not without. scruples on the part of the secretary, to the Trustees' Academy in Edinburgh, where he remained four years studying hard both from the antique and from nature in the fields and streets. He exhibited some other traits of character in his early years, such as quietness, quaintness, and kindly disposition, preferring standing and looking at his companions to joining them at play. He was, at the same time, fond of mechanical pursuits, and is said to have had a taste for some of the more humble arts, such as constructing useful implements,
wielding the blacksmith's fore-hammer, trying his hand at the loom, or making use of the shoemaker's awl.
When his fellow-students followed him into his two-pair-of-stairs study in Nicholson Street, they found all in keeping, they said, with his demeanour in the Academy. The Bible and The Gentle Shepherd, a sketch or two on the wall, a table and a few chairs, with a fiddle whose strings, when he grew tired with drawing, he touched to a favourite air, were the chief articles; neither lay-figures covered with silk, nor easels of polished mahogany were there; a few brushes and a few colours, and a palette made by his own hands, may be added. The fiddle was to him then and long after an useful instrument; its music, he said, not only soothed himself, but put his live models, who sat for his shepherds and husbandmen, into the sort of humour which he desired; nay, he often pleased so much, that one of them, an old rough mendicant
Whose wallets before and behind did hang,
to whom he had played a welcome air, refused the pence when offered, and strode down the stair, saying, "Hout! put up your pennies, man; I was e'en as glad o' the spring as ye were!" He sometimes, too, in a land where living models of any other part save the head or hand are difficult to obtain for either love or money, made himself into his own model; and with a bared foot, a bared ancle, or a bared knee, would sit at the looking-glass till he confessed that he was almost benumbed by exposure. Nor did he desist when a friend knocked; he would say, "Come in," nor move from his posture, but deliberately explain his object, and continue to draw till he had made
He was the most industrious in his artistic studies, and at length felt that his progress was so great and his reliance upon himself so strong, that he removed to London, believing that he might maintain himself in the metropolis. He took this step in 1805, when he was twenty years of age, having by his limited practice in Scotland as a portrait-painter, earned some fifty pounds, which he brought to London:-
Something of his Edinburgh fame had come before him; Jackson, at that time a student, seems to have seen as well as heard of him, for he wrote to Haydon, then young and ardent, to hasten from Devonshire, for that a tall, pale, thin Scotsman had just come to study at the Academy, who had done something from Macbeth, of which report spoke highly. "Touched with this," said Haydon, "I came at once to London and went to the Academy; Wilkie, the most punctual of mankind, was there before me. We sat and drew in silence for some time: at length Wilkie rose, came and looked over my shoulder, said nothing, and resumed his seat. I rose, went and looked over his shoulder, said nothing, and resumed my seat. We saw enough to satisfy us of each other's skill, and when the class broke up we went and dined together. Wilkie was, as Jackson had described him, tall, pale, and thin, with blue and uncommon bright eyes, a nose rather short, and a mouth full of humour of the quietest and richest kind.
VOL. II. (1843) No. I.
His first year in the capital was his year of trial; his genius and his success soon rendering him an exception to the generality of artists. His first step was to enter the Royal Academy, where, as he had hitherto done, he laboured indefatigably, although several times reduced within the bounds of the last half guinea. "However, I have still as yet," he writes to the minister of Cults, "cleared my way and kept out of the pawnbroker's." He soon expressed himself to the same fond and anxious friend with increased confidence, hoping that Scotland might one day become "proud to boast of David Wilkie." He declared that he liked London better than Auld Reekie. Among other commissions he obtained one from Lord Mansfield for the "Village Politicians," which was exhibited at the Academy in 1806, astounding Mr. Angerstein and others by its excellence. The noble purchaser of the picture, however, endeavoured in a way not the most generous to obtain it for fifteen guineas, but subsequently paid for it twice the amount. We quote a letter that will substantiate the remark which we prefix to the nobleman's chaffering on the subject:
Portland Place, May 9, 1806.
Sir, I this morning received your letter informing me that you had been offered thirty guineas for your picture of The Village Politicians. I beg leave to remind you that that picture was painted for me, expressly at my desire; that while it was yet unfinished you informed me that the price was fifteen guineas, frame excluded; and that in answer I mentioned that I did not object to the price, but advised you to consult Mr. Smith, or other artists of eminence, as to the charges which you ought to make; conceiving, as I then told you, that the only chance a young artist has is to affix a very moderate price to his pictures till he is well known; and this, from the absurd fashion which prevails of paying large sums for very indifferent portraits, instead of purchasing superior pictures of another description at a fair rate. I therefore conceive that the picture is mine, and at the price of fifteen guineas; and upon this I am the more tempted to insist, from the conviction that it will be advantageous to you to have it in your power to say, that notwithstanding the success of your picture, and the offers which were made to you, you adhered to your original engagement. I hope you will see this subject in a proper point of view, and in so doing you will (believe me) consult your present as well as future advantage.
I am, Sir,
Your obedient humble Servant,
Wilkie, however, continued to find greater and greater favour for wonder-working London, as is shown by one of his accounts at a period when he was in the habit of getting his dinner and daily lessons in foreign languages at a French cating-house in Poland Street, for the small charge of thirteen pence.
Here, if you have money, you may do anything; and nobody will make the least inquiry, or trouble their heads about what you are doing. I have | 3,355 | ENGLISH | 1 |
James Hoban was an Irish-American architect who is best known for designing the White House, the official residence of the President of the United States. Born in Kilkenny, Ireland in 1755, Hoban trained as a carpenter and a draftsman before moving to the United States in 1785. He settled in Philadelphia, where he worked as a carpenter and eventually established himself as an architect.
In 1792, Hoban won a competition to design the Executive Mansion, which would later be known as the White House. His neoclassical design was inspired by buildings in Europe, such as the Leinster House in Dublin, and featured a large central portico with columns and a pediment. Hoban oversaw the construction of the White House, which was completed in 1800.
Hoban also designed several other notable buildings in Washington, D.C., including the Octagon House and the Old Patent Office Building. He also designed buildings in other parts of the United States, such as the Charleston County Courthouse in South Carolina.
Hoban was a prominent member of the Irish-American community in Washington, D.C. and was involved in several charitable and cultural organizations. He died in 1831 and was buried in the historic Mount Olivet Cemetery in Washington, D.C. Today, his legacy lives on through his contributions to American architecture, including his iconic design of the White House.
Here are 26 interesting facts about James Hoban to know more about this Irish-American architect.
- James Hoban was born in Kilkenny, Ireland in 1755.
- He was one of ten children in his family.
- Hoban began his career as a carpenter and draftsman in Ireland.
- He immigrated to the United States in 1785 and settled in Philadelphia.
- In 1792, Hoban won a competition to design the Executive Mansion, which would later become the White House.
- Hoban’s design for the White House was inspired by neoclassical architecture and featured a large central portico with columns and a pediment.
- Hoban oversaw the construction of the White House, which was completed in 1800.
- He also designed several other buildings in Washington, D.C., including the Octagon House and the Old Patent Office Building.
- Hoban’s design for the White House was not without criticism; some critics thought it was too ornate and grandiose for a democratic nation.
- Hoban was a prominent member of the Irish-American community in Washington, D.C. and was involved in several charitable and cultural organizations.
- Hoban was also involved in the construction of the United States Capitol Building and the Treasury Building in Washington, D.C.
- Hoban was married to Susanna Sewall and had ten children.
- Hoban’s son, James Hoban Jr., was also an architect and worked on several buildings in Washington, D.C.
- Hoban was a member of the Society of the Cincinnati, a fraternal organization of American veterans of the Revolutionary War.
- Hoban was a devout Catholic and helped establish several Catholic churches in the Washington, D.C. area.
- Hoban’s architectural style was heavily influenced by his Irish heritage and the neoclassical designs he had seen in Europe.
- Hoban was known for his attention to detail and his ability to incorporate decorative elements into his designs.
- Hoban was a close friend of George Washington and was said to have socialized with him at the White House.
- Hoban’s designs were considered innovative for their time and helped shape the early architecture of the United States.
- Hoban was also involved in the design of several private residences, including the home of Commodore John Barry, considered the “father of the American navy.”
- Hoban died in 1831 and was buried in the historic Mount Olivet Cemetery in Washington, D.C.
- Hoban’s legacy as an architect continues to be celebrated in the United States, particularly for his iconic design of the White House.
- Several schools and buildings have been named after Hoban, including the James Hoban Elementary School in Washington, D.C.
- Hoban was not the only architect to submit designs for the White House; several others also submitted proposals, including Thomas Jefferson.
- Hoban’s design for the White House has undergone several renovations and expansions over the years, but the original structure remains largely intact.
- Today, Hoban is remembered as one of the most important architects of the early United States, whose designs helped shape the nation’s capital and set the standard for American architecture.
James Hoban’s legacy as an architect and designer lives on today through his most famous creation, the White House. His neoclassical design, with its central portico and columns, continues to serve as an enduring symbol of the American presidency and the nation’s democracy. In addition to the White House, Hoban’s designs and architectural influence can be seen in buildings throughout Washington, D.C. and beyond. His attention to detail, innovative approach, and ability to blend classical and contemporary elements made him one of the most important architects of his time. Today, he is remembered as a skilled craftsman and visionary designer whose contributions continue to shape American architecture and culture. | <urn:uuid:4afb96ed-af20-43e3-b4e8-0cb5dbcd760e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.worldsfacts.com/26-interesting-facts-about-james-hoban/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474893.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229234355-20240301024355-00731.warc.gz | en | 0.986848 | 1,115 | 3.5 | 4 | [
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0.538410961627960... | 1 | James Hoban was an Irish-American architect who is best known for designing the White House, the official residence of the President of the United States. Born in Kilkenny, Ireland in 1755, Hoban trained as a carpenter and a draftsman before moving to the United States in 1785. He settled in Philadelphia, where he worked as a carpenter and eventually established himself as an architect.
In 1792, Hoban won a competition to design the Executive Mansion, which would later be known as the White House. His neoclassical design was inspired by buildings in Europe, such as the Leinster House in Dublin, and featured a large central portico with columns and a pediment. Hoban oversaw the construction of the White House, which was completed in 1800.
Hoban also designed several other notable buildings in Washington, D.C., including the Octagon House and the Old Patent Office Building. He also designed buildings in other parts of the United States, such as the Charleston County Courthouse in South Carolina.
Hoban was a prominent member of the Irish-American community in Washington, D.C. and was involved in several charitable and cultural organizations. He died in 1831 and was buried in the historic Mount Olivet Cemetery in Washington, D.C. Today, his legacy lives on through his contributions to American architecture, including his iconic design of the White House.
Here are 26 interesting facts about James Hoban to know more about this Irish-American architect.
- James Hoban was born in Kilkenny, Ireland in 1755.
- He was one of ten children in his family.
- Hoban began his career as a carpenter and draftsman in Ireland.
- He immigrated to the United States in 1785 and settled in Philadelphia.
- In 1792, Hoban won a competition to design the Executive Mansion, which would later become the White House.
- Hoban’s design for the White House was inspired by neoclassical architecture and featured a large central portico with columns and a pediment.
- Hoban oversaw the construction of the White House, which was completed in 1800.
- He also designed several other buildings in Washington, D.C., including the Octagon House and the Old Patent Office Building.
- Hoban’s design for the White House was not without criticism; some critics thought it was too ornate and grandiose for a democratic nation.
- Hoban was a prominent member of the Irish-American community in Washington, D.C. and was involved in several charitable and cultural organizations.
- Hoban was also involved in the construction of the United States Capitol Building and the Treasury Building in Washington, D.C.
- Hoban was married to Susanna Sewall and had ten children.
- Hoban’s son, James Hoban Jr., was also an architect and worked on several buildings in Washington, D.C.
- Hoban was a member of the Society of the Cincinnati, a fraternal organization of American veterans of the Revolutionary War.
- Hoban was a devout Catholic and helped establish several Catholic churches in the Washington, D.C. area.
- Hoban’s architectural style was heavily influenced by his Irish heritage and the neoclassical designs he had seen in Europe.
- Hoban was known for his attention to detail and his ability to incorporate decorative elements into his designs.
- Hoban was a close friend of George Washington and was said to have socialized with him at the White House.
- Hoban’s designs were considered innovative for their time and helped shape the early architecture of the United States.
- Hoban was also involved in the design of several private residences, including the home of Commodore John Barry, considered the “father of the American navy.”
- Hoban died in 1831 and was buried in the historic Mount Olivet Cemetery in Washington, D.C.
- Hoban’s legacy as an architect continues to be celebrated in the United States, particularly for his iconic design of the White House.
- Several schools and buildings have been named after Hoban, including the James Hoban Elementary School in Washington, D.C.
- Hoban was not the only architect to submit designs for the White House; several others also submitted proposals, including Thomas Jefferson.
- Hoban’s design for the White House has undergone several renovations and expansions over the years, but the original structure remains largely intact.
- Today, Hoban is remembered as one of the most important architects of the early United States, whose designs helped shape the nation’s capital and set the standard for American architecture.
James Hoban’s legacy as an architect and designer lives on today through his most famous creation, the White House. His neoclassical design, with its central portico and columns, continues to serve as an enduring symbol of the American presidency and the nation’s democracy. In addition to the White House, Hoban’s designs and architectural influence can be seen in buildings throughout Washington, D.C. and beyond. His attention to detail, innovative approach, and ability to blend classical and contemporary elements made him one of the most important architects of his time. Today, he is remembered as a skilled craftsman and visionary designer whose contributions continue to shape American architecture and culture. | 1,085 | ENGLISH | 1 |
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Here is the little-known history of Otto Lilienthal, a daring man whose more than 2,000 successful flights inspired the Wright Brothers and other aviation pioneers. In 1862, balloons were the only way to reach the sky. But 14-year-old Otto Lilienthal didn't want to fly in balloons. He wanted to soar like a bird. Scientists, teachers, and news reporters everywhere said flying was impossible. Otto and his brother Gustav desperately wanted to prove them wrong, so they made their own wings and tried to take flight. The brothers quickly crashed, but this was just the beginning for Otto, who would spend the next 30 years of his life sketching, re-sketching, and building gliders. Over time, Otto's flights got longer. His control got better. He learned the tricks and twists of the wind. His flights even began to draw crowds. By the time of his death at age 48, Otto had made more than 2,000 successful glider flights. He was the first person in history to spend this much time in the air, earning the title of the world's first pilot and paving the way for future aviation pioneers. | <urn:uuid:9990c109-db4c-4ee2-aa4f-eb87b69eeb7d> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.carmichaelsbookstore.com/book/9798212647670 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474715.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228112121-20240228142121-00807.warc.gz | en | 0.980203 | 256 | 4.03125 | 4 | [
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0.50903105735... | 1 | The book is not currently in stock at our stores. Please call us for price and availability.
