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Gabriel Dumont Often heralded as a brilliant strategist, Gabriel Dumont spent much of his life as a Métis traditionalist. He spoke 6 First Nations languages and survived through his skill in trapping, hunting, fishing and farming. He was known as ‘the prince of the prairie’. Dumont orchestrated many of the battles of the Rebellions and was Riel’s ‘right hand man’. Dumont was a skilled hunter, a trait that carried over into military manoeuvres and won him a victory at Fish Creek. Dumont fled Canada after the Battle of Batoche and received asylum in the United States, where he furthered the Métis cause by organizing the southern communities.
Ambroise Lepine Adjutant-General of the first Provisional Government in Manitoba, Lepine was instrumental in the sentencing of Orangeman Thomas Scott. Lepine was a staunch follower of Riel and a strong Métis activist. In 1874, he was tried and convicted for the murder of Scott, but after the Governor General intervened, his sentence was lessened. Lepine was commuted to 2 years imprisonment and lost his civil rights. It wasn’t until 1915 that those rights were restored.
Marguerite Riel While exiled and teaching school in Montana Riel met and married Marguerite Bellehumeur, an American Métisse. When Riel returned to Saskatchewan in 1885 to help the Métis, Marguerite accompanied him. Marguerite died just a few months after Riel’s execution. Riel and Marguerite had two children together both of whom died in young adulthood.
Louis Schmidt Louis Schmidt was born in the Red River settlement and was schooled in Montreal with Riel. There, the two forged a friendship that would carry through their lives until Riel broke from the church. Schmidt was a member of the 1869 Provisional Government and helped to draft the List of Rights, a bill that helped form the basis of the Manitoba Act. Schmidt later testified to Riel’s insanity at his treason trial after the 1885 rebellion. | <urn:uuid:68030f30-0163-48df-9c81-12de7f423233> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | http://hivernantmetisculturalsociety.net/?page_id=56 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473871.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222225655-20240223015655-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.984323 | 438 | 3.546875 | 4 | [
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0.458020716905... | 1 | Gabriel Dumont Often heralded as a brilliant strategist, Gabriel Dumont spent much of his life as a Métis traditionalist. He spoke 6 First Nations languages and survived through his skill in trapping, hunting, fishing and farming. He was known as ‘the prince of the prairie’. Dumont orchestrated many of the battles of the Rebellions and was Riel’s ‘right hand man’. Dumont was a skilled hunter, a trait that carried over into military manoeuvres and won him a victory at Fish Creek. Dumont fled Canada after the Battle of Batoche and received asylum in the United States, where he furthered the Métis cause by organizing the southern communities.
Ambroise Lepine Adjutant-General of the first Provisional Government in Manitoba, Lepine was instrumental in the sentencing of Orangeman Thomas Scott. Lepine was a staunch follower of Riel and a strong Métis activist. In 1874, he was tried and convicted for the murder of Scott, but after the Governor General intervened, his sentence was lessened. Lepine was commuted to 2 years imprisonment and lost his civil rights. It wasn’t until 1915 that those rights were restored.
Marguerite Riel While exiled and teaching school in Montana Riel met and married Marguerite Bellehumeur, an American Métisse. When Riel returned to Saskatchewan in 1885 to help the Métis, Marguerite accompanied him. Marguerite died just a few months after Riel’s execution. Riel and Marguerite had two children together both of whom died in young adulthood.
Louis Schmidt Louis Schmidt was born in the Red River settlement and was schooled in Montreal with Riel. There, the two forged a friendship that would carry through their lives until Riel broke from the church. Schmidt was a member of the 1869 Provisional Government and helped to draft the List of Rights, a bill that helped form the basis of the Manitoba Act. Schmidt later testified to Riel’s insanity at his treason trial after the 1885 rebellion. | 440 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Tempura, a method of frying food, was introduced in the 1600s by Portuguese missionaries.
If there’s one dish that’s synonymous with Japanese food besides sushi, it’s tempura. A crunchy outer layer covers vegetables or seafood, which are then dipped in a salty sauce and eaten. These batter-fried vegetables or seafood are usually eaten as appetisers or as mains with udon noodles. Although heavy on the stomach, they make a filling and satisfying meal. Tempura batter is made with flour, beaten egg and cold water.
The Japanese have a unique knack for taking foreign food and changing it to suit the Japanese palate, creating new and original dishes. Tempura is a great example of this.
Tempura, a method of frying food, was introduced in the 1600s by Portuguese missionaries. The original dish no longer exists, but it was a meal meant to be eaten during Lent, when many Christians give up meat. The word ‘tempura’ comes from the Latin term ‘ad tempora cuaresme’, which means ‘in the time of Lent’. It is believed that the Japanese assumed this was the dish's name and called it tempura.
Tempura was introduced around the commercial port city of Nagasaki. At the time, Japan was disconnected from the rest of the world. Its only contact was through Portuguese, Dutch and Chinese traders and missionaries in this port city.
The frying method that tempura uses was new to Japan. Unlike the case with most other countries, Japan never had a tradition of frying food. Even though neighbouring China had always had fried dishes and a lot of its food culture reached Japan centuries earlier, somehow frying food never became the norm.
Soon, tempura became a popular snack that was served between meals. Tokugawa Ieyasu, the first shogun of Japan, loved the dish. Legend has it that he died from eating too much tempura.
Originally, tempura was made with balls of minced meat, vegetables and fish. Somewhere around the 18th century, Japanese chefs began to experiment with frying fish and vegetables whole. This marks the point at which the snack became quintessentially Japanese. Japan has a strong tradition of eating food that’s fresh and natural. And so, when chefs began frying vegetables and fish whole, preserving their unique taste and character, it became a truly Japanese food. This is also when tempura came to be considered a meal in itself rather than a mere snack.
These days, tempura is often served on rice or on top of soba or udon noodles. Some modern sushi rolls are also fried tempura-style, but this is more common outside Japan. Portuguese cuisine no longer includes the original dish that became tempura, but there are similar dishes. It has been speculated that the original Portuguese dish may have come from Goa since India is home to the pakora.
Today, tempura is an important part of traditional Japanese cuisine. A dish of foreign origin was modified to suit Japanese tastes, resulting in something new. It shows the competence of the Japanese and their flair for incorporating foreign foods into their native cuisine. | <urn:uuid:4676c610-2715-4e37-ad7f-91f0525bdd60> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.slurrp.com/article/tempura-the-history-of-japans-favourite-fried-food-1653316160630 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474482.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224012912-20240224042912-00457.warc.gz | en | 0.980921 | 651 | 3.375 | 3 | [
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0.4185524284839... | 1 | Tempura, a method of frying food, was introduced in the 1600s by Portuguese missionaries.
If there’s one dish that’s synonymous with Japanese food besides sushi, it’s tempura. A crunchy outer layer covers vegetables or seafood, which are then dipped in a salty sauce and eaten. These batter-fried vegetables or seafood are usually eaten as appetisers or as mains with udon noodles. Although heavy on the stomach, they make a filling and satisfying meal. Tempura batter is made with flour, beaten egg and cold water.
The Japanese have a unique knack for taking foreign food and changing it to suit the Japanese palate, creating new and original dishes. Tempura is a great example of this.
Tempura, a method of frying food, was introduced in the 1600s by Portuguese missionaries. The original dish no longer exists, but it was a meal meant to be eaten during Lent, when many Christians give up meat. The word ‘tempura’ comes from the Latin term ‘ad tempora cuaresme’, which means ‘in the time of Lent’. It is believed that the Japanese assumed this was the dish's name and called it tempura.
Tempura was introduced around the commercial port city of Nagasaki. At the time, Japan was disconnected from the rest of the world. Its only contact was through Portuguese, Dutch and Chinese traders and missionaries in this port city.
The frying method that tempura uses was new to Japan. Unlike the case with most other countries, Japan never had a tradition of frying food. Even though neighbouring China had always had fried dishes and a lot of its food culture reached Japan centuries earlier, somehow frying food never became the norm.
Soon, tempura became a popular snack that was served between meals. Tokugawa Ieyasu, the first shogun of Japan, loved the dish. Legend has it that he died from eating too much tempura.
Originally, tempura was made with balls of minced meat, vegetables and fish. Somewhere around the 18th century, Japanese chefs began to experiment with frying fish and vegetables whole. This marks the point at which the snack became quintessentially Japanese. Japan has a strong tradition of eating food that’s fresh and natural. And so, when chefs began frying vegetables and fish whole, preserving their unique taste and character, it became a truly Japanese food. This is also when tempura came to be considered a meal in itself rather than a mere snack.
These days, tempura is often served on rice or on top of soba or udon noodles. Some modern sushi rolls are also fried tempura-style, but this is more common outside Japan. Portuguese cuisine no longer includes the original dish that became tempura, but there are similar dishes. It has been speculated that the original Portuguese dish may have come from Goa since India is home to the pakora.
Today, tempura is an important part of traditional Japanese cuisine. A dish of foreign origin was modified to suit Japanese tastes, resulting in something new. It shows the competence of the Japanese and their flair for incorporating foreign foods into their native cuisine. | 634 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Most Influential Author in the World Edgar Allen Poe uses layered irony and complex symbolism in his short stories and poems in order to take his readers on a whirlwind of elaborate, captivating and suspenseful journeys. Poe was born on January 19, 1809, in Boston, Massachusetts. His childhood was depressing and disheartening. His parents died before he was three years old and John and Frances Allan raised him as a foster child. John Allan was a prosperous tobacco exporter, so he was able to send Poe to the best boarding schools and later to the University of Virginia. Poe excelled academically throughout all of his schooling. When he grew up, he married his cousin Virginia who later died from tuberculosis in 1847. After this, Poe’s depression and alcoholism worsened. On October 3, 1849, he was found in a state of semi-consciousness and died four days later. As a reflection of his childhood, Poe’s writing has a gloomy and grave mood. Some of Poe’s well known works are, The Fall of The House of Usher, The Raven, Tell-Tale Heart, The Cask of Amontillado and Annabel Lee. Poe introduced a new style to America’s literature which is now known as gothic fiction. Poe uses layered irony to challenge his readers to deconstruct his writing. In the short story, The Cask of Amontillado Poe uses verbal irony to emphasize the character’s actions. Montresor says “Herein is the Amontillado. As for Luchesi—” “He is an ignoramus,” interrupted my friend (Poe 120). Poe uses verbal irony here
Edgar Allan Poe was born on January 19, 1809 in Boston Massachusetts. Poe's father left the household early on, and his mother died when he was three. Poe moved to Richmond, Virginia to live with John and Frances Allan. Poe was faced with some financial problems, and when he went to attend the University of Virginia he was not able to receive a sufficient amount of funds in order to pay tuition. This lead Poe to turn to gambling to pay the rest of the costs, but this only landed him in debt.
That pleasure which is at once the most pure, the most elevating and the most intense, is derived, I maintain, from the contemplation of the beautiful. Fore I am above the weakness of seeking to establish a sequence of cause and effect, between the disaster and the atrocity. To most people these days, he’s considered to be the person who wrote about talking Ravens and Death. Granted he did write about those things, but Edgar Allan Poe was much much more than just that. Edgar Poe was born on January 19, 1809.
He married his thirteen year old cousin, who died only a short time later of Tuberculosis. At the end of his life he was trying to get on the path of the straight and narrow. He was set to marry a lady of wealth and went up to Philadelphia for an editorial job. He was found drunk, beaten and broke in Baltimore. No one knows exactly what happened to him, even in death Poe is shrouded in mystery.
Edgar Allan Poe, age 40, of Baltimore, Maryland, died on October 7, 1849. Eliza Poe and David Poe Jr. gave birth to Edgar Allan Poe. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts on January 19, 1809. Poe was the second child. He had an older brother who was William Henry Leonard Poe; his younger sister was Rosalie Poe.
Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston Massachusetts and began writing poems at the age of twenty two years old. He later went on to write “The Raven”, The Tell Tale Heart”, and many more well known pieces of literature throughout his life time. Unfortunately, Edgar Allan's writing career was cut short when he was pronounced dead on October 7th, 1849. Today his work still lives on. Many schools still refer to Edgars style of writing while teaching, and use his poems to express the genres of mystery and horror.
Edgar Allan Poe was born on January 19th, 1809 in Boston, Massachusetts. He was a writer, poet, critic, and editor. Growing up, Poe was adopted by a successful tobacco merchant and his wife, John and Frances Allan in Richmond, Virginia. Money was a big problem between John Allan and Poe. Edgar Allan Poe attended the University of Virginia.
He struggled with gambling and was in debt for most of his life In Poe 's later years, he moved to Baltimore to live with his aunt Marie and his cousin Virginia, whom he later married. They moved between Richmond, Philadelphia and New York. He had his most successful years while serving as editor and contributor of the "Southern Literacy Messenger". Virginia died of tuberculosis in 1847; Poe 's health deteriorated after her death, and he ended up dying in
Edgar Allan Poe was and still is one of the most admired writers in the world. Many who admired him loves his great ideas and thoughts throughout story writing,but what influenced this amazing writer to write horror stories?Some would say because of his childhood. When Edgar was two his mother Elizabeth Poe died in a fire,leaving her three children orphans. Until his grandmother came to get Henry. Then Poe was adopted by Mr and Mrs John and Rosalie Allen.
Therefore, he encouraged others and was an inspiration. One of the most influential writers of the twentieth century was Edgar Allan Poe, and his works continue to have an impact on American culture today. Edgar Allan Poe was born Boston Massachusetts on January 19, 1809. Poe was the son of professional actors, later his father then deserted the family and
The Cask of Amontillado, Poe shows how the narrator plots to kill and his prey is walking to his own death. “I drink,’ he said ‘to the buried that repose around us’ ‘and I, to your long life’” (SB 119). The narrator, Montresor, toasts to Fortunato’s long life, but both Montresor and the audience knows he plans to kill Fortunato. This example of verbal irony makes the mood twisted and strange because we know that he plans to kill Fortunato and is pretended to be his friend and wish him a long life. This adds to the disturbing.
Waylon Wishon English III Research Paper 16- May- 2017 The Biography of Edgar Allan Poe “Lord, help my poor soul”, the last and final words of the amazing writer, Edgar Allan Poe, before his sudden death in 1849. Edgar Allan Poe wrote dark and treacherous stories and poems that often lead to the questioning of his mental state. Poe lived a rather difficult life in which writing was his escape.
Edgar Allan Poe was a story -teller, a poet, and a critic, a writer whose dark prose and tumultuous past shroud the man in mystery even to this day. Poe’s name is very closely associated with dark romanticism and gothic style, but the undeniable darkness of his work is not the only reason why he is venerated in the literary field today. Poe, though he was not celebrated during his own life, was a master of his craft, his writing skills were multi-faceted and numerable. One of the many skills he perfected in his work was how to incorporate theme. Poe’s writings used the dark romantic style and featured recurring themes that are present in his poetry and short stories, those themes being power of the dead over the living, and self vs. alter ego.
The inspirational poet- Edgar Ellen Poe Precise intro to the famous Poe The highly renowned Edgar Ellen Poe was a poet, American author, literary critic, editor and also known as a part of American Romantic Movement. The inception of this stupendous writer took place in Boston on 19 January, 1809. Appealingly, he was nationwide famous due to his enchanting tales of the macabre and mystery.
American writer, editor, and literary critic, Edgar Allan Poe was best known for his shirt stories and poetry. He was called “the father of the detective story,” since he was the master of suspense. His “dark writing, coupled with his mysterious death, has made him one of the most famous macabre figures in history.” (The Biography.com website) Edgar Poe was born in Boston on January 19, 1809. Edgar was the second of three children, Rosaline and Henry.
A. Poe was also fascinated by writing about dark issues and considered different Gothic motifs in a psychological way. He was attracted by fear as an element in his stories. “In his hands Gothic was becoming ‘horror’, a term properly applied to the most famous late-Victorian example of Gothic.” (Mullan 2014) Taking a look at Poe’s personal story of life, he might needed some space to assimilate his hard times. As he studied at the University of Virginia, he joined the military service and married his cousin. | <urn:uuid:852a26a3-56ea-4e2b-90b6-3c329aee2848> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.ipl.org/essay/Edgar-Allan-Poe-Influences-FKY2DBHEACP6 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476413.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304033910-20240304063910-00877.warc.gz | en | 0.990967 | 1,889 | 3.53125 | 4 | [
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0.12437190115451... | 1 | Most Influential Author in the World Edgar Allen Poe uses layered irony and complex symbolism in his short stories and poems in order to take his readers on a whirlwind of elaborate, captivating and suspenseful journeys. Poe was born on January 19, 1809, in Boston, Massachusetts. His childhood was depressing and disheartening. His parents died before he was three years old and John and Frances Allan raised him as a foster child. John Allan was a prosperous tobacco exporter, so he was able to send Poe to the best boarding schools and later to the University of Virginia. Poe excelled academically throughout all of his schooling. When he grew up, he married his cousin Virginia who later died from tuberculosis in 1847. After this, Poe’s depression and alcoholism worsened. On October 3, 1849, he was found in a state of semi-consciousness and died four days later. As a reflection of his childhood, Poe’s writing has a gloomy and grave mood. Some of Poe’s well known works are, The Fall of The House of Usher, The Raven, Tell-Tale Heart, The Cask of Amontillado and Annabel Lee. Poe introduced a new style to America’s literature which is now known as gothic fiction. Poe uses layered irony to challenge his readers to deconstruct his writing. In the short story, The Cask of Amontillado Poe uses verbal irony to emphasize the character’s actions. Montresor says “Herein is the Amontillado. As for Luchesi—” “He is an ignoramus,” interrupted my friend (Poe 120). Poe uses verbal irony here
Edgar Allan Poe was born on January 19, 1809 in Boston Massachusetts. Poe's father left the household early on, and his mother died when he was three. Poe moved to Richmond, Virginia to live with John and Frances Allan. Poe was faced with some financial problems, and when he went to attend the University of Virginia he was not able to receive a sufficient amount of funds in order to pay tuition. This lead Poe to turn to gambling to pay the rest of the costs, but this only landed him in debt.
That pleasure which is at once the most pure, the most elevating and the most intense, is derived, I maintain, from the contemplation of the beautiful. Fore I am above the weakness of seeking to establish a sequence of cause and effect, between the disaster and the atrocity. To most people these days, he’s considered to be the person who wrote about talking Ravens and Death. Granted he did write about those things, but Edgar Allan Poe was much much more than just that. Edgar Poe was born on January 19, 1809.
He married his thirteen year old cousin, who died only a short time later of Tuberculosis. At the end of his life he was trying to get on the path of the straight and narrow. He was set to marry a lady of wealth and went up to Philadelphia for an editorial job. He was found drunk, beaten and broke in Baltimore. No one knows exactly what happened to him, even in death Poe is shrouded in mystery.
Edgar Allan Poe, age 40, of Baltimore, Maryland, died on October 7, 1849. Eliza Poe and David Poe Jr. gave birth to Edgar Allan Poe. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts on January 19, 1809. Poe was the second child. He had an older brother who was William Henry Leonard Poe; his younger sister was Rosalie Poe.
Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston Massachusetts and began writing poems at the age of twenty two years old. He later went on to write “The Raven”, The Tell Tale Heart”, and many more well known pieces of literature throughout his life time. Unfortunately, Edgar Allan's writing career was cut short when he was pronounced dead on October 7th, 1849. Today his work still lives on. Many schools still refer to Edgars style of writing while teaching, and use his poems to express the genres of mystery and horror.
Edgar Allan Poe was born on January 19th, 1809 in Boston, Massachusetts. He was a writer, poet, critic, and editor. Growing up, Poe was adopted by a successful tobacco merchant and his wife, John and Frances Allan in Richmond, Virginia. Money was a big problem between John Allan and Poe. Edgar Allan Poe attended the University of Virginia.
He struggled with gambling and was in debt for most of his life In Poe 's later years, he moved to Baltimore to live with his aunt Marie and his cousin Virginia, whom he later married. They moved between Richmond, Philadelphia and New York. He had his most successful years while serving as editor and contributor of the "Southern Literacy Messenger". Virginia died of tuberculosis in 1847; Poe 's health deteriorated after her death, and he ended up dying in
Edgar Allan Poe was and still is one of the most admired writers in the world. Many who admired him loves his great ideas and thoughts throughout story writing,but what influenced this amazing writer to write horror stories?Some would say because of his childhood. When Edgar was two his mother Elizabeth Poe died in a fire,leaving her three children orphans. Until his grandmother came to get Henry. Then Poe was adopted by Mr and Mrs John and Rosalie Allen.
Therefore, he encouraged others and was an inspiration. One of the most influential writers of the twentieth century was Edgar Allan Poe, and his works continue to have an impact on American culture today. Edgar Allan Poe was born Boston Massachusetts on January 19, 1809. Poe was the son of professional actors, later his father then deserted the family and
The Cask of Amontillado, Poe shows how the narrator plots to kill and his prey is walking to his own death. “I drink,’ he said ‘to the buried that repose around us’ ‘and I, to your long life’” (SB 119). The narrator, Montresor, toasts to Fortunato’s long life, but both Montresor and the audience knows he plans to kill Fortunato. This example of verbal irony makes the mood twisted and strange because we know that he plans to kill Fortunato and is pretended to be his friend and wish him a long life. This adds to the disturbing.
Waylon Wishon English III Research Paper 16- May- 2017 The Biography of Edgar Allan Poe “Lord, help my poor soul”, the last and final words of the amazing writer, Edgar Allan Poe, before his sudden death in 1849. Edgar Allan Poe wrote dark and treacherous stories and poems that often lead to the questioning of his mental state. Poe lived a rather difficult life in which writing was his escape.
Edgar Allan Poe was a story -teller, a poet, and a critic, a writer whose dark prose and tumultuous past shroud the man in mystery even to this day. Poe’s name is very closely associated with dark romanticism and gothic style, but the undeniable darkness of his work is not the only reason why he is venerated in the literary field today. Poe, though he was not celebrated during his own life, was a master of his craft, his writing skills were multi-faceted and numerable. One of the many skills he perfected in his work was how to incorporate theme. Poe’s writings used the dark romantic style and featured recurring themes that are present in his poetry and short stories, those themes being power of the dead over the living, and self vs. alter ego.
The inspirational poet- Edgar Ellen Poe Precise intro to the famous Poe The highly renowned Edgar Ellen Poe was a poet, American author, literary critic, editor and also known as a part of American Romantic Movement. The inception of this stupendous writer took place in Boston on 19 January, 1809. Appealingly, he was nationwide famous due to his enchanting tales of the macabre and mystery.
American writer, editor, and literary critic, Edgar Allan Poe was best known for his shirt stories and poetry. He was called “the father of the detective story,” since he was the master of suspense. His “dark writing, coupled with his mysterious death, has made him one of the most famous macabre figures in history.” (The Biography.com website) Edgar Poe was born in Boston on January 19, 1809. Edgar was the second of three children, Rosaline and Henry.
A. Poe was also fascinated by writing about dark issues and considered different Gothic motifs in a psychological way. He was attracted by fear as an element in his stories. “In his hands Gothic was becoming ‘horror’, a term properly applied to the most famous late-Victorian example of Gothic.” (Mullan 2014) Taking a look at Poe’s personal story of life, he might needed some space to assimilate his hard times. As he studied at the University of Virginia, he joined the military service and married his cousin. | 1,905 | ENGLISH | 1 |
In the British War Museum, there is an exhibition hall dedicated to commemorating the First World War. There are various weapons, uniforms, badges, photos and documents in the exhibition hall. However, among these dazzling and precious collections, the most eye-catching one is a pig that makes people laugh!
This pig has a resounding name: Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz, or simply Pig Commander, this pig is also the most valuable pig in the world, setting a record at the time. So what is the legendary origin of this pig and is treasured in the museum? Speaking of its history, there is quite a lively and interesting story!
The “Germans” who survived the
First World War was brutal and brought heavy disasters to both sides of the war. A large number of young and middle-aged people were recruited into the army, and the social labor force was seriously insufficient, resulting in a shortage of resources and a lack of food. In particular, Germany, which is located in the hinterland of Central Europe, has to fight against neighboring countries such as Britain, France, and Russia, and suffers from enemies on almost three sides, so the economy continues to decline. The limited food supply made the German soldiers complain so much that it was extremely difficult to even eat a meal of meat.
Many of the officers and men on the German Navy light cruiser “Dresden” came from farms on the outskirts of Berlin. Before joining the army, these young men feasted on pork on the farm. After the outbreak of the war, due to the lack of manpower, the farm became depressed, and some limited live pigs were also requisitioned as war preparation resources. The officers and soldiers who were accustomed to eating pork really had a hard time living a hard life, so they tried every means to get a little pig, and planned to raise it and fatten it to use it as a tooth sacrifice.
The first person to get the little pig was a corporal named Bouman. One day, Bouman went out with the commander of the ship to buy food and vegetables for the officers and soldiers. As a result, in the corner of the market, a pig was found that was being chased by people everywhere. Bouman guessed that the pink and white-skinned piglet had escaped from a pig house, so some people could not help but become greedy when they saw it, so they scrambled to catch it. Seeing this, Buman’s eyes also gleamed greedily. With the pig-catching skills he had cultivated on the farm, he quickly caught the little pig in a few steps.
Bouman talked to the warden, who was in charge of the crew’s meals, and allowed himself to bring the piglet back to the warship and raise it in a spare room in the cabin. When other people saw that Buman raised piglets on the warship, they naturally supported them and said jokingly: “When the pigs are grown and fattened, we will hold a food festival and enjoy them for a few days!”
Buman three times a day The meal is carefully fed with piglets, and the piglets’ food comes from the leftover vegetable soup and bread crumbs of the officers and soldiers on the ship. Buman sometimes also brings vegetables leaves and fresh fruits to ensure the nutrition of the piglet so that it can grow faster. Seeing that the little pig was the same for a few days and was about to grow into a half-grown pig, the eyes of the officers and soldiers were full of joy, and even when they were sleeping, they would dream of pots of mouth-watering roast pork in front of them.
Bouman is a careful person who writes the process of raising piglets in his daily diary. It was just that Buman never expected that this diary was salvaged by the British Navy as a trophy after the sinking of the warship in the naval battle. In the days when Bouman was happily raising pigs, the war raged. In order to break the British maritime supremacy, the German Naval Command decided to send the “Dresden” to patrol the sea.
In fact, the captain of the “Dresden” had long known that his officers and soldiers secretly raised pigs. He wanted to stop this kind of funny behavior, but considering that officers and soldiers are really hard to eat meat, in order to appease the dissatisfaction of his subordinates, he can only turn a blind eye and not ask questions. So at the mobilization meeting before the expedition, the captain said witty: “Dear boys, aren’t you looking forward to holding a food festival? When you come back this time, I will make your dreams come true!”
1915 3 In January, the “Dresden” set off for the vast Atlantic Ocean. Seeing that Booman was very busy, the companions took turns to help take care of the pigs on the ship. About two weeks later, the “Dresden” suddenly encountered the British warship “Glasgow”, and the two sides shelled each other and launched a life-and-death naval battle. In the end, the light cruiser “Dresden” was defeated by the British heavy battleship “Glasgow”. After a series of explosions, the entire warship fell into the sea.
The winning “Glasgow” released the yacht to salvage the loot floating on the sea. While the sailors were driving the yacht, someone suddenly shouted in surprise, “Look, there’s a pig swimming there!”
When the sailors heard it, they all opened their eyes wide and looked forward. Sure enough, right on the water where the enemy warship sank, a pink-white pig was holding a wooden board and raised its fat head to look at the British sailor, while taking the help of the British sailor. Yu buoyed the plank and spread his hooves to swim desperately, making a whimper in his mouth. Even if seawater is occasionally poured into its nasal cavity, it will shake its head vigorously to clear the stagnant water. It seems that this is a German pig with a strong desire to survive!
After the cruiser sank, the pig began desperately to survive and swam towards the British navy “Glasgow”. The British naval soldiers were particularly surprised. Although it was only a pig, the British sailors were moved by its tenacious fighting spirit. They shouted and shouted at the pig, and as the pig swam beside the navy ship, the sailors salvaged the loot.
For the British officers and soldiers of the “Glasgow”, the only prisoner captured in this battle was this German pig, which is of course a rare trophy.
British sailors learned the origin of the pig through the diary left by Bouman, which was salvaged. It is really a miracle that the officers and soldiers on the German warship were all buried in the belly of the fish, and only this pig survived unharmed!
So the British sailors decided to temporarily keep the pig, because the pig had a strong desire to survive and a tenacious fighting spirit, and gave it a well-known name “Alfred von Tirpitz”. Because the German Admiral Alfred served as the commander of the German Navy, this pig also earned the nickname of “Pig Commander”. The sailors discuss what to do with the “Pig Commander” after the
lucky “Pig Commander” “Glasgow” returns to the British base.
Will it be sent to the pig farm or will it remain on the warship? A sailor named Hofge who especially liked animals took the initiative to express: “‘Commander Pig’ has a silly head and looks very attractive. If it is kept on the warship, I am willing to take care of it!”
Ting Huo No one else has any objection when Fug said this. With the consent of the captain, Hofger built a pig house with a fence in the corner of the warehouse of the “Glasgow” for the “pig commander” to eat and move.
Usually, the discipline on the warship is extremely strict and the life of the soldiers is very dull. Not only do they have to train rigorously every day, but they also have to attend classes at night, but their nerves are also tense. If special circumstances arise, they will immediately go into battle.
However, with the arrival of the new member “Pig Commander”, it is like adding a touch of warmth to the warship. “Pig Commander” is very simple and honest, but also very silly, he is pink and tender and looks very cute. That cute look often makes everyone laugh, and everyone will make fun of it! At that time, “Pig Commander” also seemed to understand what people meant, and it was grateful that someone took it in, so it often made humming and coquettish sounds in the caressing.
Under the careful feeding of Hofger, the “pig commander” grew and became fatter, but the sailors were reluctant to attack it. Because the image of “Pig Commander” struggling to survive by swimming in the sea has always been deeply imprinted in their minds, so in the face of this lovable creature, they couldn’t bear to say the word “slaughter”.
When there is no military situation and tasks, Hofger will lead the “Pig Commander” to the deck for a walk. Sailors will greet with humor at this time: “Dear ‘Pig Commander’, hello!” And “Pig Commander” after walking around enough, can stand on the deck with the sailors and overlook the sea scenery. Some sailors also took out their cameras and took pictures with the “Pig Commander”.
With “Pig Commander”, the soldiers’ lives seem to have a little more fun. Everyone often talks about “Pig Commander”, it seems that it has become a member of the big family! After a long time, the sailors actually developed feelings for the “pig commander”. If they didn’t see the “pig commander” for a few days, they would specifically inquire about the “pig commander” and ask how the “pig commander” was and why it took so many days Don’t show up.
The strange thing is that since the “Pig Commander” came to the “Glasgow”, the warship has received special favor from the God of War. In particular, during a reconnaissance operation in the Baltic Sea, it suddenly encountered a ferocious siege from the German submarine force. The German submarine force, known as the “wolf pack” in the sea, was the biggest maritime threat to the Allies such as Britain and France in World War I. It has sunk many Allied capital ships.
If a single warship is besieged by the “wolves”, it is often difficult to escape bad luck. This time, the “Wolf Pack” stared at the “Glasgow”, like a hungry beast finding its prey, and immediately surrounded it. The “Glasgow” struggled to break through and escaped one torpedo after another fired by the “Wolf Pack”, but it was never able to escape the danger.
At the moment of life and death, Hofge, a gunner, encouraged his comrades in a loud voice: “‘Commander Pig’ can survive in desperate situations, shouldn’t we be better than Commander Pig? Don’t be afraid, I believe there is.’ Encouraged by the pig commander’s spirit, we will definitely defeat the enemy!” When the companions heard these words, their blood boiled, so they quickly transported the cannonballs, and finally broke through the blood with fierce artillery fire and rushed out.
After the “Glasgow” escaped successfully, the sailors held a celebration party to thank the “Pig Commander”. The British Naval Command heard the news, and at the collective plea of the sailors of the “Glasgow”, made an exception to award an Iron Cross to the “Pig Commander”. The sailors believed that the “pig commander” brought them peace and good luck, and the naval command wanted the sailors to learn the pig commander’s indomitable fighting spirit to survive in danger. The British navy has learned the story about the “pig commander”, and many media reporters even made a special trip to the “Glasgow” to interview the “pig commander”!
In February 1916, the “Glasgow” encountered extremely cold weather during its voyage to the high latitude waters near the Arctic Circle. This made the “Pig Commander” suffer a lot, so much that he fell ill on the way back.
Seeing that the “Pig Commander” did not eat or drink for several days, the originally smooth and shiny bristles became dirty, Hoffger was very anxious, and invited the ship’s doctor to help. Although there were not many medicines, at Hofger’s repeated pleas, the ship doctor still used a lot for the “pig commander”.
Hoffger stroked the waning body of “Pig Commander” and comforted him distressedly: “Old man, aren’t you a strong pig, you have to cheer up and eat more food, only food can make your illness get better as soon as possible. “…” “Pig Commander” is indeed very strong. With the encouragement of Hofger, he just gritted his teeth and started to eat. Coupled with the effect of drugs, after about a week, “Pig Commander”‘s condition improved significantly. In the end, he miraculously recovered.
Unexpectedly, after the captain of the “Glasgow” found out about this, he asked Hofger to criticize euphemistically: “Now the war is tight, and the ration of medicines for the officers and soldiers of the fleet is becoming more and more limited. If it is used on a pig, the public will After we know it, don’t you think it’s a big absurd thing…” After hearing what the captain said, Hoffger was really embarrassed to insist on his own ideas, so he began to contact a suitable new home for “Commander Pig”.
Just at this moment, the head of the Whale Island Guns and Guns School Farm, which specialized in supplying fruits and vegetables for the “Glasgow”, came to the ship and learned that Hofger was worried about the “Pig Commander”, so he took the initiative to say: “Give me your ‘pig commander’, anyway, the pig house on the school farm is more than enough to accept it.” Hoffger heard mixed feelings, but he was happy that the arrangement of the “pig commander” finally came to an end. , The worry is that after leaving his care, can “Pig Commander” adapt to life in his new home?
The world’s “famous pig”
Hofger, who was stationed in the museum, found the farm owned by the Whale Island Guns and Cannon School for on-the-spot inspection. He was relieved to see that the environmental hygiene of the pig house was justifiable. When they were about to part, Hoffger patted the fat head of “Pig Commander” and said kindly like a child: “Dear ‘Pig Commander’, when you arrive at your new home, you must be obedient and get along with your pig friends. Otherwise, if the breeder is angry, maybe…”
Hoffger said here, the corners of his eyes slightly moistened. Because he thought that the future fate of “Pig Commander” is not optimistic. After all, the impact of the war on people’s lives is too great. The British public’s rations are seriously insufficient. Can they keep raising a pig endlessly? The final fate of “Pig Commander” can only be left to fate.
The person in charge of the farm went to lead the “Pig Commander”. Who would have thought that the “Pig Commander” believed that Hofger was its owner, and refused to follow the manager. Big mouth, showing a very unfriendly expression. Hoffger had to lead the “pig commander” and escorted it all the way to the farm pig house.
“Pig Commander” came to a new environment and naturally met many new pig companions. But at first it still missed Hofge, lying in the pig house and reluctant to eat. In order to comfort him, the pig companions took turns to come over and rub the “pig commander” body, inviting him to join the new group. After three full days, the “Pig Commander” barely got up and started to eat, and got along with the pig companions around him.
Seeing that the “Pig Commander” was back to normal, the farm manager finally let out a sigh of relief. The head of the farm is himself the head of the Whale Island Gun School, which trains young junior officers and sends them to the front lines. Therefore, the person in charge wanted to use the living trophy of the “Pig Commander” to inspire the students, so that the students could establish a fearless spirit of contempt for the German army, and use this spirit to inspire the British to fight more bravely against the enemy, Germany.
After the “Pig Commander” came to the Whale Island School, the students visited in batches and took a group photo with the “Pig Commander”. After listening to the narrator vividly and specifically tell the story of “Pig Commander”, many students were in awe of its tenacious survival spirit, brought delicious food to “Pig Commander”, and asked the breeder to take care of it carefully and not neglect it. .
The one who takes care of the pig commander is a breeder named Ruen. Loen doesn’t like this fat pig from a hostile country. Because Loen’s two older brothers joined the army to fight on the European continent, one was killed by the German’s poison gas, and the other was shot in the chest by the German machine gun.
So Ruen hates everything related to Germany, including “Pig Commander” of course. It’s just that the person in charge of the farm warned Ruen, saying that “Pig Commander” is a negative teaching material for educating and encouraging the British, and must be taken care of. In order to complete the task given by his superiors, Loen had to patiently feed the “Pig Commander”, but an accident happened that actually changed Loen’s view of the pig.
One evening, when Loen was feeding the “Pig Commander”, he didn’t watch out for a snake crawling out of the grass, and it was a bite on Loen’s calf. After a short period of severe pain, Loen felt numbness in his calf, and his entire body twitched uncontrollably. He wanted to shout for help, but his throat was dry and hoarse, unable to utter a single word. Seeing the poisonous snake with green stripes jumping into the grass again, Ruen was horrified to know that this was the most terrifying snake in the area.
Ruen rolled and struggled in pain. At that time, there were more than a dozen farm workers living in a shed near the pig house. They were eating when they suddenly heard an abnormal bang bang from the direction of the pig house, and from time to time there was also the sound of pigs. The workers suspected that a thief had come in to steal the pig, and hurriedly picked up the guy and ran over. Unexpectedly, I saw Ruen foaming at the mouth and passed out on the ground, while the “Pig Commander” next to him slammed his body against the iron plate of the guardrail, apparently sending a signal to people for help.
After Luen was sent to the hospital and woke up out of danger, he realized that it was “Commander Pig” who called in time to save his life, and he couldn’t help shedding tears of gratitude. From then on, Loen looked at “Pig Commander” differently, and would rather starve himself than make “Pig Commander” full. However, with the development of the war, bombers developed by Germany came out and began to bomb strategically important places along the British coast such as Whale Island. The British government had to move the students of the Whale Island Gun School to a safe place, and ordered the slaughter of all the pigs, cattle, sheep and other livestock on the school farm. In the end, only the “pig commander” was left.
The Red Cross Society of London heard the story of “Pig Commander”, sent someone to negotiate with the farm manager, and finally bought the “Pig Commander” at a high price of 1,785 pounds.
In doing so, the Red Cross actually wanted to use a special way to pay homage to the countless British officers and soldiers who were killed under the guns of the Germans. After all, in order to win the war, many young men under the age of 20 paid the price with their lives. And the special way of paying homage to the Red Cross is to allow the family members of each deceased to eat the meat of the “Pig Commander”. At that time, the British didn’t like to eat pig’s head, so after the “pig commander” was slaughtered, the pork was divided, but the pig’s head and limbs were preserved. After several rounds, it was finally made into a specimen.
In addition, its pig trotters were not braised, but the handles of a pair of knives and forks were sent to the cruiser “Glasgow” and accompanied the warship to participate in World War II, which is very magical.
After the end of the First World War, the victorious British began to build a World War I exhibition hall in the National Museum and worked hard to collect items related to the First World War. After hearing the story of “Pig Commander”, the museum believed that it had witnessed the victory of the United Kingdom, so it took the initiative to spend money to collect the specimen of this pig, which became the most special trophy of Britain at that time.
In 1958, after the cruiser “Glasgow” was decommissioned, the hooves of “Pig Commander” Tirpitz were also sent to the museum, and together with the pig’s head, they became a unique and beautiful sight in the museum.
Now this pig has a history of more than 100 years in the museum. It has witnessed the rise and fall of Britain over the years. Its significance is extraordinary. It tells us that war is war, and war is actually very terrible. It means bloodshed and sacrifice. Anyway, This pig has witnessed the vicissitudes of history and hopes that the world will be peaceful and will no longer be eroded by war. Only by opposing war and maintaining peace can mankind live a better life! | <urn:uuid:b8702c40-9e7d-40e8-b573-9e99dc98b678> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.pengrun.ltd/pig-commander-the-unique-landscape-of-life-and-death-on-the-warship/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473738.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222093910-20240222123910-00888.warc.gz | en | 0.981228 | 5,007 | 3.3125 | 3 | [
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0.576665163... | 1 | In the British War Museum, there is an exhibition hall dedicated to commemorating the First World War. There are various weapons, uniforms, badges, photos and documents in the exhibition hall. However, among these dazzling and precious collections, the most eye-catching one is a pig that makes people laugh!
This pig has a resounding name: Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz, or simply Pig Commander, this pig is also the most valuable pig in the world, setting a record at the time. So what is the legendary origin of this pig and is treasured in the museum? Speaking of its history, there is quite a lively and interesting story!
The “Germans” who survived the
First World War was brutal and brought heavy disasters to both sides of the war. A large number of young and middle-aged people were recruited into the army, and the social labor force was seriously insufficient, resulting in a shortage of resources and a lack of food. In particular, Germany, which is located in the hinterland of Central Europe, has to fight against neighboring countries such as Britain, France, and Russia, and suffers from enemies on almost three sides, so the economy continues to decline. The limited food supply made the German soldiers complain so much that it was extremely difficult to even eat a meal of meat.
Many of the officers and men on the German Navy light cruiser “Dresden” came from farms on the outskirts of Berlin. Before joining the army, these young men feasted on pork on the farm. After the outbreak of the war, due to the lack of manpower, the farm became depressed, and some limited live pigs were also requisitioned as war preparation resources. The officers and soldiers who were accustomed to eating pork really had a hard time living a hard life, so they tried every means to get a little pig, and planned to raise it and fatten it to use it as a tooth sacrifice.
The first person to get the little pig was a corporal named Bouman. One day, Bouman went out with the commander of the ship to buy food and vegetables for the officers and soldiers. As a result, in the corner of the market, a pig was found that was being chased by people everywhere. Bouman guessed that the pink and white-skinned piglet had escaped from a pig house, so some people could not help but become greedy when they saw it, so they scrambled to catch it. Seeing this, Buman’s eyes also gleamed greedily. With the pig-catching skills he had cultivated on the farm, he quickly caught the little pig in a few steps.
Bouman talked to the warden, who was in charge of the crew’s meals, and allowed himself to bring the piglet back to the warship and raise it in a spare room in the cabin. When other people saw that Buman raised piglets on the warship, they naturally supported them and said jokingly: “When the pigs are grown and fattened, we will hold a food festival and enjoy them for a few days!”
Buman three times a day The meal is carefully fed with piglets, and the piglets’ food comes from the leftover vegetable soup and bread crumbs of the officers and soldiers on the ship. Buman sometimes also brings vegetables leaves and fresh fruits to ensure the nutrition of the piglet so that it can grow faster. Seeing that the little pig was the same for a few days and was about to grow into a half-grown pig, the eyes of the officers and soldiers were full of joy, and even when they were sleeping, they would dream of pots of mouth-watering roast pork in front of them.
Bouman is a careful person who writes the process of raising piglets in his daily diary. It was just that Buman never expected that this diary was salvaged by the British Navy as a trophy after the sinking of the warship in the naval battle. In the days when Bouman was happily raising pigs, the war raged. In order to break the British maritime supremacy, the German Naval Command decided to send the “Dresden” to patrol the sea.
In fact, the captain of the “Dresden” had long known that his officers and soldiers secretly raised pigs. He wanted to stop this kind of funny behavior, but considering that officers and soldiers are really hard to eat meat, in order to appease the dissatisfaction of his subordinates, he can only turn a blind eye and not ask questions. So at the mobilization meeting before the expedition, the captain said witty: “Dear boys, aren’t you looking forward to holding a food festival? When you come back this time, I will make your dreams come true!”
1915 3 In January, the “Dresden” set off for the vast Atlantic Ocean. Seeing that Booman was very busy, the companions took turns to help take care of the pigs on the ship. About two weeks later, the “Dresden” suddenly encountered the British warship “Glasgow”, and the two sides shelled each other and launched a life-and-death naval battle. In the end, the light cruiser “Dresden” was defeated by the British heavy battleship “Glasgow”. After a series of explosions, the entire warship fell into the sea.
The winning “Glasgow” released the yacht to salvage the loot floating on the sea. While the sailors were driving the yacht, someone suddenly shouted in surprise, “Look, there’s a pig swimming there!”
When the sailors heard it, they all opened their eyes wide and looked forward. Sure enough, right on the water where the enemy warship sank, a pink-white pig was holding a wooden board and raised its fat head to look at the British sailor, while taking the help of the British sailor. Yu buoyed the plank and spread his hooves to swim desperately, making a whimper in his mouth. Even if seawater is occasionally poured into its nasal cavity, it will shake its head vigorously to clear the stagnant water. It seems that this is a German pig with a strong desire to survive!
After the cruiser sank, the pig began desperately to survive and swam towards the British navy “Glasgow”. The British naval soldiers were particularly surprised. Although it was only a pig, the British sailors were moved by its tenacious fighting spirit. They shouted and shouted at the pig, and as the pig swam beside the navy ship, the sailors salvaged the loot.
For the British officers and soldiers of the “Glasgow”, the only prisoner captured in this battle was this German pig, which is of course a rare trophy.
British sailors learned the origin of the pig through the diary left by Bouman, which was salvaged. It is really a miracle that the officers and soldiers on the German warship were all buried in the belly of the fish, and only this pig survived unharmed!
So the British sailors decided to temporarily keep the pig, because the pig had a strong desire to survive and a tenacious fighting spirit, and gave it a well-known name “Alfred von Tirpitz”. Because the German Admiral Alfred served as the commander of the German Navy, this pig also earned the nickname of “Pig Commander”. The sailors discuss what to do with the “Pig Commander” after the
lucky “Pig Commander” “Glasgow” returns to the British base.
Will it be sent to the pig farm or will it remain on the warship? A sailor named Hofge who especially liked animals took the initiative to express: “‘Commander Pig’ has a silly head and looks very attractive. If it is kept on the warship, I am willing to take care of it!”
Ting Huo No one else has any objection when Fug said this. With the consent of the captain, Hofger built a pig house with a fence in the corner of the warehouse of the “Glasgow” for the “pig commander” to eat and move.
Usually, the discipline on the warship is extremely strict and the life of the soldiers is very dull. Not only do they have to train rigorously every day, but they also have to attend classes at night, but their nerves are also tense. If special circumstances arise, they will immediately go into battle.
However, with the arrival of the new member “Pig Commander”, it is like adding a touch of warmth to the warship. “Pig Commander” is very simple and honest, but also very silly, he is pink and tender and looks very cute. That cute look often makes everyone laugh, and everyone will make fun of it! At that time, “Pig Commander” also seemed to understand what people meant, and it was grateful that someone took it in, so it often made humming and coquettish sounds in the caressing.
Under the careful feeding of Hofger, the “pig commander” grew and became fatter, but the sailors were reluctant to attack it. Because the image of “Pig Commander” struggling to survive by swimming in the sea has always been deeply imprinted in their minds, so in the face of this lovable creature, they couldn’t bear to say the word “slaughter”.
When there is no military situation and tasks, Hofger will lead the “Pig Commander” to the deck for a walk. Sailors will greet with humor at this time: “Dear ‘Pig Commander’, hello!” And “Pig Commander” after walking around enough, can stand on the deck with the sailors and overlook the sea scenery. Some sailors also took out their cameras and took pictures with the “Pig Commander”.
With “Pig Commander”, the soldiers’ lives seem to have a little more fun. Everyone often talks about “Pig Commander”, it seems that it has become a member of the big family! After a long time, the sailors actually developed feelings for the “pig commander”. If they didn’t see the “pig commander” for a few days, they would specifically inquire about the “pig commander” and ask how the “pig commander” was and why it took so many days Don’t show up.
The strange thing is that since the “Pig Commander” came to the “Glasgow”, the warship has received special favor from the God of War. In particular, during a reconnaissance operation in the Baltic Sea, it suddenly encountered a ferocious siege from the German submarine force. The German submarine force, known as the “wolf pack” in the sea, was the biggest maritime threat to the Allies such as Britain and France in World War I. It has sunk many Allied capital ships.
If a single warship is besieged by the “wolves”, it is often difficult to escape bad luck. This time, the “Wolf Pack” stared at the “Glasgow”, like a hungry beast finding its prey, and immediately surrounded it. The “Glasgow” struggled to break through and escaped one torpedo after another fired by the “Wolf Pack”, but it was never able to escape the danger.
At the moment of life and death, Hofge, a gunner, encouraged his comrades in a loud voice: “‘Commander Pig’ can survive in desperate situations, shouldn’t we be better than Commander Pig? Don’t be afraid, I believe there is.’ Encouraged by the pig commander’s spirit, we will definitely defeat the enemy!” When the companions heard these words, their blood boiled, so they quickly transported the cannonballs, and finally broke through the blood with fierce artillery fire and rushed out.
After the “Glasgow” escaped successfully, the sailors held a celebration party to thank the “Pig Commander”. The British Naval Command heard the news, and at the collective plea of the sailors of the “Glasgow”, made an exception to award an Iron Cross to the “Pig Commander”. The sailors believed that the “pig commander” brought them peace and good luck, and the naval command wanted the sailors to learn the pig commander’s indomitable fighting spirit to survive in danger. The British navy has learned the story about the “pig commander”, and many media reporters even made a special trip to the “Glasgow” to interview the “pig commander”!
In February 1916, the “Glasgow” encountered extremely cold weather during its voyage to the high latitude waters near the Arctic Circle. This made the “Pig Commander” suffer a lot, so much that he fell ill on the way back.
Seeing that the “Pig Commander” did not eat or drink for several days, the originally smooth and shiny bristles became dirty, Hoffger was very anxious, and invited the ship’s doctor to help. Although there were not many medicines, at Hofger’s repeated pleas, the ship doctor still used a lot for the “pig commander”.
Hoffger stroked the waning body of “Pig Commander” and comforted him distressedly: “Old man, aren’t you a strong pig, you have to cheer up and eat more food, only food can make your illness get better as soon as possible. “…” “Pig Commander” is indeed very strong. With the encouragement of Hofger, he just gritted his teeth and started to eat. Coupled with the effect of drugs, after about a week, “Pig Commander”‘s condition improved significantly. In the end, he miraculously recovered.
Unexpectedly, after the captain of the “Glasgow” found out about this, he asked Hofger to criticize euphemistically: “Now the war is tight, and the ration of medicines for the officers and soldiers of the fleet is becoming more and more limited. If it is used on a pig, the public will After we know it, don’t you think it’s a big absurd thing…” After hearing what the captain said, Hoffger was really embarrassed to insist on his own ideas, so he began to contact a suitable new home for “Commander Pig”.
Just at this moment, the head of the Whale Island Guns and Guns School Farm, which specialized in supplying fruits and vegetables for the “Glasgow”, came to the ship and learned that Hofger was worried about the “Pig Commander”, so he took the initiative to say: “Give me your ‘pig commander’, anyway, the pig house on the school farm is more than enough to accept it.” Hoffger heard mixed feelings, but he was happy that the arrangement of the “pig commander” finally came to an end. , The worry is that after leaving his care, can “Pig Commander” adapt to life in his new home?
The world’s “famous pig”
Hofger, who was stationed in the museum, found the farm owned by the Whale Island Guns and Cannon School for on-the-spot inspection. He was relieved to see that the environmental hygiene of the pig house was justifiable. When they were about to part, Hoffger patted the fat head of “Pig Commander” and said kindly like a child: “Dear ‘Pig Commander’, when you arrive at your new home, you must be obedient and get along with your pig friends. Otherwise, if the breeder is angry, maybe…”
Hoffger said here, the corners of his eyes slightly moistened. Because he thought that the future fate of “Pig Commander” is not optimistic. After all, the impact of the war on people’s lives is too great. The British public’s rations are seriously insufficient. Can they keep raising a pig endlessly? The final fate of “Pig Commander” can only be left to fate.
The person in charge of the farm went to lead the “Pig Commander”. Who would have thought that the “Pig Commander” believed that Hofger was its owner, and refused to follow the manager. Big mouth, showing a very unfriendly expression. Hoffger had to lead the “pig commander” and escorted it all the way to the farm pig house.
“Pig Commander” came to a new environment and naturally met many new pig companions. But at first it still missed Hofge, lying in the pig house and reluctant to eat. In order to comfort him, the pig companions took turns to come over and rub the “pig commander” body, inviting him to join the new group. After three full days, the “Pig Commander” barely got up and started to eat, and got along with the pig companions around him.
Seeing that the “Pig Commander” was back to normal, the farm manager finally let out a sigh of relief. The head of the farm is himself the head of the Whale Island Gun School, which trains young junior officers and sends them to the front lines. Therefore, the person in charge wanted to use the living trophy of the “Pig Commander” to inspire the students, so that the students could establish a fearless spirit of contempt for the German army, and use this spirit to inspire the British to fight more bravely against the enemy, Germany.
After the “Pig Commander” came to the Whale Island School, the students visited in batches and took a group photo with the “Pig Commander”. After listening to the narrator vividly and specifically tell the story of “Pig Commander”, many students were in awe of its tenacious survival spirit, brought delicious food to “Pig Commander”, and asked the breeder to take care of it carefully and not neglect it. .
The one who takes care of the pig commander is a breeder named Ruen. Loen doesn’t like this fat pig from a hostile country. Because Loen’s two older brothers joined the army to fight on the European continent, one was killed by the German’s poison gas, and the other was shot in the chest by the German machine gun.
So Ruen hates everything related to Germany, including “Pig Commander” of course. It’s just that the person in charge of the farm warned Ruen, saying that “Pig Commander” is a negative teaching material for educating and encouraging the British, and must be taken care of. In order to complete the task given by his superiors, Loen had to patiently feed the “Pig Commander”, but an accident happened that actually changed Loen’s view of the pig.
One evening, when Loen was feeding the “Pig Commander”, he didn’t watch out for a snake crawling out of the grass, and it was a bite on Loen’s calf. After a short period of severe pain, Loen felt numbness in his calf, and his entire body twitched uncontrollably. He wanted to shout for help, but his throat was dry and hoarse, unable to utter a single word. Seeing the poisonous snake with green stripes jumping into the grass again, Ruen was horrified to know that this was the most terrifying snake in the area.
Ruen rolled and struggled in pain. At that time, there were more than a dozen farm workers living in a shed near the pig house. They were eating when they suddenly heard an abnormal bang bang from the direction of the pig house, and from time to time there was also the sound of pigs. The workers suspected that a thief had come in to steal the pig, and hurriedly picked up the guy and ran over. Unexpectedly, I saw Ruen foaming at the mouth and passed out on the ground, while the “Pig Commander” next to him slammed his body against the iron plate of the guardrail, apparently sending a signal to people for help.
After Luen was sent to the hospital and woke up out of danger, he realized that it was “Commander Pig” who called in time to save his life, and he couldn’t help shedding tears of gratitude. From then on, Loen looked at “Pig Commander” differently, and would rather starve himself than make “Pig Commander” full. However, with the development of the war, bombers developed by Germany came out and began to bomb strategically important places along the British coast such as Whale Island. The British government had to move the students of the Whale Island Gun School to a safe place, and ordered the slaughter of all the pigs, cattle, sheep and other livestock on the school farm. In the end, only the “pig commander” was left.
The Red Cross Society of London heard the story of “Pig Commander”, sent someone to negotiate with the farm manager, and finally bought the “Pig Commander” at a high price of 1,785 pounds.
In doing so, the Red Cross actually wanted to use a special way to pay homage to the countless British officers and soldiers who were killed under the guns of the Germans. After all, in order to win the war, many young men under the age of 20 paid the price with their lives. And the special way of paying homage to the Red Cross is to allow the family members of each deceased to eat the meat of the “Pig Commander”. At that time, the British didn’t like to eat pig’s head, so after the “pig commander” was slaughtered, the pork was divided, but the pig’s head and limbs were preserved. After several rounds, it was finally made into a specimen.
In addition, its pig trotters were not braised, but the handles of a pair of knives and forks were sent to the cruiser “Glasgow” and accompanied the warship to participate in World War II, which is very magical.
After the end of the First World War, the victorious British began to build a World War I exhibition hall in the National Museum and worked hard to collect items related to the First World War. After hearing the story of “Pig Commander”, the museum believed that it had witnessed the victory of the United Kingdom, so it took the initiative to spend money to collect the specimen of this pig, which became the most special trophy of Britain at that time.
In 1958, after the cruiser “Glasgow” was decommissioned, the hooves of “Pig Commander” Tirpitz were also sent to the museum, and together with the pig’s head, they became a unique and beautiful sight in the museum.
Now this pig has a history of more than 100 years in the museum. It has witnessed the rise and fall of Britain over the years. Its significance is extraordinary. It tells us that war is war, and war is actually very terrible. It means bloodshed and sacrifice. Anyway, This pig has witnessed the vicissitudes of history and hopes that the world will be peaceful and will no longer be eroded by war. Only by opposing war and maintaining peace can mankind live a better life! | 4,627 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Where the Republican polices the main reason for prosperity in the 1920s
The 1920s was a period of prosperity for many in the USA. It could be argued that the Republicans polices were the reason for this prosperity .However ,other factors such as the effect of world war one , rise of new industries, creation of consumer culture or readily available credit were also important factors .
I agree that the Republican polices of the 1920s were the main reason for prosperity in the USA.
Firstly the republicans, particularly Harding, who promoted the idea laissez Faire. This police meant that the government would interfere as little as possible in the lives of the people. Overall this helped to boost prosperity because workers can put more innovation into their products as the government weren’t going to interfere and workers were able to produce more products which were more successful.
Secondly, Americas idea of isolationism helped boost prosperity because; while they weren’t in world war 1 they were making money by trading with their allies . Also America s idea of isolationism helped boost prosperity because they weren’t using any of the economy money for weapons as they weren’t in the war at the time but were making money to boost the economy. Also because of this USA became the leading world producer and made lots of profits used in investment. | <urn:uuid:7b240a4d-3862-43df-b6cd-65a0b59ac35e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.markedbyteachers.com/gcse/history/were-the-republican-policies-the-main-reason-for-prosperity-in-the-1920s.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473472.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221102433-20240221132433-00177.warc.gz | en | 0.987033 | 271 | 3.4375 | 3 | [
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0.0640370473265... | 1 | Where the Republican polices the main reason for prosperity in the 1920s
The 1920s was a period of prosperity for many in the USA. It could be argued that the Republicans polices were the reason for this prosperity .However ,other factors such as the effect of world war one , rise of new industries, creation of consumer culture or readily available credit were also important factors .
I agree that the Republican polices of the 1920s were the main reason for prosperity in the USA.
Firstly the republicans, particularly Harding, who promoted the idea laissez Faire. This police meant that the government would interfere as little as possible in the lives of the people. Overall this helped to boost prosperity because workers can put more innovation into their products as the government weren’t going to interfere and workers were able to produce more products which were more successful.
Secondly, Americas idea of isolationism helped boost prosperity because; while they weren’t in world war 1 they were making money by trading with their allies . Also America s idea of isolationism helped boost prosperity because they weren’t using any of the economy money for weapons as they weren’t in the war at the time but were making money to boost the economy. Also because of this USA became the leading world producer and made lots of profits used in investment. | 274 | ENGLISH | 1 |
One of Britain’s hidden treasures is its hillforts. There are believed to be about 5,000 in the United Kingdom. But what are they? When did they come about? And why? And why are there so many hillforts on the Ridgeway?
You might think the clue was in the title. But you’d be wrong. Hillforts don’t necessarily have to be on a hill. And they weren’t necessarily forts! So, with that myth busted, let’s explore what they really are.
Most “hillforts” were built in the iron age with early pioneers in the bronze age. So that’s about 2,000 BC to before the Roman age which, as every child knows, started at 55 BC. For context, time eras are: Stone, Bronze, Iron and Roman.
The purpose of a hillfort has been often debated. As many were built on hills, it’s unlikely that these were where communities were built. So it’s not necessarily the case that communities lived in the forts. If they did, where would they have got their water from?
It’s more likely that the fort was built either as a place of refuge in case of attack, or as a venue for social gatherings.
And the materials? Well, don’t expect any stones. The forts were essentially trenches with the earth piled on one side to increase the size of the walls. These were often reinforced with wooden stakes. And that was it. Very little else.
So where can you see hillforts on The Ridgeway? There are four all nicely lined up for you on the western section. Distances are from Avebury. These are at Barbury Castle (7 miles) Liddington (15 miles), Uffington (22 miles) and Segsbury (28 miles). On the ground it’s quite hard to appreciate them. You really need a drone to see them properly. Which is why we’ve teamed up with Hedley Thorne to bring you these magnificent photos.
There’s also a hillfort at the terminus of the Ridgeway at Ivinghoe Beacon, but that is hard to see. Another is just off the Thames Path at Wittenham Clumps | <urn:uuid:bb611f6d-d267-4a59-86e2-12c20aaf17b9> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://walking.holiday/uncategorized/hillforts-on-the-ridgeway/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475711.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301225031-20240302015031-00520.warc.gz | en | 0.980413 | 480 | 3.484375 | 3 | [
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0.033499617... | 1 | One of Britain’s hidden treasures is its hillforts. There are believed to be about 5,000 in the United Kingdom. But what are they? When did they come about? And why? And why are there so many hillforts on the Ridgeway?
You might think the clue was in the title. But you’d be wrong. Hillforts don’t necessarily have to be on a hill. And they weren’t necessarily forts! So, with that myth busted, let’s explore what they really are.
Most “hillforts” were built in the iron age with early pioneers in the bronze age. So that’s about 2,000 BC to before the Roman age which, as every child knows, started at 55 BC. For context, time eras are: Stone, Bronze, Iron and Roman.
The purpose of a hillfort has been often debated. As many were built on hills, it’s unlikely that these were where communities were built. So it’s not necessarily the case that communities lived in the forts. If they did, where would they have got their water from?
It’s more likely that the fort was built either as a place of refuge in case of attack, or as a venue for social gatherings.
And the materials? Well, don’t expect any stones. The forts were essentially trenches with the earth piled on one side to increase the size of the walls. These were often reinforced with wooden stakes. And that was it. Very little else.
So where can you see hillforts on The Ridgeway? There are four all nicely lined up for you on the western section. Distances are from Avebury. These are at Barbury Castle (7 miles) Liddington (15 miles), Uffington (22 miles) and Segsbury (28 miles). On the ground it’s quite hard to appreciate them. You really need a drone to see them properly. Which is why we’ve teamed up with Hedley Thorne to bring you these magnificent photos.
There’s also a hillfort at the terminus of the Ridgeway at Ivinghoe Beacon, but that is hard to see. Another is just off the Thames Path at Wittenham Clumps | 459 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Native American bone chokers originally were made from bird legs. They were seldom used as just ornamentation. They were used as physical protection for the throat from a possible knife attack. The jugular vein is in the neck and is lethal if cut. They were also used in conjunction with physical protection as a spiritual protection for the voice. Because most birds are noted for the sounds they make or for their singing quality. The spirit of the bird could be invoked to protect the person’s voice from ailments, jealousy or fatigue.
There is also a cultural saying for men. It is said you become a man when you can speak your heart to the people – clearly and without fear – honor, bravery and victory are yours.
The bird was not always killed to make the chokers. Most often they were found after a predatory animal had already killed them or they had died a natural death. This was considered a good sign when found. Not only for the people who needed the chokers but for the bird, so its life would be of honor, value and service. In all instances every part of every animal was used. Nothing was thrown away. This is done out of respect for the sacrifice the animal made and to honor its life.
In some cases, the leg bone of a specific bird was needed. Prayers were made to the bird (usually an eagle, hawk or owl). The hunter would fast and pray sometimes for days on end. He would wait until the bird came to him. A typical story of this sort of thing, is the bird came to the hunter and landed right in from of him and sat without moving until the hunter took its life. They say that while the bird sits in front of the hunter. They converse with their hearts. The bird has to willingly and happily give its life for the purpose needed or the hunter will not kill it. Among the people, giving of life so that others may live is the ultimate ending to our existence on the earth.
Bone chokers made from the bones of birds legs were practical. They already had a hole through the center where the marrow was. They were already cylindrical and only a little smoothing and shaping was needed. The leg bones were cleaned and smoothed and shaped by boiling them until softened. Flint was used to trim any irregularities and a smooth stone was used to shine and smooth the surface. Beads were smaller bones, which had been sliced or cut.
These bones were sometimes colored with a variety of minerals; most common was red earth (vermillion). The red earth was mixed with fat and then rubbed repeatedly over the bone while the bone was still soft from boiling. To preserve the color they were regularly rubbed with fat to create a shiny coating. This also kept the bones from becoming brittle.
Real sinew from the leg of a deer or buffalo was used to thread the bones and beads. Deer or buffalo sinew was chosen because the strips of sinew were longer than other animals. Before needles a bone awl was used to punch holes in the hide spacers for threading the sinew.
Each bone choker had very special and personal meaning for the wearer. Many times they were dreamed prior to their making. It was seldom that the wearer would make their own choker. There were specific people in the tribe that did this. Many times they were assistants to a medicine person or a medicine person themselves. On the occasion that the wearer made their own choker it was usually because they dreamed it this way. Although, much help and assistance was given to the dreamer while making the choker. | <urn:uuid:339ba5a1-8c14-408a-9399-38560b9f4fbd> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://native-americans.com/native-american-bone-chokers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475806.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302084508-20240302114508-00453.warc.gz | en | 0.992382 | 731 | 3.34375 | 3 | [
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-0.06098... | 1 | Native American bone chokers originally were made from bird legs. They were seldom used as just ornamentation. They were used as physical protection for the throat from a possible knife attack. The jugular vein is in the neck and is lethal if cut. They were also used in conjunction with physical protection as a spiritual protection for the voice. Because most birds are noted for the sounds they make or for their singing quality. The spirit of the bird could be invoked to protect the person’s voice from ailments, jealousy or fatigue.
There is also a cultural saying for men. It is said you become a man when you can speak your heart to the people – clearly and without fear – honor, bravery and victory are yours.
The bird was not always killed to make the chokers. Most often they were found after a predatory animal had already killed them or they had died a natural death. This was considered a good sign when found. Not only for the people who needed the chokers but for the bird, so its life would be of honor, value and service. In all instances every part of every animal was used. Nothing was thrown away. This is done out of respect for the sacrifice the animal made and to honor its life.
In some cases, the leg bone of a specific bird was needed. Prayers were made to the bird (usually an eagle, hawk or owl). The hunter would fast and pray sometimes for days on end. He would wait until the bird came to him. A typical story of this sort of thing, is the bird came to the hunter and landed right in from of him and sat without moving until the hunter took its life. They say that while the bird sits in front of the hunter. They converse with their hearts. The bird has to willingly and happily give its life for the purpose needed or the hunter will not kill it. Among the people, giving of life so that others may live is the ultimate ending to our existence on the earth.
Bone chokers made from the bones of birds legs were practical. They already had a hole through the center where the marrow was. They were already cylindrical and only a little smoothing and shaping was needed. The leg bones were cleaned and smoothed and shaped by boiling them until softened. Flint was used to trim any irregularities and a smooth stone was used to shine and smooth the surface. Beads were smaller bones, which had been sliced or cut.
These bones were sometimes colored with a variety of minerals; most common was red earth (vermillion). The red earth was mixed with fat and then rubbed repeatedly over the bone while the bone was still soft from boiling. To preserve the color they were regularly rubbed with fat to create a shiny coating. This also kept the bones from becoming brittle.
Real sinew from the leg of a deer or buffalo was used to thread the bones and beads. Deer or buffalo sinew was chosen because the strips of sinew were longer than other animals. Before needles a bone awl was used to punch holes in the hide spacers for threading the sinew.
Each bone choker had very special and personal meaning for the wearer. Many times they were dreamed prior to their making. It was seldom that the wearer would make their own choker. There were specific people in the tribe that did this. Many times they were assistants to a medicine person or a medicine person themselves. On the occasion that the wearer made their own choker it was usually because they dreamed it this way. Although, much help and assistance was given to the dreamer while making the choker. | 716 | ENGLISH | 1 |
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Photo by Yogendra Singh on Pexels.com
Discover the untold tales of India’s past.
The Forgotten Women Warriors of India
India is a land of rich history and culture, with a legacy that spans thousands of years. From the Indus Valley Civilization to the Mughal Empire, India has seen the rise and fall of many great empires and dynasties. However, despite the many stories of valor and heroism that have been passed down through the ages, there are still many lesser-known tales that have been lost to time. One such story is that of the forgotten women warriors of India.
In a patriarchal society like India, women have traditionally been relegated to the role of homemakers and caregivers. However, there have been many women throughout history who have defied these gender norms and taken up arms to defend their land and people. These women warriors were often overlooked and forgotten, but their stories are no less inspiring than those of their male counterparts.
One such woman was Rani Lakshmibai, the queen of the princely state of Jhansi in the mid-19th century. When the British East India Company attempted to annex Jhansi after the death of the king, Rani Lakshmibai refused to surrender and instead led her army into battle. Despite being vastly outnumbered, she fought bravely and even managed to capture the British fort of Gwalior. However, she was eventually killed in battle, becoming a martyr for the Indian independence movement.
Another forgotten warrior was Uda Devi, a Rajput princess who lived in the 16th century. When her husband was killed in battle, Uda Devi took up arms and led her army into battle against the Mughal emperor Akbar. Despite being heavily outnumbered, she managed to hold off the Mughal forces for several months before finally being defeated. However, her bravery and determination inspired many others to take up arms against the Mughal Empire.
There were also many women who fought in the Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the First War of Indian Independence. One such woman was Begum Hazrat Mahal, the wife of the deposed Nawab of Awadh. When the British annexed Awadh and exiled her husband, Begum Hazrat Mahal took up arms and led a rebellion against the British. She managed to capture the city of Lucknow and declared herself the queen of Awadh. However, she was eventually forced to flee to Nepal, where she lived out the rest of her life in exile.
These are just a few examples of the many forgotten women warriors of India. Despite their bravery and heroism, their stories have often been overlooked and forgotten by history. However, in recent years, there has been a growing interest in uncovering these hidden histories and giving these women the recognition they deserve.
One such effort is the book “Warrior Queens: The Extraordinary Story of India’s Forgotten Women” by historian Dr. Mridula Mukherjee. The book tells the stories of 10 women warriors from different parts of India and different time periods, including Rani Lakshmibai, Uda Devi, and Begum Hazrat Mahal. Through their stories, Mukherjee sheds light on the often-overlooked role that women played in India’s history.
Another effort to bring these forgotten women to light is the “Women in Indian History” project, which aims to create a database of women who have made significant contributions to Indian history. The project includes women from all walks of life, including warriors, scholars, artists, and activists.
In conclusion, the forgotten women warriors of India are a testament to the strength and resilience of Indian women throughout history. Despite facing immense challenges and obstacles, these women refused to be silenced and fought for what they believed in. Their stories
The Untold Story of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
The Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny, is a significant event in Indian history. It was a rebellion against the British East India Company’s rule in India, which lasted from May 1857 to June 1858. The rebellion was led by Indian soldiers, known as sepoys, who were serving in the British Indian Army. The sepoys were joined by civilians, including peasants, artisans, and zamindars, who were unhappy with the British rule.
The rebellion began in Meerut, a town in Uttar Pradesh, on May 10, 1857. The sepoys of the 3rd Bengal Light Cavalry refused to use the new cartridges that were rumored to be greased with cow and pig fat. The sepoys believed that the cartridges were an attempt by the British to convert them to Christianity and defile their religion. The sepoys were court-martialed and sentenced to ten years of hard labor. This sparked a mutiny, and the sepoys revolted against their British officers.
The rebellion quickly spread to other parts of India, including Delhi, Lucknow, Kanpur, and Jhansi. The rebels captured Delhi on May 11, 1857, and declared Bahadur Shah Zafar, the last Mughal emperor, as the emperor of India. The British forces, led by General Colin Campbell, recaptured Delhi in September 1857, and Bahadur Shah Zafar was exiled to Rangoon, Burma.
The rebellion was marked by brutal violence on both sides. The rebels killed British officers, their families, and Indian Christians. The British retaliated by killing rebels and civilians, including women and children. The British also used cannons to destroy buildings and homes in rebel-held areas.
The rebellion was not just a military conflict but also a social and political one. The rebels were fighting for their rights and freedom from British rule. They wanted to restore the Mughal Empire and the traditional Indian way of life. The rebellion was also a protest against the British policy of annexation, which had led to the loss of Indian states and territories.
The rebellion had a significant impact on Indian history. It led to the end of the East India Company’s rule in India and the beginning of direct British rule. The rebellion also led to the British government’s decision to abolish the East India Company and transfer the administration of India to the British Crown. The rebellion also had a profound impact on Indian society and culture. It led to the rise of Indian nationalism and the Indian independence movement.
However, the rebellion’s legacy is complex and controversial. Some see it as a heroic struggle for freedom and independence, while others see it as a violent and futile attempt to restore a bygone era. The rebellion’s impact on Indian society and culture is also debated. Some see it as a catalyst for social and political change, while others see it as a setback for Indian progress and modernization.
In conclusion, the Indian Rebellion of 1857 is a significant event in Indian history that deserves more attention and study. It was a complex and multifaceted rebellion that had a profound impact on Indian society, culture, and politics. The rebellion’s legacy is still debated, but it remains an important part of India’s struggle for freedom and independence.
The Legacy of the Chola Dynasty: India’s Golden Age
India is a land of rich history and culture, with a legacy that spans thousands of years. While many of us are familiar with the stories of the Mughal Empire, the British Raj, and the struggle for independence, there are many lesser-known stories that are equally fascinating and important. In this article, we will take a deep dive into the legacy of the Chola Dynasty, which is often referred to as India’s Golden Age.
The Chola Dynasty was one of the longest-ruling dynasties in Indian history, with a reign that lasted from the 9th to the 13th century. They were known for their military prowess, their patronage of the arts, and their contributions to the fields of architecture, literature, and religion.
One of the most significant contributions of the Chola Dynasty was their maritime trade. They were one of the first Indian dynasties to establish a navy, which allowed them to expand their trade routes and establish diplomatic relations with other countries. They traded with countries as far away as China, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East, and their ships were known for their advanced technology and design.
The Chola Dynasty was also known for their patronage of the arts. They were great patrons of literature, and many of the greatest works of Tamil literature were written during their reign. They also commissioned many great works of architecture, including the Brihadeeswarar Temple in Thanjavur, which is considered one of the greatest architectural achievements of the Chola Dynasty.
Religion was also an important part of the Chola Dynasty’s legacy. They were great patrons of Hinduism, and many of the great Hindu temples in South India were built during their reign. They also supported the spread of Buddhism and Jainism, and many Buddhist and Jain temples were built during their reign as well.
The Chola Dynasty was also known for their military prowess. They were great conquerors, and their empire extended from the southern tip of India to parts of Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. They were known for their advanced military tactics and their use of elephants in battle.
Despite their military might, the Chola Dynasty was also known for their administrative skills. They established a highly efficient system of governance, with a complex hierarchy of officials and administrators. They also established a system of taxation that was fair and equitable, and they were known for their efforts to promote trade and commerce.
The legacy of the Chola Dynasty is still felt in India today. Their contributions to the fields of architecture, literature, and religion continue to inspire and influence people around the world. Their maritime trade and military conquests helped to establish India as a major player on the world stage, and their administrative skills helped to lay the foundation for modern Indian governance.
In conclusion, the Chola Dynasty is a fascinating and important part of Indian history that is often overlooked. Their legacy is a testament to the power of great leadership, and their contributions to the fields of art, literature, religion, and governance continue to inspire and influence people around the world. As we continue to explore the rich history and culture of India, let us not forget the legacy of the Chola Dynasty, which is truly India’s Golden Age. | <urn:uuid:37161e76-31f1-46b7-bf34-beba1703de50> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://punepost.in/a-deep-dive-into-the-lesser-known-stories-of-indian-history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474482.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224012912-20240224042912-00621.warc.gz | en | 0.982893 | 2,166 | 3.671875 | 4 | [
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0.198301687836647... | 1 | No products in the cart.
Photo by Yogendra Singh on Pexels.com
Discover the untold tales of India’s past.
The Forgotten Women Warriors of India
India is a land of rich history and culture, with a legacy that spans thousands of years. From the Indus Valley Civilization to the Mughal Empire, India has seen the rise and fall of many great empires and dynasties. However, despite the many stories of valor and heroism that have been passed down through the ages, there are still many lesser-known tales that have been lost to time. One such story is that of the forgotten women warriors of India.
In a patriarchal society like India, women have traditionally been relegated to the role of homemakers and caregivers. However, there have been many women throughout history who have defied these gender norms and taken up arms to defend their land and people. These women warriors were often overlooked and forgotten, but their stories are no less inspiring than those of their male counterparts.
One such woman was Rani Lakshmibai, the queen of the princely state of Jhansi in the mid-19th century. When the British East India Company attempted to annex Jhansi after the death of the king, Rani Lakshmibai refused to surrender and instead led her army into battle. Despite being vastly outnumbered, she fought bravely and even managed to capture the British fort of Gwalior. However, she was eventually killed in battle, becoming a martyr for the Indian independence movement.
Another forgotten warrior was Uda Devi, a Rajput princess who lived in the 16th century. When her husband was killed in battle, Uda Devi took up arms and led her army into battle against the Mughal emperor Akbar. Despite being heavily outnumbered, she managed to hold off the Mughal forces for several months before finally being defeated. However, her bravery and determination inspired many others to take up arms against the Mughal Empire.
There were also many women who fought in the Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the First War of Indian Independence. One such woman was Begum Hazrat Mahal, the wife of the deposed Nawab of Awadh. When the British annexed Awadh and exiled her husband, Begum Hazrat Mahal took up arms and led a rebellion against the British. She managed to capture the city of Lucknow and declared herself the queen of Awadh. However, she was eventually forced to flee to Nepal, where she lived out the rest of her life in exile.
These are just a few examples of the many forgotten women warriors of India. Despite their bravery and heroism, their stories have often been overlooked and forgotten by history. However, in recent years, there has been a growing interest in uncovering these hidden histories and giving these women the recognition they deserve.
One such effort is the book “Warrior Queens: The Extraordinary Story of India’s Forgotten Women” by historian Dr. Mridula Mukherjee. The book tells the stories of 10 women warriors from different parts of India and different time periods, including Rani Lakshmibai, Uda Devi, and Begum Hazrat Mahal. Through their stories, Mukherjee sheds light on the often-overlooked role that women played in India’s history.
Another effort to bring these forgotten women to light is the “Women in Indian History” project, which aims to create a database of women who have made significant contributions to Indian history. The project includes women from all walks of life, including warriors, scholars, artists, and activists.
In conclusion, the forgotten women warriors of India are a testament to the strength and resilience of Indian women throughout history. Despite facing immense challenges and obstacles, these women refused to be silenced and fought for what they believed in. Their stories
The Untold Story of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
The Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny, is a significant event in Indian history. It was a rebellion against the British East India Company’s rule in India, which lasted from May 1857 to June 1858. The rebellion was led by Indian soldiers, known as sepoys, who were serving in the British Indian Army. The sepoys were joined by civilians, including peasants, artisans, and zamindars, who were unhappy with the British rule.
The rebellion began in Meerut, a town in Uttar Pradesh, on May 10, 1857. The sepoys of the 3rd Bengal Light Cavalry refused to use the new cartridges that were rumored to be greased with cow and pig fat. The sepoys believed that the cartridges were an attempt by the British to convert them to Christianity and defile their religion. The sepoys were court-martialed and sentenced to ten years of hard labor. This sparked a mutiny, and the sepoys revolted against their British officers.
The rebellion quickly spread to other parts of India, including Delhi, Lucknow, Kanpur, and Jhansi. The rebels captured Delhi on May 11, 1857, and declared Bahadur Shah Zafar, the last Mughal emperor, as the emperor of India. The British forces, led by General Colin Campbell, recaptured Delhi in September 1857, and Bahadur Shah Zafar was exiled to Rangoon, Burma.
The rebellion was marked by brutal violence on both sides. The rebels killed British officers, their families, and Indian Christians. The British retaliated by killing rebels and civilians, including women and children. The British also used cannons to destroy buildings and homes in rebel-held areas.
The rebellion was not just a military conflict but also a social and political one. The rebels were fighting for their rights and freedom from British rule. They wanted to restore the Mughal Empire and the traditional Indian way of life. The rebellion was also a protest against the British policy of annexation, which had led to the loss of Indian states and territories.
The rebellion had a significant impact on Indian history. It led to the end of the East India Company’s rule in India and the beginning of direct British rule. The rebellion also led to the British government’s decision to abolish the East India Company and transfer the administration of India to the British Crown. The rebellion also had a profound impact on Indian society and culture. It led to the rise of Indian nationalism and the Indian independence movement.
However, the rebellion’s legacy is complex and controversial. Some see it as a heroic struggle for freedom and independence, while others see it as a violent and futile attempt to restore a bygone era. The rebellion’s impact on Indian society and culture is also debated. Some see it as a catalyst for social and political change, while others see it as a setback for Indian progress and modernization.
In conclusion, the Indian Rebellion of 1857 is a significant event in Indian history that deserves more attention and study. It was a complex and multifaceted rebellion that had a profound impact on Indian society, culture, and politics. The rebellion’s legacy is still debated, but it remains an important part of India’s struggle for freedom and independence.
The Legacy of the Chola Dynasty: India’s Golden Age
India is a land of rich history and culture, with a legacy that spans thousands of years. While many of us are familiar with the stories of the Mughal Empire, the British Raj, and the struggle for independence, there are many lesser-known stories that are equally fascinating and important. In this article, we will take a deep dive into the legacy of the Chola Dynasty, which is often referred to as India’s Golden Age.
The Chola Dynasty was one of the longest-ruling dynasties in Indian history, with a reign that lasted from the 9th to the 13th century. They were known for their military prowess, their patronage of the arts, and their contributions to the fields of architecture, literature, and religion.
One of the most significant contributions of the Chola Dynasty was their maritime trade. They were one of the first Indian dynasties to establish a navy, which allowed them to expand their trade routes and establish diplomatic relations with other countries. They traded with countries as far away as China, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East, and their ships were known for their advanced technology and design.
The Chola Dynasty was also known for their patronage of the arts. They were great patrons of literature, and many of the greatest works of Tamil literature were written during their reign. They also commissioned many great works of architecture, including the Brihadeeswarar Temple in Thanjavur, which is considered one of the greatest architectural achievements of the Chola Dynasty.
Religion was also an important part of the Chola Dynasty’s legacy. They were great patrons of Hinduism, and many of the great Hindu temples in South India were built during their reign. They also supported the spread of Buddhism and Jainism, and many Buddhist and Jain temples were built during their reign as well.
The Chola Dynasty was also known for their military prowess. They were great conquerors, and their empire extended from the southern tip of India to parts of Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. They were known for their advanced military tactics and their use of elephants in battle.
Despite their military might, the Chola Dynasty was also known for their administrative skills. They established a highly efficient system of governance, with a complex hierarchy of officials and administrators. They also established a system of taxation that was fair and equitable, and they were known for their efforts to promote trade and commerce.
The legacy of the Chola Dynasty is still felt in India today. Their contributions to the fields of architecture, literature, and religion continue to inspire and influence people around the world. Their maritime trade and military conquests helped to establish India as a major player on the world stage, and their administrative skills helped to lay the foundation for modern Indian governance.
In conclusion, the Chola Dynasty is a fascinating and important part of Indian history that is often overlooked. Their legacy is a testament to the power of great leadership, and their contributions to the fields of art, literature, religion, and governance continue to inspire and influence people around the world. As we continue to explore the rich history and culture of India, let us not forget the legacy of the Chola Dynasty, which is truly India’s Golden Age. | 2,154 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The conclusion of the eighteenth century and the dawn of the nineteenth was a time of great growth of industry in America. There were many positives of this growth, and many negatives. One positive were that everybody has more luxuries; another positive was that a lot of money came into the US. There were many severe negatives of the new growth of industry. Two of these were horrible factory conditions, and child labor. The first positive was that every American can afford more luxuries. This is because, as Andrew Carnegie in Document 1 put it, “Today the world obtains goods of excellent quality at prices which even the last generation would have thought unbelievable.” The effect of this was that poor people …show more content…
As stated in documents 4, “The men call this the death trap, said my guide, as we stood in the edge of the building; They wipe a man out of there every little while.” Or in document 8, “If a man escapes the gas, the floods the squeezes of falling rock ,the cars shooting through little tunnels, the dangerous elevators, the hundred perils, there usually comes to him an attack of miners asthma that slowly racks and shakes him into the grave. Meanwhile he gets three dollars a day.” An other negative was child labor. Millions of children were employed in dangerous conditions for very little pay. As you can see in document 5 ,little children were climbing on machinery and could have been injured. Children were hired because they could fit into smaller spaces and typically demanded less pay. The negatives of industrial growth were horrifying and would eventually be remedied by labor unions. To sum up, the era of industrial growth was a period of many highs and lows, positive and negative developments. The positives are more luxuries and a lot of money into the US. The negatives were horrible and dangerous factory conditions and child labor. The era was one of controversial growth and
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The industry owners got children to work for them because the owners didn’t have to pay them as much money like how they have to pay adult workers a lot more money compared to the children. Weren’t able to go to school like we can today because they had to go to work everyday instead of learning. The child labor problem decreased from the 18.1 in the 1890s to 11.3 in the 1920s. In 1938 congress passed a law called Fair Labor Standards to get rid of child labor in our country. During the Progressive movement our state legislatures were corrupt and only had the rich being able to be chosen to be our state senators not the People.
Late 19th Century and early 20th Century expansionism was a clear continuation of earlier 19th century Manifest Destiny displaying the ideals of God and westward expansion, and the use of aggression. Manifest Destiny was the God-Given right for the American people to expand westward. Once we did expand to our full country today of America, our expansion was not done. It was time for America to expand out of its contiguous region and become an imperialist nation. Leaders like Josiah Strong, believed it was the God-Given right to spread the Anglo-Saxon culture, and Beveridge, believed we needed to expand our markets and for more opportunities.
Not only the meat packing industry, the overall factory environment in the early 1900s was depressing. Child labor was common. As Jame Adams observed in 1909, “thousands of the city youth will enter factory life at an early age as early as the state law will permit” (Doc. C). Implying her dissatisfaction toward the state action, she had pointed out one national issue for people to consider―child labor.
There were some positives; for instance, children were allowed to receive proper education and the adults having enough money to put food on the table. However, that wouldn't change the fact that the Industrial Revolution was full of self-interested factory owners. Which meant that the factory owners only cared about their lives better.
As the rate of industrialization in America grew during the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries, child labor became more and more common. The rapid growth of the economy and the vast amounts of poor immigrants during the Industrial Age in America justified the work of children as young as the age of three. By 1900, over two million children were employed. However, the risks of involving child labor greatly outweighed the positives; child labor was inhumane, cruel, and caused physical deformities among children. Children typically worked in coal mines, mills, and factories which contained many life-threatening hazards.
In both the early and late 19th century there were a lot of things that contributed to the growth of America. Economically, during this point in time there was extreme growth. Up to the end of the Civil war, the way people went about life was about to change even more than what has already changed in the last fifty years. Post-Civil war, over 4 million slaves were freed. They migrated and assimilated towards the pacific coast and towards northern states.
Perhaps, one of the greatest negatives is the fact that railroads were owned by Big Businessman who had a say in everything. For example in Document B it is shown that an owner of a railroad company has complete control of their industry and could affect many people’s lives. As Document B states, He alone “can control legislative bodies, dictate legislation, subsidize the press and corrupt the moral sense of the communities.” People like this did not have positive impact on their community. It was their way or the highway, no if and, or
The release of harmful gases into the air from factories pollutes the world 's air, doing harm to the environment, further leading to global warming. Then, though it did boost many job opportunities, the living condition of the workers during the industrialization were poor. Company towns owned by business were rented out to employees. The owners forced them to live in isolated communities near workshops and forced them to buy goods with high interests. The cities were poorly constructed and crowded with people and residents.
Conditions were hazardous and grueling. They worked long hours for little pay. Most of them could not read or write and they could not attend school because they needed to work. They suffered from malnutrition and exhaustion. They were innocent children that were locked up in factories, like they had committed a crime.
Child labor during the 18th and 19th century did not only rapidly develop an industrial revolution, but it also created a situation of difficulty and abuse by depriving children of edjucation, good physical health, and the proper emotional wellness and stability. In the late 1700 's and early 1800 's, power-driven machines replaced hand labor for making most manufactured items. Many of America 's factories needed a numerous amount of workers for a cheap salary. Because of this, the amount of child laborers have been growing rapidly over the early 1800s.
The Industrial Revolution was a horrific time in the 1700s by the fact that it caused bad pollution and children would be worn out at the end of their work day. The greatest aspect of industrialization was that the kids and adults had good surroundings. “Of these there are 500 children who are entirely fed, clothed, and educated by Mr.Dale” (Document 6). The quote is evidence that shows the kids were well cared for.
Paragraph 1: Industrialization really took of in the United States during the late 1800s and the early 1900s. Before then, America 's population had mostly lived out in the farms and ranches of the country, but that was about to change when more and more people started to move to the cities for work. Most of the people that moved, found themselves in factory jobs for the steel industry or alike, or working for the railroads. Companies could really thrive, as the United States government, adopted a policy of Laissez Faire. This is also about the time that immigration really kicked up, more and more immigrants were showing at Ellis Island, looking for a new start.
The American Industrialization was in the late 1800’s making many things to improve the economy. The American Industrialization was caused by multiple factors, some of the factors included a growing population, a willing work force, high tariffs, among many more. These effects made people willing to work at lower wages so they can get jobs and buy American made goods. There were many outcomes of the Industrial Revolution, both positive, like improving people's lives, and negative effects, like exploitation of workers. The positive effects of American Industrialization is how it make work cheaper, employed thousands of workers, and improving people’s lives.
The industrial revolution created an age of wonder for the rich but also created a nightmare for the workers powering the industrial revolution. The period of rapid industrial growth during the 1800s and into the early 1900s was more harmful because of poor working conditions, violent labor disputes and poor regulations at factories. The businessmen of the industrial revolution created poor working conditions for men and women just | <urn:uuid:cd1e321e-7d34-4c4d-99a0-ddd467570b0c> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.ipl.org/essay/18th-Century-Dbq-Analysis-FJACPF9JDAM | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474445.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223185223-20240223215223-00194.warc.gz | en | 0.985531 | 1,864 | 3.359375 | 3 | [
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... | 1 | The conclusion of the eighteenth century and the dawn of the nineteenth was a time of great growth of industry in America. There were many positives of this growth, and many negatives. One positive were that everybody has more luxuries; another positive was that a lot of money came into the US. There were many severe negatives of the new growth of industry. Two of these were horrible factory conditions, and child labor. The first positive was that every American can afford more luxuries. This is because, as Andrew Carnegie in Document 1 put it, “Today the world obtains goods of excellent quality at prices which even the last generation would have thought unbelievable.” The effect of this was that poor people …show more content…
As stated in documents 4, “The men call this the death trap, said my guide, as we stood in the edge of the building; They wipe a man out of there every little while.” Or in document 8, “If a man escapes the gas, the floods the squeezes of falling rock ,the cars shooting through little tunnels, the dangerous elevators, the hundred perils, there usually comes to him an attack of miners asthma that slowly racks and shakes him into the grave. Meanwhile he gets three dollars a day.” An other negative was child labor. Millions of children were employed in dangerous conditions for very little pay. As you can see in document 5 ,little children were climbing on machinery and could have been injured. Children were hired because they could fit into smaller spaces and typically demanded less pay. The negatives of industrial growth were horrifying and would eventually be remedied by labor unions. To sum up, the era of industrial growth was a period of many highs and lows, positive and negative developments. The positives are more luxuries and a lot of money into the US. The negatives were horrible and dangerous factory conditions and child labor. The era was one of controversial growth and
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The industry owners got children to work for them because the owners didn’t have to pay them as much money like how they have to pay adult workers a lot more money compared to the children. Weren’t able to go to school like we can today because they had to go to work everyday instead of learning. The child labor problem decreased from the 18.1 in the 1890s to 11.3 in the 1920s. In 1938 congress passed a law called Fair Labor Standards to get rid of child labor in our country. During the Progressive movement our state legislatures were corrupt and only had the rich being able to be chosen to be our state senators not the People.
Late 19th Century and early 20th Century expansionism was a clear continuation of earlier 19th century Manifest Destiny displaying the ideals of God and westward expansion, and the use of aggression. Manifest Destiny was the God-Given right for the American people to expand westward. Once we did expand to our full country today of America, our expansion was not done. It was time for America to expand out of its contiguous region and become an imperialist nation. Leaders like Josiah Strong, believed it was the God-Given right to spread the Anglo-Saxon culture, and Beveridge, believed we needed to expand our markets and for more opportunities.
Not only the meat packing industry, the overall factory environment in the early 1900s was depressing. Child labor was common. As Jame Adams observed in 1909, “thousands of the city youth will enter factory life at an early age as early as the state law will permit” (Doc. C). Implying her dissatisfaction toward the state action, she had pointed out one national issue for people to consider―child labor.
There were some positives; for instance, children were allowed to receive proper education and the adults having enough money to put food on the table. However, that wouldn't change the fact that the Industrial Revolution was full of self-interested factory owners. Which meant that the factory owners only cared about their lives better.
As the rate of industrialization in America grew during the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries, child labor became more and more common. The rapid growth of the economy and the vast amounts of poor immigrants during the Industrial Age in America justified the work of children as young as the age of three. By 1900, over two million children were employed. However, the risks of involving child labor greatly outweighed the positives; child labor was inhumane, cruel, and caused physical deformities among children. Children typically worked in coal mines, mills, and factories which contained many life-threatening hazards.
In both the early and late 19th century there were a lot of things that contributed to the growth of America. Economically, during this point in time there was extreme growth. Up to the end of the Civil war, the way people went about life was about to change even more than what has already changed in the last fifty years. Post-Civil war, over 4 million slaves were freed. They migrated and assimilated towards the pacific coast and towards northern states.
Perhaps, one of the greatest negatives is the fact that railroads were owned by Big Businessman who had a say in everything. For example in Document B it is shown that an owner of a railroad company has complete control of their industry and could affect many people’s lives. As Document B states, He alone “can control legislative bodies, dictate legislation, subsidize the press and corrupt the moral sense of the communities.” People like this did not have positive impact on their community. It was their way or the highway, no if and, or
The release of harmful gases into the air from factories pollutes the world 's air, doing harm to the environment, further leading to global warming. Then, though it did boost many job opportunities, the living condition of the workers during the industrialization were poor. Company towns owned by business were rented out to employees. The owners forced them to live in isolated communities near workshops and forced them to buy goods with high interests. The cities were poorly constructed and crowded with people and residents.
Conditions were hazardous and grueling. They worked long hours for little pay. Most of them could not read or write and they could not attend school because they needed to work. They suffered from malnutrition and exhaustion. They were innocent children that were locked up in factories, like they had committed a crime.
Child labor during the 18th and 19th century did not only rapidly develop an industrial revolution, but it also created a situation of difficulty and abuse by depriving children of edjucation, good physical health, and the proper emotional wellness and stability. In the late 1700 's and early 1800 's, power-driven machines replaced hand labor for making most manufactured items. Many of America 's factories needed a numerous amount of workers for a cheap salary. Because of this, the amount of child laborers have been growing rapidly over the early 1800s.
The Industrial Revolution was a horrific time in the 1700s by the fact that it caused bad pollution and children would be worn out at the end of their work day. The greatest aspect of industrialization was that the kids and adults had good surroundings. “Of these there are 500 children who are entirely fed, clothed, and educated by Mr.Dale” (Document 6). The quote is evidence that shows the kids were well cared for.
Paragraph 1: Industrialization really took of in the United States during the late 1800s and the early 1900s. Before then, America 's population had mostly lived out in the farms and ranches of the country, but that was about to change when more and more people started to move to the cities for work. Most of the people that moved, found themselves in factory jobs for the steel industry or alike, or working for the railroads. Companies could really thrive, as the United States government, adopted a policy of Laissez Faire. This is also about the time that immigration really kicked up, more and more immigrants were showing at Ellis Island, looking for a new start.
The American Industrialization was in the late 1800’s making many things to improve the economy. The American Industrialization was caused by multiple factors, some of the factors included a growing population, a willing work force, high tariffs, among many more. These effects made people willing to work at lower wages so they can get jobs and buy American made goods. There were many outcomes of the Industrial Revolution, both positive, like improving people's lives, and negative effects, like exploitation of workers. The positive effects of American Industrialization is how it make work cheaper, employed thousands of workers, and improving people’s lives.
The industrial revolution created an age of wonder for the rich but also created a nightmare for the workers powering the industrial revolution. The period of rapid industrial growth during the 1800s and into the early 1900s was more harmful because of poor working conditions, violent labor disputes and poor regulations at factories. The businessmen of the industrial revolution created poor working conditions for men and women just | 1,909 | ENGLISH | 1 |
North & South
There was an invention that changed life in both the North and the South, but in very different ways. Whitney a Northerner living in the South had already noticed differences between the two areas, so it was not a surprise to him. Northerners and Southerners were both American Citizens sharing an aggressive pride in their country. These two areas were both very different in their economies, societies, and transportation systems.
Geography in the North had a wide variety of climates, from Maine to Iowa. All the states in the North experienced four distinct seasons. The New England coast has hundreds of bays and coves that are great for use as harbors. Boston became busy seaports because of fishing and ship building. The North goes from freezing winters to hot summers. Unlike the North, the South states go through mild winters and very long humid summers. The South is a great place for raising warm weather crops. Because it rains a lot there resulting in a long growing season. …show more content…
Southerners worked on their own little farms, but plantation owners used slaves to help grow cash crops. Such as tobacco, rice, sugarcane, and indigo. During the early 1790s the use of slaves had started to reduce, Europeans were unhappy with the high prices of tobacco and rice. Farmers in the South wanted to expand the amount of land and slaves, so they started looking for fresh fertile soil. In 1850 cotton plantations had stretched from the Atlantic coast to Texas. The number of slaves in the South went up from 500,000 to more than three million. In the North types of machines were causing change, this was the idea behind the Industrial Revolution. Francis Cabot Lowell was the one that brought the machines to the North. Using them to spin cotton into thread and weave the thread into cloth. This was the invention that made goods cheaper and more
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The southern states included Maryland, Virginia, Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina. These colonies were part of the original 13 that settled in the Americas. The geography included coastal plains, hilly areas and lots of forests. In addition too, the colonies were bordering the Atlantic Ocean. This allowed for two things, a food source (fish) and it also allowed implement mercantilism to happen such as trading with Europe and gaining a profit or trading in the triangular trade.
The United States was divided into two sections: the North and the South. The differences between these two regions were so profound that they eventually led to conflict and war. One key factor contributing to sectionalism was economic differences. The North was largely industrialized, while the South relied heavily on agriculture, particularly cotton production. This resulted in starkly different priorities for each region: the North prioritized tariffs and other policies that would protect their industries, while the South demanded free trade so that they could continue exporting their agricultural products.
There were many differences between the North and the South. For instance, the South were very agricultural as opposed to the North which were industrial. The South used cheap labor in the form of slaves, whereas the North had workers do their jobs in factories at a faster pace. Because of sectionalism, competition between the north and the south began to increase.
These different types of soils either astounds or have no effect to a colonies economic success. In the south the soil was very rich and led to the growth of the plantation systems. The plantation system allowed the south to produce large amounts of cash crops. The south produced crops such as tobacco, rice and indigo.
The Union was victorious in the American Civil War, this had altered the course of history for Americans in the residing in the North and South. The Reconstruction era had lasting effects throughout the two regions as it attempted to discuss the inequities of slavery in the South but also reunited the seceded states. Within the historical timeline, between 1865 through 1898, the differences in political, social, and economic legacies of the North and South is apparent. However, similarities are observed in the migration of oppressed groups during the development of the West. This was possible because of railroad expansion in the North and after the war, the railroad was rapidly expanding in the South and westbound.
It was 4:30 on April 12, 1861 when Confederate forces surrounded the Union base, Fort Sumter, and opened fire. Little did the Confederates know this would lead to a long and bloody war against the Union. What caused the war to occur? It certainly wasn’t only Fort Sumter, but it was many events that continually made the north and south separate more and more. One cause would be the Lincoln-Douglas debates.
The Southern Colonies had a mainly agriculture economy. There was good farmland in the South and there were a lot of plantations. The three main cash crops of the Southern Colonies were rice, indigo and tobacco. These generated lots of money and the slaves were necessary to it being successful. Farmers had their crops shipped downstream to the coast where it was directly sent to England.
Even though by the end of the Civil War each side had lost thousands of their men, and much of their morale, both the Union and the Confederate States of America had advantages through the beginning years of the war. The North had many advantages over the South. For one, the North had more dominance over the CSA in relation to the available resources for war. Because most factories were located inside the remaining states of the Union, the North could manufacture and produce their own supplies for war while the South was less privileged in this sense.
The Civil War is characterized as the bloodiest war in American History. From 1861 to 1865, the North and South fought over several of disagreements and encounters. The Civil War caused hundreds and thousands of men to lose their life, about 620,000 soldiers had died. The Civil War was fought in Pennsylvania, Texas, New Mexico, and Florida. Civil War began because the North wanted to abolish slavery, the South seceded from the Union, and the North overpowered the South.
As all these advancements and developments increased the economy in the North, the South’s advancements only made it more dependent upon slavery. As the South had the slaves in which they did not have labor costs, the South felt that they did not need these new improvements. Which in the end, the North won the Civil War. But as these new inventions along with other inventions such as steam engines, sewing machines, and the telegraph, the North and South’s lives were going to change forever, but that is another
They have many diffrsesz.new england has rocky soil and the souther has rich soil.new england has very cold winters and southern has mild winters. New england has not many slaves and southern has so many slaves. They have many similarities and | <urn:uuid:b9c6dab7-6d6e-4e83-ad96-cf6a980f3dde> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.ipl.org/essay/The-Similarities-Between-The-Economies-Of-The-77FDE40A6EC0CC8F | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474440.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223153350-20240223183350-00133.warc.gz | en | 0.984665 | 1,404 | 3.765625 | 4 | [
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-0.03847352042794... | 1 | North & South
There was an invention that changed life in both the North and the South, but in very different ways. Whitney a Northerner living in the South had already noticed differences between the two areas, so it was not a surprise to him. Northerners and Southerners were both American Citizens sharing an aggressive pride in their country. These two areas were both very different in their economies, societies, and transportation systems.
Geography in the North had a wide variety of climates, from Maine to Iowa. All the states in the North experienced four distinct seasons. The New England coast has hundreds of bays and coves that are great for use as harbors. Boston became busy seaports because of fishing and ship building. The North goes from freezing winters to hot summers. Unlike the North, the South states go through mild winters and very long humid summers. The South is a great place for raising warm weather crops. Because it rains a lot there resulting in a long growing season. …show more content…
Southerners worked on their own little farms, but plantation owners used slaves to help grow cash crops. Such as tobacco, rice, sugarcane, and indigo. During the early 1790s the use of slaves had started to reduce, Europeans were unhappy with the high prices of tobacco and rice. Farmers in the South wanted to expand the amount of land and slaves, so they started looking for fresh fertile soil. In 1850 cotton plantations had stretched from the Atlantic coast to Texas. The number of slaves in the South went up from 500,000 to more than three million. In the North types of machines were causing change, this was the idea behind the Industrial Revolution. Francis Cabot Lowell was the one that brought the machines to the North. Using them to spin cotton into thread and weave the thread into cloth. This was the invention that made goods cheaper and more
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The southern states included Maryland, Virginia, Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina. These colonies were part of the original 13 that settled in the Americas. The geography included coastal plains, hilly areas and lots of forests. In addition too, the colonies were bordering the Atlantic Ocean. This allowed for two things, a food source (fish) and it also allowed implement mercantilism to happen such as trading with Europe and gaining a profit or trading in the triangular trade.
The United States was divided into two sections: the North and the South. The differences between these two regions were so profound that they eventually led to conflict and war. One key factor contributing to sectionalism was economic differences. The North was largely industrialized, while the South relied heavily on agriculture, particularly cotton production. This resulted in starkly different priorities for each region: the North prioritized tariffs and other policies that would protect their industries, while the South demanded free trade so that they could continue exporting their agricultural products.
There were many differences between the North and the South. For instance, the South were very agricultural as opposed to the North which were industrial. The South used cheap labor in the form of slaves, whereas the North had workers do their jobs in factories at a faster pace. Because of sectionalism, competition between the north and the south began to increase.
These different types of soils either astounds or have no effect to a colonies economic success. In the south the soil was very rich and led to the growth of the plantation systems. The plantation system allowed the south to produce large amounts of cash crops. The south produced crops such as tobacco, rice and indigo.
The Union was victorious in the American Civil War, this had altered the course of history for Americans in the residing in the North and South. The Reconstruction era had lasting effects throughout the two regions as it attempted to discuss the inequities of slavery in the South but also reunited the seceded states. Within the historical timeline, between 1865 through 1898, the differences in political, social, and economic legacies of the North and South is apparent. However, similarities are observed in the migration of oppressed groups during the development of the West. This was possible because of railroad expansion in the North and after the war, the railroad was rapidly expanding in the South and westbound.
It was 4:30 on April 12, 1861 when Confederate forces surrounded the Union base, Fort Sumter, and opened fire. Little did the Confederates know this would lead to a long and bloody war against the Union. What caused the war to occur? It certainly wasn’t only Fort Sumter, but it was many events that continually made the north and south separate more and more. One cause would be the Lincoln-Douglas debates.
The Southern Colonies had a mainly agriculture economy. There was good farmland in the South and there were a lot of plantations. The three main cash crops of the Southern Colonies were rice, indigo and tobacco. These generated lots of money and the slaves were necessary to it being successful. Farmers had their crops shipped downstream to the coast where it was directly sent to England.
Even though by the end of the Civil War each side had lost thousands of their men, and much of their morale, both the Union and the Confederate States of America had advantages through the beginning years of the war. The North had many advantages over the South. For one, the North had more dominance over the CSA in relation to the available resources for war. Because most factories were located inside the remaining states of the Union, the North could manufacture and produce their own supplies for war while the South was less privileged in this sense.
The Civil War is characterized as the bloodiest war in American History. From 1861 to 1865, the North and South fought over several of disagreements and encounters. The Civil War caused hundreds and thousands of men to lose their life, about 620,000 soldiers had died. The Civil War was fought in Pennsylvania, Texas, New Mexico, and Florida. Civil War began because the North wanted to abolish slavery, the South seceded from the Union, and the North overpowered the South.
As all these advancements and developments increased the economy in the North, the South’s advancements only made it more dependent upon slavery. As the South had the slaves in which they did not have labor costs, the South felt that they did not need these new improvements. Which in the end, the North won the Civil War. But as these new inventions along with other inventions such as steam engines, sewing machines, and the telegraph, the North and South’s lives were going to change forever, but that is another
They have many diffrsesz.new england has rocky soil and the souther has rich soil.new england has very cold winters and southern has mild winters. New england has not many slaves and southern has so many slaves. They have many similarities and | 1,432 | ENGLISH | 1 |
John Bunyan, author of The Pilgrim’s Progress and undoubtedly the most famous of all Puritans, was born on November 28, 1628 in Bedfordshire, England. His father was a brazier (a brass worker) and it was intention that his son would take over the family business. But in 1644, when he was 16, both his mother and sister passed away. Within two months his father remarried, and Bunyan soon left to join the Parliamentary Army.
After two and a half years in the army, Bunyan returned home to take up the work of a tinker (an itinerant metalworker). Before long he was married, and his new wife brought into the relationship two books God used to convict him of his sin: The Plain Man’s Pathway to Heaven by Arthur Dent and The Practice of Piety by Lewis Bayly. Bunyan stopped his swearing, which must have been a particular vice of his, and took up regular attendance at a church.
Through the influence of some godly women in the church, the preaching of pastor John Gifford, and the writing of Martin Luther (especially his commentary on Galatians), Bunyan came to a real and saving knowledge of Jesus Christ and was baptized in 1653.
Before long Bunyan began preaching in small circles and discovered his gift for teaching. Soon he was formally appointed as a lay preacher and began preaching more regularly. Around the same time he published his first work, Some Gospel Truths Opened, written in opposition to the teaching of the Quakers, and thus began what would become his most fruitful and enduring ministry: writing books.
His first wife passed away in 1655 leaving him four children, the oldest of whom, Mary, was blind from birth. Bunyan married again in 1659 to Elizabeth who would bear him two more children.
Bunyan was arrested in 1660 for preaching without a license. As the story goes, when told that he would be freed if he stopped preaching, he responded, “If I am freed today, I will preach tomorrow.” Bunyan would spend the next twelve and a half years behind bars for this conviction, supporting his family by making countless shoelaces for them to sell.
After his release from jail in 1672, Bunyan became pastor of the nonconformist congregation of Bedford from which he staged a wider ministry throughout England. During this time he earned the playful title “Bishop Bunyan.” During another brief stint in jail in 1675 Bunyan wrote his most remembered title, The Pilgrim’s Progress, which he then published in 1678.
In 1688, while in London on a preaching trip, Bunyan was overtaken with fever and died on August 31. He was 59.
Perhaps the most remarkable thing about John Bunyan was his unusual ability to preach and teach. It is recorded that King Charles II once asked John Owen why he listened to Bunyan, an uneducated tinker, to which Owen replied, “Could I possess the tinker’s abilities for preaching, please your Majesty, I would gladly relinquish all my learning.”
However, his abilities were not limited to the spoken word, but instead were perhaps all the more effective in what he wrote. J. I. Packer notes that over the course of his 30 year writing career Bunyan published a total of 60 works, and he adds, “they are all worth reading still,” though none of them are as accessible as The Pilgrim’s Progress.
The incredible success of The Pilgrim’s Progress is a testimony to Bunyan’s ability to teach, in this case through an allegorical narrative. Beeke & Pederson observe that, as some scholars have asserted, “with the exception of the Bible and perhaps Thomas a Kempis’s The Imitation of Christ, this Bunyan classic has sold more copies than any other book ever written.”
Most Important Works
Obviously his most important work, and the one every Christian should at least try to read, is The Pilgrim’s Progress. In Meet the Puritans Beeke and Pederson say it is “The best of Bunyan and a perfect pictorial index to the Puritan understanding of the Christian life.”
Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners – “An indispensable source for Bunyan’s early life and conversion, this autobiographical classic chronicles his life from infancy to his imprisonment in 1660.”
The Holy War – Another allegory by Bunyan, considered second only in quality to The Pilgrim’s Progress. It “is more difficult to read but is also more profound in places … because it involves several levels of allegory.” | <urn:uuid:84e2d814-c162-429a-b4ed-38152f8023f0> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.challies.com/puritans/the-puritans-john-bunyan/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00858.warc.gz | en | 0.985491 | 988 | 3.546875 | 4 | [
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0.235549449920... | 1 | John Bunyan, author of The Pilgrim’s Progress and undoubtedly the most famous of all Puritans, was born on November 28, 1628 in Bedfordshire, England. His father was a brazier (a brass worker) and it was intention that his son would take over the family business. But in 1644, when he was 16, both his mother and sister passed away. Within two months his father remarried, and Bunyan soon left to join the Parliamentary Army.
After two and a half years in the army, Bunyan returned home to take up the work of a tinker (an itinerant metalworker). Before long he was married, and his new wife brought into the relationship two books God used to convict him of his sin: The Plain Man’s Pathway to Heaven by Arthur Dent and The Practice of Piety by Lewis Bayly. Bunyan stopped his swearing, which must have been a particular vice of his, and took up regular attendance at a church.
Through the influence of some godly women in the church, the preaching of pastor John Gifford, and the writing of Martin Luther (especially his commentary on Galatians), Bunyan came to a real and saving knowledge of Jesus Christ and was baptized in 1653.
Before long Bunyan began preaching in small circles and discovered his gift for teaching. Soon he was formally appointed as a lay preacher and began preaching more regularly. Around the same time he published his first work, Some Gospel Truths Opened, written in opposition to the teaching of the Quakers, and thus began what would become his most fruitful and enduring ministry: writing books.
His first wife passed away in 1655 leaving him four children, the oldest of whom, Mary, was blind from birth. Bunyan married again in 1659 to Elizabeth who would bear him two more children.
Bunyan was arrested in 1660 for preaching without a license. As the story goes, when told that he would be freed if he stopped preaching, he responded, “If I am freed today, I will preach tomorrow.” Bunyan would spend the next twelve and a half years behind bars for this conviction, supporting his family by making countless shoelaces for them to sell.
After his release from jail in 1672, Bunyan became pastor of the nonconformist congregation of Bedford from which he staged a wider ministry throughout England. During this time he earned the playful title “Bishop Bunyan.” During another brief stint in jail in 1675 Bunyan wrote his most remembered title, The Pilgrim’s Progress, which he then published in 1678.
In 1688, while in London on a preaching trip, Bunyan was overtaken with fever and died on August 31. He was 59.
Perhaps the most remarkable thing about John Bunyan was his unusual ability to preach and teach. It is recorded that King Charles II once asked John Owen why he listened to Bunyan, an uneducated tinker, to which Owen replied, “Could I possess the tinker’s abilities for preaching, please your Majesty, I would gladly relinquish all my learning.”
However, his abilities were not limited to the spoken word, but instead were perhaps all the more effective in what he wrote. J. I. Packer notes that over the course of his 30 year writing career Bunyan published a total of 60 works, and he adds, “they are all worth reading still,” though none of them are as accessible as The Pilgrim’s Progress.
The incredible success of The Pilgrim’s Progress is a testimony to Bunyan’s ability to teach, in this case through an allegorical narrative. Beeke & Pederson observe that, as some scholars have asserted, “with the exception of the Bible and perhaps Thomas a Kempis’s The Imitation of Christ, this Bunyan classic has sold more copies than any other book ever written.”
Most Important Works
Obviously his most important work, and the one every Christian should at least try to read, is The Pilgrim’s Progress. In Meet the Puritans Beeke and Pederson say it is “The best of Bunyan and a perfect pictorial index to the Puritan understanding of the Christian life.”
Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners – “An indispensable source for Bunyan’s early life and conversion, this autobiographical classic chronicles his life from infancy to his imprisonment in 1660.”
The Holy War – Another allegory by Bunyan, considered second only in quality to The Pilgrim’s Progress. It “is more difficult to read but is also more profound in places … because it involves several levels of allegory.” | 981 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Fragments of pottery used by Egyptians to make beer and dating back 5,000 years have been discovered on a building site in Tel Aviv, the Israeli Antiquities Authority said on Sunday.
Excavation director Diego Barkan said 17 pits were found that had been used to store produce in the Early Bronze Age, from 3500 to 3000 BC.
"Among the hundreds of pottery sherds that characterize the local culture, a number of fragments of large ceramic basins were discovered that were made in an Egyptian tradition and were used to prepare beer," he said in a statement.
The excavation is the first to offer evidence of an "Egyptian occupation" in the center of Tel Aviv 5,000 years ago.
"This is also the northernmost evidence we have of an Egyptian presence in the early Bronze Age," he said.
According to the antiquities authority "beer was the Egyptian national drink and was a staple along with bread."
It said beer was consumed by the entire population of Egypt, regardless of age, gender or status.
"It was made from a mixture of barley and water that was partially baked and then left to ferment in the sun. Various fruit concentrates were added to this mixture in order to flavor the beer," the statement added.
Previous excavations carried out in Egypt's Delta region uncovered breweries that indicate beer was already being produced in the mid-fourth millennium BC, the Israeli authority said.
AFP contributed to this report. | <urn:uuid:1f639890-8aa8-46e0-87d8-ca7523b8ae39> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | http://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/193345 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474412.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223121413-20240223151413-00146.warc.gz | en | 0.98644 | 298 | 3.265625 | 3 | [
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0.334405601024627... | 1 | Fragments of pottery used by Egyptians to make beer and dating back 5,000 years have been discovered on a building site in Tel Aviv, the Israeli Antiquities Authority said on Sunday.
Excavation director Diego Barkan said 17 pits were found that had been used to store produce in the Early Bronze Age, from 3500 to 3000 BC.
"Among the hundreds of pottery sherds that characterize the local culture, a number of fragments of large ceramic basins were discovered that were made in an Egyptian tradition and were used to prepare beer," he said in a statement.
The excavation is the first to offer evidence of an "Egyptian occupation" in the center of Tel Aviv 5,000 years ago.
"This is also the northernmost evidence we have of an Egyptian presence in the early Bronze Age," he said.
According to the antiquities authority "beer was the Egyptian national drink and was a staple along with bread."
It said beer was consumed by the entire population of Egypt, regardless of age, gender or status.
"It was made from a mixture of barley and water that was partially baked and then left to ferment in the sun. Various fruit concentrates were added to this mixture in order to flavor the beer," the statement added.
Previous excavations carried out in Egypt's Delta region uncovered breweries that indicate beer was already being produced in the mid-fourth millennium BC, the Israeli authority said.
AFP contributed to this report. | 300 | ENGLISH | 1 |
During the restoration of the statue, created in 1887, archaeologists unexpectedly discovered that a mysterious box was hidden at its base. This unique discovery aroused considerable interest, based on the assumption that it could contain valuable historical artifacts. Therefore, it was decided to immediately open it, and the entire process was recorded on video to capture the moment when the mysterious box was unsealed.
The container was hidden under a pedestal and its discovery prompted the immediate involvement of experts, among whom the leading archaeologist was Kate Ridgway. Experts initially doubted that anything could have remained inside the container, given exposure to moisture over the years.
The box was opened with great care, and to everyone’s surprise, it perfectly preserved the artifacts it contained from the 19th century. Among them were minutes of meetings of the local Masonic lodge, a Masonic symbol, as well as several copies of newspapers and even bullets from those times. However, it was the hermetically sealed stack of documents that attracted the most attention.
Water penetrated this particular package, and restoring the more than 130-year-old records will require many months of careful research and restoration work.
Historians currently have no plans to release the contents of the documents, perhaps due to the public sensitivity of the information, especially since the box was hidden under a statue of a general with ties to the Confederacy. | <urn:uuid:87578a78-5e78-4937-b14d-15cbe9638bea> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://news.celebsnewslive.com/archaeologists-were-restoring-the-statue-when-they-saw-a-sealed-box-inside-the-unpacking-was-filmed/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474784.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229035411-20240229065411-00173.warc.gz | en | 0.980641 | 275 | 3.46875 | 3 | [
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0.182281419634819... | 1 | During the restoration of the statue, created in 1887, archaeologists unexpectedly discovered that a mysterious box was hidden at its base. This unique discovery aroused considerable interest, based on the assumption that it could contain valuable historical artifacts. Therefore, it was decided to immediately open it, and the entire process was recorded on video to capture the moment when the mysterious box was unsealed.
The container was hidden under a pedestal and its discovery prompted the immediate involvement of experts, among whom the leading archaeologist was Kate Ridgway. Experts initially doubted that anything could have remained inside the container, given exposure to moisture over the years.
The box was opened with great care, and to everyone’s surprise, it perfectly preserved the artifacts it contained from the 19th century. Among them were minutes of meetings of the local Masonic lodge, a Masonic symbol, as well as several copies of newspapers and even bullets from those times. However, it was the hermetically sealed stack of documents that attracted the most attention.
Water penetrated this particular package, and restoring the more than 130-year-old records will require many months of careful research and restoration work.
Historians currently have no plans to release the contents of the documents, perhaps due to the public sensitivity of the information, especially since the box was hidden under a statue of a general with ties to the Confederacy. | 278 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Many people, including students, are losing their true selves in society. Instead, human beings are united in their shared experiences, many of which include struggles for survival. Society’s contemporary struggles, however, are for something else, which often include the search for identity. Establishing identity is a universal struggle that all humans experience. For most teenagers, in particular, as they start to search for their adult selves, there is no worse time in their lives than when they don't know who they truly are. People tend to feel that they are not good enough. Since this is such a common aspect in life, it illustrates as a theme in many narratives. In “Seventh Grade,” Gary Soto demonstrates the universal struggle of establishing …show more content…
Bueller. Victor demonstrates an identity struggle through the perspective of an adolescent male. After Victor embarrasses himself in front of Teresa and his entire French class by pretending to speak French, he is devastated. Soto explains that Victor, “was too weak from failure to join the class. He stared at the board and wished he had taken Spanish, not French. Better yet, he wished he could start his life over. He had never been so embarrassed. He bit his thumb until he tore off a sliver of skin” (Soto 3). This demonstrates Victor’s struggle with identity as he attempts to make himself seem more capable than he actually is. Victor lacks confidence with identity because he is one of many teenagers who is not sure of what he knows and what he doesn’t know. Success often revolves around being the best and winning in life. Males are often pressured to hide …show more content…
After homeroom ends, Teresa was stalling by talking to the teacher so that she could have a chance to meet up with Victor, Soto writes, “Only Teresa lingered, talking to the homeroom teacher. ‘So you think I should talk to Mrs. Gains?’ she asked the teacher. ‘She would know about ballet?’ ‘She would be a good bet,’ the teacher said. Then added, ‘Or the gym teacher, Mrs. Gaza.’ Victor lingered keeping his head down staring at the desk” (Soto 2). This demonstrates Teresa's struggle with establishing her identity because she if she were confident in herself, she wouldn't need to linger in order to talk to Victor. She is not trusting her identity and who her true self really is. Teresa lacks confidence with her identity because she doesn't have the confidence to do or say what she likes. If Teresa was more confident in herself, she would have told Victor how she feels about all of this. When it comes to establishing identity, Teresa needs to realize that her identity is what is most important. She cannot follow someone else and keep her identity hiding forever. That will not lead her to the path she thinks it will.Teresa's struggle as an adolescent female demonstrates how other adolescent females are led to believe that they cannot take an initiative. This is not only untrue, but it can also be damaging to a young girl's confidence, which is clear in Teresa’s case. From Teresa's
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Seventh Grade by Gary Soto is a story based on the first day of school at a middle school where the main character is a boy named Victor Rodriguez witch was in Seventh grade. In the story Charles wrote in 1948 a little girl named Laurie is always getting in trouble, Thus She makes up a fake name for herself to keep her parents from knowing it. In the story Seventh Grade by Gary Soto the narrator develops the setting by giving details about how the school is like the emotions that people go through.
In the short story, “Seventh Grade” by Gary Soto, Victor is a seventh grade boy who is a big daydreamer, shy, and somewhat ignorant. For example in the story Victor tries to impress his crush, Teresa, in French class and attempts to respond to the teacher’s statement in French, “La me vave me con le grandma,” his teacher asks him to speak up and he mumbles, “Frenchie oh wee wee gee in September.” Embarrassed, Victor stays silent for the rest of the period. This shows that Victor was more focused on impressing Teresa than the class itself which led to this event. He was unprepared, raised his hand and realized he didn’t understand French at all
In the story “Seventh Grade” by Gary Soto the setting took place on the first day of school where Victor meets this girl named Teresa that he really likes he thought that this year would be the year he ask’s out Teresa. This also took place in Fresno, CA where it is really really hot so Victor wants to take French because he might move there, but he has no idea how to say anything he just tries to impress Teresa by scowling and trying to speak French, but it dosen’t really work out. He doesn’t really like his classes like, French or math so he tries to hide in the back so he can’t get called on, but he tries to act like he knows what he is talking about to date Teresa. One day the teacher calls on him and he starts saying random stuff in French to impress the girl, but one day he actually impresses Teresa and Victor ends up teaching her French.
In the story “Seventh Grade”,By (Gary Soto) the main character learns to be someone that he is not, but at the end learns to be himself through his embarrassing moments. In paragraph 5 it states that,” He scowled and let his upper lip quiver and girls looked at him.(Soto)This proves that Victor is not being himself and tries to be a good looking person by scowling, he,thinks that the girls like him now because he is doing that. On the way to his homeroom, the text says,“Victor tried a scowl. He felt foolish, until out of the corner of his eye, he saw a girl looking at him”.
In the story “7th Grade”(by Gary Soto) a boy named Victor tries to impress a girl, but he ends up embarrassed. In the text Victor has a French class with the girl he wants to impress(the girl’s name is Teresa). So since he wants to impress her when the French teacher asks if anyone knows French Victor’s hand goes up. Then the teacher asks him a question in French and Victor replies (mumbling) something about his grandma(p42-44). After the teacher asks him another question and victor replies(mumbling again) something having to do with September(p45-47).
Seventh Grade Though Victor thought that he embarrassed himself in French one day in “Seventh Grade” by Gary Soto, it explains how he changes from the beginning to the end of the story. Victor likes this girl named, Teresa and wants to impress her in french. To begin, Victor goes to Spanish and the teacher, Mr. Bueller, asks the class who knows French and Victor raised his hand to impress Teresa. In the text, “Mr. Bueller asked if anyone knew French.
Victor embarrassed himself many times in the story seventh grade. In the story “Seventh Grade," Soto states that Victor's friend told to him that scowling makes girls think that boys are smart, so Victor tries it and some girls laugh. Victor is doesn't really know it , but the girls were laughing at him, because he looked pretty stupid doing it. Victor did not learn a lesson ,because he thinks the girls are laughing at him because he is good looking. Victor also got embarrassed because, he was in the same French class as Teresa, a girl he really liked.
And good in math, too.” (Soto1) I think Mr. Buller is a good friend and teacher is because he told Victor of when he had a girlfriend but that story really didn’t help Victor and he’s a good teacher because he didn’t embarrass Victor. Because of Victor saying that weird french
In the short story “Seventh Grade” Gary Soto incorporated foreshadowing. To start foreshadowing was a big part of the story, for example, “They would stand, one arm around a beautiful woman, with a scowl on their face.” Its says just before this quote that Michael had read a CG magazine, and believed a scowl would impress girls. And so, this specific quote foreshadowed that victor and michael would try to scowl, and in turn impress the girls at their school. In addition to scowling there was this quote, “He raced to the metal shop.
In the story, “Seventh Grade,” Victor, the main character, tries to enamor a girl named Teresa, in the process he embarrasses himself but through persistence, he ultimately succeeds. For instance, the author, Gary Soto, writes in paragraph 12 that, “Victor tried a scowl, he felt foolish until in the corner of his eye he saw a girl looking at him. Ummm, he thought, maybe it does work, He scowled with greater conviction.” As the evidence concludes, Victor is flustered, because he felt foolish. Also, he still persists with the humiliating actions, even when he is getting looked at like he was weird.
Ever wondered about the reason why people are the way they are? Many people call this identity. This is seen best through the book, Speak. The main character, Melinda, goes through a continuous journey through high school, trying just to survive. But what shapes her identity through that journey?
Seventh Grade” by Gary Soto, is a short fictional story that incorporates many elements of literature to entertain the reader. The theme of the story is to make good impressions, due to many instances in the story. Victor's friend, Michael, learned to scowl to attract girls, and to give him a more handsome look. Victor wanted to leave good impressions on girls, so he tried out the scowl as well.
Good Afternoon ladies and gentlemen, The chief task of adolescence is to confront the crisis of identity versus identity confusion so as to become a unique adult with a coherent sense of self and a valued role in society. Identity according to Erikson, resolve three major issues, the choice of an occupation, the adoption of values to live by and the development of a satisfying sexual identity. Adolescents who resolve the identity crisis satisfactorily develop the virtue of fidelity that is, sustained loyalty, faith or a sense of belonging to a loved one or friends. A failure to form a coherent sense of self can greatly delay reaching psychosocial adulthood.
Adolescents find their identity in a multitude of ways, in this writing, I’ll be explaining how some find their identity. Then I’ll explain how identity can be hindered due to everyday problems. You also will find out about some theories that are still accepted today how identity development. Adolescents often find their identity based on what they find out throughout today’s world. They will often experiment with different roles they learn about in various social settings. | <urn:uuid:abb7b02d-1aef-4b88-ab07-286a40cb49fa> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.ipl.org/essay/Summary-Of-Seventh-Grade-By-Gary-Soto-93DB8892F79DE68E | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473370.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221034447-20240221064447-00783.warc.gz | en | 0.981257 | 2,381 | 3.578125 | 4 | [
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0.1418992429971695,... | 1 | Many people, including students, are losing their true selves in society. Instead, human beings are united in their shared experiences, many of which include struggles for survival. Society’s contemporary struggles, however, are for something else, which often include the search for identity. Establishing identity is a universal struggle that all humans experience. For most teenagers, in particular, as they start to search for their adult selves, there is no worse time in their lives than when they don't know who they truly are. People tend to feel that they are not good enough. Since this is such a common aspect in life, it illustrates as a theme in many narratives. In “Seventh Grade,” Gary Soto demonstrates the universal struggle of establishing …show more content…
Bueller. Victor demonstrates an identity struggle through the perspective of an adolescent male. After Victor embarrasses himself in front of Teresa and his entire French class by pretending to speak French, he is devastated. Soto explains that Victor, “was too weak from failure to join the class. He stared at the board and wished he had taken Spanish, not French. Better yet, he wished he could start his life over. He had never been so embarrassed. He bit his thumb until he tore off a sliver of skin” (Soto 3). This demonstrates Victor’s struggle with identity as he attempts to make himself seem more capable than he actually is. Victor lacks confidence with identity because he is one of many teenagers who is not sure of what he knows and what he doesn’t know. Success often revolves around being the best and winning in life. Males are often pressured to hide …show more content…
After homeroom ends, Teresa was stalling by talking to the teacher so that she could have a chance to meet up with Victor, Soto writes, “Only Teresa lingered, talking to the homeroom teacher. ‘So you think I should talk to Mrs. Gains?’ she asked the teacher. ‘She would know about ballet?’ ‘She would be a good bet,’ the teacher said. Then added, ‘Or the gym teacher, Mrs. Gaza.’ Victor lingered keeping his head down staring at the desk” (Soto 2). This demonstrates Teresa's struggle with establishing her identity because she if she were confident in herself, she wouldn't need to linger in order to talk to Victor. She is not trusting her identity and who her true self really is. Teresa lacks confidence with her identity because she doesn't have the confidence to do or say what she likes. If Teresa was more confident in herself, she would have told Victor how she feels about all of this. When it comes to establishing identity, Teresa needs to realize that her identity is what is most important. She cannot follow someone else and keep her identity hiding forever. That will not lead her to the path she thinks it will.Teresa's struggle as an adolescent female demonstrates how other adolescent females are led to believe that they cannot take an initiative. This is not only untrue, but it can also be damaging to a young girl's confidence, which is clear in Teresa’s case. From Teresa's
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Seventh Grade by Gary Soto is a story based on the first day of school at a middle school where the main character is a boy named Victor Rodriguez witch was in Seventh grade. In the story Charles wrote in 1948 a little girl named Laurie is always getting in trouble, Thus She makes up a fake name for herself to keep her parents from knowing it. In the story Seventh Grade by Gary Soto the narrator develops the setting by giving details about how the school is like the emotions that people go through.
In the short story, “Seventh Grade” by Gary Soto, Victor is a seventh grade boy who is a big daydreamer, shy, and somewhat ignorant. For example in the story Victor tries to impress his crush, Teresa, in French class and attempts to respond to the teacher’s statement in French, “La me vave me con le grandma,” his teacher asks him to speak up and he mumbles, “Frenchie oh wee wee gee in September.” Embarrassed, Victor stays silent for the rest of the period. This shows that Victor was more focused on impressing Teresa than the class itself which led to this event. He was unprepared, raised his hand and realized he didn’t understand French at all
In the story “Seventh Grade” by Gary Soto the setting took place on the first day of school where Victor meets this girl named Teresa that he really likes he thought that this year would be the year he ask’s out Teresa. This also took place in Fresno, CA where it is really really hot so Victor wants to take French because he might move there, but he has no idea how to say anything he just tries to impress Teresa by scowling and trying to speak French, but it dosen’t really work out. He doesn’t really like his classes like, French or math so he tries to hide in the back so he can’t get called on, but he tries to act like he knows what he is talking about to date Teresa. One day the teacher calls on him and he starts saying random stuff in French to impress the girl, but one day he actually impresses Teresa and Victor ends up teaching her French.
In the story “Seventh Grade”,By (Gary Soto) the main character learns to be someone that he is not, but at the end learns to be himself through his embarrassing moments. In paragraph 5 it states that,” He scowled and let his upper lip quiver and girls looked at him.(Soto)This proves that Victor is not being himself and tries to be a good looking person by scowling, he,thinks that the girls like him now because he is doing that. On the way to his homeroom, the text says,“Victor tried a scowl. He felt foolish, until out of the corner of his eye, he saw a girl looking at him”.
In the story “7th Grade”(by Gary Soto) a boy named Victor tries to impress a girl, but he ends up embarrassed. In the text Victor has a French class with the girl he wants to impress(the girl’s name is Teresa). So since he wants to impress her when the French teacher asks if anyone knows French Victor’s hand goes up. Then the teacher asks him a question in French and Victor replies (mumbling) something about his grandma(p42-44). After the teacher asks him another question and victor replies(mumbling again) something having to do with September(p45-47).
Seventh Grade Though Victor thought that he embarrassed himself in French one day in “Seventh Grade” by Gary Soto, it explains how he changes from the beginning to the end of the story. Victor likes this girl named, Teresa and wants to impress her in french. To begin, Victor goes to Spanish and the teacher, Mr. Bueller, asks the class who knows French and Victor raised his hand to impress Teresa. In the text, “Mr. Bueller asked if anyone knew French.
Victor embarrassed himself many times in the story seventh grade. In the story “Seventh Grade," Soto states that Victor's friend told to him that scowling makes girls think that boys are smart, so Victor tries it and some girls laugh. Victor is doesn't really know it , but the girls were laughing at him, because he looked pretty stupid doing it. Victor did not learn a lesson ,because he thinks the girls are laughing at him because he is good looking. Victor also got embarrassed because, he was in the same French class as Teresa, a girl he really liked.
And good in math, too.” (Soto1) I think Mr. Buller is a good friend and teacher is because he told Victor of when he had a girlfriend but that story really didn’t help Victor and he’s a good teacher because he didn’t embarrass Victor. Because of Victor saying that weird french
In the short story “Seventh Grade” Gary Soto incorporated foreshadowing. To start foreshadowing was a big part of the story, for example, “They would stand, one arm around a beautiful woman, with a scowl on their face.” Its says just before this quote that Michael had read a CG magazine, and believed a scowl would impress girls. And so, this specific quote foreshadowed that victor and michael would try to scowl, and in turn impress the girls at their school. In addition to scowling there was this quote, “He raced to the metal shop.
In the story, “Seventh Grade,” Victor, the main character, tries to enamor a girl named Teresa, in the process he embarrasses himself but through persistence, he ultimately succeeds. For instance, the author, Gary Soto, writes in paragraph 12 that, “Victor tried a scowl, he felt foolish until in the corner of his eye he saw a girl looking at him. Ummm, he thought, maybe it does work, He scowled with greater conviction.” As the evidence concludes, Victor is flustered, because he felt foolish. Also, he still persists with the humiliating actions, even when he is getting looked at like he was weird.
Ever wondered about the reason why people are the way they are? Many people call this identity. This is seen best through the book, Speak. The main character, Melinda, goes through a continuous journey through high school, trying just to survive. But what shapes her identity through that journey?
Seventh Grade” by Gary Soto, is a short fictional story that incorporates many elements of literature to entertain the reader. The theme of the story is to make good impressions, due to many instances in the story. Victor's friend, Michael, learned to scowl to attract girls, and to give him a more handsome look. Victor wanted to leave good impressions on girls, so he tried out the scowl as well.
Good Afternoon ladies and gentlemen, The chief task of adolescence is to confront the crisis of identity versus identity confusion so as to become a unique adult with a coherent sense of self and a valued role in society. Identity according to Erikson, resolve three major issues, the choice of an occupation, the adoption of values to live by and the development of a satisfying sexual identity. Adolescents who resolve the identity crisis satisfactorily develop the virtue of fidelity that is, sustained loyalty, faith or a sense of belonging to a loved one or friends. A failure to form a coherent sense of self can greatly delay reaching psychosocial adulthood.
Adolescents find their identity in a multitude of ways, in this writing, I’ll be explaining how some find their identity. Then I’ll explain how identity can be hindered due to everyday problems. You also will find out about some theories that are still accepted today how identity development. Adolescents often find their identity based on what they find out throughout today’s world. They will often experiment with different roles they learn about in various social settings. | 2,282 | ENGLISH | 1 |
George Washington: The Presidency and Administration
- Pages: 12
- Word count: 2901
- Category: Washington
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George Washington (1732-1799), the first president of the United States (1789-1797) and one of the most important leaders in United States history. His role in gaining independence for the American colonies and later in unifying them under the new U.S. federal government cannot be overestimated. He was a leading influence in persuading the states to participate in the Constitutional Convention, over which he presided, and he used his immense prestige to help gain ratification of its product, the Constitution of the United States.
George Washington was born into a mildly prosperous Virginia farming family in 1732. After his father died when George was eleven, George’s mother, Mary, a tough and driven woman, struggled to hold their home together with the help of her two sons from a previous marriage. Although he never received more than an elementary school education, young George displayed a gift for mathematics (Freeman 1948). This knack for numbers combined with his quiet confidence and ambition caught the attention of Lord Fairfax, head of one of the most powerful families in Virginia. While working for Lord Fairfax as a surveyor at the age of sixteen, the young Washington traveled deep into the American wilderness for weeks at a time (Freeman 1948). Tragedy struck the young man with the death of his half brother Lawrence, who had guided and mentored George after his father’s death. George inherited Mount Vernon from his brother, living there for the rest of his life.
Washington was elected by the Virginia legislature to both the First and the Second Continental Congress, held in 1774 and 1775. In 1775, after local militia units from Massachusetts had engaged British troops near Lexington and Concord, the Second Continental Congress appointed Washington commander of all the colonial forces.
Following winning his country’s independence, Washington quelled a potentially disastrous bid by some of his officers to declare him king. He then returned to Mount Vernon and the genteel life of a tobacco planter, only to be called out of retirement to preside at the Constitutional Convention in 1787. His great stature gave credibility to the call for a new government and insured his election as the first President of the United States (McDonald 1974). America’s first presidential campaign was really its citizens’ efforts to convince Washington to accept the office. Letters poured into Mount Vernon — from citizens great and small, from former comrades in arms, even from other shores. Many told Washington that his country needed him more than ever and that there was no justification for his refusal. Keenly aware that his conduct as President would set precedents for the future of the office, he carefully weighed every step he took. He appointed Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton to his cabinet. Almost immediately, these two men began to quarrel over a wide array of issues, but Washington valued them for the balance they lent his cabinet. Literally the “Father of the Nation,” Washington almost single-handedly created a new government — shaping its institutions, offices, and political practices (McDonald 1974).
As specified by the Constitution, the President was chosen by the Electoral College. In 1788, the method for selecting electors was decided by each state legislature — by public vote in some states and by legislative selection in others. Each state had as many electors as senators and representatives. The election was administered only in ten of the states because Rhode Island and North Carolina had yet to ratify the Constitution and a quarreling New York failed to choose electors in time (McDonald 1974). Each elector was given two votes to cast for President. Washington received the support of every one of the electors, each of whom cast one of the two ballots for him. John Adams, who received thirty-four votes, was the runner-up and was thus named vice president. Washington badly wanted to retire at the conclusion of his first term in 1792. He was now sixty years of age, his eyesight and hearing were deteriorating, and the peace and quiet of Mount Vernon beckoned. But he slowly realized that it was not to be, for many crucial issues remained unresolved. For example, there were ongoing problems stemming from the continuing French-British rivalry.
Additionally, the political schism between America’s northern and southern halves was so severe that there was even talk that the southern states might try to form a separate nation. Washington’s advisers warned him that the times were too volatile to risk surrendering the presidency to someone lacking his popularity and moderation. Thus, one more time he won an election with a unanimous vote. Adams was again elected vice president. George Washington had to borrow money to relocate to New York, then the center of American government (Northen, et al.1965). His presidential inauguration was held near New York’s Wall Street in late April 1789. A tremendous crowd showed up to see the man now known as “the Father of His Country.” Borrowing a custom from English monarchs, who by tradition address Parliament when its sessions open, Washington gave a brief speech. It was the first inaugural address and the first of many contributions that Washington would make to the office of the presidency. But this would be no monarch; the new leader wore a plain brown suit. At every turn, Washington was aware that the conduct of his presidency would set the standard for generations to come (Northen, et al.1965).
The American government in particular, the presidency was in a remarkably primitive state. But Washington’s performance in those early years was both surefooted and brilliant. He went to one session of the Senate to receive its advice about a treaty but was annoyed because senators felt uncomfortable in his presence and would not debate its provisions. Washington withdrew angrily and swore he “would be damned if he went there again,” thus ensuring a tradition of separation
between the executive and legislative branches (Northen, et al.1965). Departments of State, War, and Treasury were established, along with the office of Attorney General, each headed by a trusted presidential adviser. These advisers collectively became known as the cabinet. Washington strove for ideological balance in these appointments, thus augmenting their strength and credibility. He signed the first Judiciary Act of 1789, initiating the development of the judicial branch.
A Supreme Court was created, headed by a chief justice and originally five associate justices, who were chosen by the President and approved by Congress. A network of district courts was also established. Congress sent the President ten amendments to the Constitution that became known as the Bill of Rights; these amendments strengthened civil liberties. It is the substantial consensus among historians that Washington’s tenure in office set the nation on a path that has endured now for over two centuries, longer than any other republic in history. He established precedents that would last for generations and did more to flesh out the skeleton of the presidential office than anyone could have expected or predicted. As one scholar has said, he “invented tradition as he went along.” His actions, more than those of any other Founding Father, became a part of the “unwritten Constitution” (McDonald 1974).
Washington’s reliance on department heads for advice, similar to his war council during the Revolution, set a precedent for including the cabinet as part of the President’s office. Moreover, because Congress did not challenge his appointments or his removal of appointees, principally out of respect for him, the tradition was planted to allow the President to choose his or her own cabinet. By his actions and words, Washington also set the standard for two presidential terms, a practice that lasted until 1940. When John Jay resigned as chief justice of the Supreme Court, Washington selected his successor from outside the bench, disregarding seniority and thus allowing future Presidents to draw from a diverse pool of talent beyond the Court’s aging incumbents. When the
House of Representatives sought records related to negotiations surrounding the Jay Treaty of 1795, Washington refused to deliver all the documents. In doing so, he set the precedent for invoking what became known as executive privilege. In leading federal troops against the Whiskey Rebellion, Washington presented a clear show of federal authority, established the principle that federal law is the supreme law of the land, and demonstrated that the federal government is empowered to levy and collect taxes.
Although he sponsored and supported legislative proposals submitted to Congress for enactment, he carefully avoided trying to dictate or unduly influence the judicial and legislative branches of the government. In not vetoing bills with which he disagreed unless there were constitutional questions, he set a precedent of executive restraint that would be followed by the next five Presidents. Moreover, by keeping Vice President Adams at arm’s length — not even inviting him to attend cabinet meetings — Washington set the tradition by which the vice president’s role is largely ceremonial.
Also, although Washington hated partisanship and political parties, he tolerated dissent, vicious attacks on his reputation and name, and a divisive press — all in the interest of freedom (McDonald 1974). There is little reason to suggest that Washington, unlike so many of his successors, ever sought to use his office for personal empowerment or gain. Neither did he shelter his friends for the sake of their friendships when conflicts of interest arose.
Perhaps most importantly, Washington’s presidential restraint, solemnity, judiciousness, and nonpartisan stance created an image of presidential greatness, or dignity, which dominates the office even today. He was the man who could have been a king but refused a crown and saved a republic.
George Washington lived only two years after leaving the presidency. Mount Vernon had been neglected for decades, and Washington spent most of his remaining days trying to make it solvent and functional. As relations with France worsened in mid-1799, however, the former President was again called to public duty when President Adams named Washington commander of the American Army. But the old general was now showing his age, and his duties were limited to largely symbolic tasks. He insisted on leaving control of the Army to Hamilton. On December 12, 1799, Washington noted in his diary, “At about ten o’clock it began to snow, soon after to hail, and then to a settled cold rain” (Freeman 1948). For five hours that day, Washington had been outdoors on horseback, inspecting his property. The next day he complained of a sore throat, and that night he became deeply ill. Doctors, heeding the medical tenets of the day, extracted blood from him and performed other practices that did him more harm than good.
Yet Washington never complained of the pain. He calmly gave orders to servants and apologized for the trouble he was causing everyone. Around midnight he breathed his last breath. Washington’s funeral was not the simple ceremony he had requested. Thousands of mourners attended the services, a band played, and a ship anchored in the Potomac fired a grand salute. He was buried in the family tomb at Mount Vernon. His forty-two page will, which he had personally drafted in 1799, left his estate, which was valued at $500,000, to Martha. Martha Washington had two young children from her first marriage, Martha and John. She had no children with George Washington. Washington thought it his duty as a stepfather to be “generous and attentive” (Freeman 1948), and expensive orders to London merchants during the childhoods of “Jacky” and “Patsy” reveal doting, caring parents.
Martha would pass the house to George’s nephew, Bushrod Washington. He freed his personal slave, William, with a $30 grant of money to be paid him every year for life, and he ordered the rest of his slaves freed upon Martha’s death. Washington left some of his wealth to a school for poor and orphaned children and other amounts to support the construction of a national university in Washington, D.C. His two grandchildren received large, choice tracts of farmland in Virginia, and he left his numerous friends gifts drawn from his household and personal effects. Washington’s five nephews inherited his five swords along with the instructions to never “unsheathe them for the purpose of shedding blood, except it be for self defense, or in defense of their Country and its rights; and in the latter case, to keep them unsheathed, and prefer falling with them in their hands, to the relinquishment thereof” (Freeman 1948).
In my opinion during Washington’s eight years in office, he laid down the guidelines for future presidents. George Washington is best known as the “Father of our Country”. He cared for this country much like a parent would care for a child. During his presidency, he solved many noteworthy problems. His achievements led to a democratic, wonderful country we like to call The United States of America. Although he’s not thought of as glamorous, George Washington is looked upon with the utmost respect and awe by all countries of the world. He symbolized qualities of discipline, aristocratic duty, military orthodoxy, and persistence in adversity that his contemporaries particularly valued as marks of mature political leadership.
The successful war hero was known among his peers to ask his top advisers for advice and suggestions on how to proceed. Then he would analyze the information and make the final decision. Just like the modern approach we use today. It was actually the way George Washington, a general and the first U.S. President, worked as a leader, and it was among the reasons he was able to defeat the British Army to win the Revolutionary War. His Presidency was somewhat tough. Like any President, he didn’t have as much control over everything that he would have liked to have. It really came down to his integrity, character, and moral courage. He relied a lot on the fact that throughout his whole life, he always put the country first. People could trust him to stand above the politics, stand above the fray, and keep the interests of the country in mind. One of the things Washington very much did not want to see was the formation of parties, known as factions at the time. He was hoping very much that the U.S. would not go down that path. Of course, it ended up doing that.
If George Washington was able to see the turned out of the country he helped create, I think he would have several things to say. I think he’d be really impressed by the success it has had in the world commercially, in terms of its prominence in foreign affairs. He would be unhappy about the formation of political parties. He would be happy that we’re militarily strong. He would be a little bit worried about how much we’re spending on the military, given that there was always this fear on behalf of all the founding fathers about having a big military Establishment. However, he’d be proud that for the last few hundred years, the military has always been under civilian control and has always submitted to that and never tried to overthrow that.
I think he would be happy that we eventually solved the slavery issue. I think that issue troubled him. He was fearful of the country breaking up because different parts of it had different needs. I think he would not be thrilled that it took the Civil War to solve it. But he’d be happy to see the union continued.
I think he’d be happy with the freedoms that we continue to have. If you look back at his farewell address, he had a number of points in there. He was a strict constructionist. His view was that if you wanted to change the Constitution, that’s great, but you need to follow the process laid out in the Constitution. You can’t read things in there that are not there. He would probably say that we moved away from the original meanings of the Constitution.
Through out Washington’s adult life in public service he earned the unlimited confidence of those early citizens of the United States. His refusal to accept a proffered crown and his willingness to relinquish the office after two terms established the precedents for limits on the power of the presidency. He new alone what would be the best for his country. The position he played in the acquisition of the American independence and his ability of joining the colonies in the federal system could never be overvalued. George was one of the most venerated men of his time. Still today he is held in the highest of esteems even in comparison to the forty-three presidents that preceded him. He was an exceedingly talented leader that was able to persuade the states to take part in the Constitutional Convention and approve to the U.S. Constitution’s realization. Washington’s profound achievements built the foundations of a powerful national government that has survived for more than two centuries. Historians agree that his achievements qualify him for a place among the great leaders of world history.
Freeman, Douglas. George Washington: A Biography. 7 vols. New York: Scribner’s, 1948-1957.
McDonald, Forrest. The Presidency of George Washington. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1974.
Northen, Frank Magill. Loos, John L. and Irons-Georges, Tracy. ” The American Presidents: United States History: ” (2000): 45-46. | <urn:uuid:e9081333-a651-434b-98d9-4735f0117c84> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://blablawriting.net/george-washington-the-presidency-and-administration-essay | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474669.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226225941-20240227015941-00532.warc.gz | en | 0.983054 | 3,601 | 3.59375 | 4 | [
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... | 1 | George Washington: The Presidency and Administration
- Pages: 12
- Word count: 2901
- Category: Washington
A limited time offer! Get a custom sample essay written according to your requirements urgent 3h delivery guaranteedOrder Now
George Washington (1732-1799), the first president of the United States (1789-1797) and one of the most important leaders in United States history. His role in gaining independence for the American colonies and later in unifying them under the new U.S. federal government cannot be overestimated. He was a leading influence in persuading the states to participate in the Constitutional Convention, over which he presided, and he used his immense prestige to help gain ratification of its product, the Constitution of the United States.
George Washington was born into a mildly prosperous Virginia farming family in 1732. After his father died when George was eleven, George’s mother, Mary, a tough and driven woman, struggled to hold their home together with the help of her two sons from a previous marriage. Although he never received more than an elementary school education, young George displayed a gift for mathematics (Freeman 1948). This knack for numbers combined with his quiet confidence and ambition caught the attention of Lord Fairfax, head of one of the most powerful families in Virginia. While working for Lord Fairfax as a surveyor at the age of sixteen, the young Washington traveled deep into the American wilderness for weeks at a time (Freeman 1948). Tragedy struck the young man with the death of his half brother Lawrence, who had guided and mentored George after his father’s death. George inherited Mount Vernon from his brother, living there for the rest of his life.
Washington was elected by the Virginia legislature to both the First and the Second Continental Congress, held in 1774 and 1775. In 1775, after local militia units from Massachusetts had engaged British troops near Lexington and Concord, the Second Continental Congress appointed Washington commander of all the colonial forces.
Following winning his country’s independence, Washington quelled a potentially disastrous bid by some of his officers to declare him king. He then returned to Mount Vernon and the genteel life of a tobacco planter, only to be called out of retirement to preside at the Constitutional Convention in 1787. His great stature gave credibility to the call for a new government and insured his election as the first President of the United States (McDonald 1974). America’s first presidential campaign was really its citizens’ efforts to convince Washington to accept the office. Letters poured into Mount Vernon — from citizens great and small, from former comrades in arms, even from other shores. Many told Washington that his country needed him more than ever and that there was no justification for his refusal. Keenly aware that his conduct as President would set precedents for the future of the office, he carefully weighed every step he took. He appointed Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton to his cabinet. Almost immediately, these two men began to quarrel over a wide array of issues, but Washington valued them for the balance they lent his cabinet. Literally the “Father of the Nation,” Washington almost single-handedly created a new government — shaping its institutions, offices, and political practices (McDonald 1974).
As specified by the Constitution, the President was chosen by the Electoral College. In 1788, the method for selecting electors was decided by each state legislature — by public vote in some states and by legislative selection in others. Each state had as many electors as senators and representatives. The election was administered only in ten of the states because Rhode Island and North Carolina had yet to ratify the Constitution and a quarreling New York failed to choose electors in time (McDonald 1974). Each elector was given two votes to cast for President. Washington received the support of every one of the electors, each of whom cast one of the two ballots for him. John Adams, who received thirty-four votes, was the runner-up and was thus named vice president. Washington badly wanted to retire at the conclusion of his first term in 1792. He was now sixty years of age, his eyesight and hearing were deteriorating, and the peace and quiet of Mount Vernon beckoned. But he slowly realized that it was not to be, for many crucial issues remained unresolved. For example, there were ongoing problems stemming from the continuing French-British rivalry.
Additionally, the political schism between America’s northern and southern halves was so severe that there was even talk that the southern states might try to form a separate nation. Washington’s advisers warned him that the times were too volatile to risk surrendering the presidency to someone lacking his popularity and moderation. Thus, one more time he won an election with a unanimous vote. Adams was again elected vice president. George Washington had to borrow money to relocate to New York, then the center of American government (Northen, et al.1965). His presidential inauguration was held near New York’s Wall Street in late April 1789. A tremendous crowd showed up to see the man now known as “the Father of His Country.” Borrowing a custom from English monarchs, who by tradition address Parliament when its sessions open, Washington gave a brief speech. It was the first inaugural address and the first of many contributions that Washington would make to the office of the presidency. But this would be no monarch; the new leader wore a plain brown suit. At every turn, Washington was aware that the conduct of his presidency would set the standard for generations to come (Northen, et al.1965).
The American government in particular, the presidency was in a remarkably primitive state. But Washington’s performance in those early years was both surefooted and brilliant. He went to one session of the Senate to receive its advice about a treaty but was annoyed because senators felt uncomfortable in his presence and would not debate its provisions. Washington withdrew angrily and swore he “would be damned if he went there again,” thus ensuring a tradition of separation
between the executive and legislative branches (Northen, et al.1965). Departments of State, War, and Treasury were established, along with the office of Attorney General, each headed by a trusted presidential adviser. These advisers collectively became known as the cabinet. Washington strove for ideological balance in these appointments, thus augmenting their strength and credibility. He signed the first Judiciary Act of 1789, initiating the development of the judicial branch.
A Supreme Court was created, headed by a chief justice and originally five associate justices, who were chosen by the President and approved by Congress. A network of district courts was also established. Congress sent the President ten amendments to the Constitution that became known as the Bill of Rights; these amendments strengthened civil liberties. It is the substantial consensus among historians that Washington’s tenure in office set the nation on a path that has endured now for over two centuries, longer than any other republic in history. He established precedents that would last for generations and did more to flesh out the skeleton of the presidential office than anyone could have expected or predicted. As one scholar has said, he “invented tradition as he went along.” His actions, more than those of any other Founding Father, became a part of the “unwritten Constitution” (McDonald 1974).
Washington’s reliance on department heads for advice, similar to his war council during the Revolution, set a precedent for including the cabinet as part of the President’s office. Moreover, because Congress did not challenge his appointments or his removal of appointees, principally out of respect for him, the tradition was planted to allow the President to choose his or her own cabinet. By his actions and words, Washington also set the standard for two presidential terms, a practice that lasted until 1940. When John Jay resigned as chief justice of the Supreme Court, Washington selected his successor from outside the bench, disregarding seniority and thus allowing future Presidents to draw from a diverse pool of talent beyond the Court’s aging incumbents. When the
House of Representatives sought records related to negotiations surrounding the Jay Treaty of 1795, Washington refused to deliver all the documents. In doing so, he set the precedent for invoking what became known as executive privilege. In leading federal troops against the Whiskey Rebellion, Washington presented a clear show of federal authority, established the principle that federal law is the supreme law of the land, and demonstrated that the federal government is empowered to levy and collect taxes.
Although he sponsored and supported legislative proposals submitted to Congress for enactment, he carefully avoided trying to dictate or unduly influence the judicial and legislative branches of the government. In not vetoing bills with which he disagreed unless there were constitutional questions, he set a precedent of executive restraint that would be followed by the next five Presidents. Moreover, by keeping Vice President Adams at arm’s length — not even inviting him to attend cabinet meetings — Washington set the tradition by which the vice president’s role is largely ceremonial.
Also, although Washington hated partisanship and political parties, he tolerated dissent, vicious attacks on his reputation and name, and a divisive press — all in the interest of freedom (McDonald 1974). There is little reason to suggest that Washington, unlike so many of his successors, ever sought to use his office for personal empowerment or gain. Neither did he shelter his friends for the sake of their friendships when conflicts of interest arose.
Perhaps most importantly, Washington’s presidential restraint, solemnity, judiciousness, and nonpartisan stance created an image of presidential greatness, or dignity, which dominates the office even today. He was the man who could have been a king but refused a crown and saved a republic.
George Washington lived only two years after leaving the presidency. Mount Vernon had been neglected for decades, and Washington spent most of his remaining days trying to make it solvent and functional. As relations with France worsened in mid-1799, however, the former President was again called to public duty when President Adams named Washington commander of the American Army. But the old general was now showing his age, and his duties were limited to largely symbolic tasks. He insisted on leaving control of the Army to Hamilton. On December 12, 1799, Washington noted in his diary, “At about ten o’clock it began to snow, soon after to hail, and then to a settled cold rain” (Freeman 1948). For five hours that day, Washington had been outdoors on horseback, inspecting his property. The next day he complained of a sore throat, and that night he became deeply ill. Doctors, heeding the medical tenets of the day, extracted blood from him and performed other practices that did him more harm than good.
Yet Washington never complained of the pain. He calmly gave orders to servants and apologized for the trouble he was causing everyone. Around midnight he breathed his last breath. Washington’s funeral was not the simple ceremony he had requested. Thousands of mourners attended the services, a band played, and a ship anchored in the Potomac fired a grand salute. He was buried in the family tomb at Mount Vernon. His forty-two page will, which he had personally drafted in 1799, left his estate, which was valued at $500,000, to Martha. Martha Washington had two young children from her first marriage, Martha and John. She had no children with George Washington. Washington thought it his duty as a stepfather to be “generous and attentive” (Freeman 1948), and expensive orders to London merchants during the childhoods of “Jacky” and “Patsy” reveal doting, caring parents.
Martha would pass the house to George’s nephew, Bushrod Washington. He freed his personal slave, William, with a $30 grant of money to be paid him every year for life, and he ordered the rest of his slaves freed upon Martha’s death. Washington left some of his wealth to a school for poor and orphaned children and other amounts to support the construction of a national university in Washington, D.C. His two grandchildren received large, choice tracts of farmland in Virginia, and he left his numerous friends gifts drawn from his household and personal effects. Washington’s five nephews inherited his five swords along with the instructions to never “unsheathe them for the purpose of shedding blood, except it be for self defense, or in defense of their Country and its rights; and in the latter case, to keep them unsheathed, and prefer falling with them in their hands, to the relinquishment thereof” (Freeman 1948).
In my opinion during Washington’s eight years in office, he laid down the guidelines for future presidents. George Washington is best known as the “Father of our Country”. He cared for this country much like a parent would care for a child. During his presidency, he solved many noteworthy problems. His achievements led to a democratic, wonderful country we like to call The United States of America. Although he’s not thought of as glamorous, George Washington is looked upon with the utmost respect and awe by all countries of the world. He symbolized qualities of discipline, aristocratic duty, military orthodoxy, and persistence in adversity that his contemporaries particularly valued as marks of mature political leadership.
The successful war hero was known among his peers to ask his top advisers for advice and suggestions on how to proceed. Then he would analyze the information and make the final decision. Just like the modern approach we use today. It was actually the way George Washington, a general and the first U.S. President, worked as a leader, and it was among the reasons he was able to defeat the British Army to win the Revolutionary War. His Presidency was somewhat tough. Like any President, he didn’t have as much control over everything that he would have liked to have. It really came down to his integrity, character, and moral courage. He relied a lot on the fact that throughout his whole life, he always put the country first. People could trust him to stand above the politics, stand above the fray, and keep the interests of the country in mind. One of the things Washington very much did not want to see was the formation of parties, known as factions at the time. He was hoping very much that the U.S. would not go down that path. Of course, it ended up doing that.
If George Washington was able to see the turned out of the country he helped create, I think he would have several things to say. I think he’d be really impressed by the success it has had in the world commercially, in terms of its prominence in foreign affairs. He would be unhappy about the formation of political parties. He would be happy that we’re militarily strong. He would be a little bit worried about how much we’re spending on the military, given that there was always this fear on behalf of all the founding fathers about having a big military Establishment. However, he’d be proud that for the last few hundred years, the military has always been under civilian control and has always submitted to that and never tried to overthrow that.
I think he would be happy that we eventually solved the slavery issue. I think that issue troubled him. He was fearful of the country breaking up because different parts of it had different needs. I think he would not be thrilled that it took the Civil War to solve it. But he’d be happy to see the union continued.
I think he’d be happy with the freedoms that we continue to have. If you look back at his farewell address, he had a number of points in there. He was a strict constructionist. His view was that if you wanted to change the Constitution, that’s great, but you need to follow the process laid out in the Constitution. You can’t read things in there that are not there. He would probably say that we moved away from the original meanings of the Constitution.
Through out Washington’s adult life in public service he earned the unlimited confidence of those early citizens of the United States. His refusal to accept a proffered crown and his willingness to relinquish the office after two terms established the precedents for limits on the power of the presidency. He new alone what would be the best for his country. The position he played in the acquisition of the American independence and his ability of joining the colonies in the federal system could never be overvalued. George was one of the most venerated men of his time. Still today he is held in the highest of esteems even in comparison to the forty-three presidents that preceded him. He was an exceedingly talented leader that was able to persuade the states to take part in the Constitutional Convention and approve to the U.S. Constitution’s realization. Washington’s profound achievements built the foundations of a powerful national government that has survived for more than two centuries. Historians agree that his achievements qualify him for a place among the great leaders of world history.
Freeman, Douglas. George Washington: A Biography. 7 vols. New York: Scribner’s, 1948-1957.
McDonald, Forrest. The Presidency of George Washington. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1974.
Northen, Frank Magill. Loos, John L. and Irons-Georges, Tracy. ” The American Presidents: United States History: ” (2000): 45-46. | 3,616 | ENGLISH | 1 |
As a successor to the unconventional Teutonic class with a very large low-pressure cylinder and uncoupled driving axles, Francis William Webb developed the more conventional Jubilee class. The leading axle was replaced by a bogie and a total of four cylinders were installed. All cylinders now acted on the front driver axle and the rear one was coupled as usual.
When comparing the cylinder dimensions with other compound locomotives, it is noticeable that the piston area of the low-pressure cylinders was less than twice that of the high-pressure cylinders, while this ratio is ideally around 2.4. This meant that the high-pressure cylinders were already consuming a large part of the steam and the low-pressure cylinders were no longer being fully utilized. In addition, the volume of the cylinders was very large in relation to the boiler, which could lead to the boiler being exhausted more quickly.
Nevertheless, the 40 examples of this class were considered successful because they performed well in the hands of experienced drivers. Trains weighing almost 350 tons covered the hilly 157 miles non-stop from London to Crewe in three hours and four minutes, an average of 51 mph. Trains with up to 20 cars have also been reported. | <urn:uuid:32b1b3d9-0168-43d5-9fc0-b9d544b030d1> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.loco-info.com/view.aspx?id=10493 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474784.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229035411-20240229065411-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.9861 | 247 | 3.40625 | 3 | [
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0.10907558... | 1 | As a successor to the unconventional Teutonic class with a very large low-pressure cylinder and uncoupled driving axles, Francis William Webb developed the more conventional Jubilee class. The leading axle was replaced by a bogie and a total of four cylinders were installed. All cylinders now acted on the front driver axle and the rear one was coupled as usual.
When comparing the cylinder dimensions with other compound locomotives, it is noticeable that the piston area of the low-pressure cylinders was less than twice that of the high-pressure cylinders, while this ratio is ideally around 2.4. This meant that the high-pressure cylinders were already consuming a large part of the steam and the low-pressure cylinders were no longer being fully utilized. In addition, the volume of the cylinders was very large in relation to the boiler, which could lead to the boiler being exhausted more quickly.
Nevertheless, the 40 examples of this class were considered successful because they performed well in the hands of experienced drivers. Trains weighing almost 350 tons covered the hilly 157 miles non-stop from London to Crewe in three hours and four minutes, an average of 51 mph. Trains with up to 20 cars have also been reported. | 252 | ENGLISH | 1 |
What does it mean to be a hero? The variety of traits people look for in a hero is endless. In general, a hero is someone is someone that makes a heroic journey and displays admirable qualities. In The Odyssey by Homer, Odysseus makes a journey to become a hero. Essentially, he is making a journey to save his family and the country he rules, Ithaka. This epic poem begins in medas res and through this non-linear tale Homer’s audience receives the chance to watch the transformation of Odysseus as he evolves into a classic hero. When Odysseus begins his journey he is selfish and struggles with his overwhelming hubris. However, after successfully completing each step of the hero’s journey the reader begins to see a whole new character, and ultimately, a hero. Odysseus proves himself a hero by displaying to the audience sharp intellect, modest humility, and unyielding leadership.
Odysseus possesses sharp intellect which ultimately helps him move forward in his journey to become a hero. As a hero he has a cunning ability to think on his feet when he is put in difficult situations. He shows this to the reader when him and his crew are on the Land of Kyklopes. The Greeks find themselves trapped in the cave of Poseidon’s son. As they are plotting their escape the Polyphenos asks Odysseus his name. Thinking fast, Odysseus tells him “’ my name is Nohbdy: mother, father and friends, /everyone calls me Nohbdy”’ (IX, 397-398). With this clever response Odysseus is able to fool the monster and conduct the safe escape of his crew. Odysseus further proves his quick wit when he is faced with the challenge of convincing his wife that it is truly him who has arrived home after all these years. He quickly thought of what would make her beli...
... middle of paper ...
...reclaim their palace. In the end, even though he returns home alone, Odysseus creates a perfect example of what it means to be a great leader and overall a great hero.
In summation, Odysseus can be classified as an epic hero. Although he is not perfect it is only appropriate to acknowledge that his heroic qualities outshine any negative ones by far. Through his sharp intellect, modest humility, and unyielding leadership one is able to make the conclusion that Odysseus earns every right to the title of being a hero. He endured a difficult journey that lasted twenty years and in the end he became a better person. When a person goes through this kind of transformation and is able to overcome such a challenging journey, it is a matter of proper respect to call him a hero. By all means the Odyssey provides the perfect example of a person’s journey to become a hero.
Odysseus confirms his role as a hero because he puts thought into all of his choices, he is quick-witted, and he frees himself of excessive self pride. From sacrificing six of his own men to surrendering his self pride to the gods, Odysseus accepts the noble title and proves himself deserving of being a hero. He took on a journey in which he grew into himself and rid himself of the one thing that held him back all along; his hubris. At the end of the journey, Odysseus went from being a selfish, cocky leader to being a selfless, modest hero.
Odysseus is a hero because he used his cunning personality to save his men when they cannot save themselves. In The Odyssey, Odysseus said to Circe “Circe, if you want me to eat and drink, you must free my man and bring them to me that I may see them with my own eyes.”. This quote shows that Odysseus is a true hero because he is forcing a goddess to free his men so that she can get him to eat. Also in The Odyssey, Odysseus had also taken on the brave task of rushing Circe after she had tried to poison him in book X. This example shows that Odysseus is a hero because he had the courage to save his men by going against the goddess. It also shows that he was not afraid of the harm that he could face going against Circe as Odysseus did.
In conclusion, Odysseus deserves to be called a hero because he displays courage, employs cunning, and contains humility instead of hubris. Odysseus is not always fearless, but he has the courage to fight off his fear and do what he has to do. Also, Odysseus’s cunning is able to get him out of tough situations by having him think on the spot. Lastly, Odysseus realizes his faults, one of them being that he didn’t think the gods were higher than him and that they have more power than him. Altogether, Odysseus’s journey has changed his life for the better and he is recognized as a true hero.
First, Odysseus is not a hero because he is a foolish leader who makes many mistakes on his journey back home to Ithaka. His first mistake is his decision to let his men raid and pillage the kikones, this thoughtless decision gets thirty of his men killed and countless others wounded, it also angers the Gods because he caused the deaths of many kikones and also many of his own soldiers. Another foolish decision Odysseus makes is his decision to explore the island of the Kyklops. Instead of just exploring his surroundings Odysseus decides to explore the entire island, just so he can see a Kyklops. Again this idiotic decision ends up in the death of more of his faithful men. Finally, another foolish decision he makes is to leave Elpenor unburied, which tortures his soul. As a result of this Odysseus is forced to go all the way back to Kirke's island, wasting time and valuable food to bury his body. This decision is not only selfish but disrespectful because it forces Elpenor to go through extreme suffering in the painful underworld. Odysseus is a selfish leader who needed to stop and think about his decisions instead of acting on impulses, this could have saved the lives of...
What are heroes? Are they special human gods or normal every day people who help the society in a positive way? When one looks at The Odyssey by Homer, one distinct character appears to be heroic:Odysseus. Even though Odysseus is arrogant and boastful throughout the epic, he pays the price by having to escape the cyclops and the wrath of Poseidon. On the other hand he is a good man who has the following attributes: leadership, loyalty and perseverance.
In conclusion, Odysseus conveys the qualities of a true hero, He shows fortitude, bravery and he portrays qualities of management. Odysseus shows these qualities throughout the journey in which he faced many challenging people and places. However, Odysseus overcomes each and every one by having only one set goal: to get home. As long as he reached that goal, nothing could stop him. Like a true hero, Odysseus never lost these traits, no matter how bad of a mess he was in.
Throughout the epic, Odysseus is portrayed by his friends and peers as a magnificent man, a godlike figure. But, throughout the journeys of The Odyssey, Odysseus’ true character shows. Heroes are no exception to human nature; all people tend to act differently in public than in private. A commonly accepted definition of a hero is, “a man of distinguished courage or ability, admired for his brave deeds and noble qualities.” Odysseus has not shown the noble characteristics of a hero by acting cowardly, barbaric, selfish and greedy in certain situations; such qualities do not deserve such a title. To be a hero, you must have a noble and courageous purpose. As The Odyssey moves along, Odysseus is revealed not to be a hero through his ignoble acts. Homer uses the character of Odysseus to depict false morality which undermines the concept of his heroism.
In conclusion, Odysseus deserves the title of a hero because he shows bravery, displays a change in character, and has the Gods supporting him throughout his journey home. Odysseus has the courage to overcome physical, emotional, and intellectual challenges. While Odysseus he is on the hero’s journey, he vastly improves his character. He changes from arrogant to humble, and learns leadership qualities, and most importantly, his place in the world. Odysseus has the revelation that the gods are above him, and are in control. Because he realizes the supremacy of the gods, his reward is assistance from the gods themselves. Odysseus is not a perfect man, and is flawed, just like every other human. However, heroes are not gods.
Odysseus’ has hubris and excessive pride in himself, the gods he believes in, and his accomplishments, which hold him back and do not allow him to reach hero potential. The pride that Odysseus has in his name is visible throughout his entire tale he is telling to the Phaiakians and King Alkinoos. Starting the story of his journey, Odysseus already begins to display his hubris when he explains to his hosts who he is and where he hails from. After stating that he is the son of King Laertes of Ithaka, Odysseus shares that, “Men hold me formidable for guile in peace and war: this fame has gone abroad to the sky’s rim” (IX, 21-23). He believes that he is so well known that the Phaiakians should know him from t...
The main character of the Odyssey, Odysseus the King of Ithaca is given a complex personality to an extent where it is hard to identify whether he is a true hero or not. True heroism is only achieved when a person achieves certain qualities that portray heroism. Odysseus is not a hero based on the standards of merciful, selfless, and gentle because of his actions of sacrificing his men, killing the suitors and being ruthless throughout the Odyssey. Along with many others qualities these three are helpful and necessary in a hero. A hero must be willing to do service for others and put the needs of others safety and protection before his own. Odysseus does not even come close to matching these qualities because he is a person, who only serves of himself, and he sacrifices his allies to achieve his goals and often he takes action ruthlessly.
...-evaluation and corrected himself by turning his life around so that he could be fully aware of what it means to be a hero. Even though he has different traits from different heroic people he still succeeded in proving himself, like all heroes do. Now he truly understands his place in the world, his purpose, and what he must do in the future as the main hero of his household. Journeys like Odysseus’s would influence people to think about a hero in a complete opposite way than stories about pure-hearted knights in shining armor because it shows a person’s mistakes and how he handles or copes with them while maturing overtime. Even though different traits can describe who is or who is not a hero Odysseus is beyond doubt a well-developed hero.
The hero is the man who fights for what he loves. A hero is someone who rises above circumstance to take back what is his or hers. A hero is a man who was favored by the gods. All of these qualities and more can be found in both Odysseus and Telemachus. Odysseus and Telemachus both showed many manifestations of a hero throughout the Odyssey. It was a journey of change and growth for both men. Out of this journey they returned with much wisdom and personal gain. Odysseus and Telemachus have truly walked the path of the hero’s journey.
...at he has to say. Honestly I think that Odysseus was is a great leader because, he tried his best to keep his crew safe, he never gave up on them; even if they were in a bad situation.
Picture this: a hero of great legends who travels to the underworld and back to get directions to his home from a blind prophet. It sounds like quite an impossible journey, but that is exactly what makes Odysseus all the more fascinating. The Odyssey, an epic poem orally transmitted by Homer, a Greek poet who wrote The Iliad, had to contain some variety of attributes that Greeks valued in a person. That one embodiment of what the Greeks found intriguing in a character is Odysseus. Odysseus is known as what is called an epic hero. An epic hero is a protagonist of a story that represents the most important attributes of a civilization. Odysseus, being based in ancient Greece, is the embodiment of intelligence, loyalty, and strength.
The word “hero” has several definitions. In Greek mythology, a hero was originally a demigod. A hero can be the principle character in a play, movie, novel, or poem. A hero can even simply mean someone who is discerned by outstanding courage, dignity, or power. Even though there a many different types of heroes, they have all been through a journey with many obstacles that they had to overcome. The journey of a hero is one huge cycle, starting at the home of the hero and ending at the same place, the home. There are two very important stages of journey cycle—the road of trials and crisis/salvation. The road of trials stage is basically the obstacles the potential hero had to overcome. The crisis/salvation stage is the disaster that occurred and how the hero was saved from it. Odysseus faced many obstacles, and there were many crises that he underwent. The journey of Odysseus was mythological. He left his homeland of Ithaca to go fight in the Tro... | <urn:uuid:3a9b8767-e887-4625-b4e9-e7e522dc94da> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.123helpme.com/essay/Odysseus-A-True-Hero-187664 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474674.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227085429-20240227115429-00172.warc.gz | en | 0.980464 | 2,973 | 3.84375 | 4 | [
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0.2005117684602737... | 1 | What does it mean to be a hero? The variety of traits people look for in a hero is endless. In general, a hero is someone is someone that makes a heroic journey and displays admirable qualities. In The Odyssey by Homer, Odysseus makes a journey to become a hero. Essentially, he is making a journey to save his family and the country he rules, Ithaka. This epic poem begins in medas res and through this non-linear tale Homer’s audience receives the chance to watch the transformation of Odysseus as he evolves into a classic hero. When Odysseus begins his journey he is selfish and struggles with his overwhelming hubris. However, after successfully completing each step of the hero’s journey the reader begins to see a whole new character, and ultimately, a hero. Odysseus proves himself a hero by displaying to the audience sharp intellect, modest humility, and unyielding leadership.
Odysseus possesses sharp intellect which ultimately helps him move forward in his journey to become a hero. As a hero he has a cunning ability to think on his feet when he is put in difficult situations. He shows this to the reader when him and his crew are on the Land of Kyklopes. The Greeks find themselves trapped in the cave of Poseidon’s son. As they are plotting their escape the Polyphenos asks Odysseus his name. Thinking fast, Odysseus tells him “’ my name is Nohbdy: mother, father and friends, /everyone calls me Nohbdy”’ (IX, 397-398). With this clever response Odysseus is able to fool the monster and conduct the safe escape of his crew. Odysseus further proves his quick wit when he is faced with the challenge of convincing his wife that it is truly him who has arrived home after all these years. He quickly thought of what would make her beli...
... middle of paper ...
...reclaim their palace. In the end, even though he returns home alone, Odysseus creates a perfect example of what it means to be a great leader and overall a great hero.
In summation, Odysseus can be classified as an epic hero. Although he is not perfect it is only appropriate to acknowledge that his heroic qualities outshine any negative ones by far. Through his sharp intellect, modest humility, and unyielding leadership one is able to make the conclusion that Odysseus earns every right to the title of being a hero. He endured a difficult journey that lasted twenty years and in the end he became a better person. When a person goes through this kind of transformation and is able to overcome such a challenging journey, it is a matter of proper respect to call him a hero. By all means the Odyssey provides the perfect example of a person’s journey to become a hero.
Odysseus confirms his role as a hero because he puts thought into all of his choices, he is quick-witted, and he frees himself of excessive self pride. From sacrificing six of his own men to surrendering his self pride to the gods, Odysseus accepts the noble title and proves himself deserving of being a hero. He took on a journey in which he grew into himself and rid himself of the one thing that held him back all along; his hubris. At the end of the journey, Odysseus went from being a selfish, cocky leader to being a selfless, modest hero.
Odysseus is a hero because he used his cunning personality to save his men when they cannot save themselves. In The Odyssey, Odysseus said to Circe “Circe, if you want me to eat and drink, you must free my man and bring them to me that I may see them with my own eyes.”. This quote shows that Odysseus is a true hero because he is forcing a goddess to free his men so that she can get him to eat. Also in The Odyssey, Odysseus had also taken on the brave task of rushing Circe after she had tried to poison him in book X. This example shows that Odysseus is a hero because he had the courage to save his men by going against the goddess. It also shows that he was not afraid of the harm that he could face going against Circe as Odysseus did.
In conclusion, Odysseus deserves to be called a hero because he displays courage, employs cunning, and contains humility instead of hubris. Odysseus is not always fearless, but he has the courage to fight off his fear and do what he has to do. Also, Odysseus’s cunning is able to get him out of tough situations by having him think on the spot. Lastly, Odysseus realizes his faults, one of them being that he didn’t think the gods were higher than him and that they have more power than him. Altogether, Odysseus’s journey has changed his life for the better and he is recognized as a true hero.
First, Odysseus is not a hero because he is a foolish leader who makes many mistakes on his journey back home to Ithaka. His first mistake is his decision to let his men raid and pillage the kikones, this thoughtless decision gets thirty of his men killed and countless others wounded, it also angers the Gods because he caused the deaths of many kikones and also many of his own soldiers. Another foolish decision Odysseus makes is his decision to explore the island of the Kyklops. Instead of just exploring his surroundings Odysseus decides to explore the entire island, just so he can see a Kyklops. Again this idiotic decision ends up in the death of more of his faithful men. Finally, another foolish decision he makes is to leave Elpenor unburied, which tortures his soul. As a result of this Odysseus is forced to go all the way back to Kirke's island, wasting time and valuable food to bury his body. This decision is not only selfish but disrespectful because it forces Elpenor to go through extreme suffering in the painful underworld. Odysseus is a selfish leader who needed to stop and think about his decisions instead of acting on impulses, this could have saved the lives of...
What are heroes? Are they special human gods or normal every day people who help the society in a positive way? When one looks at The Odyssey by Homer, one distinct character appears to be heroic:Odysseus. Even though Odysseus is arrogant and boastful throughout the epic, he pays the price by having to escape the cyclops and the wrath of Poseidon. On the other hand he is a good man who has the following attributes: leadership, loyalty and perseverance.
In conclusion, Odysseus conveys the qualities of a true hero, He shows fortitude, bravery and he portrays qualities of management. Odysseus shows these qualities throughout the journey in which he faced many challenging people and places. However, Odysseus overcomes each and every one by having only one set goal: to get home. As long as he reached that goal, nothing could stop him. Like a true hero, Odysseus never lost these traits, no matter how bad of a mess he was in.
Throughout the epic, Odysseus is portrayed by his friends and peers as a magnificent man, a godlike figure. But, throughout the journeys of The Odyssey, Odysseus’ true character shows. Heroes are no exception to human nature; all people tend to act differently in public than in private. A commonly accepted definition of a hero is, “a man of distinguished courage or ability, admired for his brave deeds and noble qualities.” Odysseus has not shown the noble characteristics of a hero by acting cowardly, barbaric, selfish and greedy in certain situations; such qualities do not deserve such a title. To be a hero, you must have a noble and courageous purpose. As The Odyssey moves along, Odysseus is revealed not to be a hero through his ignoble acts. Homer uses the character of Odysseus to depict false morality which undermines the concept of his heroism.
In conclusion, Odysseus deserves the title of a hero because he shows bravery, displays a change in character, and has the Gods supporting him throughout his journey home. Odysseus has the courage to overcome physical, emotional, and intellectual challenges. While Odysseus he is on the hero’s journey, he vastly improves his character. He changes from arrogant to humble, and learns leadership qualities, and most importantly, his place in the world. Odysseus has the revelation that the gods are above him, and are in control. Because he realizes the supremacy of the gods, his reward is assistance from the gods themselves. Odysseus is not a perfect man, and is flawed, just like every other human. However, heroes are not gods.
Odysseus’ has hubris and excessive pride in himself, the gods he believes in, and his accomplishments, which hold him back and do not allow him to reach hero potential. The pride that Odysseus has in his name is visible throughout his entire tale he is telling to the Phaiakians and King Alkinoos. Starting the story of his journey, Odysseus already begins to display his hubris when he explains to his hosts who he is and where he hails from. After stating that he is the son of King Laertes of Ithaka, Odysseus shares that, “Men hold me formidable for guile in peace and war: this fame has gone abroad to the sky’s rim” (IX, 21-23). He believes that he is so well known that the Phaiakians should know him from t...
The main character of the Odyssey, Odysseus the King of Ithaca is given a complex personality to an extent where it is hard to identify whether he is a true hero or not. True heroism is only achieved when a person achieves certain qualities that portray heroism. Odysseus is not a hero based on the standards of merciful, selfless, and gentle because of his actions of sacrificing his men, killing the suitors and being ruthless throughout the Odyssey. Along with many others qualities these three are helpful and necessary in a hero. A hero must be willing to do service for others and put the needs of others safety and protection before his own. Odysseus does not even come close to matching these qualities because he is a person, who only serves of himself, and he sacrifices his allies to achieve his goals and often he takes action ruthlessly.
...-evaluation and corrected himself by turning his life around so that he could be fully aware of what it means to be a hero. Even though he has different traits from different heroic people he still succeeded in proving himself, like all heroes do. Now he truly understands his place in the world, his purpose, and what he must do in the future as the main hero of his household. Journeys like Odysseus’s would influence people to think about a hero in a complete opposite way than stories about pure-hearted knights in shining armor because it shows a person’s mistakes and how he handles or copes with them while maturing overtime. Even though different traits can describe who is or who is not a hero Odysseus is beyond doubt a well-developed hero.
The hero is the man who fights for what he loves. A hero is someone who rises above circumstance to take back what is his or hers. A hero is a man who was favored by the gods. All of these qualities and more can be found in both Odysseus and Telemachus. Odysseus and Telemachus both showed many manifestations of a hero throughout the Odyssey. It was a journey of change and growth for both men. Out of this journey they returned with much wisdom and personal gain. Odysseus and Telemachus have truly walked the path of the hero’s journey.
...at he has to say. Honestly I think that Odysseus was is a great leader because, he tried his best to keep his crew safe, he never gave up on them; even if they were in a bad situation.
Picture this: a hero of great legends who travels to the underworld and back to get directions to his home from a blind prophet. It sounds like quite an impossible journey, but that is exactly what makes Odysseus all the more fascinating. The Odyssey, an epic poem orally transmitted by Homer, a Greek poet who wrote The Iliad, had to contain some variety of attributes that Greeks valued in a person. That one embodiment of what the Greeks found intriguing in a character is Odysseus. Odysseus is known as what is called an epic hero. An epic hero is a protagonist of a story that represents the most important attributes of a civilization. Odysseus, being based in ancient Greece, is the embodiment of intelligence, loyalty, and strength.
The word “hero” has several definitions. In Greek mythology, a hero was originally a demigod. A hero can be the principle character in a play, movie, novel, or poem. A hero can even simply mean someone who is discerned by outstanding courage, dignity, or power. Even though there a many different types of heroes, they have all been through a journey with many obstacles that they had to overcome. The journey of a hero is one huge cycle, starting at the home of the hero and ending at the same place, the home. There are two very important stages of journey cycle—the road of trials and crisis/salvation. The road of trials stage is basically the obstacles the potential hero had to overcome. The crisis/salvation stage is the disaster that occurred and how the hero was saved from it. Odysseus faced many obstacles, and there were many crises that he underwent. The journey of Odysseus was mythological. He left his homeland of Ithaca to go fight in the Tro... | 2,917 | ENGLISH | 1 |
What Drove the Sugar Trade? The sugar trade began in 1655 and became a big deal to Britain. Wealthy men would buy property, produce sugar, and sell it to their home country for a low price. (Document 7) Sugar was a product that could be bought and sold easily, since it was in high demand. (Document 3) This meant that England gained money. And what do you gain with money? Power. The high demand for sugar was increasing more and more every day. Between 1700 and 1770, the amount of sugar produced and consumed quadrupled. Sugar is often added into other imports, such as tea, coffee and chocolate. These three things have something in common that is a big factor in the demand for sugar. They are all stimulants. People wanted more and …show more content…
And you can’t just pull up a plantation from nowhere, you have to build many buildings, and pay for labor too. Many people didn 't want to labor at sugar plantations. Because of the hot temperature and the other dangerous things you would have to be around. And plantation owners didn’t want to pay a lot of money for laborers. The solution, slaves. The more slaves the more sugar that could be produced was the idea that most plantation owners had. These slaves were owned by wealthy British men. The rich men had enough money to buy lots of slaves and produce lots of sugar. This brings back the main idea because none of the sugar could have been produced without any of the labor. Labor is the beginning to this story of the Sugar Trade and without that chapter, it would be incomplete. England at the end of this all had more money coming in than out. The sugar plantations, owned by wealthy people, had to be built. And the building of the plantation cost a lot of money. They also needed supplies, which brought in even more money. England created laws that permitted more money to come in than out. And since money creates power, England 's power
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Sugar was one of the most demanding goods, thus, the sugar production increased dramatically. Slaves played a huge part in this since they were the ones who help produce sugar. If it was not for the distilled drinks, then the slave trade would not have been so big and caused disputes about slavery. Journal #8.
Because it is so addictive, the people of England found it difficult to consume sugar because of these cravings, thus causing the demand for sugar to increase. After the introduction of chocolate and tea into the British diet, sugar became more popular because these new products established a connection with sugar (Doc. 4). In other words, chocolate and tea could not be sold without sugar. Because tea was the
Analyze the differences and similarities between the societies and economies of the southern, middle and New England Colonies. Southern, Middle, and New Egeland colonies had lots of differences in society and economic ways. For example, in the Southern Colonies they would grow rice and tobacco sugar cane, and indigo. They lived in a warm weather and was plenty of rain for the crops to grow which they used the slaves to work in the fields long hours of the day from dawn to dark.
Since sugar cane had been introduced to West Indies, the techniques of sugar production, exploitation of labor, and economic organization developed on these islands were easily exported to the new world. Ultimately, the adoption of these production techniques and the system of colonial government from the Atlantic islands, with the institution of slavery, made sugar production the most profitable cultivation in the Americas. By the sixteenth century, both demand and prices had risen because refined sugar was replacing honey in most recipes and was increasingly used as a sweetener in jams, jellies and other popular food products across Europe. White Gold, as British colonists called it, was the engine of the slave trade that brought millions of Africans to the Americas beginning in the early sixteenth century. Profits from the sugar trade were so significant that it may have even helped America achieve independence from Great
Britain had built up a great debt and the colonies were a financial burden to run, to try and resolve their problems the British instituted various measures
Sugar production was a form of slavery that demanded an enormous amount of toil from slaves. The densely planted acres and severely labor-intensive cultivation ensured that slaves were left with little free time, if any at all. Gang systems were almost exclusively used on these plantations because
No matter your stance at the time, one thing became clear: socially, politically and economically, slavery was the fabric of American success and gave birth to the Old South as we know it today. At the center of the entire institution of slavery, and central to its defense, was the economic domination it provided a young country in international markets. In the early 19th century, cotton was a popular commodity and overtook sugar as the main crop produced by slave labor. The production of cotton became the nation’s top priority; America supplied ¾ of the cotton supply to the entire world.