Here is the little-known history of Otto Lilienthal, a daring man whose more than 2,000 successful flights inspired the Wright Brothers and other aviation pioneers. In 1862, balloons were the only way to reach the sky. But 14-year-old Otto Lilienthal didn't want to fly in balloons. He wanted to soar like a bird. Scientists, teachers, and news reporters everywhere said flying was impossible. Otto and his brother Gustav desperately wanted to prove them wrong, so they made their own wings and tried to take flight. The brothers quickly crashed, but this was just the beginning for Otto, who would spend the next 30 years of his life sketching, re-sketching, and building gliders. Over time, Otto's flights got longer. His control got better. He learned the tricks and twists of the wind. His flights even began to draw crowds. By the time of his death at age 48, Otto had made more than 2,000 successful glider flights. He was the first person in history to spend this much time in the air, earning the title of the world's first pilot and paving the way for future aviation pioneers. | 268 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Product Description: This Large Cannon pencil sharpener measures 10cm and is made from metal in an antique bronze finish, with plastic wheels. The cannon incorporates a pencil sharpener in its chassis.
Information: During the English Civil War, cannons played a significant role in the battles fought between the Royalist and Parliamentary forces. Cannons were one of the most effective weapons available at the time, capable of causing mass casualties and significant damage to fortifications.
Cannons were often used to provide cover fire for infantry and cavalry units or to break through enemy fortifications. They were also frequently used in siege warfare, where they were used to bombard and weaken enemy fortifications before an assault was launched.
Overall, cannons were a crucial weapon during the English Civil War and played a significant role in many of the key battles and sieges of the conflict. | <urn:uuid:526dde7a-43db-46b1-a5c1-3add919c222a> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | http://www.westair-reproductions.com/civil-war/civil-war-large-cannon-pencil-sharpener | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474482.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224012912-20240224042912-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.982558 | 172 | 3.28125 | 3 | [
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0.34402930736541... | 1 | Product Description: This Large Cannon pencil sharpener measures 10cm and is made from metal in an antique bronze finish, with plastic wheels. The cannon incorporates a pencil sharpener in its chassis.
Information: During the English Civil War, cannons played a significant role in the battles fought between the Royalist and Parliamentary forces. Cannons were one of the most effective weapons available at the time, capable of causing mass casualties and significant damage to fortifications.
Cannons were often used to provide cover fire for infantry and cavalry units or to break through enemy fortifications. They were also frequently used in siege warfare, where they were used to bombard and weaken enemy fortifications before an assault was launched.
Overall, cannons were a crucial weapon during the English Civil War and played a significant role in many of the key battles and sieges of the conflict. | 170 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Louisiana Purchase was one of the most significant events in American history. It was a deal struck between the United States government and France in 1803 that saw the U.S. acquire 827,000 square miles of territory, including all or part of what are now 15 U.S. states. The purchase had many pros and cons, some of which are still felt today.
The first pro of the Louisiana Purchase was that it greatly expanded the territory of the United States. The U.S. doubled in size with this purchase, which gave the country more land to settle and expand into. This also meant that America’s western border extended all the way to the Rocky Mountains, which gave the United States a strategic advantage over other countries in the region. Additionally, the Louisiana Purchase opened up a significant amount of land for farming and other industries, which helped to boost the country’s economy.
The second major pro of the Louisiana Purchase was the peace and stability it brought to the region. Louisiana was still a French territory at the time of the purchase, and there were concerns about France trying to exert control over the Mississippi River, which was vital for American commerce. With the purchase, the United States gained control of the river and the port of New Orleans, which allowed for easier trade and transportation. This purchase also helped to secure the United States’ western border and protect the country from future political and military threats from European powers.
However, there were also some cons to the Louisiana Purchase. One of the biggest concerns was the cost. The U.S. spent $15 million on the Louisiana Territory, which was a significant sum of money at that time. Some people believed that the government was spending too much money on land that might not be useful or profitable. There were also concerns that the purchase might lead to over-expansion, which could cause political and economic instability in the future.
Another major con of the purchase was the impact it had on Native American tribes in the area. The United States government did not consult with these tribes before making the purchase, and many were displaced from their land as a result. This caused tensions and conflicts between Native Americans and American settlers that persist to this day.
In conclusion, while the Louisiana Purchase was a major milestone in American history, it had both pros and cons. On the positive side, it greatly expanded the territory of the United States, brought peace and stability to the region, and helped to stimulate the country’s economy. However, the purchase was also costly, and it had a negative impact on Native American tribes in the area. Overall, the Louisiana Purchase was a complicated moment in American history that still has lasting effects today.
How did the Louisiana Purchase benefit the United States in terms of territorial expansion and economic growth?
The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 was a significant event in the history of the United States. It marked the acquisition of a vast territory from the French, which doubled the size of the US at the time. This acquisition extended the US borders westward to the Rocky Mountains and opened up new opportunities for territorial expansion. The territory itself included present-day states like Louisiana, Missouri, Arkansas, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, North and South Dakota, Oklahoma, and parts of Colorado, Minnesota, Montana, New Mexico, and Wyoming. It also provided the US with access to the Mississippi River, which became vital to economic growth in the region.
The Louisiana Purchase also benefited the United States in terms of economic growth. At the time of acquisition, the land was mostly unexplored and undeveloped. The US was able to explore this new territory, seek resources, and establish new trade routes. This expansion allowed for the development of new industries and farming methods, which helped spur economic growth in the region. Moreover, the acquisition of land brought new and valuable resources to the US, like cotton, tobacco, and sugar, which energized the economy. All in all, the Louisiana Purchase gave the US land, resources, and new opportunities for economic progress, setting the stage for continued territorial expansion and growth in the years to come.
In what ways did the Louisiana Purchase lead to tension with Native American tribes and European powers?
The Louisiana Purchase, which took place in 1803, doubled the size of the United States and was one of the most significant events in its history. However, the acquisition of so much new land also caused significant tension with the Native American tribes that lived in the region. The United States government believed that they had purchased the land from France, but the Native American tribes that lived in the region had not been consulted or given any say in the matter. As a result, they felt like their land had been taken away from them without their consent.
The Louisiana Purchase also led to tension with the European powers, particularly Spain and Great Britain. Spain had controlled the Louisiana Territory before it was sold to France, and they were initially concerned about the expansion of the United States. They feared that the United States would use the newly acquired land to expand its influence and threaten their control over the region. Great Britain was also concerned about the expansion of the United States, as it threatened their own territorial claims in North America. These tensions would eventually lead to conflicts with both of these European powers, as well as with the Native American tribes that had been displaced by the Louisiana Purchase.
What were some potential drawbacks or risks associated with the Louisiana Purchase, and how were they addressed by the U.S. government?
The Louisiana Purchase in 1803 was a significant event in American history as it doubled the size of the United States and gave the nation control over the Mississippi River and access to the Gulf of Mexico. However, there were some potential drawbacks and risks associated with the purchase. Firstly, it posed a significant financial burden on the country as it cost $15 million, which was a considerable amount of money in that time period. The government was concerned about how to pay for the territory and the potential economic consequences of such a large expenditure.
Additionally, the Louisiana Purchase raised political concerns. Many Federalists were opposed to the acquisition of the land, arguing that it would lead to further expansion of slavery and weaken the power of the Northeastern states. Some politicians also worried that the large territory would be difficult to govern and could lead to conflicts with Native American tribes in the area.
To address these concerns, the U.S. government took several steps. They organized expeditions to explore and map the new territory, established new government positions, and negotiated treaties with Native American tribes to ensure peaceful relations. The government also passed several laws to regulate land sales and encourage settlement in the area, leading to the eventual growth and development of the American West. Though there were risks associated with the Louisiana Purchase, the government was able to successfully manage these challenges and turn it into one of the most significant acquisitions in American history.
How did the Louisiana Purchase impact the balance of power between the federal government and individual states in the U.S.?
The Louisiana Purchase, which occurred in 1803, was one of the most significant events in the history of the United States. It was a deal between the United States and France for the purchase of the Louisiana Territory, which was a vast area of land in North America that included the Mississippi River and its drainage basin. This acquisition was one of the most controversial events in American history because it had a profound impact on the balance of power between the federal government and individual states.
The Louisiana Purchase fundamentally altered the balance of power between the federal government and individual states in the United States. Prior to the acquisition of the Louisiana Territory, the balance of power was heavily tilted towards the states. This was because the federal government had limited powers and was responsible only for specific areas like national defense, foreign affairs, and regulating commerce. After the Louisiana Purchase, however, the power of the federal government increased significantly. The vast territory that the United States acquired in this deal gave the federal government immense power, and it was able to assert its authority over a much larger area than ever before.
In summary, the Louisiana Purchase had a profound impact on the balance of power between the federal government and individual states in the United States. The acquisition of this vast territory gave the federal government a significant boost in its power and influence, which allowed it to assert greater control over the country as a whole. However, this acquisition also led to debates and controversy about the role of the federal government and the balance of power between the federal government and individual states, which still continue to this day.
Looking back on the Louisiana Purchase from a modern perspective, what are some of the positive and negative legacies of this pivotal event in American history?
The Louisiana Purchase was one of the most significant events in American history. From a modern perspective, there are several positive and negative legacies of this pivotal event. From a positive perspective, the Louisiana Purchase significantly increased the size of the United States, which helped to solidify its position as a world power. It also opened up vast new territory for exploration, settlement, and commerce.
However, from a negative perspective, the Louisiana Purchase also had some negative legacies. One of the main concerns from a modern perspective is the fact that the Louisiana Purchase was an enormous transfer of territory from indigenous peoples who did not consent to the deal. This led to a long history of displacement, exploitation, and violence against Native Americans that still resonates in the United States today. Additionally, the Louisiana Purchase set the stage for the expansion of slavery into new territories, which ultimately led to the Civil War and a legacy of racial inequality that persists to this day. Despite these negative legacies, the Louisiana Purchase remains a cornerstone of American history and an event with a profound impact on the country’s development. | <urn:uuid:dd8898fd-7d0f-4950-a693-354d94ef94a5> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://thinkrealstate.com/2-pros-and-2-cons-of-the-louisiana-purchase/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474361.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223053503-20240223083503-00248.warc.gz | en | 0.980439 | 1,981 | 3.78125 | 4 | [
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0.1664456725... | 1 | The Louisiana Purchase was one of the most significant events in American history. It was a deal struck between the United States government and France in 1803 that saw the U.S. acquire 827,000 square miles of territory, including all or part of what are now 15 U.S. states. The purchase had many pros and cons, some of which are still felt today.
The first pro of the Louisiana Purchase was that it greatly expanded the territory of the United States. The U.S. doubled in size with this purchase, which gave the country more land to settle and expand into. This also meant that America’s western border extended all the way to the Rocky Mountains, which gave the United States a strategic advantage over other countries in the region. Additionally, the Louisiana Purchase opened up a significant amount of land for farming and other industries, which helped to boost the country’s economy.
The second major pro of the Louisiana Purchase was the peace and stability it brought to the region. Louisiana was still a French territory at the time of the purchase, and there were concerns about France trying to exert control over the Mississippi River, which was vital for American commerce. With the purchase, the United States gained control of the river and the port of New Orleans, which allowed for easier trade and transportation. This purchase also helped to secure the United States’ western border and protect the country from future political and military threats from European powers.
However, there were also some cons to the Louisiana Purchase. One of the biggest concerns was the cost. The U.S. spent $15 million on the Louisiana Territory, which was a significant sum of money at that time. Some people believed that the government was spending too much money on land that might not be useful or profitable. There were also concerns that the purchase might lead to over-expansion, which could cause political and economic instability in the future.
Another major con of the purchase was the impact it had on Native American tribes in the area. The United States government did not consult with these tribes before making the purchase, and many were displaced from their land as a result. This caused tensions and conflicts between Native Americans and American settlers that persist to this day.
In conclusion, while the Louisiana Purchase was a major milestone in American history, it had both pros and cons. On the positive side, it greatly expanded the territory of the United States, brought peace and stability to the region, and helped to stimulate the country’s economy. However, the purchase was also costly, and it had a negative impact on Native American tribes in the area. Overall, the Louisiana Purchase was a complicated moment in American history that still has lasting effects today.
How did the Louisiana Purchase benefit the United States in terms of territorial expansion and economic growth?
The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 was a significant event in the history of the United States. It marked the acquisition of a vast territory from the French, which doubled the size of the US at the time. This acquisition extended the US borders westward to the Rocky Mountains and opened up new opportunities for territorial expansion. The territory itself included present-day states like Louisiana, Missouri, Arkansas, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, North and South Dakota, Oklahoma, and parts of Colorado, Minnesota, Montana, New Mexico, and Wyoming. It also provided the US with access to the Mississippi River, which became vital to economic growth in the region.
The Louisiana Purchase also benefited the United States in terms of economic growth. At the time of acquisition, the land was mostly unexplored and undeveloped. The US was able to explore this new territory, seek resources, and establish new trade routes. This expansion allowed for the development of new industries and farming methods, which helped spur economic growth in the region. Moreover, the acquisition of land brought new and valuable resources to the US, like cotton, tobacco, and sugar, which energized the economy. All in all, the Louisiana Purchase gave the US land, resources, and new opportunities for economic progress, setting the stage for continued territorial expansion and growth in the years to come.
In what ways did the Louisiana Purchase lead to tension with Native American tribes and European powers?
The Louisiana Purchase, which took place in 1803, doubled the size of the United States and was one of the most significant events in its history. However, the acquisition of so much new land also caused significant tension with the Native American tribes that lived in the region. The United States government believed that they had purchased the land from France, but the Native American tribes that lived in the region had not been consulted or given any say in the matter. As a result, they felt like their land had been taken away from them without their consent.
The Louisiana Purchase also led to tension with the European powers, particularly Spain and Great Britain. Spain had controlled the Louisiana Territory before it was sold to France, and they were initially concerned about the expansion of the United States. They feared that the United States would use the newly acquired land to expand its influence and threaten their control over the region. Great Britain was also concerned about the expansion of the United States, as it threatened their own territorial claims in North America. These tensions would eventually lead to conflicts with both of these European powers, as well as with the Native American tribes that had been displaced by the Louisiana Purchase.
What were some potential drawbacks or risks associated with the Louisiana Purchase, and how were they addressed by the U.S. government?
The Louisiana Purchase in 1803 was a significant event in American history as it doubled the size of the United States and gave the nation control over the Mississippi River and access to the Gulf of Mexico. However, there were some potential drawbacks and risks associated with the purchase. Firstly, it posed a significant financial burden on the country as it cost $15 million, which was a considerable amount of money in that time period. The government was concerned about how to pay for the territory and the potential economic consequences of such a large expenditure.