England then sought to reinforce their rules and command over the colonies. English officials used Mercantilism. This confirmed their authority. Parliament then passed Acts to help pay off the debt for the war and show the colonies who was really in charge. This angered the colonies.
On any sizeable sugar plantation expensive goods and equipment were necessary if it was to produce effectively and therefore it was a substantial investment (Doc 6). Peter Macinnis refers to this need for considerable investment as the first curse of sugar; due to the fact that establishing a sugar plantation was an expensive endeavor only families that already had the means were able to do so (Doc 7). Without slaves the sugar industry would have failed, almost every aspect of the process of manufacturing sugar was done by slaves, as the demand rose so did the number of slaves, but there was a high price to pay if one was to acquire the amount of slaves necessary on a large plantation (Doc
Finally, the large plantation owners were the final class of the South, they were able to own hundreds of slaves and some would treat them harshly. In spite of this, these people made up a very tiny portion of the population. Therefore, they would need to use their
Britain needed a way to fix this. They came up with the Sugar Act, a set of taxes to help Britain raise money. Taxes were not a new thing for the colonists, but these new taxes caused big issues. The Sugar Act was suggested by Prime Minister George Greenville.
Imagine if the cotton businesses had no slaves the Southerners would have to create their own factories, for example, if they did have to create their own industry, they would have to sell all their slaves and that’s one of the last things that they wanted to do. If the South had no slaves, they would have to do everything all by themselves. According to page 242 it says " planters would have had to sell slaves to raise the money to build factories, most wealthy southerners had their wealth invested in land and slaves. Planters would have had to sell slaves to raise the money to build factories. Most wealthy southerners were unwilling to do this.
The sugar trade, which began in the 16th century and lasted until the 19th century, was also considered a “triangle trade" that brought tremendous wealth and power to European colonizers and their respective nations. The trade, which involved the production and transportation of sugar from colonies in the Caribbean and South America to Europe, was driven by several factors, including the growing demand for sugar in Europe, an increase in population, and mercantilism. One of the primary factors that drove the sugar trade was the growing demand for sugar in Europe. Sugar was considered a luxury item in medieval Europe since it brought the great taste to the people.
After the French and Indian war, Britain was in heavy debt and needed to acquire as much revenue as possible. Britain was so desperate for money, they did not care how they received the money and whose rights they violated in the process. Because of this unjust mindset, Britain was not merciful when creating ways to collect revenue. The British methods for acquiring money were purposeful but not just.
Anup Shah stated, “The slave trade was a major factor in the expansion of the sugar industries” (Allyn and Bacon, 1999,P 215). Most of European slaves were Africans. Africans were the major source of getting sugar. The main point of African slaves was economic. In early 16th century, an African slave was sold for only £7. | <urn:uuid:ec235b78-0ddf-4628-8229-82f6281a8186> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.ipl.org/essay/What-Drove-The-Sugar-Trade-Analysis-P38MG6BENDTV | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474650.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226030734-20240226060734-00822.warc.gz | en | 0.985368 | 1,763 | 3.59375 | 4 | [
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0.079167... | 1 | What Drove the Sugar Trade? The sugar trade began in 1655 and became a big deal to Britain. Wealthy men would buy property, produce sugar, and sell it to their home country for a low price. (Document 7) Sugar was a product that could be bought and sold easily, since it was in high demand. (Document 3) This meant that England gained money. And what do you gain with money? Power. The high demand for sugar was increasing more and more every day. Between 1700 and 1770, the amount of sugar produced and consumed quadrupled. Sugar is often added into other imports, such as tea, coffee and chocolate. These three things have something in common that is a big factor in the demand for sugar. They are all stimulants. People wanted more and …show more content…
And you can’t just pull up a plantation from nowhere, you have to build many buildings, and pay for labor too. Many people didn 't want to labor at sugar plantations. Because of the hot temperature and the other dangerous things you would have to be around. And plantation owners didn’t want to pay a lot of money for laborers. The solution, slaves. The more slaves the more sugar that could be produced was the idea that most plantation owners had. These slaves were owned by wealthy British men. The rich men had enough money to buy lots of slaves and produce lots of sugar. This brings back the main idea because none of the sugar could have been produced without any of the labor. Labor is the beginning to this story of the Sugar Trade and without that chapter, it would be incomplete. England at the end of this all had more money coming in than out. The sugar plantations, owned by wealthy people, had to be built. And the building of the plantation cost a lot of money. They also needed supplies, which brought in even more money. England created laws that permitted more money to come in than out. And since money creates power, England 's power
Click here to unlock this and over one million essaysShow More
Sugar was one of the most demanding goods, thus, the sugar production increased dramatically. Slaves played a huge part in this since they were the ones who help produce sugar. If it was not for the distilled drinks, then the slave trade would not have been so big and caused disputes about slavery. Journal #8.
Because it is so addictive, the people of England found it difficult to consume sugar because of these cravings, thus causing the demand for sugar to increase. After the introduction of chocolate and tea into the British diet, sugar became more popular because these new products established a connection with sugar (Doc. 4). In other words, chocolate and tea could not be sold without sugar. Because tea was the
Analyze the differences and similarities between the societies and economies of the southern, middle and New England Colonies. Southern, Middle, and New Egeland colonies had lots of differences in society and economic ways. For example, in the Southern Colonies they would grow rice and tobacco sugar cane, and indigo. They lived in a warm weather and was plenty of rain for the crops to grow which they used the slaves to work in the fields long hours of the day from dawn to dark.
Since sugar cane had been introduced to West Indies, the techniques of sugar production, exploitation of labor, and economic organization developed on these islands were easily exported to the new world. Ultimately, the adoption of these production techniques and the system of colonial government from the Atlantic islands, with the institution of slavery, made sugar production the most profitable cultivation in the Americas. By the sixteenth century, both demand and prices had risen because refined sugar was replacing honey in most recipes and was increasingly used as a sweetener in jams, jellies and other popular food products across Europe. White Gold, as British colonists called it, was the engine of the slave trade that brought millions of Africans to the Americas beginning in the early sixteenth century. Profits from the sugar trade were so significant that it may have even helped America achieve independence from Great
Britain had built up a great debt and the colonies were a financial burden to run, to try and resolve their problems the British instituted various measures
Sugar production was a form of slavery that demanded an enormous amount of toil from slaves. The densely planted acres and severely labor-intensive cultivation ensured that slaves were left with little free time, if any at all. Gang systems were almost exclusively used on these plantations because
No matter your stance at the time, one thing became clear: socially, politically and economically, slavery was the fabric of American success and gave birth to the Old South as we know it today. At the center of the entire institution of slavery, and central to its defense, was the economic domination it provided a young country in international markets. In the early 19th century, cotton was a popular commodity and overtook sugar as the main crop produced by slave labor. The production of cotton became the nation’s top priority; America supplied ¾ of the cotton supply to the entire world.
England then sought to reinforce their rules and command over the colonies. English officials used Mercantilism. This confirmed their authority. Parliament then passed Acts to help pay off the debt for the war and show the colonies who was really in charge. This angered the colonies.
On any sizeable sugar plantation expensive goods and equipment were necessary if it was to produce effectively and therefore it was a substantial investment (Doc 6). Peter Macinnis refers to this need for considerable investment as the first curse of sugar; due to the fact that establishing a sugar plantation was an expensive endeavor only families that already had the means were able to do so (Doc 7). Without slaves the sugar industry would have failed, almost every aspect of the process of manufacturing sugar was done by slaves, as the demand rose so did the number of slaves, but there was a high price to pay if one was to acquire the amount of slaves necessary on a large plantation (Doc
Finally, the large plantation owners were the final class of the South, they were able to own hundreds of slaves and some would treat them harshly. In spite of this, these people made up a very tiny portion of the population. Therefore, they would need to use their
Britain needed a way to fix this. They came up with the Sugar Act, a set of taxes to help Britain raise money. Taxes were not a new thing for the colonists, but these new taxes caused big issues. The Sugar Act was suggested by Prime Minister George Greenville.
Imagine if the cotton businesses had no slaves the Southerners would have to create their own factories, for example, if they did have to create their own industry, they would have to sell all their slaves and that’s one of the last things that they wanted to do. If the South had no slaves, they would have to do everything all by themselves. According to page 242 it says " planters would have had to sell slaves to raise the money to build factories, most wealthy southerners had their wealth invested in land and slaves. Planters would have had to sell slaves to raise the money to build factories. Most wealthy southerners were unwilling to do this.
The sugar trade, which began in the 16th century and lasted until the 19th century, was also considered a “triangle trade" that brought tremendous wealth and power to European colonizers and their respective nations. The trade, which involved the production and transportation of sugar from colonies in the Caribbean and South America to Europe, was driven by several factors, including the growing demand for sugar in Europe, an increase in population, and mercantilism. One of the primary factors that drove the sugar trade was the growing demand for sugar in Europe. Sugar was considered a luxury item in medieval Europe since it brought the great taste to the people.
After the French and Indian war, Britain was in heavy debt and needed to acquire as much revenue as possible. Britain was so desperate for money, they did not care how they received the money and whose rights they violated in the process. Because of this unjust mindset, Britain was not merciful when creating ways to collect revenue. The British methods for acquiring money were purposeful but not just.
Anup Shah stated, “The slave trade was a major factor in the expansion of the sugar industries” (Allyn and Bacon, 1999,P 215). Most of European slaves were Africans. Africans were the major source of getting sugar. The main point of African slaves was economic. In early 16th century, an African slave was sold for only £7. | 1,779 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The first inhabitants of White Bear Township were Native Americans known as the Dakota, or Sioux, who lived in tipis on the shores of the Township’s many lakes. They moved their villages as the seasons changed and the game migrated. The Dakota’s enemy, the Ojibwe, or Chippewa, lived in birch bark wigwams near Taylors Falls, northeast of the Township. Territorial conflicts arose between the tribes on a regular basis.
“There is hardly a foot of soil around White Bear Lake that has not been ensanguined by the blood of these hereditary foes,” wrote Historian J. Fletcher Williams. “Spirit Island (Manitou Island) seems to have been the most hotly contested ground, and to this day the remains of rifle pits, redoubts and earthworks are there to be found, while its soil was enriched by the innumerable warriors who were slain.”
An infamous battle between these tribes took place in 1855 when a hunting party of Dakota happened upon a group of Ojibwe near Lake Oneka, north of the Township. The Dakota killed and scalped an Ojibwe warrior during the battle and later lost two of their own that had been wounded.
The scene that followed terrified white settlers living in log cabins in Cottage Park. For two days and nights the Dakota held a scalp dance on the shores of Goose Lake in which they sang, danced and shook the scalp of their enemy above their heads. It would not be the last time the two cultures would clash.
During the nineteenth century, a number of treaties were signed between the various Indian nations in the region and the United States government. These treaties provided for Native Americans to cede their land claims in Minnesota and open the area to settlement by immigrants.
Source: "White Bear: A History," by Catherine Carey, 2008 | <urn:uuid:32e5afdd-a442-4d62-8a16-0fc459184f77> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.whitebeartownship.org/231/Early-Inhabitants | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474643.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225203035-20240225233035-00733.warc.gz | en | 0.981973 | 387 | 3.875 | 4 | [
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0.449104726314... | 1 | The first inhabitants of White Bear Township were Native Americans known as the Dakota, or Sioux, who lived in tipis on the shores of the Township’s many lakes. They moved their villages as the seasons changed and the game migrated. The Dakota’s enemy, the Ojibwe, or Chippewa, lived in birch bark wigwams near Taylors Falls, northeast of the Township. Territorial conflicts arose between the tribes on a regular basis.
“There is hardly a foot of soil around White Bear Lake that has not been ensanguined by the blood of these hereditary foes,” wrote Historian J. Fletcher Williams. “Spirit Island (Manitou Island) seems to have been the most hotly contested ground, and to this day the remains of rifle pits, redoubts and earthworks are there to be found, while its soil was enriched by the innumerable warriors who were slain.”
An infamous battle between these tribes took place in 1855 when a hunting party of Dakota happened upon a group of Ojibwe near Lake Oneka, north of the Township. The Dakota killed and scalped an Ojibwe warrior during the battle and later lost two of their own that had been wounded.
The scene that followed terrified white settlers living in log cabins in Cottage Park. For two days and nights the Dakota held a scalp dance on the shores of Goose Lake in which they sang, danced and shook the scalp of their enemy above their heads. It would not be the last time the two cultures would clash.
During the nineteenth century, a number of treaties were signed between the various Indian nations in the region and the United States government. These treaties provided for Native Americans to cede their land claims in Minnesota and open the area to settlement by immigrants.
Source: "White Bear: A History," by Catherine Carey, 2008 | 381 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Search NextJob for answers
Who did introduce Jagir system during the reign of Akbar?
The Jagirdari system was an integral part of the mansabdari system which developed under Akbar and underwent certain changes during the reign of his successors. During Akbar’s period all the territory was broadly divided into two: Khalisa(Crown Land) and Jagir(Land Assignments).
What is Jagirdari system Upsc?
The Jagirdar system was introduced by the Delhi Sultanate and continued during the Mughal Empire. In the Mughal times, the jagirdar collected taxes which paid his salary and the rest to the Mughal treasury. During the Mughal Empire, zamindars belonged to the nobility and formed the ruling class.
Who were known as jagirs?
Later on grants made for religious and charitable purposes and even to non-Rajputs were called jagirs, and both in its popular sense and legislative practice, the word jagir came to be used as connoting all grants which conferred on the grantees rights in respect of land revenue, and that is the sense in which the word …
Who were Jagirdars and what were their responsibilities?
Answer: The duty of a Jagirdar was to collect taxes which paid his salary and the rest of the amount went to the Mughal treasury. The system of Jagirdar continued even after the collapse of the Mughal empire.
What was jagir short answer?
Complete answer: A jagir, likewise spelled as jageer, was a sort of medieval land award in the Indian subcontinent at the establishment of its Jagirdar (Zamindar) system.
Why was Watan called jagir?
Detailed Solution. Jagirs which were assigned to zamindars (chieftains) in their homelands, were called watan jagirs. When a zamindar is absorbed into the Mansabdari System, he is given a tankha jagir and his zamindari is considered watan jagir.
Who were Jagirdars and Zamindars?
Jagirdars were holders of land assignments in lieu of judicial and police duties, whereas Zamindars were holders of revenue rights without obligation to perform any duty other than revenue collection. 2. Land assignments to Jagirdars were hereditary and revenue rights of Zamindars were not hereditary.
What is jagir in history?
: a grant of the public revenues of a district in northern India or Pakistan to a person with power to collect and enjoy them and to administer the government in the district. also : the district so assigned, the revenue from it, or the tenure by which it is held compare enam.
What is Jagirdari in India?
Izaredari system was introduced in 1773 by Warren Hastings in Bengal whereby he assumed that all land belongs to State. This was the first land tenure system implemented in India by British. Under this system, right of collecting revenue of a particular area was auctioned to the highest bidder.
What were jagirs Class 7?
Answer: A jagir was a revenue assignment for the mansabdars. The mansabdars had the right to collect revenue from a jagir but they could not reside in or administer the jagir. | <urn:uuid:c3e2b43c-cd29-45c7-8dab-6f4819c8dab3> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://nextjob.co.in/upsc/who-were-jagirdars-during-akbars-reign-upsc-pre/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474690.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228012542-20240228042542-00684.warc.gz | en | 0.984264 | 707 | 4.0625 | 4 | [
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0.128255963... | 1 | Search NextJob for answers
Who did introduce Jagir system during the reign of Akbar?
The Jagirdari system was an integral part of the mansabdari system which developed under Akbar and underwent certain changes during the reign of his successors. During Akbar’s period all the territory was broadly divided into two: Khalisa(Crown Land) and Jagir(Land Assignments).
What is Jagirdari system Upsc?
The Jagirdar system was introduced by the Delhi Sultanate and continued during the Mughal Empire. In the Mughal times, the jagirdar collected taxes which paid his salary and the rest to the Mughal treasury. During the Mughal Empire, zamindars belonged to the nobility and formed the ruling class.
Who were known as jagirs?
Later on grants made for religious and charitable purposes and even to non-Rajputs were called jagirs, and both in its popular sense and legislative practice, the word jagir came to be used as connoting all grants which conferred on the grantees rights in respect of land revenue, and that is the sense in which the word …
Who were Jagirdars and what were their responsibilities?
Answer: The duty of a Jagirdar was to collect taxes which paid his salary and the rest of the amount went to the Mughal treasury. The system of Jagirdar continued even after the collapse of the Mughal empire.
What was jagir short answer?
Complete answer: A jagir, likewise spelled as jageer, was a sort of medieval land award in the Indian subcontinent at the establishment of its Jagirdar (Zamindar) system.
Why was Watan called jagir?
Detailed Solution. Jagirs which were assigned to zamindars (chieftains) in their homelands, were called watan jagirs. When a zamindar is absorbed into the Mansabdari System, he is given a tankha jagir and his zamindari is considered watan jagir.
Who were Jagirdars and Zamindars?
Jagirdars were holders of land assignments in lieu of judicial and police duties, whereas Zamindars were holders of revenue rights without obligation to perform any duty other than revenue collection. 2. Land assignments to Jagirdars were hereditary and revenue rights of Zamindars were not hereditary.
What is jagir in history?
: a grant of the public revenues of a district in northern India or Pakistan to a person with power to collect and enjoy them and to administer the government in the district. also : the district so assigned, the revenue from it, or the tenure by which it is held compare enam.
What is Jagirdari in India?
Izaredari system was introduced in 1773 by Warren Hastings in Bengal whereby he assumed that all land belongs to State. This was the first land tenure system implemented in India by British. Under this system, right of collecting revenue of a particular area was auctioned to the highest bidder.
What were jagirs Class 7?
Answer: A jagir was a revenue assignment for the mansabdars. The mansabdars had the right to collect revenue from a jagir but they could not reside in or administer the jagir. | 667 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Dolmen of Carapito I is a megalithic monument located in the municipality of Aguiar da Beira, in the north-central region of Portugal. It is a dolmen, which is a type of prehistoric tomb consisting of two or more vertical stones supporting a horizontal capstone.
The Dolmen of Carapito I was built during the Neolithic period, around 5,000 years ago, and is one of the largest dolmens in Portugal. It is located on a hilltop, and its position and size suggest that it was an important site for the prehistoric community that built it.
The dolmen consists of a large chamber formed by several vertical stones supporting a massive capstone that weighs approximately 17 tons. The chamber is accessed by a long passage formed by two portal stones. The dolmen is surrounded by a circular mound of earth, which was likely used to mark the site and provide support for the stones.
The purpose of the Dolmen of Carapito I, like many other dolmens, is not fully understood. It is believed to have been a tomb, used for the burial of important members of the community. However, it is also possible that it was used for other purposes, such as religious or ceremonial activities. | <urn:uuid:cfba74c4-9f47-43fb-8c0d-17b571cd6cc5> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://paganplaces.com/places/dolmen-of-carapito-i/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475897.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302184020-20240302214020-00402.warc.gz | en | 0.982223 | 261 | 3.671875 | 4 | [
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0.83458697... | 1 | The Dolmen of Carapito I is a megalithic monument located in the municipality of Aguiar da Beira, in the north-central region of Portugal. It is a dolmen, which is a type of prehistoric tomb consisting of two or more vertical stones supporting a horizontal capstone.
The Dolmen of Carapito I was built during the Neolithic period, around 5,000 years ago, and is one of the largest dolmens in Portugal. It is located on a hilltop, and its position and size suggest that it was an important site for the prehistoric community that built it.
The dolmen consists of a large chamber formed by several vertical stones supporting a massive capstone that weighs approximately 17 tons. The chamber is accessed by a long passage formed by two portal stones. The dolmen is surrounded by a circular mound of earth, which was likely used to mark the site and provide support for the stones.
The purpose of the Dolmen of Carapito I, like many other dolmens, is not fully understood. It is believed to have been a tomb, used for the burial of important members of the community. However, it is also possible that it was used for other purposes, such as religious or ceremonial activities. | 259 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Justice M. Fathima Beevi, the first female Judge to be appointed to the Supreme Court of India, passed away at the age of 96 in Kerala’s Kollam. From 1950, when the Supreme Court of India came into existence, it took 39 years for Justice Fathima Beevi to be appointed the country's first female Supreme Court judge in 1989.
There have been 11 female justices in the court since then. Presently there is 3 sitting female judges out of the total 34 judges (including Chief Justice of India) in the court.
Fathima Beevi, also the governor of Tamil Nadu, died at a hospital, was unmarried. She was the Tamil Nadu Governor from 1997 to 2001 when Jayalalitha was the state Chief Minister. She also served as a member of the National Human Rights Commission.
Born in the erstwhile princely state of Travancore in 1927 in Kerala, Beevi was a role model for addressing the gender imbalance in the legal profession on the whole.
Anna Chandy was India's first woman high court judge, Anna Chandy was born in 1905 in the modern-day Kerala. | <urn:uuid:e7b90afc-60ff-488e-9d48-0ee2a5916921> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://news.civilserviceindia.com/first-woman-supreme-court-judge-m-fathima-passes-away | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473738.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222093910-20240222123910-00367.warc.gz | en | 0.98021 | 242 | 3.40625 | 3 | [
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0.2724618315696716... | 1 | Justice M. Fathima Beevi, the first female Judge to be appointed to the Supreme Court of India, passed away at the age of 96 in Kerala’s Kollam. From 1950, when the Supreme Court of India came into existence, it took 39 years for Justice Fathima Beevi to be appointed the country's first female Supreme Court judge in 1989.
There have been 11 female justices in the court since then. Presently there is 3 sitting female judges out of the total 34 judges (including Chief Justice of India) in the court.
Fathima Beevi, also the governor of Tamil Nadu, died at a hospital, was unmarried. She was the Tamil Nadu Governor from 1997 to 2001 when Jayalalitha was the state Chief Minister. She also served as a member of the National Human Rights Commission.
Born in the erstwhile princely state of Travancore in 1927 in Kerala, Beevi was a role model for addressing the gender imbalance in the legal profession on the whole.
Anna Chandy was India's first woman high court judge, Anna Chandy was born in 1905 in the modern-day Kerala. | 262 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Emperor Taizu of Song was born on the 21st of March 927. His personal name was Zhao Kuangyin, but he also had a courtesy name Yuanlang. Taizu is in fact an honorific, and a common one for those who found a Chinese dynasty. This man will be referred to here as Taizu to avoid confusion.
He is known for being the founder and first ruler of the Song Dynasty in China. His reign was from 960 until his death in 976.
As a distinguished military general of the Later Zhou dynasty, Taizu came to power through a coup where he forced Emperor Gong to abdicate the throne. Throughout his reign, he sought to expand his empire and conquer the Southern Tang territories, the Later Shu lands, the Southern Han and Jingan before uniting most of China through military administration.
A Soldier’s Life
Born in 927, Taizu was the son of a military commander named Zhao Hongyin and was given a military upbringing. It was said that he excelled at mounted archery.
One story has him riding on an untamed horse without a bridle until he is knocked off the horse by the city gate. Not to be stopped by a mere bang on the head, Taizu climbed straight back up and chased the horse, subduing it without any harm.
In the mid-940s, Taizu was married to Lady He. It was an organized marriage by his father. However, little else is known about his marriage to Lady He.
It is recorded that he wandered in this period until 949 when he joined the army of Guo Wei, a military governor of the Later Han dynasty. He was part of the military force that helped to quell a rebellion organized by Li Shouzhen.
In 951, the Guo Wei rebelled and became the Later Zhou dynasty. Taizu had proven himself in the two years that he had served in the army so when this rebellion came, he was promoted to palace guard commander.
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Emperor Chai Rong spent much of his time with the Guo Wei and became interested in Taizu. He was impressed by his martial skill and military potential. Taizu was made a commander of the cavalry units and began to make more of an impact on the political scene.
Taizu’s career in military command began as the commander of the cavalry. He started to impress properly at the Battle of Gaoping against an alliance of the Northern Han and Liao dynasties.
When Chai Rong ascended the throne, Liu Chong decided to ally with Liao’s dynasty as he was concerned about the power of Chai Rong. In the opening battle, the army’s flank led by Fan Aineng and He Hui was defeated.
Taizu evaluated the situation and led 4,000 elite troops from the Palace to counter this onrushing army under Liao. Taizu was such an inspiration that to his troops that the Guo Wei army were no0ted as fighting with a great fervour for victory, something Taizu shared.
Taizu was raised as a champion for his victory at the Battle of Gaoping. He was promoted again to the grand commander of the palace guards and was entrusted to train and organize them.
Through this, he developed a personal and lasting relationship with the soldiers. Not only this, Taizu, also became familiar with the generals and officials that would often come to the palace.
This included the Chief of the Palace, and other military generals named Shi Shouxin, Wang Shenqi, and Wang Zhengzhong. It did not take long for Taizu to seize control of the guards and have entrenched relationships with many high-ranking officials. Within a few years, Taizu had established a set of officials under him who were military general, loyal and in important positions.
The final promotion that Taizu was to be given, was that he was promoted to Jiedushi (Overall Military Governor). Despite this, he still had two rivals: Zhang Yongde and Li Chongjin.
In 959, Taizu sought to bring down his rivals and was successful in getting Zhang Yongde demoted. Li Chongjin fortunately for Taizu lost political backing when Chai Rong died. This left Taizu in a perfect position to exert his influence further.
In 960, Taizu was sent to combat the potential alliance of Northern Han and the Liao dynasty. On this trip, Taizu’s prophet within the army declared that he saw two suns fighting and this meant that the power of the empire should be entrusted to Taizu.
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This was massively supported by his arm, who oved their general who had led them to such victories. According to legend, Taizu took power under pressure from his army. He returned home to be declared emperor without facing any resistance. He sent the dethroned emperor to live with his mother in the Western Capital.
The Death of an Emperor
In 960, Taizu was able to reunite China under his rule, ending almost 50 years of division. This included most factions except the territories of the Northern Han.
In 968, Taizu went to war against them but was forced to retreat. He was remembered for his expansion and his imperial examination system that made the civil service only accessible to those who could complete the exams. This professionalism led to economic growth and advances in scientific pursuits.
Taizu reigned for seventeen years, dying at the age of 49. Interestingly, he was succeeded by his younger brother rather than his sons who were of age.
This is said to be because of the role of Taizu’s mother and that it had been accepted for a generation that his brother would succeed him. This story is known by a particular name: “shadows by the candle and sounds from an axe”.
It has been suggested that these enigmatic words mean Taizu was murdered by his brother who wanted to rule himself. There is no other evidence to support this claim, to be sure, but the phrase is telling and the meaning remains otherwise obscure.
Taizu was buried in the Yongchang Mausoleum near Gongyi. When his brother passed away, the succession was passed on through his sons rather than through Taizu.
However, they would get their chance to rule in the 12th century when no heir could be produced and so the government reverted back to Taizu’s line of succession. Taizu’s line lasted for generations.
Top Image: Emperor Taizu plays a ball game with his advisors. Source: Qian Xuan / Public Domain.
By Kurt Readman | <urn:uuid:6f5b0a87-2495-4562-a58c-fb8e25b20122> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.historicmysteries.com/history/taizu/38076/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474686.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227184934-20240227214934-00013.warc.gz | en | 0.989423 | 1,435 | 3.359375 | 3 | [
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0.18081235885620117... | 1 | Emperor Taizu of Song was born on the 21st of March 927. His personal name was Zhao Kuangyin, but he also had a courtesy name Yuanlang. Taizu is in fact an honorific, and a common one for those who found a Chinese dynasty. This man will be referred to here as Taizu to avoid confusion.
He is known for being the founder and first ruler of the Song Dynasty in China. His reign was from 960 until his death in 976.
As a distinguished military general of the Later Zhou dynasty, Taizu came to power through a coup where he forced Emperor Gong to abdicate the throne. Throughout his reign, he sought to expand his empire and conquer the Southern Tang territories, the Later Shu lands, the Southern Han and Jingan before uniting most of China through military administration.
A Soldier’s Life
Born in 927, Taizu was the son of a military commander named Zhao Hongyin and was given a military upbringing. It was said that he excelled at mounted archery.
One story has him riding on an untamed horse without a bridle until he is knocked off the horse by the city gate. Not to be stopped by a mere bang on the head, Taizu climbed straight back up and chased the horse, subduing it without any harm.
In the mid-940s, Taizu was married to Lady He. It was an organized marriage by his father. However, little else is known about his marriage to Lady He.
It is recorded that he wandered in this period until 949 when he joined the army of Guo Wei, a military governor of the Later Han dynasty. He was part of the military force that helped to quell a rebellion organized by Li Shouzhen.
In 951, the Guo Wei rebelled and became the Later Zhou dynasty. Taizu had proven himself in the two years that he had served in the army so when this rebellion came, he was promoted to palace guard commander.
- Ahuitzotl: Did we Finally Find an Aztec Emperor’s Tomb?
- The Tragic Love Of Yang Guifei and The Emperor Of China
Emperor Chai Rong spent much of his time with the Guo Wei and became interested in Taizu. He was impressed by his martial skill and military potential. Taizu was made a commander of the cavalry units and began to make more of an impact on the political scene.
Taizu’s career in military command began as the commander of the cavalry. He started to impress properly at the Battle of Gaoping against an alliance of the Northern Han and Liao dynasties.
When Chai Rong ascended the throne, Liu Chong decided to ally with Liao’s dynasty as he was concerned about the power of Chai Rong. In the opening battle, the army’s flank led by Fan Aineng and He Hui was defeated.
Taizu evaluated the situation and led 4,000 elite troops from the Palace to counter this onrushing army under Liao. Taizu was such an inspiration that to his troops that the Guo Wei army were no0ted as fighting with a great fervour for victory, something Taizu shared.
Taizu was raised as a champion for his victory at the Battle of Gaoping. He was promoted again to the grand commander of the palace guards and was entrusted to train and organize them.
Through this, he developed a personal and lasting relationship with the soldiers. Not only this, Taizu, also became familiar with the generals and officials that would often come to the palace.
This included the Chief of the Palace, and other military generals named Shi Shouxin, Wang Shenqi, and Wang Zhengzhong. It did not take long for Taizu to seize control of the guards and have entrenched relationships with many high-ranking officials. Within a few years, Taizu had established a set of officials under him who were military general, loyal and in important positions.
The final promotion that Taizu was to be given, was that he was promoted to Jiedushi (Overall Military Governor). Despite this, he still had two rivals: Zhang Yongde and Li Chongjin.
In 959, Taizu sought to bring down his rivals and was successful in getting Zhang Yongde demoted. Li Chongjin fortunately for Taizu lost political backing when Chai Rong died. This left Taizu in a perfect position to exert his influence further.
In 960, Taizu was sent to combat the potential alliance of Northern Han and the Liao dynasty. On this trip, Taizu’s prophet within the army declared that he saw two suns fighting and this meant that the power of the empire should be entrusted to Taizu.
- Where Truth Meets Legend: Was Jimmu the First Emperor of Japan?
- That Time Sun Tzu Raised an Army of 180 Prostitutes
This was massively supported by his arm, who oved their general who had led them to such victories. According to legend, Taizu took power under pressure from his army. He returned home to be declared emperor without facing any resistance. He sent the dethroned emperor to live with his mother in the Western Capital.
The Death of an Emperor
In 960, Taizu was able to reunite China under his rule, ending almost 50 years of division. This included most factions except the territories of the Northern Han.
In 968, Taizu went to war against them but was forced to retreat. He was remembered for his expansion and his imperial examination system that made the civil service only accessible to those who could complete the exams. This professionalism led to economic growth and advances in scientific pursuits.
Taizu reigned for seventeen years, dying at the age of 49. Interestingly, he was succeeded by his younger brother rather than his sons who were of age.
This is said to be because of the role of Taizu’s mother and that it had been accepted for a generation that his brother would succeed him. This story is known by a particular name: “shadows by the candle and sounds from an axe”.
It has been suggested that these enigmatic words mean Taizu was murdered by his brother who wanted to rule himself. There is no other evidence to support this claim, to be sure, but the phrase is telling and the meaning remains otherwise obscure.
Taizu was buried in the Yongchang Mausoleum near Gongyi. When his brother passed away, the succession was passed on through his sons rather than through Taizu.
However, they would get their chance to rule in the 12th century when no heir could be produced and so the government reverted back to Taizu’s line of succession. Taizu’s line lasted for generations.
Top Image: Emperor Taizu plays a ball game with his advisors. Source: Qian Xuan / Public Domain.
By Kurt Readman | 1,431 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Charles Darwin is most remembered today for his contribution to the theory of evolution through natural selection.
The seeds of this theory were sown in Darwin’s mind through observations made during a five-year voyage across the New World on a ship called the Beagle. There he studied fossils and geological records, the geographical distribution of organisms, the uniqueness and relationship of island life forms, and the affinity of island forms to continental forms. Upon returning to England, Darwin reflected on his observations and concluded that evolution must be by natural selection. However, he refused to publish his work due to its controversial nature.
However, when another scientist, Wallace, came to similar conclusions, Darwin was persuaded in 1859 to publish his observations. His hypothesis revolutionized biology and has yet to be refuted by the empirical data of leading scientists. | <urn:uuid:42c456ed-bd1c-4055-a017-3881a9e191c1> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://bataeco.com/what-is-darwin-famous-for/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474700.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228080245-20240228110245-00011.warc.gz | en | 0.980965 | 165 | 3.703125 | 4 | [
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0.270668298006... | 1 | Charles Darwin is most remembered today for his contribution to the theory of evolution through natural selection.
The seeds of this theory were sown in Darwin’s mind through observations made during a five-year voyage across the New World on a ship called the Beagle. There he studied fossils and geological records, the geographical distribution of organisms, the uniqueness and relationship of island life forms, and the affinity of island forms to continental forms. Upon returning to England, Darwin reflected on his observations and concluded that evolution must be by natural selection. However, he refused to publish his work due to its controversial nature.
However, when another scientist, Wallace, came to similar conclusions, Darwin was persuaded in 1859 to publish his observations. His hypothesis revolutionized biology and has yet to be refuted by the empirical data of leading scientists. | 164 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Eyvind Earle was an American artist best known for his contribution to the creation and design of Walt Disney’s Sleeping Beauty (1959). Born in New York City in 1916, Earle grew up in Hollywood and attended the Chouinard Art Institute in the early 1930s.
Earle was a versatile artist, creating works in various fields: illustration, design, and painting. He worked as a background artist for Disney in the 1950s, bringing a modernist style to Sleeping Beauty. Earle’s vision for the movie’s visual design was deeply rooted in nature and inspired by Gothic art. The film’s backgrounds featured bold colors and stylized forms that made Sleeping Beauty a landmark in animation art.
Earle’s work became an obsession for him, and he dedicated his life to creating art. Even after his Disney years, he continued to paint for many years, creating a body of work that enshrined his artistic skills. Earle’s art was not confined to one style or genre. He tried his hand at many things, including oils, watercolors, and woodcuts.
One of his most famous pieces was a woodcutting of the Sierra Nevadas, which captured the essence of the trees, the rocks, and the sky. This beautiful piece became an instant classic and is considered one of the finest pieces of American art of the 20th century. Earle’s work was not only aesthetically pleasing but also showed his deep understanding of nature.
Earle passed away on July 20, 2000. He was 84 years old. Despite his passing, his work continues to inspire artists around the world. Earle’s influence on the art world cannot be overstated, and his work will always remain relevant.
Earle’s legacy as an artist lives on, and his work can be found in galleries and museums worldwide. He was a humble artist, who lived a simple life dedicated to his art. His love of nature and his joy in creating art are what made him stand out. Earle’s story is one of perseverance, dedication, and love for his craft.
In conclusion, Eyvind Earle was an American artist whose work showed his deep love for nature. His modernist style and his work on Sleeping Beauty set him apart from his contemporaries, and his art will remain a landmark in the American art world. | <urn:uuid:fca0adba-13e6-4d17-8074-491aa825ff53> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://houstonestatesalesauctions.com/eyvind-earle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473524.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221170215-20240221200215-00182.warc.gz | en | 0.988517 | 490 | 3.328125 | 3 | [
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0.175521105527877... | 1 | Eyvind Earle was an American artist best known for his contribution to the creation and design of Walt Disney’s Sleeping Beauty (1959). Born in New York City in 1916, Earle grew up in Hollywood and attended the Chouinard Art Institute in the early 1930s.
Earle was a versatile artist, creating works in various fields: illustration, design, and painting. He worked as a background artist for Disney in the 1950s, bringing a modernist style to Sleeping Beauty. Earle’s vision for the movie’s visual design was deeply rooted in nature and inspired by Gothic art. The film’s backgrounds featured bold colors and stylized forms that made Sleeping Beauty a landmark in animation art.
Earle’s work became an obsession for him, and he dedicated his life to creating art. Even after his Disney years, he continued to paint for many years, creating a body of work that enshrined his artistic skills. Earle’s art was not confined to one style or genre. He tried his hand at many things, including oils, watercolors, and woodcuts.
One of his most famous pieces was a woodcutting of the Sierra Nevadas, which captured the essence of the trees, the rocks, and the sky. This beautiful piece became an instant classic and is considered one of the finest pieces of American art of the 20th century. Earle’s work was not only aesthetically pleasing but also showed his deep understanding of nature.
Earle passed away on July 20, 2000. He was 84 years old. Despite his passing, his work continues to inspire artists around the world. Earle’s influence on the art world cannot be overstated, and his work will always remain relevant.
Earle’s legacy as an artist lives on, and his work can be found in galleries and museums worldwide. He was a humble artist, who lived a simple life dedicated to his art. His love of nature and his joy in creating art are what made him stand out. Earle’s story is one of perseverance, dedication, and love for his craft.
In conclusion, Eyvind Earle was an American artist whose work showed his deep love for nature. His modernist style and his work on Sleeping Beauty set him apart from his contemporaries, and his art will remain a landmark in the American art world. | 494 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Dante Alighieri was exiled because he was a sort-of political leader for a family known as the whites and when the Blacks (the other political family) cam into power they saw him as a threat and exiled him within a year.
There have been many leaders throughout history who have had many radical ideas that ended with them being exiled. Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini was an exiled leader that lead religious opposition to western influences.Ê
That is a reference to Dante Alighieri's classic work "The Divine Comedy." In it, the protagonist, named and based off of Dante himself, finds himself lost, both figuratively and literally. Soon, the ancient Roman Poet Virgil appears before Dante, offering to guide him. Dante accepts, and Vigil proceeds to lead him through the nine circles of hell, followed by purgatory, before reaching heaven. Basically, "I'll play Vigil to your Dante" means that someone will guide you, especially in the case of a difficult problem.
I believe the leader was = Édouard Daladier. =
Dante Alighieri was a practicing Catholic, with strong family ties to the papacy. Among other works, his famous Infernowas as much an exploration of mankind's beliefs and fears as it was a cautionary tale about Hell.
Dante was exiled because he had been so involved in the white Guelph party.
For failing to mend a political schism
That God is unfair in punishment that he brings among sinners.The events of the Inferno take place before Dante was exiled from Florence.Dante wrote the Inferno after his exile from Florence.
When he was being exiled out of Florence, Italy.
Dante Alighieri. He wrote them while he was exiled from Florence. Circa 1307 to 1321.
Dante wrote the bulk of his work when he was exiled from Florence in Northern and Central Italy including Rome, Verona, Sarzana in Liguria, and Lucca where he lived.
he was not an exiled
When we were exiled from Israel, it was unavoidable.After we were exiled from Israel, it was unavoidable.
Exiled or banished.
Switzerland exiled Giuseppe Mazzini to Paris in 1834 and then France exiled him to England in 1837.
Alexander never get exiled.
when did dante die | <urn:uuid:47c98adb-6c0d-4089-be5a-5c372d4898fa> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://history.answers.com/american-government/Why_was_Dante_exiled | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476180.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303011622-20240303041622-00637.warc.gz | en | 0.988306 | 488 | 3.375 | 3 | [
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0.234134688973... | 1 | Dante Alighieri was exiled because he was a sort-of political leader for a family known as the whites and when the Blacks (the other political family) cam into power they saw him as a threat and exiled him within a year.
There have been many leaders throughout history who have had many radical ideas that ended with them being exiled. Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini was an exiled leader that lead religious opposition to western influences.Ê
That is a reference to Dante Alighieri's classic work "The Divine Comedy." In it, the protagonist, named and based off of Dante himself, finds himself lost, both figuratively and literally. Soon, the ancient Roman Poet Virgil appears before Dante, offering to guide him. Dante accepts, and Vigil proceeds to lead him through the nine circles of hell, followed by purgatory, before reaching heaven. Basically, "I'll play Vigil to your Dante" means that someone will guide you, especially in the case of a difficult problem.
I believe the leader was = Édouard Daladier. =
Dante Alighieri was a practicing Catholic, with strong family ties to the papacy. Among other works, his famous Infernowas as much an exploration of mankind's beliefs and fears as it was a cautionary tale about Hell.
Dante was exiled because he had been so involved in the white Guelph party.
For failing to mend a political schism
That God is unfair in punishment that he brings among sinners.The events of the Inferno take place before Dante was exiled from Florence.Dante wrote the Inferno after his exile from Florence.
When he was being exiled out of Florence, Italy.
Dante Alighieri. He wrote them while he was exiled from Florence. Circa 1307 to 1321.
Dante wrote the bulk of his work when he was exiled from Florence in Northern and Central Italy including Rome, Verona, Sarzana in Liguria, and Lucca where he lived.
he was not an exiled
When we were exiled from Israel, it was unavoidable.After we were exiled from Israel, it was unavoidable.
Exiled or banished.
Switzerland exiled Giuseppe Mazzini to Paris in 1834 and then France exiled him to England in 1837.
Alexander never get exiled.
when did dante die | 501 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Table of Contents
Edmund Randolph: A Founding Father of America
Edmund Randolph was one of the most prominent figures in American history as he was one of the Founding Fathers of America. Born on August 10, 1753, in Williamsburg, Virginia, Edmund Randolph was a lawyer, politician, and Founding Father who contributed significantly to America’s history. His contributions to the country started in his early years, and his legacy lived on after his death in 1813. This article aims to explore Edmund Randolph’s life, his contributions, and the impact he had on American history.
Early Life and Education
Edmund Randolph was born into a distinguished Virginia family that comprised of lawyers, statesmen, and planters. His father, John Randolph, was a lawyer, landowner, and attorney general of Virginia. His mother, Ariana Jennings, was the daughter of a prominent tobacco planter, and his grandfather on his mother’s side was also an attorney general of Virginia. Edmund was the second son in the family, and he spent his childhood in a plantation where he was homeschooled by tutors appointed by his parents. He began his formal education at the College of William and Mary at the age of 14, where he graduated at the top of his class at the age of 18. During his time in college, he showed exceptional academic ability and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree.
After completing his degree, Edmund Randolph studied law under his father’s mentorship. He made a mark in the legal field soon after he was admitted to the bar in 1775. He became a prominent prosecutor during the American Revolution, where he pursued cases against loyalists who had been accused of plotting treason. His work caught the attention of Virginia’s governor, Patrick Henry, who appointed him the state’s first attorney general in 1776.
As attorney general, Edmund Randolph’s work was challenging as he was tasked with enforcing new laws that had been put in place during the Revolutionary War, including treason and espionage laws. He also represented the state of Virginia in major legal cases that were heard by the Continental Congress. In 1777, he was selected to serve on a committee that was tasked with drafting a new constitution for Virginia, which paved the way for him to became a legal advisor to Virginia’s new constitution in 1779.
After serving as attorney general for Virginia, Edmund Randolph became one of the most influential political figures in Virginia and the United States. In 1786, he was elected the governor of Virginia, which was the highest political office in the state at the time. As governor, he supported the establishment of public schools, improved the state’s financial position, and promoted the state’s economic development programs.
Edmund Randolph was also a delegate to the Continental Congress where he played a significant role in the drafting of the United States Constitution. In 1787, he was selected to represent Virginia at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. During the Convention, he played a key role in the debate on how the new government would be structured. He was a proponent of the Virginia Plan, which proposed a national government with a legislature consisting of two chambers, and the three branches of government. His arguments convinced the convention to adopt the plan as the basis for the new constitution.
He continued his political career and became the first Attorney General of the United States in 1789. As the nation’s first Attorney General, he was responsible for establishing the framework for the new legal system and providing legal advice to the President. He held this position until 1794, when he was appointed Secretary of State by President George Washington. As Secretary of State, he played a vital role in establishing the framework for the country’s foreign policy and was responsible for establishing diplomatic relations with France, and Great Britain.
One of the most memorable examples of Randolph’s political prowess was his involvement in the Jay Treaty controversy. The Jay Treaty was a treaty negotiated with Great Britain that aimed to resolve issues that had arisen between the two nations, including trade disputes, border issues, and the presence of British military bases on American soil. Randolph opposed the treaty as he believed that it would harm the country’s future. His stance was controversial and created a split in the Washington administration. However, his opposition was justified as the treaty turned out to be a disadvantage for the United States in the long run.
Edmund Randolph was one of the most influential Founding Fathers of America. He was known for his legal and intellectual abilities and played a significant role in the development of the new legal system and the country’s constitutional framework. He contributed to the development of the United States Constitution, which is still in use today. The Constitution is the foundation of American democracy and has been the model for numerous governments throughout the world.
Edmund Randolph’s contributions to the country have been recognized over the years. He is remembered as a champion of individual rights, an advocate of the rule of law, and a defender of the Constitution. His contributions to the government and the legal system have made him a symbol of America’s political development and its legal system.
Personal Life and Legacy
Edmund Randolph lived for 60 years, and during his lifetime, he married, raised a family, and pursued his legal and political pursuits. He married Elizabeth Nicholas in 1776, and they had 14 children together. He died on September 12, 1813, in Millwood, Virginia.
Edmund Randolph’s legacy continued long after his death. He inspired countless individuals to become involved in politics and pursue legal careers, and he has been an inspiration to generations of Americans. He was a true patriot who dedicated his life to building a stronger and more prosperous country. His contributions to America will always be remembered as his contribution to the country’s growth and development has been felt for over two centuries.
Edmund Randolph was a remarkable individual whose contributions to the country and its development can not be overemphasized. He was an influential Founding Father, an accomplished lawyer, and a respected politician. He played a key role in the development of the legal and political systems that have become central to American democracy. As the country continues to grow and develop, it is essential that we recognize the contributions of individuals like Edmund Randolph and remember their legacy for future generations. His life is a testament to the power of individual action, and his commitment to justice and liberty remain an inspiration to us all.
Founding Fathers: Edmund Randolph
Edmund Randolph was born on August 10, 1753, in Tazewell Hall, Williamsburg, Virginia. His parents were John Randolph and Ariana Jennings.
Edmund Randolph attended the College of William and Mary and afterward continued his education by studying the law under his father.
When the American Revolution broke out, Edmund Randolph and his father followed different paths. His father was a Loyalist who followed Lord Dunmore, the governor, to England in 1775.
Afterward, Edmund Randolph lived with his uncle Peyton Randolph, who was a prominent figure in Virginia politics.
During the Revolutionary War, Edmund Randolph was an aide-de-camp to General Washington. He also attended the convention which resulted in the adoption of the first state constitution of Virginia in 1776. Here, 23-year-old Edmund Randolph was the youngest member of the convention. In 1776, he married Elizabeth Nicholas.
Edmund Randolph continued to advance in the political sphere in the colonies. He became the mayor of Williamsburg as well as the attorney-general of Virginia. In 1779, Randolph was elected to the Continental Congress. In November 1786, he also became Governor of Virginia. The same year, he was appointed as a delegate to the Annapolis Convention.
On May 29, 1787, only four days after the opening of the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Edmund Randolph presented the Virginia Plan to the Convention for setting up a new government. This plan outlined a strong central government made up of three branches of government, executive, legislative, and judicial.
The plan also enabled the legislative branch to veto state laws and apply force against any states that failed to fulfill their duties. After many revisions and debates, including eliminating the section permitting force against states, the Virginia Plan became in part the basis of the federal Constitution.
Although Edmund Randolph introduced the highly centralized Virginia Plan, he often switched between the Anti-federalist and federalist points of view. Randolph sat on the Committee of Detail who prepared a draft of the Constitution, but once the document was adopted, he declined to sign it. Randolph thought that the Constitution was not sufficiently republican, and he was worried about creating a one-man executive.
While the old Articles of Confederation were not adequate, he felt that the new plan still had too many flaws. He was also a proponent for the process of amendment. He felt that if the Constitution were sent for ratification without giving the opportunity to amend it to the states, it might be rejected and end hopes for a new government.
At the Virginia convention for ratification, Edmund Randolph supported the Constitution and fought to get it approved in Virginia.
Under President George Washington, Edmund Randolph became the Attorney General of the country. After Thomas Jefferson resigned as the Secretary of State, he assumed that position between 1794 and 1795. In 1795, Edmund Randolph retired from politics and resumed his law practice.
During his retirement, Randolph wrote a history of Virginia. In 1813, Randolph died at the age of 60 while visiting Carter Hall. He was buried in a graveyard at a nearby chapel. | <urn:uuid:174922fa-2cff-473c-81f6-e9fdeed39ce4> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://kids.laws.com/edmund-randolph | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474523.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224044749-20240224074749-00360.warc.gz | en | 0.985607 | 1,954 | 3.796875 | 4 | [
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0.075048431754... | 1 | Table of Contents
Edmund Randolph: A Founding Father of America
Edmund Randolph was one of the most prominent figures in American history as he was one of the Founding Fathers of America. Born on August 10, 1753, in Williamsburg, Virginia, Edmund Randolph was a lawyer, politician, and Founding Father who contributed significantly to America’s history. His contributions to the country started in his early years, and his legacy lived on after his death in 1813. This article aims to explore Edmund Randolph’s life, his contributions, and the impact he had on American history.
Early Life and Education
Edmund Randolph was born into a distinguished Virginia family that comprised of lawyers, statesmen, and planters. His father, John Randolph, was a lawyer, landowner, and attorney general of Virginia. His mother, Ariana Jennings, was the daughter of a prominent tobacco planter, and his grandfather on his mother’s side was also an attorney general of Virginia. Edmund was the second son in the family, and he spent his childhood in a plantation where he was homeschooled by tutors appointed by his parents. He began his formal education at the College of William and Mary at the age of 14, where he graduated at the top of his class at the age of 18. During his time in college, he showed exceptional academic ability and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree.
After completing his degree, Edmund Randolph studied law under his father’s mentorship. He made a mark in the legal field soon after he was admitted to the bar in 1775. He became a prominent prosecutor during the American Revolution, where he pursued cases against loyalists who had been accused of plotting treason. His work caught the attention of Virginia’s governor, Patrick Henry, who appointed him the state’s first attorney general in 1776.
As attorney general, Edmund Randolph’s work was challenging as he was tasked with enforcing new laws that had been put in place during the Revolutionary War, including treason and espionage laws. He also represented the state of Virginia in major legal cases that were heard by the Continental Congress. In 1777, he was selected to serve on a committee that was tasked with drafting a new constitution for Virginia, which paved the way for him to became a legal advisor to Virginia’s new constitution in 1779.
After serving as attorney general for Virginia, Edmund Randolph became one of the most influential political figures in Virginia and the United States. In 1786, he was elected the governor of Virginia, which was the highest political office in the state at the time. As governor, he supported the establishment of public schools, improved the state’s financial position, and promoted the state’s economic development programs.
Edmund Randolph was also a delegate to the Continental Congress where he played a significant role in the drafting of the United States Constitution. In 1787, he was selected to represent Virginia at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. During the Convention, he played a key role in the debate on how the new government would be structured. He was a proponent of the Virginia Plan, which proposed a national government with a legislature consisting of two chambers, and the three branches of government. His arguments convinced the convention to adopt the plan as the basis for the new constitution.
He continued his political career and became the first Attorney General of the United States in 1789. As the nation’s first Attorney General, he was responsible for establishing the framework for the new legal system and providing legal advice to the President. He held this position until 1794, when he was appointed Secretary of State by President George Washington. As Secretary of State, he played a vital role in establishing the framework for the country’s foreign policy and was responsible for establishing diplomatic relations with France, and Great Britain.
One of the most memorable examples of Randolph’s political prowess was his involvement in the Jay Treaty controversy. The Jay Treaty was a treaty negotiated with Great Britain that aimed to resolve issues that had arisen between the two nations, including trade disputes, border issues, and the presence of British military bases on American soil. Randolph opposed the treaty as he believed that it would harm the country’s future. His stance was controversial and created a split in the Washington administration. However, his opposition was justified as the treaty turned out to be a disadvantage for the United States in the long run.
Edmund Randolph was one of the most influential Founding Fathers of America. He was known for his legal and intellectual abilities and played a significant role in the development of the new legal system and the country’s constitutional framework. He contributed to the development of the United States Constitution, which is still in use today. The Constitution is the foundation of American democracy and has been the model for numerous governments throughout the world.
Edmund Randolph’s contributions to the country have been recognized over the years. He is remembered as a champion of individual rights, an advocate of the rule of law, and a defender of the Constitution. His contributions to the government and the legal system have made him a symbol of America’s political development and its legal system.
Personal Life and Legacy
Edmund Randolph lived for 60 years, and during his lifetime, he married, raised a family, and pursued his legal and political pursuits. He married Elizabeth Nicholas in 1776, and they had 14 children together. He died on September 12, 1813, in Millwood, Virginia.
Edmund Randolph’s legacy continued long after his death. He inspired countless individuals to become involved in politics and pursue legal careers, and he has been an inspiration to generations of Americans. He was a true patriot who dedicated his life to building a stronger and more prosperous country. His contributions to America will always be remembered as his contribution to the country’s growth and development has been felt for over two centuries.
Edmund Randolph was a remarkable individual whose contributions to the country and its development can not be overemphasized. He was an influential Founding Father, an accomplished lawyer, and a respected politician. He played a key role in the development of the legal and political systems that have become central to American democracy. As the country continues to grow and develop, it is essential that we recognize the contributions of individuals like Edmund Randolph and remember their legacy for future generations. His life is a testament to the power of individual action, and his commitment to justice and liberty remain an inspiration to us all.
Founding Fathers: Edmund Randolph
Edmund Randolph was born on August 10, 1753, in Tazewell Hall, Williamsburg, Virginia. His parents were John Randolph and Ariana Jennings.
Edmund Randolph attended the College of William and Mary and afterward continued his education by studying the law under his father.
When the American Revolution broke out, Edmund Randolph and his father followed different paths. His father was a Loyalist who followed Lord Dunmore, the governor, to England in 1775.
Afterward, Edmund Randolph lived with his uncle Peyton Randolph, who was a prominent figure in Virginia politics.
During the Revolutionary War, Edmund Randolph was an aide-de-camp to General Washington. He also attended the convention which resulted in the adoption of the first state constitution of Virginia in 1776. Here, 23-year-old Edmund Randolph was the youngest member of the convention. In 1776, he married Elizabeth Nicholas.
Edmund Randolph continued to advance in the political sphere in the colonies. He became the mayor of Williamsburg as well as the attorney-general of Virginia. In 1779, Randolph was elected to the Continental Congress. In November 1786, he also became Governor of Virginia. The same year, he was appointed as a delegate to the Annapolis Convention.
On May 29, 1787, only four days after the opening of the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Edmund Randolph presented the Virginia Plan to the Convention for setting up a new government. This plan outlined a strong central government made up of three branches of government, executive, legislative, and judicial.
The plan also enabled the legislative branch to veto state laws and apply force against any states that failed to fulfill their duties. After many revisions and debates, including eliminating the section permitting force against states, the Virginia Plan became in part the basis of the federal Constitution.
Although Edmund Randolph introduced the highly centralized Virginia Plan, he often switched between the Anti-federalist and federalist points of view. Randolph sat on the Committee of Detail who prepared a draft of the Constitution, but once the document was adopted, he declined to sign it. Randolph thought that the Constitution was not sufficiently republican, and he was worried about creating a one-man executive.
While the old Articles of Confederation were not adequate, he felt that the new plan still had too many flaws. He was also a proponent for the process of amendment. He felt that if the Constitution were sent for ratification without giving the opportunity to amend it to the states, it might be rejected and end hopes for a new government.
At the Virginia convention for ratification, Edmund Randolph supported the Constitution and fought to get it approved in Virginia.
Under President George Washington, Edmund Randolph became the Attorney General of the country. After Thomas Jefferson resigned as the Secretary of State, he assumed that position between 1794 and 1795. In 1795, Edmund Randolph retired from politics and resumed his law practice.
During his retirement, Randolph wrote a history of Virginia. In 1813, Randolph died at the age of 60 while visiting Carter Hall. He was buried in a graveyard at a nearby chapel. | 1,985 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Story of the first Muslim of African descent
I take this opportunity during Black History month to highlight a famous and much loved African Muslim, Bilal Ibn Rabah Al-Habashi.
Bilal Ibn Rabah al-Habashi was a loyal Sahabah (companion) of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) and one of the first converts of Islam. Bilal was also the first muezzin (caller to prayer). Bilal too is the first person of known African ancestry to become Muslim.
Bilal was born in Mecca, Western Arabia in 580 and died around 640.
His father Rabah was reported to be a slave from the clan of Banu Jumah while his mother, Hamamah, was reported to be a former princess of Abyssinia who was abducted and put into slavery.
Bilal was known for his hard work and loyalty to his master, Umayyah ibn Khalaf, a leader in Mecca and one of the arch enemies of Islam. Bilal’s presence in the household of Umayyah gave him the opportunity to hear the comments made by the leaders of the Quraysh tribe about Prophet Muhammad (pbuh).
The Quraysh were a much respected tribe in Mecca who were vehemently against Islam. And even though Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) was a member of this tribe they were against him.
These comments were a mixture of envy and hatred as well as an admission of Muhammad’s (pbuh) integrity and honesty, which could not be denied. Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) was known for his impeccable character.
Bilal was impressed by what he heard of the teachings of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) and therefore joined the faith of Islam. Even during these times, Muslims were subjected to ridicule and harassment and even persecution for converting to Islam, so imagine being an African slave converting to Islam.
It was in no way easy for Bilal, yet he persevered in his new found faith. Bilal suffered terribly due to his acceptance of Islam. He was beaten mercilessly, and literally dragged around the hills of Mecca and subjected to long periods without food or water.
His owner, Umayyah Ibn Khalaf, committed all sorts of torture on Bilal to make him renounce Islam. He would bring Bilal out at the hottest part of the day and had him lay on his back in the open valley whilst placing a large rock on his chest; then he would say to him, ‘“You will stay here till you die or deny Muhammad and worship al-Lat and al-’Uzza [gods worshipped by the people of Mecca].”
Despite these heinous actions levied against him, Bilal's response amid his suffering was only one word – “Ahad” — which means, “God is One”. He said nothing else, but to him this was sufficient to give him all the spiritual support needed to bear the effects of the torture he was exposed to.
Bilal had an unwavering faith in Islam. It gave him hope, strength, and purpose. Despite his poor, dejected, enslaved life, Islam held light for him and he was determined not to surrender and give up his beliefs, no matter what.
News of the slave who cried out “God is One!“ even amid torture soon reached Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) and his companions. Abu Bakr, Prophet Muhammad’s (pbuh) closest friend and a wealthy trader was sent to set Bilal free.
At the time slavery was a worldwide, entrenched institution. The laws of Islam sought to emancipate slaves; to free a slave was regarded as an act of piety and an atonement for sins.
After a long while, Umayyah and his men got tired of torturing Bilal. The persecutors tried coercing Bilal to say something in favour of their gods to let him go, but Bilal refused to give in. Finally Umayyah gave up and accepted Abu Bakr’s offer to buy Bilal.
A freed Bilal immediately became one of the closest, most trusted and distinguished companions of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). After the migration to Madinah, and when the institution of Adhan (call to prayer) was established, it was Bilal who was given the honour to be the first muezzin (caller to prayer) in Islam.
Bilal had an echoing, mesmerising and harmonious voice which made the call to prayer even more beautiful. The moment people heard Bilal's call to prayer, they came running to the mosque for prayer.
Later, upon the victorious entry to Mecca, it was Bilal again who was asked to climb and stand on top of the Kabah (a sacred structure; location used as a direction to prayer) to perform the call to prayer.
Bilal Ibn Rabah is one of the most inspirational and respected persons in Islamic history. He is honoured by approximately 1.9 billion Muslims worldwide. Bilal’s life story reflects the deep love, determination and conviction he had in God and the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). His story also demonstrates Islam’s respect for human equality, kindness, anti-racism and social equity.
Indeed, God does not measure people by their skin colour, nationality, social status nor race, but by the measure of their character, taqwa (piety) and their actions.
Allah says in Koran 49:13: “Oh humankind! We created you from a single pair of a male and a female, and made you into nations and tribes, so that you may know each other (not that ye may despise each other). Verily the most honoured among you in the sight of Allah is he who is the most righteous of you.”
In this area, I wonder how we are faring?
Bermuda let us continuously pray and stand up for peace and justice at home and abroad. As salaam alaikum (peace be unto you).
• Linda Walia Ming is a member of the Bermuda Hijab Dawah team, a group of Muslim women who reside in Bermuda and have a goal of educating the community about the religion of Islam | <urn:uuid:8c099222-28b3-487d-94a1-30b211f4c272> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.royalgazette.com/religion/lifestyle/article/20240210/story-of-the-first-muslim-of-african-descent/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474671.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227053544-20240227083544-00794.warc.gz | en | 0.98399 | 1,290 | 3.75 | 4 | [
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0.1045420467853... | 1 | Story of the first Muslim of African descent
I take this opportunity during Black History month to highlight a famous and much loved African Muslim, Bilal Ibn Rabah Al-Habashi.
Bilal Ibn Rabah al-Habashi was a loyal Sahabah (companion) of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) and one of the first converts of Islam. Bilal was also the first muezzin (caller to prayer). Bilal too is the first person of known African ancestry to become Muslim.
Bilal was born in Mecca, Western Arabia in 580 and died around 640.
His father Rabah was reported to be a slave from the clan of Banu Jumah while his mother, Hamamah, was reported to be a former princess of Abyssinia who was abducted and put into slavery.
Bilal was known for his hard work and loyalty to his master, Umayyah ibn Khalaf, a leader in Mecca and one of the arch enemies of Islam. Bilal’s presence in the household of Umayyah gave him the opportunity to hear the comments made by the leaders of the Quraysh tribe about Prophet Muhammad (pbuh).
The Quraysh were a much respected tribe in Mecca who were vehemently against Islam. And even though Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) was a member of this tribe they were against him.
These comments were a mixture of envy and hatred as well as an admission of Muhammad’s (pbuh) integrity and honesty, which could not be denied. Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) was known for his impeccable character.
Bilal was impressed by what he heard of the teachings of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) and therefore joined the faith of Islam. Even during these times, Muslims were subjected to ridicule and harassment and even persecution for converting to Islam, so imagine being an African slave converting to Islam.
It was in no way easy for Bilal, yet he persevered in his new found faith. Bilal suffered terribly due to his acceptance of Islam. He was beaten mercilessly, and literally dragged around the hills of Mecca and subjected to long periods without food or water.
His owner, Umayyah Ibn Khalaf, committed all sorts of torture on Bilal to make him renounce Islam. He would bring Bilal out at the hottest part of the day and had him lay on his back in the open valley whilst placing a large rock on his chest; then he would say to him, ‘“You will stay here till you die or deny Muhammad and worship al-Lat and al-’Uzza [gods worshipped by the people of Mecca].”
Despite these heinous actions levied against him, Bilal's response amid his suffering was only one word – “Ahad” — which means, “God is One”. He said nothing else, but to him this was sufficient to give him all the spiritual support needed to bear the effects of the torture he was exposed to.
Bilal had an unwavering faith in Islam. It gave him hope, strength, and purpose. Despite his poor, dejected, enslaved life, Islam held light for him and he was determined not to surrender and give up his beliefs, no matter what.
News of the slave who cried out “God is One!“ even amid torture soon reached Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) and his companions. Abu Bakr, Prophet Muhammad’s (pbuh) closest friend and a wealthy trader was sent to set Bilal free.
At the time slavery was a worldwide, entrenched institution. The laws of Islam sought to emancipate slaves; to free a slave was regarded as an act of piety and an atonement for sins.
After a long while, Umayyah and his men got tired of torturing Bilal. The persecutors tried coercing Bilal to say something in favour of their gods to let him go, but Bilal refused to give in. Finally Umayyah gave up and accepted Abu Bakr’s offer to buy Bilal.
A freed Bilal immediately became one of the closest, most trusted and distinguished companions of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). After the migration to Madinah, and when the institution of Adhan (call to prayer) was established, it was Bilal who was given the honour to be the first muezzin (caller to prayer) in Islam.
Bilal had an echoing, mesmerising and harmonious voice which made the call to prayer even more beautiful. The moment people heard Bilal's call to prayer, they came running to the mosque for prayer.
Later, upon the victorious entry to Mecca, it was Bilal again who was asked to climb and stand on top of the Kabah (a sacred structure; location used as a direction to prayer) to perform the call to prayer.
Bilal Ibn Rabah is one of the most inspirational and respected persons in Islamic history. He is honoured by approximately 1.9 billion Muslims worldwide. Bilal’s life story reflects the deep love, determination and conviction he had in God and the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). His story also demonstrates Islam’s respect for human equality, kindness, anti-racism and social equity.
Indeed, God does not measure people by their skin colour, nationality, social status nor race, but by the measure of their character, taqwa (piety) and their actions.
Allah says in Koran 49:13: “Oh humankind! We created you from a single pair of a male and a female, and made you into nations and tribes, so that you may know each other (not that ye may despise each other). Verily the most honoured among you in the sight of Allah is he who is the most righteous of you.”
In this area, I wonder how we are faring?
Bermuda let us continuously pray and stand up for peace and justice at home and abroad. As salaam alaikum (peace be unto you).
• Linda Walia Ming is a member of the Bermuda Hijab Dawah team, a group of Muslim women who reside in Bermuda and have a goal of educating the community about the religion of Islam | 1,261 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Albert Speer; March 19, 1905 – September 1, 1981) served as the Minister of Armaments and War Production in Nazi Germany during most of World War II. A close ally of Adolf Hitler, he was convicted at the Nuremberg trials and sentenced to 20 years in prison.
An architect by training, Speer joined the Nazi Party in 1931. His architectural skills made him increasingly prominent within the Party, and he became a member of Hitler's inner circle. Hitler instructed him to design and construct structures including the Reich Chancellery and the Nazi party rally grounds in Nuremberg. In 1937, Hitler appointed Speer as General Building Inspector for Berlin. In this capacity he was responsible for the Central Department for Resettlement that evicted Jewish tenants from their homes in Berlin. In February 1942, Speer was appointed as Reich Minister of Armaments and War Production. Using doctored statistics, he promoted himself as having performed an "armaments miracle" that was widely credited with keeping Germany in the war. In 1944, Speer established a task force to increase production of fighter aircraft. It became instrumental in the exploitation of slave labor for the benefit of the German war effort.
After the war, Speer was among the 24 "major war criminals" arrested and charged with the crimes of the Nazi regime at the Nuremberg trials. He was found guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity, principally for the use of slave labor, narrowly avoiding a death sentence. Having served his full term, Speer was released in 1966. He used his writings from the time of imprisonment as the basis for two autobiographical books, Inside the Third Reich and Spandau: The Secret Diaries. Speer's books were a success; the public was fascinated by an inside view of the Third Reich. Speer died of a stroke in 1981. Little remains of his personal architectural work.
Through his autobiographies and interviews, Speer carefully constructed an image of himself as a man who deeply regretted having failed to discover the monstrous crimes of the Third Reich. He continued to deny explicit knowledge of, and responsibility for, the Holocaust. This image dominated his historiography in the decades following the war, giving rise to the "Speer Myth": the perception of him as an apolitical technocrat responsible for revolutionizing the German war machine. The myth began to fall apart in the 1980s, when the armaments miracle was attributed to Nazi propaganda. Adam Tooze wrote in The Wages of Destruction that the idea that Speer was an apolitical technocrat was "absurd". Martin Kitchen, writing in Speer: Hitler's Architect, stated that much of the increase in Germany's arms production was actually due to systems instituted by Speer's predecessor (Fritz Todt) and furthermore that Speer was intimately involved in the "Final Solution". | <urn:uuid:bf1998df-2163-4173-806b-5cc55e532e97> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.signsofwar.com/ourshop/prod_7275808-NziAlbert-Speer-Acrylic-Coaster.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474670.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227021813-20240227051813-00137.warc.gz | en | 0.982462 | 575 | 3.421875 | 3 | [
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0.564063966... | 1 | Albert Speer; March 19, 1905 – September 1, 1981) served as the Minister of Armaments and War Production in Nazi Germany during most of World War II. A close ally of Adolf Hitler, he was convicted at the Nuremberg trials and sentenced to 20 years in prison.
An architect by training, Speer joined the Nazi Party in 1931. His architectural skills made him increasingly prominent within the Party, and he became a member of Hitler's inner circle. Hitler instructed him to design and construct structures including the Reich Chancellery and the Nazi party rally grounds in Nuremberg. In 1937, Hitler appointed Speer as General Building Inspector for Berlin. In this capacity he was responsible for the Central Department for Resettlement that evicted Jewish tenants from their homes in Berlin. In February 1942, Speer was appointed as Reich Minister of Armaments and War Production. Using doctored statistics, he promoted himself as having performed an "armaments miracle" that was widely credited with keeping Germany in the war. In 1944, Speer established a task force to increase production of fighter aircraft. It became instrumental in the exploitation of slave labor for the benefit of the German war effort.
After the war, Speer was among the 24 "major war criminals" arrested and charged with the crimes of the Nazi regime at the Nuremberg trials. He was found guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity, principally for the use of slave labor, narrowly avoiding a death sentence. Having served his full term, Speer was released in 1966. He used his writings from the time of imprisonment as the basis for two autobiographical books, Inside the Third Reich and Spandau: The Secret Diaries. Speer's books were a success; the public was fascinated by an inside view of the Third Reich. Speer died of a stroke in 1981. Little remains of his personal architectural work.
Through his autobiographies and interviews, Speer carefully constructed an image of himself as a man who deeply regretted having failed to discover the monstrous crimes of the Third Reich. He continued to deny explicit knowledge of, and responsibility for, the Holocaust. This image dominated his historiography in the decades following the war, giving rise to the "Speer Myth": the perception of him as an apolitical technocrat responsible for revolutionizing the German war machine. The myth began to fall apart in the 1980s, when the armaments miracle was attributed to Nazi propaganda. Adam Tooze wrote in The Wages of Destruction that the idea that Speer was an apolitical technocrat was "absurd". Martin Kitchen, writing in Speer: Hitler's Architect, stated that much of the increase in Germany's arms production was actually due to systems instituted by Speer's predecessor (Fritz Todt) and furthermore that Speer was intimately involved in the "Final Solution". | 622 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Gunners’ Role
One of the most important elements in siege warfare was the artillery to the extent that a siege may be described as an extended artillery duel. As we have already noted, the guns of the besieging force were usually sited by an engineer, it being accepted that engineers, men of the profession that designed defences, were also best qualified to oversee the destruction of defences. Once appropriate gunsites, or batteries, had been identified, the construction task was undertaken by pioneers; these were labourers, often locally-recruited, who dug out the emplacements, laid firm platforms on which to position the guns and built defences for the guns and their detachments. (The men who man an artillery piece are referred to collectively as a detachment rather than a crew, which is a naval term.) Ditches and gabion walls were the usual forms of defence for the gun platforms; gabion walls were built from large wicker baskets filled with earth. These could be fronted by fascines, or bundles of rods, to provide protection from musket fire for the gunners and their assistants.
The normal practice was that each battery would be commanded by a master gunner, whose role was to direct and co-ordinate the fire of the guns on that site and ensure that nothing went wrong. This master gunner had to be experienced in the science of artillery – it is significant that the defenders had only a single master gunner – but he would have had a small number of men with artillery experience under his command. These were the mattrosses who actually served the guns. Theirs was a dangerous occupation as gunners often perished due to accidents with powder during the loading process, or from poisoning, while enemy musketry or direct cavalry or infantry attacks were also perils of the gunner’s life. To try to reduce the latter risk it was a common practice for gun detachments to add their own refinement to their battery’s defences by planting sharpened stakes in the ground to deter cavalry attacks – this was the gunners’ version of the hedge of pikes.
Veteran gunners were rare since the risks of their profession did not allow too many gunners to achieve the status of veteran. This was one of the problems that the Jacobite army faced during the siege. Most of their gunners were French since there had been no experienced Catholic Irishmen to recruit into the Jacobite artillery. However, the three dozen French gunners who came to the city could not have provided all the manpower needed and so some local personnel would have been included. This would have created a communication problem since the Irishmen would not have been able to speak French and while the latter might have included English-speaking officers it is unlikely that there were any Frenchmen with a working knowledge of Gaelic. Since the pioneers were invariably also locally-recruited civilians, the level of discipline would have been much lower than with professional soldiers. Similar problems existed with the gunners inside the city although there was no language barrier in their ranks. There is no evidence to suggest that the master gunner, Alexander Watson, had many professionals in his gun detachments but it is probable that a few of those Protestants with artillery experience had made their way north.
What was the nature of the gunners’ work both within and without the city? An individual gun detachment would have followed the same procedures in either army and the outline below, therefore, applies to both sides. The only real difference between the opposing artillery elements was that the Jacobite guns were mounted on field carriages whereas those inside the city were on garrison carriages. Replicas of the latter may be seen on the cannon on Londonderry city walls today. Sadly, a recent restoration project has seen a number of the city’s cannon mounted incorrectly on field carriages while those mounted on garrison carriages lack rear trucks, or wheels; weapons so fitted would have been very difficult to manoeuvre and would have ‘dug in’ rather than recoiled after firing.
When an artillery piece was emplaced on its battery and brought into action for the first time, the was pointed in the general direction of the target. If no elevation or depression of the barrel was necessary and the barrel was parallel to the ground, the piece was said to be firing ‘point blank’. This would often have been the case with guns firing at relatively short range which is how that term has come to mean close-range shooting. However, there were tasks to be performed before the gun was aimed at the target. The weapon had to be loaded, a procedure that began with a mattross using a powder shovel, or ladle, on the end of a long shaft to place a measured charge of black powder in the barrel. The shaft had to be long enough for the mattross to place the charge at the extreme end of the barrel; when he had the shaft in place he turned it over so that the powder was placed at the ‘breach’ end. It was a matter of pride that the correct amount of powder was always lifted in the ladle. Likewise, professional pride considered it a ‘foul fault for a gunner to commit’ to leave even a small amount of grain on the ladle when the weapon had been loaded. Some armies were already using pre-measured linen or canvas bags, or charges, of powder, but this was not so in Britain, although the French had introduced the system. Thus the gunners inside the walls would have used the old system while those outside the walls might have been employing either that or pre-measured charges; however, the former is more likely. There were recommended charges for every type of gun although it was not for almost another four decades, in the 1720s, that these became scientific calculations rather than based on the experience of gunners. While too much powder in the charge created the danger of bursting the barrel or ‘bushing’ – widening – the touch-hole, too little reduced both the range and the effect of the round.
Powder was usually stored in barrels that held a quintal, or a hundredweight (112 pounds or 50.8 kilos), and was brought to the gun by a civilian labourer or a gunner’s assistant. In this era all powder was of the form known as blackpowder. Such was its composition that it led quickly to fouling of either gun or musket barrels and created great clouds of dense black smoke over the battlefield – the fog of war that obscured the field. This also meant that the barrel had to be cleaned out regularly. (English and French powder differed in composition: the former included 75 parts saltpetre, 10 parts sulphur and 15 parts charcoal while the latter included the same proportion of saltpetre but with equal proportions of sulphur and charcoal.)
A wad of rags was then placed in the barrel and rammed tight on top of the charge by the civilian before the round was rolled into the weapon. This latter task was often performed by a boy who might have been the son of a soldier, perhaps of a gunner, and who, if he were not deafened prematurely, mutilated or killed, might even have grown up to be a professional gunner himself. If the gun was firing point blank the round would have been pushed down to rest against the charge; if there was any elevation on the barrel gravity would have performed that task. More wadding, in the form of rags or even a piece of earth, was then placed in the barrel and rammed home by a civilian rammer.
At this stage the gun was aimed by the master gunner. First, it was ‘laid’ for line, or direction of fire, by sighting along the centre-line of the barrel and then the angle of elevation was set by hammering a or wedge, backwards or forwards under the rear end of the barrel. This was before the era of the elevating screw, which would make the process of elevation much simpler and faster. Quoins may be seen on the surviving cannon on the city walls. In fact, most gunners recognized only two methods of aiming: point-blank and elevating the barrel to 45 degrees which was believed widely, but wrongly, to allow maximum range.
Now came the final stage: that of firing the weapon. The master gunner placed priming powder – a finer mix than that in the charge – in the hole on top of the barrel by using a quill and the detachment then stood back while the senior mattross ignited the primer. This was not done by standing alongside the gun. Instead the mattross stood a safe distance from the piece and with a slow match, a length of matchcord, held on a long pole known as a porte-feu (literally fire-carrier) to reduce the possibility of casualties from accidental explosions, ignited the priming powder. The round was discharged to the accompaniment of a great explosion, which pushed the gun back on its carriage. Then the process of readying the gun to fire the next round could begin.
Preparation for each further shot differed in one critical respect. Before the loading drill could begin the barrel had to be sponged out with a long-handled wet sponge which was wormed into it along its entire length. This was intended to ensure that any smouldering remains from the last charge of powder were extinguished – it also cleaned the barrel – and while one gun detachment member was wielding the sponge or scourer another would be holding his thumb, protected by a leather thumbstall, over the touch hole as an additional safety precaution. Failing to take this two-part safety measure might have had fatal consequences for the rammer later. Had the barrel not been sponged thoroughly there was the possibility that, as the rammer shoved home the wadding, ball and charge, smouldering embers from the previous charge might ignite the fresh charge to blow the charge, rammer and ramrod out of the gun position. Thus it is little surprise that rammers were invariably civilians and that many deserted.
Once reloaded, the gun had to be pushed back to the firing position where the aiming process resumed. There was no mechanism to compensate for recoil and so continued accurate firing depended entirely on the skill and experience of the gunner. The sole advantage that arose from the recoil was that it placed the gun in position for reloading.
Contemporary artillery could fire a variety of munitions, including the familiar solid round shot or cannon ball. In addition, there were hollow balls, or ‘shells’, filled with powder and fitted with a fuse, as well as case shot, a forerunner of shrapnel. The latter was simply a charge of assorted pieces of metal, musket balls or even stones and was devastating when used against formed bodies of infantry or cavalry. Explosive shells were not entirely reliable since the burning time of the fuse, a length of matchcord, was difficult to determine with any real accuracy. It had even become the practice to apply a light to a length of match and recite the Apostles’ Creed as it burned. This was then used to estimate the length of fuse needed for each shell that was fused by an offcut of that length of match. The Text Book ofAmmunition noted that ‘In the 17th century the repetition of the Apostles’ Creed was one of the Proof-master’s favourite measurements of time, and . . . it could scarcely be said to have constituted a standard of accuracy’.
We have already noted the artillery requirements of a besieging force. Although the Jacobite army of 1689 lacked the full complement of artillery required to bring the city of Londonderry under control of King James, it nonetheless made effective use of the ordnance at its disposal. The guns of the attacking force had two basic tasks to perform: crumbling the walls of the city – bombardment – and neutralizing the defenders’ artillery – counter-battery fire. Bombardment was the role of the heavier guns, preferably 24-pounders or larger, which would also be used against the enemy’s artillery positions in counter-battery fire. Lighter guns could also be used in this latter role as well as against infantry or cavalry. Counter-battery fire involved duelling with the defending artillery in order to draw the attention of those guns from the bombarding pieces and, also, firing at the tops of the walls to force the infantry to keep under cover.
This latter fire was one of Vauban’s developments and was known as ricochet fire. It could be used by skilled gunners to ensure that their rounds skimmed the top of the walls and skipped off to create more damage in the buildings within the defences. Alternatively the rounds could ricochet off the rear walls of outworks to cause greater damage to the main defences. The effect was akin to a boy skimming a stone off the surface of a pond. Flying pieces of masonry added to the effect of the bombardment. Meanwhile, the heavier weapons were pounding at the lower part of the walls with the intention of crumbling the stonework and bringing down the upper part of the wall. If those heavier pieces were used for ricochet fire they used a smaller powder charge than for bombardment.
To perform their task effectively, and in the least possible time, the larger guns had to be moved as close as possible to the walls. As noted in the text, this was done by digging parallels and connecting trenches to bring the guns to within some 200 yards of the walls. This was achieved through co-operation between engineers, gunners, pioneers and infantry. There is probably no other aspect of the gunners’ role that illustrates so effectively the scientific nature of siege warfare. Bringing the guns to within 200 yards of the walls not only allowed the maximum effect to be achieved from each round but it also made the task of aiming much simpler since each weapon could be fired point-blank. (This method could be used up to about 800 yards.)
Bearing in mind that the gunners who created the breach in the city walls at the end of June that permitted Skelton and Clancarty’s attack were firing from ground on a lower level than the walls and at about twice the optimum range, their gunnery must have been excellent since they would have had to fire at an unusual angle of elevation and maintain a high rate of fire; it is possible that the guns, probably 24-pounders, fired about 90 to 100 rounds per day in direct fire at the walls. This achievement has never been acknowledged before in any account of the siege, having been hidden by Walker’s account of the event and, more recently, by Macrory’s acceptance of Walker’s account as accurate. St-Rémy estimated that it would take three batteries – two of ten and one of eight 24- or 32-pounder pieces – two days of steady bombardment to achieve a practicable breach wide enough for thirty men to advance abreast although Vauban believed that two batteries would suffice. A practicable breach was defined as one where enough masonry and earth had been blown into the ditch to permit an attacking soldier to climb it with ease, allowing him the use of both hands to use his weapons. Obviously, the single battery of two guns firing at the Butcher’s Gate did not provide the firepower suggested by either St-Rémy or Vauban but, in the space of perhaps three days – we cannot be certain of the exact length of the bombardment – it managed to create a viable breach in the city walls. Paradoxically, these gunners may also have been among those who, a month later, failed in their endeavours to prevent the relief fleet passing through the narrows.
In Chapter Five (page 116) reference was made to the arrival at Derry of six large cannon which had been hauled overland from Dublin. Although there is no evidence to indicate that these were specialised siege pieces it is reasonable to assume that they were. These weapons used larger powder charges than their field artillery equivalents and their carriages had to be proportionately stronger to absorb the forces of those charges. Whereas an English 24-pounder field gun had carriage cheeks, or sides, of nine feet in length and 4.5-inches wide, a 24-pounder siege gun had thirteen-foot-long cheeks which were also twice as thick as those of the field gun; wheel sizes also differed with the field gun having smaller diameter wheels, by eight inches, than those of the fifty-eight-inch wheels of the siege gun.
This made the siege guns more difficult to move, and thus the reason why it was preferred to move them by water. But the reluctance of the French navy to play a full part in the operations at Derry meant that the guns had to be hauled from Dublin on roads that were no more than earth tracks. When the guns were moved, at the end of May, the ground would have begun to dry out but it would have been rutted and any rain at all would have turned the roads into quagmires. The initial part of the journey would not have been as bad as the final stages since the eastern side of Ireland has much less rainfall than the north-west. Once into Tyrone and County Londonderry it can be assumed that travelling became much more difficult.
We have no account of the progress of the artillery train, nor of its composition, but we do know something of the standard operating procedures for a train. By this period, most guns were provided with a limber, known to the French as an which was a pair of wheels on an axle with either a pole or shafts to which the team of horses would be harnessed. The rear of the cannon’s trail was lifted onto the limber to allow easier movement by road. With the weight of the gun distributed over four wheels rather than two it became possible to reduce the number of draught horses needed for each although a single gun, weighing about three tons, needed a team of six or eight horses. In addition to the guns, the train would have included wagons to carry ammunition and stores and had to be escorted by infantry while engineers and pioneers were also included to carry out any improvements needed to the road; at least one wagon was required to carry their tools and equipment. Many civilians had to be recruited as drivers for the horse teams and they were apt to take to their heels at any sign of danger. It took time for the train to get underway each day and it had to stop early enough in the day to make camp for the night and allow an evening meal to be prepared. It is likely that it took as much as two weeks to cover the 140 miles from Dublin to the outskirts of Derry. Had the French navy not been intimidated into virtual inaction following the Battle of Bantry Bay the guns could have been brought by ship in much less time and would have arrived in much better condition.
1 So called because early gun barrels were made in the same fashion as wooden barrels and bound together with metal staves.
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0.4765701591968536... | 1 | The Gunners’ Role
One of the most important elements in siege warfare was the artillery to the extent that a siege may be described as an extended artillery duel. As we have already noted, the guns of the besieging force were usually sited by an engineer, it being accepted that engineers, men of the profession that designed defences, were also best qualified to oversee the destruction of defences. Once appropriate gunsites, or batteries, had been identified, the construction task was undertaken by pioneers; these were labourers, often locally-recruited, who dug out the emplacements, laid firm platforms on which to position the guns and built defences for the guns and their detachments. (The men who man an artillery piece are referred to collectively as a detachment rather than a crew, which is a naval term.) Ditches and gabion walls were the usual forms of defence for the gun platforms; gabion walls were built from large wicker baskets filled with earth. These could be fronted by fascines, or bundles of rods, to provide protection from musket fire for the gunners and their assistants.
The normal practice was that each battery would be commanded by a master gunner, whose role was to direct and co-ordinate the fire of the guns on that site and ensure that nothing went wrong. This master gunner had to be experienced in the science of artillery – it is significant that the defenders had only a single master gunner – but he would have had a small number of men with artillery experience under his command. These were the mattrosses who actually served the guns. Theirs was a dangerous occupation as gunners often perished due to accidents with powder during the loading process, or from poisoning, while enemy musketry or direct cavalry or infantry attacks were also perils of the gunner’s life. To try to reduce the latter risk it was a common practice for gun detachments to add their own refinement to their battery’s defences by planting sharpened stakes in the ground to deter cavalry attacks – this was the gunners’ version of the hedge of pikes.
Veteran gunners were rare since the risks of their profession did not allow too many gunners to achieve the status of veteran. This was one of the problems that the Jacobite army faced during the siege. Most of their gunners were French since there had been no experienced Catholic Irishmen to recruit into the Jacobite artillery. However, the three dozen French gunners who came to the city could not have provided all the manpower needed and so some local personnel would have been included. This would have created a communication problem since the Irishmen would not have been able to speak French and while the latter might have included English-speaking officers it is unlikely that there were any Frenchmen with a working knowledge of Gaelic. Since the pioneers were invariably also locally-recruited civilians, the level of discipline would have been much lower than with professional soldiers. Similar problems existed with the gunners inside the city although there was no language barrier in their ranks. There is no evidence to suggest that the master gunner, Alexander Watson, had many professionals in his gun detachments but it is probable that a few of those Protestants with artillery experience had made their way north.
What was the nature of the gunners’ work both within and without the city? An individual gun detachment would have followed the same procedures in either army and the outline below, therefore, applies to both sides. The only real difference between the opposing artillery elements was that the Jacobite guns were mounted on field carriages whereas those inside the city were on garrison carriages. Replicas of the latter may be seen on the cannon on Londonderry city walls today. Sadly, a recent restoration project has seen a number of the city’s cannon mounted incorrectly on field carriages while those mounted on garrison carriages lack rear trucks, or wheels; weapons so fitted would have been very difficult to manoeuvre and would have ‘dug in’ rather than recoiled after firing.
When an artillery piece was emplaced on its battery and brought into action for the first time, the was pointed in the general direction of the target. If no elevation or depression of the barrel was necessary and the barrel was parallel to the ground, the piece was said to be firing ‘point blank’. This would often have been the case with guns firing at relatively short range which is how that term has come to mean close-range shooting. However, there were tasks to be performed before the gun was aimed at the target. The weapon had to be loaded, a procedure that began with a mattross using a powder shovel, or ladle, on the end of a long shaft to place a measured charge of black powder in the barrel. The shaft had to be long enough for the mattross to place the charge at the extreme end of the barrel; when he had the shaft in place he turned it over so that the powder was placed at the ‘breach’ end. It was a matter of pride that the correct amount of powder was always lifted in the ladle. Likewise, professional pride considered it a ‘foul fault for a gunner to commit’ to leave even a small amount of grain on the ladle when the weapon had been loaded. Some armies were already using pre-measured linen or canvas bags, or charges, of powder, but this was not so in Britain, although the French had introduced the system. Thus the gunners inside the walls would have used the old system while those outside the walls might have been employing either that or pre-measured charges; however, the former is more likely. There were recommended charges for every type of gun although it was not for almost another four decades, in the 1720s, that these became scientific calculations rather than based on the experience of gunners. While too much powder in the charge created the danger of bursting the barrel or ‘bushing’ – widening – the touch-hole, too little reduced both the range and the effect of the round.
Powder was usually stored in barrels that held a quintal, or a hundredweight (112 pounds or 50.8 kilos), and was brought to the gun by a civilian labourer or a gunner’s assistant. In this era all powder was of the form known as blackpowder. Such was its composition that it led quickly to fouling of either gun or musket barrels and created great clouds of dense black smoke over the battlefield – the fog of war that obscured the field. This also meant that the barrel had to be cleaned out regularly. (English and French powder differed in composition: the former included 75 parts saltpetre, 10 parts sulphur and 15 parts charcoal while the latter included the same proportion of saltpetre but with equal proportions of sulphur and charcoal.)
A wad of rags was then placed in the barrel and rammed tight on top of the charge by the civilian before the round was rolled into the weapon. This latter task was often performed by a boy who might have been the son of a soldier, perhaps of a gunner, and who, if he were not deafened prematurely, mutilated or killed, might even have grown up to be a professional gunner himself. If the gun was firing point blank the round would have been pushed down to rest against the charge; if there was any elevation on the barrel gravity would have performed that task. More wadding, in the form of rags or even a piece of earth, was then placed in the barrel and rammed home by a civilian rammer.
At this stage the gun was aimed by the master gunner. First, it was ‘laid’ for line, or direction of fire, by sighting along the centre-line of the barrel and then the angle of elevation was set by hammering a or wedge, backwards or forwards under the rear end of the barrel. This was before the era of the elevating screw, which would make the process of elevation much simpler and faster. Quoins may be seen on the surviving cannon on the city walls. In fact, most gunners recognized only two methods of aiming: point-blank and elevating the barrel to 45 degrees which was believed widely, but wrongly, to allow maximum range.
Now came the final stage: that of firing the weapon. The master gunner placed priming powder – a finer mix than that in the charge – in the hole on top of the barrel by using a quill and the detachment then stood back while the senior mattross ignited the primer. This was not done by standing alongside the gun. Instead the mattross stood a safe distance from the piece and with a slow match, a length of matchcord, held on a long pole known as a porte-feu (literally fire-carrier) to reduce the possibility of casualties from accidental explosions, ignited the priming powder. The round was discharged to the accompaniment of a great explosion, which pushed the gun back on its carriage. Then the process of readying the gun to fire the next round could begin.
Preparation for each further shot differed in one critical respect. Before the loading drill could begin the barrel had to be sponged out with a long-handled wet sponge which was wormed into it along its entire length. This was intended to ensure that any smouldering remains from the last charge of powder were extinguished – it also cleaned the barrel – and while one gun detachment member was wielding the sponge or scourer another would be holding his thumb, protected by a leather thumbstall, over the touch hole as an additional safety precaution. Failing to take this two-part safety measure might have had fatal consequences for the rammer later. Had the barrel not been sponged thoroughly there was the possibility that, as the rammer shoved home the wadding, ball and charge, smouldering embers from the previous charge might ignite the fresh charge to blow the charge, rammer and ramrod out of the gun position. Thus it is little surprise that rammers were invariably civilians and that many deserted.
Once reloaded, the gun had to be pushed back to the firing position where the aiming process resumed. There was no mechanism to compensate for recoil and so continued accurate firing depended entirely on the skill and experience of the gunner. The sole advantage that arose from the recoil was that it placed the gun in position for reloading.
Contemporary artillery could fire a variety of munitions, including the familiar solid round shot or cannon ball. In addition, there were hollow balls, or ‘shells’, filled with powder and fitted with a fuse, as well as case shot, a forerunner of shrapnel. The latter was simply a charge of assorted pieces of metal, musket balls or even stones and was devastating when used against formed bodies of infantry or cavalry. Explosive shells were not entirely reliable since the burning time of the fuse, a length of matchcord, was difficult to determine with any real accuracy. It had even become the practice to apply a light to a length of match and recite the Apostles’ Creed as it burned. This was then used to estimate the length of fuse needed for each shell that was fused by an offcut of that length of match. The Text Book ofAmmunition noted that ‘In the 17th century the repetition of the Apostles’ Creed was one of the Proof-master’s favourite measurements of time, and . . . it could scarcely be said to have constituted a standard of accuracy’.
We have already noted the artillery requirements of a besieging force. Although the Jacobite army of 1689 lacked the full complement of artillery required to bring the city of Londonderry under control of King James, it nonetheless made effective use of the ordnance at its disposal. The guns of the attacking force had two basic tasks to perform: crumbling the walls of the city – bombardment – and neutralizing the defenders’ artillery – counter-battery fire. Bombardment was the role of the heavier guns, preferably 24-pounders or larger, which would also be used against the enemy’s artillery positions in counter-battery fire. Lighter guns could also be used in this latter role as well as against infantry or cavalry. Counter-battery fire involved duelling with the defending artillery in order to draw the attention of those guns from the bombarding pieces and, also, firing at the tops of the walls to force the infantry to keep under cover.
This latter fire was one of Vauban’s developments and was known as ricochet fire. It could be used by skilled gunners to ensure that their rounds skimmed the top of the walls and skipped off to create more damage in the buildings within the defences. Alternatively the rounds could ricochet off the rear walls of outworks to cause greater damage to the main defences. The effect was akin to a boy skimming a stone off the surface of a pond. Flying pieces of masonry added to the effect of the bombardment. Meanwhile, the heavier weapons were pounding at the lower part of the walls with the intention of crumbling the stonework and bringing down the upper part of the wall. If those heavier pieces were used for ricochet fire they used a smaller powder charge than for bombardment.
To perform their task effectively, and in the least possible time, the larger guns had to be moved as close as possible to the walls. As noted in the text, this was done by digging parallels and connecting trenches to bring the guns to within some 200 yards of the walls. This was achieved through co-operation between engineers, gunners, pioneers and infantry. There is probably no other aspect of the gunners’ role that illustrates so effectively the scientific nature of siege warfare. Bringing the guns to within 200 yards of the walls not only allowed the maximum effect to be achieved from each round but it also made the task of aiming much simpler since each weapon could be fired point-blank. (This method could be used up to about 800 yards.)
Bearing in mind that the gunners who created the breach in the city walls at the end of June that permitted Skelton and Clancarty’s attack were firing from ground on a lower level than the walls and at about twice the optimum range, their gunnery must have been excellent since they would have had to fire at an unusual angle of elevation and maintain a high rate of fire; it is possible that the guns, probably 24-pounders, fired about 90 to 100 rounds per day in direct fire at the walls. This achievement has never been acknowledged before in any account of the siege, having been hidden by Walker’s account of the event and, more recently, by Macrory’s acceptance of Walker’s account as accurate. St-Rémy estimated that it would take three batteries – two of ten and one of eight 24- or 32-pounder pieces – two days of steady bombardment to achieve a practicable breach wide enough for thirty men to advance abreast although Vauban believed that two batteries would suffice. A practicable breach was defined as one where enough masonry and earth had been blown into the ditch to permit an attacking soldier to climb it with ease, allowing him the use of both hands to use his weapons. Obviously, the single battery of two guns firing at the Butcher’s Gate did not provide the firepower suggested by either St-Rémy or Vauban but, in the space of perhaps three days – we cannot be certain of the exact length of the bombardment – it managed to create a viable breach in the city walls. Paradoxically, these gunners may also have been among those who, a month later, failed in their endeavours to prevent the relief fleet passing through the narrows.
In Chapter Five (page 116) reference was made to the arrival at Derry of six large cannon which had been hauled overland from Dublin. Although there is no evidence to indicate that these were specialised siege pieces it is reasonable to assume that they were. These weapons used larger powder charges than their field artillery equivalents and their carriages had to be proportionately stronger to absorb the forces of those charges. Whereas an English 24-pounder field gun had carriage cheeks, or sides, of nine feet in length and 4.5-inches wide, a 24-pounder siege gun had thirteen-foot-long cheeks which were also twice as thick as those of the field gun; wheel sizes also differed with the field gun having smaller diameter wheels, by eight inches, than those of the fifty-eight-inch wheels of the siege gun.
This made the siege guns more difficult to move, and thus the reason why it was preferred to move them by water. But the reluctance of the French navy to play a full part in the operations at Derry meant that the guns had to be hauled from Dublin on roads that were no more than earth tracks. When the guns were moved, at the end of May, the ground would have begun to dry out but it would have been rutted and any rain at all would have turned the roads into quagmires. The initial part of the journey would not have been as bad as the final stages since the eastern side of Ireland has much less rainfall than the north-west. Once into Tyrone and County Londonderry it can be assumed that travelling became much more difficult.
We have no account of the progress of the artillery train, nor of its composition, but we do know something of the standard operating procedures for a train. By this period, most guns were provided with a limber, known to the French as an which was a pair of wheels on an axle with either a pole or shafts to which the team of horses would be harnessed. The rear of the cannon’s trail was lifted onto the limber to allow easier movement by road. With the weight of the gun distributed over four wheels rather than two it became possible to reduce the number of draught horses needed for each although a single gun, weighing about three tons, needed a team of six or eight horses. In addition to the guns, the train would have included wagons to carry ammunition and stores and had to be escorted by infantry while engineers and pioneers were also included to carry out any improvements needed to the road; at least one wagon was required to carry their tools and equipment. Many civilians had to be recruited as drivers for the horse teams and they were apt to take to their heels at any sign of danger. It took time for the train to get underway each day and it had to stop early enough in the day to make camp for the night and allow an evening meal to be prepared. It is likely that it took as much as two weeks to cover the 140 miles from Dublin to the outskirts of Derry. Had the French navy not been intimidated into virtual inaction following the Battle of Bantry Bay the guns could have been brought by ship in much less time and would have arrived in much better condition.
1 So called because early gun barrels were made in the same fashion as wooden barrels and bound together with metal staves.
2 The contemporary spelling was coyne. | 3,917 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Abraham Lincoln: The Man, the Emancipator
Everyone knows Abraham Lincoln was the president responsible for granting slaves their freedom after the civil war but what about the rest of his life. During his childhood he had to fight through the death of his mother at a very young age and the lack of a father that was always there for him. The life of Abraham Lincoln was everything but a fairy tale.
Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks Lincoln were poor farmers who lived in a one-room log cabin in the small town Hodgenville, Kentucky. They had lived in the cabin for three years before giving birth to their second child, Abraham, on February 12th, 1809. He was given the name Abraham in memory of his grandfather who was killed while farming with his three sons by a group of Native Americans (Donald, 10). Before Abraham was two years old the family moved ten miles to a two hundred-thirty acre farm in a town on the Knob Creek.
In October of 1818 young Abraham experienced the first tragedy in his life. On October 5th his mother died of Brucellosis or more commonly “milk sickness” (27). It was hard for Abraham and his older sister, Sarah, to deal with. Dennis Hanks, their Uncle, moved in to help Thomas raise his two kids. Dennis was like a second father figure in their life. It was Dennis, not Thomas, who taught Abraham to read, write, and farm (31). | <urn:uuid:67ce801c-6bcf-44b2-8e4d-e4a57a9616a9> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.markedbyteachers.com/as-and-a-level/history/abraham-lincoln-the-man-the-emancipator.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474641.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225171204-20240225201204-00422.warc.gz | en | 0.994015 | 304 | 3.625 | 4 | [
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Everyone knows Abraham Lincoln was the president responsible for granting slaves their freedom after the civil war but what about the rest of his life. During his childhood he had to fight through the death of his mother at a very young age and the lack of a father that was always there for him. The life of Abraham Lincoln was everything but a fairy tale.
Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks Lincoln were poor farmers who lived in a one-room log cabin in the small town Hodgenville, Kentucky. They had lived in the cabin for three years before giving birth to their second child, Abraham, on February 12th, 1809. He was given the name Abraham in memory of his grandfather who was killed while farming with his three sons by a group of Native Americans (Donald, 10). Before Abraham was two years old the family moved ten miles to a two hundred-thirty acre farm in a town on the Knob Creek.
In October of 1818 young Abraham experienced the first tragedy in his life. On October 5th his mother died of Brucellosis or more commonly “milk sickness” (27). It was hard for Abraham and his older sister, Sarah, to deal with. Dennis Hanks, their Uncle, moved in to help Thomas raise his two kids. Dennis was like a second father figure in their life. It was Dennis, not Thomas, who taught Abraham to read, write, and farm (31). | 311 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Read more about Battles
What was the Fairey Battle? It may sound like something from Irish folklore but the Fairey Battle was actually a type of RAF bomber. A not-very-good type of RAF bomber, at that. Yet, despite its many drawbacks – not least its grim habit of being shot effortlessly out of the sky by Nazis - the Battle played a key role in the Battle of France and Dunkirk.
Suggs and Stephen Taylor, our intrepid WW2 Treasure Hunters, delve into the mystery of why one such Battle bomber was downed in France, in the immediate aftermath of Dunkirk in episode 5 of the series. No enemy fighters were said to have been in the area at the time, so what caused the crash? The boys weighed up the possibilities, which also meant exploring the oft-forgotten aftermath of Operation Dynamo, the daring evacuation of so many desperate Allied troops from the bomb-blasted beach of Dunkirk.
Most people know the basics of the 'Miracle of Dunkirk' – how almost 200,000 British men were, between 26 May and 4 June 1940, snatched from the clutches of the Nazis by a rag-tag armada of big ships and little boats sent which were sent across the Channel. But the events that actually led the men to be stranded in the first place are… well, they’re an uneasy testament to the early ingenuity of the German war machine, and the relative naivety of the Allies.
The Brits were part of the BEF, or British Expeditionary Force, who had been dispatched to France in the wake of Hitler’s invasion of Poland in 1939. The BEF were to work alongside the Belgians and the French to form a defensive wall against the westward march of the Nazis. The one major snag was that the Allies were still in a rather World War One-era mindset. They expected a slow war of attrition, and placed ill-deserved emphasis on the Maginot Line, a line of fortifications on the French border which they thought would serve as a kind of super-trench, keeping invaders out.
The problem was, the Germans could simply bypass it, by cutting through the Netherlands and Belgium. The Allies went to meet the enemy head on, but they hadn’t counted on a second German offensive right through the relatively unprotected Ardennes forest and towards the Channel, which effectively trapped the Allied forces in the middle, in a pincer movement or 'sickle cut', as it became known.
As the pincer tightened, with the Germans employing the brutal, lightning quick tactics of Blitzkrieg, the Allies were pushed right back to the one place they could escape the continent from: Dunkirk. While the story of the evacuation itself is well known, the pilots of the RAF still don’t get much credit for the role they played in tackling the Luftwaffe, who were making life hell for the trapped troops down below.
Many Fairey Battle bombers were lost. These aircraft were lethally obsolete compared to the Luftwaffe’s planes. Too slow and decked out with only a couple of machine guns, the Battles were horribly vulnerable to attack. Back in 1939, one Battle had the distinction of claiming the RAF’s very first kill of World War Two, but now – during Dunkirk and the wider Battle of France – they were in trouble.
On the very first day of the Battle of France, 13 were destroyed. The next day, only one Battle survived out of a group of eight which had been dispatched. To this day, the Fairey Battles are notorious as one of the biggest failures of the war.
And what of the aftermath of the evacuation itself? Well, it’s often forgotten that 40,000 British troops never made it onto the boats, and were left at the mercy of the Germans. Many were herded up and sent on long, gruelling marches into Germany. As one veteran recalled of his own experience: 'Hundreds died on that march… we were eating buttercups and bloody daisies, nettles, anything.' The survivors were then pushed into slave labour in mines and farms and factories. Many spent the whole war in captivity, which was a crushing blow to their morale. In the words of Steve Humphries, who produced a documentary on Dunkirk, 'It was humiliating for them. After the war they suffered a sense of failure, and didn’t feel they’d shared in the great victory over Nazism.'
Even then, Churchill believed the British Expeditionary Force still had an official role to play in France. The idea was that the remnants of the BEF in France would join up with French fighters and carry on the resistance to Hitler. Once again, Fairey Battles also played a supporting role in the skies, attacking German troops (and being shot down, en masse, in the process). There was even a plan to establish an Allied stronghold in Brittany.
But the situation was untenable. Senior British officer Alan Francis Brooke, who had been ordered to oversee the remaining BEF troops in France, thought 'the Brittany scheme a wild project that was quite impossible'. There was an awkward phone call with Churchill himself, with the Prime Minister arguing that the Brits needed to maintain their presence in France to keep the morale up. Brooke replied, 'It is impossible to make a corpse feel', and later admitted he’d been on the verge of losing his temper with Churchill.
Ultimately, the PM came around to the dark truth that France was lost, and the remaining Brits had to be evacuated from French ports. From Britain’s point of view, the darkest period of the war was about the begin. | <urn:uuid:c0d7fc16-d7e4-4a7b-bd06-425131dc7972> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.history.co.uk/shows/ww2-treasure-hunters/articles/after-dunkirk | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474526.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224080616-20240224110616-00463.warc.gz | en | 0.981103 | 1,180 | 3.3125 | 3 | [
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0.35501056909561... | 1 | Read more about Battles
What was the Fairey Battle? It may sound like something from Irish folklore but the Fairey Battle was actually a type of RAF bomber. A not-very-good type of RAF bomber, at that. Yet, despite its many drawbacks – not least its grim habit of being shot effortlessly out of the sky by Nazis - the Battle played a key role in the Battle of France and Dunkirk.
Suggs and Stephen Taylor, our intrepid WW2 Treasure Hunters, delve into the mystery of why one such Battle bomber was downed in France, in the immediate aftermath of Dunkirk in episode 5 of the series. No enemy fighters were said to have been in the area at the time, so what caused the crash? The boys weighed up the possibilities, which also meant exploring the oft-forgotten aftermath of Operation Dynamo, the daring evacuation of so many desperate Allied troops from the bomb-blasted beach of Dunkirk.
Most people know the basics of the 'Miracle of Dunkirk' – how almost 200,000 British men were, between 26 May and 4 June 1940, snatched from the clutches of the Nazis by a rag-tag armada of big ships and little boats sent which were sent across the Channel. But the events that actually led the men to be stranded in the first place are… well, they’re an uneasy testament to the early ingenuity of the German war machine, and the relative naivety of the Allies.
The Brits were part of the BEF, or British Expeditionary Force, who had been dispatched to France in the wake of Hitler’s invasion of Poland in 1939. The BEF were to work alongside the Belgians and the French to form a defensive wall against the westward march of the Nazis. The one major snag was that the Allies were still in a rather World War One-era mindset. They expected a slow war of attrition, and placed ill-deserved emphasis on the Maginot Line, a line of fortifications on the French border which they thought would serve as a kind of super-trench, keeping invaders out.
The problem was, the Germans could simply bypass it, by cutting through the Netherlands and Belgium. The Allies went to meet the enemy head on, but they hadn’t counted on a second German offensive right through the relatively unprotected Ardennes forest and towards the Channel, which effectively trapped the Allied forces in the middle, in a pincer movement or 'sickle cut', as it became known.
As the pincer tightened, with the Germans employing the brutal, lightning quick tactics of Blitzkrieg, the Allies were pushed right back to the one place they could escape the continent from: Dunkirk. While the story of the evacuation itself is well known, the pilots of the RAF still don’t get much credit for the role they played in tackling the Luftwaffe, who were making life hell for the trapped troops down below.
Many Fairey Battle bombers were lost. These aircraft were lethally obsolete compared to the Luftwaffe’s planes. Too slow and decked out with only a couple of machine guns, the Battles were horribly vulnerable to attack. Back in 1939, one Battle had the distinction of claiming the RAF’s very first kill of World War Two, but now – during Dunkirk and the wider Battle of France – they were in trouble.
On the very first day of the Battle of France, 13 were destroyed. The next day, only one Battle survived out of a group of eight which had been dispatched. To this day, the Fairey Battles are notorious as one of the biggest failures of the war.
And what of the aftermath of the evacuation itself? Well, it’s often forgotten that 40,000 British troops never made it onto the boats, and were left at the mercy of the Germans. Many were herded up and sent on long, gruelling marches into Germany. As one veteran recalled of his own experience: 'Hundreds died on that march… we were eating buttercups and bloody daisies, nettles, anything.' The survivors were then pushed into slave labour in mines and farms and factories. Many spent the whole war in captivity, which was a crushing blow to their morale. In the words of Steve Humphries, who produced a documentary on Dunkirk, 'It was humiliating for them. After the war they suffered a sense of failure, and didn’t feel they’d shared in the great victory over Nazism.'
Even then, Churchill believed the British Expeditionary Force still had an official role to play in France. The idea was that the remnants of the BEF in France would join up with French fighters and carry on the resistance to Hitler. Once again, Fairey Battles also played a supporting role in the skies, attacking German troops (and being shot down, en masse, in the process). There was even a plan to establish an Allied stronghold in Brittany.
But the situation was untenable. Senior British officer Alan Francis Brooke, who had been ordered to oversee the remaining BEF troops in France, thought 'the Brittany scheme a wild project that was quite impossible'. There was an awkward phone call with Churchill himself, with the Prime Minister arguing that the Brits needed to maintain their presence in France to keep the morale up. Brooke replied, 'It is impossible to make a corpse feel', and later admitted he’d been on the verge of losing his temper with Churchill.
Ultimately, the PM came around to the dark truth that France was lost, and the remaining Brits had to be evacuated from French ports. From Britain’s point of view, the darkest period of the war was about the begin. | 1,168 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Food preparation is an essential part of the culinary world. It involves a wide range of activities, from chopping ingredients to labeling stored containers and cleaning countertops. According to the Cambridge Dictionary, a cook is “someone who prepares and cooks food”, while a chef is “an expert and trained cook who works in a hotel or restaurant”. A food preparer is someone who is responsible for the basics of cooking.
They may not be as skilled as a chef, but they are still able to create delicious meals. Food preparers can follow recipes or meal plans designed by someone else, such as a chef. They may also be responsible for preparing school dishes, which are not as precise as those created by professional chefs. The goal of these dishes is to provide satisfaction rather than an experience. | <urn:uuid:b58c4fa0-53c8-4220-9e1b-83d31c065eb5> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.foodlinks.biz/what-do-you-call-someone-who-preps-food | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475311.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301125520-20240301155520-00593.warc.gz | en | 0.98118 | 163 | 3.296875 | 3 | [
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0.1660920977592... | 1 | Food preparation is an essential part of the culinary world. It involves a wide range of activities, from chopping ingredients to labeling stored containers and cleaning countertops. According to the Cambridge Dictionary, a cook is “someone who prepares and cooks food”, while a chef is “an expert and trained cook who works in a hotel or restaurant”. A food preparer is someone who is responsible for the basics of cooking.
They may not be as skilled as a chef, but they are still able to create delicious meals. Food preparers can follow recipes or meal plans designed by someone else, such as a chef. They may also be responsible for preparing school dishes, which are not as precise as those created by professional chefs. The goal of these dishes is to provide satisfaction rather than an experience. | 155 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Samuel Pepys is known for leaving behind a comprehensive record of his time, particularly during a significant period of upheaval in London’s history. Born in 1633, Pepys lived through the Civil War, Cromwell’s republic, and the Great Fire of London, which he documented extensively in his diaries.
Despite the filth and disease that characterized life in 1600s London, Pepys’ diaries offer a glimpse into the city’s past, including popular forms of entertainment such as animal fights. Today, London history lovers can follow Pepys’ trail and discover what remains of his London.
- 1 Who was Samuel Pepys?
- 2 The Great Fire of London
- 3 What Remains of Pepys’ London
- 4 Exploring Pepys’ London: Practical Tips
Who was Samuel Pepys?
Samuel Pepys was a prominent figure in 17th century England, known for his various accomplishments such as being an Administrator of the Navy, an MP, and a President of the Royal Society. However, it is his diaries that have solidified his place in history as one of the greatest diarists of all time.
Pepys began writing his diaries on January 1st, 1660, and continued for a decade, filling six volumes with approximately 1,250,000 words. Written in shorthand, his diaries provide a detailed account of life in London during the reign of Charles II.
Pepys’ candidness about his personal life, including his encounters with actresses and high society women, has made his diaries a reliable source of information. However, it is not only his personal life that is chronicled in his diaries. Pepys also wrote about major events of his time, including England’s last plague, the restoration of the Monarchy, and the Great Fire of London.
Despite his many accomplishments, it is clear that Pepys’ diaries are his greatest legacy. His keen eye for detail and ability to capture the essence of life in 17th century London make his diaries an invaluable resource for historians and anyone interested in the period.
The Great Fire of London
Samuel Pepys, a Londoner, first learned of the Great Fire on September 2, 1666, when his maid woke him up at 3am to inform him of the “great fire they saw in the City.” Pepys, not seeming too worried about the blaze, goes back to bed and sleeps until seven o’clock when he gets up, dresses, and goes down to Tower to get a closer look.
It’s at this time that Pepys’ humanistic eye and penchant for detail brings the scene to life. He chronicles the panic and confusion as the fire burns “with infinite fury.” Pepys notes that people were “endeavouring to remove their goods, and flinging into the river or bringing them into lighters that layoff; poor people staying in their houses as long as till the very fire touched them, and then running into boats, or clambering from one pair of stairs by the water-side to another.”
He even spends time dwelling on the fate of London’s ubiquitous bird. “And among other things, the poor pigeons, I perceive, were loth to leave their houses, but hovered about the windows and balconys till they were, some of them burned, their wings, and fell down.”
The accounts woven between his narrative of escape paint further horrifying scenes and illustrate how utterly the fire would have wrecked the functioning of normal society. At one point, Pepys writes a letter to his father, assuming to let him know the family is okay, but finds that the post office has been burnt down when he tries to send the letter.
By Friday the 7th, the fire had been put out, and most of London was wrecked. Pepys talks of the “miserable sight of Paul’s church; with all the roofs fallen, and the body of the quire fallen into St. Fayth’s” and “Fleet-street, my father’s house, and the church, and a good part of the Temple the like.”
The destruction was total, and he says in one early passage, “it made him weep to see it.” Pepys’ concerns turned to his own home and family that were now at risk of being consumed in the fire, and he ordered his belongings to be packed, taking in a now-homeless friend on the way.
Pepys sent his valuables and, most importantly for us, his diaries to Bethnal Green and escorted his wife to Woolwich with the rest of the family’s salvageables. One of the items he chose to save was a wheel of parmesan cheese that he buried in the garden to keep safe.
What Remains of Pepys’ London
Despite the fact that most of Pepys’ London has vanished, there are still some locations that can be visited today, providing a glimpse into the life of Samuel Pepys.
All Hallows By The Tower
All Hallows By The Tower is a church that has been standing since the 7th century and has undergone several transformations since then. Samuel Pepys lived around the corner on Seething Lane, which is why the church holds significance to him. Pepys probably knew the place as the local church played an important role in the community. He even recorded in his diaries the view from the steeple as London burned.
Pepys resided on Seething Lane from 1660-1674, and his house no longer exists. However, a bust of him is displayed in the gardens along the road. Many of his diaries would have been written on this site.
St Olave’s Church
St Olave’s Church, located just around the corner, played an even more important role in Pepys’ life as it is the place where he was buried. Pepys worshipped at the church with his family and even funded the building of an extra gallery. He also knocked through a special doorway to the building next door – his offices – so that he could come and go with ease. A bust of Pepys’ wife, who died before her husband, can still be seen in a top corner of the church, looking down at the pews where her husband liked to sit.
St. Brides Church
St. Brides Church is the place where Samuel Pepys was baptized on March 3, 1633. He was one of eleven siblings, several of whom did not survive to adulthood. One of his brothers is buried here. A plaque is located at the back of the church in Salisbury Court, which denotes the house where Pepys was born, now long gone. The plaque states the date of his birth as 1632, when in fact it was 1633 due to changes in the calendar much later on that shifted the start of the year back from March to January.
12 Buckingham Street
This address in Covent Garden is the only surviving house that Samuel Pepys lived in, and it is commemorated with a bronze plaque between two first-floor windows. Pepys lived here from 1679 after being imprisoned in the Tower of London on charges of selling naval secrets to the French. The charges were dropped, and he was released. It was here that Pepys would be at the height of success in his career and build his famous 3000-strong library, now housed in Magdalene College, Cambridge. He would end up moving a few doors down to number 14 after a fire scare.
Although Pepys never lived at this house on the Southbank, he wrote about the bear-baiting pit that it was built over. Bear baiting was a popular sport at the time, and his diary’s accounts are nothing short of grisly. The house is now completely renovated and was on the market for £3.5 million back in 2018.
Monument to the Great Fire of London
The Monument to the Great Fire of London was built by Sir Christopher Wren, and it is located near one of the exits of Monument Station. The monument was erected in 1677 to commemorate the blaze, on the site of the first church to be burnt down by the fire. Standing at 62 meters high, it sits 202 meters west of where the fire started on Pudding Lane.
In conclusion, while much of Pepys’ London has vanished, visitors can still explore some of the remaining sites, which provide a glimpse into the life of Samuel Pepys and the era in which he lived.
Exploring Pepys’ London: Practical Tips
To explore Pepys’ London, visitors can use the map provided to plan a straightforward route to visit the many places mentioned by Samuel Pepys in his diaries. As the city was much smaller in Pepys’ time, many of these places are within walking distance of each other. For those interested in London history, Pepys’ diaries are a must-read. Published by Penguin under the title The Diaries of Samuel Pepys – A Selection, they provide essential insights into life in London during the 17th century. | <urn:uuid:7287004a-3e87-4fa9-82e7-a0e11d27cf3e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://londonlhr.online/samuel-pepys-london/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474744.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228175828-20240228205828-00535.warc.gz | en | 0.987077 | 1,924 | 3.3125 | 3 | [
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0.139377921819... | 1 | Samuel Pepys is known for leaving behind a comprehensive record of his time, particularly during a significant period of upheaval in London’s history. Born in 1633, Pepys lived through the Civil War, Cromwell’s republic, and the Great Fire of London, which he documented extensively in his diaries.
Despite the filth and disease that characterized life in 1600s London, Pepys’ diaries offer a glimpse into the city’s past, including popular forms of entertainment such as animal fights. Today, London history lovers can follow Pepys’ trail and discover what remains of his London.
- 1 Who was Samuel Pepys?
- 2 The Great Fire of London
- 3 What Remains of Pepys’ London
- 4 Exploring Pepys’ London: Practical Tips
Who was Samuel Pepys?
Samuel Pepys was a prominent figure in 17th century England, known for his various accomplishments such as being an Administrator of the Navy, an MP, and a President of the Royal Society. However, it is his diaries that have solidified his place in history as one of the greatest diarists of all time.
Pepys began writing his diaries on January 1st, 1660, and continued for a decade, filling six volumes with approximately 1,250,000 words. Written in shorthand, his diaries provide a detailed account of life in London during the reign of Charles II.
Pepys’ candidness about his personal life, including his encounters with actresses and high society women, has made his diaries a reliable source of information. However, it is not only his personal life that is chronicled in his diaries. Pepys also wrote about major events of his time, including England’s last plague, the restoration of the Monarchy, and the Great Fire of London.
Despite his many accomplishments, it is clear that Pepys’ diaries are his greatest legacy. His keen eye for detail and ability to capture the essence of life in 17th century London make his diaries an invaluable resource for historians and anyone interested in the period.
The Great Fire of London
Samuel Pepys, a Londoner, first learned of the Great Fire on September 2, 1666, when his maid woke him up at 3am to inform him of the “great fire they saw in the City.” Pepys, not seeming too worried about the blaze, goes back to bed and sleeps until seven o’clock when he gets up, dresses, and goes down to Tower to get a closer look.
It’s at this time that Pepys’ humanistic eye and penchant for detail brings the scene to life. He chronicles the panic and confusion as the fire burns “with infinite fury.” Pepys notes that people were “endeavouring to remove their goods, and flinging into the river or bringing them into lighters that layoff; poor people staying in their houses as long as till the very fire touched them, and then running into boats, or clambering from one pair of stairs by the water-side to another.”
He even spends time dwelling on the fate of London’s ubiquitous bird. “And among other things, the poor pigeons, I perceive, were loth to leave their houses, but hovered about the windows and balconys till they were, some of them burned, their wings, and fell down.”
The accounts woven between his narrative of escape paint further horrifying scenes and illustrate how utterly the fire would have wrecked the functioning of normal society. At one point, Pepys writes a letter to his father, assuming to let him know the family is okay, but finds that the post office has been burnt down when he tries to send the letter.
By Friday the 7th, the fire had been put out, and most of London was wrecked. Pepys talks of the “miserable sight of Paul’s church; with all the roofs fallen, and the body of the quire fallen into St. Fayth’s” and “Fleet-street, my father’s house, and the church, and a good part of the Temple the like.”
The destruction was total, and he says in one early passage, “it made him weep to see it.” Pepys’ concerns turned to his own home and family that were now at risk of being consumed in the fire, and he ordered his belongings to be packed, taking in a now-homeless friend on the way.
Pepys sent his valuables and, most importantly for us, his diaries to Bethnal Green and escorted his wife to Woolwich with the rest of the family’s salvageables. One of the items he chose to save was a wheel of parmesan cheese that he buried in the garden to keep safe.
What Remains of Pepys’ London
Despite the fact that most of Pepys’ London has vanished, there are still some locations that can be visited today, providing a glimpse into the life of Samuel Pepys.
All Hallows By The Tower
All Hallows By The Tower is a church that has been standing since the 7th century and has undergone several transformations since then. Samuel Pepys lived around the corner on Seething Lane, which is why the church holds significance to him. Pepys probably knew the place as the local church played an important role in the community. He even recorded in his diaries the view from the steeple as London burned.
Pepys resided on Seething Lane from 1660-1674, and his house no longer exists. However, a bust of him is displayed in the gardens along the road. Many of his diaries would have been written on this site.
St Olave’s Church
St Olave’s Church, located just around the corner, played an even more important role in Pepys’ life as it is the place where he was buried. Pepys worshipped at the church with his family and even funded the building of an extra gallery. He also knocked through a special doorway to the building next door – his offices – so that he could come and go with ease. A bust of Pepys’ wife, who died before her husband, can still be seen in a top corner of the church, looking down at the pews where her husband liked to sit.
St. Brides Church
St. Brides Church is the place where Samuel Pepys was baptized on March 3, 1633. He was one of eleven siblings, several of whom did not survive to adulthood. One of his brothers is buried here. A plaque is located at the back of the church in Salisbury Court, which denotes the house where Pepys was born, now long gone. The plaque states the date of his birth as 1632, when in fact it was 1633 due to changes in the calendar much later on that shifted the start of the year back from March to January.
12 Buckingham Street
This address in Covent Garden is the only surviving house that Samuel Pepys lived in, and it is commemorated with a bronze plaque between two first-floor windows. Pepys lived here from 1679 after being imprisoned in the Tower of London on charges of selling naval secrets to the French. The charges were dropped, and he was released. It was here that Pepys would be at the height of success in his career and build his famous 3000-strong library, now housed in Magdalene College, Cambridge. He would end up moving a few doors down to number 14 after a fire scare.
Although Pepys never lived at this house on the Southbank, he wrote about the bear-baiting pit that it was built over. Bear baiting was a popular sport at the time, and his diary’s accounts are nothing short of grisly. The house is now completely renovated and was on the market for £3.5 million back in 2018.
Monument to the Great Fire of London
The Monument to the Great Fire of London was built by Sir Christopher Wren, and it is located near one of the exits of Monument Station. The monument was erected in 1677 to commemorate the blaze, on the site of the first church to be burnt down by the fire. Standing at 62 meters high, it sits 202 meters west of where the fire started on Pudding Lane.
In conclusion, while much of Pepys’ London has vanished, visitors can still explore some of the remaining sites, which provide a glimpse into the life of Samuel Pepys and the era in which he lived.
Exploring Pepys’ London: Practical Tips
To explore Pepys’ London, visitors can use the map provided to plan a straightforward route to visit the many places mentioned by Samuel Pepys in his diaries. As the city was much smaller in Pepys’ time, many of these places are within walking distance of each other. For those interested in London history, Pepys’ diaries are a must-read. Published by Penguin under the title The Diaries of Samuel Pepys – A Selection, they provide essential insights into life in London during the 17th century. | 1,899 | ENGLISH | 1 |
What determines a great leader isn’t whether they are good or bad but, it is either they could get many people who could follow in their beliefs. Adolf Hitler was a dictator in Germany and was the leader of the Nazi Army of the Third Reich. He had many people to follow his ideas because of how persuasive he is, the ambitions he had and how persistance he is. Adolf Hitler had a way with his words, he made the people of his country to follow his idea of how Germany can come back to power. After WWI, Germany was in their Great Depression because of how they were being the main cause of WWI and their punishment would be respiration. Hitler knew that citizens of Germany were tired of the hard labor and knew that they were mad for losing the war. But in order for them to follow him he needed a scapegoat on why they had lost the war and he had pinned it on the jewish people. “This criminal race has the two million dead of the (First) World War on their conscience, and now hundreds of thousands. Let no one say to me: we cannot send them into the mire. Who concerns themselves about our men? It is good if preceding us is the terror that we are exterminating the Jews. The attempt to found a Jewish state will fail.” This was a speech to Himmer and Heydrich in Hitler 's command headquarters in September 1942 , nine years after the genocide had started and where six killing centers was already formed. He made his men believed that the jewish were the "poison" of the German
that Hitler wanted to eliminate the Jews before anything else. Hitler firmly blamed all of the bad things on the Jews, and wanted to exterminate them as a whole. Dawidowicz states, “The mass murder of the Jews was the consummation of his fundamental beliefs and ideological convictions” (Dawidowicz, The War against the Jews, 3). She expresses the idea that Hitler was taking place in early anti-Semitism,
Once, Adolf Hitler said, “It’s not the truth that matters, but victory.” Obviously, this quote shows that Hitler’s mindset was directed towards winning, and not his moral values. He made false accusations about the innocent Jews, killing over six-million of them. These false accusations were simple, repeated, and, eventually, people believed it. The rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party affected how people viewed the Jews at the time. To begin, events in Adolf Hitler’s life lead to his viewpoints and affiliations. Secondly, the creation of the Nazi Party was critical to the formation of Germany’s point of view. Lastly, Jewish people had been used as scapegoats for the loss of World War I and Germany’s economic crisis.
Hitler had shown unwillingness to tolerate the Jews and once he was appointed Chancellor, he started to take elimination measures like deportation, forced emigration, and isolation to enforce his belief. He took advantage of Germany’s weakness in World War One, then used it as an opportunity to blame the Jews for Germany’s defeat. Hitler’s political party was the largest political party in Germany thus allowing them to draw very large crowds to gatherings. He had very good oratory speeches with hand gestures that easily manipulated people to adhere to his views. Hitler constantly targeted the Jews because he knew people believed in these speeches. People in Germany were already anti-semitic but Hitler made it worse by constantly consuming them in his speeches. From the way he spoke about the Jews, we could clearly see the possibility of genocide. Hitler wanted Germany to be free of any humans that anyone other than his ideal master race so he personally selected bodyguards to be part of a group called the SS. Hitler was responsible for ordering the SS to carry out the extermination of anyone who did not fit this ideal. The SS handled oppositions using force and as a result of which people were forced to give into the idea of violence. Sometimes people purposely went along with this Holocaust ideal due to the fear of getting killed. These terrors allowed the holocaust occur
Hitler believed that the German people were part of an 'Aryan race,' a superior group that should be kept pure to fulfill their mission of ruling the world. He felt that the Jewish people were 'sub-human,' when in actuality they were virtually the same as his 'Aryan race.' Not only did Hitler have a personal hatred toward the Jewish people, but he also blamed them for 'stabbing Germany in the back' after Germany's defeat in World War I. Hitler used them as scapegoats because they were a minority and were easy to put the blame on. 'Historians agree that the Holocaust resulted from a confluence of various factors in a complex historical situation. That anti-Semitism festered throughout the centuries in European culture is centrally important; the Jews were (and are) a minority civilization in a majority environment. In periods of crisis, instead of searching for the solution of
Hitler’s hatred of the Jewish race stems from the German defeat in the first World War. He blames them for a “stab in the back” even though 100,000 Jews had served from Germany and Austria and 12,000 were killed. Right after he and his family moved to the city of Czestochowa, the German military came in and put placards up that ordered all Jewish males between the ages of 15 to 80 to report
By blaming the Jews for the economic crisis that Germany was suffering through as well as their defeat in WW1, Hitler targeted the Jews as the country’s main enemy. According to him, the Jewish were directly responsible for Germany’s problems. Hitler hated the Jews leading up to the Holocaust because he believed that the Jewish financiers were responsible for sending the world into its first World War, causing the deaths over 100,000 Germans. According to the Nazis the “Aryan race” was the best and strongest race. Jews were of another inferior race. In fact so inferior that they were not considered to be “people” by the
Horror struck on January 30, 1933, when Germany assigned Adolf Hitler as their chancellor. Once Hitler had finally reached power he set out to complete one goal, create a Greater Germany free from the Jews (“The reasons for the Holocaust,” 2009). This tragedy is known today as, “The Holocaust,” that explains the terrors of our histories past. The face of the Holocaust, master of death, and leader of Germany; Adolf Hitler the most deceitful, powerful, well spoken, and intelligent person that acted as the key to this mass murder. According to a research study at the University of South Florida, nearly eleven million people were targeted and killed. This disaster is a genocide that was meant to ethnically cleanse Germany of the Jews. Although Jewish people were the main target they were not the only ones targeted; gypsies, African Americans, homosexuals, socialists, political enemies, communists, and the mentally disabled were killed (Simpson, 2012, p. 113). The word to describe this hatred for Jewish people is known as antisemitism. It was brought about when German philosophers denounced that “Jewish spirit is alien to Germandom” (“Antisemitism”) which states that a Jew is non-German. Many people notice the horrible things the Germans did, but most don’t truly understand why the Holocaust occurred. To truly understand the Holocaust, you must first know the Nazis motivations. Their motivations fell into two categories including cultural explanations that focused on ideology and
At the end of WWI in 1918, Germany’s economy was in ruins. There were very few jobs, and bitterness began to take over the country. According to the text, “Hitler, a rising politician, offered Germany a scapegoat: Jewish people. Hitler said that Jewish people were to blame for Germany’s problems. He believed that Jews did not deserve to live.” (7) This was the birth of Antisemitism--prejudice against Jewish people. Europe’s Jewish people have always been persecuted due to their “different customs and beliefs that many viewed with suspicion.”(7) Hitler simply reignited the flames, and a violent hatred was born.
The view Adolf Hitler had on the Jewish peoples was that everything was their faults and he hated them. Before Hitler became a Dictator he was a soldier just like everyone else in World War 1 and when the German Empire lost he was in disbelief and just couldn’t believe it. Many nationalist and conservatives believed that Germany had not lost the war on the battlefield but due to betrayal from within, by a ‘stab in the back’. Socialists, communists and particularly Jews were blamed, even though more than 100,000 German and Austrian Jews had served in the war and 12,000 had been killed.
Adolf Hitler wanted the Jewish race to be destroyed forever. But he didn’t just stop at beliefs. Even if you were a Christian, Catholic, Atheist, etc., you were still in danger. You were still in danger because if you looked Jewish to him then you were swooped up and taken hostage in a concentration camp.
When you think leader, some think kings like William the Conqueror, others think of Prime Ministers such Winston Churchill, or even the leaders of the civil rights movement Martin Luther King Jr. They were all great men and had their time in the sun as great leaders, and they were some of the greatest leaders of their respective times and generations. There are many characteristics that go into a great leader. Things such as measurable things like education and votes in elections are easy to see and give a good impression. The greatest leader must have some of those measurable in his life time. Along with those easily visible things you need a multitude of other
Hitler was obsessed with the racial superiority he believed the German peoples had over all other inferior peoples. He wanted to rule the world, but in order to carry out his solution, he needed to convince the German people to listen to him. Perhaps Hitler would never have been able to do what he did had World War I never occurred. As Resnick said in his book, The Holocaust; After World War I, Germany was trying to rebuild and recover…Both the Treaty of Versailles and the Great Depression severely afflicted Germany. "In many respects, these terrible conditions made Hitler's rise to power possible." (Resnick p. 15) People in desperate situations will listen to anyone offering a way out. Hitler offered not only a way out of Germany's turmoil, but also someone to blame for it; he pointed at the Jews.
Hitler states that Germany has done this for centuries, only to receive “infectious political and physical diseases.” What the Jewish population has now is due to “the most reprehensible manipulations” of the unfortunate impoverished Germans. This indirect comparison of the Jews to parasites is prominent in the rest of the speech. Hitler continues by saying that the losses inflicted upon Germany by the Treaty of Versailles (being deprived of their “entire savings” which they had “accumulated in years of honest work”) seemed to mean nothing to other democratic statesmen, who still expected Germany to carry the burden of the Jewish people. Hitler was certainly fed up with this treatment.
Adolf Hitler came to power over Germany in January of 1933. He hated Jews and blamed them for everything bad that had ever happened to Germany. Hitler’s goal in life was to eliminate the Jewish population. With his rise to power in Germany, he would put into action his plan of elimination. This is not only why German Jews were the main target of the Holocaust, but why they were a large part of the years before, during, and after the Holocaust. Hitler’s “final solution” almost eliminated the Jewish population in Europe during World War II. At the end of the war and along with his suicide, the Jewish population would survive the horror known as the Holocaust and the Jews would eventually find their way back to their homeland of Israel
I believe that to be a good leader doesn’t necessarily define as someone who sets a goal and directs people to achieve it, but as someone who may have to adapt to change based off their surroundings and situations. A leader should be someone who is able to guide with not only direction but also logic, understanding, and an open mind. Oskar Schindler proved with continued leadership that even the most dismal situations may be able to change your values and based off those values change your actions and the direction in which you choose to lead and how you influence. | <urn:uuid:e1d6901d-139a-4fa2-958d-04ad083c73d2> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.bartleby.com/essay/What-Determines-A-Great-Leader-Isn-t-F3QVQVKVU5YW | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475806.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302084508-20240302114508-00644.warc.gz | en | 0.98792 | 2,626 | 3.359375 | 3 | [
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0.1872636377811... | 1 | What determines a great leader isn’t whether they are good or bad but, it is either they could get many people who could follow in their beliefs. Adolf Hitler was a dictator in Germany and was the leader of the Nazi Army of the Third Reich. He had many people to follow his ideas because of how persuasive he is, the ambitions he had and how persistance he is. Adolf Hitler had a way with his words, he made the people of his country to follow his idea of how Germany can come back to power. After WWI, Germany was in their Great Depression because of how they were being the main cause of WWI and their punishment would be respiration. Hitler knew that citizens of Germany were tired of the hard labor and knew that they were mad for losing the war. But in order for them to follow him he needed a scapegoat on why they had lost the war and he had pinned it on the jewish people. “This criminal race has the two million dead of the (First) World War on their conscience, and now hundreds of thousands. Let no one say to me: we cannot send them into the mire. Who concerns themselves about our men? It is good if preceding us is the terror that we are exterminating the Jews. The attempt to found a Jewish state will fail.” This was a speech to Himmer and Heydrich in Hitler 's command headquarters in September 1942 , nine years after the genocide had started and where six killing centers was already formed. He made his men believed that the jewish were the "poison" of the German
that Hitler wanted to eliminate the Jews before anything else. Hitler firmly blamed all of the bad things on the Jews, and wanted to exterminate them as a whole. Dawidowicz states, “The mass murder of the Jews was the consummation of his fundamental beliefs and ideological convictions” (Dawidowicz, The War against the Jews, 3). She expresses the idea that Hitler was taking place in early anti-Semitism,
Once, Adolf Hitler said, “It’s not the truth that matters, but victory.” Obviously, this quote shows that Hitler’s mindset was directed towards winning, and not his moral values. He made false accusations about the innocent Jews, killing over six-million of them. These false accusations were simple, repeated, and, eventually, people believed it. The rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party affected how people viewed the Jews at the time. To begin, events in Adolf Hitler’s life lead to his viewpoints and affiliations. Secondly, the creation of the Nazi Party was critical to the formation of Germany’s point of view. Lastly, Jewish people had been used as scapegoats for the loss of World War I and Germany’s economic crisis.
Hitler had shown unwillingness to tolerate the Jews and once he was appointed Chancellor, he started to take elimination measures like deportation, forced emigration, and isolation to enforce his belief. He took advantage of Germany’s weakness in World War One, then used it as an opportunity to blame the Jews for Germany’s defeat. Hitler’s political party was the largest political party in Germany thus allowing them to draw very large crowds to gatherings. He had very good oratory speeches with hand gestures that easily manipulated people to adhere to his views. Hitler constantly targeted the Jews because he knew people believed in these speeches. People in Germany were already anti-semitic but Hitler made it worse by constantly consuming them in his speeches. From the way he spoke about the Jews, we could clearly see the possibility of genocide. Hitler wanted Germany to be free of any humans that anyone other than his ideal master race so he personally selected bodyguards to be part of a group called the SS. Hitler was responsible for ordering the SS to carry out the extermination of anyone who did not fit this ideal. The SS handled oppositions using force and as a result of which people were forced to give into the idea of violence. Sometimes people purposely went along with this Holocaust ideal due to the fear of getting killed. These terrors allowed the holocaust occur
Hitler believed that the German people were part of an 'Aryan race,' a superior group that should be kept pure to fulfill their mission of ruling the world. He felt that the Jewish people were 'sub-human,' when in actuality they were virtually the same as his 'Aryan race.' Not only did Hitler have a personal hatred toward the Jewish people, but he also blamed them for 'stabbing Germany in the back' after Germany's defeat in World War I. Hitler used them as scapegoats because they were a minority and were easy to put the blame on. 'Historians agree that the Holocaust resulted from a confluence of various factors in a complex historical situation. That anti-Semitism festered throughout the centuries in European culture is centrally important; the Jews were (and are) a minority civilization in a majority environment. In periods of crisis, instead of searching for the solution of
Hitler’s hatred of the Jewish race stems from the German defeat in the first World War. He blames them for a “stab in the back” even though 100,000 Jews had served from Germany and Austria and 12,000 were killed. Right after he and his family moved to the city of Czestochowa, the German military came in and put placards up that ordered all Jewish males between the ages of 15 to 80 to report
By blaming the Jews for the economic crisis that Germany was suffering through as well as their defeat in WW1, Hitler targeted the Jews as the country’s main enemy. According to him, the Jewish were directly responsible for Germany’s problems. Hitler hated the Jews leading up to the Holocaust because he believed that the Jewish financiers were responsible for sending the world into its first World War, causing the deaths over 100,000 Germans. According to the Nazis the “Aryan race” was the best and strongest race. Jews were of another inferior race. In fact so inferior that they were not considered to be “people” by the
Horror struck on January 30, 1933, when Germany assigned Adolf Hitler as their chancellor. Once Hitler had finally reached power he set out to complete one goal, create a Greater Germany free from the Jews (“The reasons for the Holocaust,” 2009). This tragedy is known today as, “The Holocaust,” that explains the terrors of our histories past. The face of the Holocaust, master of death, and leader of Germany; Adolf Hitler the most deceitful, powerful, well spoken, and intelligent person that acted as the key to this mass murder. According to a research study at the University of South Florida, nearly eleven million people were targeted and killed. This disaster is a genocide that was meant to ethnically cleanse Germany of the Jews. Although Jewish people were the main target they were not the only ones targeted; gypsies, African Americans, homosexuals, socialists, political enemies, communists, and the mentally disabled were killed (Simpson, 2012, p. 113). The word to describe this hatred for Jewish people is known as antisemitism. It was brought about when German philosophers denounced that “Jewish spirit is alien to Germandom” (“Antisemitism”) which states that a Jew is non-German. Many people notice the horrible things the Germans did, but most don’t truly understand why the Holocaust occurred. To truly understand the Holocaust, you must first know the Nazis motivations. Their motivations fell into two categories including cultural explanations that focused on ideology and
At the end of WWI in 1918, Germany’s economy was in ruins. There were very few jobs, and bitterness began to take over the country. According to the text, “Hitler, a rising politician, offered Germany a scapegoat: Jewish people. Hitler said that Jewish people were to blame for Germany’s problems. He believed that Jews did not deserve to live.” (7) This was the birth of Antisemitism--prejudice against Jewish people. Europe’s Jewish people have always been persecuted due to their “different customs and beliefs that many viewed with suspicion.”(7) Hitler simply reignited the flames, and a violent hatred was born.
The view Adolf Hitler had on the Jewish peoples was that everything was their faults and he hated them. Before Hitler became a Dictator he was a soldier just like everyone else in World War 1 and when the German Empire lost he was in disbelief and just couldn’t believe it. Many nationalist and conservatives believed that Germany had not lost the war on the battlefield but due to betrayal from within, by a ‘stab in the back’. Socialists, communists and particularly Jews were blamed, even though more than 100,000 German and Austrian Jews had served in the war and 12,000 had been killed.
Adolf Hitler wanted the Jewish race to be destroyed forever. But he didn’t just stop at beliefs. Even if you were a Christian, Catholic, Atheist, etc., you were still in danger. You were still in danger because if you looked Jewish to him then you were swooped up and taken hostage in a concentration camp.
When you think leader, some think kings like William the Conqueror, others think of Prime Ministers such Winston Churchill, or even the leaders of the civil rights movement Martin Luther King Jr. They were all great men and had their time in the sun as great leaders, and they were some of the greatest leaders of their respective times and generations. There are many characteristics that go into a great leader. Things such as measurable things like education and votes in elections are easy to see and give a good impression. The greatest leader must have some of those measurable in his life time. Along with those easily visible things you need a multitude of other
Hitler was obsessed with the racial superiority he believed the German peoples had over all other inferior peoples. He wanted to rule the world, but in order to carry out his solution, he needed to convince the German people to listen to him. Perhaps Hitler would never have been able to do what he did had World War I never occurred. As Resnick said in his book, The Holocaust; After World War I, Germany was trying to rebuild and recover…Both the Treaty of Versailles and the Great Depression severely afflicted Germany. "In many respects, these terrible conditions made Hitler's rise to power possible." (Resnick p. 15) People in desperate situations will listen to anyone offering a way out. Hitler offered not only a way out of Germany's turmoil, but also someone to blame for it; he pointed at the Jews.
Hitler states that Germany has done this for centuries, only to receive “infectious political and physical diseases.” What the Jewish population has now is due to “the most reprehensible manipulations” of the unfortunate impoverished Germans. This indirect comparison of the Jews to parasites is prominent in the rest of the speech. Hitler continues by saying that the losses inflicted upon Germany by the Treaty of Versailles (being deprived of their “entire savings” which they had “accumulated in years of honest work”) seemed to mean nothing to other democratic statesmen, who still expected Germany to carry the burden of the Jewish people. Hitler was certainly fed up with this treatment.
Adolf Hitler came to power over Germany in January of 1933. He hated Jews and blamed them for everything bad that had ever happened to Germany. Hitler’s goal in life was to eliminate the Jewish population. With his rise to power in Germany, he would put into action his plan of elimination. This is not only why German Jews were the main target of the Holocaust, but why they were a large part of the years before, during, and after the Holocaust. Hitler’s “final solution” almost eliminated the Jewish population in Europe during World War II. At the end of the war and along with his suicide, the Jewish population would survive the horror known as the Holocaust and the Jews would eventually find their way back to their homeland of Israel
I believe that to be a good leader doesn’t necessarily define as someone who sets a goal and directs people to achieve it, but as someone who may have to adapt to change based off their surroundings and situations. A leader should be someone who is able to guide with not only direction but also logic, understanding, and an open mind. Oskar Schindler proved with continued leadership that even the most dismal situations may be able to change your values and based off those values change your actions and the direction in which you choose to lead and how you influence. | 2,593 | ENGLISH | 1 |
At the time of Alexander the Great, the mouth of the Euphrates River was located in northern Kuwait. The Euphrates river flowed directly into the Persian Gulf via Khor Subiya which was a river channel at the time. Failaka was located 15 kilometers from the mouth of the Euphrates river. By the first century BC, the Khor Subiya river channel dried out completely.In 127 BC, Kuwait was part of the Parthian Empire and the kingdom of Characene was established around Teredon in present-day Kuwait. Characene was centered in the region encompassing southern Mesopotamia, Characene coins were discovered in Akkaz, Umm an Namil, and Failaka. A busy Parthian commercial station was situated in Kuwait. | <urn:uuid:b38d4be4-c950-4be9-9d6c-4e45ff23ed98> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | http://onenewsbox.com/2023/10/31/how-was-the-situation-in-kuwait-100-years-ago/6/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474948.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301030138-20240301060138-00716.warc.gz | en | 0.982213 | 157 | 3.40625 | 3 | [
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0.145254403352... | 1 | At the time of Alexander the Great, the mouth of the Euphrates River was located in northern Kuwait. The Euphrates river flowed directly into the Persian Gulf via Khor Subiya which was a river channel at the time. Failaka was located 15 kilometers from the mouth of the Euphrates river. By the first century BC, the Khor Subiya river channel dried out completely.In 127 BC, Kuwait was part of the Parthian Empire and the kingdom of Characene was established around Teredon in present-day Kuwait. Characene was centered in the region encompassing southern Mesopotamia, Characene coins were discovered in Akkaz, Umm an Namil, and Failaka. A busy Parthian commercial station was situated in Kuwait. | 167 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The quality of execution in the Roman Empire is absolutely comparable to the technology of road construction and in some cases very cleverly combined with road construction is the construction of the water supply systems in the cities of the empire.
The Romans knew very well how to distinguish the problems in planning the water supply and disposal of an already existing city from those of a new city that was to be founded. Every time a new company was founded, the supply of fresh water and the disposal of wastewater were first considered before the final location of a city was decided. Planned urban development was standard for centuries and then was almost completely forgotten again for more than 1,000 years. If we look around a little, even today, despite the most modern technology, we are often not able to sensibly coordinate planning and execution. There are enough examples.
Bridging large height differences in the terrain
On the other hand, you stand in front of the Pont du Gard near Nimes in southern France full of respect and admiration and are amazed at how such a monumental water supply structure was first built in combination with a road and secondly how it could survive 2,000 years.
The Pont du Gard is just one of many well-preserved Roman water supply buildings. Let's take the aqueduct near Segovia in central Spain, which was built under Emperor Trajan between 98 and 117 AD and is still considered a masterpiece of Roman engineering and brought water to Segovia from 15 kilometres away. Interested visitors should also take a close look at the aqueduct in Aspendos / Turkey.
How could the Romans, without modern technology, build pressurized water pipes that could bridge large differences in height in the terrain, so that a constant flow of water was still guaranteed. But let's start at the source.
Rome's city planners were well aware that it was often easier to create a city from scratch than to integrate water systems into existing cities. The question of location was always considered against the background of existing water sources. Once they discovered a rich source, the Romans did not shy away from long transport routes for water.
Vitruvius describes finding sources in his book “de architectura”: “Before sunrise, lie with your face on the ground and prop your chin up and look at the surroundings […] if you see moist vapors curling up and rising in the air, you should you dig there.”
The source of supply is approximately 27 kilometers away
Initially guided in channels carved into the rock, the water's path leads through tunnels and over viaducts, with only a 35-meter difference in height available to maintain the water flow over a length of 27 kilometres. A structural engineering masterpiece without satellite navigation over mountains and partial cuts.
In Perge near Antalya there is a special feature because here the water pipe was elevated in the median area of the road through the city. Large parts of it are still preserved and waiting for you.
At the source, the so-called spring house was usually built from water-permeable walls, which served to contain the source, protect it from pollution and was sometimes used to filter out components from the water. Depending on the local conditions, the water then flowed from the spring house through natural rock channels, through dug tunnels or over built bridges to the city. Since the flow speed decreased with distance depending on the thickness of the source, there were also rules regarding the gradient of the pipe systems.
A slight gradient had to be built in at all times, which the planner and architect Vitruvius usually describes as 0.5%, but at the Pont du Gard it was only 0.035%, which corresponds to a gradient of 35 centimetres per 1 kilometre. These different types of pipe systems were usually based on so-called gravity pipes, which were only covered to protect against pollution or excessive evaporation in summer or to protect against freezing over in winter. This meant that the water remained pleasantly cool even in summer.
Bridges were built to overcome valleys
Especially when tunnels had to be passed through, control and ventilation shafts were installed to the water channel so that fresh air/oxygen was constantly supplied to the water. In order to “turn” the water in the canal, structures were built into the rock so that enrichment with oxygen was easier. When crossing valleys, bridges (aqueducts or viaducts), sometimes over several floors, were built, which could contain several watercourses one above the other or were used to convey water and the course of the road at the same time.
Depending on the amount of water to be absorbed, the canals were between 50 centimetres and 2 meters wide and were often covered on the inside with waterproof plaster (opus signinum).
To overcome valleys, pressure pipe systems were built that worked on the basic physical principle of communicating tubes (siphon system). This can be seen very impressively in Aspendos, where there is a water tower on one side of the valley, then the pressure pipe is laid through the valley and the second water tower follows on the other side of the valley, in which the water rises again to the distribution station for Aspendos.
The usual clay pipes were not able to handle the water pressure alone, so massive pipes made of rock were used for these pressure pipes, which still fit together precisely via cone seals and thus minimized the loss.
Pressure pipes made of clay or lead
Once the aqueduct reached the city's highest point, a distribution station (castellum) was built, which is similar to a modern water tower and was often referred to as the “Wasserschlösschen”. There were usually three main branches branching off from the castellum, which were often also built into the castellum at different heights, so that the water flow could automatically be brought to the most important supply points such as the public drinking water fountains. The second highest position usually went to public baths and the highest position to the private homes of the rich. If there was a shortage of drinking water, at least the public drinking water places were supplied with fresh water for the longest time.
In cities, the pipe systems were usually designed as pressure pipes made of clay or lead. If the distance to the castellum became too great, a new castellum was inserted between them. The lead pipes were manufactured almost industrially; lead plates were cast and bent into pipes. The seam was then soldered so that the pipes often had a pear-shaped cross-section rather than being round.
Huge amounts of lead were required to manufacture the pipes; it was found that around a ton of lead was required for a 10-centimetre-thick pipe that was 37 meters long. Although Vitruvius repeatedly warned of the negative consequences for humans when using lead pipes due to metallic poisoning, lead was the main material used. Despite this 2,000-year-old knowledge, lead was also used in Europe well into the 19th century. Progress? The materials wood, leather and stone were also sometimes used in pipeline construction.
In cities with a large water requirement, additional cisterns were usually set up to temporarily store the water. The Fildami Cistern near Istanbul is very well known and was able to temporarily store around 100,000 cubic meters of water. Also known in Istanbul is the cistern known as the “Sunken Palace”, which has a supporting structure made from the remains of Corinthian columns and is worth seeing for that reason alone.
Please read as well: | <urn:uuid:1fb10b71-19b4-428e-8bdb-cf68efb9f485> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.alaturka.info/en/history/antiquity/6433-water-supply-in-the-roman-empire | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476399.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303210414-20240304000414-00882.warc.gz | en | 0.983838 | 1,566 | 3.625 | 4 | [
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0.201035588... | 1 | The quality of execution in the Roman Empire is absolutely comparable to the technology of road construction and in some cases very cleverly combined with road construction is the construction of the water supply systems in the cities of the empire.
The Romans knew very well how to distinguish the problems in planning the water supply and disposal of an already existing city from those of a new city that was to be founded. Every time a new company was founded, the supply of fresh water and the disposal of wastewater were first considered before the final location of a city was decided. Planned urban development was standard for centuries and then was almost completely forgotten again for more than 1,000 years. If we look around a little, even today, despite the most modern technology, we are often not able to sensibly coordinate planning and execution. There are enough examples.
Bridging large height differences in the terrain
On the other hand, you stand in front of the Pont du Gard near Nimes in southern France full of respect and admiration and are amazed at how such a monumental water supply structure was first built in combination with a road and secondly how it could survive 2,000 years.
The Pont du Gard is just one of many well-preserved Roman water supply buildings. Let's take the aqueduct near Segovia in central Spain, which was built under Emperor Trajan between 98 and 117 AD and is still considered a masterpiece of Roman engineering and brought water to Segovia from 15 kilometres away. Interested visitors should also take a close look at the aqueduct in Aspendos / Turkey.
How could the Romans, without modern technology, build pressurized water pipes that could bridge large differences in height in the terrain, so that a constant flow of water was still guaranteed. But let's start at the source.
Rome's city planners were well aware that it was often easier to create a city from scratch than to integrate water systems into existing cities. The question of location was always considered against the background of existing water sources. Once they discovered a rich source, the Romans did not shy away from long transport routes for water.
Vitruvius describes finding sources in his book “de architectura”: “Before sunrise, lie with your face on the ground and prop your chin up and look at the surroundings […] if you see moist vapors curling up and rising in the air, you should you dig there.”
The source of supply is approximately 27 kilometers away
Initially guided in channels carved into the rock, the water's path leads through tunnels and over viaducts, with only a 35-meter difference in height available to maintain the water flow over a length of 27 kilometres. A structural engineering masterpiece without satellite navigation over mountains and partial cuts.
In Perge near Antalya there is a special feature because here the water pipe was elevated in the median area of the road through the city. Large parts of it are still preserved and waiting for you.
At the source, the so-called spring house was usually built from water-permeable walls, which served to contain the source, protect it from pollution and was sometimes used to filter out components from the water. Depending on the local conditions, the water then flowed from the spring house through natural rock channels, through dug tunnels or over built bridges to the city. Since the flow speed decreased with distance depending on the thickness of the source, there were also rules regarding the gradient of the pipe systems.
A slight gradient had to be built in at all times, which the planner and architect Vitruvius usually describes as 0.5%, but at the Pont du Gard it was only 0.035%, which corresponds to a gradient of 35 centimetres per 1 kilometre. These different types of pipe systems were usually based on so-called gravity pipes, which were only covered to protect against pollution or excessive evaporation in summer or to protect against freezing over in winter. This meant that the water remained pleasantly cool even in summer.
Bridges were built to overcome valleys
Especially when tunnels had to be passed through, control and ventilation shafts were installed to the water channel so that fresh air/oxygen was constantly supplied to the water. In order to “turn” the water in the canal, structures were built into the rock so that enrichment with oxygen was easier. When crossing valleys, bridges (aqueducts or viaducts), sometimes over several floors, were built, which could contain several watercourses one above the other or were used to convey water and the course of the road at the same time.
Depending on the amount of water to be absorbed, the canals were between 50 centimetres and 2 meters wide and were often covered on the inside with waterproof plaster (opus signinum).
To overcome valleys, pressure pipe systems were built that worked on the basic physical principle of communicating tubes (siphon system). This can be seen very impressively in Aspendos, where there is a water tower on one side of the valley, then the pressure pipe is laid through the valley and the second water tower follows on the other side of the valley, in which the water rises again to the distribution station for Aspendos.
The usual clay pipes were not able to handle the water pressure alone, so massive pipes made of rock were used for these pressure pipes, which still fit together precisely via cone seals and thus minimized the loss.
Pressure pipes made of clay or lead
Once the aqueduct reached the city's highest point, a distribution station (castellum) was built, which is similar to a modern water tower and was often referred to as the “Wasserschlösschen”. There were usually three main branches branching off from the castellum, which were often also built into the castellum at different heights, so that the water flow could automatically be brought to the most important supply points such as the public drinking water fountains. The second highest position usually went to public baths and the highest position to the private homes of the rich. If there was a shortage of drinking water, at least the public drinking water places were supplied with fresh water for the longest time.
In cities, the pipe systems were usually designed as pressure pipes made of clay or lead. If the distance to the castellum became too great, a new castellum was inserted between them. The lead pipes were manufactured almost industrially; lead plates were cast and bent into pipes. The seam was then soldered so that the pipes often had a pear-shaped cross-section rather than being round.
Huge amounts of lead were required to manufacture the pipes; it was found that around a ton of lead was required for a 10-centimetre-thick pipe that was 37 meters long. Although Vitruvius repeatedly warned of the negative consequences for humans when using lead pipes due to metallic poisoning, lead was the main material used. Despite this 2,000-year-old knowledge, lead was also used in Europe well into the 19th century. Progress? The materials wood, leather and stone were also sometimes used in pipeline construction.
In cities with a large water requirement, additional cisterns were usually set up to temporarily store the water. The Fildami Cistern near Istanbul is very well known and was able to temporarily store around 100,000 cubic meters of water. Also known in Istanbul is the cistern known as the “Sunken Palace”, which has a supporting structure made from the remains of Corinthian columns and is worth seeing for that reason alone.
Please read as well: | 1,557 | ENGLISH | 1 |
One year after securing their charter for Carolana, the eight (8) Lords Proprietors established three counties within the new colony of Carolina - Albemarle County, Clarendon County, and Craven County. None of the three counties were ever surveyed or properly laid out; all were ambiguous geographical areas that changed over time, and none had any real governmental seat or political connotations to their existence.
Craven County was considered to be at the southern part of the Carolina colony, extending below the Cape Fear River to include present-day Georgia and northern Florida, and to extend to the west as far as the Pacific Ocean. At the time of its inception in 1664, there were no English settlers in Craven County, and there would not be until 1670 when the first group of Barbadians finally settled along the Ashley River in what is present-day Charleston, named Charles Town and Charlestown until its name was shortened to Charleston after the American Revolution in 1785.
One can argue that all of the existing counties within the state of South Carolina were eventually derived from this original Carolina county named Craven and this argument would withstand almost any counter-argument. However, it was not quite that cut and dried. As with all of the colonies, the establishment of counties and/or precincts was a slow and sometimes painful process as the population grew and local sentiments evolved over time. However, well into the late 1700s, even after the American Revolution, many citizens continued to consider themselves as living in Craven County.
In 1682, the Lords Proprietors decided to establish two new counties, south of Craven, and these were named Berkeley and Colleton. Craven was now deemed to lie between the Cape Fear River (in present-day North Carolina) and southward to the mouth of the Awendaw Creek in present-day Berkeley County, South Carolina. The newly-established county of Berkeley in 1682 was deemed to lie between the Awendaw Creek and the mouth of the Stono River in what is present-day Charleston County. The new Colleton County was deemed to lie south of the Stono River - to wherever.
In 1684, a fourth county was established from Colleton County, and it was named Carteret County. The new Carteret County was deemed to lie between the mouth of the Combahee River and the mouth of the Savannah River. This now made Colleton County to lie between the mouth of the Stono River and the mouth of the Combahee River.
In 1708, Carteret County was renamed to Granville County.
From 1682 to 1769, these four South Carolina counties - Craven, Berkeley, Colleton, and Carteret/Granville - were never surveyed or properly laid out; all were fairly ambiguous geographical areas with no real governmental seat or political connotations to their existence. However, each county had useful meaning to the raising of local militias and for elections.
In 1706, the Lords Proprietors established the "Parish system" of South Carolina, which began as a means to assign jurisdiction of the Church of England (Anglican) along the lines that were in use in England at the time. Soon, these parishes effectively became the geopolitical units that not only administered the church's day-to-day activities but also administered governmental activities within South Carolina. The term "county" had no meaning other than to describe a geographical area until well into the Royal Period, and even during that era the term "county" was only used to help define and describe where parishes were located. There were no county courts nor any county records - all courts and records were held in Charles Town until 1769.
In 1769, South Carolina attempted to eliminate all existing counties, including Craven County and established seven new "Districts," with governmental seats in each district. From 1769 to 1785, these districts remained intact, however, the district seats did change some during that time-frame. These were : Beaufort District, Camden District, Charles Town District, Cheraws District, George Town District, Ninety-Six District, and Orangeburgh District.
After the American Revolution in 1785, South Carolina re-established the concept of counties and thirty-four (34) "new" counties were defined and established. Each of these new counties were "subsets" of, and subordinate to the "overarching Districts" that had been in existence since 1769. Some were abolished between 1785 and 1800, whereas others were created during that period.
In 1800, South Carolina abolished all "overarching Districts" and essentially went with the county concept from that year forward. However, in 1800, all counties were now called "districts" and would continue being called districts until after the US Civil War. In 1868, South Carolina was forced by Federals to revert back to the term "county" and this term has been used continuously since then.
With the creation of the first overarching Districts in 1769, the name Craven County was abolished, never to be resurrected in the state of South Carolina. However, North Carolina has had a Craven County in existence since 1712 to the present day. Apparently, one is enough for the two Carolinas.
If one were to attempt to determine which of the current South Carolina counties are actually situated within the last incarnation of Craven County prior to its elimination in 1769, the best guess would have to include: all of Horry, Georgetown, Williamsburg, Marion, Darlington, Florence, Dillon, Marlboro, Chesterfield, Lee, and Lancaster counties, and parts of Charleston, Berkeley, Clarendon, Sumter, and Kershaw counties. | <urn:uuid:de018e1d-6181-458b-9f77-faeea220f671> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://carolana.com/Carolina/Settlement/craven_county_original.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476442.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304101406-20240304131406-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.983599 | 1,178 | 3.59375 | 4 | [
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0.06999196112... | 1 | One year after securing their charter for Carolana, the eight (8) Lords Proprietors established three counties within the new colony of Carolina - Albemarle County, Clarendon County, and Craven County. None of the three counties were ever surveyed or properly laid out; all were ambiguous geographical areas that changed over time, and none had any real governmental seat or political connotations to their existence.
Craven County was considered to be at the southern part of the Carolina colony, extending below the Cape Fear River to include present-day Georgia and northern Florida, and to extend to the west as far as the Pacific Ocean. At the time of its inception in 1664, there were no English settlers in Craven County, and there would not be until 1670 when the first group of Barbadians finally settled along the Ashley River in what is present-day Charleston, named Charles Town and Charlestown until its name was shortened to Charleston after the American Revolution in 1785.
One can argue that all of the existing counties within the state of South Carolina were eventually derived from this original Carolina county named Craven and this argument would withstand almost any counter-argument. However, it was not quite that cut and dried. As with all of the colonies, the establishment of counties and/or precincts was a slow and sometimes painful process as the population grew and local sentiments evolved over time. However, well into the late 1700s, even after the American Revolution, many citizens continued to consider themselves as living in Craven County.
In 1682, the Lords Proprietors decided to establish two new counties, south of Craven, and these were named Berkeley and Colleton. Craven was now deemed to lie between the Cape Fear River (in present-day North Carolina) and southward to the mouth of the Awendaw Creek in present-day Berkeley County, South Carolina. The newly-established county of Berkeley in 1682 was deemed to lie between the Awendaw Creek and the mouth of the Stono River in what is present-day Charleston County. The new Colleton County was deemed to lie south of the Stono River - to wherever.
In 1684, a fourth county was established from Colleton County, and it was named Carteret County. The new Carteret County was deemed to lie between the mouth of the Combahee River and the mouth of the Savannah River. This now made Colleton County to lie between the mouth of the Stono River and the mouth of the Combahee River.
In 1708, Carteret County was renamed to Granville County.
From 1682 to 1769, these four South Carolina counties - Craven, Berkeley, Colleton, and Carteret/Granville - were never surveyed or properly laid out; all were fairly ambiguous geographical areas with no real governmental seat or political connotations to their existence. However, each county had useful meaning to the raising of local militias and for elections.
In 1706, the Lords Proprietors established the "Parish system" of South Carolina, which began as a means to assign jurisdiction of the Church of England (Anglican) along the lines that were in use in England at the time. Soon, these parishes effectively became the geopolitical units that not only administered the church's day-to-day activities but also administered governmental activities within South Carolina. The term "county" had no meaning other than to describe a geographical area until well into the Royal Period, and even during that era the term "county" was only used to help define and describe where parishes were located. There were no county courts nor any county records - all courts and records were held in Charles Town until 1769.
In 1769, South Carolina attempted to eliminate all existing counties, including Craven County and established seven new "Districts," with governmental seats in each district. From 1769 to 1785, these districts remained intact, however, the district seats did change some during that time-frame. These were : Beaufort District, Camden District, Charles Town District, Cheraws District, George Town District, Ninety-Six District, and Orangeburgh District.
After the American Revolution in 1785, South Carolina re-established the concept of counties and thirty-four (34) "new" counties were defined and established. Each of these new counties were "subsets" of, and subordinate to the "overarching Districts" that had been in existence since 1769. Some were abolished between 1785 and 1800, whereas others were created during that period.
In 1800, South Carolina abolished all "overarching Districts" and essentially went with the county concept from that year forward. However, in 1800, all counties were now called "districts" and would continue being called districts until after the US Civil War. In 1868, South Carolina was forced by Federals to revert back to the term "county" and this term has been used continuously since then.
With the creation of the first overarching Districts in 1769, the name Craven County was abolished, never to be resurrected in the state of South Carolina. However, North Carolina has had a Craven County in existence since 1712 to the present day. Apparently, one is enough for the two Carolinas.
If one were to attempt to determine which of the current South Carolina counties are actually situated within the last incarnation of Craven County prior to its elimination in 1769, the best guess would have to include: all of Horry, Georgetown, Williamsburg, Marion, Darlington, Florence, Dillon, Marlboro, Chesterfield, Lee, and Lancaster counties, and parts of Charleston, Berkeley, Clarendon, Sumter, and Kershaw counties. | 1,228 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Jefferson Davis was an American political figure born on June 3, 1808, in Fairview, Kentucky, USA. He graduated from West Point in 1828 and went on to serve as a U.S. Army officer and later as a U.S. Senator from Mississippi.
As a staunch advocate for states’ rights and slavery, Davis was elected as the President of the Confederate States of America in 1861, leading the Confederacy through the American Civil War.
During his presidency, he moved the Confederate capital to Richmond, Virginia. After the Civil War, he was imprisoned briefly but released on bail. Davis authored his memoirs and died on December 6, 1889, in New Orleans, Louisiana.
His life and leadership remain subjects of historical controversy, with his defense of the Confederacy’s cause making him a significant figure in the history of the United States.
Jefferson Davis Facts
1. Born on June 3, 1808, in Kentucky, USA
Jefferson Davis was born in a log cabin in Fairview, Kentucky. His family later moved to Mississippi when he was a child. He came from a relatively affluent family with a history of military service, which influenced his own career path.
2. Graduated from West Point
After attending Transylvania University in Kentucky for a short time, Davis received an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York.
Also Read: Jefferson Davis Timeline
He graduated from West Point in 1828, ranking 23rd in a class of 33 cadets. His time at West Point provided him with a formal education and military training that would shape his future.
3. Fought in the Mexican-American War
During the Mexican-American War (1846-1848), Davis served as a colonel in the 1st Mississippi Rifles. He distinguished himself in several battles, including the Battle of Buena Vista, where he displayed bravery and leadership.
His wartime experiences elevated his reputation and contributed to his later political career, as military service was often a stepping stone to political prominence in 19th-century America.
4. Served as a U.S. Senator from Mississippi
Jefferson Davis was elected as a U.S. Senator from Mississippi on two separate occasions. His first term began in 1847 and ended in 1851, and his second term began in 1857.
Also Read: Accomplishments of Jefferson Davis
During his time in the Senate, Davis became known for his staunch advocacy of states’ rights, a position he held consistently throughout his political career. He also defended the institution of slavery, which was a divisive issue in the lead-up to the Civil War.
5. Was the U.S. Secretary of War under President Pierce
In 1853, Davis was appointed by President Franklin Pierce to serve as the United States Secretary of War. As Secretary of War, he oversaw the management of the U.S. Army and played a role in various military and administrative decisions.
Also Read: Franklin Pierce Facts
His tenure included efforts to modernize and expand the army, but it was also marked by controversies, including disputes over military contracts and procurement.
6. Strong advocate for states’ rights
Jefferson Davis was a fervent advocate for the doctrine of states’ rights, which held that individual states had the right to govern themselves and could nullify federal laws they deemed unconstitutional.
This belief was deeply rooted in his political philosophy and was a driving force behind his support for the Confederate cause during the American Civil War.
Davis believed that the Southern states had the right to secede from the Union and form their own government, which led to his election as the President of the Confederate States of America in 1861.
7. Elected as the President of the Confederate States of America
In 1861, when the Southern states seceded from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America, Jefferson Davis was elected as the provisional president of the Confederacy.
He was later inaugurated as the permanent president. As president, he faced the monumental task of leading a fledgling nation through a devastating civil war.
8. Moved the Confederate capital to Richmond, Virginia
Shortly after becoming the Confederate president, Davis played a pivotal role in relocating the Confederate capital from Montgomery, Alabama, to Richmond, Virginia, in May 1861.
Richmond served as the capital of the Confederacy for most of the American Civil War, and its proximity to the front lines made it a crucial center for Confederate governance and strategy.
9. Imprisoned briefly after the Civil War
Following the Confederate surrender in 1865, Jefferson Davis was captured by Union forces near Irwinville, Georgia. He was subsequently imprisoned for two years at Fort Monroe in Virginia, charged with treason and other offenses.
His imprisonment became a contentious issue, with some arguing that he should be tried for treason, but ultimately, he was released on bail and was never tried.
10. Died on December 6, 1889, in New Orleans, Louisiana
After his release from prison, Jefferson Davis spent his post-war years in various places, including Mississippi and New Orleans.
He wrote his memoirs, titled “The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government,” which provided insight into his perspective on the Civil War and the Confederacy’s cause. He died in New Orleans on December 6, 1889, at the age of 81.
His death marked the end of a tumultuous chapter in American history, but his legacy and the controversies surrounding his role in the Civil War continue to be subjects of historical debate. | <urn:uuid:befb9133-2e94-4c3f-9636-b29de34e85c3> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.havefunwithhistory.com/fact-about-jefferson-davis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473401.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221070402-20240221100402-00262.warc.gz | en | 0.985788 | 1,138 | 3.71875 | 4 | [
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0.1118039116263... | 1 | Jefferson Davis was an American political figure born on June 3, 1808, in Fairview, Kentucky, USA. He graduated from West Point in 1828 and went on to serve as a U.S. Army officer and later as a U.S. Senator from Mississippi.
As a staunch advocate for states’ rights and slavery, Davis was elected as the President of the Confederate States of America in 1861, leading the Confederacy through the American Civil War.
During his presidency, he moved the Confederate capital to Richmond, Virginia. After the Civil War, he was imprisoned briefly but released on bail. Davis authored his memoirs and died on December 6, 1889, in New Orleans, Louisiana.
His life and leadership remain subjects of historical controversy, with his defense of the Confederacy’s cause making him a significant figure in the history of the United States.
Jefferson Davis Facts
1. Born on June 3, 1808, in Kentucky, USA
Jefferson Davis was born in a log cabin in Fairview, Kentucky. His family later moved to Mississippi when he was a child. He came from a relatively affluent family with a history of military service, which influenced his own career path.
2. Graduated from West Point
After attending Transylvania University in Kentucky for a short time, Davis received an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York.
Also Read: Jefferson Davis Timeline
He graduated from West Point in 1828, ranking 23rd in a class of 33 cadets. His time at West Point provided him with a formal education and military training that would shape his future.
3. Fought in the Mexican-American War
During the Mexican-American War (1846-1848), Davis served as a colonel in the 1st Mississippi Rifles. He distinguished himself in several battles, including the Battle of Buena Vista, where he displayed bravery and leadership.
His wartime experiences elevated his reputation and contributed to his later political career, as military service was often a stepping stone to political prominence in 19th-century America.
4. Served as a U.S. Senator from Mississippi
Jefferson Davis was elected as a U.S. Senator from Mississippi on two separate occasions. His first term began in 1847 and ended in 1851, and his second term began in 1857.
Also Read: Accomplishments of Jefferson Davis
During his time in the Senate, Davis became known for his staunch advocacy of states’ rights, a position he held consistently throughout his political career. He also defended the institution of slavery, which was a divisive issue in the lead-up to the Civil War.
5. Was the U.S. Secretary of War under President Pierce
In 1853, Davis was appointed by President Franklin Pierce to serve as the United States Secretary of War. As Secretary of War, he oversaw the management of the U.S. Army and played a role in various military and administrative decisions.
Also Read: Franklin Pierce Facts
His tenure included efforts to modernize and expand the army, but it was also marked by controversies, including disputes over military contracts and procurement.
6. Strong advocate for states’ rights
Jefferson Davis was a fervent advocate for the doctrine of states’ rights, which held that individual states had the right to govern themselves and could nullify federal laws they deemed unconstitutional.
This belief was deeply rooted in his political philosophy and was a driving force behind his support for the Confederate cause during the American Civil War.
Davis believed that the Southern states had the right to secede from the Union and form their own government, which led to his election as the President of the Confederate States of America in 1861.
7. Elected as the President of the Confederate States of America
In 1861, when the Southern states seceded from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America, Jefferson Davis was elected as the provisional president of the Confederacy.
He was later inaugurated as the permanent president. As president, he faced the monumental task of leading a fledgling nation through a devastating civil war.
8. Moved the Confederate capital to Richmond, Virginia
Shortly after becoming the Confederate president, Davis played a pivotal role in relocating the Confederate capital from Montgomery, Alabama, to Richmond, Virginia, in May 1861.
Richmond served as the capital of the Confederacy for most of the American Civil War, and its proximity to the front lines made it a crucial center for Confederate governance and strategy.
9. Imprisoned briefly after the Civil War
Following the Confederate surrender in 1865, Jefferson Davis was captured by Union forces near Irwinville, Georgia. He was subsequently imprisoned for two years at Fort Monroe in Virginia, charged with treason and other offenses.
His imprisonment became a contentious issue, with some arguing that he should be tried for treason, but ultimately, he was released on bail and was never tried.
10. Died on December 6, 1889, in New Orleans, Louisiana
After his release from prison, Jefferson Davis spent his post-war years in various places, including Mississippi and New Orleans.
He wrote his memoirs, titled “The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government,” which provided insight into his perspective on the Civil War and the Confederacy’s cause. He died in New Orleans on December 6, 1889, at the age of 81.
His death marked the end of a tumultuous chapter in American history, but his legacy and the controversies surrounding his role in the Civil War continue to be subjects of historical debate. | 1,174 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Hannibal Barca was a Carthaginian general and one of the most renowned military commanders in history. Born in 247 BC Hannibal was the son of Hamilcar Barca a general who had fought in the First Punic War against Rome. Hannibal was raised in a military environment and received rigorous military training from his father from a young age.
Hannibal’s military career spanned over two decades during which he achieved several remarkable victories against the Roman army earning him the title of ‘the greatest military tactician of all time.’
His tactical brilliance and strategic genius were evident in his masterful use of unconventional tactics such as his famous crossing of the Alps and his ability to outmaneuver and outflank the Roman forces.
This article will provide an overview of Hannibal’s life and military career examining his early life and military training his first major battles the Second Punic War his strategic brilliance and his legacy.
- Hannibal Barca was a renowned military commander who received rigorous training in a military environment which shaped his military career.
- His career spanned over two decades with several remarkable victories against the Roman army and his tactics and strategies were instrumental in shaping the course of the Second Punic War.
- Hannibal’s ability to adapt to changing circumstances and use of unconventional and innovative military tactics such as crossing the Alps and employing double envelopment strategy were unprecedented at the time and continue to provide valuable insights for contemporary military leaders seeking a strategic edge on the battlefield.
- Hannibal’s leadership style emphasized the importance of discipline training and preparation and contemporary military leaders can learn valuable lessons from studying his tactics and leadership.
Early Life and Military Training
During his formative years Hannibal Barca received a rigorous military education under the tutelage of his father Hamilcar Barca. Hamilcar a Carthaginian general had fought in the First Punic War and was keen on instilling in his son the importance of military prowess.
Hannibal was trained in various areas such as horsemanship swordsmanship and tactical warfare. He was also taught the art of diplomacy and the importance of building alliances with neighboring states. Hannibal’s military training was not limited to theoretical knowledge alone as he accompanied his father on many expeditions and campaigns where he gained valuable experience.
At the age of just 9 Hannibal accompanied his father to Spain where he received his first taste of warfare. Over the next few years he learned the art of combat and strategy by observing his father’s tactics and participating in battles.
Hannibal’s early education played a pivotal role in shaping his military career as he went on to become one of the greatest military commanders in history.
Hannibal’s First Major Battles
The initial battles led by the Carthaginian commander in Italy marked a significant turning point in the Second Punic War. Hannibal’s first major victory was at the Battle of Trebia in December 218 BC. In this battle Hannibal’s army of Carthaginians Gauls and Numidians faced off against the Roman army led by Sempronius Longus. Hannibal’s tactics were innovative and effective as he used the natural terrain to his advantage and employed a double envelopment strategy to surround and defeat the Roman army.
The Battle of Trebia was a decisive victory for Hannibal and it set the stage for his further successes in Italy. Following his victory at Trebia Hannibal moved his army to the marshy plains near Lake Trasimene. Here he faced the Roman army led by Flaminius who was eager to avenge the defeat at Trebia. Hannibal’s tactics once again proved to be superior as he used the foggy weather to surprise and ambush the Roman army.
The Battle of Lake Trasimene was a catastrophic defeat for the Romans with Flaminius and the majority of his army killed in the battle. Hannibal’s success at Lake Trasimene cemented his reputation as a tactical genius and further weakened Rome’s hold on Italy.
Three key tactics Hannibal used in his early battles in Italy were:
Innovative use of natural terrain: Hannibal used the forests hills and rivers to his advantage using them for cover and to surprise the Roman army.
Double envelopment strategy: In both the Battle of Trebia and the Battle of Lake Trasimene Hannibal employed a double envelopment strategy surrounding and cutting off the Roman army from its supply lines.
Surprise attacks: Hannibal used surprise attacks to catch the Romans off guard such as in the Battle of Lake Trasimene where he used the foggy weather to ambush the Roman army.
The Second Punic War
The Second Punic War was a significant conflict between Rome and Carthage that lasted from 218 to 201 BC and had a profound impact on the ancient world.
At the heart of this conflict was Hannibal Barca the Carthaginian general who is regarded as one of the most brilliant military tacticians in history.
Hannibal’s tactics and strategies were instrumental in shaping the course of the war which saw Carthage initially gaining the upper hand in several battles before ultimately succumbing to Rome’s superior resources and manpower.
Hannibal’s most famous achievement was his audacious march across the Alps to attack Rome from the north.
This feat is considered one of the greatest military campaigns in history as Hannibal successfully navigated through treacherous terrain and hostile tribes to bring his army into Italy.
Once there he won several impressive victories against the Roman army including the Battle of Cannae which is still studied by military strategists today for its innovative tactics.
However despite his successes Hannibal was ultimately unable to defeat Rome and the Second Punic War ended with Carthage’s defeat and the establishment of Roman hegemony over the Mediterranean world.
Hannibal’s Strategic Brilliance
Hannibal’s strategic acumen during the Second Punic War was instrumental in shaping the course of the conflict and influencing subsequent military campaigns. He was a master tactician who was able to use unconventional methods to defeat superior forces in battle.
His most famous victory came at the Battle of Cannae where he used a double envelopment strategy to completely encircle and destroy a much larger Roman army.
Hannibal’s ability to adapt to changing circumstances was key to his success. He was able to navigate difficult terrain and overcome logistical challenges to keep his army supplied and battle-ready. He was also skilled at using intelligence and deception to gain an advantage over his opponents.
Overall Hannibal’s strategic brilliance allowed him to keep the Romans on the defensive for much of the war and nearly achieve victory despite being vastly outnumbered and out-resourced.
Crossing the Alps
One of the most daring military maneuvers in history was the crossing of the Alps by a Carthaginian army during the Second Punic War. Hannibal Barca the Carthaginian general recognized the importance of taking the war to Rome’s doorstep and decided to lead his troops through the treacherous mountain range.
Crossing the Alps was a daunting task and Hannibal knew that many of his soldiers would not survive the journey. However he also knew that the element of surprise would be on his side and he was willing to take the risk.
Hannibal’s army consisted of around 50000 men including infantry cavalry and war elephants. The journey through the Alps was incredibly challenging with the soldiers facing extreme weather conditions lack of food and water and treacherous terrain.
Hannibal’s strategic brilliance was on full display as he navigated his army through the mountains and managed to surprise the Romans who were not expecting an attack from that direction. The crossing of the Alps was a remarkable feat of military engineering and strategy and it cemented Hannibal’s reputation as one of the greatest military minds in history.
Victories in Italy
Victories in Italy marked a significant turning point in the Second Punic War. Hannibal Barca the Carthaginian general had successfully crossed the Alps and invaded Italy. He won several battles against the Roman forces and inflicted heavy losses on them. Hannibal’s tactics and strategies were unconventional and he often caught the Romans off guard. He used elephants in his battles which was something the Romans had never encountered before.
Hannibal’s victories in Italy gave him control over large parts of the country and brought him closer to his ultimate goal of defeating Rome. Hannibal’s victories in Italy however were not enough to ensure his ultimate success. Despite his military prowess Hannibal was unable to gain the support of the Italian cities which remained loyal to Rome. Moreover the Roman armies were constantly reinforced and Hannibal was unable to break the Roman will to fight.
The Romans adopted a strategy of attrition avoiding direct confrontations with Hannibal and harassing his forces with small-scale attacks. This drained Hannibal’s resources and prevented him from achieving a decisive victory. Nonetheless Hannibal’s victories in Italy remain a testament to his tactical genius and his ability to challenge the might of Rome.
The Battle of Cannae
The Battle of Cannae was a significant event in the Second Punic War showcasing the tactical capabilities of both the Roman and Carthaginian armies. The battle took place on August 2 216 BC near the town of Cannae in southeastern Italy. Hannibal Barca leading the Carthaginian army faced off against the Roman army commanded by Consuls Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Terentius Varro.
What followed was one of the bloodiest battles in ancient history resulting in a decisive victory for the Carthaginians.
The battle is significant for several reasons including:
The Carthaginians employed a double envelopment tactic surrounding the Roman army and attacking from all sides. This tactic was risky but when executed correctly it could lead to a complete annihilation of the enemy.
The Roman army suffered a catastrophic defeat losing between 50000 to 70000 soldiers. This loss was one of the worst in Roman history and severely weakened their military power.
Hannibal’s victory at Cannae demonstrated his strategic genius and his ability to outmaneuver and outwit his opponents. His tactics and leadership are still studied by military leaders today.
The battle had a significant impact on the outcome of the Second Punic War. Rome’s defeat at Cannae allowed Hannibal to gain control of most of southern Italy but he was unable to deliver the final blow to Rome and ultimately lost the war.
Roman Counterattacks and Defeat
Following the Battle of Cannae the Romans were left in a precarious position. They faced a significant loss of troops and were demoralized by the defeat. However they were not willing to simply give up and accept defeat.
They attempted to counterattack Hannibal’s forces but their efforts were ultimately unsuccessful. The Roman army was not prepared for Hannibal’s tactical genius and they were unable to match his strategic maneuvers. Additionally the Romans were unable to gain the support of their allies which further weakened their position.
Despite their efforts the Romans were defeated in subsequent battles against Hannibal. They were unable to regain their lost territory and the war continued for several more years.
The Roman army was eventually able to turn the tide of the war but it was not due to any successful counterattacks against Hannibal’s forces. Instead the Romans were able to starve the Carthaginian army of resources and support which forced Hannibal to retreat from Italy.
Overall the Roman attempts to counterattack after the Battle of Cannae were unsuccessful and it was only through a combination of strategic planning and luck that they were eventually able to emerge victorious.
Hannibal’s Later Years and Legacy
One of the most notable aspects of Hannibal’s legacy is his use of unconventional and innovative military tactics which have continued to inspire military leaders throughout history. Hannibal’s ability to utilize his resources effectively and adapt to changing circumstances was evident in his successful campaigns against the Romans. His tactics such as using elephants in battle crossing the Alps and employing a double envelopment strategy were unprecedented at the time and demonstrated his strategic genius.
In his later years Hannibal continued to be a prominent figure in Carthage but his influence was waning. He spent much of his time advocating for reform and attempting to rebuild the city’s economy after the devastating losses suffered in the Second Punic War. However accusations of treason and political intrigue eventually led to his exile in 195 BC.
Despite this Hannibal’s legacy as a brilliant military strategist lives on and continues to be studied and admired to this day.
Lessons from Hannibal’s Tactics and Leadership
Studying the innovative military tactics and adaptability displayed by Hannibal provides valuable insights for contemporary military leaders seeking to gain a strategic edge on the battlefield.
Hannibal’s ability to adapt to changing circumstances and terrain was a key factor in his success. He was known for his use of surprise attacks ambushes and flanking maneuvers which allowed him to outmaneuver and defeat much larger Roman armies.
In addition to his tactical prowess Hannibal was also a skilled leader who inspired loyalty and dedication from his troops. He led by example often fighting alongside his soldiers on the front lines and was known for his ability to motivate and inspire his troops even in the face of adversity.
His leadership style emphasized the importance of discipline training and preparation and he was known for his meticulous planning and attention to detail.
By studying Hannibal’s tactics and leadership contemporary military leaders can gain valuable insights into the importance of adaptability innovation and effective leadership in achieving success on the battlefield. | <urn:uuid:1d583fe7-0979-4cb1-93dc-a4e69b3a60f2> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://militaryspouseafcpe.org/military-history/military-leaders/hannibal-barca/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474526.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224080616-20240224110616-00208.warc.gz | en | 0.984162 | 2,768 | 3.3125 | 3 | [
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0.656413972377... | 1 | Hannibal Barca was a Carthaginian general and one of the most renowned military commanders in history. Born in 247 BC Hannibal was the son of Hamilcar Barca a general who had fought in the First Punic War against Rome. Hannibal was raised in a military environment and received rigorous military training from his father from a young age.
Hannibal’s military career spanned over two decades during which he achieved several remarkable victories against the Roman army earning him the title of ‘the greatest military tactician of all time.’
His tactical brilliance and strategic genius were evident in his masterful use of unconventional tactics such as his famous crossing of the Alps and his ability to outmaneuver and outflank the Roman forces.
This article will provide an overview of Hannibal’s life and military career examining his early life and military training his first major battles the Second Punic War his strategic brilliance and his legacy.
- Hannibal Barca was a renowned military commander who received rigorous training in a military environment which shaped his military career.
- His career spanned over two decades with several remarkable victories against the Roman army and his tactics and strategies were instrumental in shaping the course of the Second Punic War.
- Hannibal’s ability to adapt to changing circumstances and use of unconventional and innovative military tactics such as crossing the Alps and employing double envelopment strategy were unprecedented at the time and continue to provide valuable insights for contemporary military leaders seeking a strategic edge on the battlefield.
- Hannibal’s leadership style emphasized the importance of discipline training and preparation and contemporary military leaders can learn valuable lessons from studying his tactics and leadership.
Early Life and Military Training
During his formative years Hannibal Barca received a rigorous military education under the tutelage of his father Hamilcar Barca. Hamilcar a Carthaginian general had fought in the First Punic War and was keen on instilling in his son the importance of military prowess.
Hannibal was trained in various areas such as horsemanship swordsmanship and tactical warfare. He was also taught the art of diplomacy and the importance of building alliances with neighboring states. Hannibal’s military training was not limited to theoretical knowledge alone as he accompanied his father on many expeditions and campaigns where he gained valuable experience.
At the age of just 9 Hannibal accompanied his father to Spain where he received his first taste of warfare. Over the next few years he learned the art of combat and strategy by observing his father’s tactics and participating in battles.
Hannibal’s early education played a pivotal role in shaping his military career as he went on to become one of the greatest military commanders in history.
Hannibal’s First Major Battles
The initial battles led by the Carthaginian commander in Italy marked a significant turning point in the Second Punic War. Hannibal’s first major victory was at the Battle of Trebia in December 218 BC. In this battle Hannibal’s army of Carthaginians Gauls and Numidians faced off against the Roman army led by Sempronius Longus. Hannibal’s tactics were innovative and effective as he used the natural terrain to his advantage and employed a double envelopment strategy to surround and defeat the Roman army.