Additionally, the Louisiana Purchase raised political concerns. Many Federalists were opposed to the acquisition of the land, arguing that it would lead to further expansion of slavery and weaken the power of the Northeastern states. Some politicians also worried that the large territory would be difficult to govern and could lead to conflicts with Native American tribes in the area.
To address these concerns, the U.S. government took several steps. They organized expeditions to explore and map the new territory, established new government positions, and negotiated treaties with Native American tribes to ensure peaceful relations. The government also passed several laws to regulate land sales and encourage settlement in the area, leading to the eventual growth and development of the American West. Though there were risks associated with the Louisiana Purchase, the government was able to successfully manage these challenges and turn it into one of the most significant acquisitions in American history.
How did the Louisiana Purchase impact the balance of power between the federal government and individual states in the U.S.?
The Louisiana Purchase, which occurred in 1803, was one of the most significant events in the history of the United States. It was a deal between the United States and France for the purchase of the Louisiana Territory, which was a vast area of land in North America that included the Mississippi River and its drainage basin. This acquisition was one of the most controversial events in American history because it had a profound impact on the balance of power between the federal government and individual states.
The Louisiana Purchase fundamentally altered the balance of power between the federal government and individual states in the United States. Prior to the acquisition of the Louisiana Territory, the balance of power was heavily tilted towards the states. This was because the federal government had limited powers and was responsible only for specific areas like national defense, foreign affairs, and regulating commerce. After the Louisiana Purchase, however, the power of the federal government increased significantly. The vast territory that the United States acquired in this deal gave the federal government immense power, and it was able to assert its authority over a much larger area than ever before.
In summary, the Louisiana Purchase had a profound impact on the balance of power between the federal government and individual states in the United States. The acquisition of this vast territory gave the federal government a significant boost in its power and influence, which allowed it to assert greater control over the country as a whole. However, this acquisition also led to debates and controversy about the role of the federal government and the balance of power between the federal government and individual states, which still continue to this day.
Looking back on the Louisiana Purchase from a modern perspective, what are some of the positive and negative legacies of this pivotal event in American history?
The Louisiana Purchase was one of the most significant events in American history. From a modern perspective, there are several positive and negative legacies of this pivotal event. From a positive perspective, the Louisiana Purchase significantly increased the size of the United States, which helped to solidify its position as a world power. It also opened up vast new territory for exploration, settlement, and commerce.
However, from a negative perspective, the Louisiana Purchase also had some negative legacies. One of the main concerns from a modern perspective is the fact that the Louisiana Purchase was an enormous transfer of territory from indigenous peoples who did not consent to the deal. This led to a long history of displacement, exploitation, and violence against Native Americans that still resonates in the United States today. Additionally, the Louisiana Purchase set the stage for the expansion of slavery into new territories, which ultimately led to the Civil War and a legacy of racial inequality that persists to this day. Despite these negative legacies, the Louisiana Purchase remains a cornerstone of American history and an event with a profound impact on the country’s development. | 1,966 | ENGLISH | 1 |
This classic story has touched generations since it was written in the late 1950s. Set during the Great Depression in Maycomb, Alabama, the story centers around the Finch family. Atticus, the father and a prominent lawyer, takes a case defending an innocent black man. Although Atticus proves his client is innocent, the all-white jury still convicts the defendant.
EVIL: After Tom Robinson is arrested, the town mobs the jail. They assume he is guilty, and want to take action, demonstrating their racism.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Go sit! You shouldn't know how to read.
I am sorry for my crime Miss.
GOOD: When Miss. Maudie's house catches fire, the town rallies to help her, showing the good in people, and their willingness to help.
Atticus, why doesn't Boo Radley come out of his house?
GOOD/EVIL: Boo Radley is initially viewed by the children as a terrible person. They often taunted, and told stories about him. However, Boo proves to be good though his actions, helping Scout and Jem learn a lesson.
When Scout first enters school, her teacher belittles her for her advanced reading and writing skills. Her teacher says that Scout's father is not a teacher, and tells her to sit down.
One day, Atticus tells Scout, "You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view." Scout values her father's advice, and thinks about this deeply.
Perhaps the most important lesson learned was about not harming Mockingbirds; "They don't do one thing but sing their hearts out for us. That's why it's a sin to kill a mockingbird." The mockingbird is also symbolic of Tom Robinson. | <urn:uuid:b8ebc47d-844d-4788-be50-6e6ba0f1df21> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.storyboardthat.com/storyboards/rebeccaray/to-kill-a-mockingbird-themes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474688.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227220707-20240228010707-00109.warc.gz | en | 0.980116 | 387 | 3.28125 | 3 | [
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0.0119465710... | 1 | This classic story has touched generations since it was written in the late 1950s. Set during the Great Depression in Maycomb, Alabama, the story centers around the Finch family. Atticus, the father and a prominent lawyer, takes a case defending an innocent black man. Although Atticus proves his client is innocent, the all-white jury still convicts the defendant.
EVIL: After Tom Robinson is arrested, the town mobs the jail. They assume he is guilty, and want to take action, demonstrating their racism.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Go sit! You shouldn't know how to read.
I am sorry for my crime Miss.
GOOD: When Miss. Maudie's house catches fire, the town rallies to help her, showing the good in people, and their willingness to help.
Atticus, why doesn't Boo Radley come out of his house?
GOOD/EVIL: Boo Radley is initially viewed by the children as a terrible person. They often taunted, and told stories about him. However, Boo proves to be good though his actions, helping Scout and Jem learn a lesson.
When Scout first enters school, her teacher belittles her for her advanced reading and writing skills. Her teacher says that Scout's father is not a teacher, and tells her to sit down.
One day, Atticus tells Scout, "You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view." Scout values her father's advice, and thinks about this deeply.
Perhaps the most important lesson learned was about not harming Mockingbirds; "They don't do one thing but sing their hearts out for us. That's why it's a sin to kill a mockingbird." The mockingbird is also symbolic of Tom Robinson. | 380 | ENGLISH | 1 |
It has been millennia since the life and death of Jesus Christ. It is perhaps one of the most compelling questions posed by Christians over the centuries, “How did he die?”. In Christian theology, his manner of death has a profound significance, in addition to his teachings, miracles, and influence.
The Roman Method of Execution
An excruciating form of capital punishment used by the Roman Empire, the crunch was reserved for slaves, criminals, and political dissidents. It was an agonizing way to die for them. After strapping or nailing the condemned to the cross, they were left hanging until they died.
The Day of the Crucifixion
Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor of Judea, arrested Jesus and brought him before him. Pilate found no fault with him; eventually sentenced him to death under pressure from the mob and local religious leaders. In Mark’s Gospel, Jesus is described as being crucified at the ninth hour of the day, roughly at 3:00 p.m.
Medical and Historical Perspectives
To understand how Jesus died, modern medical experts have examined the mechanism behind crucifixion. Several factors, including loss of blood and fluids, shock, and ultimately heart failure, contributed to Jesus’ death. In medical terms, “cardiogenic shock” would have accelerated his death as a result of the stress of the ordeal.
The Spear and The Flow of Blood and Water
As described in the Bible, after Jesus had died, a Roman soldier pierced his side with a spear in order to confirm his death. Blood and water flowed out, a phenomenon subject to considerable theological and medical speculation. According to some theories, Jesus’ water flow might have been caused by the rupture of the pericardium around his heart because of the intense stress and trauma he endured.
Varied Theories and Interpretations
It has been debated for centuries as to why Jesus died. The exact causes of Jesus’ relatively quick death remain a subject of study, even though crucifixion was excruciatingly painful and usually resulted in asphyxiation and heart failure. His death may have been influenced by his extensive blood loss due to a severe whipping before the crucifixion, according to some theories.
There are billions of Christians worldwide who see the crucifixion of Jesus not just as a historical event; as a cornerstone of their faith. Jesus’ death is believed to have been a sacrifice for humanity’s sins, so he died as a symbol of hope and salvation instead of a symbol of shame.
As a Roman, Christ died in a manner that was common; was extraordinary due to the circumstances and impact it had on history. Medical experts may give us physiological explanations, historians may examine the political and social factors at play; for the faithful, the manner of Jesus’ death holds deeper, theological significance.
In order to survive, Jesus was crucified, a method which was brutal, yet deeply meaningful to many. As the Gospel of Mark notes, he died from slow suffocation and heart failure, nailed to a cross. This is a death that has been scrutinized, celebrated, and mourned; it is also one whose impact has changed the course of human history for the better. To know useful info about the death of Moonbin read this article.
How did Jesus die?
An execution method used by the Roman Empire was crucifixion, in which Jesus Christ was nailed to a wooden cross and hanged until death, a long and agonizing process. The Gospel accounts indicate that Jesus died as a result of a number of factors, including physical trauma from crucifixion, blood loss from prior torture, and severe stress.
What method was used to execute Jesus?
It was the Roman Empire’s brutal method of capital punishment to execute Jesus Christ, known as crucifixion. A person’s fate was determined by nailing or tying them to a wooden cross. Crucifixion was not only a way to kill; also a public demonstration meant to deter others. It was an agonizing, prolonged death.
Why was Jesus crucified?
His teachings and increasing popularity among the masses caused unrest among the Roman government and religious establishment. Jesus was crucified because he was perceived as a threat to them. Despite finding Jesus faultless, Pontius Pilate ordered him to be crucified under pressure from local religious leaders. In order to maintain order and appease the religious elite, he made this political move. | <urn:uuid:8393efc3-2692-41b0-a93b-73cd607f7f89> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://deathlogbook.com/how-did-jesus-die/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476464.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304165127-20240304195127-00656.warc.gz | en | 0.980615 | 912 | 3.65625 | 4 | [
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0.05463340878... | 1 | It has been millennia since the life and death of Jesus Christ. It is perhaps one of the most compelling questions posed by Christians over the centuries, “How did he die?”. In Christian theology, his manner of death has a profound significance, in addition to his teachings, miracles, and influence.
The Roman Method of Execution
An excruciating form of capital punishment used by the Roman Empire, the crunch was reserved for slaves, criminals, and political dissidents. It was an agonizing way to die for them. After strapping or nailing the condemned to the cross, they were left hanging until they died.
The Day of the Crucifixion
Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor of Judea, arrested Jesus and brought him before him. Pilate found no fault with him; eventually sentenced him to death under pressure from the mob and local religious leaders. In Mark’s Gospel, Jesus is described as being crucified at the ninth hour of the day, roughly at 3:00 p.m.
Medical and Historical Perspectives
To understand how Jesus died, modern medical experts have examined the mechanism behind crucifixion. Several factors, including loss of blood and fluids, shock, and ultimately heart failure, contributed to Jesus’ death. In medical terms, “cardiogenic shock” would have accelerated his death as a result of the stress of the ordeal.
The Spear and The Flow of Blood and Water
As described in the Bible, after Jesus had died, a Roman soldier pierced his side with a spear in order to confirm his death. Blood and water flowed out, a phenomenon subject to considerable theological and medical speculation. According to some theories, Jesus’ water flow might have been caused by the rupture of the pericardium around his heart because of the intense stress and trauma he endured.
Varied Theories and Interpretations
It has been debated for centuries as to why Jesus died. The exact causes of Jesus’ relatively quick death remain a subject of study, even though crucifixion was excruciatingly painful and usually resulted in asphyxiation and heart failure. His death may have been influenced by his extensive blood loss due to a severe whipping before the crucifixion, according to some theories.
There are billions of Christians worldwide who see the crucifixion of Jesus not just as a historical event; as a cornerstone of their faith. Jesus’ death is believed to have been a sacrifice for humanity’s sins, so he died as a symbol of hope and salvation instead of a symbol of shame.
As a Roman, Christ died in a manner that was common; was extraordinary due to the circumstances and impact it had on history. Medical experts may give us physiological explanations, historians may examine the political and social factors at play; for the faithful, the manner of Jesus’ death holds deeper, theological significance.
In order to survive, Jesus was crucified, a method which was brutal, yet deeply meaningful to many. As the Gospel of Mark notes, he died from slow suffocation and heart failure, nailed to a cross. This is a death that has been scrutinized, celebrated, and mourned; it is also one whose impact has changed the course of human history for the better. To know useful info about the death of Moonbin read this article.
How did Jesus die?
An execution method used by the Roman Empire was crucifixion, in which Jesus Christ was nailed to a wooden cross and hanged until death, a long and agonizing process. The Gospel accounts indicate that Jesus died as a result of a number of factors, including physical trauma from crucifixion, blood loss from prior torture, and severe stress.
What method was used to execute Jesus?
It was the Roman Empire’s brutal method of capital punishment to execute Jesus Christ, known as crucifixion. A person’s fate was determined by nailing or tying them to a wooden cross. Crucifixion was not only a way to kill; also a public demonstration meant to deter others. It was an agonizing, prolonged death.
Why was Jesus crucified?
His teachings and increasing popularity among the masses caused unrest among the Roman government and religious establishment. Jesus was crucified because he was perceived as a threat to them. Despite finding Jesus faultless, Pontius Pilate ordered him to be crucified under pressure from local religious leaders. In order to maintain order and appease the religious elite, he made this political move. | 892 | ENGLISH | 1 |
As we celebrate Black History Month, there is a little known fact that even I wasn't even aware of. Most people think that Rosa Parks was the first person to refuse to give up her seat on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama. Well, she wasn't. According to PBS.org, there were actually several people who refused to move to the back of the bus and one of those young ladies was 15-year-old Claudette Colvin.
Several black organizations including the NAACP thought that Ms. Parks would be a better representation of an icon for the Civil Rights Movement than a teenager. Plus, she worked as a secretary for the NAACP, she had the "right look" and she was well-known and respected.
But, like today, the fight to end racism was often fought by younger people, which still holds true to this day. Keep fighting young soldiers. | <urn:uuid:8db8d6ce-b8c8-4566-9b3a-5cb4de23e9f2> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://v103.iheart.com/content/2021-02-01-ms-rosa-parks-wasnt-the-first-to-refuse-to-give-up-her-seat/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474852.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229170737-20240229200737-00871.warc.gz | en | 0.992483 | 178 | 3.4375 | 3 | [
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0.04947614669799... | 1 | As we celebrate Black History Month, there is a little known fact that even I wasn't even aware of. Most people think that Rosa Parks was the first person to refuse to give up her seat on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama. Well, she wasn't. According to PBS.org, there were actually several people who refused to move to the back of the bus and one of those young ladies was 15-year-old Claudette Colvin.
Several black organizations including the NAACP thought that Ms. Parks would be a better representation of an icon for the Civil Rights Movement than a teenager. Plus, she worked as a secretary for the NAACP, she had the "right look" and she was well-known and respected.