The Battle of Trebia was a decisive victory for Hannibal and it set the stage for his further successes in Italy. Following his victory at Trebia Hannibal moved his army to the marshy plains near Lake Trasimene. Here he faced the Roman army led by Flaminius who was eager to avenge the defeat at Trebia. Hannibal’s tactics once again proved to be superior as he used the foggy weather to surprise and ambush the Roman army.
The Battle of Lake Trasimene was a catastrophic defeat for the Romans with Flaminius and the majority of his army killed in the battle. Hannibal’s success at Lake Trasimene cemented his reputation as a tactical genius and further weakened Rome’s hold on Italy.
Three key tactics Hannibal used in his early battles in Italy were:
Innovative use of natural terrain: Hannibal used the forests hills and rivers to his advantage using them for cover and to surprise the Roman army.
Double envelopment strategy: In both the Battle of Trebia and the Battle of Lake Trasimene Hannibal employed a double envelopment strategy surrounding and cutting off the Roman army from its supply lines.
Surprise attacks: Hannibal used surprise attacks to catch the Romans off guard such as in the Battle of Lake Trasimene where he used the foggy weather to ambush the Roman army.
The Second Punic War
The Second Punic War was a significant conflict between Rome and Carthage that lasted from 218 to 201 BC and had a profound impact on the ancient world.
At the heart of this conflict was Hannibal Barca the Carthaginian general who is regarded as one of the most brilliant military tacticians in history.
Hannibal’s tactics and strategies were instrumental in shaping the course of the war which saw Carthage initially gaining the upper hand in several battles before ultimately succumbing to Rome’s superior resources and manpower.
Hannibal’s most famous achievement was his audacious march across the Alps to attack Rome from the north.
This feat is considered one of the greatest military campaigns in history as Hannibal successfully navigated through treacherous terrain and hostile tribes to bring his army into Italy.
Once there he won several impressive victories against the Roman army including the Battle of Cannae which is still studied by military strategists today for its innovative tactics.
However despite his successes Hannibal was ultimately unable to defeat Rome and the Second Punic War ended with Carthage’s defeat and the establishment of Roman hegemony over the Mediterranean world.
Hannibal’s Strategic Brilliance
Hannibal’s strategic acumen during the Second Punic War was instrumental in shaping the course of the conflict and influencing subsequent military campaigns. He was a master tactician who was able to use unconventional methods to defeat superior forces in battle.
His most famous victory came at the Battle of Cannae where he used a double envelopment strategy to completely encircle and destroy a much larger Roman army.
Hannibal’s ability to adapt to changing circumstances was key to his success. He was able to navigate difficult terrain and overcome logistical challenges to keep his army supplied and battle-ready. He was also skilled at using intelligence and deception to gain an advantage over his opponents.
Overall Hannibal’s strategic brilliance allowed him to keep the Romans on the defensive for much of the war and nearly achieve victory despite being vastly outnumbered and out-resourced.
Crossing the Alps
One of the most daring military maneuvers in history was the crossing of the Alps by a Carthaginian army during the Second Punic War. Hannibal Barca the Carthaginian general recognized the importance of taking the war to Rome’s doorstep and decided to lead his troops through the treacherous mountain range.
Crossing the Alps was a daunting task and Hannibal knew that many of his soldiers would not survive the journey. However he also knew that the element of surprise would be on his side and he was willing to take the risk.
Hannibal’s army consisted of around 50000 men including infantry cavalry and war elephants. The journey through the Alps was incredibly challenging with the soldiers facing extreme weather conditions lack of food and water and treacherous terrain.
Hannibal’s strategic brilliance was on full display as he navigated his army through the mountains and managed to surprise the Romans who were not expecting an attack from that direction. The crossing of the Alps was a remarkable feat of military engineering and strategy and it cemented Hannibal’s reputation as one of the greatest military minds in history.
Victories in Italy
Victories in Italy marked a significant turning point in the Second Punic War. Hannibal Barca the Carthaginian general had successfully crossed the Alps and invaded Italy. He won several battles against the Roman forces and inflicted heavy losses on them. Hannibal’s tactics and strategies were unconventional and he often caught the Romans off guard. He used elephants in his battles which was something the Romans had never encountered before.
Hannibal’s victories in Italy gave him control over large parts of the country and brought him closer to his ultimate goal of defeating Rome. Hannibal’s victories in Italy however were not enough to ensure his ultimate success. Despite his military prowess Hannibal was unable to gain the support of the Italian cities which remained loyal to Rome. Moreover the Roman armies were constantly reinforced and Hannibal was unable to break the Roman will to fight.
The Romans adopted a strategy of attrition avoiding direct confrontations with Hannibal and harassing his forces with small-scale attacks. This drained Hannibal’s resources and prevented him from achieving a decisive victory. Nonetheless Hannibal’s victories in Italy remain a testament to his tactical genius and his ability to challenge the might of Rome.
The Battle of Cannae
The Battle of Cannae was a significant event in the Second Punic War showcasing the tactical capabilities of both the Roman and Carthaginian armies. The battle took place on August 2 216 BC near the town of Cannae in southeastern Italy. Hannibal Barca leading the Carthaginian army faced off against the Roman army commanded by Consuls Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Terentius Varro.
What followed was one of the bloodiest battles in ancient history resulting in a decisive victory for the Carthaginians.
The battle is significant for several reasons including:
The Carthaginians employed a double envelopment tactic surrounding the Roman army and attacking from all sides. This tactic was risky but when executed correctly it could lead to a complete annihilation of the enemy.
The Roman army suffered a catastrophic defeat losing between 50000 to 70000 soldiers. This loss was one of the worst in Roman history and severely weakened their military power.
Hannibal’s victory at Cannae demonstrated his strategic genius and his ability to outmaneuver and outwit his opponents. His tactics and leadership are still studied by military leaders today.
The battle had a significant impact on the outcome of the Second Punic War. Rome’s defeat at Cannae allowed Hannibal to gain control of most of southern Italy but he was unable to deliver the final blow to Rome and ultimately lost the war.
Roman Counterattacks and Defeat
Following the Battle of Cannae the Romans were left in a precarious position. They faced a significant loss of troops and were demoralized by the defeat. However they were not willing to simply give up and accept defeat.
They attempted to counterattack Hannibal’s forces but their efforts were ultimately unsuccessful. The Roman army was not prepared for Hannibal’s tactical genius and they were unable to match his strategic maneuvers. Additionally the Romans were unable to gain the support of their allies which further weakened their position.
Despite their efforts the Romans were defeated in subsequent battles against Hannibal. They were unable to regain their lost territory and the war continued for several more years.
The Roman army was eventually able to turn the tide of the war but it was not due to any successful counterattacks against Hannibal’s forces. Instead the Romans were able to starve the Carthaginian army of resources and support which forced Hannibal to retreat from Italy.
Overall the Roman attempts to counterattack after the Battle of Cannae were unsuccessful and it was only through a combination of strategic planning and luck that they were eventually able to emerge victorious.
Hannibal’s Later Years and Legacy
One of the most notable aspects of Hannibal’s legacy is his use of unconventional and innovative military tactics which have continued to inspire military leaders throughout history. Hannibal’s ability to utilize his resources effectively and adapt to changing circumstances was evident in his successful campaigns against the Romans. His tactics such as using elephants in battle crossing the Alps and employing a double envelopment strategy were unprecedented at the time and demonstrated his strategic genius.
In his later years Hannibal continued to be a prominent figure in Carthage but his influence was waning. He spent much of his time advocating for reform and attempting to rebuild the city’s economy after the devastating losses suffered in the Second Punic War. However accusations of treason and political intrigue eventually led to his exile in 195 BC.
Despite this Hannibal’s legacy as a brilliant military strategist lives on and continues to be studied and admired to this day.
Lessons from Hannibal’s Tactics and Leadership
Studying the innovative military tactics and adaptability displayed by Hannibal provides valuable insights for contemporary military leaders seeking to gain a strategic edge on the battlefield.
Hannibal’s ability to adapt to changing circumstances and terrain was a key factor in his success. He was known for his use of surprise attacks ambushes and flanking maneuvers which allowed him to outmaneuver and defeat much larger Roman armies.
In addition to his tactical prowess Hannibal was also a skilled leader who inspired loyalty and dedication from his troops. He led by example often fighting alongside his soldiers on the front lines and was known for his ability to motivate and inspire his troops even in the face of adversity.
His leadership style emphasized the importance of discipline training and preparation and he was known for his meticulous planning and attention to detail.
By studying Hannibal’s tactics and leadership contemporary military leaders can gain valuable insights into the importance of adaptability innovation and effective leadership in achieving success on the battlefield. | 2,734 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Seward's Icebox was a nickname given to Alaska after Secretary of State William Henry Seward bought it from Russia. The purchase was also nicknamed "Seward's Folly".
Uh your guestion has to be more specific you WALLY.
That would be Alaska.
John Sutter thought he found gold but what he really found was fools gold so his friends called him foolish and he named thins town sutters folly.
quick military action to show the folly of secession.
Sewards Folly was bought from Russia in the 1940s and is now the great big state of Alaska.
Seward's enemies referred to his purchase of the Alaska from the Russian empire as "Seward's Folly."
Alaska Purchase is the correct name, but to Seward's opponents in was called Seward's Folly.
Alaska. Called Sewards Folly
It's not really a landmark. It is the state of Alaska. Secretary of state Seward purchased the territory of Alaska from Russia.
There were a very large group of sceptics that believed that the purchase of Alaska was a blunder. They called it Sewards Folly and Johnson's Icebox.
In 1867 Secratory of state, William, H Seward agreed to purchase Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million. People thought he was crazy and called the land Sewards folly or sewards ice box, until gold was discovered..
It was called Sewards Folly because it was thought there were very few resources there.
Secretary of State, Seward, bought Alaska from the Russians in the 1900's, and most of the American population was outraged that he bought a desolate wasteland for the high price that he paid. The Americans called if "Seward's Folly" because it seemed like a ridiculous deal. But gold was soon discovered in Alaska, and Sweard's purchase was soon respected.
Seward's Folly refers to the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867 by Secretary of State William H. Seward. The purchase was criticized because it was thougth foolish to spend so much money (about 7.2 million dollars) on such a remote region.
folly's / of the folly | <urn:uuid:1706df2d-babb-47e0-9a60-e95896ec8fb1> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://history.answers.com/us-history/Why_was_seward%27s_folly_not_a_folly | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474595.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225103506-20240225133506-00201.warc.gz | en | 0.986661 | 459 | 3.265625 | 3 | [
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-0.07908298075199127,... | 1 | Seward's Icebox was a nickname given to Alaska after Secretary of State William Henry Seward bought it from Russia. The purchase was also nicknamed "Seward's Folly".
Uh your guestion has to be more specific you WALLY.
That would be Alaska.
John Sutter thought he found gold but what he really found was fools gold so his friends called him foolish and he named thins town sutters folly.
quick military action to show the folly of secession.
Sewards Folly was bought from Russia in the 1940s and is now the great big state of Alaska.
Seward's enemies referred to his purchase of the Alaska from the Russian empire as "Seward's Folly."
Alaska Purchase is the correct name, but to Seward's opponents in was called Seward's Folly.
Alaska. Called Sewards Folly
It's not really a landmark. It is the state of Alaska. Secretary of state Seward purchased the territory of Alaska from Russia.
There were a very large group of sceptics that believed that the purchase of Alaska was a blunder. They called it Sewards Folly and Johnson's Icebox.
In 1867 Secratory of state, William, H Seward agreed to purchase Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million. People thought he was crazy and called the land Sewards folly or sewards ice box, until gold was discovered..
It was called Sewards Folly because it was thought there were very few resources there.
Secretary of State, Seward, bought Alaska from the Russians in the 1900's, and most of the American population was outraged that he bought a desolate wasteland for the high price that he paid. The Americans called if "Seward's Folly" because it seemed like a ridiculous deal. But gold was soon discovered in Alaska, and Sweard's purchase was soon respected.
Seward's Folly refers to the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867 by Secretary of State William H. Seward. The purchase was criticized because it was thougth foolish to spend so much money (about 7.2 million dollars) on such a remote region.
folly's / of the folly | 458 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Walt Whitman is a celebrated American poet born on May 31, 1819 in Long Island, New York. He was the second of nine children in an agricultural family. His love for writing began at a very young age, initially by creating short stories and poems. He had an adventurous life, briefly teaching and working as a carpenter, lawyer’s assistant, journalist and editor. He lived through various societal and political changes in the US during his lifetime, including the Civil War and Abolition of Slavery.
The majority of Whitman’s writing is considered to be a part of the American Renaissance, a period of literary works said to be the period early in the 19th century with a focus on literature, art and music. He created the genre of free verse in his work.
Leaves of Grass
“Leaves of Grass” was originally published in 1855, with subsequent reprints added with new additions throughout by Whitman until the completion of the edition in 1891 at which point it had comprised of more than 400 poems. The pressing issues of the time, including slavery and civil rights, were a great influence to the contents in “Leaves of Grass.” It formed a consistent themes in his work in relation to the acceptance of all individuals regardless of racial or economic background. His representation of the American identity of emancipation and liberty through poetry was un-paralleled.
The first edition of “Leaves of Grass” was largely self-financed and self-published. Initially, Whitman distributed the edition to celebrities and writers, shocking the public due to its bold themes and language. During his lifetime, he was compensated meagre amounts for the poem, leaving this only as a hobby in his life.
During his lifetime, he was never as respected as he is today. Despite this, his influence on 20th century writing is noteworthy. His work has been praised by famous authors such as Henry James and Arthur Miller for its “hidden depths and difficulties.” Many have looked to the work of Whitman to understand the individual’s identity in the context of American history. He was celebrated for his brilliance in the representation of freedom and unity in a time of unrest.
“Leaves of Grass” is a timeless piece of literature, particularly by its political and romantic themes merged together in an authentic way. It has been subject to endless study by academics and is amongst the most influential pieces of work of its time. It is said to be the “definitive paintings of the American spirit.”
Whitman died of a stroke on March 26, 1892, at age 73. He was buried in Camden, New Jersey, the place of his death. Since his death, Whitman’s work and legacy have been celebrated many poets, academics and politicians. In 1997, his birthplace in Long Island was declared a National Landmark, ensuring his work and influence is remembered for many years to come.
Themes in Poetry
Like many of his contemporaries, Whitman wrote predominantly about issues affecting the US during his writing career. His focus on humanity, individualism and democracy was consistent in his writing. He had a unique style and his mastery of free verse was revolutionay. Many have found his works to be both stimulating and gripping, with an enthusiastic and passionate sensibility. He wrote with bold and confident strokes, tackling issues related to relationships, ethnicity, religion and sexuality.
His writing was characterized by its youthful, dynamic form and its use of similes and metaphors. He has been often quoted as “the poet of eternity,” by one of his greatest admirers, the French poet Arthur Rimbaud. He was known to write epistles in his works, showing a humanistic side to the contemporary political, social and cultural issues of the time.
Whitman and Education
Walt Whitman remains an influential voice in the literary world. Although few of his peers and contemporaries have been as greatly praised for his legacy and influence in American culture, he has been subject to study in numerous studies and regularly recited by high school and college students to this day. His works are often anthology pieces in wide-spread English and American Literature curriculums.
He was praised for his ability to illuminate the American spirit though free verse, a technique that was considered inconceivably radical during his time. He often wrote about society, immigration, Indian rights, religion and race. The themes in his work have been noted to be a precursor to current American conversations and dialogues relating to immigration.
Whitman and Religion
Throughout his works and especially “Leaves of Grass,” Whitman is said to critique both mainstream and fringe religions. His early writing was often tied to his faith. He questioned both traditional religious views and those of the leaders within the Protestantism and Catholicism churches.
He was a self-proclaimed atheist, a part of his own poetic manifesto to challenge traditional organized religion and create conversations around philosophy, individuality and freedom of thought. He believed in spirit and the individual, once famously quoted as saying “I do notconfine myself to any pastor or church.”
Whitman and Nature
Whitman personified nature and seen in many of his works, wrote about its beauty and utility. American transcendentalists Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau’s work on the power of nature and spiritualism seemed to have greatly influenced Whitman’s writing. “In Paths Untrodden”, from “Leaves of Grass”, is devoted to the wondrous power of nature in allowing us to feel a connection to the divine.
The Middletown Township, New Jersey, has recently built a public library that is dedicated to Walt Whitman. Inside the library are a various artifacts, including a variety of original editions of his works and some of his personal items. The library seeks to provide insight into the life of Whitman and showcase the impact that his works had and continues to have on readers.
Whitman and Transcendence
Since the late 19th century, Transcendentalism has been at the heart of Whitman’s work. Transcendentalism is a spiritual and philosophical movement in which its adherents strive to attain spiritual freedom and romanticism. Themes of astrology, dreams, human connection and spiritual awakening appear in many of his works.
His work served as a lightening rod for a new, social identity within the US and beyond. His intellectual prowess and infatuation with non-judgmental acceptance of differing gender and sexuality opened a dialogue regarding the importance of this transcendence. In many ways, he paved the way for the acceptance of novel, liberal conversations.
Walt Whitman was an essential voice of the 19th century and continues to influence modern literature to this day. He was an influential poet, essayist and journalist, who sought to define the true American identity. His modern day legacy remains rooted in his timeless works that challenge convention and focus on individualism and equality. His passionate, rebellious voice serves as a precursor to many of the conversations related to race and religion taking place today. | <urn:uuid:7835c5a5-a8b5-4e1c-b71a-8bdfe2932a4f> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.poetrypoets.com/who-is-walt-whitman-and-what-did-he-do/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474617.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225135334-20240225165334-00144.warc.gz | en | 0.987517 | 1,456 | 3.9375 | 4 | [
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0.835002422332... | 1 | Walt Whitman is a celebrated American poet born on May 31, 1819 in Long Island, New York. He was the second of nine children in an agricultural family. His love for writing began at a very young age, initially by creating short stories and poems. He had an adventurous life, briefly teaching and working as a carpenter, lawyer’s assistant, journalist and editor. He lived through various societal and political changes in the US during his lifetime, including the Civil War and Abolition of Slavery.
The majority of Whitman’s writing is considered to be a part of the American Renaissance, a period of literary works said to be the period early in the 19th century with a focus on literature, art and music. He created the genre of free verse in his work.
Leaves of Grass
“Leaves of Grass” was originally published in 1855, with subsequent reprints added with new additions throughout by Whitman until the completion of the edition in 1891 at which point it had comprised of more than 400 poems. The pressing issues of the time, including slavery and civil rights, were a great influence to the contents in “Leaves of Grass.” It formed a consistent themes in his work in relation to the acceptance of all individuals regardless of racial or economic background. His representation of the American identity of emancipation and liberty through poetry was un-paralleled.
The first edition of “Leaves of Grass” was largely self-financed and self-published. Initially, Whitman distributed the edition to celebrities and writers, shocking the public due to its bold themes and language. During his lifetime, he was compensated meagre amounts for the poem, leaving this only as a hobby in his life.
During his lifetime, he was never as respected as he is today. Despite this, his influence on 20th century writing is noteworthy. His work has been praised by famous authors such as Henry James and Arthur Miller for its “hidden depths and difficulties.” Many have looked to the work of Whitman to understand the individual’s identity in the context of American history. He was celebrated for his brilliance in the representation of freedom and unity in a time of unrest.
“Leaves of Grass” is a timeless piece of literature, particularly by its political and romantic themes merged together in an authentic way. It has been subject to endless study by academics and is amongst the most influential pieces of work of its time. It is said to be the “definitive paintings of the American spirit.”
Whitman died of a stroke on March 26, 1892, at age 73. He was buried in Camden, New Jersey, the place of his death. Since his death, Whitman’s work and legacy have been celebrated many poets, academics and politicians. In 1997, his birthplace in Long Island was declared a National Landmark, ensuring his work and influence is remembered for many years to come.
Themes in Poetry
Like many of his contemporaries, Whitman wrote predominantly about issues affecting the US during his writing career. His focus on humanity, individualism and democracy was consistent in his writing. He had a unique style and his mastery of free verse was revolutionay. Many have found his works to be both stimulating and gripping, with an enthusiastic and passionate sensibility. He wrote with bold and confident strokes, tackling issues related to relationships, ethnicity, religion and sexuality.
His writing was characterized by its youthful, dynamic form and its use of similes and metaphors. He has been often quoted as “the poet of eternity,” by one of his greatest admirers, the French poet Arthur Rimbaud. He was known to write epistles in his works, showing a humanistic side to the contemporary political, social and cultural issues of the time.
Whitman and Education
Walt Whitman remains an influential voice in the literary world. Although few of his peers and contemporaries have been as greatly praised for his legacy and influence in American culture, he has been subject to study in numerous studies and regularly recited by high school and college students to this day. His works are often anthology pieces in wide-spread English and American Literature curriculums.
He was praised for his ability to illuminate the American spirit though free verse, a technique that was considered inconceivably radical during his time. He often wrote about society, immigration, Indian rights, religion and race. The themes in his work have been noted to be a precursor to current American conversations and dialogues relating to immigration.
Whitman and Religion
Throughout his works and especially “Leaves of Grass,” Whitman is said to critique both mainstream and fringe religions. His early writing was often tied to his faith. He questioned both traditional religious views and those of the leaders within the Protestantism and Catholicism churches.
He was a self-proclaimed atheist, a part of his own poetic manifesto to challenge traditional organized religion and create conversations around philosophy, individuality and freedom of thought. He believed in spirit and the individual, once famously quoted as saying “I do notconfine myself to any pastor or church.”
Whitman and Nature
Whitman personified nature and seen in many of his works, wrote about its beauty and utility. American transcendentalists Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau’s work on the power of nature and spiritualism seemed to have greatly influenced Whitman’s writing. “In Paths Untrodden”, from “Leaves of Grass”, is devoted to the wondrous power of nature in allowing us to feel a connection to the divine.
The Middletown Township, New Jersey, has recently built a public library that is dedicated to Walt Whitman. Inside the library are a various artifacts, including a variety of original editions of his works and some of his personal items. The library seeks to provide insight into the life of Whitman and showcase the impact that his works had and continues to have on readers.
Whitman and Transcendence
Since the late 19th century, Transcendentalism has been at the heart of Whitman’s work. Transcendentalism is a spiritual and philosophical movement in which its adherents strive to attain spiritual freedom and romanticism. Themes of astrology, dreams, human connection and spiritual awakening appear in many of his works.
His work served as a lightening rod for a new, social identity within the US and beyond. His intellectual prowess and infatuation with non-judgmental acceptance of differing gender and sexuality opened a dialogue regarding the importance of this transcendence. In many ways, he paved the way for the acceptance of novel, liberal conversations.
Walt Whitman was an essential voice of the 19th century and continues to influence modern literature to this day. He was an influential poet, essayist and journalist, who sought to define the true American identity. His modern day legacy remains rooted in his timeless works that challenge convention and focus on individualism and equality. His passionate, rebellious voice serves as a precursor to many of the conversations related to race and religion taking place today. | 1,458 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Franz Seraph von Lenbach (German painter) 1836 – 1904
Franz von Lenbach was a central protagonist in the late-nineteenth-century rise of Munich as an almost mythical center of the arts. Born to a lower-middle-class family, he was trained at the Academy of Fine Arts; after 1870, he became a celebrated portraitist and honed his image as an urbane artist and virtuoso of his craft. As an outward reflection of his great artistic and financial success, he carefully crafted his public persona: next to his private residence, he built a magnificent studio that was open to the public; visitors would find him standing at the easel dressed in an elegant suit. Lenbach was regarded as the leading German portraitist of his era. An unending procession of prominent members of society came to have their portraits painted. His technique was inspired by Old Masters such as Rubens, Titian, and Veronese, but he was not above availing himself of the new medium of photography as well. Painting in his signature style, he created portraits of the pope, of emperors and kings, of elegant ladies and eminent politicians and businessmen. His conception of art defined the public face and image of the high society as well as the rising upper middle classes of the late nineteenth century. His wedding to Magdalena Countess Moltke and his second marriage to Lolo von Hornstein were important tokens of his social advancement. His family, and especially his daughters Marion and Gabriele, whom he captured in sophisticated portraits that circulated in large numbers of reproductions, became public figures. Lenbach’s large circle of friends included the painters Hans Makart and Friedrich August von Kaulbach, Richard Wagner and his wife Cosima, his teacher Carl Theodor von Piloty, the writer and Nobel Prize winner Paul Heyse, and the sculptors Lorenz Gedon and Reinhold Begas. With his carefully groomed lifestyle, Lenbach himself came to epitomize the idea of the prince of painters, a position many of his Munich colleagues likewise aspired to. On the other hand, he took a very critical view of the innovations in art that began to appear toward the turn of the century, and so he also paradigmatically embodied what the artists of the Secession and subsequently the Blue Rider wanted to break free from. | <urn:uuid:a2376c1f-8118-41dd-9ee8-e36ba3cebd49> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://poppins-shop.com/shop/classic/h-l/lenbach/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476432.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304065639-20240304095639-00368.warc.gz | en | 0.983771 | 481 | 3.28125 | 3 | [
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0.3589658141136169... | 1 | Franz Seraph von Lenbach (German painter) 1836 – 1904
Franz von Lenbach was a central protagonist in the late-nineteenth-century rise of Munich as an almost mythical center of the arts. Born to a lower-middle-class family, he was trained at the Academy of Fine Arts; after 1870, he became a celebrated portraitist and honed his image as an urbane artist and virtuoso of his craft. As an outward reflection of his great artistic and financial success, he carefully crafted his public persona: next to his private residence, he built a magnificent studio that was open to the public; visitors would find him standing at the easel dressed in an elegant suit. Lenbach was regarded as the leading German portraitist of his era. An unending procession of prominent members of society came to have their portraits painted. His technique was inspired by Old Masters such as Rubens, Titian, and Veronese, but he was not above availing himself of the new medium of photography as well. Painting in his signature style, he created portraits of the pope, of emperors and kings, of elegant ladies and eminent politicians and businessmen. His conception of art defined the public face and image of the high society as well as the rising upper middle classes of the late nineteenth century. His wedding to Magdalena Countess Moltke and his second marriage to Lolo von Hornstein were important tokens of his social advancement. His family, and especially his daughters Marion and Gabriele, whom he captured in sophisticated portraits that circulated in large numbers of reproductions, became public figures. Lenbach’s large circle of friends included the painters Hans Makart and Friedrich August von Kaulbach, Richard Wagner and his wife Cosima, his teacher Carl Theodor von Piloty, the writer and Nobel Prize winner Paul Heyse, and the sculptors Lorenz Gedon and Reinhold Begas. With his carefully groomed lifestyle, Lenbach himself came to epitomize the idea of the prince of painters, a position many of his Munich colleagues likewise aspired to. On the other hand, he took a very critical view of the innovations in art that began to appear toward the turn of the century, and so he also paradigmatically embodied what the artists of the Secession and subsequently the Blue Rider wanted to break free from. | 487 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Ivan Abramovich Gannibal was a prominent Russian military leader who lived from 1735 to 1801. He was the son of Abram Petrovich Gannibal, a renowned military commander, general, and engineer of Tsar Peter the Great. He is also best known for being the great-uncle of Alexander Pushkin, Russia’s most famous poet.
He began his military journey at a young age, enrolling in the Naval Artillery School in the Russian Empire’s capital when he was only 9 years old. He later graduated from the Naval Academy and became an officer in the Imperial Russian Navy.
During the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-1774, the military leader played a crucial role. As a Brigadier, he led a detachment of the Imperial Black Sea Fleet that participated in the siege and capture of the Ottoman fortress of Navarino in the Peloponnese. Under Ivan’s command, the Russian forces bombarded the fortress, eventually leading to its surrender in April 1770.
He received the Order of St. George, third degree, for his actions in this siege and also took part in the Battle of Chesma in July 1770, where his ship, the “St. Eustathius,” was destroyed, and he had to be rescued from the water.
In 1772, the military leader was promoted to the rank of major general, and in 1776, he assumed command of the naval artillery in the Imperial Navy. The following year, Empress Catherine II (reigned: 1762 – 1796) appointed him to a seat in the Russian Admiralty, the supreme governing body of the Navy.
Ivan’s notable contribution includes his role in the founding of the city of Kherson, currently in Ukraine. In 1778, he was appointed as the commander of the Kherson fortress and was tasked with building both the fortress and the surrounding city. He accomplished this task efficiently, earning recognition and honors from Empress Catherine II.
For his efforts, he received the Order of St. Vladimir, first class (1780), the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky (1781), a jewel-encrusted snuff box with a portrait of the Empress, and a large estate southwest of Kherson. Gannibal is considered one of the founders of Kherson, and one of its squares bears his name.
Following his falling out with Prince Grigory Potemkin, a fellow Russian military leader who happened to be Catherine’s favorite, Ivan retired from the army in 1784. He held the rank of Général en Chef, the same rank his father had held two decades earlier.
He spent his retirement on his father’s estate in the village of Suyda, near Saint Petersburg, where he passed away in 1801. He died without any children and remained a lifelong bachelor. He was laid to rest in the Lazarevskoe Cemetery at the Alexander Nevsky Lavra. | <urn:uuid:1eca7ed7-9adb-4b0e-ac15-99c3c7703743> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://worldhistoryedu.com/ivan-abramovich-gannibal/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475825.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302120344-20240302150344-00189.warc.gz | en | 0.984586 | 621 | 3.28125 | 3 | [
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0.2999837994575500... | 1 | Ivan Abramovich Gannibal was a prominent Russian military leader who lived from 1735 to 1801. He was the son of Abram Petrovich Gannibal, a renowned military commander, general, and engineer of Tsar Peter the Great. He is also best known for being the great-uncle of Alexander Pushkin, Russia’s most famous poet.
He began his military journey at a young age, enrolling in the Naval Artillery School in the Russian Empire’s capital when he was only 9 years old. He later graduated from the Naval Academy and became an officer in the Imperial Russian Navy.
During the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-1774, the military leader played a crucial role. As a Brigadier, he led a detachment of the Imperial Black Sea Fleet that participated in the siege and capture of the Ottoman fortress of Navarino in the Peloponnese. Under Ivan’s command, the Russian forces bombarded the fortress, eventually leading to its surrender in April 1770.
He received the Order of St. George, third degree, for his actions in this siege and also took part in the Battle of Chesma in July 1770, where his ship, the “St. Eustathius,” was destroyed, and he had to be rescued from the water.
In 1772, the military leader was promoted to the rank of major general, and in 1776, he assumed command of the naval artillery in the Imperial Navy. The following year, Empress Catherine II (reigned: 1762 – 1796) appointed him to a seat in the Russian Admiralty, the supreme governing body of the Navy.
Ivan’s notable contribution includes his role in the founding of the city of Kherson, currently in Ukraine. In 1778, he was appointed as the commander of the Kherson fortress and was tasked with building both the fortress and the surrounding city. He accomplished this task efficiently, earning recognition and honors from Empress Catherine II.
For his efforts, he received the Order of St. Vladimir, first class (1780), the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky (1781), a jewel-encrusted snuff box with a portrait of the Empress, and a large estate southwest of Kherson. Gannibal is considered one of the founders of Kherson, and one of its squares bears his name.
Following his falling out with Prince Grigory Potemkin, a fellow Russian military leader who happened to be Catherine’s favorite, Ivan retired from the army in 1784. He held the rank of Général en Chef, the same rank his father had held two decades earlier.
He spent his retirement on his father’s estate in the village of Suyda, near Saint Petersburg, where he passed away in 1801. He died without any children and remained a lifelong bachelor. He was laid to rest in the Lazarevskoe Cemetery at the Alexander Nevsky Lavra. | 640 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Highlights of Chinese Culture and History
The Lance-Bearing Poet
Few ancient Chinese rulers are worthy of the name of a poet or a man of letters. Yet Emperor Wu Di of Wei, Cao Cao by name, who was an outstanding statesman and strategist, was a distinguished poet as well. Su Shi, a famous man of letters in the Song Dynasty, admired him so much that he called him a hero who "composed poetry with lance in hand".
Cao Cao, whose literary name was Mengde and pet name Aman, was born to a powerful court official's family in Boxian County, Anhui Province. When a mere child, he grew very fond of poetry, history and books on the art of war. And through constant practice on horseback and in archery, he excelled in martial arts too.
At the age of twenty, Cao Cao held the official position of Beibywei in charge of public order in the capital, Luoyang. On his first day of work, he bade some artisans to make a dozen coloured sticks to be hung at both sides of the mansion, and issued an order that "anyone who violates the law shall be beaten with these sticks". One evening while he was going the rounds in town, he found the uncle of one of the court officials bullying some civilians. Without a moment's hesitation, Cao Cao ordered that he be beaten to death in accordance with the law. From then on, nobody dared violate the law in the area governed by Cao Cao. Order in the city was never so good, and Cao Cao's name became known to all.
During the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Emperor Xian Di of Han was obliged to leave Changan and take refuge at Luoyang owing to the fighting among powerful military commanders. Cao Cao was relatively weak in military terms at that time, but he was shrewd enough to take advantage of the opportunity to invite the emperor to come to Xuchang which was his domain. Naturally, the town became the provisional capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Then, Cao Cao began issuing orders in the name of Emperor Xian Di of Han, and gradually expanded his own military strength and sphere of influence. By cutting taxes and launching water conservancy projects, Cao Cao encouraged the peasants to develop production and successfully solved the problem of food supply. his power grew mightier and mightier, and as a results, he succeeded in unifying north China and establishing his own regime, the Kingdom of Wei.
Cao Cao showed extraordinary talent in various fields, such as administration, diplomacy and military affairs. The Art of Warfare by Sunzi, which he annotated personally, was his constant companion. In the famous battle at Guandu, Cao Cao defeated, with combined courage and wisdom, yuan Shao's army of 200,000 strong with a force of about 30,000 to 40,000 men under his command, creating in the annals of Chinese warfare a miracle of defeating an enemy numerically superior and apparently more powerful.
It happened that Cao Cao was once riding at the head of his troops along a narrow path in some wheat fields, and, beholding the luxuriant growth on both sides, gave orders that no one should be allowed to trample on the wheat and that anyone who disobeyed should be beheaded. At this, the soldiers all dismounted and started marching on foot. Presently Cao Cao's own horse bolted and rushed into the wheat fields. In those days, laws were never applied to a sovereign, but Cao Cao said to his officers and men, " How can I expect my troops to follow me if I myself violate the military laws I made. But I am the commander-in-chief. Without me the army would be leaderless. So it behooves me to mete out my own punishment." With these words, Cao Cao drew his sword and cut off his head-dress in place of his head. Then he had it hung by the side of the path as a warning to all.
Once when Cao Cao was to receive an envoy from the Huns, he had some misgivings lest his short stature and rather plain features would cause the Huns to despise the State of Wei. So he had a handsome-looking minister with a long beard and a deep resounding voice sit on the throne in his place, while he himself stood by the side of the "emperor" with a broadsword in hand. After the reception, Cao Cao secretly sent someone to ask the Hun envoy, "What do you think of the King of Wei?" The envoy replied, "He looks distinguished indeed, but the man who stood beside him seemed to be a true hero!"
Cao Cao lived in an age of war and chaos. Amidst all the tensions and hardships of a military life, he managed to write many great poems and essays in which he expressed his lofty aspirations to accomplish great military exploits and deeds. When he was 53 years old, Cao Cao once came to Mount Jieshi with his army after a successful military operation. Confronted with towering mountains and boundless seas, he felt a great surge of emotion and felt impelled to give voice to his poetic feelings. The result was the impromptu Long-lived Tortoise, a poem of four-word lines, in which he wrote: since ancient times, the tortoise which was believed to enjoy a longevity of thousands of years would still perish; short as the life of man is, he should not allow it to be wasted, but ought to lengthen it through unremitting efforts. he then compared himself to an aging horse that was still yearning to make a long journey although it was for the moment resting tranquilly in the stable. In this poem, Cao Cao expressed his ardent desire and determination to continue his struggles in old age. In some of his other poems he revealed the misery of the people caused by ceaseless fighting among powerful military commanders. All of them are great ideological and aesthetically value.
Cao Cao's literary talent had a profound influence on his two sons Cao Zhi and Cao Pi. The three together, referred to as the "three Caos," were the standard bearers of literary creation in what is called the Jianan Period in Chinese literary history. Their literary activities occupy an important place in the history of the development of Chinese poetry.
|Copyright © 1999-2000, Chinatown Online Co. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:0b900957-370b-48dc-8647-129790f03b48> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | http://ww.chinatown-online.com/cultureeye/highlights/lance.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474669.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226225941-20240227015941-00786.warc.gz | en | 0.982854 | 1,317 | 3.90625 | 4 | [
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The Lance-Bearing Poet
Few ancient Chinese rulers are worthy of the name of a poet or a man of letters. Yet Emperor Wu Di of Wei, Cao Cao by name, who was an outstanding statesman and strategist, was a distinguished poet as well. Su Shi, a famous man of letters in the Song Dynasty, admired him so much that he called him a hero who "composed poetry with lance in hand".
Cao Cao, whose literary name was Mengde and pet name Aman, was born to a powerful court official's family in Boxian County, Anhui Province. When a mere child, he grew very fond of poetry, history and books on the art of war. And through constant practice on horseback and in archery, he excelled in martial arts too.
At the age of twenty, Cao Cao held the official position of Beibywei in charge of public order in the capital, Luoyang. On his first day of work, he bade some artisans to make a dozen coloured sticks to be hung at both sides of the mansion, and issued an order that "anyone who violates the law shall be beaten with these sticks". One evening while he was going the rounds in town, he found the uncle of one of the court officials bullying some civilians. Without a moment's hesitation, Cao Cao ordered that he be beaten to death in accordance with the law. From then on, nobody dared violate the law in the area governed by Cao Cao. Order in the city was never so good, and Cao Cao's name became known to all.
During the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Emperor Xian Di of Han was obliged to leave Changan and take refuge at Luoyang owing to the fighting among powerful military commanders. Cao Cao was relatively weak in military terms at that time, but he was shrewd enough to take advantage of the opportunity to invite the emperor to come to Xuchang which was his domain. Naturally, the town became the provisional capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Then, Cao Cao began issuing orders in the name of Emperor Xian Di of Han, and gradually expanded his own military strength and sphere of influence. By cutting taxes and launching water conservancy projects, Cao Cao encouraged the peasants to develop production and successfully solved the problem of food supply. his power grew mightier and mightier, and as a results, he succeeded in unifying north China and establishing his own regime, the Kingdom of Wei.
Cao Cao showed extraordinary talent in various fields, such as administration, diplomacy and military affairs. The Art of Warfare by Sunzi, which he annotated personally, was his constant companion. In the famous battle at Guandu, Cao Cao defeated, with combined courage and wisdom, yuan Shao's army of 200,000 strong with a force of about 30,000 to 40,000 men under his command, creating in the annals of Chinese warfare a miracle of defeating an enemy numerically superior and apparently more powerful.
It happened that Cao Cao was once riding at the head of his troops along a narrow path in some wheat fields, and, beholding the luxuriant growth on both sides, gave orders that no one should be allowed to trample on the wheat and that anyone who disobeyed should be beheaded. At this, the soldiers all dismounted and started marching on foot. Presently Cao Cao's own horse bolted and rushed into the wheat fields. In those days, laws were never applied to a sovereign, but Cao Cao said to his officers and men, " How can I expect my troops to follow me if I myself violate the military laws I made. But I am the commander-in-chief. Without me the army would be leaderless. So it behooves me to mete out my own punishment." With these words, Cao Cao drew his sword and cut off his head-dress in place of his head. Then he had it hung by the side of the path as a warning to all.
Once when Cao Cao was to receive an envoy from the Huns, he had some misgivings lest his short stature and rather plain features would cause the Huns to despise the State of Wei. So he had a handsome-looking minister with a long beard and a deep resounding voice sit on the throne in his place, while he himself stood by the side of the "emperor" with a broadsword in hand. After the reception, Cao Cao secretly sent someone to ask the Hun envoy, "What do you think of the King of Wei?" The envoy replied, "He looks distinguished indeed, but the man who stood beside him seemed to be a true hero!"
Cao Cao lived in an age of war and chaos. Amidst all the tensions and hardships of a military life, he managed to write many great poems and essays in which he expressed his lofty aspirations to accomplish great military exploits and deeds. When he was 53 years old, Cao Cao once came to Mount Jieshi with his army after a successful military operation. Confronted with towering mountains and boundless seas, he felt a great surge of emotion and felt impelled to give voice to his poetic feelings. The result was the impromptu Long-lived Tortoise, a poem of four-word lines, in which he wrote: since ancient times, the tortoise which was believed to enjoy a longevity of thousands of years would still perish; short as the life of man is, he should not allow it to be wasted, but ought to lengthen it through unremitting efforts. he then compared himself to an aging horse that was still yearning to make a long journey although it was for the moment resting tranquilly in the stable. In this poem, Cao Cao expressed his ardent desire and determination to continue his struggles in old age. In some of his other poems he revealed the misery of the people caused by ceaseless fighting among powerful military commanders. All of them are great ideological and aesthetically value.
Cao Cao's literary talent had a profound influence on his two sons Cao Zhi and Cao Pi. The three together, referred to as the "three Caos," were the standard bearers of literary creation in what is called the Jianan Period in Chinese literary history. Their literary activities occupy an important place in the history of the development of Chinese poetry.
|Copyright © 1999-2000, Chinatown Online Co. All rights reserved. | 1,368 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Kahlil Gibran – A Brief Biography (1883-1931)
Kahlil Gibran. Le Liban … en quelques mots, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
Kahlil Gibran was a Lebanese-American poet, writer, and visual artist who is best known for his bestselling book The Prophet. His poems and writings also led him to be considered a philosopher, but he always rejected this title.
Kahlil Gibran, born Gibran Kahlil Gibran, was born on 6th January 1883 in the village of Bsharri in the Mount Lebanon Mustasarrifate in Ottoman Syria (present-day Lebanon) to a Maronite Christian family.
Gibran had an older half-brother, Boutros, from one of his mother’s previous marriages, and two younger sisters, Sultana and Marianna. The family was financially poor and lived a modest and meager lifestyle. But from a young age, though being a Maronite Christian, his parents set an example of tolerance to their children by refusing to perpetuate religious prejudice and bigotry in their daily lives.
In 1888, Gibran, aged 5, began attending Bsharri’s one-class school run by a priest. It was here that he learned the basics of Arabic, arithmetic, and Syriac.
However, things were not great for the Gibran family. Gibran’s father, Khalil, had accumulated substantial gambling debts which he was not able to repay. He initially worked in an apothecary and then under a local Ottoman administrator.
In 1891, while working as a tax collector, Gibran’s father was fired and his staff was investigated for embezzlement. His father was found guilty of embezzlement and imprisoned. The authorities also confiscated the family’s property, leaving them poorer than before.
Gibran’s mother, Kamila, had had enough, and she resolved to move to America with her children. And although Gibran’s father was released from prison in 1894, his mother left for America in June 1895, when Gibran was 12 years old.
Life in America
Upon arriving in America, Kamila and her children settled down in Boston’s South End, which was then the second-largest Syrian-Lebanese community in America.
In September 1895, Kahlil Gibran was enrolled at the Josiah Quincy School, where he was placed in a special class for immigrants to learn English.
Meanwhile, his mother found work as a seamstress peddler and carried linens and lace from door-to-door trying to sell them. During this period, Gibran also began attending an art school at Denison House, which was a woman-run settlement house in Boston’s South Cove neighborhood.
Gibran got deeply interested in and involved in drawing and painting after he found he had a natural talent and inclination for them. A teacher noticed his creative talents and introduced him to American photographer and avant-garde artist Fred Holland Day, who encouraged him in his creative endeavors.
Day also used Gibran as a subject for his photographs, many of which were displayed at Day’s photograph exhibitions during the late 1890s. It was at one of these exhibitions that he met poet and dramatist Josephine Preston Peabody, who was eight years older than him and with whom he would begin corresponding regularly and become romantically involved.
In 1898, a publisher used some of Gibran’s drawings for book covers.
Back to Lebanon
In 1898, Kahlil Gibran, aged 15, was sent back to his homeland to study Arabic literature. His mother and half-brother wanted him to be exposed to his own heritage and culture as well, rather than just the Western aesthetic culture he was immersed in and surrounded by. They thought it would be a good opportunity for him to learn the literature and history of his country of birth and its people.
Gibran enrolled at the Collège de la Sagesse, a Maronite Catholic school in Beirut (the capital of present-day Lebanon) for a three-year course studying Arabic literature and French. He soon came to be regarded as the college poet and even co-founded a student magazine with other students, including his lifelong friend Youssef Saadallah Howayek, who would go on to establish himself as an artist and writer.
In 1902, Gibran, aged 18, graduated from school with high honors. He then decided to travel to Paris to learn painting. After leaving Beirut, he visited Greece, Italy, and Spain before arriving in Paris.
The Troubling Years
The following two years after his graduation were a particularly troubling and dark time for the young Kahlil Gibran.
His stay in Paris was cut short after he learned of his sister Sultana’s death due to tuberculosis on 2nd April 1902 at the young age of 14. Gibran immediately set out for Boston, arriving two weeks after her death.
Gibran barely had enough time to recover from his sister’s death when his half-brother died in March of the following year, also of tuberculosis. Barely three months later, Gibran’s mother died from cancer. And just two days after her death, Josephine Peabody left him and stopped all correspondence with him without any explanation.
These back-to-back blows within such a short period of time left Gibran absolutely devastated. He was only 20 years old and the only surviving family he had left was his younger sister Marianna, who supported herself and Gibran by working at a dressmaker’s shop.
Meeting Mary Haskell
In January 1904, Gibran’s first exhibition of his drawings was held in Boston at Holland Day’s studio. During this exhibition, he met a woman named Mary Haskell, who was the headmistress of a girls’ school.
Haskell was nine years older than Gibran, and she would go on to become his lifelong friend and patroness, supporting him financially during his struggling days.
She also became the editor for all his writings in English and used her influence to advance his career for the rest of his life. Whether Gibran and Mary were ever romantically involved is still not known for certain.
It is said that they were engaged for some time between 1910 and 1911 after Gibran proposed to her because he did not know how to repay her for everything she had done for him. However, Haskell called off the marriage, stating that she preferred his friendship over any burdensome tie of marriage.
During these early years as a budding writer, Kahlil Gibran read and studied literature widely, seeking influences from a wide variety of literary works and writers.
One of Gibran’s major sources of influence was the King James version of the Bible, which is the English translation of the Bible. The poetry contained in the Old Testament inspired his incantational rhythms and devotional language, and the parables of the New Testament inspired his parables and fables.
While the majority of Arabic authors were more influenced by the Quran and were imitating it either consciously or unconsciously, Gibran was more influenced by the Bible and imitated its style in his writings.
Gibran was also greatly influenced by Syriac literature and considered the Bible to be Syriac literature but with English words.
He admired the works of Syrian writer and poet Francis al-Marrash, which he had studied at the Collège de la Sagesse. He even modeled some of his works and their themes on Marrash’s writings. These themes included truth, education, the natural goodness of man, enslavement, corrupted morals of society, women’s liberation, universal love, and many more.
Gibran was also greatly influenced by the English Poet William Blake, who is regarded as a prominent figure in the poetry and visual art history of the Romantic Age. It was not just Blake’s poems but also his drawings and paintings that influenced Gibran.
Blake’s impact on Gibran was so great that Gibran referred to him as the God-man and described his drawings as the most profound things done and his vision the godliest.
Gibran was also deeply impressed by the English Romantic painter William Turner, whom he regarded as the greatest among all the English artists.
Another influence on Gibran was the American poet Walt Whitman and to some extent German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche.
Many of the themes in his writings were inspired by his religious views. He was influenced by Christianity, Islam, and by the mysticism of Sufism. He was also somewhat influenced by Jungian psychology and theosophy.
In 1905, Gibran’s first written work, A Profile of the Art of Music, written in Arabic, was published by Al-Mohajer‘s printing department in New York City. He was 22 years old.
The following year, his second work, Nymphs of the Valley, also written in Arabic, was published.
In 1908, his novel, Spirits Rebellious, was published in Arabic. The novel was critical of spiritual and secular authority, and quickly made an impact in his home country. The book was banned and burned at the marketplace in Beirut by priestly zealots who considered the book to be revolutionary, dangerous, and poisonous to the youth.
These incidents led to rumors of his ex-communication by the Maronite Patriarchate.
Back to Paris
In July 1908, Kahlil Gibran, aged 25, went to Paris to study art with financial help from Mary Haskell. Upon arriving in Paris, he enrolled at the Académie Julian, where he joined the workshop of artist Jean-Paul Laurens.
However, Gibran did not stay for long at the academy. By February 1909, he began working at the studio of artist Pierre Marcel-Béronneau and quit the academy for good.
By December of that year, Gibran began working on a series of pencil portraits that he called The Temple of Art series. The series included the portraits of famous male and female artists of the day and his idols of the past.
In Paris, Gibran made acquaintance with Syrian political dissidents and grew to support their cause. He also met and befriended Lebanese-American writer and political activist Ameen Rihani, who soon became a mentor and role model to Gibran. Their friendship would last until 1912.
Back to America
By November 1910, Kahlil Gibran was back in Boston after two years in Paris.
Influenced by the cause of the Syrian dissidents he met in Paris, Gibran joined a Syrian international organization called the Golden Links Society in Boston to get involved in their political activities. He began giving lectures at meetings and promoted independence and liberty from Ottoman Syria.
In 1912, his poetic novel, Broken Wings, a tale of tragic love set at the turn of the 20th century in Beirut, was published in Arabic by the printing house of the Arabic-language periodical Meraat-ul-Gharb in New York.
The following year, he began contributing to the recently-established Arabic magazine Al-Funoon, founded by Syrian writers Abd al-Masih Haddad and Nasib Arida.
In 1914, Gibran’s work A Tear and a Smile was published in Arabic. And in December of the same year, his artworks were displayed at the Montross Gallery, managing to attract the attention of American painter Albert Pinkham Ryder.
Ryder was 67 years old when they met. Gibran later wrote a prose poem in Ryder’s honor. Upon Ryder’s death in 1917, Gibran’s poem was quoted by art critic Henry McBride in his posthumous tribute to Ryder. The poem caught the attention of the newspapers and was published in newspapers across America, thereby bringing Gibran’s name to the widespread attention of the American public for the first time.
English Works and Art Career
Kahlil Gibran continued to write and draw simultaneously, focusing on both art forms equally and maintaining a prolific output in both.
In 1917, an exhibition of forty of his drawings was held in New York in January and February, and another exhibition of thirty of his drawings was held in Boston in April.
From the following year onward, Gibran began writing in English as well for publication. All his previously published works were in Arabic. His first book in English, The Madman, was published in 1918. The book contained parables and poems and included illustrations from Gibran’s drawings.
The following year, he published two new Arabic works, The Processions and Twenty Drawings.
In 1920, Gibran, Nasib Arida, Abd al-Masih Haddad, Ameen Rihani, and Mikhail Naimy (all Arab writers who had emigrated to America from Ottoman-ruled Syria, Palestine, and Lebanon) re-created the New York Pen League. The League promoted the Mahjari literary movement and included several other Mahjari writers.
The same year, two of his works, The Forerunner and The Tempests, both written in Arabic, were published in New York and Cairo respectively.
In early 1921, Kahlil Gibran began experiencing some health issues. The doctors advised him to take six months off from all kinds of work and stay away from city life during the recuperating period.
Gibran took a three-month vacation away from New York, resting and recuperating in the seacoast town of Scituate in Massachusetts. His time there proved to be both refreshing and productive, giving him time to write what he described as some of the best Arabic poems he had ever written.
The year 1923 would, in hindsight, prove to be very memorable for Kahlil Gibran.
His work, The New and the Marvelous, was published in Arabic in Cairo.
But more importantly, his little book, The Prophet, consisting of 26 prose poetry fables in English, was published in New York. Although the book had a slow start and received a mixed critical reception, it would go on to become not only Gibran’s most popular and influential work to date but one of the most popular and influential literary works of all time.
The book revolves around a prophet named Al Mustafa, who has lived in the city of Orphalese for 12 years and is about to take a ship back to his homeland. But before he leaves, he is stopped by a group of people who ask him to speak on topics relating to life and the human condition. Al Mustafa accedes and goes on to speak on love, marriage, children, giving, eating and drinking, work, joy and sorrow, houses, clothes, buying and selling, crime and punishment, laws, freedom, reason and passion, pain, self-knowledge, teaching, friendship, talking, time, good and evil, prayer, pleasure, beauty, religion, and death.
Since its publication, The Prophet has gone on to be translated into more than 100 different languages, thereby making it one of the most translated books in history. The initial issue published in 1923 had a print run of 2000 copies, out of which 1,159 copies were sold.
However, the demand for the book increased over the years, going on to sell over 11 million copies across the world in various languages, thereby making it one of the best-selling books of all time. It has never been out of print since its publication.
The Prophet became so popular and influential in the Arab world that his countrymen in Lebanon insisted that he return to Lebanon and lead its people in their quest to be free from Ottoman rule. Gibran was honored and moved by their request, but he nonetheless rejected the offer, stating that even though he believed he could lead the people of Lebanon, in truth they would not be led. He believed that if he arrived in Lebanon with The Prophet and asked his countrymen to live as per the teachings of the book, their enthusiasm for him would diminish and disappear.
He concluded by saying that he could not fulfill the desire of his countrymen as he was not a politician and had no intentions of being one.
Kahlil Gibran continued to write, paint, and draw in his final years.
In 1926, his work, Sand and Foam, was published. And in 1928, his work, Jesus, the Son of Man, was published.
Gibran was by now a fairly well-known and established writer, mainly due to the tremendous success of The Prophet. He was particularly popular in the Arabic-speaking world where he was considered a literary hero and icon, especially in Lebanon.
However, health issues continued to plague him. In early 1929, he was diagnosed with an enlarged liver, mostly a result of his excessive drinking. He suffered from swellings and rheumatic pains, and the doctors advised him to refrain from all work for a full year.
In March 1931, his final work, The Earth Gods, was published.
On 10th April 1931, Kahlil Gibran, aged 48, died due to cirrhosis of the liver with incipient tuberculosis in one of his lungs.
Gibran wanted to be buried in Lebanon. His body was temporarily interred at Mount Benedict Cemetery in Boston before being taken to Providence, Rhode Island, and then finally to Lebanon aboard the ocean liner SS Sinaia. His body reached his hometown of Bsharri in August.
The Mar Sarkis Monastery in Bsharri was purchased and became his final resting place. The monastery is now the Gibran Museum, which contains over 440 drawings and paintings of Gibran as well as his tomb. It also contains his belongings and furniture from his studio in New York City and his private manuscripts, notebooks, and personal library.
As per his will, all his future American royalties would belong to his hometown of Bsharri to be used for civic betterment. Many of his belongings were also willed to Mary Haskell.
Kahlil Gibran is now widely regarded as one of the most influential writers and poets of the 20th century. He is often considered the single most important influence on Arabic poetry and literature during the first half of the 20th century,
Gibran left behind a rich, varied, and massive body of work as his legacy. He explored diverse literary forms such as poetry, fables, parables, short stories, aphorisms, small fragments of conversation, plays, letters, and political essays. Breaking with the literary forms and styles of the past, he even tried to innovate in his writing.
Gibran’s popularity increased in the 1960s with the onset of the American counterculture, during which period his works, particularly The Prophet and A Tear and a Smile, became quite popular among the youth.
This sudden resurgence in his popularity can be attributed to the fact that several influential and prominent personalities of popular culture such as Johnny Cash, Elvis Presley, John Lennon, and David Bowie read and admired his works (especially The Prophet) and even made references to Gibran and his work in some of their songs.
Gibran’s work has gone on to inspire albums, plays, operas, films, and many other forms of adaptations. Public places, educational institutions, museums, schools, monuments, and craters have been named in his honor.
Since his death, his reputation and fame as a writer and artist have only increased, thereby solidifying his stature as a literary icon not just in Lebanon but across the world. His massive and prolific body of work has been described as an artistic legacy to the people of all nations.
Gibran’s work continues to inspire writers and artists across the world, ensuring the continuation of his legacy and influence for generations to come. | <urn:uuid:9f82fbcc-b7ba-439c-81b9-051f47da2d78> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://arthinkal.com/kahlil-gibran-a-brief-biography-1883-1931/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474843.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229134901-20240229164901-00097.warc.gz | en | 0.989032 | 4,122 | 3.546875 | 4 | [
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0.356041550636... | 1 | Kahlil Gibran – A Brief Biography (1883-1931)
Kahlil Gibran. Le Liban … en quelques mots, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
Kahlil Gibran was a Lebanese-American poet, writer, and visual artist who is best known for his bestselling book The Prophet. His poems and writings also led him to be considered a philosopher, but he always rejected this title.
Kahlil Gibran, born Gibran Kahlil Gibran, was born on 6th January 1883 in the village of Bsharri in the Mount Lebanon Mustasarrifate in Ottoman Syria (present-day Lebanon) to a Maronite Christian family.
Gibran had an older half-brother, Boutros, from one of his mother’s previous marriages, and two younger sisters, Sultana and Marianna. The family was financially poor and lived a modest and meager lifestyle. But from a young age, though being a Maronite Christian, his parents set an example of tolerance to their children by refusing to perpetuate religious prejudice and bigotry in their daily lives.
In 1888, Gibran, aged 5, began attending Bsharri’s one-class school run by a priest. It was here that he learned the basics of Arabic, arithmetic, and Syriac.
However, things were not great for the Gibran family. Gibran’s father, Khalil, had accumulated substantial gambling debts which he was not able to repay. He initially worked in an apothecary and then under a local Ottoman administrator.
In 1891, while working as a tax collector, Gibran’s father was fired and his staff was investigated for embezzlement. His father was found guilty of embezzlement and imprisoned. The authorities also confiscated the family’s property, leaving them poorer than before.
Gibran’s mother, Kamila, had had enough, and she resolved to move to America with her children. And although Gibran’s father was released from prison in 1894, his mother left for America in June 1895, when Gibran was 12 years old.
Life in America
Upon arriving in America, Kamila and her children settled down in Boston’s South End, which was then the second-largest Syrian-Lebanese community in America.
In September 1895, Kahlil Gibran was enrolled at the Josiah Quincy School, where he was placed in a special class for immigrants to learn English.
Meanwhile, his mother found work as a seamstress peddler and carried linens and lace from door-to-door trying to sell them. During this period, Gibran also began attending an art school at Denison House, which was a woman-run settlement house in Boston’s South Cove neighborhood.
Gibran got deeply interested in and involved in drawing and painting after he found he had a natural talent and inclination for them. A teacher noticed his creative talents and introduced him to American photographer and avant-garde artist Fred Holland Day, who encouraged him in his creative endeavors.
Day also used Gibran as a subject for his photographs, many of which were displayed at Day’s photograph exhibitions during the late 1890s. It was at one of these exhibitions that he met poet and dramatist Josephine Preston Peabody, who was eight years older than him and with whom he would begin corresponding regularly and become romantically involved.
In 1898, a publisher used some of Gibran’s drawings for book covers.
Back to Lebanon
In 1898, Kahlil Gibran, aged 15, was sent back to his homeland to study Arabic literature. His mother and half-brother wanted him to be exposed to his own heritage and culture as well, rather than just the Western aesthetic culture he was immersed in and surrounded by. They thought it would be a good opportunity for him to learn the literature and history of his country of birth and its people.
Gibran enrolled at the Collège de la Sagesse, a Maronite Catholic school in Beirut (the capital of present-day Lebanon) for a three-year course studying Arabic literature and French. He soon came to be regarded as the college poet and even co-founded a student magazine with other students, including his lifelong friend Youssef Saadallah Howayek, who would go on to establish himself as an artist and writer.
In 1902, Gibran, aged 18, graduated from school with high honors. He then decided to travel to Paris to learn painting. After leaving Beirut, he visited Greece, Italy, and Spain before arriving in Paris.
The Troubling Years
The following two years after his graduation were a particularly troubling and dark time for the young Kahlil Gibran.
His stay in Paris was cut short after he learned of his sister Sultana’s death due to tuberculosis on 2nd April 1902 at the young age of 14. Gibran immediately set out for Boston, arriving two weeks after her death.
Gibran barely had enough time to recover from his sister’s death when his half-brother died in March of the following year, also of tuberculosis. Barely three months later, Gibran’s mother died from cancer. And just two days after her death, Josephine Peabody left him and stopped all correspondence with him without any explanation.
These back-to-back blows within such a short period of time left Gibran absolutely devastated. He was only 20 years old and the only surviving family he had left was his younger sister Marianna, who supported herself and Gibran by working at a dressmaker’s shop.
Meeting Mary Haskell
In January 1904, Gibran’s first exhibition of his drawings was held in Boston at Holland Day’s studio. During this exhibition, he met a woman named Mary Haskell, who was the headmistress of a girls’ school.
Haskell was nine years older than Gibran, and she would go on to become his lifelong friend and patroness, supporting him financially during his struggling days.
She also became the editor for all his writings in English and used her influence to advance his career for the rest of his life. Whether Gibran and Mary were ever romantically involved is still not known for certain.
It is said that they were engaged for some time between 1910 and 1911 after Gibran proposed to her because he did not know how to repay her for everything she had done for him. However, Haskell called off the marriage, stating that she preferred his friendship over any burdensome tie of marriage.
During these early years as a budding writer, Kahlil Gibran read and studied literature widely, seeking influences from a wide variety of literary works and writers.
One of Gibran’s major sources of influence was the King James version of the Bible, which is the English translation of the Bible. The poetry contained in the Old Testament inspired his incantational rhythms and devotional language, and the parables of the New Testament inspired his parables and fables.
While the majority of Arabic authors were more influenced by the Quran and were imitating it either consciously or unconsciously, Gibran was more influenced by the Bible and imitated its style in his writings.
Gibran was also greatly influenced by Syriac literature and considered the Bible to be Syriac literature but with English words.
He admired the works of Syrian writer and poet Francis al-Marrash, which he had studied at the Collège de la Sagesse. He even modeled some of his works and their themes on Marrash’s writings. These themes included truth, education, the natural goodness of man, enslavement, corrupted morals of society, women’s liberation, universal love, and many more.
Gibran was also greatly influenced by the English Poet William Blake, who is regarded as a prominent figure in the poetry and visual art history of the Romantic Age. It was not just Blake’s poems but also his drawings and paintings that influenced Gibran.
Blake’s impact on Gibran was so great that Gibran referred to him as the God-man and described his drawings as the most profound things done and his vision the godliest.
Gibran was also deeply impressed by the English Romantic painter William Turner, whom he regarded as the greatest among all the English artists.
Another influence on Gibran was the American poet Walt Whitman and to some extent German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche.
Many of the themes in his writings were inspired by his religious views. He was influenced by Christianity, Islam, and by the mysticism of Sufism. He was also somewhat influenced by Jungian psychology and theosophy.
In 1905, Gibran’s first written work, A Profile of the Art of Music, written in Arabic, was published by Al-Mohajer‘s printing department in New York City. He was 22 years old.
The following year, his second work, Nymphs of the Valley, also written in Arabic, was published.
In 1908, his novel, Spirits Rebellious, was published in Arabic. The novel was critical of spiritual and secular authority, and quickly made an impact in his home country. The book was banned and burned at the marketplace in Beirut by priestly zealots who considered the book to be revolutionary, dangerous, and poisonous to the youth.
These incidents led to rumors of his ex-communication by the Maronite Patriarchate.
Back to Paris
In July 1908, Kahlil Gibran, aged 25, went to Paris to study art with financial help from Mary Haskell. Upon arriving in Paris, he enrolled at the Académie Julian, where he joined the workshop of artist Jean-Paul Laurens.
However, Gibran did not stay for long at the academy. By February 1909, he began working at the studio of artist Pierre Marcel-Béronneau and quit the academy for good.
By December of that year, Gibran began working on a series of pencil portraits that he called The Temple of Art series. The series included the portraits of famous male and female artists of the day and his idols of the past.
In Paris, Gibran made acquaintance with Syrian political dissidents and grew to support their cause. He also met and befriended Lebanese-American writer and political activist Ameen Rihani, who soon became a mentor and role model to Gibran. Their friendship would last until 1912.
Back to America
By November 1910, Kahlil Gibran was back in Boston after two years in Paris.
Influenced by the cause of the Syrian dissidents he met in Paris, Gibran joined a Syrian international organization called the Golden Links Society in Boston to get involved in their political activities. He began giving lectures at meetings and promoted independence and liberty from Ottoman Syria.
In 1912, his poetic novel, Broken Wings, a tale of tragic love set at the turn of the 20th century in Beirut, was published in Arabic by the printing house of the Arabic-language periodical Meraat-ul-Gharb in New York.
The following year, he began contributing to the recently-established Arabic magazine Al-Funoon, founded by Syrian writers Abd al-Masih Haddad and Nasib Arida.
In 1914, Gibran’s work A Tear and a Smile was published in Arabic. And in December of the same year, his artworks were displayed at the Montross Gallery, managing to attract the attention of American painter Albert Pinkham Ryder.
Ryder was 67 years old when they met. Gibran later wrote a prose poem in Ryder’s honor. Upon Ryder’s death in 1917, Gibran’s poem was quoted by art critic Henry McBride in his posthumous tribute to Ryder. The poem caught the attention of the newspapers and was published in newspapers across America, thereby bringing Gibran’s name to the widespread attention of the American public for the first time.
English Works and Art Career
Kahlil Gibran continued to write and draw simultaneously, focusing on both art forms equally and maintaining a prolific output in both.
In 1917, an exhibition of forty of his drawings was held in New York in January and February, and another exhibition of thirty of his drawings was held in Boston in April.
From the following year onward, Gibran began writing in English as well for publication. All his previously published works were in Arabic. His first book in English, The Madman, was published in 1918. The book contained parables and poems and included illustrations from Gibran’s drawings.
The following year, he published two new Arabic works, The Processions and Twenty Drawings.
In 1920, Gibran, Nasib Arida, Abd al-Masih Haddad, Ameen Rihani, and Mikhail Naimy (all Arab writers who had emigrated to America from Ottoman-ruled Syria, Palestine, and Lebanon) re-created the New York Pen League. The League promoted the Mahjari literary movement and included several other Mahjari writers.
The same year, two of his works, The Forerunner and The Tempests, both written in Arabic, were published in New York and Cairo respectively.
In early 1921, Kahlil Gibran began experiencing some health issues. The doctors advised him to take six months off from all kinds of work and stay away from city life during the recuperating period.
Gibran took a three-month vacation away from New York, resting and recuperating in the seacoast town of Scituate in Massachusetts. His time there proved to be both refreshing and productive, giving him time to write what he described as some of the best Arabic poems he had ever written.
The year 1923 would, in hindsight, prove to be very memorable for Kahlil Gibran.
His work, The New and the Marvelous, was published in Arabic in Cairo.
But more importantly, his little book, The Prophet, consisting of 26 prose poetry fables in English, was published in New York. Although the book had a slow start and received a mixed critical reception, it would go on to become not only Gibran’s most popular and influential work to date but one of the most popular and influential literary works of all time.
The book revolves around a prophet named Al Mustafa, who has lived in the city of Orphalese for 12 years and is about to take a ship back to his homeland. But before he leaves, he is stopped by a group of people who ask him to speak on topics relating to life and the human condition. Al Mustafa accedes and goes on to speak on love, marriage, children, giving, eating and drinking, work, joy and sorrow, houses, clothes, buying and selling, crime and punishment, laws, freedom, reason and passion, pain, self-knowledge, teaching, friendship, talking, time, good and evil, prayer, pleasure, beauty, religion, and death.
Since its publication, The Prophet has gone on to be translated into more than 100 different languages, thereby making it one of the most translated books in history. The initial issue published in 1923 had a print run of 2000 copies, out of which 1,159 copies were sold.
However, the demand for the book increased over the years, going on to sell over 11 million copies across the world in various languages, thereby making it one of the best-selling books of all time. It has never been out of print since its publication.
The Prophet became so popular and influential in the Arab world that his countrymen in Lebanon insisted that he return to Lebanon and lead its people in their quest to be free from Ottoman rule. Gibran was honored and moved by their request, but he nonetheless rejected the offer, stating that even though he believed he could lead the people of Lebanon, in truth they would not be led. He believed that if he arrived in Lebanon with The Prophet and asked his countrymen to live as per the teachings of the book, their enthusiasm for him would diminish and disappear.
He concluded by saying that he could not fulfill the desire of his countrymen as he was not a politician and had no intentions of being one.
Kahlil Gibran continued to write, paint, and draw in his final years.
In 1926, his work, Sand and Foam, was published. And in 1928, his work, Jesus, the Son of Man, was published.
Gibran was by now a fairly well-known and established writer, mainly due to the tremendous success of The Prophet. He was particularly popular in the Arabic-speaking world where he was considered a literary hero and icon, especially in Lebanon.
However, health issues continued to plague him. In early 1929, he was diagnosed with an enlarged liver, mostly a result of his excessive drinking. He suffered from swellings and rheumatic pains, and the doctors advised him to refrain from all work for a full year.
In March 1931, his final work, The Earth Gods, was published.
On 10th April 1931, Kahlil Gibran, aged 48, died due to cirrhosis of the liver with incipient tuberculosis in one of his lungs.
Gibran wanted to be buried in Lebanon. His body was temporarily interred at Mount Benedict Cemetery in Boston before being taken to Providence, Rhode Island, and then finally to Lebanon aboard the ocean liner SS Sinaia. His body reached his hometown of Bsharri in August.
The Mar Sarkis Monastery in Bsharri was purchased and became his final resting place. The monastery is now the Gibran Museum, which contains over 440 drawings and paintings of Gibran as well as his tomb. It also contains his belongings and furniture from his studio in New York City and his private manuscripts, notebooks, and personal library.
As per his will, all his future American royalties would belong to his hometown of Bsharri to be used for civic betterment. Many of his belongings were also willed to Mary Haskell.
Kahlil Gibran is now widely regarded as one of the most influential writers and poets of the 20th century. He is often considered the single most important influence on Arabic poetry and literature during the first half of the 20th century,
Gibran left behind a rich, varied, and massive body of work as his legacy. He explored diverse literary forms such as poetry, fables, parables, short stories, aphorisms, small fragments of conversation, plays, letters, and political essays. Breaking with the literary forms and styles of the past, he even tried to innovate in his writing.
Gibran’s popularity increased in the 1960s with the onset of the American counterculture, during which period his works, particularly The Prophet and A Tear and a Smile, became quite popular among the youth.
This sudden resurgence in his popularity can be attributed to the fact that several influential and prominent personalities of popular culture such as Johnny Cash, Elvis Presley, John Lennon, and David Bowie read and admired his works (especially The Prophet) and even made references to Gibran and his work in some of their songs.
Gibran’s work has gone on to inspire albums, plays, operas, films, and many other forms of adaptations. Public places, educational institutions, museums, schools, monuments, and craters have been named in his honor.
Since his death, his reputation and fame as a writer and artist have only increased, thereby solidifying his stature as a literary icon not just in Lebanon but across the world. His massive and prolific body of work has been described as an artistic legacy to the people of all nations.
Gibran’s work continues to inspire writers and artists across the world, ensuring the continuation of his legacy and influence for generations to come. | 4,147 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Written by Phin Upham
Named after the two explorers who risked everything they had to reach the South Pole, the research station in Antarctica is located at the Geographic South Pole. Prior to its construction in 1956, there were no man-made structures still standing in Antarctica.
As the station is located in the geographic South Pole, it is the only location on Earth where the sun is up for six months out of the year, then down for the other six. This condition creates one of the coldest regions on Earth during the “one long night” effect.
The station has been reconstructed several times over its long history in the region. The original station was constructed by an eighteen-man crew, and is referred to as “Old Pole.” The unknown weather conditions in the area meant that the facility had to be partially underground to protect from the elements.
A geodesic dome that measured 50 meters in width was the second iteration of the structure, well after the weather had been studied thoroughly. The station was meant as a research destination for the fields of astronomy and astrophysics. The original design included a sky lab, or a box-shaped tower that raised just above the dome. The structure was disassembled during the summer of 2009-2010.
The most recent version of the structure includes an adjustable elevation. This is meant to accommodate constantly shifting foundations, where snow may settle and cause damage to the structure over time. The building can even expand to house different volumes of research teams throughout the year. | <urn:uuid:f79ff971-102f-4799-b51b-0fcd72a645ea> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | http://travelin-light.com/amundsen-scott-south-pole-station/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222193722-20240222223722-00213.warc.gz | en | 0.982406 | 311 | 3.828125 | 4 | [
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0.45377680659... | 1 | Written by Phin Upham
Named after the two explorers who risked everything they had to reach the South Pole, the research station in Antarctica is located at the Geographic South Pole. Prior to its construction in 1956, there were no man-made structures still standing in Antarctica.
As the station is located in the geographic South Pole, it is the only location on Earth where the sun is up for six months out of the year, then down for the other six. This condition creates one of the coldest regions on Earth during the “one long night” effect.
The station has been reconstructed several times over its long history in the region. The original station was constructed by an eighteen-man crew, and is referred to as “Old Pole.” The unknown weather conditions in the area meant that the facility had to be partially underground to protect from the elements.
A geodesic dome that measured 50 meters in width was the second iteration of the structure, well after the weather had been studied thoroughly. The station was meant as a research destination for the fields of astronomy and astrophysics. The original design included a sky lab, or a box-shaped tower that raised just above the dome. The structure was disassembled during the summer of 2009-2010.
The most recent version of the structure includes an adjustable elevation. This is meant to accommodate constantly shifting foundations, where snow may settle and cause damage to the structure over time. The building can even expand to house different volumes of research teams throughout the year. | 314 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Realism is a literary movement which began in the late 19th century and has since had a profound influence on the written word today. It is a literary style which focuses on the accurate representation of life and its events, often with a focus on its more mundane details. Realism seeks to portray life as it actually is, rather than idealising it, and so often eschews fanciful elements in favor of typical, down to earth settings and characters.
Realism was first popularised in England by writers such as George Eliot and Thomas Hardy (a depiction of Tess from Hardy’s famous novel Tess of the D’urbervilles is shown above), who sought to portray life in a more honest and relatable way. These writers sought to portray characters who were neither perfect nor heroic, but were instead more ‘realistic’, complex and often flawed individuals who made their own mistakes and strove to overcome their internal and external struggles. This style of writing was incredibly influential in the development of English literature, inspiring other authors, including Charles Dickens and William Makepeace Thackeray, who all sought to portray life in this more honest manner.
Realism had a huge effect on all forms of literature, but perhaps particularly so the novel. Its rise as a popular form of literature was largely due to realism’s influence, as stories often sought to portray everyday life in a more identifiable way. Classics such as Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice and Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre were incredibly influential in the development of the novel, and their emphasis on realism was a major contributing factor in their success.
Realism also had an influence on the development of poetry in England. Poets such as Alfred Tennyson, Robert Browning and John Keats all wrote about events and experiences which were often more rooted in reality than Romanticism.
Realism has had a profound effect on English literature, and this can still be seen in the works of modern writers. On the page it has served to create a more genuine representation of life, inspiring authors to focus on people in a more accurate way. | <urn:uuid:d7d79948-c0a9-4de0-9e4e-9acba002e1cc> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.ool.co.uk/english-literature-2/realism-and-english-literature/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475422.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301161412-20240301191412-00435.warc.gz | en | 0.985805 | 434 | 4.25 | 4 | [
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0.245335519313812... | 1 | Realism is a literary movement which began in the late 19th century and has since had a profound influence on the written word today. It is a literary style which focuses on the accurate representation of life and its events, often with a focus on its more mundane details. Realism seeks to portray life as it actually is, rather than idealising it, and so often eschews fanciful elements in favor of typical, down to earth settings and characters.
Realism was first popularised in England by writers such as George Eliot and Thomas Hardy (a depiction of Tess from Hardy’s famous novel Tess of the D’urbervilles is shown above), who sought to portray life in a more honest and relatable way. These writers sought to portray characters who were neither perfect nor heroic, but were instead more ‘realistic’, complex and often flawed individuals who made their own mistakes and strove to overcome their internal and external struggles. This style of writing was incredibly influential in the development of English literature, inspiring other authors, including Charles Dickens and William Makepeace Thackeray, who all sought to portray life in this more honest manner.
Realism had a huge effect on all forms of literature, but perhaps particularly so the novel. Its rise as a popular form of literature was largely due to realism’s influence, as stories often sought to portray everyday life in a more identifiable way. Classics such as Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice and Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre were incredibly influential in the development of the novel, and their emphasis on realism was a major contributing factor in their success.
Realism also had an influence on the development of poetry in England. Poets such as Alfred Tennyson, Robert Browning and John Keats all wrote about events and experiences which were often more rooted in reality than Romanticism.
Realism has had a profound effect on English literature, and this can still be seen in the works of modern writers. On the page it has served to create a more genuine representation of life, inspiring authors to focus on people in a more accurate way. | 422 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Hans Ledwinka (1878–1967) was a Czechoslovakian automotive engineer and designer renowned for his revolutionary contributions to automotive engineering and design. Born on February 14, 1878, in Klosterneuburg, Austria-Hungary (now part of Austria), Ledwinka's forward-thinking approach and innovative designs have left an enduring impact on the automotive world.
Ledwinka's career was marked by his deep understanding of engineering principles and his dedication to pushing the boundaries of traditional automotive design. He became particularly known for his work at Tatra, a Czechoslovakian automobile manufacturer, where he played a pivotal role in shaping the company's iconic vehicles.
One of Ledwinka's most notable achievements was his pioneering use of rear-mounted engines in Tatra cars. This design concept, which he began exploring in the 1920s, offered several advantages including improved traction, handling, and interior space utilization. Ledwinka's innovative engineering approach was evident in vehicles like the Tatra T77, which featured aerodynamic styling and an air-cooled rear engine.
Ledwinka's design philosophy was characterized by a focus on functionality, efficiency, and innovation. He was a proponent of streamlined shapes and advanced engineering techniques, often marrying aesthetics with practicality. His work helped lay the foundation for modern automotive design principles.
In addition to his contributions to vehicle design, Ledwinka was known for his collaboration with Ferdinand Porsche on the development of the "Tatra V570," a rear-engined prototype that influenced Porsche's designs, including the Volkswagen Beetle.
However, Ledwinka's career faced challenges during World War II due to political circumstances. He was briefly imprisoned by the Nazi regime, but his legacy lived on through his designs and ideas.
Hans Ledwinka's impact on the automotive industry remains profound. His innovative concepts, rear-engine designs, and emphasis on engineering excellence have inspired generations of engineers and designers. He passed away on March 2, 1967, leaving behind a legacy that continues to influence the evolution of automobiles and engineering practices. | <urn:uuid:9f54bed6-4efb-4c4d-b30b-186320eac125> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.tbauto.org/engineers/hans-ledwinka | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475711.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301225031-20240302015031-00618.warc.gz | en | 0.981978 | 422 | 3.28125 | 3 | [
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0.0324893966317... | 1 | Hans Ledwinka (1878–1967) was a Czechoslovakian automotive engineer and designer renowned for his revolutionary contributions to automotive engineering and design. Born on February 14, 1878, in Klosterneuburg, Austria-Hungary (now part of Austria), Ledwinka's forward-thinking approach and innovative designs have left an enduring impact on the automotive world.
Ledwinka's career was marked by his deep understanding of engineering principles and his dedication to pushing the boundaries of traditional automotive design. He became particularly known for his work at Tatra, a Czechoslovakian automobile manufacturer, where he played a pivotal role in shaping the company's iconic vehicles.
One of Ledwinka's most notable achievements was his pioneering use of rear-mounted engines in Tatra cars. This design concept, which he began exploring in the 1920s, offered several advantages including improved traction, handling, and interior space utilization. Ledwinka's innovative engineering approach was evident in vehicles like the Tatra T77, which featured aerodynamic styling and an air-cooled rear engine.
Ledwinka's design philosophy was characterized by a focus on functionality, efficiency, and innovation. He was a proponent of streamlined shapes and advanced engineering techniques, often marrying aesthetics with practicality. His work helped lay the foundation for modern automotive design principles.
In addition to his contributions to vehicle design, Ledwinka was known for his collaboration with Ferdinand Porsche on the development of the "Tatra V570," a rear-engined prototype that influenced Porsche's designs, including the Volkswagen Beetle.
However, Ledwinka's career faced challenges during World War II due to political circumstances. He was briefly imprisoned by the Nazi regime, but his legacy lived on through his designs and ideas.
Hans Ledwinka's impact on the automotive industry remains profound. His innovative concepts, rear-engine designs, and emphasis on engineering excellence have inspired generations of engineers and designers. He passed away on March 2, 1967, leaving behind a legacy that continues to influence the evolution of automobiles and engineering practices. | 434 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Memoirs of a female “death battalion” participant about how the unit fought against theft
Maria Bocharnikova became the commander of one of the first female “death battalions” that participated in battles to a limited extent during the First World War. These paramilitary formations began to be created in Russia by the Provisional Government in 1917, primarily with the aim of raising general morale. In addition, it was believed that sending women to the front was supposed to shame male soldiers who refused to fight.
In her memoirs, Bocharnikova, who joined the “death battalion” at the age of 18, tells how a thief was once punished in the formation.
The book describes a situation when, after catching a criminal red-handed, members of the battalion who had suffered from her activities began beating the offender. However, the company commander stopped them, saying that he would not tolerate lynching. As a result, the thief was sent to the battalion commander, who pronounced his sentence.
Bocharnikova notes that Captain Lozkov’s verdict was clear and short – get out of the battalion.
However, the criminal was unable to avoid punishment from her colleagues. As the author of the memoirs writes, one of the battalion members offered to teach the thief a final lesson, so that others would be discouraged.
Ultimately, having received permission from the company commander, the girls tied the hands of those being expelled back, placing a knot in them. A piece of paper with the inscription “thief” was pinned on his chest. Then, in this form, she was led through several blocks of Petrograd.
- Bocharnikova writes in her memoirs.
- archive photo
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0.4842803180217743... | 1 | Memoirs of a female “death battalion” participant about how the unit fought against theft
Maria Bocharnikova became the commander of one of the first female “death battalions” that participated in battles to a limited extent during the First World War. These paramilitary formations began to be created in Russia by the Provisional Government in 1917, primarily with the aim of raising general morale. In addition, it was believed that sending women to the front was supposed to shame male soldiers who refused to fight.
In her memoirs, Bocharnikova, who joined the “death battalion” at the age of 18, tells how a thief was once punished in the formation.
The book describes a situation when, after catching a criminal red-handed, members of the battalion who had suffered from her activities began beating the offender. However, the company commander stopped them, saying that he would not tolerate lynching. As a result, the thief was sent to the battalion commander, who pronounced his sentence.
Bocharnikova notes that Captain Lozkov’s verdict was clear and short – get out of the battalion.
However, the criminal was unable to avoid punishment from her colleagues. As the author of the memoirs writes, one of the battalion members offered to teach the thief a final lesson, so that others would be discouraged.
Ultimately, having received permission from the company commander, the girls tied the hands of those being expelled back, placing a knot in them. A piece of paper with the inscription “thief” was pinned on his chest. Then, in this form, she was led through several blocks of Petrograd.
- Bocharnikova writes in her memoirs.
- archive photo
Subscribe and stay up to date with the latest news and the most important events of the day. | 366 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Automobiles are vehicles that use engines to transport people and goods. They can be powered by electricity, steam, gasoline, or diesel. They have become the most common means of transportation in modern society. They have had a profound effect on the economy, culture, and lifestyle of people around the world.
The automobile was invented and perfected in Germany and France in the late 1800s. By the 1920s, American manufacturers were dominating the industry. Henry Ford innovated mass production techniques that became standard in the industry, and companies like Ford, General Motors, and Chrysler emerged as the “Big Three” of the automotive business. The American car industry was able to grow quickly in large part because of the nation’s vast land area, which created a greater need for automotive transportation than European countries could satisfy. The United States had also fewer tariff barriers and cheaper raw materials than Europe, which stimulated the growth of the auto industry.
Cars allow people to travel long distances with ease and in a matter of minutes. They also give people the freedom to go wherever they want and to meet up with friends and family members. Automobiles have been instrumental in the development of paved highways and a new suburban life style that includes shopping centers and suburbs. It also allows for the easier movement of goods in and out of cities. The automobile also has had a positive impact on society in that it gave women the opportunity to work outside the home. Before the automobile, most jobs were held by men. However, as the automobile developed in America, women began to work in factories and other places that were previously reserved for men.
In addition to cars that are used for everyday transportation, there are special automobiles for specific purposes such as police cars, fire trucks, and ambulances. These cars are designed to save lives and protect people from accidents and other incidents. In many cases these cars can be equipped with special equipment such as air bags, smoke detectors and even cameras to record an accident.
In recent times, it has become more common to see people owning multiple automobiles. This is because people need to get to different locations quickly and efficiently. Cars have also become an important symbol of status in society. People who own cars often display them with pride and use them as a way to show off their wealth. This is because owning a car can be expensive, but it is an excellent way to make sure that you always have transportation no matter what happens. In addition, owning a car can give you the privacy you need as it is your personal vehicle. Therefore, if you are looking for the ultimate mode of transportation, the automobile is the best choice. This is because you will be able to travel to any destination in comfort and convenience. In addition, you will be able to carry all your possessions with you. | <urn:uuid:08540083-2661-4742-8d56-6204547d786b> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://suriwongsehotels.com/the-importance-of-automobiles-7/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474617.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225135334-20240225165334-00029.warc.gz | en | 0.983056 | 563 | 3.3125 | 3 | [
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0.06129477545619011... | 1 | Automobiles are vehicles that use engines to transport people and goods. They can be powered by electricity, steam, gasoline, or diesel. They have become the most common means of transportation in modern society. They have had a profound effect on the economy, culture, and lifestyle of people around the world.
The automobile was invented and perfected in Germany and France in the late 1800s. By the 1920s, American manufacturers were dominating the industry. Henry Ford innovated mass production techniques that became standard in the industry, and companies like Ford, General Motors, and Chrysler emerged as the “Big Three” of the automotive business. The American car industry was able to grow quickly in large part because of the nation’s vast land area, which created a greater need for automotive transportation than European countries could satisfy. The United States had also fewer tariff barriers and cheaper raw materials than Europe, which stimulated the growth of the auto industry.
Cars allow people to travel long distances with ease and in a matter of minutes. They also give people the freedom to go wherever they want and to meet up with friends and family members. Automobiles have been instrumental in the development of paved highways and a new suburban life style that includes shopping centers and suburbs. It also allows for the easier movement of goods in and out of cities. The automobile also has had a positive impact on society in that it gave women the opportunity to work outside the home. Before the automobile, most jobs were held by men. However, as the automobile developed in America, women began to work in factories and other places that were previously reserved for men.
In addition to cars that are used for everyday transportation, there are special automobiles for specific purposes such as police cars, fire trucks, and ambulances. These cars are designed to save lives and protect people from accidents and other incidents. In many cases these cars can be equipped with special equipment such as air bags, smoke detectors and even cameras to record an accident.
In recent times, it has become more common to see people owning multiple automobiles. This is because people need to get to different locations quickly and efficiently. Cars have also become an important symbol of status in society. People who own cars often display them with pride and use them as a way to show off their wealth. This is because owning a car can be expensive, but it is an excellent way to make sure that you always have transportation no matter what happens. In addition, owning a car can give you the privacy you need as it is your personal vehicle. Therefore, if you are looking for the ultimate mode of transportation, the automobile is the best choice. This is because you will be able to travel to any destination in comfort and convenience. In addition, you will be able to carry all your possessions with you. | 564 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Amenia is one of the original towns formed by act of March 7, 1788. It comprises the width of the Oblong Tract, and the east tier of lots in the Great Nine Partners Patent.
The first known inhabitants of the area were members of the Pequot people, who had a village in the northeast part of the town on the west side of the Indian Pond called Wechquadnach. The Scatacooks from Connecticut were accustomed to hold pow wows in South Amenia.
In 1703 Richard Sackett was granted a patent for land along Wassaic Creek. As this land was already included in the previous Great Nine Partners Patent, Sackett's title was invalid. Sackett was also one of the partners in the Little Nine Partners Patent. He settled about one mile south of Wassaic at a site called the "Steel Works", as furnace and foundry were established there during the Revolution to manufacture steel for the use of the army. There was a forge at that location as early as 1770.
In 1724 Captain Garret Winegar (Winnegar) came to Amenia Union from East Camp in Columbia County, New York. The Winegars were among the Palatine families from the Middle Rhine that had settled in the Province of New York in 1710 under the sponsorship of Queen Anne. A second Palatine family, that of Johannes Rouh (Rowe), came to Hitchcock's Corner (Amenia Union) sometime prior to 1731. Samuel Hitchcock, for whom the hamlet was named, arrived in about 1757. Dr. Thomas Young lived at the "Corner" for several years and married a daughter of Captain Winegar. The town was named by Young, derived from Latin and meaning "pleasant to the eye".
The house of worship known as the "Red Meeting House" was built in 1758, and stood about a mile northeast of the village of Amenia. George Whitefield preached there in the summer of 1770. The Precinct of Amenia was established by act of the colonial legislature in 1762.
In the summer of 1778, a large number of prisoners - mostly Hessians, taken at the battle of Saratoga the year before - were marched through the town on their way to Fishkill Landing, where they crossed the Hudson. It is said that some of the Hessian soldiers solicited the people to aid them in escaping; a few succeeded, and remained in this country. Jacob Bockee, a captain in the company in Col. Willet's Regiment, was a member of the Assembly in 1795 and 1797, where he introduced a bill for the abolition of slavery in the state. Most of the slaves in the town were manumitted in the manner and under the conditions prescribed by law. Owners were not permitted to make free and cast off any slave who was not capable of providing for himself. In 1824, three years before the completed abolition of slavery in the state, there were 32 slaves in Amenia.
About the year 1812 a company was organized in this town for the manufacture of woolen goods, styled the "Amenia Manufacturing Company". The factory was located on the banks of Webatuck Creek at Leedsville.
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0.350713402032... | 1 | Amenia is one of the original towns formed by act of March 7, 1788. It comprises the width of the Oblong Tract, and the east tier of lots in the Great Nine Partners Patent.
The first known inhabitants of the area were members of the Pequot people, who had a village in the northeast part of the town on the west side of the Indian Pond called Wechquadnach. The Scatacooks from Connecticut were accustomed to hold pow wows in South Amenia.
In 1703 Richard Sackett was granted a patent for land along Wassaic Creek. As this land was already included in the previous Great Nine Partners Patent, Sackett's title was invalid. Sackett was also one of the partners in the Little Nine Partners Patent. He settled about one mile south of Wassaic at a site called the "Steel Works", as furnace and foundry were established there during the Revolution to manufacture steel for the use of the army. There was a forge at that location as early as 1770.
In 1724 Captain Garret Winegar (Winnegar) came to Amenia Union from East Camp in Columbia County, New York. The Winegars were among the Palatine families from the Middle Rhine that had settled in the Province of New York in 1710 under the sponsorship of Queen Anne. A second Palatine family, that of Johannes Rouh (Rowe), came to Hitchcock's Corner (Amenia Union) sometime prior to 1731. Samuel Hitchcock, for whom the hamlet was named, arrived in about 1757. Dr. Thomas Young lived at the "Corner" for several years and married a daughter of Captain Winegar. The town was named by Young, derived from Latin and meaning "pleasant to the eye".
The house of worship known as the "Red Meeting House" was built in 1758, and stood about a mile northeast of the village of Amenia. George Whitefield preached there in the summer of 1770. The Precinct of Amenia was established by act of the colonial legislature in 1762.
In the summer of 1778, a large number of prisoners - mostly Hessians, taken at the battle of Saratoga the year before - were marched through the town on their way to Fishkill Landing, where they crossed the Hudson. It is said that some of the Hessian soldiers solicited the people to aid them in escaping; a few succeeded, and remained in this country. Jacob Bockee, a captain in the company in Col. Willet's Regiment, was a member of the Assembly in 1795 and 1797, where he introduced a bill for the abolition of slavery in the state. Most of the slaves in the town were manumitted in the manner and under the conditions prescribed by law. Owners were not permitted to make free and cast off any slave who was not capable of providing for himself. In 1824, three years before the completed abolition of slavery in the state, there were 32 slaves in Amenia.
About the year 1812 a company was organized in this town for the manufacture of woolen goods, styled the "Amenia Manufacturing Company". The factory was located on the banks of Webatuck Creek at Leedsville.
The Town of Amenia was officially formed in 1788. | 728 | ENGLISH | 1 |
War is declared
Hitler now boosted by his earlier successes, signed a non-aggression agreement with Soviet Russia. On 1 Sept 1939, he went ahead with his invasion of Poland, confident that the British and French were unlikely to make good their guarantees to Poland. However he miscalculated and the British and French Governments issued an ultimatum to Germany to halt their attack. This ultimatum expired at 11am on 3 Sept 1939 and Britain was once more at war.
Hitler’s troops rapidly invaded Norway, Denmark, Holland, Belgium and France. Italy, in alliance with Germany, threatened British interests in the Mediterranean Sea and North Africa.
British forces were unable to halt the Germans in Northern France, and had to be rescued from Dunkirk. Hitler threatened to invade Britain, and his air force – the Luftwaffe – made many attacks across the skies of Kent. Britain and the Commonwealth countries were very much alone. | <urn:uuid:b3492e69-9282-4920-9209-c1d4a808303e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://sharpshooters.org.uk/stories/ViewStory/12?page=2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473690.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222030017-20240222060017-00785.warc.gz | en | 0.988522 | 192 | 3.3125 | 3 | [
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0.50756800174... | 1 | War is declared
Hitler now boosted by his earlier successes, signed a non-aggression agreement with Soviet Russia. On 1 Sept 1939, he went ahead with his invasion of Poland, confident that the British and French were unlikely to make good their guarantees to Poland. However he miscalculated and the British and French Governments issued an ultimatum to Germany to halt their attack. This ultimatum expired at 11am on 3 Sept 1939 and Britain was once more at war.
Hitler’s troops rapidly invaded Norway, Denmark, Holland, Belgium and France. Italy, in alliance with Germany, threatened British interests in the Mediterranean Sea and North Africa.
British forces were unable to halt the Germans in Northern France, and had to be rescued from Dunkirk. Hitler threatened to invade Britain, and his air force – the Luftwaffe – made many attacks across the skies of Kent. Britain and the Commonwealth countries were very much alone. | 198 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Few authors can be credited with influencing American literature as much as Edgar Allan Poe. Poe is deemed the father of modern detective stories and helped build Gothic horror as a genre. He is also considered one of the first authors to use sci-fi horror in literature. Poe is the author most think about when talking about the Gothic writing style. Poe’s journey started at an early age, and as he grew to be older, he would release countless literary works that will be discussed for centuries to come. He held himself to the idea of ‘art for art’s sake’. Even at an early age in his writing career, Poe paid close attention to the literary devices he wrote to give his short stories and poems an iconic feel. If Poe had never started writing, other works of literature might not exist. His writing style helped influence and inspire others. Many authors use writing to express deeper emotions, and Poe’s life was full of death and sadness.
Edgar Allan Poe was born on January 19th, 1809. Shortly after Edgar’s birth, his father, David Poe, abandoned his wife and three young children. At the age of two, Edgar’s mother died of tuberculosis. After his mother’s death, Poe was taken under the care of Frances and John Allan. John was a well-off merchant in Richmond and sent Edgar to Scotland and the UAE to study between 1815 and 1820. Poe would return to the States and decided to attend the University of Virginia at seventeen. Poe did not attend the University of Virginia for long as debt from tuition and gambling overwhelmed him. Upon returning home, Poe discovered that his fiancée, Elmira Royster, had become engaged to another man. Poe quickly moved to Boston, where he would publish his first poems. After joining the military at eighteen, Poe would be eventually court marshaled for dereliction of duty. Poe would then move from place to place, releasing collections of poetry. He would eventually settle down and begin a job as editor of the Southern Literary Messenger, where he made his name as a critical reviewer. Poe’s Aunt and cousin would come to live with him in Richmond, and after a year, he and his cousin, Virginia, would marry. Poe began to become an alcoholic, which would cause him to lose his job and affect his life for years to come. Poe would move back and forth from New York to Philadelphia over the next several years and publish some of his best works of literature. In 1845, Poe released his most famous poem ‘The Raven’, which made Poe known across the nation. Poe became the first American writer to live off the earnings from their writings. Sadly, Poe’s wife Virginia would die in 1847 from tuberculosis. After her death, Poe moved back to Richmond and became engaged to Elmira Royster again in 1849. While traveling to New York, Poe was found delirious in a tavern before being taken to Washington University Hospital. He spent four days in and out of consciousness before dying on October 7th, 1849. To this day, the exact cause of death is still unknown. Even with his short life, Poe released several works of literature that still captivate readers.
Poe is known for his poems and short stories. Each one plays to the emotions of the reader. Most of Poe’s stories have elements of paranoia, delusions, guilt, and obsessions. ‘The Tell-Tale Heart’, considered one of Poe’s most significant works, touches most of the elements common to his stories. ‘The Tell-Tale Heart’ has one of his most iconic scenes, where the heart of a murdered man can be heard beating through the floorboards. ‘The Tell-Tale Heart’ is an excellent example of psychological and supernatural horror used in Poe’s stories. Another one of his works, ‘The Pit and the Pendulum’, touches on suspense to the threat of imminent death. The Spanish Inquisition tortures the narrator, and with each word, the suspense rises. ‘The Pit and the Pendulum’ has readers taken to the edge, never knowing if the next moment will be the narrator’s last. Another one of Poe’s works that use the passage of time to help build suspense is ‘The Cask of Amontillado’. In this dark short story, the protagonist, Montressor, lures an acquaintance who wronged him to meet his demise. The acquaintance, Fortunato, is lured into a crypt, where Montressor slowly walls him up, leaving him to die. As readers, we never discover the exact reasoning for wanting the man dead. Poe’s most iconic work of literature is his poem ‘The Raven’, which touches on images of grief and loss. ‘The Raven’ is what made Poe a national icon, and with it, his legacy grew.
Throughout his life, Poe released works of literature that were able to captivate audiences for decades after his death. During life, Poe was seen as a man of duality: he was able to set up scenes in his poems that could horrify or be endearing. Some of Poe’s most well-known works are based in a darker setting, allowing for terror and dread to grow with the audience as they read. His capabilities to play off the primal emotions of dread and fear are what captivated most of his audiences. Even with this capability to use darker emotions, Poe would write of the beauty he saw in the world. ‘Annabel Lee’ and ‘To Helen’ are prime examples of his expression of his view on the beauty and kindness of women. Outside of his work, Poe was considered to be a pleasant man by most. Poe would interact with fans by reading his poems and even once apologized to a fan for not having a pet raven. Countless authors recognized Poe across the globe for his greatness. But even with this praise, some critics would consider his writing vulgar, artistically debased, and juvenile. The most shocking of these criticisms came from a past friend named R.W. Griswold in a libelous obituary notice in the New York Tribune. Even with the negatives that critics published, Poe’s impact on literature cannot be disputed.
Poe pioneered Gothic horror as a genre, paving a path for authors and others to make countless iconic works of art throughout the decades. Without Poe, works of literature such as H.P. Lovecraft’s would not exist. He is also considered the father of modern detective stories. It is said that the narrative ‘The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket’ was an inspiration for Herman Melville’s ‘Moby-Dick’. In the international circle, Poe was considered a genius of literature. In the French literature front, Poe was used as a model of poetry and criticism. Poe’s worldwide renown can be credited to being helped by the persuasions of French poets Charles Baudelaire and Stéphane Mallarmé. Poe’s influence was not limited to set genres of Gothic horror, as his writing style can be used for poems and stories across all genres of literature.
Poe was a firm believer in ‘art for art’s sake’. He wanted to share works from his imagination, rather than have them serve some purpose for some gain, such as a political standing. Poe would also stand by this belief while criticizing others’ works. Poe would pay attention to how poems were written. Poe used repetition, internal rhyme, alliteration, and assonance to help give his poems and stories an iconic feel and sound while reading aloud. An excellent example of this style would be ‘The Bells’, where ‘bells’ is used in repetition throughout to give a sense of tone to each bell, allowing the reader to imagine the ringing with each repetition. As a critic, Poe judged harshly on meter, structure, and correctness of language. Poe’s view on literature is a prime example of what authors of fiction should strive for, rather than using their position as public figures to push an agenda.
Even with some of the darker things in Poe’s life, it is impossible not to credit him with what he achieved in his lifetime. He overcame several hardships throughout his life, and with his skills in writing, he was able to become the first American author to live off his earnings from his writing. He helped create several genres that we can enjoy today. Without him, the Gothic horror and the modern mystery genres as we know them today would not exist. As a historical figure, he and his works of literature should be studied for their impact on our society. His impact and influence can be seen even to this day. | <urn:uuid:e161ca1b-d2af-4ec3-b299-200e8f67fd68> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://edubirdie.com/examples/edgar-allan-poes-life-and-achievements-essay/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475825.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302120344-20240302150344-00176.warc.gz | en | 0.985303 | 1,832 | 3.59375 | 4 | [
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0.144955962896... | 1 | Few authors can be credited with influencing American literature as much as Edgar Allan Poe. Poe is deemed the father of modern detective stories and helped build Gothic horror as a genre. He is also considered one of the first authors to use sci-fi horror in literature. Poe is the author most think about when talking about the Gothic writing style. Poe’s journey started at an early age, and as he grew to be older, he would release countless literary works that will be discussed for centuries to come. He held himself to the idea of ‘art for art’s sake’. Even at an early age in his writing career, Poe paid close attention to the literary devices he wrote to give his short stories and poems an iconic feel. If Poe had never started writing, other works of literature might not exist. His writing style helped influence and inspire others. Many authors use writing to express deeper emotions, and Poe’s life was full of death and sadness.
Edgar Allan Poe was born on January 19th, 1809. Shortly after Edgar’s birth, his father, David Poe, abandoned his wife and three young children. At the age of two, Edgar’s mother died of tuberculosis. After his mother’s death, Poe was taken under the care of Frances and John Allan. John was a well-off merchant in Richmond and sent Edgar to Scotland and the UAE to study between 1815 and 1820. Poe would return to the States and decided to attend the University of Virginia at seventeen. Poe did not attend the University of Virginia for long as debt from tuition and gambling overwhelmed him. Upon returning home, Poe discovered that his fiancée, Elmira Royster, had become engaged to another man. Poe quickly moved to Boston, where he would publish his first poems. After joining the military at eighteen, Poe would be eventually court marshaled for dereliction of duty. Poe would then move from place to place, releasing collections of poetry. He would eventually settle down and begin a job as editor of the Southern Literary Messenger, where he made his name as a critical reviewer. Poe’s Aunt and cousin would come to live with him in Richmond, and after a year, he and his cousin, Virginia, would marry. Poe began to become an alcoholic, which would cause him to lose his job and affect his life for years to come. Poe would move back and forth from New York to Philadelphia over the next several years and publish some of his best works of literature. In 1845, Poe released his most famous poem ‘The Raven’, which made Poe known across the nation. Poe became the first American writer to live off the earnings from their writings. Sadly, Poe’s wife Virginia would die in 1847 from tuberculosis. After her death, Poe moved back to Richmond and became engaged to Elmira Royster again in 1849. While traveling to New York, Poe was found delirious in a tavern before being taken to Washington University Hospital. He spent four days in and out of consciousness before dying on October 7th, 1849. To this day, the exact cause of death is still unknown. Even with his short life, Poe released several works of literature that still captivate readers.
Poe is known for his poems and short stories. Each one plays to the emotions of the reader. Most of Poe’s stories have elements of paranoia, delusions, guilt, and obsessions. ‘The Tell-Tale Heart’, considered one of Poe’s most significant works, touches most of the elements common to his stories. ‘The Tell-Tale Heart’ has one of his most iconic scenes, where the heart of a murdered man can be heard beating through the floorboards. ‘The Tell-Tale Heart’ is an excellent example of psychological and supernatural horror used in Poe’s stories. Another one of his works, ‘The Pit and the Pendulum’, touches on suspense to the threat of imminent death. The Spanish Inquisition tortures the narrator, and with each word, the suspense rises. ‘The Pit and the Pendulum’ has readers taken to the edge, never knowing if the next moment will be the narrator’s last. Another one of Poe’s works that use the passage of time to help build suspense is ‘The Cask of Amontillado’. In this dark short story, the protagonist, Montressor, lures an acquaintance who wronged him to meet his demise. The acquaintance, Fortunato, is lured into a crypt, where Montressor slowly walls him up, leaving him to die. As readers, we never discover the exact reasoning for wanting the man dead. Poe’s most iconic work of literature is his poem ‘The Raven’, which touches on images of grief and loss. ‘The Raven’ is what made Poe a national icon, and with it, his legacy grew.
Throughout his life, Poe released works of literature that were able to captivate audiences for decades after his death. During life, Poe was seen as a man of duality: he was able to set up scenes in his poems that could horrify or be endearing. Some of Poe’s most well-known works are based in a darker setting, allowing for terror and dread to grow with the audience as they read. His capabilities to play off the primal emotions of dread and fear are what captivated most of his audiences. Even with this capability to use darker emotions, Poe would write of the beauty he saw in the world. ‘Annabel Lee’ and ‘To Helen’ are prime examples of his expression of his view on the beauty and kindness of women. Outside of his work, Poe was considered to be a pleasant man by most. Poe would interact with fans by reading his poems and even once apologized to a fan for not having a pet raven. Countless authors recognized Poe across the globe for his greatness. But even with this praise, some critics would consider his writing vulgar, artistically debased, and juvenile. The most shocking of these criticisms came from a past friend named R.W. Griswold in a libelous obituary notice in the New York Tribune. Even with the negatives that critics published, Poe’s impact on literature cannot be disputed.
Poe pioneered Gothic horror as a genre, paving a path for authors and others to make countless iconic works of art throughout the decades. Without Poe, works of literature such as H.P. Lovecraft’s would not exist. He is also considered the father of modern detective stories. It is said that the narrative ‘The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket’ was an inspiration for Herman Melville’s ‘Moby-Dick’. In the international circle, Poe was considered a genius of literature. In the French literature front, Poe was used as a model of poetry and criticism. Poe’s worldwide renown can be credited to being helped by the persuasions of French poets Charles Baudelaire and Stéphane Mallarmé. Poe’s influence was not limited to set genres of Gothic horror, as his writing style can be used for poems and stories across all genres of literature.
Poe was a firm believer in ‘art for art’s sake’. He wanted to share works from his imagination, rather than have them serve some purpose for some gain, such as a political standing. Poe would also stand by this belief while criticizing others’ works. Poe would pay attention to how poems were written. Poe used repetition, internal rhyme, alliteration, and assonance to help give his poems and stories an iconic feel and sound while reading aloud. An excellent example of this style would be ‘The Bells’, where ‘bells’ is used in repetition throughout to give a sense of tone to each bell, allowing the reader to imagine the ringing with each repetition. As a critic, Poe judged harshly on meter, structure, and correctness of language. Poe’s view on literature is a prime example of what authors of fiction should strive for, rather than using their position as public figures to push an agenda.
Even with some of the darker things in Poe’s life, it is impossible not to credit him with what he achieved in his lifetime. He overcame several hardships throughout his life, and with his skills in writing, he was able to become the first American author to live off his earnings from his writing. He helped create several genres that we can enjoy today. Without him, the Gothic horror and the modern mystery genres as we know them today would not exist. As a historical figure, he and his works of literature should be studied for their impact on our society. His impact and influence can be seen even to this day. | 1,758 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The motivational journey of Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, is a fascinating tale of determination, resilience, and unwavering belief in his ideals. From his humble beginnings in a log cabin to becoming a legendary leader who guided a divided nation through the Civil War, Lincoln’s motivations were deeply rooted in his unwavering commitment to preserving the Union and championing the rights of all citizens. This journey of motivation and personal growth provides invaluable lessons for individuals aspiring to overcome challenges and make a lasting impact on the world.
Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, is widely regarded as one of the greatest leaders in American history. However, his journey towards success was not easy. Born on February 12, 1809, in a log cabin in Kentucky, Lincoln experienced numerous hardships and setbacks throughout his life that would ultimately shape his character and fuel his motivation.
Growing up in a modest family, Lincoln faced poverty and limited access to education. His father, Thomas Lincoln, was a farmer, and his mother, Nancy Hanks Lincoln, passed away when he was just nine years old. Despite these challenging circumstances, Lincoln’s thirst for knowledge remained insatiable.
With limited formal education, Lincoln took it upon himself to learn and grow intellectually. He voraciously read books, borrowed from neighbors and friends, to expand his horizons and gain knowledge about various subjects. This self-education played a significant role in shaping his worldview and sharpening his critical thinking abilities.
Lincoln’s interest in politics began to take shape during his early adulthood. He started his political career in Illinois, serving in the state legislature and later running for Congress. However, his initial attempts at political success were met with failure, experiencing a series of defeats in various elections.
Despite these setbacks, Lincoln refused to let failure define him. He remained resilient and determined, constantly honing his skills as a public speaker, lawyer, and debater. He recognized that setbacks were an inevitable part of any journey and used them as stepping stones towards personal growth and improvement.
The turning point in Lincoln’s political career came with the outbreak of the American Civil War. As the nation became divided, Lincoln found himself at the helm of a deeply divided country, facing the immense challenge of preserving the Union and abolishing slavery.
Lincoln’s leadership during the Civil War demonstrated his unwavering commitment to his principles and his ability to navigate through challenging times. His motivational journey can be seen through the lens of his leadership style and the decisions he made during this tumultuous period.
Abraham Lincoln’s motivational journey serves as a testament to the power of resilience, determination, and empathy. From his humble beginnings to his leadership during the Civil War, Lincoln’s story inspires individuals facing challenges. Embracing adversity, staying true to principles, and embodying empathy are key lessons to learn from his journey.
Lincoln’s leadership was characterized by his ability to embrace adversity and turn it into an opportunity for growth. Instead of shying away from the challenges presented by the Civil War, he confronted them head-on, displaying courage and determination.
One of the most iconic moments in Lincoln’s motivational journey was the delivery of the Gettysburg Address. In this powerful speech, Lincoln eloquently expressed his commitment to the ideals of liberty, equality, and democracy. Despite the devastating toll of the war, he emphasized the importance of preserving the Union and ensuring that the sacrifices made would not be in vain.
Throughout his life, Lincoln exhibited remarkable resilience and empathy, traits that further fueled his motivation and endeared him to the American people.
Lincoln’s ability to empathize with others, even in the face of adversity, set him apart as a leader. He understood the struggles and sacrifices of the soldiers on the battlefield and the anguish of the families torn apart by the war. This empathy allowed him to connect with the people and inspire them to persevere.
One of Lincoln’s most significant contributions to American history was the Emancipation Proclamation. By issuing this executive order, he declared that all slaves in Confederate territory were to be set free. This act demonstrated his commitment to justice and equality and further solidified his place in history as a champion of human rights.
Abraham Lincoln’s motivational journey continues to inspire individuals around the world. His ability to overcome adversity, his unwavering commitment to justice, and his profound empathy serve as a testament to the power of resilience and determination.
There are several valuable lessons that can be learned from Lincoln’s motivational journey. These include:
In conclusion, Abraham Lincoln’s motivational journey is a testament to the power of resilience, determination, and empathy. From his humble beginnings to his leadership during the Civil War, Lincoln’s story serves as an inspiration for individuals facing their own challenges. By embracing adversity, staying true to his principles, and embodying empathy, Lincoln left an indelible mark on American history and continues to motivate and inspire people to this day.
Abraham Lincoln’s life was filled with numerous challenges. He was born into poverty and experienced the loss of his mother at a young age. Lincoln faced limited access to education and had to teach himself many subjects. Throughout his career, he encountered multiple business failures and financial hardships. Additionally, he experienced personal tragedies, including the deaths of his siblings, children, and eventually his own assassination. Despite these adversities, Lincoln was able to persevere and rise above the challenges he faced.
Abraham Lincoln’s work ethic was shaped by his early years. Growing up in a farming family, he was accustomed to hard physical labor. Lincoln inherited his father’s strong work ethic, which instilled the values of persistence and dedication in him. His determination to overcome poverty and educate himself drove him to work tirelessly. Lincoln’s commitment to his work and never-give-up attitude played a significant role in his motivational journey.
One of Abraham Lincoln’s greatest accomplishments was his role in preserving the Union during the American Civil War. As the 16th President of the United States, he successfully navigated the country through the conflict, signed the Emancipation Proclamation, and eventually paved the way for the abolition of slavery. Lincoln is also known for delivering powerful speeches, including the Gettysburg Address, which has become one of the most important speeches in American history.
Abraham Lincoln drew motivation from various sources during challenging periods. His steadfast belief in the principles of equality and justice fueled his determination to end slavery and preserve the Union. Lincoln sought solace in reading and educating himself, as he found inspiration in the works of great thinkers and writers. He also surrounded himself with a strong support system, relying on friends and advisors who provided encouragement and guidance. Through his faith in the American people and his vision for a better future, Lincoln kept his motivation alive even during the darkest times.
Like any human being, Abraham Lincoln had his share of doubts and moments of uncertainty. He faced personal tragedies, political setbacks, and the immense pressure of leading a divided nation during a time of war. However, Lincoln’s strong sense of purpose and his unwavering belief in the causes he championed helped him overcome these periods of doubt. He often turned to writing and reflection to find clarity and renewed motivation. Ultimately, despite the challenges he faced, Lincoln’s determination and resilience propelled him forward on his motivational journey. | <urn:uuid:f2124e74-04bf-46a7-a65c-c92543d2fba0> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.abmotivation.com/the-motivational-journey-of-abraham-lincoln/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473472.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221102433-20240221132433-00624.warc.gz | en | 0.981906 | 1,524 | 4.3125 | 4 | [
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0.3171313405036... | 1 | The motivational journey of Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, is a fascinating tale of determination, resilience, and unwavering belief in his ideals. From his humble beginnings in a log cabin to becoming a legendary leader who guided a divided nation through the Civil War, Lincoln’s motivations were deeply rooted in his unwavering commitment to preserving the Union and championing the rights of all citizens. This journey of motivation and personal growth provides invaluable lessons for individuals aspiring to overcome challenges and make a lasting impact on the world.
Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, is widely regarded as one of the greatest leaders in American history. However, his journey towards success was not easy. Born on February 12, 1809, in a log cabin in Kentucky, Lincoln experienced numerous hardships and setbacks throughout his life that would ultimately shape his character and fuel his motivation.
Growing up in a modest family, Lincoln faced poverty and limited access to education. His father, Thomas Lincoln, was a farmer, and his mother, Nancy Hanks Lincoln, passed away when he was just nine years old. Despite these challenging circumstances, Lincoln’s thirst for knowledge remained insatiable.
With limited formal education, Lincoln took it upon himself to learn and grow intellectually. He voraciously read books, borrowed from neighbors and friends, to expand his horizons and gain knowledge about various subjects. This self-education played a significant role in shaping his worldview and sharpening his critical thinking abilities.
Lincoln’s interest in politics began to take shape during his early adulthood. He started his political career in Illinois, serving in the state legislature and later running for Congress. However, his initial attempts at political success were met with failure, experiencing a series of defeats in various elections.
Despite these setbacks, Lincoln refused to let failure define him. He remained resilient and determined, constantly honing his skills as a public speaker, lawyer, and debater. He recognized that setbacks were an inevitable part of any journey and used them as stepping stones towards personal growth and improvement.
The turning point in Lincoln’s political career came with the outbreak of the American Civil War. As the nation became divided, Lincoln found himself at the helm of a deeply divided country, facing the immense challenge of preserving the Union and abolishing slavery.
Lincoln’s leadership during the Civil War demonstrated his unwavering commitment to his principles and his ability to navigate through challenging times. His motivational journey can be seen through the lens of his leadership style and the decisions he made during this tumultuous period.
Abraham Lincoln’s motivational journey serves as a testament to the power of resilience, determination, and empathy. From his humble beginnings to his leadership during the Civil War, Lincoln’s story inspires individuals facing challenges. Embracing adversity, staying true to principles, and embodying empathy are key lessons to learn from his journey.
Lincoln’s leadership was characterized by his ability to embrace adversity and turn it into an opportunity for growth. Instead of shying away from the challenges presented by the Civil War, he confronted them head-on, displaying courage and determination.
One of the most iconic moments in Lincoln’s motivational journey was the delivery of the Gettysburg Address. In this powerful speech, Lincoln eloquently expressed his commitment to the ideals of liberty, equality, and democracy. Despite the devastating toll of the war, he emphasized the importance of preserving the Union and ensuring that the sacrifices made would not be in vain.
Throughout his life, Lincoln exhibited remarkable resilience and empathy, traits that further fueled his motivation and endeared him to the American people.
Lincoln’s ability to empathize with others, even in the face of adversity, set him apart as a leader. He understood the struggles and sacrifices of the soldiers on the battlefield and the anguish of the families torn apart by the war. This empathy allowed him to connect with the people and inspire them to persevere.
One of Lincoln’s most significant contributions to American history was the Emancipation Proclamation. By issuing this executive order, he declared that all slaves in Confederate territory were to be set free. This act demonstrated his commitment to justice and equality and further solidified his place in history as a champion of human rights.
Abraham Lincoln’s motivational journey continues to inspire individuals around the world. His ability to overcome adversity, his unwavering commitment to justice, and his profound empathy serve as a testament to the power of resilience and determination.
There are several valuable lessons that can be learned from Lincoln’s motivational journey. These include:
In conclusion, Abraham Lincoln’s motivational journey is a testament to the power of resilience, determination, and empathy. From his humble beginnings to his leadership during the Civil War, Lincoln’s story serves as an inspiration for individuals facing their own challenges. By embracing adversity, staying true to his principles, and embodying empathy, Lincoln left an indelible mark on American history and continues to motivate and inspire people to this day.
Abraham Lincoln’s life was filled with numerous challenges. He was born into poverty and experienced the loss of his mother at a young age. Lincoln faced limited access to education and had to teach himself many subjects. Throughout his career, he encountered multiple business failures and financial hardships. Additionally, he experienced personal tragedies, including the deaths of his siblings, children, and eventually his own assassination. Despite these adversities, Lincoln was able to persevere and rise above the challenges he faced.
Abraham Lincoln’s work ethic was shaped by his early years. Growing up in a farming family, he was accustomed to hard physical labor. Lincoln inherited his father’s strong work ethic, which instilled the values of persistence and dedication in him. His determination to overcome poverty and educate himself drove him to work tirelessly. Lincoln’s commitment to his work and never-give-up attitude played a significant role in his motivational journey.
One of Abraham Lincoln’s greatest accomplishments was his role in preserving the Union during the American Civil War. As the 16th President of the United States, he successfully navigated the country through the conflict, signed the Emancipation Proclamation, and eventually paved the way for the abolition of slavery. Lincoln is also known for delivering powerful speeches, including the Gettysburg Address, which has become one of the most important speeches in American history.
Abraham Lincoln drew motivation from various sources during challenging periods. His steadfast belief in the principles of equality and justice fueled his determination to end slavery and preserve the Union. Lincoln sought solace in reading and educating himself, as he found inspiration in the works of great thinkers and writers. He also surrounded himself with a strong support system, relying on friends and advisors who provided encouragement and guidance. Through his faith in the American people and his vision for a better future, Lincoln kept his motivation alive even during the darkest times.
Like any human being, Abraham Lincoln had his share of doubts and moments of uncertainty. He faced personal tragedies, political setbacks, and the immense pressure of leading a divided nation during a time of war. However, Lincoln’s strong sense of purpose and his unwavering belief in the causes he championed helped him overcome these periods of doubt. He often turned to writing and reflection to find clarity and renewed motivation. Ultimately, despite the challenges he faced, Lincoln’s determination and resilience propelled him forward on his motivational journey. | 1,478 | ENGLISH | 1 |
A new study has shown that people vaccinated against Ebola who still developed the disease had a substantially lower risk of dying than people who were not vaccinated, even if they received the vaccine when they were already infected with the virus.
It confirms just how major an advancement the Ebola vaccine remains; the study is the first to show that in addition to preventing infections, the vaccine can save some people who are already sick with the often fatal disease.
The research, based on data from the massive 2018-2020 Ebola Zaire outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, showed that the risk of dying of Ebola was halved among people who had been vaccinated with a single dose of Merck’s Ervebo before developing symptoms — including those who had only received the vaccine a day or two before becoming ill. While that is not enough time for the immune system to develop a robust response to a vaccine, there was clearly a benefit. The case fatality among people who had been vaccinated two or fewer days prior to becoming ill was 27%, compared to 56% among people who were unvaccinated.
“That’s a huge finding,” said Rebecca Coulborn, first author of the paper, which was published online in the journal Lancet Infectious Diseases late last week. “We know now that vaccination is better late than never. So this is one more reason to use the Ebola vaccine.”
Coulborn is an epidemiologist with Epicentre, a Paris-based division of Doctors Without Borders, which is known by the acronym from its name in French, MSF. She was part of a team of researchers from MSF and DRC’s National Institute for Biomedical Research that published the study, analyzing data from 2,279 confirmed Ebola patients from the 2018-2020 outbreak in northeastern DRC.
The scientists who developed this vaccine have long thought it could be used in a post-exposure setting, to improve the survival odds of people who have already contracted the disease. That belief was based on work done in animals — mice, guinea pigs, and non-human primates — and published in 2007 in the journal PLOS Pathogens.
In 2009, a German researcher pricked her finger with a syringe containing Ebola viruses, and was given the then-unlicensed vaccine in a bid to help her survive. She developed a fever — which could have been triggered by the disease or by the vaccine — but no other symptoms. It was never clear if she was infected or if the vaccine cut short her infection.
Still, before the development of effective antibody therapies for Ebola Zaire, this vaccine was considered the best hope for anyone exposed to Ebola. The various types of ebolaviruses, which belong to the filovirus family, have a case fatality rate of upward of 50%.
“Basically all of the filovirus researchers were saying, ‘Man, if I ever have an accidental exposure to filovirus, I’m very quickly going to have an accidental exposure to the vaccine,’” Armand Sprecher, an MSF physician who has been involved in Ebola outbreak responses dating back to 2000, told STAT. Sprecher was not an author of this paper.
Paradoxically, a recent attempt to replicate in primates the earlier findings of post-exposure benefit of the vaccine failed. Heinz Feldmann — who led development of Ervebo — and colleagues at the National Institutes of Health’s Rocky Mountain Laboratories in Hamilton, Mont., showed that macaques that were vaccinated after being injected with a lethal dose of Ebola had a slower progression of disease, but there was no survival advantage over control animals that didn’t receive the vaccine.
A paper reporting those results was published last July in the Journal of Infectious Diseases. It is not clear why that study failed to show that the vaccine was protective when given in a post-exposure setting.
But the concerns that research raised will be assuaged by the new study, the first to show a benefit of post-exposure use of the vaccine in people.
In the DRC outbreak, the Ministry of Health agreed to collect standardized data on suspected and confirmed cases at all Ebola treatment centers using a tool called a line list that Epicentre had developed. This outbreak was the first time the tool was used. While some of the entries were incomplete — vaccination status was missing from the entries of 841 of 2,279 confirmed cases used in the analysis — there is sufficient data to mine to look at questions like this one.
Coulborn and her co-authors compared the fatality rates of people who had been vaccinated to those who were known to be unvaccinated. Overall, the fatality rate among the vaccinated patients was 25%.
The longer it had been since an Ebola patient had been vaccinated, the better their chances of surviving. For people who had been vaccinated three to nine days before developing symptoms, the fatality rate was 20%; for those vaccinated 10 or more days before symptom onset it was 18%. The incubation period for Ebola runs from two to 21 days, meaning that anyone who developed symptoms in the three weeks after being vaccinated may have already been infected when they received the vaccine.
It’s believed that it takes about 10 days for the immune system to mount a robust response to this vaccine, so it would not have been surprising if there had been no survival advantage seen in people who developed symptoms in nine or fewer days since vaccination. That a benefit was shown among people who had been vaccinated two or fewer days before symptom onset suggests that before triggering the development of Ebola-specific antibodies, the vaccine may activate the innate immune response — the body’s first line of defense against invading pathogens. Ebola dampens the innate immune response; the vaccine may override that effect, Sprecher said.
Analysis of the data also revealed that people who had been vaccinated were less viremic — they had significantly lower levels of virus in their bodies. That could have helped those patients survive, the study suggested. In an interview, Coulborn said lower levels of virus in infected people could also help in the containment of Ebola outbreaks, potentially cutting the rate at which transmission occurs.
Another interesting finding of the study was that people who developed Ebola after having been vaccinated were treated as effectively with Ebola antibody products as people who had not been vaccinated. There was a theoretical concern that there might be some interference between the antibodies being developed in response to vaccination and the treatments used to try to cure the disease.
“Our results suggest no antagonistic effect between the vaccine and monoclonal antibody treatment, even when it is administered within a short interval,” the study noted.
That will give people working to quell Ebola outbreaks confidence that the vaccine can be given to people who have been exposed to an Ebola patient without risking their chances of responding to the antibody treatments, should they go on to develop symptoms themselves.
“The nice thing is, as they pointed out, that this is not in competition with the therapeutics,” Sprecher said. “So vaccine plus therapeutic is even better than either alone.”
Feldmann, who was not involved in the new study, admitted he was excited by the findings. “I think it’s very good. I don’t want to say, ‘Yes, we told you before,’ but it’s of course very assuring,” he said. | <urn:uuid:586d10ba-e995-450e-a114-691d7812fbb4> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://oscalenews.com/529086-ebola-vaccine-can-save-some-who-are-already-sick-per-new-study/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476464.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304165127-20240304195127-00384.warc.gz | en | 0.982591 | 1,536 | 3.734375 | 4 | [
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-0.04815083742141... | 1 | A new study has shown that people vaccinated against Ebola who still developed the disease had a substantially lower risk of dying than people who were not vaccinated, even if they received the vaccine when they were already infected with the virus.
It confirms just how major an advancement the Ebola vaccine remains; the study is the first to show that in addition to preventing infections, the vaccine can save some people who are already sick with the often fatal disease.
The research, based on data from the massive 2018-2020 Ebola Zaire outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, showed that the risk of dying of Ebola was halved among people who had been vaccinated with a single dose of Merck’s Ervebo before developing symptoms — including those who had only received the vaccine a day or two before becoming ill. While that is not enough time for the immune system to develop a robust response to a vaccine, there was clearly a benefit. The case fatality among people who had been vaccinated two or fewer days prior to becoming ill was 27%, compared to 56% among people who were unvaccinated.
“That’s a huge finding,” said Rebecca Coulborn, first author of the paper, which was published online in the journal Lancet Infectious Diseases late last week. “We know now that vaccination is better late than never. So this is one more reason to use the Ebola vaccine.”
Coulborn is an epidemiologist with Epicentre, a Paris-based division of Doctors Without Borders, which is known by the acronym from its name in French, MSF. She was part of a team of researchers from MSF and DRC’s National Institute for Biomedical Research that published the study, analyzing data from 2,279 confirmed Ebola patients from the 2018-2020 outbreak in northeastern DRC.
The scientists who developed this vaccine have long thought it could be used in a post-exposure setting, to improve the survival odds of people who have already contracted the disease. That belief was based on work done in animals — mice, guinea pigs, and non-human primates — and published in 2007 in the journal PLOS Pathogens.
In 2009, a German researcher pricked her finger with a syringe containing Ebola viruses, and was given the then-unlicensed vaccine in a bid to help her survive. She developed a fever — which could have been triggered by the disease or by the vaccine — but no other symptoms. It was never clear if she was infected or if the vaccine cut short her infection.
Still, before the development of effective antibody therapies for Ebola Zaire, this vaccine was considered the best hope for anyone exposed to Ebola. The various types of ebolaviruses, which belong to the filovirus family, have a case fatality rate of upward of 50%.
“Basically all of the filovirus researchers were saying, ‘Man, if I ever have an accidental exposure to filovirus, I’m very quickly going to have an accidental exposure to the vaccine,’” Armand Sprecher, an MSF physician who has been involved in Ebola outbreak responses dating back to 2000, told STAT. Sprecher was not an author of this paper.
Paradoxically, a recent attempt to replicate in primates the earlier findings of post-exposure benefit of the vaccine failed. Heinz Feldmann — who led development of Ervebo — and colleagues at the National Institutes of Health’s Rocky Mountain Laboratories in Hamilton, Mont., showed that macaques that were vaccinated after being injected with a lethal dose of Ebola had a slower progression of disease, but there was no survival advantage over control animals that didn’t receive the vaccine.
A paper reporting those results was published last July in the Journal of Infectious Diseases. It is not clear why that study failed to show that the vaccine was protective when given in a post-exposure setting.
But the concerns that research raised will be assuaged by the new study, the first to show a benefit of post-exposure use of the vaccine in people.
In the DRC outbreak, the Ministry of Health agreed to collect standardized data on suspected and confirmed cases at all Ebola treatment centers using a tool called a line list that Epicentre had developed. This outbreak was the first time the tool was used. While some of the entries were incomplete — vaccination status was missing from the entries of 841 of 2,279 confirmed cases used in the analysis — there is sufficient data to mine to look at questions like this one.
Coulborn and her co-authors compared the fatality rates of people who had been vaccinated to those who were known to be unvaccinated. Overall, the fatality rate among the vaccinated patients was 25%.
The longer it had been since an Ebola patient had been vaccinated, the better their chances of surviving. For people who had been vaccinated three to nine days before developing symptoms, the fatality rate was 20%; for those vaccinated 10 or more days before symptom onset it was 18%. The incubation period for Ebola runs from two to 21 days, meaning that anyone who developed symptoms in the three weeks after being vaccinated may have already been infected when they received the vaccine.
It’s believed that it takes about 10 days for the immune system to mount a robust response to this vaccine, so it would not have been surprising if there had been no survival advantage seen in people who developed symptoms in nine or fewer days since vaccination. That a benefit was shown among people who had been vaccinated two or fewer days before symptom onset suggests that before triggering the development of Ebola-specific antibodies, the vaccine may activate the innate immune response — the body’s first line of defense against invading pathogens. Ebola dampens the innate immune response; the vaccine may override that effect, Sprecher said.
Analysis of the data also revealed that people who had been vaccinated were less viremic — they had significantly lower levels of virus in their bodies. That could have helped those patients survive, the study suggested. In an interview, Coulborn said lower levels of virus in infected people could also help in the containment of Ebola outbreaks, potentially cutting the rate at which transmission occurs.
Another interesting finding of the study was that people who developed Ebola after having been vaccinated were treated as effectively with Ebola antibody products as people who had not been vaccinated. There was a theoretical concern that there might be some interference between the antibodies being developed in response to vaccination and the treatments used to try to cure the disease.
“Our results suggest no antagonistic effect between the vaccine and monoclonal antibody treatment, even when it is administered within a short interval,” the study noted.
That will give people working to quell Ebola outbreaks confidence that the vaccine can be given to people who have been exposed to an Ebola patient without risking their chances of responding to the antibody treatments, should they go on to develop symptoms themselves.
“The nice thing is, as they pointed out, that this is not in competition with the therapeutics,” Sprecher said. “So vaccine plus therapeutic is even better than either alone.”
Feldmann, who was not involved in the new study, admitted he was excited by the findings. “I think it’s very good. I don’t want to say, ‘Yes, we told you before,’ but it’s of course very assuring,” he said. | 1,511 | ENGLISH | 1 |
In 1198, King Henry II of England invaded Ireland and gave the part of it he controlled to his son John as a Lordship when John was just 10 in 1177. When John succeeded to the English throne in 1199, he remained Lord of Ireland thereby bringing the kingdom of England and the lordship of Ireland into personal union. Successive Kings of England also had the title of Lord of Ireland until the title was abolished by Henry VIII, who was made King of Ireland by the Parliament of Ireland by the Crown of Ireland Act 1542.
Edward IV was the King of England from 4 March 1461 until 3 October 1470, and again from 11 April 1471 until his death in 1483. He was the first Yorkist King of England.
The first half of his rule was marred by the violence associated with the Wars of the Roses, but he overcame the Lancastrian challenge to the throne at Tewkesbury in 1471 to reign in peace until his sudden death. Before becoming king, he was 4th Duke of York, 7th Earl of March, 5th Earl of Cambridge and 9th Earl of Ulster. He was also the 65th Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece.
The Royal style of Edward IV was "Rex Angliae et Franciae et Dominus Hiberniae" (King of England and of France and Lord of Ireland). | <urn:uuid:479c1ca0-a0e9-4a01-84e0-d8cffa7f59fe> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://onlinecoin.club/Info/Reigns/Lordship_of_Ireland/King_Edward_IV_second_reign/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474361.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223053503-20240223083503-00252.warc.gz | en | 0.986237 | 285 | 3.734375 | 4 | [
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0.0541978627443313... | 1 | In 1198, King Henry II of England invaded Ireland and gave the part of it he controlled to his son John as a Lordship when John was just 10 in 1177. When John succeeded to the English throne in 1199, he remained Lord of Ireland thereby bringing the kingdom of England and the lordship of Ireland into personal union. Successive Kings of England also had the title of Lord of Ireland until the title was abolished by Henry VIII, who was made King of Ireland by the Parliament of Ireland by the Crown of Ireland Act 1542.
Edward IV was the King of England from 4 March 1461 until 3 October 1470, and again from 11 April 1471 until his death in 1483. He was the first Yorkist King of England.
The first half of his rule was marred by the violence associated with the Wars of the Roses, but he overcame the Lancastrian challenge to the throne at Tewkesbury in 1471 to reign in peace until his sudden death. Before becoming king, he was 4th Duke of York, 7th Earl of March, 5th Earl of Cambridge and 9th Earl of Ulster. He was also the 65th Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece.
The Royal style of Edward IV was "Rex Angliae et Franciae et Dominus Hiberniae" (King of England and of France and Lord of Ireland). | 323 | ENGLISH | 1 |
CHANUPA (SACRED PIPE) CEREMONY
Tobacco, which originally grew in North America, was the subject of active trade between Indian tribes long before the advent of Columbus, and the smoking process itself resembled a leisurely ritual. In principle, this was a real religious ceremony, akin to meditation. Accordingly, the art of making pipes was highly revered and was considered one of the main ones in the culture of many tribes.
There were several varieties of pipes, but the most popular was the long peace pipe. Initially, such a pipe was used by the Indians of the open plains, then other North American Indian tribes adopted this tradition. The peace pipe was made from a long wooden mouthpiece and a small bowl hollowed out of catlinite (its homeland is what is now the state of Minnesota, but thanks to close trading relations between tribes, it spread widely throughout the North American continent).
There was also a tradition of making smaller pipes, either entirely carved from stone or molded from clay. The latter were especially popular among the Iroquois and Cherokee Indians. In the southwest of the continent, pipes were made of wood and deer antler, and during colonization, so-called “tomahawk pipes” already appeared, where stone cups were replaced with cast metal ones, to which a knife or hatchet for throwing was attached to the back.
The American Indians are perhaps the only nation that has a separate ceremony for smoking. Its meaning lies in the tranquility that, in theory, brings measured sipping of an aromatic potion (fragrant, since in addition to tobacco, the mixture also included some other herbs). This is a prayer ritual that calls on the spirit of the world to send its revelation to the participants. The roots of the ritual most likely originate from the worship of fire, and the pipe is, as it were, a child of the hearth.
The smoking ceremony was different for each tribe, but one thing remained constant – the peaceful intentions of those who wished to share the pipe potion with each other. | <urn:uuid:ffe47d45-450f-4c10-a99d-045fa25258c2> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://floresspiritcenter.com/chanupa/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474795.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229071243-20240229101243-00750.warc.gz | en | 0.982413 | 423 | 3.578125 | 4 | [
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0.188587427139... | 1 | CHANUPA (SACRED PIPE) CEREMONY
Tobacco, which originally grew in North America, was the subject of active trade between Indian tribes long before the advent of Columbus, and the smoking process itself resembled a leisurely ritual. In principle, this was a real religious ceremony, akin to meditation. Accordingly, the art of making pipes was highly revered and was considered one of the main ones in the culture of many tribes.
There were several varieties of pipes, but the most popular was the long peace pipe. Initially, such a pipe was used by the Indians of the open plains, then other North American Indian tribes adopted this tradition. The peace pipe was made from a long wooden mouthpiece and a small bowl hollowed out of catlinite (its homeland is what is now the state of Minnesota, but thanks to close trading relations between tribes, it spread widely throughout the North American continent).
There was also a tradition of making smaller pipes, either entirely carved from stone or molded from clay. The latter were especially popular among the Iroquois and Cherokee Indians. In the southwest of the continent, pipes were made of wood and deer antler, and during colonization, so-called “tomahawk pipes” already appeared, where stone cups were replaced with cast metal ones, to which a knife or hatchet for throwing was attached to the back.
The American Indians are perhaps the only nation that has a separate ceremony for smoking. Its meaning lies in the tranquility that, in theory, brings measured sipping of an aromatic potion (fragrant, since in addition to tobacco, the mixture also included some other herbs). This is a prayer ritual that calls on the spirit of the world to send its revelation to the participants. The roots of the ritual most likely originate from the worship of fire, and the pipe is, as it were, a child of the hearth.
The smoking ceremony was different for each tribe, but one thing remained constant – the peaceful intentions of those who wished to share the pipe potion with each other. | 413 | ENGLISH | 1 |
History of road markings and their meanings in Kenya
The white and yellow lines separating traffic on Kenyan roads seem pretty obvious, but have you ever asked yourself why where they might have come from or who originated the idea?
Well, the history of road markings can be traced back to the Roman empire. Before them, the only mark on the roads was a vertical stone on the road at specific points to mark the distance from Rome.
However, in 1300 AD, there was a big gathering in Rome, that sawa over 2000 people waking on the same road. The then pope; Boniface the 8th orders painting of a line in the middle of the road.
This was to separate human traffic from cart and horse traffic. In Europe and the United States, the onset of motor vehicle manufucture and use necessitated the presence of some order. There were different shapes, types and sizes of vehicles on the road.
This brought about issues such as accident as there was no proper order. The road had to be organized to prevent many of these problems. The following period saw a quest for the proper marking of the roads to prevent such issues.
For example, the chairman of the Wayne county board of roads in Michigan, Mr. Edward Hines conceptualized the idea of marking the road with a white line in the center to separate traffic.
It is said that he got this idea from a truck he was driving behind which was dropping milk in a straight line on the road, making it look like a white line at the center of the road.
In California, there was a further press for road demarcation when Dr. June Mccarol had an incident that made her push for the agenda. She was driving in Indo Boulevard in California when she made a sharp bend just to meet head on with a lorry. Apparently, it had occupied the whole road, leaving McCarol no space to drive in.
She had to swerve right to escape a terrible accident. This terrified her and made her push for the idea of marking the roads in California. She might have been met with a few obstacles in championing this agenda but eventually, it was taken in.
For her undying spirit of fighting for safety on the roads, the road she had painted was named the Doctor June McCarol memorial freeway.
The two are the originators of road markings in the United States of America.
Road markings in the united kingdom
In the united Kingdom, 1918 was the year when, roads started to be painted. At that time, there was only a white mark at the center of the road to indicate how much room for driving each driver had.
This further elevated to the dashes line marking and other white markings that showed drivers when to stop.
Later, in the 50s, the yellow lines were adapted on all British roads. This marked another essential milestone in the development if more road safety signs and rules.
Kenya, being a British colony, adapted the British system of road markings and some if their road safety measures. The first road in Kenya was tarmacked in 1922 and since then there has been development of the road safety systems as times change
Major road markings and their meanings in Kenya
Since the early development stages of road transport in Kenya, there has been an incredible improvement in the safety of road use, thanks to the traffic regulations and the use of road signs on the roads.
We have several categories of road signs in Kenya, which are outlined below;
- Regulatory signs
- kerb and carriageway signs
- warning signs
- Traffic light signals
Each of the four clusters above has an array of signs under it, marking specific rules and regulations for driving on Kenyan roads. Not following the rules behind the road marks and signs could lead to penalty for disobeying the traffic rules conduct. The offenses could lead to arrest and being charged in a court of law. Find out more about traffic offenses and their penalties here. | <urn:uuid:f1795103-9774-466f-a93b-84fda2696e94> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.moveit.co.ke/interesting-history-of-road-markings/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474853.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229202522-20240229232522-00642.warc.gz | en | 0.981369 | 811 | 3.734375 | 4 | [
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0.47132521867752075... | 1 | History of road markings and their meanings in Kenya
The white and yellow lines separating traffic on Kenyan roads seem pretty obvious, but have you ever asked yourself why where they might have come from or who originated the idea?
Well, the history of road markings can be traced back to the Roman empire. Before them, the only mark on the roads was a vertical stone on the road at specific points to mark the distance from Rome.
However, in 1300 AD, there was a big gathering in Rome, that sawa over 2000 people waking on the same road. The then pope; Boniface the 8th orders painting of a line in the middle of the road.
This was to separate human traffic from cart and horse traffic. In Europe and the United States, the onset of motor vehicle manufucture and use necessitated the presence of some order. There were different shapes, types and sizes of vehicles on the road.
This brought about issues such as accident as there was no proper order. The road had to be organized to prevent many of these problems. The following period saw a quest for the proper marking of the roads to prevent such issues.
For example, the chairman of the Wayne county board of roads in Michigan, Mr. Edward Hines conceptualized the idea of marking the road with a white line in the center to separate traffic.
It is said that he got this idea from a truck he was driving behind which was dropping milk in a straight line on the road, making it look like a white line at the center of the road.
In California, there was a further press for road demarcation when Dr. June Mccarol had an incident that made her push for the agenda. She was driving in Indo Boulevard in California when she made a sharp bend just to meet head on with a lorry. Apparently, it had occupied the whole road, leaving McCarol no space to drive in.
She had to swerve right to escape a terrible accident. This terrified her and made her push for the idea of marking the roads in California. She might have been met with a few obstacles in championing this agenda but eventually, it was taken in.
For her undying spirit of fighting for safety on the roads, the road she had painted was named the Doctor June McCarol memorial freeway.
The two are the originators of road markings in the United States of America.
Road markings in the united kingdom
In the united Kingdom, 1918 was the year when, roads started to be painted. At that time, there was only a white mark at the center of the road to indicate how much room for driving each driver had.
This further elevated to the dashes line marking and other white markings that showed drivers when to stop.
Later, in the 50s, the yellow lines were adapted on all British roads. This marked another essential milestone in the development if more road safety signs and rules.
Kenya, being a British colony, adapted the British system of road markings and some if their road safety measures. The first road in Kenya was tarmacked in 1922 and since then there has been development of the road safety systems as times change
Major road markings and their meanings in Kenya
Since the early development stages of road transport in Kenya, there has been an incredible improvement in the safety of road use, thanks to the traffic regulations and the use of road signs on the roads.
We have several categories of road signs in Kenya, which are outlined below;
- Regulatory signs
- kerb and carriageway signs
- warning signs
- Traffic light signals
Each of the four clusters above has an array of signs under it, marking specific rules and regulations for driving on Kenyan roads. Not following the rules behind the road marks and signs could lead to penalty for disobeying the traffic rules conduct. The offenses could lead to arrest and being charged in a court of law. Find out more about traffic offenses and their penalties here. | 812 | ENGLISH | 1 |
We recently took a field trip with our homeschool group to the Huntsville Space and Rocket Center. We had so much fun exploring and learning about space.
Above is a picture of a space like the one used to take the astronauts to the moon (used for testing but obviously not used in space). It span almost the entire length of the top floor of the building. It was separated by phases that it would break into during launch. The massiveness of the space craft and the ability to see what was inside the phases was amazing.
This is a picture of the craft that the astronauts would use to come back to Earth after their mission was complete. You can see the damage is sustained during re-entry into the atmosphere. It would land in the ocean and then was retrieved. Something I did not realize is that astronauts are put into quarantine for several weeks after they come back to Earth due to the changes their bodies go through in space.
This is a replica of the lunar landing space craft. Some neat history we learned while we were there. During the first mission to the moon, Neil Armstrong landed the lunar space craft with just 30 seconds of fuel left. The surface of the moon was different than anticipated and was rocky. He was trying to find a better place to land the craft and with just 30 seconds before the mission had to be aborted, he landed it. And as they say the rest is history... “One small step for man....”. Can you imagine how history would have been altered if he did have to abort the mission?
There was an image of the moon on the ground. It had a picture of the lunar landing craft and where it landed on the moon for each mission we have sent to the moon. Obviously, the above is a picture of the first mission to the moon. It’s amazing that they only spend 4 days in space and that is they typical space mission to the moon.
Another interesting fact, according to one of the staff at the space center, they were given orders to return to the moon by 2024. They will start testing from Huntsville in 2020. They seemed very excited to return to the moon. This will help lead the way to conquer Mars by 2032. They anticipate the team going to Mars and spending about 9 months on the planet. This seems like an incredible feat in just 12 years.
Picture of a moon rock brought back from one of the missions to the moon. On one of the missions they brought back over 200 pounds moon rocks.
Here are some additional pictures we took. It was an amazing trip and we definitely want to go back as we missed a lot. I would highly recommend visiting if you are in the area. I don’t think you will be disappointed.
Please remember that if you or someone you know is pregnant and considering adoption for your child, we would love to speak to you. Please visit our website at myfamilyadoption.com to learn more about us and contact us. | <urn:uuid:428666a5-3fc6-4d9d-ad3a-adc71b3416ff> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.myfamilyadoption.com/post/space-and-rocket-center | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473401.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221070402-20240221100402-00683.warc.gz | en | 0.984552 | 608 | 3.375 | 3 | [
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0.1093515977263... | 1 | We recently took a field trip with our homeschool group to the Huntsville Space and Rocket Center. We had so much fun exploring and learning about space.
Above is a picture of a space like the one used to take the astronauts to the moon (used for testing but obviously not used in space). It span almost the entire length of the top floor of the building. It was separated by phases that it would break into during launch. The massiveness of the space craft and the ability to see what was inside the phases was amazing.
This is a picture of the craft that the astronauts would use to come back to Earth after their mission was complete. You can see the damage is sustained during re-entry into the atmosphere. It would land in the ocean and then was retrieved. Something I did not realize is that astronauts are put into quarantine for several weeks after they come back to Earth due to the changes their bodies go through in space.
This is a replica of the lunar landing space craft. Some neat history we learned while we were there. During the first mission to the moon, Neil Armstrong landed the lunar space craft with just 30 seconds of fuel left. The surface of the moon was different than anticipated and was rocky. He was trying to find a better place to land the craft and with just 30 seconds before the mission had to be aborted, he landed it. And as they say the rest is history... “One small step for man....”. Can you imagine how history would have been altered if he did have to abort the mission?
There was an image of the moon on the ground. It had a picture of the lunar landing craft and where it landed on the moon for each mission we have sent to the moon. Obviously, the above is a picture of the first mission to the moon. It’s amazing that they only spend 4 days in space and that is they typical space mission to the moon.
Another interesting fact, according to one of the staff at the space center, they were given orders to return to the moon by 2024. They will start testing from Huntsville in 2020. They seemed very excited to return to the moon. This will help lead the way to conquer Mars by 2032. They anticipate the team going to Mars and spending about 9 months on the planet. This seems like an incredible feat in just 12 years.
Picture of a moon rock brought back from one of the missions to the moon. On one of the missions they brought back over 200 pounds moon rocks.
Here are some additional pictures we took. It was an amazing trip and we definitely want to go back as we missed a lot. I would highly recommend visiting if you are in the area. I don’t think you will be disappointed.
Please remember that if you or someone you know is pregnant and considering adoption for your child, we would love to speak to you. Please visit our website at myfamilyadoption.com to learn more about us and contact us. | 612 | ENGLISH | 1 |
This afternoon, Year 5 had a workshop session with Taiye from the Red Cross. He explained to us about the role of the British Red Cross. We talked about the key vocabulary of empathy, migration, refugee and asylum seeker. We learned that empathy is the ability to imagine, understand and share the feelings or perspectives of others. By developing empathy, it can help us increase our awareness and understanding of others, our willingness to support others, and create more inclusive, resilient communities.
We listened to the account of Hamza’s journey as he was seeking asylum and wrote a feeling story and thought about how we would feel if we were in Hamza’s shoes. We also wrote a letter to someone who was new to our country.
As our final task, we considered if we were to do one thing differently about how we treat others from today, what could we do?
Many of the children had some very thoughtful ideas about what we had been working on and were a credit to St Alban’s as always.
During our end of day prayer, Esme said she had chosen The Ukraine as our place in the world to focus our thoughts because she had chosen a prayer that she believed was fitting. I hope you agree with Esme’s choice.
Prayer for the Afraid
Take care of those who live in war zones:
Afraid of noise,
afraid of silence:
Afraid for themselves,
afraid for others:
Afraid to stay,
afraid to go:
Afraid of living,
afraid of dying.
Give them peace in their hearts,
in their homes
and in their land. | <urn:uuid:634b75d3-cd00-4926-a826-2d0c2a0a09da> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://wsap.academy/category/collective-worship/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474674.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227085429-20240227115429-00137.warc.gz | en | 0.981893 | 345 | 3.796875 | 4 | [
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0.2543213665485... | 1 | This afternoon, Year 5 had a workshop session with Taiye from the Red Cross. He explained to us about the role of the British Red Cross. We talked about the key vocabulary of empathy, migration, refugee and asylum seeker. We learned that empathy is the ability to imagine, understand and share the feelings or perspectives of others. By developing empathy, it can help us increase our awareness and understanding of others, our willingness to support others, and create more inclusive, resilient communities.
We listened to the account of Hamza’s journey as he was seeking asylum and wrote a feeling story and thought about how we would feel if we were in Hamza’s shoes. We also wrote a letter to someone who was new to our country.
As our final task, we considered if we were to do one thing differently about how we treat others from today, what could we do?
Many of the children had some very thoughtful ideas about what we had been working on and were a credit to St Alban’s as always.
During our end of day prayer, Esme said she had chosen The Ukraine as our place in the world to focus our thoughts because she had chosen a prayer that she believed was fitting. I hope you agree with Esme’s choice.
Prayer for the Afraid
Take care of those who live in war zones:
Afraid of noise,
afraid of silence:
Afraid for themselves,
afraid for others:
Afraid to stay,
afraid to go:
Afraid of living,
afraid of dying.
Give them peace in their hearts,
in their homes
and in their land. | 322 | ENGLISH | 1 |
What is 1,000 years older than the pyramids of and 400 years older than Stonehenge? Don't try, you won't guess: an old shoe.
Article continues below
A perfectly preserved 5,500 year old shoe, the oldest leather shoe in the world, was discovered by a team of international archaeologists. The cow-hide shoe is in perfect condition and it was made of a single piece of leather and was shaped to fit the wearer's foot. It contained grass, although the archaeologists were uncertain as to whether this was to keep the foot warm or to maintain the shape of the shoe as a precursor to the modern shoe-tree.
It is not known whether the shoe belonged to a man or woman, because although it is small (European size 37), the shoe could well have fitted a man from that era. The cave is situated in the Vayotz Dzor province of Armenia, on the Armenian, Iranian, Nackhichevanian and Turkish borders, and was known to regional archaeologists due to its visibility from the highway below.
The stable, cool and dry conditions in the cave resulted in exceptional preservation of the various objects that were found, which included large containers, many of which held well-preserved wheat and barley, apricots and other edible plants. The preservation was also helped by the fact that the floor of the cave was covered by a thick layer of sheep dung which acted as a solid seal over the objects, preserving them beautifully over the millennia!
Three samples were taken in order to determine the absolute age of the shoe and all three tests produced the same results. The archaeologists cut two small strips of leather off the shoe and sent one strip to the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit at the University of Oxford and another to the University of California – Irvine Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility. A piece of grass from the shoe was also sent to Oxford to be dated and both shoe and grass were shown to be the same age.
The oldest known footwear in the world, to the present time, are sandals made of plant material, that were found in a cave in the Arnold Research Cave in Missouri in the US. Other contemporaneous sandals were found in the Cave of the Warrior, Judean Desert, Israel, but these were not directly dated, so that their age is based on various other associated artefacts found in the cave.
Interestingly, the shoe is very similar to the "pampooties" worn on the Aran Islands in the West of Ireland up to the 1950s. Enormous similarities exist between the manufacturing technique and style of this ancient shoe and those found across Europe at later periods, suggesting that this type of shoe was worn for thousands of years across a huge region. ■ | <urn:uuid:8b3f6e7b-d698-48f7-b7b6-4d8aafea9882> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://lite.poandpo.com/in-the-meantime/the-oldest-leather-shoe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474544.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224180245-20240224210245-00796.warc.gz | en | 0.984629 | 563 | 3.28125 | 3 | [
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0.584185004234314... | 1 | What is 1,000 years older than the pyramids of and 400 years older than Stonehenge? Don't try, you won't guess: an old shoe.
Article continues below
A perfectly preserved 5,500 year old shoe, the oldest leather shoe in the world, was discovered by a team of international archaeologists. The cow-hide shoe is in perfect condition and it was made of a single piece of leather and was shaped to fit the wearer's foot. It contained grass, although the archaeologists were uncertain as to whether this was to keep the foot warm or to maintain the shape of the shoe as a precursor to the modern shoe-tree.
It is not known whether the shoe belonged to a man or woman, because although it is small (European size 37), the shoe could well have fitted a man from that era. The cave is situated in the Vayotz Dzor province of Armenia, on the Armenian, Iranian, Nackhichevanian and Turkish borders, and was known to regional archaeologists due to its visibility from the highway below.
The stable, cool and dry conditions in the cave resulted in exceptional preservation of the various objects that were found, which included large containers, many of which held well-preserved wheat and barley, apricots and other edible plants. The preservation was also helped by the fact that the floor of the cave was covered by a thick layer of sheep dung which acted as a solid seal over the objects, preserving them beautifully over the millennia!
Three samples were taken in order to determine the absolute age of the shoe and all three tests produced the same results. The archaeologists cut two small strips of leather off the shoe and sent one strip to the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit at the University of Oxford and another to the University of California – Irvine Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility. A piece of grass from the shoe was also sent to Oxford to be dated and both shoe and grass were shown to be the same age.
The oldest known footwear in the world, to the present time, are sandals made of plant material, that were found in a cave in the Arnold Research Cave in Missouri in the US. Other contemporaneous sandals were found in the Cave of the Warrior, Judean Desert, Israel, but these were not directly dated, so that their age is based on various other associated artefacts found in the cave.
Interestingly, the shoe is very similar to the "pampooties" worn on the Aran Islands in the West of Ireland up to the 1950s. Enormous similarities exist between the manufacturing technique and style of this ancient shoe and those found across Europe at later periods, suggesting that this type of shoe was worn for thousands of years across a huge region. ■ | 568 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The American Civil War, or also the War of the North against the South, was a conflict in the United States of America from 1861 to 1865. Despite the fact that mass emigration from Central Europe began about 10 years later, traces of Slovaks, or people originally from the territory of today’s Slovakia, can be found in this conflict as well. Most of the participants were Hungarian emigrants who left Hungary after the revolutionary events of 1848-49. Since the territorial core of our emigrants’ settlement is still today the industrial northeast of the USA, it is natural that they fought on the Union side. Their participation in the Union army can also be explained by ideological convictions.
The most famous native fighting in the American Civil War is Geza Mihalóci (Geza Mihalotzy, Mihaloczy). He was born on April 20, 1825, in Veľký Varadin (now Oradea, Romania). At the age of thirteen he joined the military academy of the Austrian army in Vienna, serving in the 33rd Infantry Regiment of the Hungarian army as a sergeant-major. In 1848-49 he joined the Hungarian Revolution, taking part directly in the Battle of Pákozd. After the defeat of the revolution he emigrated first to London. In the English capital, his violent temper drove him to a duel with Lajos Kosuth’s friend Ferenc Pulszky, a native of Prešov. Mihalóci emerged from the fight with a serious injury, but immediately after his recovery he travelled to Chicago. There he initially served as a servant to Dr. František Valenta.
In February 1861, two months before the start of the American Civil War, he sent a letter from Chicago to President Abraham Lincoln: “Dear Sir, We have organized a company in our city, composed of men of Hungarian, Czech, and Slovak descent. As we are the first company formed in the United States from the above-mentioned nationalities, we respectfully request Your Excellency’s permission to call ourselves Lincoln’s Rifles of Slavic origin.” At the bottom of the letter is Lincoln’s handwritten note saying, “I am pleased to grant the above request.”
The unit was initially poorly equipped, with only 12 men leaving Chicago for the front, but gradually fought as part of the 24th Illinois Volunteer Regiment in several conflicts in Missouri, Kentucky, Alabama, Tennessee, and Georgia. The 24th Illinois Volunteer Regiment fought under his command in three hard-fought battles. At the First Battle of Perryville in 1862, the North won a strategic victory even at the cost of heavy casualties. The second battle – at Stones River – was one of the bloodiest of the conflict. It took place on New Year’s Eve 1862, won by the North.
In the last major battle at Chickamauga Bay in September 1863, Mihaloci’s army lost the battle to the Confederates. Mihalóci attained the rank of lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Army. In early 1864, Mihalóci was severely wounded by a shell that tore off a piece of his palm at the Battle of Buzzard Roost. He still fought on, but a lone bullet hit him a few days later. Although he reached the unit alone, he succumbed to his wound on March 11, 1864. One of the American forts is still called Fort Mihalotzy today. He is buried in a cemetery in Chattanooga, Tennessee.
The Union general Eugen Kozlay came from Turiec, from the vicinity of Martin. He had also fought in the Hungarian Revolution before. After its defeat, he settled in a German settlement in New York. In 1861, he was offered the opportunity to form a volunteer regiment from the German settlers. He also fought in the most famous battle of the Civil War – Gettysburg. After the war, he lived in Brooklyn, where he worked as an engineer. He died in 1883.
His descendants have only recently published his almost 500-page diary, written mostly in Hungarian, but also containing one Slovak poem. Kozlay spontaneously describes what he experienced in his life “In his old age for his own amusement”. He describes his native Hungary, writes about the joy he had when he was 13 years old, when he used to ball with girls, about a voyage to America that lasted an incredible 72 days, but also about the feelings he experienced when he saw a live black slave market in New Orleans.
“A Slovak, devoted body and soul to his old tribe.” This is how his friend, fellow soldier and Czech volunteer Zajíček described another fighter in the Civil War with roots in Slovakia, Fridrich Werther.
He volunteered for the Union army at Lincoln’s invitation, made it to officer, was apparently educated and owned a restaurant in New York where mainly Czech emigrants liked to meet. After the war, it is said that he sold this restaurant and disappeared without a trace somewhere in the Wild West, where he was lured by the gold rush.
In the history of the Civil War, Samuel Francis Figuli is an interesting revelation. He was born in Klenovec on 31 December 1823 in the family of a tanner and grain merchant. While studying medicine in Pest, he was affected by the revolution of 1848-49. He was probably involved in the fight during which Count Lamberg, the emperor’s envoy to Hungary, was murdered. The Austrian authorities issued an arrest warrant for Figuli on suspicion of involvement in the murder: “The said was born in Klenovec, in the county of Gemer in Hungary, he is about 25 years old, studying surgery, then honvéd, of slender tall stature, light hair, weak beard.”
Figuli fled to Turkey, reportedly fought in the Crimean War and made a pilgrimage to Palestine. He then took part in the struggle for the unification of Italy, until he ended up in America. He fought in the Civil War on the Union side. His participation in the Civil War is confirmed by the text on his tombstone, “He then fought bravely with the Americans, he fought bravely for freedom, he loved America so much that he became a citizen of it.”
After the war, he is said to have worked as a doctor and even owned a plantation. He also allegedly undertook an expedition to the northern polar regions, as a photograph of him in polar gear has survived. A remarkable story from St. Louis, where he was supposedly insulted by an influential American who called him a poor emigrant and a “dog-head”, for which Figuli challenged him to a sabre duel. He killed the American in it, so he had to move to Virginia, where he set up a tobacco farm.
In 1876, weakened and ill, he returned to Slovakia, where he died four years later. In Kokava nad Rimavicou there is a street named after Figulis. We can also find his grave there, which reads: “Here rests the highly born Mr. Franc S. Figuli, citizen of free America.”
Colonel Gabriel Korponay, also known as Gabriel Krupinský in Slovak exile literature, was born on 25 March 1821 in Chym near Košice in the family of a local landowner Štefan Korponay and Johana Farkas. This renowned polka dancer, diplomat, and cavalry commander during the Mexican-American War and the Indian fighting first organized volunteers in Philadelphia after the outbreak of the Civil War. Subsequently, with the rank of lieutenant colonel, he became a member of the command staff of the 28th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, which distinguished itself greatly on October 16, 1861, with a successful deployment during the fighting for Bolivar Heights Ridge in present-day West Virginia.
Later, companies under Gabriel Korponay succeeded in an artillery show of force at Point of Rocks on the Maryland frontier on December 19, 1861, which did not escape the notice of the contemporary press of the day: ‘Point of Rocks, Thursday, December 19. At ten o’clock in the morning a battery of rebels, with a force of three guns, flanked by about two hundred soldiers, suddenly commenced shelling the camp of Colonel Geary’s Pennsylvania regiment. About twenty well-aimed shells struck the camp, the first within a few feet of Lieutenant-Colonel De Korponay, who was in command. Six companies were well posted and fortified in camp. A battery of the 28th Regiment opened fire with two guns, the first shell destroying one of the rebel guns, the second striking their centre. Our battery then opened fire, silencing all their guns, and driving off the fourth, which was to reinforce them. The rebels were driven from their position and retreated. There were at least fourteen dead and many wounded on their side. Our side did not lose a single man. The battle lasted over half an hour. Finally, after driving the rebels out, the victors turned their cannon on some houses near the old furnace on the Virginia side, where about 150 rebels were hiding, and drove them out, killing and wounding many. The guns were admirably manned.” Reported the next day by the New York Times.
Finally, on April 25, 1862, the then 41-year-old Korponay became commander of the 28th Pennsylvania Infantry, overseeing the holding of strategic areas – the Manassas Railroad and the passes in the Blue Ridge Mountains. “Soldiers of the 28th By the providence of God, I assumed command of this noble regiment composed of the best men of the army. I sincerely pledge myself always to strive for justice.” He stated in a speech addressed to subordinates. Gabriel Korponay’s last major assignment during the American Civil War was commanding the military camp at Camp Banks in Alexandria, Virginia. This was a so-called exchange center for paroled Unionist prisoners, but they were not allowed to participate in further military service until they were officially exchanged for enemy prisoners. Korponay saw to the best possible conditions in this facility, supporting, for example, the establishment of a camp theatre and organising various sports and games activities.
By October 1862, well into Korponay’s command, there were over 3,500 men at Camp Banks. Command of the camp brought with it all sorts of responsibilities; on December 1, 1862, Colonel William Hoffman, the Commissary General of Prisoners of War, wrote to Korponay instructing him to use what was known as the more economical Farmhouse Cauldron in cooking, which was supposed to be preferable to the conventional camp kettles, since one 40-gallon kettle cooked food for 100 men. Korponay was to order from the supply department a horse for the sawmill so that the wood for the stove could be cut better and especially more economically. The camp officials were to receive over 40 cents a day, according to Colonel Hoffman’s instructions. Eventually Korponay was discharged from the army at his own request for health reasons in March 1863.
Major Ondrej Gálik of the 58th Ohio Infantry Regiment, a native of Brzotín from Gemer, also fought alongside the famous General Grant. He was born on November 28, 1815, the son of Samuel Gallik, a landowner. He studied in Rožňava and at the military school in Levoča. Eventually, however, he did not join the army and moved to Košice, where he decided to go into business. In 1843 he became a partner of the merchant Jan Samuel Schmidt and was engaged in the sale of cloth, textiles and spices. Later he married and in 1848 his son Gejza was born. In the same year he joined the revolution, but after its defeat he left his native country for fear of persecution. He first visited France, from where he made his way to the USA in February 1856. In the land across the ocean he quickly mastered English, established a fencing school in Dayton, and engaged in the itinerant cigar trade. But he was not successful in business and decided to try his luck as a gold prospector in Australia. There, too, he experienced great disappointment.
When the Civil War broke out in the US, he resolved to try a military career again. He enlisted in the Union Army and was assigned to the 58th Ohio Infantry Regiment. Less than four months later, on January 8, 1862, he became a captain. The officer, listed in contemporary records as Andrew Galfy, commanded his own Company “A” and fought in important battles in the state of Tennessee. First at Fort Donelson in February 1862, when Union ground troops supported gunboats on the Cumberland River, and then at Shiloh in April 1862 – during one of the bloodiest battles of the entire war. Gálik’s regiment did not join the fighting until the morning of April 7, 1862, the second day of the great battle, but remained under fire until 4 p.m., with nine of its soldiers killed and 43 wounded. In December 1862, a wounded Gallick was captured by Southerners during the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou on the Mississippi River. “After pushing the enemy back and reaching the first line of trenches, it became clear that further attempts would be unsuccessful. The regiment therefore retreated. Now the 58th had lost 47% of all those deployed. Amongst those killed were three officers and the brave and prompt Lieutenant Colonel Peter Dister.” War correspondent Whitelaw Reid reported on the events of December 29, 1862, which turned out unfavorably for the Ohio soldiers. As part of a prisoner exchange, Galik was subsequently released.
From 22 May 1863 to 1 August 1863, he commanded the armored ship USS Mound City, which patrolled the Mississippi River, specifically between the Grand Gulf and Hard Times locations. In October 1864, he received the rank of major, becoming second in command of Colonel Ezra Peter Jackson’s 58th Regiment. In January 1865, he retired from his military career, apparently due to lingering pain from an old wound. After the Union victory, he settled in Austin, where he served as supervisor of Tunica County, Mississippi, and in 1869 moved to Kansas City, Missouri, more than a thousand miles away. Here he began operating a private veterinary practice. A respected man, he became an American citizen, but his heart was overwhelmed by homesickness, especially for his son, whom he abandoned when he was only 9 years old. So, at the age of 66, he finally returned to Kosice, where he lived with his son, in an apartment on what is now Elizabeth Street, where a memorial plaque commemorating his life’s story was unveiled in the summer of 2019.
Soldiers connected with the territory of Slovakia were also represented among the cavalry, namely in the form of Colonel Joseph Németh – commander of the 5th Missouri Cavalry Regiment, also known as the Benton Hussars. Németh was born in 1816 in Lučenec. During the Revolution of 1848, he began serving in the so-called volunteer National Guard from Novohrad. Among other campaigns, he took part in the fighting at Wilson’s Creek, Missouri, on August 10, 1861, and in the Battle of Pea Ridge in March 1862, in northern Arkansas Territory, when his unit lost 17 men.
Németh (Joseph Nemett) wrote a detailed report on the deployment of his regiment. According to it, he was first in charge of forming a rear guard early on the morning of March 6, 1862, while the army marched from the army camp to Bentonville, three miles away. At eleven o’clock they sighted the enemy. Colonel Nemeth’s troops were surrounded on three sides by the Southerners, and were soon pushed back, being greatly outnumbered. Németh’s patrol did not exceed 100 men, but they observed: ‘a large cavalry force, about 500 men carrying the secession standard, rapidly approaching from the rear’. Németh therefore led “A” and “B” companies into the attack, which was to keep the enemy at a considerable distance for half an hour. The whole column thus withdrew from the town without difficulty, and on the hill further east the soldiers under the command of Joseph Németh formed into line of battle and thus faced the enemies located in the town.
During the next march the whole column was continually shelled, but at the last moment it was supported by soldiers of the 2nd and 12th Missouri Infantry Regiments, as well as two cannon, or it would probably have succumbed to the Southerners. The Confederate soldiers continued to attack, but under orders from General Franz Sigel, the soldiers around Joseph Németh continued to move. The following day, March 7, four of Németh’s companies, supported by additional cavalry units, infantry, and artillery, attacked the enemy left flank. As the Benton Hussars formed up on the battlefield, they suddenly found themselves right in the thick of the fighting, as the 1st Missouri Cavalry and 3rd Iowa Cavalry Regiments were already struggling around them with the Southerners. Throughout the day they held positions on the battlefield as a guard of artillery batteries, Company “A” additionally salvaging one lone gun that had been left on the battlefield for some time. The firing ceased about half-past six in the evening, but the Benton Hussars and two other mounted companies also spent the night on the battlefield. Finally, on 8 March, Joseph Németh’s horsemen provided protection for the left flank until the troops reached the Elkhorn Inn building: ‘We were ordered to halt there, and in the afternoon we were sent in pursuit of the enemy, capturing 15 prisoners. In the evening we reached the camp and there we remained.” Colonel Németh’s report ends. At that time the 5th Missouri Cavalry Regiment was incorporated in General Samuel R. R.’s Army of the Southwest. Curtis. The Battle of Pea Ridge was a fairly significant Civil War encounter, due to the victory of the northerners, northern Arkansas and the j
Among the artillerymen was listed Major Matej E. Ruzicka (Rozsafy), a native of Komárno of Czech origin and a graduate of the Vienna Pázmany, from the 1st Light Artillery Regiment from West Virginia. More specifically, from October 1, 1861 to April 18, 1862, he served in Battery “B”, which also participated in the artillery show of force at Kenstown in the Shenandoah Valley on March 23, 1862, when, after several attacks by the Northerners, the Southern General Jackson had to retreat.
Another native of Slovakia, a member of the well-known Gerster family from Košice, Captain Anton Gerster (Košice, 7 June 1825 – San José, California, 2 June 1897), first an officer of the 5th and later the 27th Missouri Infantry Regiment, offered his technical knowledge to the Union. Anton studied in Košice and at the Technical University in Buda. Like most of our heroes, he fought in the revolution in Hungary in 1848-49. After its defeat, he fled to the United States, arriving there in May 1852. Thanks to his technical talents, he worked on important constructions such as the Brooklyn Suspension Bridge.
He was very active in the Civil War, for a time even operating the so-called Gerster Independent Engineer Company, which provided technical support to troops operating in Missouri. Among Anton Gerster’s important tasks was the inspection of forts, even those captured after battles with the Southerners. General John W. Davidson reported on his division’s deployment during the successful capture of Little Rock, Arkansas, on September 10, 1863, with all important arrangements such as trenching, battery placement, and bridge laying supervised by staff officers – Lieutenant Colonel Coldwell and Captains J. L. Halley and Anton Gerster – the night before the assault.
In February 1864, work began to improve the defenses of Fort Ford Smith, Arkansas, and the local supply depots, with Gerster again overseeing the garrison’s operations. Another time, on August 20, 1864, Captain Gerster again inspected the ammunition depot at Fort Davidson, Missouri. In his opinion, although the facility was in good condition, he suggested raising the ceiling to prevent the stored material from becoming damp, thus achieving an aerated interior and providing drainage for the premises. A month later, General Thomas Ewing Jr. unable to resist General Sterling Price’s Southern forces, ordered the ammunition depot at Fort Ford Davidson blown up and retreated toward St. Louis. Gerster was a member of the 27th Missouri Infantry Regiment by September 9, 1864. After the Civil War ended, he lived for a long time in New York City, then settled in California, where he died in 1897.
Cornelius Fornet (1818 Stráže pod Tatrami – 1894 Vác) was also a fighter in the Union army.
After the defeat of the Revolution of 1848-49, he fled to the USA, arriving there on 9 December 1849. Immediately after his arrival, Fornet published his first book in English on the Hungarian Revolution. Later, Cornelius Fornet went to California, where he bought a silicon and gold mine, which he sold at a profit a few years later. In 1852, Fornet married his fiancée in Europe, returned to the U.S. where he settled in New Jersey and began farming.
During the American Civil War, he served on the Union side as a major general in John C. Frémont’s army. He was seriously wounded at Jefferson City, Missouri. After his recovery, General Henry W. Halleck sent him to New Jersey to organize the 22nd Regiment of Volunteer Infantry. Fornet became its first colonel. After the war in 1867, Fornet returned to Hungary, working in a salt warehouse in Mainz. He died in Vac in 1894.
Other personalities originally from the territory of Slovakia who linked their fate with the Civil War in the USA included : Ján Fiala (1822 – 1911) – commissioned into the army as a surveyor and commissioned to draw a map of Missouri and was in charge of the plan for the defense of St. Louis
Baron Theodore Maiteny of Nitra – Major under General Frémont
Bernard Šimík – member of the Lincoln Rifles, physician
Karol Semsey (1830 Kračúnovce – 1911 New York) – Officer in the American Civil War. He also fought in the Crimean War near Sevastopol on the side of the British. He was a major in the 45th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment. After the Civil War, he went to New York, where he became a leader of the “Hungarian Society”, which was formed in 1865. He worked in the Immigration Office, where he came into contact with a large number of emigrants from Hungary. Bernard Bettelheim (1811 – 1869). Born in Pressburg, he was of Jewish origin, later converted to Christianity. He studied in Great Varadin, Debrecen and Budapest. He received his medical education at the University of Padua. From August to December 1863 he served as a surgeon in the 106th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry.
Realized with financial support of the Ministry of Defence of the Slovak Republic within the framework of the subsidy programme.
The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of
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0.514271020889... | 1 | The American Civil War, or also the War of the North against the South, was a conflict in the United States of America from 1861 to 1865. Despite the fact that mass emigration from Central Europe began about 10 years later, traces of Slovaks, or people originally from the territory of today’s Slovakia, can be found in this conflict as well. Most of the participants were Hungarian emigrants who left Hungary after the revolutionary events of 1848-49. Since the territorial core of our emigrants’ settlement is still today the industrial northeast of the USA, it is natural that they fought on the Union side. Their participation in the Union army can also be explained by ideological convictions.
The most famous native fighting in the American Civil War is Geza Mihalóci (Geza Mihalotzy, Mihaloczy). He was born on April 20, 1825, in Veľký Varadin (now Oradea, Romania). At the age of thirteen he joined the military academy of the Austrian army in Vienna, serving in the 33rd Infantry Regiment of the Hungarian army as a sergeant-major. In 1848-49 he joined the Hungarian Revolution, taking part directly in the Battle of Pákozd. After the defeat of the revolution he emigrated first to London. In the English capital, his violent temper drove him to a duel with Lajos Kosuth’s friend Ferenc Pulszky, a native of Prešov. Mihalóci emerged from the fight with a serious injury, but immediately after his recovery he travelled to Chicago. There he initially served as a servant to Dr. František Valenta.
In February 1861, two months before the start of the American Civil War, he sent a letter from Chicago to President Abraham Lincoln: “Dear Sir, We have organized a company in our city, composed of men of Hungarian, Czech, and Slovak descent. As we are the first company formed in the United States from the above-mentioned nationalities, we respectfully request Your Excellency’s permission to call ourselves Lincoln’s Rifles of Slavic origin.” At the bottom of the letter is Lincoln’s handwritten note saying, “I am pleased to grant the above request.”
The unit was initially poorly equipped, with only 12 men leaving Chicago for the front, but gradually fought as part of the 24th Illinois Volunteer Regiment in several conflicts in Missouri, Kentucky, Alabama, Tennessee, and Georgia. The 24th Illinois Volunteer Regiment fought under his command in three hard-fought battles. At the First Battle of Perryville in 1862, the North won a strategic victory even at the cost of heavy casualties. The second battle – at Stones River – was one of the bloodiest of the conflict. It took place on New Year’s Eve 1862, won by the North.
In the last major battle at Chickamauga Bay in September 1863, Mihaloci’s army lost the battle to the Confederates. Mihalóci attained the rank of lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Army. In early 1864, Mihalóci was severely wounded by a shell that tore off a piece of his palm at the Battle of Buzzard Roost. He still fought on, but a lone bullet hit him a few days later. Although he reached the unit alone, he succumbed to his wound on March 11, 1864. One of the American forts is still called Fort Mihalotzy today. He is buried in a cemetery in Chattanooga, Tennessee.
The Union general Eugen Kozlay came from Turiec, from the vicinity of Martin. He had also fought in the Hungarian Revolution before. After its defeat, he settled in a German settlement in New York. In 1861, he was offered the opportunity to form a volunteer regiment from the German settlers. He also fought in the most famous battle of the Civil War – Gettysburg. After the war, he lived in Brooklyn, where he worked as an engineer. He died in 1883.
His descendants have only recently published his almost 500-page diary, written mostly in Hungarian, but also containing one Slovak poem. Kozlay spontaneously describes what he experienced in his life “In his old age for his own amusement”. He describes his native Hungary, writes about the joy he had when he was 13 years old, when he used to ball with girls, about a voyage to America that lasted an incredible 72 days, but also about the feelings he experienced when he saw a live black slave market in New Orleans.
“A Slovak, devoted body and soul to his old tribe.” This is how his friend, fellow soldier and Czech volunteer Zajíček described another fighter in the Civil War with roots in Slovakia, Fridrich Werther.
He volunteered for the Union army at Lincoln’s invitation, made it to officer, was apparently educated and owned a restaurant in New York where mainly Czech emigrants liked to meet. After the war, it is said that he sold this restaurant and disappeared without a trace somewhere in the Wild West, where he was lured by the gold rush.
In the history of the Civil War, Samuel Francis Figuli is an interesting revelation. He was born in Klenovec on 31 December 1823 in the family of a tanner and grain merchant. While studying medicine in Pest, he was affected by the revolution of 1848-49. He was probably involved in the fight during which Count Lamberg, the emperor’s envoy to Hungary, was murdered. The Austrian authorities issued an arrest warrant for Figuli on suspicion of involvement in the murder: “The said was born in Klenovec, in the county of Gemer in Hungary, he is about 25 years old, studying surgery, then honvéd, of slender tall stature, light hair, weak beard.”
Figuli fled to Turkey, reportedly fought in the Crimean War and made a pilgrimage to Palestine. He then took part in the struggle for the unification of Italy, until he ended up in America. He fought in the Civil War on the Union side. His participation in the Civil War is confirmed by the text on his tombstone, “He then fought bravely with the Americans, he fought bravely for freedom, he loved America so much that he became a citizen of it.”
After the war, he is said to have worked as a doctor and even owned a plantation. He also allegedly undertook an expedition to the northern polar regions, as a photograph of him in polar gear has survived. A remarkable story from St. Louis, where he was supposedly insulted by an influential American who called him a poor emigrant and a “dog-head”, for which Figuli challenged him to a sabre duel. He killed the American in it, so he had to move to Virginia, where he set up a tobacco farm.
In 1876, weakened and ill, he returned to Slovakia, where he died four years later. In Kokava nad Rimavicou there is a street named after Figulis. We can also find his grave there, which reads: “Here rests the highly born Mr. Franc S. Figuli, citizen of free America.”
Colonel Gabriel Korponay, also known as Gabriel Krupinský in Slovak exile literature, was born on 25 March 1821 in Chym near Košice in the family of a local landowner Štefan Korponay and Johana Farkas. This renowned polka dancer, diplomat, and cavalry commander during the Mexican-American War and the Indian fighting first organized volunteers in Philadelphia after the outbreak of the Civil War. Subsequently, with the rank of lieutenant colonel, he became a member of the command staff of the 28th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, which distinguished itself greatly on October 16, 1861, with a successful deployment during the fighting for Bolivar Heights Ridge in present-day West Virginia.
Later, companies under Gabriel Korponay succeeded in an artillery show of force at Point of Rocks on the Maryland frontier on December 19, 1861, which did not escape the notice of the contemporary press of the day: ‘Point of Rocks, Thursday, December 19. At ten o’clock in the morning a battery of rebels, with a force of three guns, flanked by about two hundred soldiers, suddenly commenced shelling the camp of Colonel Geary’s Pennsylvania regiment. About twenty well-aimed shells struck the camp, the first within a few feet of Lieutenant-Colonel De Korponay, who was in command. Six companies were well posted and fortified in camp. A battery of the 28th Regiment opened fire with two guns, the first shell destroying one of the rebel guns, the second striking their centre. Our battery then opened fire, silencing all their guns, and driving off the fourth, which was to reinforce them. The rebels were driven from their position and retreated. There were at least fourteen dead and many wounded on their side. Our side did not lose a single man. The battle lasted over half an hour. Finally, after driving the rebels out, the victors turned their cannon on some houses near the old furnace on the Virginia side, where about 150 rebels were hiding, and drove them out, killing and wounding many. The guns were admirably manned.” Reported the next day by the New York Times.
Finally, on April 25, 1862, the then 41-year-old Korponay became commander of the 28th Pennsylvania Infantry, overseeing the holding of strategic areas – the Manassas Railroad and the passes in the Blue Ridge Mountains. “Soldiers of the 28th By the providence of God, I assumed command of this noble regiment composed of the best men of the army. I sincerely pledge myself always to strive for justice.” He stated in a speech addressed to subordinates. Gabriel Korponay’s last major assignment during the American Civil War was commanding the military camp at Camp Banks in Alexandria, Virginia. This was a so-called exchange center for paroled Unionist prisoners, but they were not allowed to participate in further military service until they were officially exchanged for enemy prisoners. Korponay saw to the best possible conditions in this facility, supporting, for example, the establishment of a camp theatre and organising various sports and games activities.
By October 1862, well into Korponay’s command, there were over 3,500 men at Camp Banks. Command of the camp brought with it all sorts of responsibilities; on December 1, 1862, Colonel William Hoffman, the Commissary General of Prisoners of War, wrote to Korponay instructing him to use what was known as the more economical Farmhouse Cauldron in cooking, which was supposed to be preferable to the conventional camp kettles, since one 40-gallon kettle cooked food for 100 men. Korponay was to order from the supply department a horse for the sawmill so that the wood for the stove could be cut better and especially more economically. The camp officials were to receive over 40 cents a day, according to Colonel Hoffman’s instructions. Eventually Korponay was discharged from the army at his own request for health reasons in March 1863.
Major Ondrej Gálik of the 58th Ohio Infantry Regiment, a native of Brzotín from Gemer, also fought alongside the famous General Grant. He was born on November 28, 1815, the son of Samuel Gallik, a landowner. He studied in Rožňava and at the military school in Levoča. Eventually, however, he did not join the army and moved to Košice, where he decided to go into business. In 1843 he became a partner of the merchant Jan Samuel Schmidt and was engaged in the sale of cloth, textiles and spices. Later he married and in 1848 his son Gejza was born. In the same year he joined the revolution, but after its defeat he left his native country for fear of persecution. He first visited France, from where he made his way to the USA in February 1856. In the land across the ocean he quickly mastered English, established a fencing school in Dayton, and engaged in the itinerant cigar trade. But he was not successful in business and decided to try his luck as a gold prospector in Australia. There, too, he experienced great disappointment.
When the Civil War broke out in the US, he resolved to try a military career again. He enlisted in the Union Army and was assigned to the 58th Ohio Infantry Regiment. Less than four months later, on January 8, 1862, he became a captain. The officer, listed in contemporary records as Andrew Galfy, commanded his own Company “A” and fought in important battles in the state of Tennessee. First at Fort Donelson in February 1862, when Union ground troops supported gunboats on the Cumberland River, and then at Shiloh in April 1862 – during one of the bloodiest battles of the entire war. Gálik’s regiment did not join the fighting until the morning of April 7, 1862, the second day of the great battle, but remained under fire until 4 p.m., with nine of its soldiers killed and 43 wounded. In December 1862, a wounded Gallick was captured by Southerners during the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou on the Mississippi River. “After pushing the enemy back and reaching the first line of trenches, it became clear that further attempts would be unsuccessful. The regiment therefore retreated. Now the 58th had lost 47% of all those deployed. Amongst those killed were three officers and the brave and prompt Lieutenant Colonel Peter Dister.” War correspondent Whitelaw Reid reported on the events of December 29, 1862, which turned out unfavorably for the Ohio soldiers. As part of a prisoner exchange, Galik was subsequently released.
From 22 May 1863 to 1 August 1863, he commanded the armored ship USS Mound City, which patrolled the Mississippi River, specifically between the Grand Gulf and Hard Times locations. In October 1864, he received the rank of major, becoming second in command of Colonel Ezra Peter Jackson’s 58th Regiment. In January 1865, he retired from his military career, apparently due to lingering pain from an old wound. After the Union victory, he settled in Austin, where he served as supervisor of Tunica County, Mississippi, and in 1869 moved to Kansas City, Missouri, more than a thousand miles away. Here he began operating a private veterinary practice. A respected man, he became an American citizen, but his heart was overwhelmed by homesickness, especially for his son, whom he abandoned when he was only 9 years old. So, at the age of 66, he finally returned to Kosice, where he lived with his son, in an apartment on what is now Elizabeth Street, where a memorial plaque commemorating his life’s story was unveiled in the summer of 2019.
Soldiers connected with the territory of Slovakia were also represented among the cavalry, namely in the form of Colonel Joseph Németh – commander of the 5th Missouri Cavalry Regiment, also known as the Benton Hussars. Németh was born in 1816 in Lučenec. During the Revolution of 1848, he began serving in the so-called volunteer National Guard from Novohrad. Among other campaigns, he took part in the fighting at Wilson’s Creek, Missouri, on August 10, 1861, and in the Battle of Pea Ridge in March 1862, in northern Arkansas Territory, when his unit lost 17 men.
Németh (Joseph Nemett) wrote a detailed report on the deployment of his regiment. According to it, he was first in charge of forming a rear guard early on the morning of March 6, 1862, while the army marched from the army camp to Bentonville, three miles away. At eleven o’clock they sighted the enemy. Colonel Nemeth’s troops were surrounded on three sides by the Southerners, and were soon pushed back, being greatly outnumbered. Németh’s patrol did not exceed 100 men, but they observed: ‘a large cavalry force, about 500 men carrying the secession standard, rapidly approaching from the rear’. Németh therefore led “A” and “B” companies into the attack, which was to keep the enemy at a considerable distance for half an hour. The whole column thus withdrew from the town without difficulty, and on the hill further east the soldiers under the command of Joseph Németh formed into line of battle and thus faced the enemies located in the town.
During the next march the whole column was continually shelled, but at the last moment it was supported by soldiers of the 2nd and 12th Missouri Infantry Regiments, as well as two cannon, or it would probably have succumbed to the Southerners. The Confederate soldiers continued to attack, but under orders from General Franz Sigel, the soldiers around Joseph Németh continued to move. The following day, March 7, four of Németh’s companies, supported by additional cavalry units, infantry, and artillery, attacked the enemy left flank. As the Benton Hussars formed up on the battlefield, they suddenly found themselves right in the thick of the fighting, as the 1st Missouri Cavalry and 3rd Iowa Cavalry Regiments were already struggling around them with the Southerners. Throughout the day they held positions on the battlefield as a guard of artillery batteries, Company “A” additionally salvaging one lone gun that had been left on the battlefield for some time. The firing ceased about half-past six in the evening, but the Benton Hussars and two other mounted companies also spent the night on the battlefield. Finally, on 8 March, Joseph Németh’s horsemen provided protection for the left flank until the troops reached the Elkhorn Inn building: ‘We were ordered to halt there, and in the afternoon we were sent in pursuit of the enemy, capturing 15 prisoners. In the evening we reached the camp and there we remained.” Colonel Németh’s report ends. At that time the 5th Missouri Cavalry Regiment was incorporated in General Samuel R. R.’s Army of the Southwest. Curtis. The Battle of Pea Ridge was a fairly significant Civil War encounter, due to the victory of the northerners, northern Arkansas and the j
Among the artillerymen was listed Major Matej E. Ruzicka (Rozsafy), a native of Komárno of Czech origin and a graduate of the Vienna Pázmany, from the 1st Light Artillery Regiment from West Virginia. More specifically, from October 1, 1861 to April 18, 1862, he served in Battery “B”, which also participated in the artillery show of force at Kenstown in the Shenandoah Valley on March 23, 1862, when, after several attacks by the Northerners, the Southern General Jackson had to retreat.
Another native of Slovakia, a member of the well-known Gerster family from Košice, Captain Anton Gerster (Košice, 7 June 1825 – San José, California, 2 June 1897), first an officer of the 5th and later the 27th Missouri Infantry Regiment, offered his technical knowledge to the Union. Anton studied in Košice and at the Technical University in Buda. Like most of our heroes, he fought in the revolution in Hungary in 1848-49. After its defeat, he fled to the United States, arriving there in May 1852. Thanks to his technical talents, he worked on important constructions such as the Brooklyn Suspension Bridge.