But, like today, the fight to end racism was often fought by younger people, which still holds true to this day. Keep fighting young soldiers. | 176 | ENGLISH | 1 |
A lottery is a form of gambling where people pay money for the chance to win a prize. Usually, the prize is cash. Lotteries are used to finance a variety of public works and private projects, such as schools, roads, canals, and universities. In the United States, state governments regulate and operate lottery games. They are responsible for selecting and licensing retailers, training employees of retail stores to sell and redeem tickets, paying high-tier prizes to players, and ensuring that all aspects of the lottery comply with state laws. Some states also have special divisions that promote the lottery and assist retailers in promoting it.
While there is no clear definition of what a lottery is, it is generally accepted that a lottery involves paying for the opportunity to win something. The term is also used to refer to a contest in which a random selection is made, such as in a sporting event or election. In addition, some governments impose their own version of a lottery by offering government-sponsored benefits that are not available to all citizens. These are known as civil lotteries.
Despite the fact that the odds of winning are low, people continue to buy lottery tickets. In the US alone, they contribute billions of dollars to the economy every year. This is because some people believe that winning the lottery will give them a better life. It is important to understand why people play the lottery, though. The article below will explore some of the reasons why.
The concept of a lottery can be traced back to ancient times. In the Roman Empire, a lottery was used as an amusement during dinner parties. Each guest would receive a ticket, and the winners were given fancy dinnerware. Later, it became a popular activity among the aristocracy and the wealthy classes in France. By the 18th century, it was a common practice to fund religious congregations with the proceeds of the lottery. In the era of Napoleon Bonaparte, it was also used to distribute military positions and educational opportunities.
In colonial America, the lottery was a very important source of capital for both private and public ventures. Many of the early colleges, libraries, canals and bridges were financed with lottery proceeds. Several colonies also used the lottery to raise funds to fight in the French and Indian Wars.
Today, the lottery is a popular form of recreation in the United States. Many people play for fun, while others believe that the money they spend on lottery tickets will help them achieve the American dream. There are also many people who are addicted to playing the lottery, which has been a cause of concern for some. Regardless of the reason, it is crucial for anyone who wants to participate in a lottery to be aware of the risks involved. Luckily, there are ways to minimize these risks. The first step is to learn about the different types of lottery games and what the rules are. | <urn:uuid:7d23db5d-8281-47db-b478-1783b202a192> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.therevoltingsyrian.com/what-is-a-lottery-9/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474594.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225071740-20240225101740-00826.warc.gz | en | 0.982461 | 574 | 3.3125 | 3 | [
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-0.077684618532657... | 1 | A lottery is a form of gambling where people pay money for the chance to win a prize. Usually, the prize is cash. Lotteries are used to finance a variety of public works and private projects, such as schools, roads, canals, and universities. In the United States, state governments regulate and operate lottery games. They are responsible for selecting and licensing retailers, training employees of retail stores to sell and redeem tickets, paying high-tier prizes to players, and ensuring that all aspects of the lottery comply with state laws. Some states also have special divisions that promote the lottery and assist retailers in promoting it.
While there is no clear definition of what a lottery is, it is generally accepted that a lottery involves paying for the opportunity to win something. The term is also used to refer to a contest in which a random selection is made, such as in a sporting event or election. In addition, some governments impose their own version of a lottery by offering government-sponsored benefits that are not available to all citizens. These are known as civil lotteries.
Despite the fact that the odds of winning are low, people continue to buy lottery tickets. In the US alone, they contribute billions of dollars to the economy every year. This is because some people believe that winning the lottery will give them a better life. It is important to understand why people play the lottery, though. The article below will explore some of the reasons why.
The concept of a lottery can be traced back to ancient times. In the Roman Empire, a lottery was used as an amusement during dinner parties. Each guest would receive a ticket, and the winners were given fancy dinnerware. Later, it became a popular activity among the aristocracy and the wealthy classes in France. By the 18th century, it was a common practice to fund religious congregations with the proceeds of the lottery. In the era of Napoleon Bonaparte, it was also used to distribute military positions and educational opportunities.
In colonial America, the lottery was a very important source of capital for both private and public ventures. Many of the early colleges, libraries, canals and bridges were financed with lottery proceeds. Several colonies also used the lottery to raise funds to fight in the French and Indian Wars.
Today, the lottery is a popular form of recreation in the United States. Many people play for fun, while others believe that the money they spend on lottery tickets will help them achieve the American dream. There are also many people who are addicted to playing the lottery, which has been a cause of concern for some. Regardless of the reason, it is crucial for anyone who wants to participate in a lottery to be aware of the risks involved. Luckily, there are ways to minimize these risks. The first step is to learn about the different types of lottery games and what the rules are. | 570 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Slavery was one of the most notorious institution that happened in the United States. Being prevalent in 1619 through 1865, during this time the Northern and Southern states were living two different lifestyles prior to the war. The Northern states’ objective was to expand industrialization further south, however the Southern states’ completely disagreed and wanted to remain rural and continue white supremacy. Owning slaves was a way of life for the Southern elites, they wanted to maintain black subordination. In 1865-1877 there was a period called Reconstruction that took place after the Civil War. The main purpose for Reconstruction was to “rebuild” the United States after the physical and economic devastation caused by the war. Due to the …show more content…
When the Radical Republican party wanted to give the same rights to African American, white supremacy immediately opposed it because of the fact that it would change how the social structure was organized. According to the Confederate States people of African descent were meant to be inferior and white superiority should ultimately continue in power. Equality enforced by the Radical Republicans would completely distort the ideology of white superiority. After the Civil War the 14th and 13th amendments were both ratified. The 14th amendment addresses protection and equal rights for all freedman, while the 13th amendment addresses the discontinuation of slavery. Due to the ratification of the amendments, many southern elites could not stand the fact that African Americans were freed. One solution that was developed was to destroy reconstruction by murdering Black Americans. The Ku Klux Klan was then formed, this group consisted of vindictive Confederate Army veterans. Sought out to be heros to many southern democrats, but a nightmare for African American families. The Ku Klux Klan terrorized many African American families, burned down churches, drove thousands of families out of their homes, and caused great mayhem. Fortunately, In 1871 congress passed a Force Bill giving the government power to prosecute the Ku Klux Klan. Later on the Freedmen’s Bureau was established, this agency helped plenty of African American families who were separated from one another to reunite. The Freedmen’s Bureau also helped former slaves education wise. Reading and writing was highly important to the government and the Freedmen's Bureau taught them as well.This gave many benefits to freedmen, however, the confederate states highly disapproved because they knew it would change the social structure. Education is what determines your social class and the Southern elites knew it would be a matter of time
Click here to unlock this and over one million essaysShow More
The North took the main cause of why the Reconstruction was failed in the South. I believed it was failed in the south because the North was not focused on South and all its problems. The Second reason was the North was very focused on the South not having political power that they didn’t focus on other problems in the South like the KKK. The KKK affected a big part on how the reconstruction failed, it was there there plan to kill the reconstruction. The North lost interest and focused on government issues.
After the Union won the Civil War, the United States went into seven year period, known as Reconstruction. The goal of Reconstruction was to rejoin all the states into the Union and to help rebuild the South. While the goal of Reconstruction was rightful, the final result of the period didn’t do much to put America into a better place than where it was before the Civil War. During Reconstruction, the radical northern abolitionists was pushing to make America a country where everyone was equal, and granting every citizen, regardless of their ancestry. The Northerns tried to make everyone equal members of society and give each and every one of them a voice in their own government.
The KKK treated the African Americans badly such as they would either drive by and burn down houses and other buildings and in the proces murder tons of African Americans. They would bully and be violent. When a african american tryed to vote they would be beat and bullied and be called names. Even though they were freed they were not actually freed because they could not do anything.
The Ku Klux Klan forced African Americans into submission, which made them become more united. The Klan was against the mixing of races and did not like the idea of integration of the blacks, so they committed acts of violence. The Ku Klux Klan believed that people should be from their own individual race, but in reality, there is not a pure
Republican politicians, coupled with the assistance from Northern missionaries, used government as a vehicle to push for social reform—most notably through the creation of the Freedmen’s Bureau in 1865. “Most northern missionaries went south with the preconceived idea that the slave regime was so brutal and dehumanizing that blacks were little more than uncivilized victims who needed to be taught the values and rules of civil society.” Newly-emancipated African-Americans argued that “self-determination in the educational sphere” prompted greater autonomy and agency. Anderson’s argument about African-American self-determination challenges the dominate narrative that federal largesse from the Freedmen’s Bureau and white Northerners established universal education in the South.
In conclusion, the KKK terrorized freedmen after the Civil War and were never brought to justice because of government and police officials who were in the klan. The KKK killed and wounded more than 2,000 black Republicans during the presidential election of November 1868 hunting and chasing them through the woods. After these deaths, pressure from many white southerners, and a lack of funding, the Freedmen 's bureau had dismantled. This explains the reason a majority of the crimes the KKK committed were not tried in court or arrested.
The Ku Klux Klan, made up of former Confederate officers who idealized an antebellum Southern heritage, became folk heroes by terrorizing outsiders who challenged race relations by assisting blacks. Catholics, foreigners, former slaves, and their sympathizers were targeted for wanting to push reforms that went against the Southern way of life. As one historian points out, the KKK gained sympathy because they were seen as defenders and policemen of the people who protected the prevailing values of society, including Protestantism, whiteness, and genteel southern culture (Kinshasa 15). The KKK and its sister organizations were even sponsored by state governments, such as Kentucky and Mississippi, as a police force to maintain the status quo (Parsons 160). The presence of the Klan and other forms of white resistance offered white residents a form of security during this uncertain time period.
Slavery is often seen as the key element of the Civil War, though the war did begin as a war for emancipation. The idea that slaves were freed and immediately lived glorious lives in meadows of equality was but a dream of the chained. In fact, the amendments that were supposed to grant them some rights, specifically the 13th, which outlawed slavery, were overshadowed with the South 's imposed Black Codes. The purpose of the Black Codes was to inhibit the freedom of newly freed slaves and force them back into labor conditions much like slavery. Congress retaliated with the 14th, and later the 15th, amendments, which granted African-Americans the right to vote, and prevented discrimination of race or former status as a
Former slaves who “tried to vote or participate in politics [were] likely to be singled out for “punishment”” by a terrorist organization named as the Ku Klux Klan, until the Congress passed the Force Bill in 1871 that gave the federal authorities the right to arrest and pursue active members of the KKK. But, the bill appeared to be only figurative as not really much of the Klan’s members were prosecuted (Hazen
Who killed Reconstruction: The North or South? Following the civil war, the south killed the reconstruction of the United States. (Reconstruction was putting the country back together after the Civil War) There are many reasons why, the south slowed down the reconstruction of the United States, the main reason was freedmen were not seen as equals to the white.
The Klu Klux Klan was created in order to scare, as well as, harm any African American southerners who imposed on white society. African Americans were not able to enjoy their civil rights without fear of being lynched or raped. Furthermore, any violence in the white community was blamed on African American men, which was a systematic way of sending them to jail or being killed. These groups, consisting of: influential white judges, police officers, business people, etc., incited uproar about African American males that would cause grounds for a moral
Reconstruction is the time period after the Civil War, where the country attempted to improve the Union. There were many successes, but what also comes along with success is failure. During the reconstruction many failures were present; such as the lack of racial equality and blatant racism towards blacks, a failing economy in the South, and tense relations between the North and the South. This created a very intense and challenging period of time for the Union.
The Civil War broke out upon America on April 12,1861. The main issue revolving around this war was the concern of slavery. There was a disagreement between the North and the South, one believed in owning people, slaveys, while the other didn 't. The South, the Confederacy, consisting of a number of states,didn 't desire to abolish slavery. This was something that helped the plantation owners with their load of work, although only a small percentage of people actually owned slaves. Although those small percentage of people didn 't always treat their "property" very right.
After the first world war, the strengthening of the most racist group in America called the Ku Klux Klan has risen in the south and extended into the Northern and Western states. Their campaign encouraged hate towards black individuals. Many African Americans were scared to challenge the white Americans, because of the support the southern politicians were getting from the organization so the government did nothing to solve it . During the 1930s, the KKK organization depleted in memberships because of the depression and disbanded in 1944. After many protests from individuals like Martin Luther King, Malcolm X and others whose fought for the equality of black people in America, the federal government enacts Voting Rights Act in 1965 and the Civil Rights Act in 1964.
Radical Reconstruction in Americas’ South, from 1867 to 1877, was an impetus period that has shaped contemporary America. Social effects of radical Reconstruction were aimed primarily at the former African slaves and freedmen. This Reconstruction would go on to influence the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, thus allowing for a re-evaluation of the adequacy of the Reconstruction in dealing with former slaves. The Radical Reconstruction period, after the initial reconstruction, brought about political advantages. | <urn:uuid:4cc41e48-5018-4c5b-a46f-a925af48d9f4> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.ipl.org/essay/How-Did-Reconstruction-Change-The-Social-Structure-8E2C7CB89681A9A4 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474715.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228112121-20240228142121-00619.warc.gz | en | 0.982027 | 2,199 | 3.765625 | 4 | [
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0.12706701457... | 1 | Slavery was one of the most notorious institution that happened in the United States. Being prevalent in 1619 through 1865, during this time the Northern and Southern states were living two different lifestyles prior to the war. The Northern states’ objective was to expand industrialization further south, however the Southern states’ completely disagreed and wanted to remain rural and continue white supremacy. Owning slaves was a way of life for the Southern elites, they wanted to maintain black subordination. In 1865-1877 there was a period called Reconstruction that took place after the Civil War. The main purpose for Reconstruction was to “rebuild” the United States after the physical and economic devastation caused by the war. Due to the …show more content…
When the Radical Republican party wanted to give the same rights to African American, white supremacy immediately opposed it because of the fact that it would change how the social structure was organized. According to the Confederate States people of African descent were meant to be inferior and white superiority should ultimately continue in power. Equality enforced by the Radical Republicans would completely distort the ideology of white superiority. After the Civil War the 14th and 13th amendments were both ratified. The 14th amendment addresses protection and equal rights for all freedman, while the 13th amendment addresses the discontinuation of slavery. Due to the ratification of the amendments, many southern elites could not stand the fact that African Americans were freed. One solution that was developed was to destroy reconstruction by murdering Black Americans. The Ku Klux Klan was then formed, this group consisted of vindictive Confederate Army veterans. Sought out to be heros to many southern democrats, but a nightmare for African American families. The Ku Klux Klan terrorized many African American families, burned down churches, drove thousands of families out of their homes, and caused great mayhem. Fortunately, In 1871 congress passed a Force Bill giving the government power to prosecute the Ku Klux Klan. Later on the Freedmen’s Bureau was established, this agency helped plenty of African American families who were separated from one another to reunite. The Freedmen’s Bureau also helped former slaves education wise. Reading and writing was highly important to the government and the Freedmen's Bureau taught them as well.This gave many benefits to freedmen, however, the confederate states highly disapproved because they knew it would change the social structure. Education is what determines your social class and the Southern elites knew it would be a matter of time
Click here to unlock this and over one million essaysShow More
The North took the main cause of why the Reconstruction was failed in the South. I believed it was failed in the south because the North was not focused on South and all its problems. The Second reason was the North was very focused on the South not having political power that they didn’t focus on other problems in the South like the KKK. The KKK affected a big part on how the reconstruction failed, it was there there plan to kill the reconstruction. The North lost interest and focused on government issues.