He was very active in the Civil War, for a time even operating the so-called Gerster Independent Engineer Company, which provided technical support to troops operating in Missouri. Among Anton Gerster’s important tasks was the inspection of forts, even those captured after battles with the Southerners. General John W. Davidson reported on his division’s deployment during the successful capture of Little Rock, Arkansas, on September 10, 1863, with all important arrangements such as trenching, battery placement, and bridge laying supervised by staff officers – Lieutenant Colonel Coldwell and Captains J. L. Halley and Anton Gerster – the night before the assault.
In February 1864, work began to improve the defenses of Fort Ford Smith, Arkansas, and the local supply depots, with Gerster again overseeing the garrison’s operations. Another time, on August 20, 1864, Captain Gerster again inspected the ammunition depot at Fort Davidson, Missouri. In his opinion, although the facility was in good condition, he suggested raising the ceiling to prevent the stored material from becoming damp, thus achieving an aerated interior and providing drainage for the premises. A month later, General Thomas Ewing Jr. unable to resist General Sterling Price’s Southern forces, ordered the ammunition depot at Fort Ford Davidson blown up and retreated toward St. Louis. Gerster was a member of the 27th Missouri Infantry Regiment by September 9, 1864. After the Civil War ended, he lived for a long time in New York City, then settled in California, where he died in 1897.
Cornelius Fornet (1818 Stráže pod Tatrami – 1894 Vác) was also a fighter in the Union army.
After the defeat of the Revolution of 1848-49, he fled to the USA, arriving there on 9 December 1849. Immediately after his arrival, Fornet published his first book in English on the Hungarian Revolution. Later, Cornelius Fornet went to California, where he bought a silicon and gold mine, which he sold at a profit a few years later. In 1852, Fornet married his fiancée in Europe, returned to the U.S. where he settled in New Jersey and began farming.
During the American Civil War, he served on the Union side as a major general in John C. Frémont’s army. He was seriously wounded at Jefferson City, Missouri. After his recovery, General Henry W. Halleck sent him to New Jersey to organize the 22nd Regiment of Volunteer Infantry. Fornet became its first colonel. After the war in 1867, Fornet returned to Hungary, working in a salt warehouse in Mainz. He died in Vac in 1894.
Other personalities originally from the territory of Slovakia who linked their fate with the Civil War in the USA included : Ján Fiala (1822 – 1911) – commissioned into the army as a surveyor and commissioned to draw a map of Missouri and was in charge of the plan for the defense of St. Louis
Baron Theodore Maiteny of Nitra – Major under General Frémont
Bernard Šimík – member of the Lincoln Rifles, physician
Karol Semsey (1830 Kračúnovce – 1911 New York) – Officer in the American Civil War. He also fought in the Crimean War near Sevastopol on the side of the British. He was a major in the 45th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment. After the Civil War, he went to New York, where he became a leader of the “Hungarian Society”, which was formed in 1865. He worked in the Immigration Office, where he came into contact with a large number of emigrants from Hungary. Bernard Bettelheim (1811 – 1869). Born in Pressburg, he was of Jewish origin, later converted to Christianity. He studied in Great Varadin, Debrecen and Budapest. He received his medical education at the University of Padua. From August to December 1863 he served as a surgeon in the 106th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry.
Realized with financial support of the Ministry of Defence of the Slovak Republic within the framework of the subsidy programme.
The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of
Doc. PhDr. Martin Javor, PhD. | 5,213 | ENGLISH | 1 |
"In order that men might have knowledge of God, free of doubt and uncertainty, it was necessary for divine truth to be delivered to them by way of faith, being told to them as it were, by God himself who cannot lie."
No one claimed Thomas Aquinas got famous on his looks. He was colossally fat, suffered from edema (dropsy), and one huge eye dwarfed his other. Nor was he a particularly dynamic, charismatic figure. Introspective and silent most of the time, when he did speak, it was often completely unrelated to the conversation. His classmates in college called him "the dumb ox." Today, recognized as the greatest theologian of the Middle Ages, he is called "the doctor of angels."
Francis of Assisi renounces wealth
Dominican Order established
Thomas Aquinas born
Thomas Aquinas dies
Unam Sanctam proclaims papal supremacy
Temptations of a future theologian
He was born in an Italian castle to "Count Lundulf" of Aquino (though he was probably not a count) and Lundulf's wife, Theodora. At age 5, the pudgy boy was sent to the school at the nearby monastery of Monte Cassino (a community founded by Benedict seven centuries earlier). At age 14, Thomas went to the University of Naples, where his Dominican teacher so impressed him that Thomas decided he, too, would join the new, study-oriented Dominican order.
His family fiercely opposed the decision (apparently wanting him to become an influential and financially secure abbot or archbishop rather than take a friar's vow of poverty). Thomas's brothers kidnapped him and confined him for 15 months; his family tempted him with a prostitute and an offer to buy him the post of archbishop of Naples.
All attempts failed, and Thomas went to Paris, medieval Europe's center of theological study. While there he fell under the spell of the famous teacher Albert the Great.
Wrestling with reason
In medieval Europe, all learning took place under the eye of the church, and theology reigned supreme in the sciences. Still, non-Christian philosophers like Aristotle the Greek, Averroes the Muslim, and Maimonides the Jew were studied alongside the Bible. Scholars were especially fascinated by Aristotle, whose works had been unknown in Europe for centuries. He seemed to have explained the entire universe, not by using Scripture but by his powers of observation and reason.
This emphasis on reason threatened to undermine traditional Christian beliefs. Christians had believed knowledge could come only through God's revelation, that only those to whom God chose to reveal his truths could understand the universe. How could this be squared with the obvious knowledge taught by these newly discovered philosophies?
Thomas wanted to explore this issue, and he determined to extract from Aristotle's writings what was acceptable to Christianity.
His thoughts consumed him. According to one story, he was dining with Louis IX of France (later "Saint" Louis), but while others engaged in conversation, he stared off into the distance lost in thought. Suddenly, he slammed down his fist on the table and exclaimed, "Ah! There's an argument that will destroy the Manichees!"
At the beginning of his massive Summa Theologica (or "A summation of theological knowledge"), Thomas stated, "In sacred theology, all things are treated from the standpoint of God." Thomas proceeded to distinguish between philosophy and theology, and between reason and revelation, though he emphasized that these did not contradict each other. Both are fountains of knowledge; both come from God.
Reason, said Thomas (following Aristotle), is based on sensory data—what we can see, feel, hear, smell, and touch. Revelation is based on more. While reason can lead us to believe in God—something that other theologians had already proposed—only revelation can show us God as he really is, the triune God of the Bible.
"In order that men might have knowledge of God, free of doubt and uncertainty," he wrote, "it was necessary for divine truth to be delivered to them by way of faith, being told to them as it were, by God himself who cannot lie."
In other words, someone looking at nature could tell that an intelligent creator exists. But that person would have no idea whether the creator was good or if he might work in history. Furthermore, though a person apart from Christianity can practice certain "natural virtues," only a believer can practice faith, hope, and love, the truly Christian virtues.
Volumes of straw
Thomas's writings (including the Summa Contra Gentiles, a manual for missionaries to the Muslims, which also contains several hymns) were attacked before and after his death. In 1277, the archbishop of Paris tried to have Thomas formally condemned, but the Roman Curia put a stop to the movement. Though Thomas was canonized in 1325, it took another 200 years before his teaching was hailed as preeminent and a chief bulwark against Protestantism. Four years after the Council of Trent, in which his writings play a prominent part, Thomas was declared a doctor of the church.
In 1879, the papal bull Aeterni Patris endorsed Thomism (Aquinas's theology) as an authentic expression of doctrine and said it should be studied by all students of theology. Today both Protestant and Catholic scholars draw upon his writings.
Thomas, however, would not necessarily be pleased. Toward the end of his life, he had a vision that forced him to drop his pen. Though he had experienced visions for years, this was something different. His secretary begged him to start writing again, but Aquinas replied, "I cannot. Such things have been revealed to me that what I have written seems but straw."
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0.3287414312... | 1 | "In order that men might have knowledge of God, free of doubt and uncertainty, it was necessary for divine truth to be delivered to them by way of faith, being told to them as it were, by God himself who cannot lie."
No one claimed Thomas Aquinas got famous on his looks. He was colossally fat, suffered from edema (dropsy), and one huge eye dwarfed his other. Nor was he a particularly dynamic, charismatic figure. Introspective and silent most of the time, when he did speak, it was often completely unrelated to the conversation. His classmates in college called him "the dumb ox." Today, recognized as the greatest theologian of the Middle Ages, he is called "the doctor of angels."
Francis of Assisi renounces wealth
Dominican Order established
Thomas Aquinas born
Thomas Aquinas dies
Unam Sanctam proclaims papal supremacy
Temptations of a future theologian
He was born in an Italian castle to "Count Lundulf" of Aquino (though he was probably not a count) and Lundulf's wife, Theodora. At age 5, the pudgy boy was sent to the school at the nearby monastery of Monte Cassino (a community founded by Benedict seven centuries earlier). At age 14, Thomas went to the University of Naples, where his Dominican teacher so impressed him that Thomas decided he, too, would join the new, study-oriented Dominican order.
His family fiercely opposed the decision (apparently wanting him to become an influential and financially secure abbot or archbishop rather than take a friar's vow of poverty). Thomas's brothers kidnapped him and confined him for 15 months; his family tempted him with a prostitute and an offer to buy him the post of archbishop of Naples.
All attempts failed, and Thomas went to Paris, medieval Europe's center of theological study. While there he fell under the spell of the famous teacher Albert the Great.
Wrestling with reason
In medieval Europe, all learning took place under the eye of the church, and theology reigned supreme in the sciences. Still, non-Christian philosophers like Aristotle the Greek, Averroes the Muslim, and Maimonides the Jew were studied alongside the Bible. Scholars were especially fascinated by Aristotle, whose works had been unknown in Europe for centuries. He seemed to have explained the entire universe, not by using Scripture but by his powers of observation and reason.
This emphasis on reason threatened to undermine traditional Christian beliefs. Christians had believed knowledge could come only through God's revelation, that only those to whom God chose to reveal his truths could understand the universe. How could this be squared with the obvious knowledge taught by these newly discovered philosophies?
Thomas wanted to explore this issue, and he determined to extract from Aristotle's writings what was acceptable to Christianity.
His thoughts consumed him. According to one story, he was dining with Louis IX of France (later "Saint" Louis), but while others engaged in conversation, he stared off into the distance lost in thought. Suddenly, he slammed down his fist on the table and exclaimed, "Ah! There's an argument that will destroy the Manichees!"
At the beginning of his massive Summa Theologica (or "A summation of theological knowledge"), Thomas stated, "In sacred theology, all things are treated from the standpoint of God." Thomas proceeded to distinguish between philosophy and theology, and between reason and revelation, though he emphasized that these did not contradict each other. Both are fountains of knowledge; both come from God.
Reason, said Thomas (following Aristotle), is based on sensory data—what we can see, feel, hear, smell, and touch. Revelation is based on more. While reason can lead us to believe in God—something that other theologians had already proposed—only revelation can show us God as he really is, the triune God of the Bible.
"In order that men might have knowledge of God, free of doubt and uncertainty," he wrote, "it was necessary for divine truth to be delivered to them by way of faith, being told to them as it were, by God himself who cannot lie."
In other words, someone looking at nature could tell that an intelligent creator exists. But that person would have no idea whether the creator was good or if he might work in history. Furthermore, though a person apart from Christianity can practice certain "natural virtues," only a believer can practice faith, hope, and love, the truly Christian virtues.
Volumes of straw
Thomas's writings (including the Summa Contra Gentiles, a manual for missionaries to the Muslims, which also contains several hymns) were attacked before and after his death. In 1277, the archbishop of Paris tried to have Thomas formally condemned, but the Roman Curia put a stop to the movement. Though Thomas was canonized in 1325, it took another 200 years before his teaching was hailed as preeminent and a chief bulwark against Protestantism. Four years after the Council of Trent, in which his writings play a prominent part, Thomas was declared a doctor of the church.
In 1879, the papal bull Aeterni Patris endorsed Thomism (Aquinas's theology) as an authentic expression of doctrine and said it should be studied by all students of theology. Today both Protestant and Catholic scholars draw upon his writings.
Thomas, however, would not necessarily be pleased. Toward the end of his life, he had a vision that forced him to drop his pen. Though he had experienced visions for years, this was something different. His secretary begged him to start writing again, but Aquinas replied, "I cannot. Such things have been revealed to me that what I have written seems but straw."
His Summa Theologica, one of the most influential writings of the Christian church, was left unfinished when he died three months later. | 1,211 | ENGLISH | 1 |
A study found out that only twenty percent of teens with eating disorders get treatment from a medical professional. They surveyed thirteen to eighteen year olds from the nation that had eating disorders. Girls were 2.2 times more likely to get help than boys. Teens with anorexia or bulimia nervosa were 2.4 and 1.9 times more likely, respectively, to get help than teens with binge eating disorders. Teens that have had a mental health disorder and got treatment were 1.7 times more likely to get help than those who haven’t received treatment.
- A study from the University of Miami (Ohio) learned that only 20% of teens aged 13-18 sought treatment for their eating disorders.
- Girls in the study were twice as likely as boys to seek treatment. Also, older teens are more likely to get treatment than younger teens.
- Parents and members of the community can help present positive role models to help teens avoid the development of eating disorders.
“40% of teenaged girls have some type of eating disorder, and 91% try to control their weight through dieting.” | <urn:uuid:fb03bd74-5ae9-4320-9608-e5573dd10520> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.edcatalogue.com/why-arent-teens-seeking-eating-disorder-treatment/? | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474670.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227021813-20240227051813-00086.warc.gz | en | 0.982874 | 231 | 3.265625 | 3 | [
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0.01988894119858... | 1 | A study found out that only twenty percent of teens with eating disorders get treatment from a medical professional. They surveyed thirteen to eighteen year olds from the nation that had eating disorders. Girls were 2.2 times more likely to get help than boys. Teens with anorexia or bulimia nervosa were 2.4 and 1.9 times more likely, respectively, to get help than teens with binge eating disorders. Teens that have had a mental health disorder and got treatment were 1.7 times more likely to get help than those who haven’t received treatment.
- A study from the University of Miami (Ohio) learned that only 20% of teens aged 13-18 sought treatment for their eating disorders.
- Girls in the study were twice as likely as boys to seek treatment. Also, older teens are more likely to get treatment than younger teens.
- Parents and members of the community can help present positive role models to help teens avoid the development of eating disorders.
“40% of teenaged girls have some type of eating disorder, and 91% try to control their weight through dieting.” | 232 | ENGLISH | 1 |
A climax community refers to the final stage of a given plant community. The community reaches what is known as ‘climax’ once it is in a stable state. Essentially, this means that all the plants in a given area have all reached their optimal state, and are in harmonious balance with one another. If an ecosystem has one particular plant that grows very quickly, and is likely to thrive earlier than other plants in that native ecosystem, then the plant community would still be in flux, and thus not at a climax state. Vegetation would not yet be in balance, as slower growing plants would not have had time to grow. Usually, a climax community has more mature plants than young plants, and has had the time for the vegetation in that area to grow to its full and complete state. Examples of this process can be best seen in clear cut fields. Once a field is cleared, there is essentially no vegetation in that area, and thus the plant community is almost non-existent. This begins the stages of plant succession. When plants do start to grow, they will be in a young, or juvenile state. In a field, this would usually start with quick-growing vegetation such as grasses or perhaps moss and ground cover. Over time, these grasses would continue to grow, and reach maturity, but during this time other plants would begin to grow. In this way, grass may become mature, while other vegetation - like shrubs or even young saplings - would themselves be in a young stage of growth. Over years, these shrubs would begin to mature, and given even more time, the saplings and young trees would continue to grow. The quick growing plants will naturally mature at a faster rate than others, meaning the plant community would not yet have reached a fully mature, or optimal state. Once all plants within the ecosystem or plant community have had the opportunity to reach maturity, the community can be described as a climax one. This does not, however, mean that there are only mature plants in this community, or that new growth has become stagnant. In most ecosystems growth continues perpetually, and there are always new plants growing, maturing, or dying. However in a climax state, the species within that community remain balanced and the same, while any invading or non-native plants fail to take over. Because of this, a climax state is not a stale state, rather a threshold by which to measure that the majority of vegetation in that area has reached its optimal state. New life will continue to grow, but the majority of plants have reached their peak state. | <urn:uuid:fb65caaf-9a29-4b64-94ed-279127b82ab1> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/climax-community.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476396.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303142747-20240303172747-00283.warc.gz | en | 0.983529 | 524 | 3.71875 | 4 | [
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0.312464207410... | 1 | A climax community refers to the final stage of a given plant community. The community reaches what is known as ‘climax’ once it is in a stable state. Essentially, this means that all the plants in a given area have all reached their optimal state, and are in harmonious balance with one another. If an ecosystem has one particular plant that grows very quickly, and is likely to thrive earlier than other plants in that native ecosystem, then the plant community would still be in flux, and thus not at a climax state. Vegetation would not yet be in balance, as slower growing plants would not have had time to grow. Usually, a climax community has more mature plants than young plants, and has had the time for the vegetation in that area to grow to its full and complete state. Examples of this process can be best seen in clear cut fields. Once a field is cleared, there is essentially no vegetation in that area, and thus the plant community is almost non-existent. This begins the stages of plant succession. When plants do start to grow, they will be in a young, or juvenile state. In a field, this would usually start with quick-growing vegetation such as grasses or perhaps moss and ground cover. Over time, these grasses would continue to grow, and reach maturity, but during this time other plants would begin to grow. In this way, grass may become mature, while other vegetation - like shrubs or even young saplings - would themselves be in a young stage of growth. Over years, these shrubs would begin to mature, and given even more time, the saplings and young trees would continue to grow. The quick growing plants will naturally mature at a faster rate than others, meaning the plant community would not yet have reached a fully mature, or optimal state. Once all plants within the ecosystem or plant community have had the opportunity to reach maturity, the community can be described as a climax one. This does not, however, mean that there are only mature plants in this community, or that new growth has become stagnant. In most ecosystems growth continues perpetually, and there are always new plants growing, maturing, or dying. However in a climax state, the species within that community remain balanced and the same, while any invading or non-native plants fail to take over. Because of this, a climax state is not a stale state, rather a threshold by which to measure that the majority of vegetation in that area has reached its optimal state. New life will continue to grow, but the majority of plants have reached their peak state. | 519 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The source of strength for any military power lies in its people, from whom the common soldier is drawn. In 1939 there were approximately 100 million Japanese citizens, 70 million of them in Japan proper. Japan was a hardworking nation, eking out its sustenance from the often barren land of those myriads of tight islands, and it retained its competitiveness in commerce through the willingness of its workers to work longer hours for less pay. The standard of living was low but the level of literacy fairly high. It had an economy and a psychology which produced soldiers who were strong and willing, who were accustomed to hardships perhaps greater than those in the normal course of military life, and who accepted military service as an inevitable and honourable thing.
In World War II the Japanese soldier proved a tough enemy — daring in attack, stubborn in defence. Even when his position seemed hopeless to him he usually fought on to the death. Right up to the end of the war he showed little readiness to surrender and almost always preferred to die in battle or take his own life rather than fall into the hands of his enemies. Few Japanese prisoners surrendered voluntarily; most of them were either too weak or too ill to offer any resistance or to commit suicide.
The reasons for the Japanese soldier’s attitude and stern discipline lay in his early upbringing, his education, and his Army training. For several centuries before Japan adopted a European army system and introduced conscription (1872), the old warrior class — the Samurai — was held in high esteem. The makers of the twentieth century Japanese Army were quick to realise the advantages to be gained by continuing to foster this spirit, and so, by every means possible, the heroism and noble calling of the warrior were praised. When Japan started on warlike ventures and came out victorious, the prestige of the Army grew. The Japanese Army thus came to occupy a unique position in Japan and for the 10 years before World War II it played a major part in governing the nation.
Conscripts constituted the bulk of the army, and in normal times the term of service was two years. Most of the men in the ranks were peasants well suited to army life since their harsh frugal existence on Japanese farms had inured them to hardships. They were stocky, well built with powerful backs accustomed to carrying heavy burdens, and — at the same time — simple, docile and obedient.
Any male between the ages of 20 and 40 was eligible for military service and with an intake of about 150,000 conscripts a year the Japanese had a standing army of about 375,000 at the time of Pearl Harbor and about two million trained reserves. After the mobilisation which preceded Pearl Harbor the call-up age was lowered from 20 to 19 and the military service age raised from 40 to 45. Peacetime training programmes were also cut and by 1942 infantry soldiers were receiving as little as three months training before being sent to operational areas. (In many instances some training was given in operational areas — China being used as a theatre where troops could gain combat experience). The training periods of technical troops, such as signals and engineer personnel, were also reduced.
NCOs and officers were mostly recruited from young men who had attended higher educational establishments. Most of the regular officers were graduates of the Military Academy while NCOs were trained at one or other of the NCO schools in Japan and Manchuria.
Training at all levels was generally intense and thorough, and before he was sent to an operational area a Japanese soldier was instructed not only how to use his weapons but the reasons why he should fight and why he should not be beaten. He must live according to the Japanese soldiers ‘code’ — a directive covering three pages of very involved logic in very fine print which consisted, in brief, of five points:
- The soldier should consider loyalty his essential duty. ‘Remember that the protection of the state and the maintenance of its power depend upon the strength of its arms . . . Bear in mind that duty is weightier than a mountain, while death is lighter than a feather.’
- The soldier should be strict in observing propriety. ‘Inferiors should regard the orders of their superiors as issuing directly from Us’ (the emperor).
- The soldier should esteem valour. ‘Never to despise an inferior enemy, or to fear a superior, but to do one’s duty as a soldier or sailor — that is true valour.’
- The soldier should highly value faithfulness and righteousness. ‘Faithfulness implies the keeping of one’s word, and righteousness the fulfilment of one’s duty.’
- The soldier should make simplicity his aim. ‘If you do not make simplicity your aim, you will become effeminate or frivolous and acquire fondness for luxurious and extravagant ways.’
Finally, in the event of being prisoner, a Japanese soldier knew that he would be dishonoured and his family would have no pension. If on the other hand he died fighting he was assured of reward — his family would be honoured and receive a pension, and if possible his ashes would be sent back to Japan and buried at the national shrine of Yasekuni.
As a result of this system and training the Japanese soldier was highly disciplined, brave and ready to fight to the bitter end rather than surrender. And this attitude persisted even when he became conscious of Allied superiority in weapons and equipment.
On active service a Japanese private soldier was paid 10 yen (about £1 or $2) a month. Eight yen went home to his family, 1 6/10 yen was deducted for compulsory savings, and the rest was his to squander or keep.
Personal equipment was simple but practical. With a full complement of ammunition and rations the Japanese infantryman carried a load of about five kilograms. His helmet, which weighed another kilogram, had a high crown for protection against shrapnel and was an inconspicuous tan in colour — as was the star insignia on the helmet. In North China the helmet was often worn bonnet-fashion with straps tied under the chin and with a padded cloth as an inner liner to keep out the biting cold. A coarse net to hold leaves and twigs as camouflage was commonly worn over the helmet in the field.
For all ranks the army uniform was khaki in colour. (Marines and sailors dressed in the conventional blue and white). In North China and Manchuria great-coats of Australian wool were issued for wear in cold weather, together with a fur lining to go inside the soft cap which was the normal headgear. Footwear consisted of black or brown hobnailed boots, or — in hot climates — ‘tobi’ (canvas shoes with heavy rubber soles in which the big toe was separated from the remainder of the foot) were worn. Khaki woollen puttees were invariably worn by other ranks, and sometimes by junior officers. Belts and ammunition pouches were of heavy well-tanned leather. | <urn:uuid:48838003-85d6-4acb-870f-7f869cbcefdd> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://weaponsandwarfare.com/2015/11/11/the-japanese-soldier/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474659.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226094435-20240226124435-00814.warc.gz | en | 0.985621 | 1,440 | 3.78125 | 4 | [
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0.6655487418174744... | 1 | The source of strength for any military power lies in its people, from whom the common soldier is drawn. In 1939 there were approximately 100 million Japanese citizens, 70 million of them in Japan proper. Japan was a hardworking nation, eking out its sustenance from the often barren land of those myriads of tight islands, and it retained its competitiveness in commerce through the willingness of its workers to work longer hours for less pay. The standard of living was low but the level of literacy fairly high. It had an economy and a psychology which produced soldiers who were strong and willing, who were accustomed to hardships perhaps greater than those in the normal course of military life, and who accepted military service as an inevitable and honourable thing.
In World War II the Japanese soldier proved a tough enemy — daring in attack, stubborn in defence. Even when his position seemed hopeless to him he usually fought on to the death. Right up to the end of the war he showed little readiness to surrender and almost always preferred to die in battle or take his own life rather than fall into the hands of his enemies. Few Japanese prisoners surrendered voluntarily; most of them were either too weak or too ill to offer any resistance or to commit suicide.
The reasons for the Japanese soldier’s attitude and stern discipline lay in his early upbringing, his education, and his Army training. For several centuries before Japan adopted a European army system and introduced conscription (1872), the old warrior class — the Samurai — was held in high esteem. The makers of the twentieth century Japanese Army were quick to realise the advantages to be gained by continuing to foster this spirit, and so, by every means possible, the heroism and noble calling of the warrior were praised. When Japan started on warlike ventures and came out victorious, the prestige of the Army grew. The Japanese Army thus came to occupy a unique position in Japan and for the 10 years before World War II it played a major part in governing the nation.
Conscripts constituted the bulk of the army, and in normal times the term of service was two years. Most of the men in the ranks were peasants well suited to army life since their harsh frugal existence on Japanese farms had inured them to hardships. They were stocky, well built with powerful backs accustomed to carrying heavy burdens, and — at the same time — simple, docile and obedient.
Any male between the ages of 20 and 40 was eligible for military service and with an intake of about 150,000 conscripts a year the Japanese had a standing army of about 375,000 at the time of Pearl Harbor and about two million trained reserves. After the mobilisation which preceded Pearl Harbor the call-up age was lowered from 20 to 19 and the military service age raised from 40 to 45. Peacetime training programmes were also cut and by 1942 infantry soldiers were receiving as little as three months training before being sent to operational areas. (In many instances some training was given in operational areas — China being used as a theatre where troops could gain combat experience). The training periods of technical troops, such as signals and engineer personnel, were also reduced.
NCOs and officers were mostly recruited from young men who had attended higher educational establishments. Most of the regular officers were graduates of the Military Academy while NCOs were trained at one or other of the NCO schools in Japan and Manchuria.
Training at all levels was generally intense and thorough, and before he was sent to an operational area a Japanese soldier was instructed not only how to use his weapons but the reasons why he should fight and why he should not be beaten. He must live according to the Japanese soldiers ‘code’ — a directive covering three pages of very involved logic in very fine print which consisted, in brief, of five points:
- The soldier should consider loyalty his essential duty. ‘Remember that the protection of the state and the maintenance of its power depend upon the strength of its arms . . . Bear in mind that duty is weightier than a mountain, while death is lighter than a feather.’
- The soldier should be strict in observing propriety. ‘Inferiors should regard the orders of their superiors as issuing directly from Us’ (the emperor).
- The soldier should esteem valour. ‘Never to despise an inferior enemy, or to fear a superior, but to do one’s duty as a soldier or sailor — that is true valour.’
- The soldier should highly value faithfulness and righteousness. ‘Faithfulness implies the keeping of one’s word, and righteousness the fulfilment of one’s duty.’
- The soldier should make simplicity his aim. ‘If you do not make simplicity your aim, you will become effeminate or frivolous and acquire fondness for luxurious and extravagant ways.’
Finally, in the event of being prisoner, a Japanese soldier knew that he would be dishonoured and his family would have no pension. If on the other hand he died fighting he was assured of reward — his family would be honoured and receive a pension, and if possible his ashes would be sent back to Japan and buried at the national shrine of Yasekuni.
As a result of this system and training the Japanese soldier was highly disciplined, brave and ready to fight to the bitter end rather than surrender. And this attitude persisted even when he became conscious of Allied superiority in weapons and equipment.
On active service a Japanese private soldier was paid 10 yen (about £1 or $2) a month. Eight yen went home to his family, 1 6/10 yen was deducted for compulsory savings, and the rest was his to squander or keep.
Personal equipment was simple but practical. With a full complement of ammunition and rations the Japanese infantryman carried a load of about five kilograms. His helmet, which weighed another kilogram, had a high crown for protection against shrapnel and was an inconspicuous tan in colour — as was the star insignia on the helmet. In North China the helmet was often worn bonnet-fashion with straps tied under the chin and with a padded cloth as an inner liner to keep out the biting cold. A coarse net to hold leaves and twigs as camouflage was commonly worn over the helmet in the field.
For all ranks the army uniform was khaki in colour. (Marines and sailors dressed in the conventional blue and white). In North China and Manchuria great-coats of Australian wool were issued for wear in cold weather, together with a fur lining to go inside the soft cap which was the normal headgear. Footwear consisted of black or brown hobnailed boots, or — in hot climates — ‘tobi’ (canvas shoes with heavy rubber soles in which the big toe was separated from the remainder of the foot) were worn. Khaki woollen puttees were invariably worn by other ranks, and sometimes by junior officers. Belts and ammunition pouches were of heavy well-tanned leather. | 1,445 | ENGLISH | 1 |
A 'decent home' is located near schools, employment and healthcare
Housing which does not have easy access to facilities means that people may struggle to access employment or schooling and may be forced to spend more of their income on transport. Poorly located housing may also contribute to climate change if people need to travel further to access work or education, and key services. The suitability of location of homes will also become more important as we become more exposed to climate change, for example, exposure to flood risk.
Our indicators show that overall progressive realisation has not been met for this dimension. Certain groups such as Pacific peoples and Māori are less likely to rate the location of their home as suitable as well as experiencing inequalities in the ease of access to key amenities. Air pollution continues to affect health, and while overall premature deaths for from human-made air pollution have decreased between 2006 and 2016, hospitalisations had risen slightly.
Indicator 1: Suitability of location of dwelling
In 2018, over half of people (56 percent) said their housing was very suitable and a further 37 percent said the location was suitable. Reasons for a house being unsuitable included being too far from friends or family, employment, or education, services, or quality of the neighbourhood. Māori, Pacific peoples, people with Asian ethnicity, and people were less likely to say the location of their dwelling was very suitable.
Indicator 2: Access to public amenities or services
Access to services such as food, and health care, is an important aspect of the right to a decent home. People in the 2018 GSS were asked to rate ease of access to some key public facilities in the area or neighbourhood they lived in. We do not have a time series for this data, but we can look at inequalities of access. People in rural areas or small towns, and disabled people rated their ease of access to amenities lower.
Indicator 3: Deaths and hospitalisations from air pollution
The Health and Air Pollution in New Zealand looked at a range of health effects associated with human-made pollution and found that overall rates of premature deaths for people aged 30+ from air pollution fell between 2006 and 2013 – from 123.6 per 100,000 people in 2006 to 118.8 per 100,000 people. However, rates of hospitalisations increased slightly, from 271 people per 100,000 to 279 people per 100,000.
This change was driven by a decline in premature deaths due to PM2.5 human-made air pollution (largely due to domestic fires), however, premature death rates for NO2 had increased in all regions except Gisborne. Rates were highest in Nelson and Canterbury but lowest in Tasman and West Coast.
Estimated rates of exposure were higher for Pacific people who are some of New Zealand’s most urbanised peoples. Around half live in Auckland, New Zealand’s largest urban area. | <urn:uuid:ecaf20d0-16c9-4aa5-952e-4277848ee448> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://housing.hrc.co.nz/a_decent_home_is_located_near_schools | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473347.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20240220211055-20240221001055-00027.warc.gz | en | 0.983516 | 592 | 3.53125 | 4 | [
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... | 1 | A 'decent home' is located near schools, employment and healthcare
Housing which does not have easy access to facilities means that people may struggle to access employment or schooling and may be forced to spend more of their income on transport. Poorly located housing may also contribute to climate change if people need to travel further to access work or education, and key services. The suitability of location of homes will also become more important as we become more exposed to climate change, for example, exposure to flood risk.
Our indicators show that overall progressive realisation has not been met for this dimension. Certain groups such as Pacific peoples and Māori are less likely to rate the location of their home as suitable as well as experiencing inequalities in the ease of access to key amenities. Air pollution continues to affect health, and while overall premature deaths for from human-made air pollution have decreased between 2006 and 2016, hospitalisations had risen slightly.
Indicator 1: Suitability of location of dwelling
In 2018, over half of people (56 percent) said their housing was very suitable and a further 37 percent said the location was suitable. Reasons for a house being unsuitable included being too far from friends or family, employment, or education, services, or quality of the neighbourhood. Māori, Pacific peoples, people with Asian ethnicity, and people were less likely to say the location of their dwelling was very suitable.
Indicator 2: Access to public amenities or services
Access to services such as food, and health care, is an important aspect of the right to a decent home. People in the 2018 GSS were asked to rate ease of access to some key public facilities in the area or neighbourhood they lived in. We do not have a time series for this data, but we can look at inequalities of access. People in rural areas or small towns, and disabled people rated their ease of access to amenities lower.
Indicator 3: Deaths and hospitalisations from air pollution
The Health and Air Pollution in New Zealand looked at a range of health effects associated with human-made pollution and found that overall rates of premature deaths for people aged 30+ from air pollution fell between 2006 and 2013 – from 123.6 per 100,000 people in 2006 to 118.8 per 100,000 people. However, rates of hospitalisations increased slightly, from 271 people per 100,000 to 279 people per 100,000.
This change was driven by a decline in premature deaths due to PM2.5 human-made air pollution (largely due to domestic fires), however, premature death rates for NO2 had increased in all regions except Gisborne. Rates were highest in Nelson and Canterbury but lowest in Tasman and West Coast.
Estimated rates of exposure were higher for Pacific people who are some of New Zealand’s most urbanised peoples. Around half live in Auckland, New Zealand’s largest urban area. | 642 | ENGLISH | 1 |
A group of Spanish archaeologists ran a chemical and isotopic analysis to examine gold fragments that had broken off from one of the artifacts that make up the Carambolo Treasure, a 2,700-year-old cache whose origin has been a source of debate.
According to National Geographic, some experts say the pieces were created by Tartessos, a wealthy civilization that thrived in southern Spain between the ninth and sixth centuries B.C. Others, the magazine adds, are convinced the jewels belonged to the Phoenicians, who arrived in the western Mediterranean in the eighth century B.C.
To get a clearer answer, a team led by Francisco Nocete, professor of prehistory at the University of Huelva, decided to run the lab test. They didn’t get a straightforward result but a pretty good lead.
In their findings, which were just published in the Journal of Archaeological Science, the scientists explain that the gold used to carve the 21 pieces was not imported by anyone but extracted from same mines associated with the ancient tombs located at Valencina de la Concepcion, near Seville.
However, taking into account the fact that the bracelets, necklaces and chest decorations were carved using Phoenician techniques and that a Phoenician temple was likely located near the place where the treasure was found in 1958, the researchers arrived at a Solomonic conclusion: that the artifacts must be the product of a mixed culture of Near-Eastern Phoenicians and local Tartessians.
A second, perhaps more unexpected conclusion was drawn from the study. “All in all, as regards the Carambolo Treasure, we would find ourselves not at the beginning, but rather at the end of a gold processing tradition that began in the Lower Guadalquivir Basin during the 3rd Millennium BC and to which ornamental techniques such as filigree or soldering were added at the turn of the 1st Millennium BC,” the paper reads. | <urn:uuid:d0e04c02-cb3b-4543-a588-877427a8c932> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.mining.com/origin-ancient-gold-treausre-revealed/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473360.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221002544-20240221032544-00443.warc.gz | en | 0.982103 | 406 | 3.640625 | 4 | [
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0.626664578914... | 1 | A group of Spanish archaeologists ran a chemical and isotopic analysis to examine gold fragments that had broken off from one of the artifacts that make up the Carambolo Treasure, a 2,700-year-old cache whose origin has been a source of debate.
According to National Geographic, some experts say the pieces were created by Tartessos, a wealthy civilization that thrived in southern Spain between the ninth and sixth centuries B.C. Others, the magazine adds, are convinced the jewels belonged to the Phoenicians, who arrived in the western Mediterranean in the eighth century B.C.
To get a clearer answer, a team led by Francisco Nocete, professor of prehistory at the University of Huelva, decided to run the lab test. They didn’t get a straightforward result but a pretty good lead.
In their findings, which were just published in the Journal of Archaeological Science, the scientists explain that the gold used to carve the 21 pieces was not imported by anyone but extracted from same mines associated with the ancient tombs located at Valencina de la Concepcion, near Seville.
However, taking into account the fact that the bracelets, necklaces and chest decorations were carved using Phoenician techniques and that a Phoenician temple was likely located near the place where the treasure was found in 1958, the researchers arrived at a Solomonic conclusion: that the artifacts must be the product of a mixed culture of Near-Eastern Phoenicians and local Tartessians.
A second, perhaps more unexpected conclusion was drawn from the study. “All in all, as regards the Carambolo Treasure, we would find ourselves not at the beginning, but rather at the end of a gold processing tradition that began in the Lower Guadalquivir Basin during the 3rd Millennium BC and to which ornamental techniques such as filigree or soldering were added at the turn of the 1st Millennium BC,” the paper reads. | 403 | ENGLISH | 1 |
There have been plenty of people who have contributed to the historical development of California since it became the 33rd US state in 1850. Cesar Chavez is one of the many people who has played a huge role in the culture of California. His biggest role was in the labor workforce of California. Chavez decided to form the union based on his background as a child working in the fields. He personally experienced the unfair wages, hours, and other harsh conditions that farmworkers dealt with due to the fact that there was not a union.
Cesar Chavez was born March 31, 1927, in Yuma, Arizona. He moved to California alongside his parents and four other siblings where he spent his early years working in the fields and as a teenager did other various jobs such as driving those who could not around. Chavez dropped out of school in 7th grade so that his mother no longer had to work in the fields and he became a full-time farm …show more content…
Chavez’s union later joined with the Agriculture Workers Organizing Committee to be renamed the United Farm Workers Union. As the president of the union, Chavez promoted non-violent means for change. Some means for attention from Chavez included hunger strikes, marches, and boycotts.
Cesar Chavez also made strides against farmers using toxic pesticides on their crops. Many of these pesticides are used to kill weeds and other unwanted pests, but they are causing life-threatening side effects and death for those who consume the crops, live near the fields, and specifically the field workers. Cesar Chavez went on a hunger strike in order to get his message across to ban harmful pesticides. He completed a 29-day fast stating “that his action was aimed at ending the use of five pesticides commonly used in the growing of table grapes, the state's largest fruit crop
Cesar Chavez was born in Yuma, Arizona on March 31, 1927, according to United Farm Workers. Growing up, Chavez experienced the feeling of unfairness. In United Farm Workers, Chavez’ father agreed to clear a piece of land that was 80 acres. According to the agreement, in return, Chavez’ father would get 40 acres of land.
Did you know that in the early 20th century farm workers were not paid enough for what work they did, even though they should have been paid more because they were basically feeding everyone. Cesar Chavez was born in Yuma, Arizona. He was one of five children in his family. Cesar Chavez died in 1993. Cesar Chavez thought that farm workers needed more appreciation from people for the kind of work they did.
Cesar Chavez, a first-generation American, latino farm worker born in Yuma, Arizona, is a true American hero. At the age of 10, his family lost everything they owned due to the Great Depression. From the age of ten, Chavez migrated throughout the southwest working in the fields, where he was exposed to the hard work of a farm worker. Getting paid very low wages, while working in an extremely uncomfortable environment he got little sleep. Growing up in a hectic environment, he always had a true passion of helping others earn what they deserve.
Mexican-American Cesar Chavez was born on March 31st, 1927 in Yuma, Arizona. Chavez who was born into a family. Chavez, who was born into a family with five children. His two brothers were named Richard and Librado, and his two sister were Vicki and Rita. His parent were Juana Estrada and Librado Chavez.
Caesar Chavez was born to Mexican immigrant parents in Yuma, Arizona 1927. When he was approximately 12 years old his parents migrated to California because of economic hardships to gain employment on the farm. The family worked at different locations in that state for about ten years. His education level was up to the 8th grade because after moving to California he never went back to school, but opted to work on the field with his parents.
What made Cesar Chavez an Effective leader? Cesar Chavez was born in Yuma,Arizona in 1927. He moved a lot and went to 36 different schools. He lived through the Great Depression and worked in fruit and vegetable fields as a farmer. On a regular basis California farmers would face mistreatment and abuse mainly by the growers taking advantage of them all.
He was born into a migrant farm working family and new first hands the struggle that that life provided. He help form the NFWA in order to combat these injustices. He believed in non-violent protest like those conducted my MLK or Gandhi. He led a boycott and strike of grapes between 1965 and 1970 in which ultimately led to the grape growers to give in to Chavez and the union. During this strike he led a march from Delano to Sacramento in which they walked 340 miles in 25 days.
His parents were migrant farm laborers, and he was born in Arizona in 1927. At a young age, Chavez himself started laboring in the fields, and he soon got active in labor organizations. Chavez started working with the Community Service Organization, which is a nonprofit dedicated to advancing the liberties of Mexican-Americans, in the 1950s. He swiftly rose to the position of one of the group's most capable organizers, and he contributed to the success of several campaigns to enhance the conditions of employment of farm workers. Chavez established the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA), subsequently known as the United Farm Workers (UFW), in 1962.
Cesar Chavez was a Mexican-American farm worker, his social and economical status was one of the worst in the U.S. society at the time, in contrast, he strived and succeeded in his goals, he reached sky high for his thirst of equality and rights for the minorities, nevertheless achieving this through peaceful, non-violent tactics, he fought for several causes and people, Chavez was a force to be reckoned with because he never gave up and he was never afraid of the consequences of his decisions because he knew what he was doing was right, and this mindset made all the difference when it came to sacrifice what you had for the wellness of others. Chavez had a difficult childhood, as many Mexican-American immigrants, he struggled with money problems during his childhood, Chavez was born March 1, 1927 in Yuma, Arizona. His family owned a grocery store and a ranch, but their land was lost during the Great
He insists on the fact that inhumane vengeance will lead to injury and death, as well as “demoralization”. This argument is greatly supported by the death of Dr. King Jr; his view of nonviolence helped to grow and mature the farm worker’s movement. Civil workers are guilted into supporting their fallen hero in order to fulfill his dying wish. Chavez instructs them to “overcome… [their] frustrations” and support their causes through methods of peaceful protests. Chavez, appealing to their sense of emotion, manages to persuade a disconnected society by desperately wanting to avenge Dr. King’s untimely
Cesar Chavez History Day Project One Mexican American farm worker dedicated his days to better the lives of his people, his name was Cesar Chavez. Horrendous treatment of farmworkers caused Chavez to take a stand for what he believed in, for no one should be treated poorly because of race or social class. During Chavez’s life, he organized peaceful protests, boycotts, as well as participated in a historic 36 day "Fast for life". Chavez not only changed the working rights for farm workers but subsequently gave dignity to the working class of America. The legacy that Cesar Chavez left behind was that he became the most important leader of the Latino people in the United States, and he founded the still standing United Farmworkers of America.
Few scholarly journals that deal exclusively with the rhetoric of Cesar Chavez, and even fewer have expanded on his relationship with the Catholic Church. The significance the text has today is the same it had decades ago, however, there is no detailed explaination for what other entities influenced Cesar Chavez. The message of protesting, boycotting, and marching through nonviolence is more productive than a violent one. Mahatma Gandhi was a great inspiration to Chavez. Gandhi was instrumental in India breaking free from English rule.
He was named after his grandfather, Cesario. He is the second child and the oldest son in the family of six children. Chavez’s father was a very hard worker. He worked three jobs in order to make sure that his family of eight had “enough food and warm clothes”. Besides his main job working for the family’s farm, Chavez’s father also operated a grocery store and was an elected postmaster.
He never gave up and made sure they would win no matter the cost. In the end i think it's pretty clear why cesar chavez was a successful leader he possessed all the leading qualities and knew what to do in a time like that. He was a brave courageous guy with a goal to better the world for other people. He put others above himself and that's what made him such a great
This explains the path that advocacy should follow through the struggle to amend labor laws, as Chavez is fighting for. Additionally, Chavez makes an allusion to Mahatma Gandhi to promote tactics of the policy Gandhi had founded and established. He asserts, “The boycott, as Gandhi taught, is the most nearly perfect instrument of nonviolent change, allowing masses of people to participate actively in a cause” (Chavez 9). Mahatma Gandhi was a leader and a revolutionary for civil rights that had challenged force and conflict | <urn:uuid:fe2ca63a-18a6-47c1-a05e-81cdd955b9c4> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.ipl.org/essay/Cesar-Chavez-PJJQL8BVDAM | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476413.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304033910-20240304063910-00837.warc.gz | en | 0.989561 | 1,963 | 3.671875 | 4 | [
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0.29434019327163... | 1 | There have been plenty of people who have contributed to the historical development of California since it became the 33rd US state in 1850. Cesar Chavez is one of the many people who has played a huge role in the culture of California. His biggest role was in the labor workforce of California. Chavez decided to form the union based on his background as a child working in the fields. He personally experienced the unfair wages, hours, and other harsh conditions that farmworkers dealt with due to the fact that there was not a union.
Cesar Chavez was born March 31, 1927, in Yuma, Arizona. He moved to California alongside his parents and four other siblings where he spent his early years working in the fields and as a teenager did other various jobs such as driving those who could not around. Chavez dropped out of school in 7th grade so that his mother no longer had to work in the fields and he became a full-time farm …show more content…
Chavez’s union later joined with the Agriculture Workers Organizing Committee to be renamed the United Farm Workers Union. As the president of the union, Chavez promoted non-violent means for change. Some means for attention from Chavez included hunger strikes, marches, and boycotts.
Cesar Chavez also made strides against farmers using toxic pesticides on their crops. Many of these pesticides are used to kill weeds and other unwanted pests, but they are causing life-threatening side effects and death for those who consume the crops, live near the fields, and specifically the field workers. Cesar Chavez went on a hunger strike in order to get his message across to ban harmful pesticides. He completed a 29-day fast stating “that his action was aimed at ending the use of five pesticides commonly used in the growing of table grapes, the state's largest fruit crop
Cesar Chavez was born in Yuma, Arizona on March 31, 1927, according to United Farm Workers. Growing up, Chavez experienced the feeling of unfairness. In United Farm Workers, Chavez’ father agreed to clear a piece of land that was 80 acres. According to the agreement, in return, Chavez’ father would get 40 acres of land.
Did you know that in the early 20th century farm workers were not paid enough for what work they did, even though they should have been paid more because they were basically feeding everyone. Cesar Chavez was born in Yuma, Arizona. He was one of five children in his family. Cesar Chavez died in 1993. Cesar Chavez thought that farm workers needed more appreciation from people for the kind of work they did.
Cesar Chavez, a first-generation American, latino farm worker born in Yuma, Arizona, is a true American hero. At the age of 10, his family lost everything they owned due to the Great Depression. From the age of ten, Chavez migrated throughout the southwest working in the fields, where he was exposed to the hard work of a farm worker. Getting paid very low wages, while working in an extremely uncomfortable environment he got little sleep. Growing up in a hectic environment, he always had a true passion of helping others earn what they deserve.
Mexican-American Cesar Chavez was born on March 31st, 1927 in Yuma, Arizona. Chavez who was born into a family. Chavez, who was born into a family with five children. His two brothers were named Richard and Librado, and his two sister were Vicki and Rita. His parent were Juana Estrada and Librado Chavez.
Caesar Chavez was born to Mexican immigrant parents in Yuma, Arizona 1927. When he was approximately 12 years old his parents migrated to California because of economic hardships to gain employment on the farm. The family worked at different locations in that state for about ten years. His education level was up to the 8th grade because after moving to California he never went back to school, but opted to work on the field with his parents.
What made Cesar Chavez an Effective leader? Cesar Chavez was born in Yuma,Arizona in 1927. He moved a lot and went to 36 different schools. He lived through the Great Depression and worked in fruit and vegetable fields as a farmer. On a regular basis California farmers would face mistreatment and abuse mainly by the growers taking advantage of them all.
He was born into a migrant farm working family and new first hands the struggle that that life provided. He help form the NFWA in order to combat these injustices. He believed in non-violent protest like those conducted my MLK or Gandhi. He led a boycott and strike of grapes between 1965 and 1970 in which ultimately led to the grape growers to give in to Chavez and the union. During this strike he led a march from Delano to Sacramento in which they walked 340 miles in 25 days.
His parents were migrant farm laborers, and he was born in Arizona in 1927. At a young age, Chavez himself started laboring in the fields, and he soon got active in labor organizations. Chavez started working with the Community Service Organization, which is a nonprofit dedicated to advancing the liberties of Mexican-Americans, in the 1950s. He swiftly rose to the position of one of the group's most capable organizers, and he contributed to the success of several campaigns to enhance the conditions of employment of farm workers. Chavez established the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA), subsequently known as the United Farm Workers (UFW), in 1962.
Cesar Chavez was a Mexican-American farm worker, his social and economical status was one of the worst in the U.S. society at the time, in contrast, he strived and succeeded in his goals, he reached sky high for his thirst of equality and rights for the minorities, nevertheless achieving this through peaceful, non-violent tactics, he fought for several causes and people, Chavez was a force to be reckoned with because he never gave up and he was never afraid of the consequences of his decisions because he knew what he was doing was right, and this mindset made all the difference when it came to sacrifice what you had for the wellness of others. Chavez had a difficult childhood, as many Mexican-American immigrants, he struggled with money problems during his childhood, Chavez was born March 1, 1927 in Yuma, Arizona. His family owned a grocery store and a ranch, but their land was lost during the Great
He insists on the fact that inhumane vengeance will lead to injury and death, as well as “demoralization”. This argument is greatly supported by the death of Dr. King Jr; his view of nonviolence helped to grow and mature the farm worker’s movement. Civil workers are guilted into supporting their fallen hero in order to fulfill his dying wish. Chavez instructs them to “overcome… [their] frustrations” and support their causes through methods of peaceful protests. Chavez, appealing to their sense of emotion, manages to persuade a disconnected society by desperately wanting to avenge Dr. King’s untimely
Cesar Chavez History Day Project One Mexican American farm worker dedicated his days to better the lives of his people, his name was Cesar Chavez. Horrendous treatment of farmworkers caused Chavez to take a stand for what he believed in, for no one should be treated poorly because of race or social class. During Chavez’s life, he organized peaceful protests, boycotts, as well as participated in a historic 36 day "Fast for life". Chavez not only changed the working rights for farm workers but subsequently gave dignity to the working class of America. The legacy that Cesar Chavez left behind was that he became the most important leader of the Latino people in the United States, and he founded the still standing United Farmworkers of America.
Few scholarly journals that deal exclusively with the rhetoric of Cesar Chavez, and even fewer have expanded on his relationship with the Catholic Church. The significance the text has today is the same it had decades ago, however, there is no detailed explaination for what other entities influenced Cesar Chavez. The message of protesting, boycotting, and marching through nonviolence is more productive than a violent one. Mahatma Gandhi was a great inspiration to Chavez. Gandhi was instrumental in India breaking free from English rule.
He was named after his grandfather, Cesario. He is the second child and the oldest son in the family of six children. Chavez’s father was a very hard worker. He worked three jobs in order to make sure that his family of eight had “enough food and warm clothes”. Besides his main job working for the family’s farm, Chavez’s father also operated a grocery store and was an elected postmaster.
He never gave up and made sure they would win no matter the cost. In the end i think it's pretty clear why cesar chavez was a successful leader he possessed all the leading qualities and knew what to do in a time like that. He was a brave courageous guy with a goal to better the world for other people. He put others above himself and that's what made him such a great
This explains the path that advocacy should follow through the struggle to amend labor laws, as Chavez is fighting for. Additionally, Chavez makes an allusion to Mahatma Gandhi to promote tactics of the policy Gandhi had founded and established. He asserts, “The boycott, as Gandhi taught, is the most nearly perfect instrument of nonviolent change, allowing masses of people to participate actively in a cause” (Chavez 9). Mahatma Gandhi was a leader and a revolutionary for civil rights that had challenged force and conflict | 2,002 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Science and engineering are great, as long as they are used. Think of vaccines, which lose their value when fewer people make use of them. That is why this article on another icon of Electrical Engineering heroes not necessarily a man known for his inventions, but for his propagation of other men’s ideas.
The 19th century was host to some of the largest and most useful developments in physics, electronics and science in general. Electricity was not widely spread and cars were a commodity only for the richest. In fact, trains were the thing! Trains were used to connect the east and west coast of the United States and provided a quick means of transport for both cargo and passengers. The goal was to transfer loads quickly across the country. With speed in mind, brakes were of less importance. Which is where our hero comes in. He was witness to a catastrophic heads-on collision of two trains. Soon thereafter, at the age of 22, he invented air brakes for trains. This eliminated the need for train personnel to manually engage the brakes on each carriage. Instead, the train engineer could now apply the breaks on all carriages from his locomotive using a compressed air system. Later, our hero invented other improvements for the operation of trains such as better versions of his break system and shock absorbers (see figure 1).
Fortunately for us Electrical Engineers, this was not his largest feat. Because, at the end of this 19th century our hero, George Westinghouse, entered perhaps the largest war over engineering known to man.
War of the Currents
This war was built on the inventions of other people, especially in the field of Electrical Engineering. It all started in 1879 when Thomas Edison made large improvements in order to finally make the incandescent lights economically viable. This was also one of the first useful applications for electricity and it also became available to the general public. At first only the richest could enjoy electric lighting, but developments went quick and soon many people gained access to this new technology. To power all of these light bulbs, Edison developed a method of supplying it with DC-power. Westinghouse, on the other hand, was an advocate of AC-systems, which could power arc-lighting bulbs which were a more dangerous alternative to the incandescent lights powered by DC. Developments around DC were led by Edison and based in the United States. The development for AC-power originates from Eastern Europe and was mainly developed by the Croatian Nikola Tesla and the Hungarian Ganz Works company. Looking around in the current day clearly shows who won, but this victory was not trivial, in fact it took a full decade of rivalry until a winner could be announced.
Within these 10 years, Westinghouse was able to acquire the patents to many state-of-the-art inventions. He served the role of acquiring sufficient finances to buy up relevant patents and to develop AC-systems. Despite ups and downs regarding the finances and trust of the investors behind it, Westinghouse was able to pool together the right scientists and knowledge to prevail. The largest break-through was the procurement of a patent belonging to Tesla, namely his induction motor which was superior over other motors at the time. Westinghouse’s inhouse engineers were able to adjust the plans for the induction motor to make them applicable in the AC-system. An especially relevant aspect of the power systems was the transportation of power from the power plants (usually hydro plants near a large dam) where power was generated to cities a large distance away, with many innovative electrical applications making them hungry for power. DC-power lacked a proper way to convert between power levels1 to make transporting efficient or even worth-while. This was the shortcoming of DC-power and is what delivered the final blow to Edison’s DC-systems.
After burying the hatchet on power systems, Westinghouse continued to invent a variety of other devices and applications. In the latter part of his life he worked on shock absorbers for cars where he could readily apply his expertise from his earlier years working on trains. He also actively sought after a perpetual motion machine whilst working on a heat exchanger that would power itself. Lord Kelvin told Westinghouse that it would defy the laws of thermodynamics, but this challenge kept Westinghouse’s interest until he would pass away in 1914. Needless to say, he did not find a solution for a perpetual motion machine, but perhaps he took it to his grave. What does remain is the legacy of a network that is at the heart of the modern world.
Westinghouse provided the foundations for this network and his choices are still part of the AC-system that provides your very screen with power. Therefore, the inventions of this era of Electrical Engineering, and the inventors behind it, will be explored in a series on the War of Currents, here on the Vonk website. This series will next cover some of the first applications of electricity in the 19th century by looking at a man behind a SI-unit who is also the inventor of many useful applications of electricity which are the foundation of a German company that is still thriving today.
: W.W. Wood, “The Westinghouse E-T Air Brake Instruction Pocket Book”, 1909, New York, NY., USA: The Norman W. Henley Publishing Co.
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0.1583582907... | 1 | Science and engineering are great, as long as they are used. Think of vaccines, which lose their value when fewer people make use of them. That is why this article on another icon of Electrical Engineering heroes not necessarily a man known for his inventions, but for his propagation of other men’s ideas.
The 19th century was host to some of the largest and most useful developments in physics, electronics and science in general. Electricity was not widely spread and cars were a commodity only for the richest. In fact, trains were the thing! Trains were used to connect the east and west coast of the United States and provided a quick means of transport for both cargo and passengers. The goal was to transfer loads quickly across the country. With speed in mind, brakes were of less importance. Which is where our hero comes in. He was witness to a catastrophic heads-on collision of two trains. Soon thereafter, at the age of 22, he invented air brakes for trains. This eliminated the need for train personnel to manually engage the brakes on each carriage. Instead, the train engineer could now apply the breaks on all carriages from his locomotive using a compressed air system. Later, our hero invented other improvements for the operation of trains such as better versions of his break system and shock absorbers (see figure 1).
Fortunately for us Electrical Engineers, this was not his largest feat. Because, at the end of this 19th century our hero, George Westinghouse, entered perhaps the largest war over engineering known to man.
War of the Currents
This war was built on the inventions of other people, especially in the field of Electrical Engineering. It all started in 1879 when Thomas Edison made large improvements in order to finally make the incandescent lights economically viable. This was also one of the first useful applications for electricity and it also became available to the general public. At first only the richest could enjoy electric lighting, but developments went quick and soon many people gained access to this new technology. To power all of these light bulbs, Edison developed a method of supplying it with DC-power. Westinghouse, on the other hand, was an advocate of AC-systems, which could power arc-lighting bulbs which were a more dangerous alternative to the incandescent lights powered by DC. Developments around DC were led by Edison and based in the United States. The development for AC-power originates from Eastern Europe and was mainly developed by the Croatian Nikola Tesla and the Hungarian Ganz Works company. Looking around in the current day clearly shows who won, but this victory was not trivial, in fact it took a full decade of rivalry until a winner could be announced.
Within these 10 years, Westinghouse was able to acquire the patents to many state-of-the-art inventions. He served the role of acquiring sufficient finances to buy up relevant patents and to develop AC-systems. Despite ups and downs regarding the finances and trust of the investors behind it, Westinghouse was able to pool together the right scientists and knowledge to prevail. The largest break-through was the procurement of a patent belonging to Tesla, namely his induction motor which was superior over other motors at the time. Westinghouse’s inhouse engineers were able to adjust the plans for the induction motor to make them applicable in the AC-system. An especially relevant aspect of the power systems was the transportation of power from the power plants (usually hydro plants near a large dam) where power was generated to cities a large distance away, with many innovative electrical applications making them hungry for power. DC-power lacked a proper way to convert between power levels1 to make transporting efficient or even worth-while. This was the shortcoming of DC-power and is what delivered the final blow to Edison’s DC-systems.
After burying the hatchet on power systems, Westinghouse continued to invent a variety of other devices and applications. In the latter part of his life he worked on shock absorbers for cars where he could readily apply his expertise from his earlier years working on trains. He also actively sought after a perpetual motion machine whilst working on a heat exchanger that would power itself. Lord Kelvin told Westinghouse that it would defy the laws of thermodynamics, but this challenge kept Westinghouse’s interest until he would pass away in 1914. Needless to say, he did not find a solution for a perpetual motion machine, but perhaps he took it to his grave. What does remain is the legacy of a network that is at the heart of the modern world.
Westinghouse provided the foundations for this network and his choices are still part of the AC-system that provides your very screen with power. Therefore, the inventions of this era of Electrical Engineering, and the inventors behind it, will be explored in a series on the War of Currents, here on the Vonk website. This series will next cover some of the first applications of electricity in the 19th century by looking at a man behind a SI-unit who is also the inventor of many useful applications of electricity which are the foundation of a German company that is still thriving today.
: W.W. Wood, “The Westinghouse E-T Air Brake Instruction Pocket Book”, 1909, New York, NY., USA: The Norman W. Henley Publishing Co.
Power loss in a cable is described by P = I² x R = I x U, so higher voltages are desirable to maintain low currents. A methodology applied in High Voltage lines in (current) AC-systems. ↩︎ | 1,130 | ENGLISH | 1 |
To what extent did Ireland lose economically more than it gained from its connection with Britain from 1800-1914Throughout out the 19th century, Ireland were influenced by Britain, it gained more from the church and land reforms such as the Church Act and Windom??™s Land Act because of its special relationship with Britain. It also felt the effects of this connection through downfalls like the Act of Union, potato blight and the repeal of the Corn Law. The unsuccessful but also profitable economical causes both had a humongous effect on Irish people and their way of life was altered.The Act of Union not only meant free trade between the Ireland and Britain but also gave the Irish people a figure to blame if worst come to worst.
The act would enable the British government to assume responsibility for the defence of Ireland against rebellion and foreign invasion. Irish people will have felt like they were supported especially as this was a time when many Irishmen were already concerned with the hardships of their daily lives. The alliance between Irish and British people would mean that Irishmen would be able to benefit from a wider British economy just like the Scottish had done, and be able to pocket the advantages of economic growth and prosperity back in their own country.
The Act didn??™t have much success as Irish industries had no chance of competing effectively with those in Britain. British businessmen refused to invest in Ireland because they thought of their economy as a dead end with no money making power. Many Irishmen saw the unity of British and their country as a political experiment that solved none of the grievances in Ireland over land, religion or politics, neither Pitt or the public saw the Act of Union as a solution to the Irish problem. He knew that social and economic reforms were essential to get Ireland back on her feet.Britains fast-growing population was making the country a food importer rather than exporter and the French wars had forced up domestic prices and encouraged agricultural investment, so there was fear of a post-war collapse of prices.
The government decided to spend 100,000 pounds on a large supply of Indian corn, which was sold cheaply and kept down the prices of other grains in Ireland. However this may have been seen as a way of staving off the starvation of the millions suffering. Peel planned to use Indian corn to combat high prices by holding the corn in a store, controlled by the government, and a supply “thrown in” when prices rose unreasonably, The law had little effect on the situation in Ireland because the peasantry, who were mainly the ones starving, couldn??™t afford to buy grain anyway. Peel had no plans to use the Indian corn to feed people who had lost their potato crops. Ireland had lost about 4 million pounds in potatoes, and there was no way that ?100,000 worth of corn could replace it.The Encumbered Estates Act 1849 was introduced as a means to settle the situation in Ireland. The Act allowed estates in bad debt to be auctioned off upon petition of creditors or even at the request of bankrupt landlords. Land values fell as hundreds of estates with huge debts were auctioned off at bargain prices to British buyers interested solely in making a future profit.
These new owners took a harsh view toward the penniless Irish tenant farmers still living on the land. They immediately raised rents and also conducted mass evictions to clear out the estates in order to create large farms whilst evicting thousands of families. There were advantages to the Irish economy as consequence from the Estates Act, as it sped up the sale of land and introduced a more enterprising landlord class. The Wyndham Act of 1903 allowed most Irish tenants to actually purchase their holdings from their landlords with British government assistance. Landlords received a generous price set by the government while tenants repaid the government purchase over time. The tenant also paid a figure that was less than the previous fixed rent.
As a result, the centuries-old landlord system in Ireland, which had resulted in exploitation of the people and much suffering, was finally ended. By ensuring ensured that the landowner got a good price for the land he sold the Irishmen were able to get back on their feet and gain back some of the land they may have lost centuries ago when British investors purchased it in hope of profitability. Thus the demand for land reform was ended. The potato blight shattered the economy and caused an agricultural depression in Ireland. Potatoes were the staple diet of the rural population of Ireland however, the crop was very vulnerable to disease, the government in London decided to do nothing and take a ???laissez fairre??™ approach to the situation. The logic behind such a decision was that Ireland had suffered from potato famines before and would have the necessary knowledge on how best to get by in this case.
However, by 1846 it was plain that the public was facing no ordinary famine. Million died from starvation and Ireland continued to suffer de-population even after the famine ended. Many young Irish families saw their futures in America and not Ireland. This affected Ireland as those who were most active and who could contribute the most to Ireland, left the country.The Great Famine reduced the size of Ireland population and by 1870, starvation and migration had reduced the numbers and significance of the labourers ???cottiers??™ who had formed the largest group in Irish history. Gladstone??™s 1870 Landlord and Tenant Act was the first attempt to use legislation to resolve the bad relationship between tenants and landowners.
There was Economic pressure in the late 1880s that increased the tension between landlord and tenant, which eventually turned into the ???Land War??™. This in turn led to the Land Act of 1881, which were, suppose to provide security for tenants through fair rents. It effectively removed the landlords??™ right to fix the rent payable for land they owned.
The policy of economic development protected by tariff barriers posed a threat to the industries that employed them. Few of the ships built on the Lagan were for Irish owners and only a small proportion of the linen and finished goods produced in Ulster were sold on the domestic market. The establishment of tariff barriers to protect fledgling industries in the south of Ireland would, Unionists argued, deprive the successful manufactures in the north of the export markets on which they depended.
This economic argument was perhaps the strongest and most coherent Unionist objection to Home Rule and one that nationalists failed to answer effectively.In conclusion, Ireland successfully gained free trade and equal privileges to Britain from its connection in the 19th century, the repeal of the corn laws meant the government were trying to actively improve the economy so prices would fall too low, but had little effect as the starving Irish couldn??™t buy grain. Land reform made it easier for landlords to buy and sell their farms but the potato blight couldn??™t be suppressed causing an agricultural depression for the whole of Ireland. | <urn:uuid:7426969a-e29c-475b-8233-9a14c2557dcd> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://relatewithkatypark.com/to-what-extent-did-ireland-lose-economically-more-than-it-gained-from-its-connection-with-britain-from-1800-1914/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473819.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222125841-20240222155841-00464.warc.gz | en | 0.985536 | 1,390 | 3.921875 | 4 | [
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0.2425485551... | 1 | To what extent did Ireland lose economically more than it gained from its connection with Britain from 1800-1914Throughout out the 19th century, Ireland were influenced by Britain, it gained more from the church and land reforms such as the Church Act and Windom??™s Land Act because of its special relationship with Britain. It also felt the effects of this connection through downfalls like the Act of Union, potato blight and the repeal of the Corn Law. The unsuccessful but also profitable economical causes both had a humongous effect on Irish people and their way of life was altered.The Act of Union not only meant free trade between the Ireland and Britain but also gave the Irish people a figure to blame if worst come to worst.
The act would enable the British government to assume responsibility for the defence of Ireland against rebellion and foreign invasion. Irish people will have felt like they were supported especially as this was a time when many Irishmen were already concerned with the hardships of their daily lives. The alliance between Irish and British people would mean that Irishmen would be able to benefit from a wider British economy just like the Scottish had done, and be able to pocket the advantages of economic growth and prosperity back in their own country.
The Act didn??™t have much success as Irish industries had no chance of competing effectively with those in Britain. British businessmen refused to invest in Ireland because they thought of their economy as a dead end with no money making power. Many Irishmen saw the unity of British and their country as a political experiment that solved none of the grievances in Ireland over land, religion or politics, neither Pitt or the public saw the Act of Union as a solution to the Irish problem. He knew that social and economic reforms were essential to get Ireland back on her feet.Britains fast-growing population was making the country a food importer rather than exporter and the French wars had forced up domestic prices and encouraged agricultural investment, so there was fear of a post-war collapse of prices.
The government decided to spend 100,000 pounds on a large supply of Indian corn, which was sold cheaply and kept down the prices of other grains in Ireland. However this may have been seen as a way of staving off the starvation of the millions suffering. Peel planned to use Indian corn to combat high prices by holding the corn in a store, controlled by the government, and a supply “thrown in” when prices rose unreasonably, The law had little effect on the situation in Ireland because the peasantry, who were mainly the ones starving, couldn??™t afford to buy grain anyway. Peel had no plans to use the Indian corn to feed people who had lost their potato crops. Ireland had lost about 4 million pounds in potatoes, and there was no way that ?100,000 worth of corn could replace it.The Encumbered Estates Act 1849 was introduced as a means to settle the situation in Ireland. The Act allowed estates in bad debt to be auctioned off upon petition of creditors or even at the request of bankrupt landlords. Land values fell as hundreds of estates with huge debts were auctioned off at bargain prices to British buyers interested solely in making a future profit.
These new owners took a harsh view toward the penniless Irish tenant farmers still living on the land. They immediately raised rents and also conducted mass evictions to clear out the estates in order to create large farms whilst evicting thousands of families. There were advantages to the Irish economy as consequence from the Estates Act, as it sped up the sale of land and introduced a more enterprising landlord class. The Wyndham Act of 1903 allowed most Irish tenants to actually purchase their holdings from their landlords with British government assistance. Landlords received a generous price set by the government while tenants repaid the government purchase over time. The tenant also paid a figure that was less than the previous fixed rent.
As a result, the centuries-old landlord system in Ireland, which had resulted in exploitation of the people and much suffering, was finally ended. By ensuring ensured that the landowner got a good price for the land he sold the Irishmen were able to get back on their feet and gain back some of the land they may have lost centuries ago when British investors purchased it in hope of profitability. Thus the demand for land reform was ended. The potato blight shattered the economy and caused an agricultural depression in Ireland. Potatoes were the staple diet of the rural population of Ireland however, the crop was very vulnerable to disease, the government in London decided to do nothing and take a ???laissez fairre??™ approach to the situation. The logic behind such a decision was that Ireland had suffered from potato famines before and would have the necessary knowledge on how best to get by in this case.
However, by 1846 it was plain that the public was facing no ordinary famine. Million died from starvation and Ireland continued to suffer de-population even after the famine ended. Many young Irish families saw their futures in America and not Ireland. This affected Ireland as those who were most active and who could contribute the most to Ireland, left the country.The Great Famine reduced the size of Ireland population and by 1870, starvation and migration had reduced the numbers and significance of the labourers ???cottiers??™ who had formed the largest group in Irish history. Gladstone??™s 1870 Landlord and Tenant Act was the first attempt to use legislation to resolve the bad relationship between tenants and landowners.
There was Economic pressure in the late 1880s that increased the tension between landlord and tenant, which eventually turned into the ???Land War??™. This in turn led to the Land Act of 1881, which were, suppose to provide security for tenants through fair rents. It effectively removed the landlords??™ right to fix the rent payable for land they owned.
The policy of economic development protected by tariff barriers posed a threat to the industries that employed them. Few of the ships built on the Lagan were for Irish owners and only a small proportion of the linen and finished goods produced in Ulster were sold on the domestic market. The establishment of tariff barriers to protect fledgling industries in the south of Ireland would, Unionists argued, deprive the successful manufactures in the north of the export markets on which they depended.
This economic argument was perhaps the strongest and most coherent Unionist objection to Home Rule and one that nationalists failed to answer effectively.In conclusion, Ireland successfully gained free trade and equal privileges to Britain from its connection in the 19th century, the repeal of the corn laws meant the government were trying to actively improve the economy so prices would fall too low, but had little effect as the starving Irish couldn??™t buy grain. Land reform made it easier for landlords to buy and sell their farms but the potato blight couldn??™t be suppressed causing an agricultural depression for the whole of Ireland. | 1,423 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Sometimes, a person can hear a speech and be so moved from the words that they act on what was said. That was how America felt about the two speeches we discussed in class. Those speeches came from a time of tragedy and were separated by many decades, but still carried the same emotional value. One was able to convey feelings through his face and body language, while all Franklin Roosevelt had was his voice to use. Between the two speeches the class discussed, President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave a speech that inspired others through his words and tone rather than using facial expressions.
When President Roosevelt gave his speech after the Bombing of Pearl Harbor, the year was 1941. During this time, the only national broadcasting was through radios. There were no TVs or streaming platforms so, all FDR could use was his voice. Not only was there very little communication devices, the attack also happened in Hawaii. No news could travel from over seas that quickly for everyone in America to find out before the address. For most people, FDR’s speech was the first they had heard about Pearl Harbor and the attack. When FDR was writing his speech, he had to write it in a way where he could say what happened but also give hope to the people listening. Roosevelt did this by using many rhetorical devices.
During his speech, Roosevelt used rhetorical devices such as anaphora, repetition, pathos, and parallelism. Two rhetorical devices, anaphora and parallelism, were used together to help show the emotion through the speech. At one point, FDR says this, “Last night, Japanese forces attacked Hong Kong. Last night, Japanese forces attacked Guam. Last night Japanese forces attacked the Philippine Islands. Last night, the Japanese attacked Wake Island” ( FDR’s speech, lines 22-25). This shows anaphora because Roosevelt repeats the phrase “Last night” at the beginning of each sentence for emphasis. Parallelism is also shown here because FDR is showing what other places were attacked along with Pearl Harbor the night before. This shows how he’s trying to get the audience to realize what is happening, Another rhetorical device used is Pathos. Pathos is shown when FDR says, “I regret to tell you that very many American lives have been lost. In addition, American ships have been reported torpedoed on the high seas between San Francisco and Honolulu” (Lines 18-20). This shows Pathos because FDR is trying to sympathize with the people listening. Some may be shocked by this news, and he wants to notice their grief and help them through it. The final rhetoric device I notice was Repetition. Repetition is shown when Roosevelt says, ”There is no blinking at the fact that our people, our territory, and our interests are i grave danger” (Line 39). He restates the word “our” to show that America is everyone together and this is everyone’s fight, not just Roosevelt’s. This is how rhetorical devices are shown through FDR’s speech.
After all that was said, FDR really did give an amazing speech. He was able to show emotions while also persuading Congress to let the U.S fight. Roosevelt does a great job with his speech and shows his emotions through his voice. He is truly an amazing writer and president.
Frequently Asked Questions
Which Statement From President Roosevelt's Pearl Harbor Address Uses Appeal to Pathos?
In his Pearl Harbor Address on December 8, 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt made several appeals to pathos, or the emotions of his audience. One example of such an appeal is the following statement:
“Hostilities exist. There is no blinking at the fact that our people, our territory and our interests are in grave danger.”
In this sentence, Roosevelt uses emotive language to convey the seriousness of the situation and to evoke fear and concern among his listeners. The words “hostilities,” “blinking,” and “grave danger” are all emotionally charged, and they serve to underscore the urgency and gravity of the moment. By appealing to his audience’s emotions in this way, Roosevelt is able to rally them to action and persuade them to support his call to arms. | <urn:uuid:1e951e17-0b8e-419b-ad0e-123a7284e4bc> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://edubirdie.com/examples/rhetorical-devices-of-president-roosevelts-speech/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476464.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304165127-20240304195127-00584.warc.gz | en | 0.981947 | 873 | 3.84375 | 4 | [
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0.365072786808... | 1 | Sometimes, a person can hear a speech and be so moved from the words that they act on what was said. That was how America felt about the two speeches we discussed in class. Those speeches came from a time of tragedy and were separated by many decades, but still carried the same emotional value. One was able to convey feelings through his face and body language, while all Franklin Roosevelt had was his voice to use. Between the two speeches the class discussed, President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave a speech that inspired others through his words and tone rather than using facial expressions.
When President Roosevelt gave his speech after the Bombing of Pearl Harbor, the year was 1941. During this time, the only national broadcasting was through radios. There were no TVs or streaming platforms so, all FDR could use was his voice. Not only was there very little communication devices, the attack also happened in Hawaii. No news could travel from over seas that quickly for everyone in America to find out before the address. For most people, FDR’s speech was the first they had heard about Pearl Harbor and the attack. When FDR was writing his speech, he had to write it in a way where he could say what happened but also give hope to the people listening. Roosevelt did this by using many rhetorical devices.
During his speech, Roosevelt used rhetorical devices such as anaphora, repetition, pathos, and parallelism. Two rhetorical devices, anaphora and parallelism, were used together to help show the emotion through the speech. At one point, FDR says this, “Last night, Japanese forces attacked Hong Kong. Last night, Japanese forces attacked Guam. Last night Japanese forces attacked the Philippine Islands. Last night, the Japanese attacked Wake Island” ( FDR’s speech, lines 22-25). This shows anaphora because Roosevelt repeats the phrase “Last night” at the beginning of each sentence for emphasis. Parallelism is also shown here because FDR is showing what other places were attacked along with Pearl Harbor the night before. This shows how he’s trying to get the audience to realize what is happening, Another rhetorical device used is Pathos. Pathos is shown when FDR says, “I regret to tell you that very many American lives have been lost. In addition, American ships have been reported torpedoed on the high seas between San Francisco and Honolulu” (Lines 18-20). This shows Pathos because FDR is trying to sympathize with the people listening. Some may be shocked by this news, and he wants to notice their grief and help them through it. The final rhetoric device I notice was Repetition. Repetition is shown when Roosevelt says, ”There is no blinking at the fact that our people, our territory, and our interests are i grave danger” (Line 39). He restates the word “our” to show that America is everyone together and this is everyone’s fight, not just Roosevelt’s. This is how rhetorical devices are shown through FDR’s speech.
After all that was said, FDR really did give an amazing speech. He was able to show emotions while also persuading Congress to let the U.S fight. Roosevelt does a great job with his speech and shows his emotions through his voice. He is truly an amazing writer and president.
Frequently Asked Questions
Which Statement From President Roosevelt's Pearl Harbor Address Uses Appeal to Pathos?
In his Pearl Harbor Address on December 8, 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt made several appeals to pathos, or the emotions of his audience. One example of such an appeal is the following statement:
“Hostilities exist. There is no blinking at the fact that our people, our territory and our interests are in grave danger.”
In this sentence, Roosevelt uses emotive language to convey the seriousness of the situation and to evoke fear and concern among his listeners. The words “hostilities,” “blinking,” and “grave danger” are all emotionally charged, and they serve to underscore the urgency and gravity of the moment. By appealing to his audience’s emotions in this way, Roosevelt is able to rally them to action and persuade them to support his call to arms. | 858 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Frank Lloyd Wright is widely considered to be one of the most important architects of the 20th century. He was a pioneer of what came to be known as the Prairie School style of architecture, which emphasized horizontal lines and natural light. He also developed the concept of the Usonian home, a small, affordable house designed for the American middle class. Wright’s ideas and designs have influenced architecture around the world.
Frank Lloyd Wright was an American architect who designed over 1,000 structures, including homes, offices, churches, schools, and museums. He is considered one of the most influential architects of the 20th century, and his style of architecture, which he called “Organic Architecture,” had a major impact on the way buildings were designed and built.
What were Frank Lloyd Wright’s influences?
The role of media in society is ever-changing, but its impact remains strong. Media can be a powerful force for good, raising awareness of important issues and providing a platform for voices that might otherwise go unheard. But it can also be used to manipulate and mislead, spreading false information and fuelling division. As we consume media, it’s important to be critical and question what we see and read. Only then can we truly understand the world around us.
Wright is mostly known for the dozens of Prairie Style homes he designed between 1900 and 1920. He described them as, “the city man’s country home on the prairie”. They were radically different from the popular Victorian homes of the era and appealed to upper-middle-class homeowners during a time of urban unrest.
Why is Frank Lloyd Wright considered the most influential architect of the 20th century
Frank Lloyd Wright is one of the most influential architects of our time. He has designed over 1,000 buildings, including some of the most iconic structures in the United States. His unique approach to architecture has changed the way we think about buildings and the way we live in them.
There is no one-size-fits-all answer to this question, as the best way to learn a new programming language depends on your prior experience, learning style, and the specific language you’re trying to learn. However, there are some general tips that can help make learning a new programming language easier, such as starting with a language that is similar to one you already know, finding a good resource to learn from (such as a book or online tutorial), and practicing by writing code in the language every day.
Why was Frank Lloyd Wright so influential?
Frank Lloyd Wright is one of the most famous architects of our time. He is known for his unique style of architecture, which he called “organic architecture.” This style of architecture is characterized by buildings that harmonize with their surroundings and with the people who live in them. Wright’s greatest achievements are his boldness and creativity in design, and his mastery of space.
Frank Lloyd Wright’s architecture is all about creating environments that are both functional and humane. He was focused not only on a building’s appearance but also on how it would connect with and enrich the lives of those inside it. This is what made his architecture so unique and special.
Who was the most influential architect?
Frank Lloyd Wright was an American architect who became famous for his unique and innovative style of architecture. He was born in 1867 and grew up in the Midwest, where he was heavily influenced by the natural landscape. He believed that architecture should be in harmony with its surroundings, and this philosophy is evident in his work. Wright designed both private residences and public buildings, and his most famous project is perhaps the Guggenheim Museum in New York City. He passed away in 1959, but his legacy continues to inspire architects all over the world.
He wanted organic architecture to be more than his own work, more than his own ‘style’ He wanted to generate a philosophy of building that could inspire and guide architects and laymen long into the future. Wright was not the first architect to use the term organic architecture, nor was he the last.
Who is the most influential architect of the 20th century
The textbooks suggest that Le Corbusier was the greatest architect of the twentieth century, followed by Frank Lloyd Wright and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. However, this survey does not necessarily reflect the opinions of professionals in the field.
Wright’s exploration of nature as a theme in architecture and in decorative elements of his homes is well known. Each home was built in dialogue with its setting, right down to upholstery colors meant to reflect the colors of the earth or sky. This attention to detail helped create an environment that was in harmony with its surroundings, and it is something that we can still learn from today.
What impact did the Wright brothers have on society?
The Wright Brothers are famous for their pioneering work in aviation. In the two years after their historic first flights, they developed their flying machine into the world’s first practical fixed-wing aircraft. Today, we fly using technological advances that the Wright Brothers only could have imagined. Thanks to their work, we can now enjoy the freedom of flight.
The Wright brothers, Wilbur and Orville, were American inventors and pioneers of aviation. In 1903, they achieved one of the first flights with a powered, sustained, and controlled airplane. They surpassed their own milestone two years later when they built and flew the first fully practical airplane. The Wright brothers’ invention was a major achievement in the history of transportation and had a significant impact on the development of aviation.
What is Frank Lloyd Wright best known for
Frank Lloyd Wright is one of the most influential architects of the 20th century. He is best known for his unique approach to architecture, which emphasized organic forms and harmony with nature. His work can be seen in cities across the United States and around the world.
Rafael Aranda is a renowned Catalan architect, known for being the precursor of a type of architecture that is local and rooted to his land, but with a global and universal language. Originally from Olot, Girona, he can be considered one of the best architects in the world and of our times. Aranda has worked on many different types of projects, both public and private, all over the world. He has won numerous awards and accolades, and his work is highly respected by his peers. Aranda is a true master of his craft, and his work is sure to stand the test of time.
Who is a famous architect who inspired architecture?
Louis Sullivan is often considered to be the father of contemporary architecture. He was one of the most influential people in the Chicago School of Architecture. Sullivan was born in Boston in 1856. He pioneered aesthetically pleasing yet functional buildings.
Frank Lloyd Wright was an American architect, who was also deeply inspired by nature. He often included aspects of nature in his buildings, in order to create a more harmonious and naturalistic environment. For example, at the Guggenheim Museum, it is thought that a nautilus shell inspired the spiral ramp and that the radial symmetry of a spider web informed the design of the rotunda skylight. This helped to create a building which was both visually stunning and deeply connected to the natural world.
The American architect Frank Lloyd Wright was a pioneer of what is now called organic architecture, defined as an approach that promotes harmony between human habitation and the natural world. Wright believed in designing structures that were in harmony with their surroundings, topped with sweeping cantilevered roofs. He also introduced the concept of the open floor plan, which was intended to allow for greater interaction between occupants and their environment. These innovations had a significant impact on the development of modern architecture.
Frank Lloyd Wright’s influence on architecture was both significant and far-reaching. While his own style of architecture was unique, it was also influential in shaping the way that many other architects approached their work. Wright believed that architecture should be designed to suit its environment, and this philosophy can be seen in the work of many of his followers. His focus on organic forms and functionality also had a significant impact on the development of modern architecture. | <urn:uuid:5a44e071-6940-49e6-9971-4ba82bb22354> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.architecturemaker.com/how-did-frank-lloyd-wright-influenced-architecture/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474697.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228044414-20240228074414-00791.warc.gz | en | 0.982507 | 1,679 | 3.609375 | 4 | [
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0.25161081552505... | 1 | Frank Lloyd Wright is widely considered to be one of the most important architects of the 20th century. He was a pioneer of what came to be known as the Prairie School style of architecture, which emphasized horizontal lines and natural light. He also developed the concept of the Usonian home, a small, affordable house designed for the American middle class. Wright’s ideas and designs have influenced architecture around the world.
Frank Lloyd Wright was an American architect who designed over 1,000 structures, including homes, offices, churches, schools, and museums. He is considered one of the most influential architects of the 20th century, and his style of architecture, which he called “Organic Architecture,” had a major impact on the way buildings were designed and built.
What were Frank Lloyd Wright’s influences?
The role of media in society is ever-changing, but its impact remains strong. Media can be a powerful force for good, raising awareness of important issues and providing a platform for voices that might otherwise go unheard. But it can also be used to manipulate and mislead, spreading false information and fuelling division. As we consume media, it’s important to be critical and question what we see and read. Only then can we truly understand the world around us.
Wright is mostly known for the dozens of Prairie Style homes he designed between 1900 and 1920. He described them as, “the city man’s country home on the prairie”. They were radically different from the popular Victorian homes of the era and appealed to upper-middle-class homeowners during a time of urban unrest.
Why is Frank Lloyd Wright considered the most influential architect of the 20th century
Frank Lloyd Wright is one of the most influential architects of our time. He has designed over 1,000 buildings, including some of the most iconic structures in the United States. His unique approach to architecture has changed the way we think about buildings and the way we live in them.
There is no one-size-fits-all answer to this question, as the best way to learn a new programming language depends on your prior experience, learning style, and the specific language you’re trying to learn. However, there are some general tips that can help make learning a new programming language easier, such as starting with a language that is similar to one you already know, finding a good resource to learn from (such as a book or online tutorial), and practicing by writing code in the language every day.
Why was Frank Lloyd Wright so influential?
Frank Lloyd Wright is one of the most famous architects of our time. He is known for his unique style of architecture, which he called “organic architecture.” This style of architecture is characterized by buildings that harmonize with their surroundings and with the people who live in them. Wright’s greatest achievements are his boldness and creativity in design, and his mastery of space.
Frank Lloyd Wright’s architecture is all about creating environments that are both functional and humane. He was focused not only on a building’s appearance but also on how it would connect with and enrich the lives of those inside it. This is what made his architecture so unique and special.
Who was the most influential architect?
Frank Lloyd Wright was an American architect who became famous for his unique and innovative style of architecture. He was born in 1867 and grew up in the Midwest, where he was heavily influenced by the natural landscape. He believed that architecture should be in harmony with its surroundings, and this philosophy is evident in his work. Wright designed both private residences and public buildings, and his most famous project is perhaps the Guggenheim Museum in New York City. He passed away in 1959, but his legacy continues to inspire architects all over the world.
He wanted organic architecture to be more than his own work, more than his own ‘style’ He wanted to generate a philosophy of building that could inspire and guide architects and laymen long into the future. Wright was not the first architect to use the term organic architecture, nor was he the last.
Who is the most influential architect of the 20th century
The textbooks suggest that Le Corbusier was the greatest architect of the twentieth century, followed by Frank Lloyd Wright and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. However, this survey does not necessarily reflect the opinions of professionals in the field.
Wright’s exploration of nature as a theme in architecture and in decorative elements of his homes is well known. Each home was built in dialogue with its setting, right down to upholstery colors meant to reflect the colors of the earth or sky. This attention to detail helped create an environment that was in harmony with its surroundings, and it is something that we can still learn from today.
What impact did the Wright brothers have on society?
The Wright Brothers are famous for their pioneering work in aviation. In the two years after their historic first flights, they developed their flying machine into the world’s first practical fixed-wing aircraft. Today, we fly using technological advances that the Wright Brothers only could have imagined. Thanks to their work, we can now enjoy the freedom of flight.
The Wright brothers, Wilbur and Orville, were American inventors and pioneers of aviation. In 1903, they achieved one of the first flights with a powered, sustained, and controlled airplane. They surpassed their own milestone two years later when they built and flew the first fully practical airplane. The Wright brothers’ invention was a major achievement in the history of transportation and had a significant impact on the development of aviation.
What is Frank Lloyd Wright best known for
Frank Lloyd Wright is one of the most influential architects of the 20th century. He is best known for his unique approach to architecture, which emphasized organic forms and harmony with nature. His work can be seen in cities across the United States and around the world.
Rafael Aranda is a renowned Catalan architect, known for being the precursor of a type of architecture that is local and rooted to his land, but with a global and universal language. Originally from Olot, Girona, he can be considered one of the best architects in the world and of our times. Aranda has worked on many different types of projects, both public and private, all over the world. He has won numerous awards and accolades, and his work is highly respected by his peers. Aranda is a true master of his craft, and his work is sure to stand the test of time.
Who is a famous architect who inspired architecture?
Louis Sullivan is often considered to be the father of contemporary architecture. He was one of the most influential people in the Chicago School of Architecture. Sullivan was born in Boston in 1856. He pioneered aesthetically pleasing yet functional buildings.
Frank Lloyd Wright was an American architect, who was also deeply inspired by nature. He often included aspects of nature in his buildings, in order to create a more harmonious and naturalistic environment. For example, at the Guggenheim Museum, it is thought that a nautilus shell inspired the spiral ramp and that the radial symmetry of a spider web informed the design of the rotunda skylight. This helped to create a building which was both visually stunning and deeply connected to the natural world.
The American architect Frank Lloyd Wright was a pioneer of what is now called organic architecture, defined as an approach that promotes harmony between human habitation and the natural world. Wright believed in designing structures that were in harmony with their surroundings, topped with sweeping cantilevered roofs. He also introduced the concept of the open floor plan, which was intended to allow for greater interaction between occupants and their environment. These innovations had a significant impact on the development of modern architecture.
Frank Lloyd Wright’s influence on architecture was both significant and far-reaching. While his own style of architecture was unique, it was also influential in shaping the way that many other architects approached their work. Wright believed that architecture should be designed to suit its environment, and this philosophy can be seen in the work of many of his followers. His focus on organic forms and functionality also had a significant impact on the development of modern architecture. | 1,650 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Antarctica and India
This is a collection of articles archived for the excellence of their content.
Operation Gangotri/ 1981
Celebrated on December 1 each year, Antarctica Day marks the signing of the Antarctic Treaty in 1959. But it wasn’t until 1981 that India decided to send its first scientific expedition to the icy continent. Marine biologist Dr S Z Qasim headed the 21-member team, which travelled on a chartered Norwegian vessel called the Polar Circle.
The historic expedition, code-named Operation Gangotri, was kept under wraps from the public, since the outcome was uncertain.
“The operation was very secretive… A boat was chartered from Norway, but there were back channel talks with the country not to tell. There was a lot of diplomacy involved,” Dr Rahul Mohan, project director, National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR) in Goa.
On January 9, 1982, the group set foot on Antarctica and hoisted the Indian flag.
Speaking at NCPOR in Goa on Friday, Dr Amitava Sengupta, member of the first expedition, said, “It was one of those top secret operations, organised in record time. The entire operation, starting from conception to us finally sailing off from Goa on December 6, was accomplished in just over four months. We all (scientists) were in our late 20s and… our initial meetings were behind closed doors. People like… the cabinet secretary, defence secretary and the chief of naval staff… they were addressing us and we were discussing strategy… and we were not allowed to tell any of this outside. We couldn’t tell our wives. We felt like we were in a James Bond movie. It was very exciting.”
“I had till then never seen a ship, let alone being on one. I had never seen snow. We had to be acclimatised for the sea… So, we were packed off to Srinagar, Gulmarg… and then sent on one of the Indian Navy frigates… and taken around the Bay of Bengal for seven days and so on… There were six-seven of us scientists who had to be trained, and because this was top secret, the trainers were not allowed to know what we were going to be trained for… So, he (the ship’s captain) gave us all kinds of training like shooting a pistol… they thought we were being trained for some secret offensive operation,” said Sengupta. “Ten days after we set sail, the news broke in a magazine.”
“When we came back from Antarctica, it was as if we had come back from the moon or something,” he said. “Someone told me, ‘you must know swimming’. I said I am from Delhi, I don’t know swimming and it wouldn’t matter anyway – if one goes into that water, one would die of a heart attack.”
Another member recalled: “You see, the biggest problem in Antarctica is water. There is so much of it, but it’s the wrong form – it’s solid… One person’s duty was to melt water. We ate dehydrated food that we had carried with us.”
M C Pathak, a member of the first expedition, said, “When we landed, we put up our tents… At midnight, when we were asleep, I saw the satellite position. We were drifting out… We contacted the ship and we were rescued by a helicopter.”
Members of the third Indian scientific expedition to Antarctica were also felicitated at the event, to commemorate the 40th anniversary of commissioning of Dakshin Gangotri – India’s first research station in Antarctica. The expedition was launched in 1983 with 83 members under the leadership of Dr Harsh K Gupta.
One of the members of the expedition said they were given only a few minutes to talk to family members on a satellite phone. “On one occasion, one of the crew members had given the number of his village post office, since there was no phone at his house. The operator, instead of connecting him with his family, would enquire about the officer’s matrimonial details to set up a match,” said Lt Gen Abhay Parnaik, who was part of the third expedition.
Recalling a telephonic conversation with then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, after a helicopter crash occurred during the expedition leaving five people injured, Dr Gupta said, “I picked up the phone… first question (by the PM) was, ‘Harsh, what happened?’ Second question, ‘Are those five people safe’?”
After he explained the circumstances, he said, “Then she (Gandhi) asked me, ‘Can you still do it?’ I replied, ‘If I don’t do it, I don’t come back’. There was a long pause after that. And then I heard, ‘Go ahead and do it’.”
Dr Gupta said, “When I look back, I realise why that pause was there. She is the Prime Minister of the country. She is asking a young man to accomplish a task under a very adverse situation… So in case, something goes wrong with the expedition, everyone will question her.”