After the Union won the Civil War, the United States went into seven year period, known as Reconstruction. The goal of Reconstruction was to rejoin all the states into the Union and to help rebuild the South. While the goal of Reconstruction was rightful, the final result of the period didn’t do much to put America into a better place than where it was before the Civil War. During Reconstruction, the radical northern abolitionists was pushing to make America a country where everyone was equal, and granting every citizen, regardless of their ancestry. The Northerns tried to make everyone equal members of society and give each and every one of them a voice in their own government.
The KKK treated the African Americans badly such as they would either drive by and burn down houses and other buildings and in the proces murder tons of African Americans. They would bully and be violent. When a african american tryed to vote they would be beat and bullied and be called names. Even though they were freed they were not actually freed because they could not do anything.
The Ku Klux Klan forced African Americans into submission, which made them become more united. The Klan was against the mixing of races and did not like the idea of integration of the blacks, so they committed acts of violence. The Ku Klux Klan believed that people should be from their own individual race, but in reality, there is not a pure
Republican politicians, coupled with the assistance from Northern missionaries, used government as a vehicle to push for social reform—most notably through the creation of the Freedmen’s Bureau in 1865. “Most northern missionaries went south with the preconceived idea that the slave regime was so brutal and dehumanizing that blacks were little more than uncivilized victims who needed to be taught the values and rules of civil society.” Newly-emancipated African-Americans argued that “self-determination in the educational sphere” prompted greater autonomy and agency. Anderson’s argument about African-American self-determination challenges the dominate narrative that federal largesse from the Freedmen’s Bureau and white Northerners established universal education in the South.
In conclusion, the KKK terrorized freedmen after the Civil War and were never brought to justice because of government and police officials who were in the klan. The KKK killed and wounded more than 2,000 black Republicans during the presidential election of November 1868 hunting and chasing them through the woods. After these deaths, pressure from many white southerners, and a lack of funding, the Freedmen 's bureau had dismantled. This explains the reason a majority of the crimes the KKK committed were not tried in court or arrested.
The Ku Klux Klan, made up of former Confederate officers who idealized an antebellum Southern heritage, became folk heroes by terrorizing outsiders who challenged race relations by assisting blacks. Catholics, foreigners, former slaves, and their sympathizers were targeted for wanting to push reforms that went against the Southern way of life. As one historian points out, the KKK gained sympathy because they were seen as defenders and policemen of the people who protected the prevailing values of society, including Protestantism, whiteness, and genteel southern culture (Kinshasa 15). The KKK and its sister organizations were even sponsored by state governments, such as Kentucky and Mississippi, as a police force to maintain the status quo (Parsons 160). The presence of the Klan and other forms of white resistance offered white residents a form of security during this uncertain time period.
Slavery is often seen as the key element of the Civil War, though the war did begin as a war for emancipation. The idea that slaves were freed and immediately lived glorious lives in meadows of equality was but a dream of the chained. In fact, the amendments that were supposed to grant them some rights, specifically the 13th, which outlawed slavery, were overshadowed with the South 's imposed Black Codes. The purpose of the Black Codes was to inhibit the freedom of newly freed slaves and force them back into labor conditions much like slavery. Congress retaliated with the 14th, and later the 15th, amendments, which granted African-Americans the right to vote, and prevented discrimination of race or former status as a
Former slaves who “tried to vote or participate in politics [were] likely to be singled out for “punishment”” by a terrorist organization named as the Ku Klux Klan, until the Congress passed the Force Bill in 1871 that gave the federal authorities the right to arrest and pursue active members of the KKK. But, the bill appeared to be only figurative as not really much of the Klan’s members were prosecuted (Hazen
Who killed Reconstruction: The North or South? Following the civil war, the south killed the reconstruction of the United States. (Reconstruction was putting the country back together after the Civil War) There are many reasons why, the south slowed down the reconstruction of the United States, the main reason was freedmen were not seen as equals to the white.
The Klu Klux Klan was created in order to scare, as well as, harm any African American southerners who imposed on white society. African Americans were not able to enjoy their civil rights without fear of being lynched or raped. Furthermore, any violence in the white community was blamed on African American men, which was a systematic way of sending them to jail or being killed. These groups, consisting of: influential white judges, police officers, business people, etc., incited uproar about African American males that would cause grounds for a moral
Reconstruction is the time period after the Civil War, where the country attempted to improve the Union. There were many successes, but what also comes along with success is failure. During the reconstruction many failures were present; such as the lack of racial equality and blatant racism towards blacks, a failing economy in the South, and tense relations between the North and the South. This created a very intense and challenging period of time for the Union.
The Civil War broke out upon America on April 12,1861. The main issue revolving around this war was the concern of slavery. There was a disagreement between the North and the South, one believed in owning people, slaveys, while the other didn 't. The South, the Confederacy, consisting of a number of states,didn 't desire to abolish slavery. This was something that helped the plantation owners with their load of work, although only a small percentage of people actually owned slaves. Although those small percentage of people didn 't always treat their "property" very right.
After the first world war, the strengthening of the most racist group in America called the Ku Klux Klan has risen in the south and extended into the Northern and Western states. Their campaign encouraged hate towards black individuals. Many African Americans were scared to challenge the white Americans, because of the support the southern politicians were getting from the organization so the government did nothing to solve it . During the 1930s, the KKK organization depleted in memberships because of the depression and disbanded in 1944. After many protests from individuals like Martin Luther King, Malcolm X and others whose fought for the equality of black people in America, the federal government enacts Voting Rights Act in 1965 and the Civil Rights Act in 1964.
Radical Reconstruction in Americas’ South, from 1867 to 1877, was an impetus period that has shaped contemporary America. Social effects of radical Reconstruction were aimed primarily at the former African slaves and freedmen. This Reconstruction would go on to influence the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, thus allowing for a re-evaluation of the adequacy of the Reconstruction in dealing with former slaves. The Radical Reconstruction period, after the initial reconstruction, brought about political advantages. | 2,254 | ENGLISH | 1 |
1. Describe the major art project of Jacob Lawrence; discuss his style, theme, purpose, materials, and the reason why his work is so important to the Harlem Renaissance.
• The major art project of Jacob Lawrence that he is best known for is the “Migration Series” which was originally entitled “Migration of the Negro”. Lawrence is known for his dynamic cubism style which is an abstract art. In addition, his paintings showed a comparison of black and brown v. vivid colors. Aside from color, most of his works are flat shapes. As for the theme of his paintings, he was big on the great migration theme, and war theme such as the “War Series”. The purpose of his artwork is to showcase the African-American experience during the Harlem Renaissance. The materials he used in his paintings is called tempera which is a paint with mixtures of water and egg. Finally, his work is significant to the Harlem Renaissance because his series of paintings is a legacy that tell a story and experiences of the great movement of African-Americans from the South to the North during that period.
2. What challenges did Augusta Savage overcome to become a sculptor? How did she give back to the Harlem community?
• Augusta Savage was a leading sculptor artist during the Harlem Renaissance. Prior to her success, she had encountered several challenges to achieve the pinnacle of …show more content…
Diego Rivera is a painter and a muralist who had an abstract style in his work. Most of his themes were depicting the lives of the Mexican people. As for Frida Kahlo, she is a self-portrait artist whose style was representational. Her themes were depicting her agony of her medical condition and the sufferings she went through on her miscarriages. In 1933, the couple had a controversial collaboration of a mural called the “Man at the Crossroads” in New York City RCA building which featured Vladmir
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James Van Der Zee was a photographer who was key for understanding the Harlem Renaissance, while also becoming known for his detailed imagery of African-American life. James Van Der Zee was a man of effort. He put his heart into what he loved, that being photography. He took very detailed images and took his time to make the the best images of the Harlem Renaissance. He made a great contribution to the remembrance of the Harlem Renaissance with his pictures, immortalizing it into the history books.
VanDerZee's photographs were known for their elegance and sophistication, and he quickly gained a reputation as one of the best photographers in Harlem. During the Harlem Renaissance, VanDerZee's photographs became even more important. He captured the spirit of the movement, which was characterized by a sense of pride and celebration of African American culture. His photographs of Harlem's residents, including musicians, artists, and writers, helped to create a visual record of the Harlem Renaissance.
He is considered an important figure in the Harlem renaissance because his artwork explained in a deep way how african american life really was. Douglas’s art style was incorporating shadow art with cubist forms to create very deep and meaningful paintings. Some of his work includes his maybe most popular and first piece, The New Negro("Aaron Douglas." Biography.com). Other pieces include Let my People Go which is oil on masonite, Illustrations for The Crisis and Opportunity and Harriet Tubman, mural at Bennett College(Aaron Douglas." Biography.com).
The Harlem Renaissance was a vast artistic, academic, public movement, and musical advancement that changed the way art was viewed in a modernization. Artists like Jacob Lawrence, Augusta Savage, Lois Mailou Jones, Aaron Douglas were just some of the many who influenced the art world. The writing was also a large piece of the Harlem Renaissance, people like Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, James Weldon Johnson, Carl Van Vechten, and many others were agitators who used their writing to influence. These people and many others utilized the skill they have and used their varying art forms to mold and manipulate the current world they lived in. Claude McKay is an example of a writer who endeavored to change the way the world regarded him.
Jacob Lawrence was an artist; I am doing a critique about Jacob Lawrence’s art about the Great Migration. The Great Migration was one of the biggest movements where, African Americans migrated from the Southern states to the North, West, and Midwest states from 1910s until the 1970s in America. There were about 6 million African Americans that were a part of the Great Migration. Jacob Lawrence was trying to give a perspective about the Great Migration in his art that other people were not viewing the Great Migration from. In Jacob Lawrence’s art, he showed before and after his art about the Great Migration.
Hannah Parra Ms.McCall APUSH, 3rd Period 3 March, 2015 Question 1: A) The argument established in the excerpt asserted that during the Harlem Renaissance, blacks proved themselves to be active and important forces in our nation and the creation of an American cultural identity, the Renaissance did exactly that. The Harlem Renaissance was an important cultural outpouring for African Americans in Harlem, New York throughout the 1920’s. During this time, blacks advanced in art, literature, music, drama, and dance.
As his artworks deal with political and social issues. His background has influenced him as when he was in college, he studied advertisement design and illustrations. When he was given a Sambo figurine by one of his peers, the SambO figurine is a racial representation of black slavery, as this led him to investigate African American advertisements and racial stereotypes. This changed the way he viewed society and he started to paint works that integrate the racial ideas of African Americans. “Stereotypes have evolved, I’m trying to deal with present and past stereotypes in the context of today’s society” notes Charles (Art21 - PBS, 2001).
He is most well known for his "Lynch Fragments" and was inspired by the Civil Rights Movement. He now has more than 200 pieces in his collection. Edwards's Lynch Fragments are abstract sculptures. It is a piece that speaks strongly critical, controversial problems but they do not represent any one thing. When I am viewing them they look very hard and dark as if it is portraying the feeling of the African American struggles during the civil rights movement.
In the Two Fridas, we see two different characteristics of the same person, eventhough they represent two different people. The Frida on the left illustrates herself in a traditional European dress with a cut exposing her broken heart. On the right side, Frida is in a Mexican attire dress with a full beating heart and is holding a picture of her now ex-husband Diego Rivera. Frida choice of colors for this painting are dark and creates a sense of yearning for someone.
In the case of Jacob Lawrence, his personal style brought the African-American experience to life using contrasts between dark and vivid colors. Nonetheless, two examples of some of his most known paintings include “ The Builders, The Family” and “This is a Family Living in Harlem”. While both paintings are similar in that they both show strong family unity in the African Culture, they are different in the setting where each of the paintings are taking place. Strong family unity is present in, “ The Builders, The Family”, as it shows a nice, well dressed family walking together on their way to either church or their household.
“The Harlem Renaissance” was the name given to the cultural, social, and artistic explosion that took place in Harlem between the 1920s and 1930s, around the end of World War I. This movement took place in Harlem, New York a predominantly African American community. The Harlem Renaissance was associated with the origin of African American culture drawing writers, artists, musicians, photographers, poets, and scholars to Harlem.
He resided there during the Harlem Renaissance, also known as the New Negro Movement, which “was characterized by an emphasis on the African aspects of black American culture, white patronage, racial pride, and a collaborative spirit” (DeLombard). Although he was reluctant about his artistic opportunities in Harlem as first, he soon realized the impact the community was going to have on him, and his career. “There were so many things I was seeing for the first time”, Douglas stated, “…seeing a big city that was entirely black, from beginning to end you were impressed by the fact that black people were in charge of things” (Knappe 122-3). This is where Douglas began to see and appreciate his historical African roots and take pride in them. In Harlem is also where Douglas met the person who would change his art career forever.
During the 1920’s while segregation existed between blacks and whites, The Harlem Renaissance also known as the New Negro Movement developed in Harlem New York City. The Harlem Renaissance allowed was very benficial to African Americans because it allowed them to express themeselves. ‘Harlem gave African American people a new sense of their own beauty and power” (Haskins,2). During the harlem Renassance African AMericans expressed themselves through different types of art such as music, poetry, dance,and paintings.
Frida Kahlo created many glorious pieces. One of her most intriguing pieces is The Two Fridas. The image is quite symbolic and meaningful. Kahlo was a Mexican artist greatly known for her self portraits and the pain, passion and feminism of her paintings. The name of the piece I choose to analysis is Las dos Fridas, also known as The Two Fridas. | <urn:uuid:e3980405-f7f8-48ac-83bb-f50dec9a8a6e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.ipl.org/essay/Essay-On-Jacob-Lawrence-FJUPDRSWU | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474643.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225203035-20240225233035-00109.warc.gz | en | 0.982149 | 2,012 | 3.28125 | 3 | [
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0.178295433... | 1 | 1. Describe the major art project of Jacob Lawrence; discuss his style, theme, purpose, materials, and the reason why his work is so important to the Harlem Renaissance.
• The major art project of Jacob Lawrence that he is best known for is the “Migration Series” which was originally entitled “Migration of the Negro”. Lawrence is known for his dynamic cubism style which is an abstract art. In addition, his paintings showed a comparison of black and brown v. vivid colors. Aside from color, most of his works are flat shapes. As for the theme of his paintings, he was big on the great migration theme, and war theme such as the “War Series”. The purpose of his artwork is to showcase the African-American experience during the Harlem Renaissance. The materials he used in his paintings is called tempera which is a paint with mixtures of water and egg. Finally, his work is significant to the Harlem Renaissance because his series of paintings is a legacy that tell a story and experiences of the great movement of African-Americans from the South to the North during that period.
2. What challenges did Augusta Savage overcome to become a sculptor? How did she give back to the Harlem community?
• Augusta Savage was a leading sculptor artist during the Harlem Renaissance. Prior to her success, she had encountered several challenges to achieve the pinnacle of …show more content…
Diego Rivera is a painter and a muralist who had an abstract style in his work. Most of his themes were depicting the lives of the Mexican people. As for Frida Kahlo, she is a self-portrait artist whose style was representational. Her themes were depicting her agony of her medical condition and the sufferings she went through on her miscarriages. In 1933, the couple had a controversial collaboration of a mural called the “Man at the Crossroads” in New York City RCA building which featured Vladmir
Click here to unlock this and over one million essaysShow More
James Van Der Zee was a photographer who was key for understanding the Harlem Renaissance, while also becoming known for his detailed imagery of African-American life. James Van Der Zee was a man of effort. He put his heart into what he loved, that being photography. He took very detailed images and took his time to make the the best images of the Harlem Renaissance. He made a great contribution to the remembrance of the Harlem Renaissance with his pictures, immortalizing it into the history books.
VanDerZee's photographs were known for their elegance and sophistication, and he quickly gained a reputation as one of the best photographers in Harlem. During the Harlem Renaissance, VanDerZee's photographs became even more important. He captured the spirit of the movement, which was characterized by a sense of pride and celebration of African American culture. His photographs of Harlem's residents, including musicians, artists, and writers, helped to create a visual record of the Harlem Renaissance.
He is considered an important figure in the Harlem renaissance because his artwork explained in a deep way how african american life really was. Douglas’s art style was incorporating shadow art with cubist forms to create very deep and meaningful paintings. Some of his work includes his maybe most popular and first piece, The New Negro("Aaron Douglas." Biography.com). Other pieces include Let my People Go which is oil on masonite, Illustrations for The Crisis and Opportunity and Harriet Tubman, mural at Bennett College(Aaron Douglas." Biography.com).
The Harlem Renaissance was a vast artistic, academic, public movement, and musical advancement that changed the way art was viewed in a modernization. Artists like Jacob Lawrence, Augusta Savage, Lois Mailou Jones, Aaron Douglas were just some of the many who influenced the art world. The writing was also a large piece of the Harlem Renaissance, people like Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, James Weldon Johnson, Carl Van Vechten, and many others were agitators who used their writing to influence. These people and many others utilized the skill they have and used their varying art forms to mold and manipulate the current world they lived in. Claude McKay is an example of a writer who endeavored to change the way the world regarded him.
Jacob Lawrence was an artist; I am doing a critique about Jacob Lawrence’s art about the Great Migration. The Great Migration was one of the biggest movements where, African Americans migrated from the Southern states to the North, West, and Midwest states from 1910s until the 1970s in America. There were about 6 million African Americans that were a part of the Great Migration. Jacob Lawrence was trying to give a perspective about the Great Migration in his art that other people were not viewing the Great Migration from. In Jacob Lawrence’s art, he showed before and after his art about the Great Migration.
Hannah Parra Ms.McCall APUSH, 3rd Period 3 March, 2015 Question 1: A) The argument established in the excerpt asserted that during the Harlem Renaissance, blacks proved themselves to be active and important forces in our nation and the creation of an American cultural identity, the Renaissance did exactly that. The Harlem Renaissance was an important cultural outpouring for African Americans in Harlem, New York throughout the 1920’s. During this time, blacks advanced in art, literature, music, drama, and dance.
As his artworks deal with political and social issues. His background has influenced him as when he was in college, he studied advertisement design and illustrations. When he was given a Sambo figurine by one of his peers, the SambO figurine is a racial representation of black slavery, as this led him to investigate African American advertisements and racial stereotypes. This changed the way he viewed society and he started to paint works that integrate the racial ideas of African Americans. “Stereotypes have evolved, I’m trying to deal with present and past stereotypes in the context of today’s society” notes Charles (Art21 - PBS, 2001).
He is most well known for his "Lynch Fragments" and was inspired by the Civil Rights Movement. He now has more than 200 pieces in his collection. Edwards's Lynch Fragments are abstract sculptures. It is a piece that speaks strongly critical, controversial problems but they do not represent any one thing. When I am viewing them they look very hard and dark as if it is portraying the feeling of the African American struggles during the civil rights movement.
In the Two Fridas, we see two different characteristics of the same person, eventhough they represent two different people. The Frida on the left illustrates herself in a traditional European dress with a cut exposing her broken heart. On the right side, Frida is in a Mexican attire dress with a full beating heart and is holding a picture of her now ex-husband Diego Rivera. Frida choice of colors for this painting are dark and creates a sense of yearning for someone.
In the case of Jacob Lawrence, his personal style brought the African-American experience to life using contrasts between dark and vivid colors. Nonetheless, two examples of some of his most known paintings include “ The Builders, The Family” and “This is a Family Living in Harlem”. While both paintings are similar in that they both show strong family unity in the African Culture, they are different in the setting where each of the paintings are taking place. Strong family unity is present in, “ The Builders, The Family”, as it shows a nice, well dressed family walking together on their way to either church or their household.
“The Harlem Renaissance” was the name given to the cultural, social, and artistic explosion that took place in Harlem between the 1920s and 1930s, around the end of World War I. This movement took place in Harlem, New York a predominantly African American community. The Harlem Renaissance was associated with the origin of African American culture drawing writers, artists, musicians, photographers, poets, and scholars to Harlem.
He resided there during the Harlem Renaissance, also known as the New Negro Movement, which “was characterized by an emphasis on the African aspects of black American culture, white patronage, racial pride, and a collaborative spirit” (DeLombard). Although he was reluctant about his artistic opportunities in Harlem as first, he soon realized the impact the community was going to have on him, and his career. “There were so many things I was seeing for the first time”, Douglas stated, “…seeing a big city that was entirely black, from beginning to end you were impressed by the fact that black people were in charge of things” (Knappe 122-3). This is where Douglas began to see and appreciate his historical African roots and take pride in them. In Harlem is also where Douglas met the person who would change his art career forever.
During the 1920’s while segregation existed between blacks and whites, The Harlem Renaissance also known as the New Negro Movement developed in Harlem New York City. The Harlem Renaissance allowed was very benficial to African Americans because it allowed them to express themeselves. ‘Harlem gave African American people a new sense of their own beauty and power” (Haskins,2). During the harlem Renassance African AMericans expressed themselves through different types of art such as music, poetry, dance,and paintings.
Frida Kahlo created many glorious pieces. One of her most intriguing pieces is The Two Fridas. The image is quite symbolic and meaningful. Kahlo was a Mexican artist greatly known for her self portraits and the pain, passion and feminism of her paintings. The name of the piece I choose to analysis is Las dos Fridas, also known as The Two Fridas. | 1,984 | ENGLISH | 1 |
As one of the most famous Greek mythological stories, the Odyssey has been retold countless times over the centuries. One of the most memorable scenes in the story is when Odysseus offers wine to the Cyclops, despite knowing the danger he is putting himself and his men in. In this article, we will explore the significance of wine in ancient Greek culture and how it relates to the story of Odysseus and the Cyclops.
In the epic poem “The Odyssey,” Odysseus encounters a one-eyed giant, the Cyclops, during his journey home. In this encounter, Odysseus offers wine to the Cyclops, leading to an unexpected outcome. This raises the question: what best describes why Odysseus gave his wine to the Cyclops?
The Importance of Wine in Ancient Greek Culture
Wine was an essential part of ancient Greek culture, with its production and consumption dating back to at least 2000 BCE. The Greeks believed that wine had divine origins and was a gift from the gods. Wine was used in religious ceremonies, as well as in everyday life.
Wine was also thought to have medicinal properties and was used to treat a variety of ailments. It was believed to be a cure for everything from headaches to infertility. Greek physicians even prescribed wine as a painkiller and sedative.
The Significance of Wine in the Story of Odysseus and the Cyclops
In the story of Odysseus and the Cyclops, wine plays a significant role. When Odysseus and his men are trapped in the Cyclops’ cave, they use wine as a tool to escape. They offer the Cyclops wine, which he drinks until he is drunk. While he is asleep, Odysseus and his men blind him with a burning stake, allowing them to escape.
But why did Odysseus offer the Cyclops wine in the first place? There are several possible reasons why he chose to do so.
Reason 1: To Appease the Cyclops
One theory is that Odysseus offered the Cyclops wine as a way to appease him. The Cyclops is initially hostile towards Odysseus and his men, and it is only after they offer him wine that he becomes more friendly. By offering him wine, Odysseus may have been attempting to establish a rapport with the Cyclops and gain his trust.
Reason 2: To Weaken the Cyclops
Another possible reason why Odysseus offered wine to the Cyclops is to weaken him. Wine is known to have a sedative effect, and by getting the Cyclops drunk, Odysseus may have been able to weaken him and make it easier to escape.
Reason 3: To Show Off
A third theory is that Odysseus offered wine to the Cyclops simply to show off. Wine was a symbol of wealth and status in ancient Greece, and by offering it to the Cyclops, Odysseus may have been trying to demonstrate his superiority.
Wine in Greek Mythology
Wine played a significant role in Greek mythology, with many gods and goddesses associated with wine in some way. Dionysus, the god of wine and fertility, was one of the most important gods in the Greek pantheon. He was often depicted carrying a wine cup or a bunch of grapes, and he was associated with drunkenness and debauchery.
Another god associated with wine was Apollo, the god of music, poetry, and prophecy. Apollo was believed to have taught the Greeks how to cultivate grapes and make wine, and he was often depicted holding a lyre and a cup of wine.
Wine in the Story of Odysseus and the Cyclops
In the story of Odysseus and the Cyclops, wine plays a central role in the escape of Odysseus and his men. After becoming trapped in the Cyclops’ cave, Odysseus comes up with a plan to escape. He offers the Cyclops wine, and when the Cyclops falls asleep, Odysseus and his men blind him with a burning stake, enabling them to escape.
The use of wine in this scene is significant for several reasons. Firstly, it shows the cunning and resourcefulness of Odysseus, who uses the Cyclops’ love of wine to his advantage. Secondly, it demonstrates the power of wine, which is able to render the Cyclops unconscious and make him vulnerable.
FAQs for why Odysseus gave his wine to the Cyclops
Who is Odysseus and what happened with the Cyclops?
Odysseus is the main character in Homer’s epic poem, the Odyssey. In the story, he and his men encounter a Cyclops named Polyphemus who traps them in his cave and starts eating them. Odysseus manages to blind Polyphemus with a sharpened stick, and he and his men escape by clinging onto the bellies of the Cyclops’ sheep.
Why did Odysseus give his wine to the Cyclops?
Odysseus gave his wine to the Cyclops as a way to placate him and make him more amenable to his requests. The Cyclops was a powerful and violent creature, and by getting him drunk, Odysseus hoped to make him less aggressive and easier to overcome. Additionally, offering the Cyclops wine was a way for Odysseus to showcase his hospitality and generosity, which were highly valued in ancient Greek culture.
What did the wine do to the Cyclops?
The wine succeeded in getting Polyphemus drunk, which made him more vulnerable and easier to blind. The Cyclops became more jovial and friendly, and his guard was lowered. However, the wine also had the unintended consequence of making Polyphemus even more violent and erratic once he realized what had been done to him. He became enraged and called upon his father, Poseidon, to seek revenge on Odysseus and his men.
Was giving the wine to the Cyclops a smart move by Odysseus?
The decision to give wine to the Cyclops was a strategic move by Odysseus to try to save himself and his men, but it also had some risks. For one, Odysseus was underestimating the potential danger of getting the Cyclops drunk, and he didn’t fully anticipate the consequences of blinding him. Additionally, giving the wine to the Cyclops angered him and brought the wrath of a powerful god upon Odysseus and his men. Overall, the decision to give wine to the Cyclops was a calculated risk that had both positive and negative outcomes. | <urn:uuid:35195945-493a-4658-9d3b-b1b6d90355c8> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://brewqueen.com/what-best-describes-why-odysseus-gave-his-wine-to-the-cyclops/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474361.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223053503-20240223083503-00053.warc.gz | en | 0.986989 | 1,393 | 3.546875 | 4 | [
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0.104115411639... | 1 | As one of the most famous Greek mythological stories, the Odyssey has been retold countless times over the centuries. One of the most memorable scenes in the story is when Odysseus offers wine to the Cyclops, despite knowing the danger he is putting himself and his men in. In this article, we will explore the significance of wine in ancient Greek culture and how it relates to the story of Odysseus and the Cyclops.
In the epic poem “The Odyssey,” Odysseus encounters a one-eyed giant, the Cyclops, during his journey home. In this encounter, Odysseus offers wine to the Cyclops, leading to an unexpected outcome. This raises the question: what best describes why Odysseus gave his wine to the Cyclops?
The Importance of Wine in Ancient Greek Culture
Wine was an essential part of ancient Greek culture, with its production and consumption dating back to at least 2000 BCE. The Greeks believed that wine had divine origins and was a gift from the gods. Wine was used in religious ceremonies, as well as in everyday life.
Wine was also thought to have medicinal properties and was used to treat a variety of ailments. It was believed to be a cure for everything from headaches to infertility. Greek physicians even prescribed wine as a painkiller and sedative.
The Significance of Wine in the Story of Odysseus and the Cyclops
In the story of Odysseus and the Cyclops, wine plays a significant role. When Odysseus and his men are trapped in the Cyclops’ cave, they use wine as a tool to escape. They offer the Cyclops wine, which he drinks until he is drunk. While he is asleep, Odysseus and his men blind him with a burning stake, allowing them to escape.
But why did Odysseus offer the Cyclops wine in the first place? There are several possible reasons why he chose to do so.
Reason 1: To Appease the Cyclops
One theory is that Odysseus offered the Cyclops wine as a way to appease him. The Cyclops is initially hostile towards Odysseus and his men, and it is only after they offer him wine that he becomes more friendly. By offering him wine, Odysseus may have been attempting to establish a rapport with the Cyclops and gain his trust.
Reason 2: To Weaken the Cyclops
Another possible reason why Odysseus offered wine to the Cyclops is to weaken him. Wine is known to have a sedative effect, and by getting the Cyclops drunk, Odysseus may have been able to weaken him and make it easier to escape.
Reason 3: To Show Off
A third theory is that Odysseus offered wine to the Cyclops simply to show off. Wine was a symbol of wealth and status in ancient Greece, and by offering it to the Cyclops, Odysseus may have been trying to demonstrate his superiority.
Wine in Greek Mythology
Wine played a significant role in Greek mythology, with many gods and goddesses associated with wine in some way. Dionysus, the god of wine and fertility, was one of the most important gods in the Greek pantheon. He was often depicted carrying a wine cup or a bunch of grapes, and he was associated with drunkenness and debauchery.
Another god associated with wine was Apollo, the god of music, poetry, and prophecy. Apollo was believed to have taught the Greeks how to cultivate grapes and make wine, and he was often depicted holding a lyre and a cup of wine.
Wine in the Story of Odysseus and the Cyclops
In the story of Odysseus and the Cyclops, wine plays a central role in the escape of Odysseus and his men. After becoming trapped in the Cyclops’ cave, Odysseus comes up with a plan to escape. He offers the Cyclops wine, and when the Cyclops falls asleep, Odysseus and his men blind him with a burning stake, enabling them to escape.
The use of wine in this scene is significant for several reasons. Firstly, it shows the cunning and resourcefulness of Odysseus, who uses the Cyclops’ love of wine to his advantage. Secondly, it demonstrates the power of wine, which is able to render the Cyclops unconscious and make him vulnerable.
FAQs for why Odysseus gave his wine to the Cyclops
Who is Odysseus and what happened with the Cyclops?
Odysseus is the main character in Homer’s epic poem, the Odyssey. In the story, he and his men encounter a Cyclops named Polyphemus who traps them in his cave and starts eating them. Odysseus manages to blind Polyphemus with a sharpened stick, and he and his men escape by clinging onto the bellies of the Cyclops’ sheep.
Why did Odysseus give his wine to the Cyclops?
Odysseus gave his wine to the Cyclops as a way to placate him and make him more amenable to his requests. The Cyclops was a powerful and violent creature, and by getting him drunk, Odysseus hoped to make him less aggressive and easier to overcome. Additionally, offering the Cyclops wine was a way for Odysseus to showcase his hospitality and generosity, which were highly valued in ancient Greek culture.
What did the wine do to the Cyclops?
The wine succeeded in getting Polyphemus drunk, which made him more vulnerable and easier to blind. The Cyclops became more jovial and friendly, and his guard was lowered. However, the wine also had the unintended consequence of making Polyphemus even more violent and erratic once he realized what had been done to him. He became enraged and called upon his father, Poseidon, to seek revenge on Odysseus and his men.
Was giving the wine to the Cyclops a smart move by Odysseus?
The decision to give wine to the Cyclops was a strategic move by Odysseus to try to save himself and his men, but it also had some risks. For one, Odysseus was underestimating the potential danger of getting the Cyclops drunk, and he didn’t fully anticipate the consequences of blinding him. Additionally, giving the wine to the Cyclops angered him and brought the wrath of a powerful god upon Odysseus and his men. Overall, the decision to give wine to the Cyclops was a calculated risk that had both positive and negative outcomes. | 1,362 | ENGLISH | 1 |
How It Works
In ancient Greece, in order to be a gracious host and comply to the concept of xenia there were some rules that needed to be followed. The host must not only offer the stranger food and drink but also a bath and fresh clothes. They were also obliged to entertain them and ask no questions until the guest was settled. They were also expected to help the guest with directions to their next destination. In this way, they were likely to be rewarded for their kindness or punished for their lack of. Because remember Zeus has eyes everywhere…
☞ Related: 10 Greek Traditions That Will Make You Feel More Greek
You have probably heard of the Greek god Zeus, but what you might not know is that he was also known as Zeus Xenios. As well as being the god of lightning and thunder he was also the god of foreigners and hospitality. He ensured that they were looked after. There are stories of Zeus dressing up disguised as a poor traveller and arriving at people’s homes asking for shelter.
A popular story that is often used as an example of Zeus’s tests is that of Baucis and Philemon. Baucis and Philemon were an elderly couple from the ancient region of Tyana. Being peasants, they had little money and a very modest home, yet when Zeus came to their door disguised along with his son Hermes they generously offered the ‘strangers’ both shelter, food and wine.
Eventually, Baucis noticed that despite refilling the god’s cups all night the pitcher of wine was still full. Realising who they were, she told her husband who even considered slaughtering their goose! Zeus rewarded the pair for their wonderful hospitality by turning their home into a temple.
☞ Related: 5 Olympian Gods And Their Greek Island
Was A Failure Of Xenia The Cause Of The Trojan War?
The Trojan War is no doubt one of the most well known stories in Greek mythology. It was a battle that waged for 10 whole years. It involved the Greek gods, the Greek heroes and everyday people. But if you trace back the origins of its beginnings you will find that this war started over a violation of xenia.
Paris was the son of the king of Troy, Priam, and he seriously violated the hospitality of Menelaus. Menelaus was the king of Sparta and Paris ran off with his wife Helen! Because this act of betrayal was a failure to uphold the morals of Zeus, retribution had to be sort and so ensued the long and violent savagery of the Trojan war.
☞ Related: 10 Facts About Achilles -The Most Important Hero In Greek Mythology
Xenia And The Odyssey
While xenia in Greece was a theme in the Iliad and the Trojan war this was continued by Homer in The Odyssey. The story follows the Greek hero Odysseus on his journey home to the Greek island of Ithaka after the war. He has a number of encounters on his journey home, some show him hospitality, but others do not and it deals with the resulting consequences.
“It’s wrong, my friend, to send any stranger packing – even one who arrives in worse shape than you. Every stranger and beggar comes from Zeus…”
☞ Related: The Top Ancient Greek History Facts For A Greek History Noob | <urn:uuid:a239f47a-4962-42b4-ad7e-18a6548b9dda> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://definitelygreece.com/xenia-greece/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474853.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229202522-20240229232522-00056.warc.gz | en | 0.982549 | 691 | 3.78125 | 4 | [
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In ancient Greece, in order to be a gracious host and comply to the concept of xenia there were some rules that needed to be followed. The host must not only offer the stranger food and drink but also a bath and fresh clothes. They were also obliged to entertain them and ask no questions until the guest was settled. They were also expected to help the guest with directions to their next destination. In this way, they were likely to be rewarded for their kindness or punished for their lack of. Because remember Zeus has eyes everywhere…
☞ Related: 10 Greek Traditions That Will Make You Feel More Greek
You have probably heard of the Greek god Zeus, but what you might not know is that he was also known as Zeus Xenios. As well as being the god of lightning and thunder he was also the god of foreigners and hospitality. He ensured that they were looked after. There are stories of Zeus dressing up disguised as a poor traveller and arriving at people’s homes asking for shelter.
A popular story that is often used as an example of Zeus’s tests is that of Baucis and Philemon. Baucis and Philemon were an elderly couple from the ancient region of Tyana. Being peasants, they had little money and a very modest home, yet when Zeus came to their door disguised along with his son Hermes they generously offered the ‘strangers’ both shelter, food and wine.
Eventually, Baucis noticed that despite refilling the god’s cups all night the pitcher of wine was still full. Realising who they were, she told her husband who even considered slaughtering their goose! Zeus rewarded the pair for their wonderful hospitality by turning their home into a temple.
☞ Related: 5 Olympian Gods And Their Greek Island
Was A Failure Of Xenia The Cause Of The Trojan War?
The Trojan War is no doubt one of the most well known stories in Greek mythology. It was a battle that waged for 10 whole years. It involved the Greek gods, the Greek heroes and everyday people. But if you trace back the origins of its beginnings you will find that this war started over a violation of xenia.
Paris was the son of the king of Troy, Priam, and he seriously violated the hospitality of Menelaus. Menelaus was the king of Sparta and Paris ran off with his wife Helen! Because this act of betrayal was a failure to uphold the morals of Zeus, retribution had to be sort and so ensued the long and violent savagery of the Trojan war.
☞ Related: 10 Facts About Achilles -The Most Important Hero In Greek Mythology
Xenia And The Odyssey
While xenia in Greece was a theme in the Iliad and the Trojan war this was continued by Homer in The Odyssey. The story follows the Greek hero Odysseus on his journey home to the Greek island of Ithaka after the war. He has a number of encounters on his journey home, some show him hospitality, but others do not and it deals with the resulting consequences.
“It’s wrong, my friend, to send any stranger packing – even one who arrives in worse shape than you. Every stranger and beggar comes from Zeus…”
☞ Related: The Top Ancient Greek History Facts For A Greek History Noob | 673 | ENGLISH | 1 |
For decades linguists have argued over how children learn language. Some think that babies are born as “blank slates” who pick up language simply from experience—hearing, seeing and playing with the world. Others argue that experience is not enough and that babies’ brains must be hardwired to make acquiring language easy.
AI models such as GPT-4 have done little to settle the debate. The way these models learn language—by trawling through reams of text data from millions of web pages—is vastly different to the experiences of babbling babies.
A team of scientists at New York University examined the question by training an AI model on the experiences of a single infant. Between the ages of six and 25 months, a toddler called Sam wore a head-mounted camera for an hour a week—around 1% of his waking hours. The camera recorded everything he saw and heard while he played with toys, enjoyed days at the park and interacted with his pet cats. The recordings and transcribed audio were fed into an AI, which was set up to know that images and words that appeared at the same time were related, but was otherwise left to make sense of the mess of colours and speech that Sam experienced.
Despite the limited training data, the AI was able to pick out objects and learn the matching words. The researchers tested the model by asking it to identify objects that Sam had seen before, such as a chair from his home or one of his toy balls. Given a list of four options the model picked the correct word 62% of the time, far above the chance level of 25%. To the researchers’ surprise, the model could also identify chairs and balls that Sam had never seen. The AI learnt at least 40 different words, but it was far from matching Sam’s vocabulary and language abilities by the end of the experiment.
The researchers, published recently in the journal Science, argue that, to match words to objects, learning from experience may well be enough. Sceptics, however, doubt that the AI would be able to learn abstract nouns or verbs, and question how similar the learning processes really are. The mystery of language acquisition lives on. | <urn:uuid:7972befc-7fd8-4718-a66a-41bac471ca75> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://dailynewsicon.com/technology/scientists-have-trained-an-ai-through-the-eyes-of-a-baby/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474440.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223153350-20240223183350-00828.warc.gz | en | 0.982359 | 447 | 3.640625 | 4 | [
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0.633898... | 1 | For decades linguists have argued over how children learn language. Some think that babies are born as “blank slates” who pick up language simply from experience—hearing, seeing and playing with the world. Others argue that experience is not enough and that babies’ brains must be hardwired to make acquiring language easy.
AI models such as GPT-4 have done little to settle the debate. The way these models learn language—by trawling through reams of text data from millions of web pages—is vastly different to the experiences of babbling babies.
A team of scientists at New York University examined the question by training an AI model on the experiences of a single infant. Between the ages of six and 25 months, a toddler called Sam wore a head-mounted camera for an hour a week—around 1% of his waking hours. The camera recorded everything he saw and heard while he played with toys, enjoyed days at the park and interacted with his pet cats. The recordings and transcribed audio were fed into an AI, which was set up to know that images and words that appeared at the same time were related, but was otherwise left to make sense of the mess of colours and speech that Sam experienced.
Despite the limited training data, the AI was able to pick out objects and learn the matching words. The researchers tested the model by asking it to identify objects that Sam had seen before, such as a chair from his home or one of his toy balls. Given a list of four options the model picked the correct word 62% of the time, far above the chance level of 25%. To the researchers’ surprise, the model could also identify chairs and balls that Sam had never seen. The AI learnt at least 40 different words, but it was far from matching Sam’s vocabulary and language abilities by the end of the experiment.
The researchers, published recently in the journal Science, argue that, to match words to objects, learning from experience may well be enough. Sceptics, however, doubt that the AI would be able to learn abstract nouns or verbs, and question how similar the learning processes really are. The mystery of language acquisition lives on. | 444 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Officially antibiotics were “discovered†with the advent of penicillin in 1928. Alas, the official record is at least 1500 years out according to new archaeological research.
The ancient kingdom of Nubia was located in present day Sudan, just south of Ancient Egypt. In recent times Nubian bones from between 350 and 550 AD have been found to contain tetracycline, a modern antibiotic. Now new analysis of these bones has shown some surprising results.
The source of the tetracycline in the Nubian bones has been identified as the Nubian beer. The grain that was used to make the beer contained the soil bacteria Streptomyces which produces tetracycline. The big question is was it only up to chance that the beer contained tetracycline or were the Nubians deliberately using their beer as a source of antibiotics?
The new analysis has suggested an answer to this question.
The results showed that the Nubian bones were saturated with tetracycline, indicating that they had been taking high doses for a long time. Additionally, the tibia and skull of a four year old were loaded with tetracycline suggesting that he was being given high doses to try to cure him of an illness.
In modern times tetracyclines were discovered in 1948 and the first was given the name “aureomycin†from the Latin “aureos†meaning “goldâ€. It was so named because Streptomyces produce a golden colony of bacteria which the researchers believe would have looked impressive floating on top of beer, especially to a culture that revered gold.
The ancient Egyptians certainly used beer to treat gum disease and other illnesses. It seems that the Nubians had also mastered the art of fermenting antibiotics. According to the researchers it is highly likely that the Nubians knew exactly what they were doing and were brewing antibiotic beer that they knew could cure disease, even if they did not know exactly how it did it. | <urn:uuid:7b3bcadc-c437-4a08-9d92-ba6bf8e060b3> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.wellbeing.com.au/at-home/Ancient-antibiotics.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474852.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229170737-20240229200737-00119.warc.gz | en | 0.985577 | 434 | 3.578125 | 4 | [
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-0.14354349672794... | 1 | Officially antibiotics were “discovered†with the advent of penicillin in 1928. Alas, the official record is at least 1500 years out according to new archaeological research.
The ancient kingdom of Nubia was located in present day Sudan, just south of Ancient Egypt. In recent times Nubian bones from between 350 and 550 AD have been found to contain tetracycline, a modern antibiotic. Now new analysis of these bones has shown some surprising results.
The source of the tetracycline in the Nubian bones has been identified as the Nubian beer. The grain that was used to make the beer contained the soil bacteria Streptomyces which produces tetracycline. The big question is was it only up to chance that the beer contained tetracycline or were the Nubians deliberately using their beer as a source of antibiotics?
The new analysis has suggested an answer to this question.
The results showed that the Nubian bones were saturated with tetracycline, indicating that they had been taking high doses for a long time. Additionally, the tibia and skull of a four year old were loaded with tetracycline suggesting that he was being given high doses to try to cure him of an illness.
In modern times tetracyclines were discovered in 1948 and the first was given the name “aureomycin†from the Latin “aureos†meaning “goldâ€. It was so named because Streptomyces produce a golden colony of bacteria which the researchers believe would have looked impressive floating on top of beer, especially to a culture that revered gold.
The ancient Egyptians certainly used beer to treat gum disease and other illnesses. It seems that the Nubians had also mastered the art of fermenting antibiotics. According to the researchers it is highly likely that the Nubians knew exactly what they were doing and were brewing antibiotic beer that they knew could cure disease, even if they did not know exactly how it did it. | 433 | ENGLISH | 1 |
There is evidence of woodland management in Cumbria going back to Neolithic times where pollen records show widespread changes in species composition of woodlands in line with the production of Stone axes on a large scale.
The Romans were also known to have a significant presence in Cumbria and with that came further management of woodlands to provide them with food, timber and firewood and the middle ages saw continual management of woodlands for differing products including building materials, weapon making, tool manufacture, boat making and many more.
If you manage ancient woodlands, it's highly likely you will have archaeology in there.
Much of the recent archaeology visible in our ancient woodlands was driven by the demand for charcoal and potash. Woodlands were managed and coppiced to provide wood for making charcoal, which could be used for smelting or making gunpowder. The demand for Potash from the tanning industry meant kilns were built throughout the area. Those working in the woods needed to live there, so huts are found and easily identified throughout the woodlands that were being managed.
The woodlands of the South Lakes were a hive of activity during the industrial revolution. The combination of transport links, natural resources and investment from Furness Abbey meant this was a highly productive area. | <urn:uuid:fe85d88e-27c7-44aa-b9c4-568ffc0bd427> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.cumbriawoodlands.co.uk/working-with-individuals/guidance/archaeology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707948235171.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20240305124045-20240305154045-00506.warc.gz | en | 0.981479 | 262 | 3.265625 | 3 | [
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0.628887355327606... | 1 | There is evidence of woodland management in Cumbria going back to Neolithic times where pollen records show widespread changes in species composition of woodlands in line with the production of Stone axes on a large scale.
The Romans were also known to have a significant presence in Cumbria and with that came further management of woodlands to provide them with food, timber and firewood and the middle ages saw continual management of woodlands for differing products including building materials, weapon making, tool manufacture, boat making and many more.
If you manage ancient woodlands, it's highly likely you will have archaeology in there.
Much of the recent archaeology visible in our ancient woodlands was driven by the demand for charcoal and potash. Woodlands were managed and coppiced to provide wood for making charcoal, which could be used for smelting or making gunpowder. The demand for Potash from the tanning industry meant kilns were built throughout the area. Those working in the woods needed to live there, so huts are found and easily identified throughout the woodlands that were being managed.
The woodlands of the South Lakes were a hive of activity during the industrial revolution. The combination of transport links, natural resources and investment from Furness Abbey meant this was a highly productive area. | 258 | ENGLISH | 1 |
KLM had to cancel its September 3 flight from Accra to Amsterdam after a bird found its way into the engine compartment of the aeroplane at the Kotoka International Airport (KIA) minutes before take-off. This, caused the plane to have an unexpected hitch and prompted personnel of the Ghana National Fire Service to rush to the scene. Passengers from the flight were left stranded and in fear. Such incidence is described as a “bird strike.” An eyewitness told Citi FM in a report that, the tyres of the plane were deflated in the process and it would have to be replaced to enable a resumption of the flight. Engineers were, according to the eyewitness, working tirelessly to replace the tyres while passengers were still on board but they later had to disembark and checked into hotels to spend the night. The exact details of the aircraft in question were not available. About Bird Strikes Skybrary.aero describes a bird strike as a collision between a bird and an aircraft which is in flight or on a takeoff or landing roll. The term is often expanded to cover other wildlife strikes - with bats or ground animals. Bird Strike is common and can be a significant threat to aircraft safety. For smaller aircraft, significant damage may be caused to the aircraft structure and all aircraft, especially jet-engined ones, are vulnerable to the loss of thrust which can follow the ingestion of birds into engine air intakes. This has resulted in a number of fatal accidents. Bird strikes may occur during any phase of flight but are most likely during the take-off, initial climb, approach and landing phases due to the greater numbers of birds in flight at lower levels. Since most birds fly mainly during the day, most bird strikes occur in daylight hours as well. | <urn:uuid:c29fe157-f5ca-4fb9-a541-56f3bbd0ba14> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.thinknewsonline.com/post/bird-disrupts-engine-of-klm-flight-at-kotoka-international-airport | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473401.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221070402-20240221100402-00608.warc.gz | en | 0.981666 | 356 | 3.359375 | 3 | [
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0.3852736651897... | 1 | KLM had to cancel its September 3 flight from Accra to Amsterdam after a bird found its way into the engine compartment of the aeroplane at the Kotoka International Airport (KIA) minutes before take-off. This, caused the plane to have an unexpected hitch and prompted personnel of the Ghana National Fire Service to rush to the scene. Passengers from the flight were left stranded and in fear. Such incidence is described as a “bird strike.” An eyewitness told Citi FM in a report that, the tyres of the plane were deflated in the process and it would have to be replaced to enable a resumption of the flight. Engineers were, according to the eyewitness, working tirelessly to replace the tyres while passengers were still on board but they later had to disembark and checked into hotels to spend the night. The exact details of the aircraft in question were not available. About Bird Strikes Skybrary.aero describes a bird strike as a collision between a bird and an aircraft which is in flight or on a takeoff or landing roll. The term is often expanded to cover other wildlife strikes - with bats or ground animals. Bird Strike is common and can be a significant threat to aircraft safety. For smaller aircraft, significant damage may be caused to the aircraft structure and all aircraft, especially jet-engined ones, are vulnerable to the loss of thrust which can follow the ingestion of birds into engine air intakes. This has resulted in a number of fatal accidents. Bird strikes may occur during any phase of flight but are most likely during the take-off, initial climb, approach and landing phases due to the greater numbers of birds in flight at lower levels. Since most birds fly mainly during the day, most bird strikes occur in daylight hours as well. | 353 | ENGLISH | 1 |
J.J. Thomson was an English physicist and mathematician. Thomson was a child prodigy who first went to college at the age of 14 and maintained his journey to become one of the most accomplished scientists of his generation. Thomson became the Cavendish Professor of Experimental Physics at the University of Cambridge at a very young age but he made his greatest achievement when he did a detailed study of cathode rays and proved the existence of the electron in atoms; that would go on to have far reaching effects in the study of the natural sciences. Thomson also presented lectures at some of the best universities in the world like Princeton University and Yale University as a guest which further cemented his reputation as a scientist of uncommon gift. Other than the Nobel Prize in Physics, Thomson went on to win numerous other notable prizes throughout a career that yielded scientific breakthroughs that would affect scientific research for many years.
Childhood & Adolescence
Joseph John Thomson was born on 18 December 1856 in the Cheetham Hill district of Manchester, Lancashire, United Kingdom, to Joseph James Thomson and his wife Emma Swindells. His father was the proprietor of an antiquarian bookshop. J.J. Thomson was the elder brother of one.Thomson was something of a child prodigy due to his early mastery of the sciences. He was admitted to Owens College in 1870, at the age of 14.Thomson received a place at Trinity College, University of Cambridge, to study mathematics in 1876, at the age of 20.
He earned his bachelor’s degree with first class honors four years later and was one of two students to be awarded the Smith’s Prize, which is given to students of mathematics and theoretical physics who are actively engaged in research.He was elected a Fellow of Trinity College in 1881 and received his MA from Cambridge University two years later. Thomson was also awarded the coveted Adams Prize, which is presented by Cambridge University to those who have made remarkable contributions to research.
Thomson began his career at Trinity College, University of Cambridge, where he further cemented his status as one of the world’s most outstanding mathematicians. Thomson was elected a member of the Royal Society in 1884, and by the end of the year, he had been appointed Cavendish Professor of Experimental Physics at the University of Cambridge.His early research focused on the structure of atoms, and his first published paper was titled ‘Motion of Vortex Rings,’ in which he employed pure mathematics to describe William Thomson’s vortex theory in relation to atomic structure.
Thomson’s early research focused on mathematical explanations of chemical processes, culminating in the 1886 publication of ‘Applications of Dynamics to Physics and Chemistry’. He released ‘Researches in Electricity and Dynamism’ six years later.In 1896, he was invited to conduct lectures at Princeton University on the issues on which he had worked. The lectures were fully covered in the next year’s book ‘Discharge of Electricity via Gases.’
He began the most significant original study of his career in 1897, when he began his foundational research on cathode rays, which led him down numerous alleyways and culminated with the discovery of the electron in connection to atoms, which forever altered the face of natural sciences.He demonstrated the structure of an atom and also elucidated the various concepts of electricity in a series of lectures held at the prestigious Yale University in 1904. Thomson also argued that positive rays may be utilized to split atoms.
He spent the latter portion of his career pursuing research on isotopes, which resulted in the discovery of positive ions. He later made significant discoveries such as the radioactivity of the element potassium. On the other hand, he was able to demonstrate that hydrogen possessed only one electron.
His Significant Works
J. J. Thomson’s most significant work was on the research on cathode rays that resulted in the discovery of the electron, for which he was awarded the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Awards and Accomplishments
Thomson was a recipient of the Royal Medal in 1894.In 1902, the Royal Society of London presented J. J. Thomson with the Hughes Medal.In 1906, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the electron’s discovery.
In 1910, the Franklin Institute awarded him the Elliott Cresson Medal, and 12 years later, the Franklin Medal.The Copley Medal was presented to him by the Royal Society in 1914, and the Albert Medal was presented to him by the Royal School of Arts a year later.Thomson was appointed a ‘Master of Trinity College’ in 1918.
Personal History and Legacies
In 1890, J. J. Thomson married Rose Elisabeth Paget. They had two children: George Paget Thomson, a son, and Joan Paget Thomson, a daughter. The son later became a Nobel laureate physicist.He died on 30 August 1940, at the age of 83. His remains were interred at the illustrious Westminster Abbey.
Estimated Net Worth
Joseph is one of the wealthiest physicists and is included in the list of the most popular physicists. Joseph John Thomson’s net worth is estimated to be at $1.5 million, based on our analysis of Wikipedia, Forbes, and Business Insider.He studied at the Victoria University of Manchester, the University of Manchester, the University of Cambridge, Trinity College, and the University of Manchester. | <urn:uuid:5c1b4c2d-7371-4e0e-ae6f-38942b0df16d> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://metaunfolded.com/j-j-thomson/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473871.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222225655-20240223015655-00047.warc.gz | en | 0.98085 | 1,117 | 3.390625 | 3 | [
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0.5522897243499756... | 1 | J.J. Thomson was an English physicist and mathematician. Thomson was a child prodigy who first went to college at the age of 14 and maintained his journey to become one of the most accomplished scientists of his generation. Thomson became the Cavendish Professor of Experimental Physics at the University of Cambridge at a very young age but he made his greatest achievement when he did a detailed study of cathode rays and proved the existence of the electron in atoms; that would go on to have far reaching effects in the study of the natural sciences. Thomson also presented lectures at some of the best universities in the world like Princeton University and Yale University as a guest which further cemented his reputation as a scientist of uncommon gift. Other than the Nobel Prize in Physics, Thomson went on to win numerous other notable prizes throughout a career that yielded scientific breakthroughs that would affect scientific research for many years.
Childhood & Adolescence
Joseph John Thomson was born on 18 December 1856 in the Cheetham Hill district of Manchester, Lancashire, United Kingdom, to Joseph James Thomson and his wife Emma Swindells. His father was the proprietor of an antiquarian bookshop. J.J. Thomson was the elder brother of one.Thomson was something of a child prodigy due to his early mastery of the sciences. He was admitted to Owens College in 1870, at the age of 14.Thomson received a place at Trinity College, University of Cambridge, to study mathematics in 1876, at the age of 20.
He earned his bachelor’s degree with first class honors four years later and was one of two students to be awarded the Smith’s Prize, which is given to students of mathematics and theoretical physics who are actively engaged in research.He was elected a Fellow of Trinity College in 1881 and received his MA from Cambridge University two years later. Thomson was also awarded the coveted Adams Prize, which is presented by Cambridge University to those who have made remarkable contributions to research.
Thomson began his career at Trinity College, University of Cambridge, where he further cemented his status as one of the world’s most outstanding mathematicians. Thomson was elected a member of the Royal Society in 1884, and by the end of the year, he had been appointed Cavendish Professor of Experimental Physics at the University of Cambridge.His early research focused on the structure of atoms, and his first published paper was titled ‘Motion of Vortex Rings,’ in which he employed pure mathematics to describe William Thomson’s vortex theory in relation to atomic structure.
Thomson’s early research focused on mathematical explanations of chemical processes, culminating in the 1886 publication of ‘Applications of Dynamics to Physics and Chemistry’. He released ‘Researches in Electricity and Dynamism’ six years later.In 1896, he was invited to conduct lectures at Princeton University on the issues on which he had worked. The lectures were fully covered in the next year’s book ‘Discharge of Electricity via Gases.’
He began the most significant original study of his career in 1897, when he began his foundational research on cathode rays, which led him down numerous alleyways and culminated with the discovery of the electron in connection to atoms, which forever altered the face of natural sciences.He demonstrated the structure of an atom and also elucidated the various concepts of electricity in a series of lectures held at the prestigious Yale University in 1904. Thomson also argued that positive rays may be utilized to split atoms.
He spent the latter portion of his career pursuing research on isotopes, which resulted in the discovery of positive ions. He later made significant discoveries such as the radioactivity of the element potassium. On the other hand, he was able to demonstrate that hydrogen possessed only one electron.
His Significant Works
J. J. Thomson’s most significant work was on the research on cathode rays that resulted in the discovery of the electron, for which he was awarded the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Awards and Accomplishments
Thomson was a recipient of the Royal Medal in 1894.In 1902, the Royal Society of London presented J. J. Thomson with the Hughes Medal.In 1906, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the electron’s discovery.
In 1910, the Franklin Institute awarded him the Elliott Cresson Medal, and 12 years later, the Franklin Medal.The Copley Medal was presented to him by the Royal Society in 1914, and the Albert Medal was presented to him by the Royal School of Arts a year later.Thomson was appointed a ‘Master of Trinity College’ in 1918.
Personal History and Legacies
In 1890, J. J. Thomson married Rose Elisabeth Paget. They had two children: George Paget Thomson, a son, and Joan Paget Thomson, a daughter. The son later became a Nobel laureate physicist.He died on 30 August 1940, at the age of 83. His remains were interred at the illustrious Westminster Abbey.
Estimated Net Worth
Joseph is one of the wealthiest physicists and is included in the list of the most popular physicists. Joseph John Thomson’s net worth is estimated to be at $1.5 million, based on our analysis of Wikipedia, Forbes, and Business Insider.He studied at the Victoria University of Manchester, the University of Manchester, the University of Cambridge, Trinity College, and the University of Manchester. | 1,151 | ENGLISH | 1 |
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