Twenty-five years after it established Dakshin Gangotri, the first permanent research station in the South Polar region, India is all set to build the third such centre in Antarctica at a cost of Rs 230 crore to take up cutting-edge research in various fields. The station, named Bharti became operational by 2012, making India a member of an elite group of nine nations that have multiple stations in the region.
Dakshin Gangotri, set up in 1984, was buried in ice and had to be abandoned in 1990, a year after India set up Maitri, the second station. The National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research (NCAOR), Goa, will set up the new station on Larsmann Hill, 3,000 km from Schirmacher Oasis, where Maitri stands. While Maitri was more than 100 km from the Antarctic Sea, Bharti will be on a promontory by the sea. "This will enable us to take up rare research on the marine ecology of the polar region. Antarctica is a continent spread across 13 million sqkm and we thought we shouldn't confine ourselves to just one area," NCAOR director Rasik Ravindran told.
Bharti, like Maitri, also conducts research on seismic activity, climate change and medicine. The station is a compact structure of 30x50 metres, accommodating 25 scientists. While living in Antarctica, where temperatures range from -89 degrees Celsius in winter to -25 degrees Celsius in summer, can be tough, constructing a permanent structure is a huge challenge. "With wind speeds crossing 40 knots, manoeuvring ships to Antartica is a challenging job. We're also considering transportation of materials on ice that could be more than 1.5 metres thick, from the ship's mooring point to the construction site, using special vehicles," said Rajasekhar, head of vessel management, National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), Chennai, which handles the logistics.
Dakshin Gangotri: India’s first scientific base
Gangotri at the South Pole
In 1983, India's first scientific base station in Antarctica was established, about 2,500 kilometres from the South Pole. Named Dakshin Gangotri, it was constructed during the third Indian expedition to Antarctica. The station was built in record time-eight weeks-by an 81-member team, and was powered by solar energy. It was abandoned in 1988-89, after it was submerged in ice. Before it was shut down, the base hosted an automatic weather recording station, and was also used to perform scientific tests on radio transmission. It also served as a hub for experiments in physical oceanography, chemical analyses of freshwater lakes in the area, as well as geology, glaciology and geomagnetism. After the base was rendered inoperable, a new research station, Maitri-which also served as India's first permanent station at the South Pole-was constructed about 90 km away, in 1988. It serves as a base for front-ranking research and developments in basic and environmental sciences.
It’s 40 years since India became permanent resident of Antarctica
The Tricolour was unfurled in Antarctica in January 1982 but India did not have a permanent base there till its third expedition arrived in December 1983 and set up buildings where scientists could live year-round
December 1983 was a landmark month because it gave India its first people’s car, the Maruti 800. But something else of great significance was afoot then. On December 3, the Finnpolaris, a chartered iceclass vessel, had sailed out of Mormugao, Goa, with an 81-member team on board. Their mission was to set up Dakshin Gangotri, India’s first permanent base in Antarctica.
It wasn’t India’s first mission to the White Continent. A 21-member team had sailed on December 6, 1981 and stayed a fortnight after arriving on January 9, 1982. Another team had arrived on December 28, 1982 and spent two months “focused on geological experiments to assess the continent’s mineral and oil potential,” TOI had reported then.
Why December every time? Because that’s when Antarctica, like Sydney, Rio, Johannesburg and other places in the southern hemisphere, has its summer. There’s a brief window of two months to get work done before the continent freezes up again.
The 1980s was a time when every major country was racing to explore and claim the mineral and marine wealth of Antarctica, so India could not have remained a seasonal visitor. “India realised that a permanent base was an absolute necessity for round-the-year observations in the icy continent,” says Harsh Gupta, who led the 1983-84 expedition that went on to establish Dakshin Gangotri.
The 1983 mission was called Project Gangotri. Finnpolaris reached Antarctica on December 26, and the team went to work. Their goal was to set up the permanent base in 60 days. “No country has built a permanent station in Antarctica in one Antarctic summer, and wintered there. This was a record India created in 1983-84 and it is still unbroken,” says Gupta.
But the project nearly got derailed by an accident on the third day. “On December 29, a load was hooked to a helicopter,” recalls Gupta. “The helicopter did not rise adequately. The under-slung load became entangled with the railing of the ship and the rotors Antarc of the helicopter hit the ship’s crane.”
The chopper with five crew members on board started drifting and sinking in the icy waters. “A Chetak helicopter was launched to rescue them,” says Gupta, but the first two men it scooped up could not hold on to the harness as their arms had become numb. They tumbled into the water again and a boat had to be rushed to rescue all five.
Professor Sudipta Sengupta, a core geologist, and oceanographer Aditi Pant were the only women on the mission. “For a few minutes we were horrified by the prospect of the team members dying. To our great relief, they were alright,” says Sengupta.
With one of their four helicopters lost,and five men fighting hypothermia, the mission was in jeopardy. Gupta remembers the tension in the air when they briefed the Prime Minister’s office from the bridge of the ship. Soon, they received a call from PM Indira Gandhi, whose first question was about the wellbeing of the survivors. Then she asked, “Can you still do it?”
“If I don’t do it, I don’t come back,” Gupta says he replied without a thought. There was a pause, and then the PM said, “Go ahead and do it.” “From that moment, ‘We don’t go back if we don’t complete Dakshin Gangotri’ became our war cry,” says Gupta.
Although scientific exploration was the chief aim of the mission, the team had more defence personnel than scientists. As against 16 scientists, there were 29 Army personnel, and 12 each from the Air Force and the Navy. All had been trained on the Machoi Glacier in Jammu & Kashmir.
As TOI reported on December 28, 1983, the defence establishment had a big role in setting up the permanent base at Dakshin Gangotri. The prefabricated huts for the base were made by the Defence Research and Development Organisation. They were insulated and heated and could withstand wind speeds of up to 200kmph. “To give (the scientists) a touch of their familiar home atmosphere, there will be taped music, an enormous collection of books and video cassettes,” the TOI report said.
When the Finnpolaris left Goa, it was loaded with 900 tonnes of construction material and 1,000 oil barrels. To move crew and things around quickly, there were two Mi-8 medium twin-turbine helicopters and two Chetak light helicopters, besides two bulldozers and several snow scooters.
As the ship neared Antarctica, designations and ranks melted away. Officers, soldiers, and scientists worked as one to build the 620sq-m two-storey structure equipped with laboratories, living quarters for 12 wintering team members, a medical room, a communications room, a gymnasium and a recreation room. Although it was ‘summer’, some days were lost to whiteouts and blizzards. Yet, the 60-day deadline for building the permanent base was met.
Tricolour travelled like Bond first time
India’s first mission to Antarctica in December 1981 was conceived in secrecy, and the 21 crew members weren’t allowed to talk about it even with their families. Amitava Sengupta, one of the youngest members of that mission, recalls that the air of strict confidentiality before departure made them feel like they were in “a James Bond movie”. “The initial meetings were held behind closed doors and involved only top officials, including cabinet secretaries and the Indian Navy chief,” says Sengupta.
The team’s military trainers were also clueless about the mission, and they thought they were training a bunch of spies. “The real challenge was that the trainers did not know what we were preparing for. They thought we were part of a secret offensive mission, hence the weapons training,” says Sengupta.
All the team team members were young, with their average age around 30 years “so that they could be associated with the taxing Antarctic expeditions on a continuing basis for one or two decades and, if necessary, in setting up a permanent station on the continent,” TOI reported on January 12, 1982.
They were trained at the Army’s High Altitude Warfare School in Gulmarg, and then taken to Drass, “the second coldest inhabited place in the world, where the temperature falls to -56° C,” another TOI report on March 29, 1982 said, adding, “The training schedule included instruction in crossing of crevasses, prevention of frostbite and rescue operations.” Later, a Navy warship acclimatised the scientists to rough sea conditions, but even the vessel’s commander didn’t know what their goal was. Finally, the team embarked on the Norwegian ship Polarsirkel because India’s lone oceanographic research vessel Gaveshini was too small for the team and its equipment that included two choppers.
It also lacked icebreaking capabilities. “There were a lot of backchannel talks with Norway to request it not to tell other nations of our plans,” says Rahul Mohan, project director of the National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR) at Vasco. Ten days after leaving Goa, the Polarsirkel picked up equipment and supplies in Mauritius. Team leader and marine biologist Syed Zahoor Qasim also boarded the ship there. He had the honour of unfurling the Tricolour for the first time in Antarctica, marking the start of the Southern Ocean expeditions under the environmental protocol of the Antarctic Treaty (1959). The first expedition spent only two weeks on the continent. “When we returned, it was almost like coming back from the moon,” says Sengupta.
Post office in Panaji
Panaji post office is gateway to polar base
Freezing Antarctica and sunny Goa could not be more different, but they are united by a pin code. All letters to Maitri, India’s current base in Antarctica, are addressed to the National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research at Vasco, Goa’s port town, with the pin code 403001, which refers to the head post office in state capital Panaji. NCPOR then hands them over to a researcher travelling to Maitri. A post office was started at the Dakshin Gangotri base on February 24, 1984, and it received over 10,000 letters within the first year. The sub-zero post office was formally brought under Goa’s department of posts on January 26, 1988. “We used to carry loads of letters from India and I cancelled them in Antarctica with a special stamp,” professor Sudipta Sengupta, who was part of Project Gangotri and the first postmaster at Dakshin Gangotri, told TOI from her home in Kolkata. A different expedition member was made honorary postmaster every year at the base until it was abandoned in 1988-89 after it was buried in ice. Since then, the new post office at Maitri has borne Panaji’s pin code. | <urn:uuid:225f65de-df23-4f5a-a062-fecdee1810a5> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | http://indpaedia.com/ind/index.php/Antarctica_and_India | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473735.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222061937-20240222091937-00827.warc.gz | en | 0.98013 | 3,835 | 3.40625 | 3 | [
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This is a collection of articles archived for the excellence of their content.
Operation Gangotri/ 1981
Celebrated on December 1 each year, Antarctica Day marks the signing of the Antarctic Treaty in 1959. But it wasn’t until 1981 that India decided to send its first scientific expedition to the icy continent. Marine biologist Dr S Z Qasim headed the 21-member team, which travelled on a chartered Norwegian vessel called the Polar Circle.
The historic expedition, code-named Operation Gangotri, was kept under wraps from the public, since the outcome was uncertain.
“The operation was very secretive… A boat was chartered from Norway, but there were back channel talks with the country not to tell. There was a lot of diplomacy involved,” Dr Rahul Mohan, project director, National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR) in Goa.
On January 9, 1982, the group set foot on Antarctica and hoisted the Indian flag.
Speaking at NCPOR in Goa on Friday, Dr Amitava Sengupta, member of the first expedition, said, “It was one of those top secret operations, organised in record time. The entire operation, starting from conception to us finally sailing off from Goa on December 6, was accomplished in just over four months. We all (scientists) were in our late 20s and… our initial meetings were behind closed doors. People like… the cabinet secretary, defence secretary and the chief of naval staff… they were addressing us and we were discussing strategy… and we were not allowed to tell any of this outside. We couldn’t tell our wives. We felt like we were in a James Bond movie. It was very exciting.”
“I had till then never seen a ship, let alone being on one. I had never seen snow. We had to be acclimatised for the sea… So, we were packed off to Srinagar, Gulmarg… and then sent on one of the Indian Navy frigates… and taken around the Bay of Bengal for seven days and so on… There were six-seven of us scientists who had to be trained, and because this was top secret, the trainers were not allowed to know what we were going to be trained for… So, he (the ship’s captain) gave us all kinds of training like shooting a pistol… they thought we were being trained for some secret offensive operation,” said Sengupta. “Ten days after we set sail, the news broke in a magazine.”
“When we came back from Antarctica, it was as if we had come back from the moon or something,” he said. “Someone told me, ‘you must know swimming’. I said I am from Delhi, I don’t know swimming and it wouldn’t matter anyway – if one goes into that water, one would die of a heart attack.”
Another member recalled: “You see, the biggest problem in Antarctica is water. There is so much of it, but it’s the wrong form – it’s solid… One person’s duty was to melt water. We ate dehydrated food that we had carried with us.”
M C Pathak, a member of the first expedition, said, “When we landed, we put up our tents… At midnight, when we were asleep, I saw the satellite position. We were drifting out… We contacted the ship and we were rescued by a helicopter.”
Members of the third Indian scientific expedition to Antarctica were also felicitated at the event, to commemorate the 40th anniversary of commissioning of Dakshin Gangotri – India’s first research station in Antarctica. The expedition was launched in 1983 with 83 members under the leadership of Dr Harsh K Gupta.
One of the members of the expedition said they were given only a few minutes to talk to family members on a satellite phone. “On one occasion, one of the crew members had given the number of his village post office, since there was no phone at his house. The operator, instead of connecting him with his family, would enquire about the officer’s matrimonial details to set up a match,” said Lt Gen Abhay Parnaik, who was part of the third expedition.
Recalling a telephonic conversation with then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, after a helicopter crash occurred during the expedition leaving five people injured, Dr Gupta said, “I picked up the phone… first question (by the PM) was, ‘Harsh, what happened?’ Second question, ‘Are those five people safe’?”
After he explained the circumstances, he said, “Then she (Gandhi) asked me, ‘Can you still do it?’ I replied, ‘If I don’t do it, I don’t come back’. There was a long pause after that. And then I heard, ‘Go ahead and do it’.”
Dr Gupta said, “When I look back, I realise why that pause was there. She is the Prime Minister of the country. She is asking a young man to accomplish a task under a very adverse situation… So in case, something goes wrong with the expedition, everyone will question her.”
Twenty-five years after it established Dakshin Gangotri, the first permanent research station in the South Polar region, India is all set to build the third such centre in Antarctica at a cost of Rs 230 crore to take up cutting-edge research in various fields. The station, named Bharti became operational by 2012, making India a member of an elite group of nine nations that have multiple stations in the region.
Dakshin Gangotri, set up in 1984, was buried in ice and had to be abandoned in 1990, a year after India set up Maitri, the second station. The National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research (NCAOR), Goa, will set up the new station on Larsmann Hill, 3,000 km from Schirmacher Oasis, where Maitri stands. While Maitri was more than 100 km from the Antarctic Sea, Bharti will be on a promontory by the sea. "This will enable us to take up rare research on the marine ecology of the polar region. Antarctica is a continent spread across 13 million sqkm and we thought we shouldn't confine ourselves to just one area," NCAOR director Rasik Ravindran told.
Bharti, like Maitri, also conducts research on seismic activity, climate change and medicine. The station is a compact structure of 30x50 metres, accommodating 25 scientists. While living in Antarctica, where temperatures range from -89 degrees Celsius in winter to -25 degrees Celsius in summer, can be tough, constructing a permanent structure is a huge challenge. "With wind speeds crossing 40 knots, manoeuvring ships to Antartica is a challenging job. We're also considering transportation of materials on ice that could be more than 1.5 metres thick, from the ship's mooring point to the construction site, using special vehicles," said Rajasekhar, head of vessel management, National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), Chennai, which handles the logistics.
Dakshin Gangotri: India’s first scientific base
Gangotri at the South Pole
In 1983, India's first scientific base station in Antarctica was established, about 2,500 kilometres from the South Pole. Named Dakshin Gangotri, it was constructed during the third Indian expedition to Antarctica. The station was built in record time-eight weeks-by an 81-member team, and was powered by solar energy. It was abandoned in 1988-89, after it was submerged in ice. Before it was shut down, the base hosted an automatic weather recording station, and was also used to perform scientific tests on radio transmission. It also served as a hub for experiments in physical oceanography, chemical analyses of freshwater lakes in the area, as well as geology, glaciology and geomagnetism. After the base was rendered inoperable, a new research station, Maitri-which also served as India's first permanent station at the South Pole-was constructed about 90 km away, in 1988. It serves as a base for front-ranking research and developments in basic and environmental sciences.
It’s 40 years since India became permanent resident of Antarctica
The Tricolour was unfurled in Antarctica in January 1982 but India did not have a permanent base there till its third expedition arrived in December 1983 and set up buildings where scientists could live year-round
December 1983 was a landmark month because it gave India its first people’s car, the Maruti 800. But something else of great significance was afoot then. On December 3, the Finnpolaris, a chartered iceclass vessel, had sailed out of Mormugao, Goa, with an 81-member team on board. Their mission was to set up Dakshin Gangotri, India’s first permanent base in Antarctica.
It wasn’t India’s first mission to the White Continent. A 21-member team had sailed on December 6, 1981 and stayed a fortnight after arriving on January 9, 1982. Another team had arrived on December 28, 1982 and spent two months “focused on geological experiments to assess the continent’s mineral and oil potential,” TOI had reported then.
Why December every time? Because that’s when Antarctica, like Sydney, Rio, Johannesburg and other places in the southern hemisphere, has its summer. There’s a brief window of two months to get work done before the continent freezes up again.
The 1980s was a time when every major country was racing to explore and claim the mineral and marine wealth of Antarctica, so India could not have remained a seasonal visitor. “India realised that a permanent base was an absolute necessity for round-the-year observations in the icy continent,” says Harsh Gupta, who led the 1983-84 expedition that went on to establish Dakshin Gangotri.
The 1983 mission was called Project Gangotri. Finnpolaris reached Antarctica on December 26, and the team went to work. Their goal was to set up the permanent base in 60 days. “No country has built a permanent station in Antarctica in one Antarctic summer, and wintered there. This was a record India created in 1983-84 and it is still unbroken,” says Gupta.
But the project nearly got derailed by an accident on the third day. “On December 29, a load was hooked to a helicopter,” recalls Gupta. “The helicopter did not rise adequately. The under-slung load became entangled with the railing of the ship and the rotors Antarc of the helicopter hit the ship’s crane.”
The chopper with five crew members on board started drifting and sinking in the icy waters. “A Chetak helicopter was launched to rescue them,” says Gupta, but the first two men it scooped up could not hold on to the harness as their arms had become numb. They tumbled into the water again and a boat had to be rushed to rescue all five.
Professor Sudipta Sengupta, a core geologist, and oceanographer Aditi Pant were the only women on the mission. “For a few minutes we were horrified by the prospect of the team members dying. To our great relief, they were alright,” says Sengupta.
With one of their four helicopters lost,and five men fighting hypothermia, the mission was in jeopardy. Gupta remembers the tension in the air when they briefed the Prime Minister’s office from the bridge of the ship. Soon, they received a call from PM Indira Gandhi, whose first question was about the wellbeing of the survivors. Then she asked, “Can you still do it?”
“If I don’t do it, I don’t come back,” Gupta says he replied without a thought. There was a pause, and then the PM said, “Go ahead and do it.” “From that moment, ‘We don’t go back if we don’t complete Dakshin Gangotri’ became our war cry,” says Gupta.
Although scientific exploration was the chief aim of the mission, the team had more defence personnel than scientists. As against 16 scientists, there were 29 Army personnel, and 12 each from the Air Force and the Navy. All had been trained on the Machoi Glacier in Jammu & Kashmir.
As TOI reported on December 28, 1983, the defence establishment had a big role in setting up the permanent base at Dakshin Gangotri. The prefabricated huts for the base were made by the Defence Research and Development Organisation. They were insulated and heated and could withstand wind speeds of up to 200kmph. “To give (the scientists) a touch of their familiar home atmosphere, there will be taped music, an enormous collection of books and video cassettes,” the TOI report said.
When the Finnpolaris left Goa, it was loaded with 900 tonnes of construction material and 1,000 oil barrels. To move crew and things around quickly, there were two Mi-8 medium twin-turbine helicopters and two Chetak light helicopters, besides two bulldozers and several snow scooters.
As the ship neared Antarctica, designations and ranks melted away. Officers, soldiers, and scientists worked as one to build the 620sq-m two-storey structure equipped with laboratories, living quarters for 12 wintering team members, a medical room, a communications room, a gymnasium and a recreation room. Although it was ‘summer’, some days were lost to whiteouts and blizzards. Yet, the 60-day deadline for building the permanent base was met.
Tricolour travelled like Bond first time
India’s first mission to Antarctica in December 1981 was conceived in secrecy, and the 21 crew members weren’t allowed to talk about it even with their families. Amitava Sengupta, one of the youngest members of that mission, recalls that the air of strict confidentiality before departure made them feel like they were in “a James Bond movie”. “The initial meetings were held behind closed doors and involved only top officials, including cabinet secretaries and the Indian Navy chief,” says Sengupta.
The team’s military trainers were also clueless about the mission, and they thought they were training a bunch of spies. “The real challenge was that the trainers did not know what we were preparing for. They thought we were part of a secret offensive mission, hence the weapons training,” says Sengupta.
All the team team members were young, with their average age around 30 years “so that they could be associated with the taxing Antarctic expeditions on a continuing basis for one or two decades and, if necessary, in setting up a permanent station on the continent,” TOI reported on January 12, 1982.
They were trained at the Army’s High Altitude Warfare School in Gulmarg, and then taken to Drass, “the second coldest inhabited place in the world, where the temperature falls to -56° C,” another TOI report on March 29, 1982 said, adding, “The training schedule included instruction in crossing of crevasses, prevention of frostbite and rescue operations.” Later, a Navy warship acclimatised the scientists to rough sea conditions, but even the vessel’s commander didn’t know what their goal was. Finally, the team embarked on the Norwegian ship Polarsirkel because India’s lone oceanographic research vessel Gaveshini was too small for the team and its equipment that included two choppers.
It also lacked icebreaking capabilities. “There were a lot of backchannel talks with Norway to request it not to tell other nations of our plans,” says Rahul Mohan, project director of the National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR) at Vasco. Ten days after leaving Goa, the Polarsirkel picked up equipment and supplies in Mauritius. Team leader and marine biologist Syed Zahoor Qasim also boarded the ship there. He had the honour of unfurling the Tricolour for the first time in Antarctica, marking the start of the Southern Ocean expeditions under the environmental protocol of the Antarctic Treaty (1959). The first expedition spent only two weeks on the continent. “When we returned, it was almost like coming back from the moon,” says Sengupta.
Post office in Panaji
Panaji post office is gateway to polar base
Freezing Antarctica and sunny Goa could not be more different, but they are united by a pin code. All letters to Maitri, India’s current base in Antarctica, are addressed to the National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research at Vasco, Goa’s port town, with the pin code 403001, which refers to the head post office in state capital Panaji. NCPOR then hands them over to a researcher travelling to Maitri. A post office was started at the Dakshin Gangotri base on February 24, 1984, and it received over 10,000 letters within the first year. The sub-zero post office was formally brought under Goa’s department of posts on January 26, 1988. “We used to carry loads of letters from India and I cancelled them in Antarctica with a special stamp,” professor Sudipta Sengupta, who was part of Project Gangotri and the first postmaster at Dakshin Gangotri, told TOI from her home in Kolkata. A different expedition member was made honorary postmaster every year at the base until it was abandoned in 1988-89 after it was buried in ice. Since then, the new post office at Maitri has borne Panaji’s pin code. | 3,800 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The mysql year is a very useful tool for people who work with databases. It is a very helpful way for someone who is used to working with MySQL to understand what a year looks like, to use, and to use it again.
As an example, I am using a mysql database with a database of cars, and the year of a given car is a number from the beginning of the year until the end. The year, and the number of rows in a given row, form a date, and that date is what the year is supposed to be. That means if I enter a date in the year column, it would be that date.
It is a way to keep track of time. It is a way of keeping track of a long time period, and that can help someone who is used to working with Unix or POSIX. For example, when I first started working with SQL I was using this trick to determine dates. You would enter a date like “12/13/1899” and the computer would spit out how much time was between the beginning of that year and the end of the year.
I remember reading about this trick when I was first learning to program by writing a program that would convert a date in some format into a timestamp. However, I never really thought about how it would work in a real world application. So when I learned about the year trick, I thought, “Gee, I could probably code this. I wonder if I can get the year code to work in my MySQL database.” I just never looked into it again.
Here’s how the year trick works: the year is always one year long, starting on January 1st. So if a person was born in a year, he or she would be the year’s first birthday. So to get the year, you’d have to subtract the year from a person’s birthday, and then add that year.
The year is the name given to the year starting from 1. January is the first day of the year, and December is the last day of the year. So January 1st would be 1, February 1st would be 2, and February 1st would be 3. That’s why January 1st comes before the first day of the year.
MySQL is a huge database that is used for all sorts of useful things, but the way it works is that it starts out with every person being born at the same time. So a person born on January 1st would be born on January 1st. a person born on January 1st and January 2nd would be born on January 1st and January 2nd. A person born on January 1st and January 3rd would be born on January 1st and January 3rd.
The problem is that there’s a lot more data than that, because MySQL stores more than a single person’s name. Each time you do a query to get the name of a person, it includes the year, month, date, and the time that the person was born. This way, if you wanted to get the name of the person born in 2000, you would only need to do one query. But that’s not very efficient.
MySQL stores the date and the time that the person was born in the year, for example. In this way, if you wanted to get the name of the person born in 2000, you would only have to do a single query to look up their name in the MySQL table. Not only that, but you would need to be careful that you only look up the names in the database rather than the actual people. | <urn:uuid:4ba4d4e0-900e-4d30-b34f-46b83da1bf2c> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://digitalcopyist.com/mysql-year/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474595.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225103506-20240225133506-00292.warc.gz | en | 0.989446 | 755 | 3.28125 | 3 | [
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-0.11213352531... | 1 | The mysql year is a very useful tool for people who work with databases. It is a very helpful way for someone who is used to working with MySQL to understand what a year looks like, to use, and to use it again.
As an example, I am using a mysql database with a database of cars, and the year of a given car is a number from the beginning of the year until the end. The year, and the number of rows in a given row, form a date, and that date is what the year is supposed to be. That means if I enter a date in the year column, it would be that date.
It is a way to keep track of time. It is a way of keeping track of a long time period, and that can help someone who is used to working with Unix or POSIX. For example, when I first started working with SQL I was using this trick to determine dates. You would enter a date like “12/13/1899” and the computer would spit out how much time was between the beginning of that year and the end of the year.
I remember reading about this trick when I was first learning to program by writing a program that would convert a date in some format into a timestamp. However, I never really thought about how it would work in a real world application. So when I learned about the year trick, I thought, “Gee, I could probably code this. I wonder if I can get the year code to work in my MySQL database.” I just never looked into it again.
Here’s how the year trick works: the year is always one year long, starting on January 1st. So if a person was born in a year, he or she would be the year’s first birthday. So to get the year, you’d have to subtract the year from a person’s birthday, and then add that year.
The year is the name given to the year starting from 1. January is the first day of the year, and December is the last day of the year. So January 1st would be 1, February 1st would be 2, and February 1st would be 3. That’s why January 1st comes before the first day of the year.
MySQL is a huge database that is used for all sorts of useful things, but the way it works is that it starts out with every person being born at the same time. So a person born on January 1st would be born on January 1st. a person born on January 1st and January 2nd would be born on January 1st and January 2nd. A person born on January 1st and January 3rd would be born on January 1st and January 3rd.
The problem is that there’s a lot more data than that, because MySQL stores more than a single person’s name. Each time you do a query to get the name of a person, it includes the year, month, date, and the time that the person was born. This way, if you wanted to get the name of the person born in 2000, you would only need to do one query. But that’s not very efficient.
MySQL stores the date and the time that the person was born in the year, for example. In this way, if you wanted to get the name of the person born in 2000, you would only have to do a single query to look up their name in the MySQL table. Not only that, but you would need to be careful that you only look up the names in the database rather than the actual people. | 754 | ENGLISH | 1 |
- Yosef breaks down crying: Yosef was overcome with emotion of mercy for his brothers and went into a nearby room to cry. He washed his face and came out, restraining himself.
- The meal: Yosef instructed for the meal to be served. Yosef and the Egyptians was served separately from his brothers, as they could not eat together with them, as doing so is viewed as an abomination in Egypt. Yosef had each brother seated in accordance to their age, and the brothers looked at each other with surprise. Yosef had a portion given to each one, although to Binyamin he gave a portion that was five times the size of the others. They all ate and drank together and became drunk.
- The goblet of Yosef is planted in the sack of Binyamin: Yosef instructed his home manager to fill their sacks with food and return their money to their sacks. “My silver goblet should be planted in the sack of the youngest brother.” The man did as he was told. In the morning, the brothers were sent off. As soon as they exited the city, Yosef instructed his manager to give chase to them and accuse them of being ungrateful for having stolen his goblet. The manager did as he was told and accused them of stealing. The brothers vehemently denied the accusations, saying that they even returned the money that they found in their sacks, and hence why would they steal anything from the home of the leader. They concluded: “If you shall find the goblet in any of our sacks, that individual will be killed, and we will become slaves to your master.” The man however replied that only the individual whose sack contains the goblet will be held as a slave, while the remainder will be held free of accountability.
- The goblet is found in the sack of Binyamin and the brothers return to Yosef: The brothers took down their sacks and opened them. The man searched the sacks, beginning with the eldest brother, and concluding with the youngest, and the goblet was found in the sack of Binyamin. They tore their clothing and replaced the sacks on their donkeys to return to the city. Yehuda and his brothers returned to the home of Yosef and fell to their faces. Yosef asked them how they could do such a thing and Yehuda replied that they have nothing to answer, as G-d has found sin with them. Yehuda offered that they all become slaves to Yosef. Yosef replied that it is beneath him to enslave everyone, and rather only the guilty brother will be held as a slave, while everyone else may return home to their father. | <urn:uuid:0a9e48a7-9302-439c-81b7-3d311b56534c> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://shulchanaruchharav.com/daily-chumash-shabbos-4th-teves-the-goblet-of-yosef-is-planted-in-the-sack-of-binyamin/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474360.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223021632-20240223051632-00849.warc.gz | en | 0.993435 | 559 | 3.34375 | 3 | [
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0.3134623... | 1 | - Yosef breaks down crying: Yosef was overcome with emotion of mercy for his brothers and went into a nearby room to cry. He washed his face and came out, restraining himself.
- The meal: Yosef instructed for the meal to be served. Yosef and the Egyptians was served separately from his brothers, as they could not eat together with them, as doing so is viewed as an abomination in Egypt. Yosef had each brother seated in accordance to their age, and the brothers looked at each other with surprise. Yosef had a portion given to each one, although to Binyamin he gave a portion that was five times the size of the others. They all ate and drank together and became drunk.
- The goblet of Yosef is planted in the sack of Binyamin: Yosef instructed his home manager to fill their sacks with food and return their money to their sacks. “My silver goblet should be planted in the sack of the youngest brother.” The man did as he was told. In the morning, the brothers were sent off. As soon as they exited the city, Yosef instructed his manager to give chase to them and accuse them of being ungrateful for having stolen his goblet. The manager did as he was told and accused them of stealing. The brothers vehemently denied the accusations, saying that they even returned the money that they found in their sacks, and hence why would they steal anything from the home of the leader. They concluded: “If you shall find the goblet in any of our sacks, that individual will be killed, and we will become slaves to your master.” The man however replied that only the individual whose sack contains the goblet will be held as a slave, while the remainder will be held free of accountability.
- The goblet is found in the sack of Binyamin and the brothers return to Yosef: The brothers took down their sacks and opened them. The man searched the sacks, beginning with the eldest brother, and concluding with the youngest, and the goblet was found in the sack of Binyamin. They tore their clothing and replaced the sacks on their donkeys to return to the city. Yehuda and his brothers returned to the home of Yosef and fell to their faces. Yosef asked them how they could do such a thing and Yehuda replied that they have nothing to answer, as G-d has found sin with them. Yehuda offered that they all become slaves to Yosef. Yosef replied that it is beneath him to enslave everyone, and rather only the guilty brother will be held as a slave, while everyone else may return home to their father. | 557 | ENGLISH | 1 |
After Christ's death and resurrection, the true church was driven underground by fierce persecution. During the Middle Ages, Satan's counterfeit church (the Roman Catholic church) began to gain control over the citizens of Europe. This happened because of the deceit of the Catholic church and its leaders. Many lies spread by the Catholic church served to keep the people in spiritual bondage. One lie was that the priests could pray to help deceased loved ones enter into heaven. The church was “selling” these prayers for money. Another lie of the false church was that dying people should deed their properties to the priests. This lie also served to enrich the Catholic church. Unsurprisingly, at this time, the Catholic church grew in power and control over the people.
|The printing press
Martin Luther acted boldly to free the people from spiritual bondage. He wrote ninety-five points (or theses, as they came to be known) that directly challenged the teachings of the Catholic church, and which explained to the citizens the treachery of the church leaders. He then nailed these Ninety-Five Theses on a church door in Wittenberg, Germany! This act was the spark that ignited what came to be known as The Reformation. Martin Luther, along with others, worked to translate the Bible into the languages of the people. Those who fought for truth, and against the teachings of the Catholic church, were called “Protest-ants,” (because they were protesting against Rome) and eventually became known as Protestants, a designation still used today. The Reformation was the way that God brought the light of truth into the darkness that characterized most of the known world during the Middle Ages. To God be the glory! | <urn:uuid:c784fd7b-bf2b-4cf5-b800-d85cd1949b98> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | http://www.solasisters.com/search/label/protestantism | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475422.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301161412-20240301191412-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.986838 | 347 | 3.46875 | 3 | [
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-0.1292311698... | 1 | After Christ's death and resurrection, the true church was driven underground by fierce persecution. During the Middle Ages, Satan's counterfeit church (the Roman Catholic church) began to gain control over the citizens of Europe. This happened because of the deceit of the Catholic church and its leaders. Many lies spread by the Catholic church served to keep the people in spiritual bondage. One lie was that the priests could pray to help deceased loved ones enter into heaven. The church was “selling” these prayers for money. Another lie of the false church was that dying people should deed their properties to the priests. This lie also served to enrich the Catholic church. Unsurprisingly, at this time, the Catholic church grew in power and control over the people.
|The printing press
Martin Luther acted boldly to free the people from spiritual bondage. He wrote ninety-five points (or theses, as they came to be known) that directly challenged the teachings of the Catholic church, and which explained to the citizens the treachery of the church leaders. He then nailed these Ninety-Five Theses on a church door in Wittenberg, Germany! This act was the spark that ignited what came to be known as The Reformation. Martin Luther, along with others, worked to translate the Bible into the languages of the people. Those who fought for truth, and against the teachings of the Catholic church, were called “Protest-ants,” (because they were protesting against Rome) and eventually became known as Protestants, a designation still used today. The Reformation was the way that God brought the light of truth into the darkness that characterized most of the known world during the Middle Ages. To God be the glory! | 343 | ENGLISH | 1 |
There was once a lime kiln here. Limestone was burned in the kiln to produce quicklime (unslaked lime). The kiln was in use during the 1800s. It was round with a diameter of roughly 6 metres, and had an opening of 2-3 metres facing southeast. There is a connection between the lime kiln and the quarry at Sillavadsån. The limestone was probably transported to the kiln. In order to transform limestone into quicklime, the carbon dioxide has to be removed from the stone. This process begins when the temperature exceeds 800 degrees. In the bottom of the kiln there were two channels containing wood, above which shale and limestone were arranged in lay- ers. The wood was lit and burned continuously for 2-3 days. After three days, less than 1% carbon dioxide remained in the quicklime. No more wood was added, and the fire went out. The kiln was then left to cool down for a day, after which the lime was taken out. It had lost nearly half its weight and was now white. In order to be able to use the unslaked lime for mortar or whitewash, it had to slaked. This was done by mixing the unslaked lime with water.
The old Lime kiln
Photo Kristina Eriksson
Historical photo of a Lime kiln
Sketch of a lime kiln | <urn:uuid:43a3d9e5-9322-460a-8882-c4ffbf0e18e1> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.smedstorp.se/index.php?Itemid=1033 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474686.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227184934-20240227214934-00848.warc.gz | en | 0.988092 | 291 | 3.40625 | 3 | [
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0.28517436981... | 1 | There was once a lime kiln here. Limestone was burned in the kiln to produce quicklime (unslaked lime). The kiln was in use during the 1800s. It was round with a diameter of roughly 6 metres, and had an opening of 2-3 metres facing southeast. There is a connection between the lime kiln and the quarry at Sillavadsån. The limestone was probably transported to the kiln. In order to transform limestone into quicklime, the carbon dioxide has to be removed from the stone. This process begins when the temperature exceeds 800 degrees. In the bottom of the kiln there were two channels containing wood, above which shale and limestone were arranged in lay- ers. The wood was lit and burned continuously for 2-3 days. After three days, less than 1% carbon dioxide remained in the quicklime. No more wood was added, and the fire went out. The kiln was then left to cool down for a day, after which the lime was taken out. It had lost nearly half its weight and was now white. In order to be able to use the unslaked lime for mortar or whitewash, it had to slaked. This was done by mixing the unslaked lime with water.
The old Lime kiln
Photo Kristina Eriksson
Historical photo of a Lime kiln
Sketch of a lime kiln | 296 | ENGLISH | 1 |
When we scaffold student learning we think about “gradual release of responsibility”, “guided learning”, “modelling” and “exemplars”. All good things which need to be part of every teacher’s toolbox. But, in a workshop/inquiry learning environment, we don’t necessarily want to show kids examples of what it “should” look like before they have had time to muck about. If we think of the mucking about time as being intense learning time, jumping in too quickly with the exemplar may cause students to stop their own exploration of the ideas and just follow the example.
As we continually deepen our understanding about how students learn, we start to question practices that we once thought were the “best”. Stephen Katz, for those of you who like to quote the experts, says that we shouldn’t be looking for the “best” way of teaching but just the “next” way. When we do that we are responsive to student need and reflective about our practice. It is less about the “wrong” way and more about a better way.
So, while it was “best” practice a few years ago to teach by showing the exemplar right away, I have recently observed some other ways of scaffolding student learning which allow the students to participate in discovering what needs to be learned. Here are some examples I saw just this week (if I’d been in classrooms more I probably would have seen more!):
Students in science need to know how to write a procedure. Instead of giving students a perfect example of a procedure or telling them the components of a procedure, the teacher has them draw a small line diagram and write the procedure of how to replicate it. They read their procedure to a partner while the partner tries to replicate the drawing. Now that students have some experience with procedural writing, table groups share their experiences and come up with criteria for a good procedure. This then becomes the anchor chart for the class. All of the students in the class could participate. All of the students now have a better understanding of what makes a good procedure. All of the students helped to co-create the anchor chart.
Students in English need to write answers to three summative questions about their novels next week. The students are given the questions this week and can begin to talk about them in their literature circles. The teacher reads a number of picture books with a similar theme. Students work in groups to answer the summative questions with respect to the picture books. Answers are shared and exemplars are created. The teacher then shows teacher-created exemplars as well. All students could access the picture book read aloud and had opportunities to explore what the questions meant. All students were involved in creating the exemplars. When the students get to the point of needing to write their own summative answers to their own novels, they will have had many opportunities to practice.
Students in writer’s workshop are having a mini-lesson about sentence variety. In a traditional lesson the teacher may have demonstrated a number of sentence types and urged students to write sentences of different types. Or, the teacher may have introduced transition words and had students complete a worksheet. In this class students had to write sentences with only 5 words each. Students began to notice that their sentences were boring. This led to more experimenting and the students were able to lead the discussion on how different sentence types added interest and variety to their writing. The teacher has observed that their writing has improved. All students were involved in the activity. All students were involved in understanding how different sentences can be derived.
A math class did not do well on a certain math question. The teacher reviewed the question with the students the following day without handing back their quizzes. If the teacher had handed back the quizzes, the students would have focussed on if they’d received a good mark. Instead, they were now focussed on how to solve the problem, comparing their answer to the correct solution. Next week the teacher plans to have the students do the problem again. Instead of having the learning be a one-time thing, in this class the students are getting another chance to show their learning after having had some more instruction.
When we first thought about scaffolding student learning, we did a lot of showing and telling. We are evolving now to having the students be involved in the discovery of the learning. We are providing multiple opportunities for students to practice the skills in meaningful ways. Students are involved in their learning. The scaffolding is in the design of the lesson not in how the teacher “releases” the information. | <urn:uuid:c5835747-ec3c-425c-86b7-957ca5f33ef2> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.kristinphillipsauthor.com/post/scaffolding-student-learning-in-an-inquiry-based-classroom | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473690.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222030017-20240222060017-00365.warc.gz | en | 0.981845 | 967 | 3.46875 | 3 | [
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0.346888512372... | 1 | When we scaffold student learning we think about “gradual release of responsibility”, “guided learning”, “modelling” and “exemplars”. All good things which need to be part of every teacher’s toolbox. But, in a workshop/inquiry learning environment, we don’t necessarily want to show kids examples of what it “should” look like before they have had time to muck about. If we think of the mucking about time as being intense learning time, jumping in too quickly with the exemplar may cause students to stop their own exploration of the ideas and just follow the example.
As we continually deepen our understanding about how students learn, we start to question practices that we once thought were the “best”. Stephen Katz, for those of you who like to quote the experts, says that we shouldn’t be looking for the “best” way of teaching but just the “next” way. When we do that we are responsive to student need and reflective about our practice. It is less about the “wrong” way and more about a better way.
So, while it was “best” practice a few years ago to teach by showing the exemplar right away, I have recently observed some other ways of scaffolding student learning which allow the students to participate in discovering what needs to be learned. Here are some examples I saw just this week (if I’d been in classrooms more I probably would have seen more!):
Students in science need to know how to write a procedure. Instead of giving students a perfect example of a procedure or telling them the components of a procedure, the teacher has them draw a small line diagram and write the procedure of how to replicate it. They read their procedure to a partner while the partner tries to replicate the drawing. Now that students have some experience with procedural writing, table groups share their experiences and come up with criteria for a good procedure. This then becomes the anchor chart for the class. All of the students in the class could participate. All of the students now have a better understanding of what makes a good procedure. All of the students helped to co-create the anchor chart.
Students in English need to write answers to three summative questions about their novels next week. The students are given the questions this week and can begin to talk about them in their literature circles. The teacher reads a number of picture books with a similar theme. Students work in groups to answer the summative questions with respect to the picture books. Answers are shared and exemplars are created. The teacher then shows teacher-created exemplars as well. All students could access the picture book read aloud and had opportunities to explore what the questions meant. All students were involved in creating the exemplars. When the students get to the point of needing to write their own summative answers to their own novels, they will have had many opportunities to practice.
Students in writer’s workshop are having a mini-lesson about sentence variety. In a traditional lesson the teacher may have demonstrated a number of sentence types and urged students to write sentences of different types. Or, the teacher may have introduced transition words and had students complete a worksheet. In this class students had to write sentences with only 5 words each. Students began to notice that their sentences were boring. This led to more experimenting and the students were able to lead the discussion on how different sentence types added interest and variety to their writing. The teacher has observed that their writing has improved. All students were involved in the activity. All students were involved in understanding how different sentences can be derived.
A math class did not do well on a certain math question. The teacher reviewed the question with the students the following day without handing back their quizzes. If the teacher had handed back the quizzes, the students would have focussed on if they’d received a good mark. Instead, they were now focussed on how to solve the problem, comparing their answer to the correct solution. Next week the teacher plans to have the students do the problem again. Instead of having the learning be a one-time thing, in this class the students are getting another chance to show their learning after having had some more instruction.
When we first thought about scaffolding student learning, we did a lot of showing and telling. We are evolving now to having the students be involved in the discovery of the learning. We are providing multiple opportunities for students to practice the skills in meaningful ways. Students are involved in their learning. The scaffolding is in the design of the lesson not in how the teacher “releases” the information. | 913 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Meaning of the Crawshaw family crest symbols
The helmet placed on the shield symbolizes the strength of the family unit and the protection it provides. It is a symbol of the importance of standing together and having strong defenses against any external threats.
Meaning of the Crawshaw coat of arms colors
The black color (known as Sable) symbolizes constancy and the enduring nature of the family. It is a symbol of family longevity through time.
Crawshaw name meaning and origin
The early history of the family name Crawshaw is a fascinating tale that spans several centuries. While the exact origins of the name are unclear, it is believed to have originated in England.
The earliest records of the Crawshaw name date back to the medieval period. During this time, surnames were not commonly used, and individuals were often identified by their occupation or place of residence. It is likely that the name Crawshaw was derived from a location, possibly a village or a piece of land.
In the 13th century, England was undergoing significant changes. The Norman Conquest had taken place a few centuries earlier, and the country was experiencing a period of political and social upheaval. It was during this time that surnames began to emerge as a way to distinguish individuals and their families.
The Crawshaw name gradually gained prominence during the medieval period. The family likely held land or had a significant presence in the area where the name originated. They may have been farmers or landowners, as agriculture was a vital part of the medieval economy.
As the centuries passed, the Crawshaw name continued to be passed down through generations. The family likely lived in close-knit communities, where they would have been known by their surname. They may have been involved in local affairs and played a role in the development of their community.
The Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries brought significant changes to England, and the Crawshaw family would have experienced these changes firsthand. The rise of factories and the growth of cities would have impacted their way of life, and some members of the family may have migrated to urban areas in search of employment opportunities.
While the early history of the Crawshaw name is intriguing, it is important to note that the information available is limited. The lack of specific details makes it challenging to trace the exact lineage of the family. However, the name's longevity and presence in historical records suggest that the Crawshaw family has played a role in English history for centuries.
In conclusion, the early history of the family name Crawshaw is a tale that spans several centuries. While the exact origins of the name are unclear, it is believed to have originated in England during the medieval period. The family likely held land or had a significant presence in the area where the name originated, and they may have been involved in local affairs. The Industrial Revolution brought significant changes to England, and the Crawshaw family would have experienced these changes firsthand. While the information available is limited,
Crawshaw name origin in the United States
The early history of the family name Crawshaw in America dates back to the colonial era. While not among the first settlers, the Crawshaws were one of the early families to establish themselves in the New World. Like many other families of the time, they sought opportunities for a better life and a chance to contribute to the growing nation.
As the Crawshaws settled in America, they likely faced the challenges and hardships that were common during this period. They would have had to adapt to a new environment, establish their homes, and build their livelihoods from scratch. It is possible that they engaged in various occupations such as farming, trade, or craftsmanship to support their families.
Over time, the Crawshaw name would have spread across different regions of America as the family grew and expanded. They would have become part of the fabric of American society, contributing to the development of their communities and participating in the events that shaped the nation.
While specific details about the early history of the Crawshaw family in America may be scarce, their presence and contributions are undoubtedly part of the broader narrative of the country's early settlers. Their story, like that of many other families, is a testament to the spirit of exploration, resilience, and determination that characterized the early days of America.
History of family crests like the Crawshaw coat of arms
Family crests and coats of arms emerged during the Middle Ages, mostly in wider Europe. They were used as a way to identify knights and nobles on the battlefield and in tournaments. The designs were unique to each family and were passed down from generation to generation.
The earliest crests were simple designs, such as a single animal or symbol, but they became more elaborate over time. Coats of arms were also developed, which included a shield with the family crest, as well as other symbols and colors that represented the family's history and achievements.
The use of family crests and coats of arms spread throughout Europe and became a symbol of social status and identity. They were often displayed on clothing, armor, and flags, and were used to mark the family's property and possessions.
Today, family crests and coats of arms are still used as a way to honor and celebrate family heritage.
Crawshaw name variations and their meaning
The family name Crawshaw has several variations that have emerged over time. One common variation is Crawshay, which is believed to have originated from the same root name. Another variation is Crawshoe, which may have developed due to regional dialects or pronunciation differences. Additionally, some individuals with the Crawshaw surname may have adopted alternative spellings such as Crawshawe or Crawshaugh. These variations could have been influenced by factors such as migration, marriage, or personal preference. Over generations, families may have chosen to modify the spelling of their surname to reflect changes in language or to differentiate themselves from other branches of the family. It is fascinating to observe how a single family name can evolve and take on different forms, while still retaining its core identity. The variations of the Crawshaw surname serve as a testament to the rich history and diversity within the family lineage. | <urn:uuid:f2bdb564-3104-40f4-aa4c-930457575411> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://crestsandarms.com/pages/crawshaw-family-crest-coat-of-arms | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473738.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222093910-20240222123910-00438.warc.gz | en | 0.980067 | 1,248 | 3.546875 | 4 | [
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-0.0427530668675... | 1 | Meaning of the Crawshaw family crest symbols
The helmet placed on the shield symbolizes the strength of the family unit and the protection it provides. It is a symbol of the importance of standing together and having strong defenses against any external threats.
Meaning of the Crawshaw coat of arms colors
The black color (known as Sable) symbolizes constancy and the enduring nature of the family. It is a symbol of family longevity through time.
Crawshaw name meaning and origin
The early history of the family name Crawshaw is a fascinating tale that spans several centuries. While the exact origins of the name are unclear, it is believed to have originated in England.
The earliest records of the Crawshaw name date back to the medieval period. During this time, surnames were not commonly used, and individuals were often identified by their occupation or place of residence. It is likely that the name Crawshaw was derived from a location, possibly a village or a piece of land.
In the 13th century, England was undergoing significant changes. The Norman Conquest had taken place a few centuries earlier, and the country was experiencing a period of political and social upheaval. It was during this time that surnames began to emerge as a way to distinguish individuals and their families.
The Crawshaw name gradually gained prominence during the medieval period. The family likely held land or had a significant presence in the area where the name originated. They may have been farmers or landowners, as agriculture was a vital part of the medieval economy.
As the centuries passed, the Crawshaw name continued to be passed down through generations. The family likely lived in close-knit communities, where they would have been known by their surname. They may have been involved in local affairs and played a role in the development of their community.
The Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries brought significant changes to England, and the Crawshaw family would have experienced these changes firsthand. The rise of factories and the growth of cities would have impacted their way of life, and some members of the family may have migrated to urban areas in search of employment opportunities.
While the early history of the Crawshaw name is intriguing, it is important to note that the information available is limited. The lack of specific details makes it challenging to trace the exact lineage of the family. However, the name's longevity and presence in historical records suggest that the Crawshaw family has played a role in English history for centuries.
In conclusion, the early history of the family name Crawshaw is a tale that spans several centuries. While the exact origins of the name are unclear, it is believed to have originated in England during the medieval period. The family likely held land or had a significant presence in the area where the name originated, and they may have been involved in local affairs. The Industrial Revolution brought significant changes to England, and the Crawshaw family would have experienced these changes firsthand. While the information available is limited,
Crawshaw name origin in the United States
The early history of the family name Crawshaw in America dates back to the colonial era. While not among the first settlers, the Crawshaws were one of the early families to establish themselves in the New World. Like many other families of the time, they sought opportunities for a better life and a chance to contribute to the growing nation.
As the Crawshaws settled in America, they likely faced the challenges and hardships that were common during this period. They would have had to adapt to a new environment, establish their homes, and build their livelihoods from scratch. It is possible that they engaged in various occupations such as farming, trade, or craftsmanship to support their families.
Over time, the Crawshaw name would have spread across different regions of America as the family grew and expanded. They would have become part of the fabric of American society, contributing to the development of their communities and participating in the events that shaped the nation.
While specific details about the early history of the Crawshaw family in America may be scarce, their presence and contributions are undoubtedly part of the broader narrative of the country's early settlers. Their story, like that of many other families, is a testament to the spirit of exploration, resilience, and determination that characterized the early days of America.
History of family crests like the Crawshaw coat of arms
Family crests and coats of arms emerged during the Middle Ages, mostly in wider Europe. They were used as a way to identify knights and nobles on the battlefield and in tournaments. The designs were unique to each family and were passed down from generation to generation.
The earliest crests were simple designs, such as a single animal or symbol, but they became more elaborate over time. Coats of arms were also developed, which included a shield with the family crest, as well as other symbols and colors that represented the family's history and achievements.
The use of family crests and coats of arms spread throughout Europe and became a symbol of social status and identity. They were often displayed on clothing, armor, and flags, and were used to mark the family's property and possessions.
Today, family crests and coats of arms are still used as a way to honor and celebrate family heritage.
Crawshaw name variations and their meaning
The family name Crawshaw has several variations that have emerged over time. One common variation is Crawshay, which is believed to have originated from the same root name. Another variation is Crawshoe, which may have developed due to regional dialects or pronunciation differences. Additionally, some individuals with the Crawshaw surname may have adopted alternative spellings such as Crawshawe or Crawshaugh. These variations could have been influenced by factors such as migration, marriage, or personal preference. Over generations, families may have chosen to modify the spelling of their surname to reflect changes in language or to differentiate themselves from other branches of the family. It is fascinating to observe how a single family name can evolve and take on different forms, while still retaining its core identity. The variations of the Crawshaw surname serve as a testament to the rich history and diversity within the family lineage. | 1,241 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Alice in Wonderland, written by Lewis Carroll in the middle of the 19th century, tells the story of a little girl who goes on a wonderful adventure from inside a rabbit’s house.
While you may be familiar with the quirky characters in this story, you probably don’t know much about the author of Wonderland. Here’s a closer look at Carol’s life, from her quirky early days to her lasting legacy.
“Charles Lutwidge Dodson” alias “Lewis Carroll” was born in 1832 in an Anglican family in England. The author was homeschooled before enrolling in a boarding school. “Carol” was successful in both studies. In addition to the fact that he started writing poetry and short stories from a young age, he also excelled in mathematics. His talent for working with numbers earned him an honorary degree and later a professorship at Oxford University. Carol taught at that university for 26 years.
Mathematics played a prominent role not only in Carroll’s academic activity, but also in his writing process. Alice in Wonderland and its sequel, Through the Looking Glass, represent a playful approach to arithmetic.
“Carroll” completed the story “Alice’s Adventures in the Underground” in 1864. He wrote this book by adapting a story that he told to the three daughters of “Henry Liddell”, an Oxford consultant named “Lorina, Edith and Alice” during a boat ride in 1862. These three girls, aged eight to thirteen, loved the story of “Carroll” so much that “Carroll” finally turned this story into a manuscript at the request of “Alice”.
In 1864, Carroll gave his handwritten book to Alice, and the story was published about a year later. In addition to the fact that the length of the story was increased and the illustrations of “Sir John Tenill”, the famous illustrator, were added to the book, the published book had differences with the original text due to the addition of characters such as “Mad Hatter”.
What made Alice’s Adventures in the Underground such a success? It can be said that in addition to Carroll’s captivating literature and storytelling skills, young and old audiences enjoyed the eccentricity of his characters. Although the story is about characters living in a fantasy world, many of them were actually inspired by the real world.
The character “Alice” of this story was inspired by “Alice Liddle”, the character of the bird “Dodo” was based on “Carroll” herself, and most interestingly, the idea behind the famous cat’s grin in this story was probably inspired by cheese.
However, literature and mathematics were not the only subjects in which “Carroll” was talented. He was also a skilled photographer and often captured the image of his friends, family and his favorite character, Alice Liddle.
Following the success of Alice in Wonderland, Carroll continued to write. In 1871, he finished writing “Aan Soy Aineh” and wrote a poem in 1876. Following the publication of these literary works, he took a long break from work and resumed writing in 1895, three years before the end of his life.
More than 100 years after Carroll’s death, his literary legacy is still popular. | <urn:uuid:326883a1-0b52-41a2-bbb5-f9638f4a134c> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://24citizen.com/2023/06/19/how-was-alice-in-wonderland-created/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474775.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229003536-20240229033536-00216.warc.gz | en | 0.983786 | 722 | 3.28125 | 3 | [
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-0.22938883... | 1 | Alice in Wonderland, written by Lewis Carroll in the middle of the 19th century, tells the story of a little girl who goes on a wonderful adventure from inside a rabbit’s house.
While you may be familiar with the quirky characters in this story, you probably don’t know much about the author of Wonderland. Here’s a closer look at Carol’s life, from her quirky early days to her lasting legacy.
“Charles Lutwidge Dodson” alias “Lewis Carroll” was born in 1832 in an Anglican family in England. The author was homeschooled before enrolling in a boarding school. “Carol” was successful in both studies. In addition to the fact that he started writing poetry and short stories from a young age, he also excelled in mathematics. His talent for working with numbers earned him an honorary degree and later a professorship at Oxford University. Carol taught at that university for 26 years.
Mathematics played a prominent role not only in Carroll’s academic activity, but also in his writing process. Alice in Wonderland and its sequel, Through the Looking Glass, represent a playful approach to arithmetic.
“Carroll” completed the story “Alice’s Adventures in the Underground” in 1864. He wrote this book by adapting a story that he told to the three daughters of “Henry Liddell”, an Oxford consultant named “Lorina, Edith and Alice” during a boat ride in 1862. These three girls, aged eight to thirteen, loved the story of “Carroll” so much that “Carroll” finally turned this story into a manuscript at the request of “Alice”.
In 1864, Carroll gave his handwritten book to Alice, and the story was published about a year later. In addition to the fact that the length of the story was increased and the illustrations of “Sir John Tenill”, the famous illustrator, were added to the book, the published book had differences with the original text due to the addition of characters such as “Mad Hatter”.
What made Alice’s Adventures in the Underground such a success? It can be said that in addition to Carroll’s captivating literature and storytelling skills, young and old audiences enjoyed the eccentricity of his characters. Although the story is about characters living in a fantasy world, many of them were actually inspired by the real world.
The character “Alice” of this story was inspired by “Alice Liddle”, the character of the bird “Dodo” was based on “Carroll” herself, and most interestingly, the idea behind the famous cat’s grin in this story was probably inspired by cheese.
However, literature and mathematics were not the only subjects in which “Carroll” was talented. He was also a skilled photographer and often captured the image of his friends, family and his favorite character, Alice Liddle.
Following the success of Alice in Wonderland, Carroll continued to write. In 1871, he finished writing “Aan Soy Aineh” and wrote a poem in 1876. Following the publication of these literary works, he took a long break from work and resumed writing in 1895, three years before the end of his life.
More than 100 years after Carroll’s death, his literary legacy is still popular. | 680 | ENGLISH | 1 |
(NationRise.com) – Andrew Jackson, the figure we see on the $20 bill, served the United States as its 7th president. Jackson had one goal as president, and that was to represent the common man in the US. He gained his nickname, the “violent president,” due to his history of brawls and duels.
The Early Life of Andrew Jackson
Though his exact birthplace is unknown, Jackson was born in the backcountry of the Carolinas, so close to the border of North and South Carolina that both states consider Jackson a native of their state. His education was inadequate as he received little formal schooling. Jackson held a lifelong grudge against the British after his mother and two brothers were killed during an invasion by Great Britain between 1780 and 1781.
For about two years in Jackson’s late teens, he read law, which earned him admission to the North Carolina bar. Jackson eventually moved to what is now known as Tennessee and became a prosecuting lawyer in what would later become Nashville. After beginning his own practice, Jackson married a local colonel’s daughter. The two accumulated enough wealth to build a mansion in Hermitage, TN and acquire some slaves.
Jackson’s Early Political Career
Jackson was the first man from the state of Tennessee to be elected to the US House of Representatives. However, his time in the House was short-lived, as he did not seek to be reelected and instead retreated to his home in 1797. Not long after, Jackson was elected to the US Senate. He only served a year before being elected as judge of the superior court of Tennessee. His days in politics came to an end when he was chosen to head the Tennessee militia.
With a successful run as a major general during the War of 1812 and conflicts thereafter, Jackson was popular enough to make a presidential bid. By 1824, Jackson’s supporters had rallied enough to earn him a nomination and seat in the US Senate. The race eventually came down to three final candidates: Jackson, Adams, and William H. Crawford, who was essentially a forfeit as he had suffered a stroke and was not fit for duty.
The decision between Adams and Jackson was left to the US House of Representatives. Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, placed fourth in the race and threw his support behind Adams — a move that was later dubbed a “corrupt bargain” by Jackson’s supporters as Clay was named Adams’ Secretary of State.
Jackson won the presidency just four years later, despite negative attacks aimed at his wife, who had still been married when the two initially fell in love. Not long after, Rachel Jackson died, which Andrew believed was the result of the negative press against the couple. Jackson’s presidency saw the birth of two major political parties: the Democrats, which supported Jackson, and the Whig Party, which opposed him.
Jackson was stubborn and made it known that he was the sole ruler of his administration, prompting some political cartoonists to depict him as “King Andrew I.”
Jackson’s Presidential Years
Jackson, despite supporting the rights of the states in principle, stood against South Carolina’s attempt to declare federal tariffs invalid within the state’s borders. Jackson ordered federal troops to go into South Carolina and enforce federal laws while also asking Congress to lower the tariffs. Thankfully, South Carolina backed down before there was any bloodshed or violence.
He showed less compassion for the Cherokee Indians, however, when officials in Georgia moved in on their land. He took no action to preserve the Indians’ rights and went as far as to decline a ruling by the US Supreme Court that Georgia had no say over tribal lands. The Cherokee eventually signed a treaty in 1835, giving up their land in exchange for territory west of Arkansas. About 15,000 Native Americans were forced to move in 1838 along the Trail of Tears, which saw thousands die.
Andrew Jackson has served the United States in several aspects of both politics and the military. While he may not have necessarily been what we would call a “good person,” he certainly changed America — for both good and bad. One of the few presidents to leave the White House more popular than when he arrived, Jackson retired to his Hermitage home, where he died of congestive heart failure on June 8th, 1845.
Copyright 2023, NationRise.com | <urn:uuid:6863fa4c-feff-40b4-a533-af93ba173224> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://nationrise.com/andrew-jackson-the-violent-president/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474853.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229202522-20240229232522-00875.warc.gz | en | 0.988718 | 913 | 3.828125 | 4 | [
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0.05742429941892... | 1 | (NationRise.com) – Andrew Jackson, the figure we see on the $20 bill, served the United States as its 7th president. Jackson had one goal as president, and that was to represent the common man in the US. He gained his nickname, the “violent president,” due to his history of brawls and duels.
The Early Life of Andrew Jackson
Though his exact birthplace is unknown, Jackson was born in the backcountry of the Carolinas, so close to the border of North and South Carolina that both states consider Jackson a native of their state. His education was inadequate as he received little formal schooling. Jackson held a lifelong grudge against the British after his mother and two brothers were killed during an invasion by Great Britain between 1780 and 1781.
For about two years in Jackson’s late teens, he read law, which earned him admission to the North Carolina bar. Jackson eventually moved to what is now known as Tennessee and became a prosecuting lawyer in what would later become Nashville. After beginning his own practice, Jackson married a local colonel’s daughter. The two accumulated enough wealth to build a mansion in Hermitage, TN and acquire some slaves.
Jackson’s Early Political Career
Jackson was the first man from the state of Tennessee to be elected to the US House of Representatives. However, his time in the House was short-lived, as he did not seek to be reelected and instead retreated to his home in 1797. Not long after, Jackson was elected to the US Senate. He only served a year before being elected as judge of the superior court of Tennessee. His days in politics came to an end when he was chosen to head the Tennessee militia.
With a successful run as a major general during the War of 1812 and conflicts thereafter, Jackson was popular enough to make a presidential bid. By 1824, Jackson’s supporters had rallied enough to earn him a nomination and seat in the US Senate. The race eventually came down to three final candidates: Jackson, Adams, and William H. Crawford, who was essentially a forfeit as he had suffered a stroke and was not fit for duty.
The decision between Adams and Jackson was left to the US House of Representatives. Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, placed fourth in the race and threw his support behind Adams — a move that was later dubbed a “corrupt bargain” by Jackson’s supporters as Clay was named Adams’ Secretary of State.
Jackson won the presidency just four years later, despite negative attacks aimed at his wife, who had still been married when the two initially fell in love. Not long after, Rachel Jackson died, which Andrew believed was the result of the negative press against the couple. Jackson’s presidency saw the birth of two major political parties: the Democrats, which supported Jackson, and the Whig Party, which opposed him.
Jackson was stubborn and made it known that he was the sole ruler of his administration, prompting some political cartoonists to depict him as “King Andrew I.”
Jackson’s Presidential Years
Jackson, despite supporting the rights of the states in principle, stood against South Carolina’s attempt to declare federal tariffs invalid within the state’s borders. Jackson ordered federal troops to go into South Carolina and enforce federal laws while also asking Congress to lower the tariffs. Thankfully, South Carolina backed down before there was any bloodshed or violence.
He showed less compassion for the Cherokee Indians, however, when officials in Georgia moved in on their land. He took no action to preserve the Indians’ rights and went as far as to decline a ruling by the US Supreme Court that Georgia had no say over tribal lands. The Cherokee eventually signed a treaty in 1835, giving up their land in exchange for territory west of Arkansas. About 15,000 Native Americans were forced to move in 1838 along the Trail of Tears, which saw thousands die.
Andrew Jackson has served the United States in several aspects of both politics and the military. While he may not have necessarily been what we would call a “good person,” he certainly changed America — for both good and bad. One of the few presidents to leave the White House more popular than when he arrived, Jackson retired to his Hermitage home, where he died of congestive heart failure on June 8th, 1845.
Copyright 2023, NationRise.com | 907 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The most famous of all the Polish kings, Sobieski's achievements at Vienna have straddled the centuries, and he remains an impeccable hero to many Poles today. Born into a wealthy and distinguished family from Volhynia (western Ukraine), he learnt from an early age that the prosperity of his family was bound up in the fortunes of the frontier province. In 1648, at the end of a two-year tour of Europe where he studied military science and fortifications, he returned to Poland and was engulfed in the Cossack rebellion (1648-54) of Bohdan Khmelnytsky. Raising and commanding his own banner of cavalry (100-200 men) his military talents were quickly revealed, and following a crushing Polish victory at the Battle of Berestechko(1651), where he fought with distinction, he was sent by King John II Casimir to be the Polish envoy at the Ottoman court. Whilst there he studied the Ottoman military traditions and tactics and learned the Tatar language. In 1655 the First Northern War erupted, and Sweden overran Poland in what became known as the 'Bloody Deluge', Sobieski was part of a Greater Polish regiment that capitulated at Ujscie and swore allegiance to Charles X Gustav of Sweden. In less than a year, however, he returned with his unit to the Polish side and fought for the Polish king in the two three-day battles at Warsaw, where he commanded his 2,000-strong Tatar cavalry force with such distinction that he was promoted to be Crown Standard Bearer. He was a strong supporter of the French faction and remained loyal to the crown during Lubomirski's Rebellion (1665-66) and he was promoted to Crown Field Hetman in 1665. After the victory over the Cossacks and their Tatar allies at the First Battle of Podhajce (1667) he was promoted to Grand Crown Hetman, the highest rank in the Polish--Lithuanian Commonwealth and that of the commander-in-chief of the entire Polish army. The victory that really set him on his way to greatness was at the Battle of Chocim(1673) where he defeated the Ottomans in a monumental struggle and captured its powerful eponymous fortress. With news of the battle and of the death of King Michael Korybut Wisniowiecki spreading simultaneously across the country, sobieski soon became a strong candidate for king. The following year he was elected as the new monarch, and in February 1676 he was crowned John III Sobieski. Sobieski was the model warrior hero for his time, spiritually sharp with a strong Catholic faith, and a decisive and vigorous man. Unlike Leopold, he tolerated Jews and Protestants within his realm. He attempted to provide Poland with a stronger institution of government and desired to establish permanent borders and security for Poland, notably in his attempt to establish an international coalition against Islam. In spring 1683, spies uncovered Ottoman preparations for a campaign, ostensibly against the southern borders of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; as a result, Sobieski began to fortify the cities of Lvov and Cracow and ordered universal military conscription. | <urn:uuid:4de84855-5f27-4b2c-b412-d674c6ba52b7> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.sierratoysoldier.com/ourstore/pc/Polish-Winged-Hussars-by-Team-Miniatures-c3238.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473819.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222125841-20240222155841-00352.warc.gz | en | 0.981547 | 660 | 3.328125 | 3 | [
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0.23634165525... | 1 | The most famous of all the Polish kings, Sobieski's achievements at Vienna have straddled the centuries, and he remains an impeccable hero to many Poles today. Born into a wealthy and distinguished family from Volhynia (western Ukraine), he learnt from an early age that the prosperity of his family was bound up in the fortunes of the frontier province. In 1648, at the end of a two-year tour of Europe where he studied military science and fortifications, he returned to Poland and was engulfed in the Cossack rebellion (1648-54) of Bohdan Khmelnytsky. Raising and commanding his own banner of cavalry (100-200 men) his military talents were quickly revealed, and following a crushing Polish victory at the Battle of Berestechko(1651), where he fought with distinction, he was sent by King John II Casimir to be the Polish envoy at the Ottoman court. Whilst there he studied the Ottoman military traditions and tactics and learned the Tatar language. In 1655 the First Northern War erupted, and Sweden overran Poland in what became known as the 'Bloody Deluge', Sobieski was part of a Greater Polish regiment that capitulated at Ujscie and swore allegiance to Charles X Gustav of Sweden. In less than a year, however, he returned with his unit to the Polish side and fought for the Polish king in the two three-day battles at Warsaw, where he commanded his 2,000-strong Tatar cavalry force with such distinction that he was promoted to be Crown Standard Bearer. He was a strong supporter of the French faction and remained loyal to the crown during Lubomirski's Rebellion (1665-66) and he was promoted to Crown Field Hetman in 1665. After the victory over the Cossacks and their Tatar allies at the First Battle of Podhajce (1667) he was promoted to Grand Crown Hetman, the highest rank in the Polish--Lithuanian Commonwealth and that of the commander-in-chief of the entire Polish army. The victory that really set him on his way to greatness was at the Battle of Chocim(1673) where he defeated the Ottomans in a monumental struggle and captured its powerful eponymous fortress. With news of the battle and of the death of King Michael Korybut Wisniowiecki spreading simultaneously across the country, sobieski soon became a strong candidate for king. The following year he was elected as the new monarch, and in February 1676 he was crowned John III Sobieski. Sobieski was the model warrior hero for his time, spiritually sharp with a strong Catholic faith, and a decisive and vigorous man. Unlike Leopold, he tolerated Jews and Protestants within his realm. He attempted to provide Poland with a stronger institution of government and desired to establish permanent borders and security for Poland, notably in his attempt to establish an international coalition against Islam. In spring 1683, spies uncovered Ottoman preparations for a campaign, ostensibly against the southern borders of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; as a result, Sobieski began to fortify the cities of Lvov and Cracow and ordered universal military conscription. | 688 | ENGLISH | 1 |
July 9, 2009:
The German army has awarded the first Iron Cross medals, for bravery in a combat zone, since 1945. From 1813 to 1945, nearly five million Iron Cross medals were awarded to German military personnel (and a few civilians who were performing military functions.) The Iron Cross medal ceased to exist between 1945 and last year. But popular demand caused the German government to create an "Honor Cross for Bravery" which is, to all appearances, a continuation of the Iron Cross medals that have been awarded for over two centuries. The first recipients are four army sergeants, who performed heroically during a Taliban attack in Afghanistan.
After World War II, the government designed an Iron Cross for World War II veterans to wear, one that did not include a swastika (which has been illegal to display in Germany since World War II.) Until 1918, there were several higher (than the Iron Cross) order decorations for distinguished service in combat, but these were replaced during World War II by more elaborate versions of the Iron Cross. At the moment, all the German armed forces have is Honor Cross for Bravery. But, as in World War I, where the first Iron Cross you got was the Iron Cross 2nd class, and if you got another one, it was the Iron Cross 1st class, the Honor Cross may also morph a bit. | <urn:uuid:3020834b-e3fd-465b-8c59-374bbf5068c8> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htmoral/20090709.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476396.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303142747-20240303172747-00311.warc.gz | en | 0.984008 | 276 | 3.46875 | 3 | [
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... | 1 | July 9, 2009:
The German army has awarded the first Iron Cross medals, for bravery in a combat zone, since 1945. From 1813 to 1945, nearly five million Iron Cross medals were awarded to German military personnel (and a few civilians who were performing military functions.) The Iron Cross medal ceased to exist between 1945 and last year. But popular demand caused the German government to create an "Honor Cross for Bravery" which is, to all appearances, a continuation of the Iron Cross medals that have been awarded for over two centuries. The first recipients are four army sergeants, who performed heroically during a Taliban attack in Afghanistan.
After World War II, the government designed an Iron Cross for World War II veterans to wear, one that did not include a swastika (which has been illegal to display in Germany since World War II.) Until 1918, there were several higher (than the Iron Cross) order decorations for distinguished service in combat, but these were replaced during World War II by more elaborate versions of the Iron Cross. At the moment, all the German armed forces have is Honor Cross for Bravery. But, as in World War I, where the first Iron Cross you got was the Iron Cross 2nd class, and if you got another one, it was the Iron Cross 1st class, the Honor Cross may also morph a bit. | 300 | ENGLISH | 1 |
During the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, waste in great amounts was only being introduced. Factories were being built near rivers so all the waste would just be dropped into the river.
Urban Waste or Trash Timespan
People used to dispose of garbage by feeding pigs!
"Piggeries" were created. This is when the waste that wasn't being used would be dumped into farms and used as food for pigs. After the death of 1,000 pigs, a law was made that the waste had to be cooked before given.
Boom of Trash
After incidents of being closed down due to harmful smokes, incinerators came back to their highest. More than 300 incinerators were working from the United States to Canada.
The Idea of Landfills
Before the mid 1900's people got rid of their trash by discarding it into bodies of water or just by placing it in a dump. But, then the thought of landfills was developed. This was more environmentally- friendly.
The Supreme Court and their Regulation
The Supreme Court prohibited urban waste or trash to be dumped into oceans. People would start being fined if seen hurting the environment with disposing the wrong way.
Waste at the End of World War II
Urban trash was found in huge quantities in Germany after the Second World War, and many scientists became worried. Diseases, viruses, and bacteria would easily spread, and Germany quickly took action.
Food being bought by families causes trash to increase
Many stores started to come out with more types of a product. People had more choices to choose from and started to buy more. But, how these products were disposed of weren't right.
Clean Air Act is passed which causes urban trash or waste to increase.
People were supposed to change the heating of their house by making it gas or electricity powered. As a result, the waste isn't allowed to be burned, so more packages of food and food itself is being kept as garbage which led to a growth of trash.
Solid Waste Disposal Act
America is introduced to this Act because researchers started to see in research projects and other studies, that severe waste problems were occurring and that waste wasn't going to decrease anytime soon.
Resource and Recovery Act
In the United States, this act helped clean up approximately 40,000 known wastes. It was also created to help stop the transportation, treatment, and generation of hazardous wastes from damaging humans and animals.
Reuse, Recycle, Resource Reduction started to help Urban Waste
The three R's were waste management alternatives created to decrease amount of trash. Before the 1980's, amounts of solid waste in cities decreased from 90% to 45% because of reusing, recycling, and resource reductions.
The Waste Reduction and Prevention Act
This act was passed in Manitoba minimize the mass of solid wastes across the whole province. Many programs to help out have started there since.
The EPA said to watch out because landfills will not be able to be filled up forever.
The EPA said that it was impossible for landfills to keep increasing in size, and that the government must act more into getting rid of waste. Other eco-friendly routes must be taken.
Success of the U.S.
In the last years of the 19th Century, America reached its goal of a 25% recycling rate. Cleaning the Earth from waste was on its way to recovery.
The Urban Waste Water Directive 91/271/EEC was created
This was a document passed to properly have towns and cities dispose of their urban waste and for treatments systems to decrease the amount of trash in industrial areas.
New York City closes Landfill
The landfill was taking in about 12,000 tons of trash a day from not only the city, but Toronto and other areas nearby. This was one of the biggest landfills in the world!
Yard wastes being banned from landfills.
Yard wastes were banned in half the states in America and more landfills had composting facilities to decrease the volume the waste was taking up.
Over 10,000 cities had recycling programs, which is when cities collect the waste and throw out it out for you.
All the urban waste transformed into electricity!
The United States found another solution for the issue of landfills being overloaded. Waste being burned to create energy is a brilliant idea! Not only is getting rid of trash, but it is benefiting humans by fulfilling their needs of electricity.
Recycling rates increased
Compared to the 1970's where America had a recycling rate of 6.6%, in 2010 it went up about 5 times resulting as a rate of 34.1%. Even though the total amount of waste was also doubled, recycling what we used and reusing it is also very important. | <urn:uuid:61552620-3df7-4082-8915-1d6f481c4a71> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/urban-waste-or-trash | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476374.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303111005-20240303141005-00666.warc.gz | en | 0.98228 | 973 | 3.71875 | 4 | [
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0.176839947700... | 1 | During the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, waste in great amounts was only being introduced. Factories were being built near rivers so all the waste would just be dropped into the river.
Urban Waste or Trash Timespan
People used to dispose of garbage by feeding pigs!
"Piggeries" were created. This is when the waste that wasn't being used would be dumped into farms and used as food for pigs. After the death of 1,000 pigs, a law was made that the waste had to be cooked before given.
Boom of Trash
After incidents of being closed down due to harmful smokes, incinerators came back to their highest. More than 300 incinerators were working from the United States to Canada.
The Idea of Landfills
Before the mid 1900's people got rid of their trash by discarding it into bodies of water or just by placing it in a dump. But, then the thought of landfills was developed. This was more environmentally- friendly.
The Supreme Court and their Regulation
The Supreme Court prohibited urban waste or trash to be dumped into oceans. People would start being fined if seen hurting the environment with disposing the wrong way.
Waste at the End of World War II
Urban trash was found in huge quantities in Germany after the Second World War, and many scientists became worried. Diseases, viruses, and bacteria would easily spread, and Germany quickly took action.
Food being bought by families causes trash to increase
Many stores started to come out with more types of a product. People had more choices to choose from and started to buy more. But, how these products were disposed of weren't right.
Clean Air Act is passed which causes urban trash or waste to increase.
People were supposed to change the heating of their house by making it gas or electricity powered. As a result, the waste isn't allowed to be burned, so more packages of food and food itself is being kept as garbage which led to a growth of trash.
Solid Waste Disposal Act
America is introduced to this Act because researchers started to see in research projects and other studies, that severe waste problems were occurring and that waste wasn't going to decrease anytime soon.
Resource and Recovery Act
In the United States, this act helped clean up approximately 40,000 known wastes. It was also created to help stop the transportation, treatment, and generation of hazardous wastes from damaging humans and animals.
Reuse, Recycle, Resource Reduction started to help Urban Waste
The three R's were waste management alternatives created to decrease amount of trash. Before the 1980's, amounts of solid waste in cities decreased from 90% to 45% because of reusing, recycling, and resource reductions.
The Waste Reduction and Prevention Act
This act was passed in Manitoba minimize the mass of solid wastes across the whole province. Many programs to help out have started there since.
The EPA said to watch out because landfills will not be able to be filled up forever.
The EPA said that it was impossible for landfills to keep increasing in size, and that the government must act more into getting rid of waste. Other eco-friendly routes must be taken.
Success of the U.S.
In the last years of the 19th Century, America reached its goal of a 25% recycling rate. Cleaning the Earth from waste was on its way to recovery.
The Urban Waste Water Directive 91/271/EEC was created
This was a document passed to properly have towns and cities dispose of their urban waste and for treatments systems to decrease the amount of trash in industrial areas.
New York City closes Landfill
The landfill was taking in about 12,000 tons of trash a day from not only the city, but Toronto and other areas nearby. This was one of the biggest landfills in the world!
Yard wastes being banned from landfills.
Yard wastes were banned in half the states in America and more landfills had composting facilities to decrease the volume the waste was taking up.
Over 10,000 cities had recycling programs, which is when cities collect the waste and throw out it out for you.
All the urban waste transformed into electricity!
The United States found another solution for the issue of landfills being overloaded. Waste being burned to create energy is a brilliant idea! Not only is getting rid of trash, but it is benefiting humans by fulfilling their needs of electricity.
Recycling rates increased
Compared to the 1970's where America had a recycling rate of 6.6%, in 2010 it went up about 5 times resulting as a rate of 34.1%. Even though the total amount of waste was also doubled, recycling what we used and reusing it is also very important. | 986 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Ferdinand Magellan was born in 1480, although it is not certain whether he was born in Porta or Sabrosa, Portugal. He was born to parents of nobility, who died when Ferdinand Magellan was only 10 years old. He then became a page for the Queen and studied cartography, astrology and celestial navigation at Queen Leonora’s School of Pages in Lisbon, Portugal. While in his mid-20s he sailed to East Africa with a fleet from Portugal. He was wounded in Morocco and as a result spent the rest of his life limping. He moved to Seville, Spain in 1517 after being denied further work from the Portuguese king due to a false accusation. In 1519 he set out on a voyage to prove the world was round. He died in 1521 but some of his crew returned to Spain in 1522, proving the world was round.
Magellan got his first taste of sea life when he joined a Portuguese military fleet headed for India at the age of 25.
After his trip to East Africa the king of Portugal denied Ferdinand Magellan any further work because he had been accused of illegal trading. This was his reason for moving to Seville, Spain in 1517.
Magellan’s military stint in Morocco was unsuccessful: Not only was he wounded, he was later accused of illegally trading with the Moors, a charge that tarnished his reputation in his home country of Portugal.
Ferdinand Magellan married Beatriz Barbosa and had a son with her.
In 1511, Magellan helped invade the port city of Malacca and came home with a Malay-speaking man known now as Enrique de Malacca. Enrique would become Magellan’s most vital resource.
Beatriz’s father Diogo introduced Ferdinand Magellan to the Spanish court so he could tell them about his idea to set sail to prove the world was round.
Magellan traveled with large amounts of sherry on board—more than 253 butts and 417 wineskins—and reportedly spent more money supplying his ship with booze than he did on weapons.
Ferdinand Magellan’s voyage was approved and financed by young King Charles I and on August 10th, 1519 he set sail with five ships of 270 men aboard.
In March 1520, Magellan’s ships reached what is now Port San Julián in southern Argentina. Here, three of his captains—all Spaniards who were reportedly jealous that the position of commander had been bestowed to a Portuguese man—vowed to kill Magellan. Long story short, Magellan killed them instead.
The five ships on Ferdinand Magellan’s voyage were the Trinidad, the San Antonio, the Santiago, the Conception, and the Victoria. Ferdinand Magellan’s ship was the Trinidad.
Magellan’s expedition had a multinational crew. Spaniards and Portuguese made up the vast majority of the sailors, but the voyage also included mariners from Greece, Sicily, England, France, Germany and even North Africa.
There was a fabled passage said to cross South America without having to travel around Cape Horn. This was the route that Ferdinand Magellan wanted to find.
Magellan’s voyage was sparked by a treaty between Spain and Portugal.
When the fleet reached San Julian off Patagonia’s coast, Magellan’s crew mutinied. Magellan regained control of his fleet and the voyage continued.
Magellan was considered a traitor to his home country of Portugal.
On October 21st, 1520 Magellan found the passage he had been searching for. It separates Tierra del Fuego from the southern tip of South America. It is a curvy narrow channel that was named after the explorer. It is called the Strait of Magellan.
It took a month to travel the 350 mile strait. The captain of the San Antonio did not complete the voyage. He turned around and went back to Spain.
Many of Magellan’s crew mutinied or deserted the expedition.
In November of 1520 the fleet reached the Pacific Ocean, making them the first Europeans to ever see it. Magellan called it the Mar Pacifico.
Magellan’s expedition claimed to have encountered giants in South America.
Ferdinand Magellan and his crew did not have enough supplies for the voyage and they had to eat rats and sawdust on the trip in order to survive. Magellan had underestimated the size of the Pacific Ocean.
Magellan gave the Pacific Ocean its name.
Magellan converted many of the natives at Cebu, in the Philippines to Christianity. Not all the natives converted and the Cebuans requested Magellan’s help in battle against the Mactan people who refused to convert.
Magellan was a staunch Christian evangelist.
During the battle, Magellan was struck with a poison arrow. He had assumed that the European’s weapons would ensure a victory.
Magellan’s slave, Enrique, may have been the first person to truly circumnavigate the globe.
On April 27th, 1521, Ferdinand Magellan died in Cebu in the Philippines as a result of the poison arrow.
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0.421153873205... | 1 | Ferdinand Magellan was born in 1480, although it is not certain whether he was born in Porta or Sabrosa, Portugal. He was born to parents of nobility, who died when Ferdinand Magellan was only 10 years old. He then became a page for the Queen and studied cartography, astrology and celestial navigation at Queen Leonora’s School of Pages in Lisbon, Portugal. While in his mid-20s he sailed to East Africa with a fleet from Portugal. He was wounded in Morocco and as a result spent the rest of his life limping. He moved to Seville, Spain in 1517 after being denied further work from the Portuguese king due to a false accusation. In 1519 he set out on a voyage to prove the world was round. He died in 1521 but some of his crew returned to Spain in 1522, proving the world was round.
Magellan got his first taste of sea life when he joined a Portuguese military fleet headed for India at the age of 25.
After his trip to East Africa the king of Portugal denied Ferdinand Magellan any further work because he had been accused of illegal trading. This was his reason for moving to Seville, Spain in 1517.
Magellan’s military stint in Morocco was unsuccessful: Not only was he wounded, he was later accused of illegally trading with the Moors, a charge that tarnished his reputation in his home country of Portugal.
Ferdinand Magellan married Beatriz Barbosa and had a son with her.
In 1511, Magellan helped invade the port city of Malacca and came home with a Malay-speaking man known now as Enrique de Malacca. Enrique would become Magellan’s most vital resource.
Beatriz’s father Diogo introduced Ferdinand Magellan to the Spanish court so he could tell them about his idea to set sail to prove the world was round.
Magellan traveled with large amounts of sherry on board—more than 253 butts and 417 wineskins—and reportedly spent more money supplying his ship with booze than he did on weapons.
Ferdinand Magellan’s voyage was approved and financed by young King Charles I and on August 10th, 1519 he set sail with five ships of 270 men aboard.
In March 1520, Magellan’s ships reached what is now Port San Julián in southern Argentina. Here, three of his captains—all Spaniards who were reportedly jealous that the position of commander had been bestowed to a Portuguese man—vowed to kill Magellan. Long story short, Magellan killed them instead.
The five ships on Ferdinand Magellan’s voyage were the Trinidad, the San Antonio, the Santiago, the Conception, and the Victoria. Ferdinand Magellan’s ship was the Trinidad.
Magellan’s expedition had a multinational crew. Spaniards and Portuguese made up the vast majority of the sailors, but the voyage also included mariners from Greece, Sicily, England, France, Germany and even North Africa.
There was a fabled passage said to cross South America without having to travel around Cape Horn. This was the route that Ferdinand Magellan wanted to find.
Magellan’s voyage was sparked by a treaty between Spain and Portugal.
When the fleet reached San Julian off Patagonia’s coast, Magellan’s crew mutinied. Magellan regained control of his fleet and the voyage continued.
Magellan was considered a traitor to his home country of Portugal.
On October 21st, 1520 Magellan found the passage he had been searching for. It separates Tierra del Fuego from the southern tip of South America. It is a curvy narrow channel that was named after the explorer. It is called the Strait of Magellan.
It took a month to travel the 350 mile strait. The captain of the San Antonio did not complete the voyage. He turned around and went back to Spain.
Many of Magellan’s crew mutinied or deserted the expedition.
In November of 1520 the fleet reached the Pacific Ocean, making them the first Europeans to ever see it. Magellan called it the Mar Pacifico.
Magellan’s expedition claimed to have encountered giants in South America.
Ferdinand Magellan and his crew did not have enough supplies for the voyage and they had to eat rats and sawdust on the trip in order to survive. Magellan had underestimated the size of the Pacific Ocean.
Magellan gave the Pacific Ocean its name.
Magellan converted many of the natives at Cebu, in the Philippines to Christianity. Not all the natives converted and the Cebuans requested Magellan’s help in battle against the Mactan people who refused to convert.
Magellan was a staunch Christian evangelist.
During the battle, Magellan was struck with a poison arrow. He had assumed that the European’s weapons would ensure a victory.
Magellan’s slave, Enrique, may have been the first person to truly circumnavigate the globe.
On April 27th, 1521, Ferdinand Magellan died in Cebu in the Philippines as a result of the poison arrow.
The next circumnavigation of the globe took place nearly 60 years after the return of Magellan’s expedition. | 1,102 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Analysis Of Winston Churchill’s Leadership Through Machiavelli’s The Prince
The great leader of the United Kingdom in 1945, Winston Churchill, was a British politician of the conservative, then liberal party, and leader during World War II. Churchill was born into a rich aristocratic family, giving him an education, but he did not achieve good grades in school. However, Churchill was fascinated by military, leading him to join the British cavalry. While serving in the cavalry he took up journaling as a part time job, beginning his popularity as a writer. Churchill quickly rose in rank, and became a well respected and known being in Britain. As he began to give speeches and rise as a journalist he saw the opportunity to take the task of becoming the prime minister of England, after the resignation of Naville Chamberlain. Winston Churchill throughout his leadership, shows many characteristics of the typical leader, but he also shows many of the traits Machiavelli considers to be the ideal leader.
In the seventeenth chapter of Machiavelli’s The Prince it says “I say that every prince must desire to be considered merciful and not cruel” (Machiavelli 68), Niccolo is saying that rulers should long to be a kind ruler and not a tyrant who oppresses his or her people. A ruler who is kind and merciful to his people will live out his days loved by his people, but a ruler who oppresses his people will quickly lose his power or even strike fear into his people leading them to desire to leave his kingdom. “If your actions inspire others to dream more, learn more, do more and become more, you are a leader” (John Quincy Adams). If a leader causes his followers to do new things, learn new things, and dream new things he is leading his people well. But if a leader causes his people to fear him, and not trust him, he is not leading his people correctly. He should want his people to succeed in life and carry out the kingdom’s lifetime. Winston Churchill was considered to be an inspiring and charismatic leader at the time. “He did not just hate tyranny, but despised it, and when Adolf Hitler became a force in Nazi Germany that is ready to invade Britain, Churchill stood out as the only man the nation trusted”, While in leadership one must have trust in his people and his people in him. Churchill despised tyranny helping him succeed as a superior leader.
Chapter nineteen’s title says “That we must avoid being despised and hated” (Machiavelli 76) this means that if one becomes a leader in his or her lifetime he should seek to be loved and not despised, by helping the people and not leaving them to be on their own. Leaving his people vulnerable will force them to lose their trust to him, causing them to leave his kingdom. Winston Churchill gave a name to his people, who wanted to fulfill his goals. Churchill’s people wanted to carry out their leaders goals, which is needed to be a reasonable leader. Churchill even wore top hats and bow ties and smoked cigars to increase his credibility distinguishing his leadership from other current leaders of that time. Churchill being loved by his people showed many of these traits helping him be loved by his people. Churchills displays these characteristics forming him into a follower of Machiavelli’s advice.
Machiavelli says that in order to gain reputation a prince must act to achieve it. Machiavelli is saying that to achieve getting a good reputation, one must act and do things that support his reputation. Winston Churchill created his good reputation by having passion to see the betterment of his people and country. Regardless of what some of the people in England said about how he lead the country, Churchill he still wanted to achieve the best for his people. As Machiavelli stated to gain a good reputation a prince must act to achieve it, Churchill shows many of these traits in Machiavell’s book. Winston Churchill loved by his people and his allies, worked with to defeat Germany in WWII. Churchill is still known as one of the greatest leaders in history, for his trustworthiness and for being inspiring leader.
Winston Churchill, leader, politician, soldier, journalist, he did it all, but the most amazing thing he did was lead his people the correct way, help others outside his country, and also help create peace in Europe. Doing all these things, Churchill became and still is one of the most respected “rulers” of history. “If your actions inspire others to dream more, learn more, do more and become more, you are a leader” (John Quincy Adams), Churchill’s actions inspired many young and upcoming generations to do the unthinkable, and earn new things, do new things, and dream new things to begin the new world. Winston Churchill throughout his leadership, shows many characteristics of the typical leader, but he also shows many of the traits Machiavelli considers to be the ideal leader. | <urn:uuid:ad2087ec-12c2-400f-98ce-e6fa0a1daa3e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://samplius.com/free-essay-examples/analysis-of-winston-churchills-leadership-through-machiavellis-the-prince/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473360.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221002544-20240221032544-00550.warc.gz | en | 0.989775 | 1,032 | 3.53125 | 4 | [
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0.214773505926132... | 1 | Analysis Of Winston Churchill’s Leadership Through Machiavelli’s The Prince
The great leader of the United Kingdom in 1945, Winston Churchill, was a British politician of the conservative, then liberal party, and leader during World War II. Churchill was born into a rich aristocratic family, giving him an education, but he did not achieve good grades in school. However, Churchill was fascinated by military, leading him to join the British cavalry. While serving in the cavalry he took up journaling as a part time job, beginning his popularity as a writer. Churchill quickly rose in rank, and became a well respected and known being in Britain. As he began to give speeches and rise as a journalist he saw the opportunity to take the task of becoming the prime minister of England, after the resignation of Naville Chamberlain. Winston Churchill throughout his leadership, shows many characteristics of the typical leader, but he also shows many of the traits Machiavelli considers to be the ideal leader.
In the seventeenth chapter of Machiavelli’s The Prince it says “I say that every prince must desire to be considered merciful and not cruel” (Machiavelli 68), Niccolo is saying that rulers should long to be a kind ruler and not a tyrant who oppresses his or her people. A ruler who is kind and merciful to his people will live out his days loved by his people, but a ruler who oppresses his people will quickly lose his power or even strike fear into his people leading them to desire to leave his kingdom. “If your actions inspire others to dream more, learn more, do more and become more, you are a leader” (John Quincy Adams). If a leader causes his followers to do new things, learn new things, and dream new things he is leading his people well. But if a leader causes his people to fear him, and not trust him, he is not leading his people correctly. He should want his people to succeed in life and carry out the kingdom’s lifetime. Winston Churchill was considered to be an inspiring and charismatic leader at the time. “He did not just hate tyranny, but despised it, and when Adolf Hitler became a force in Nazi Germany that is ready to invade Britain, Churchill stood out as the only man the nation trusted”, While in leadership one must have trust in his people and his people in him. Churchill despised tyranny helping him succeed as a superior leader.
Chapter nineteen’s title says “That we must avoid being despised and hated” (Machiavelli 76) this means that if one becomes a leader in his or her lifetime he should seek to be loved and not despised, by helping the people and not leaving them to be on their own. Leaving his people vulnerable will force them to lose their trust to him, causing them to leave his kingdom. Winston Churchill gave a name to his people, who wanted to fulfill his goals. Churchill’s people wanted to carry out their leaders goals, which is needed to be a reasonable leader. Churchill even wore top hats and bow ties and smoked cigars to increase his credibility distinguishing his leadership from other current leaders of that time. Churchill being loved by his people showed many of these traits helping him be loved by his people. Churchills displays these characteristics forming him into a follower of Machiavelli’s advice.
Machiavelli says that in order to gain reputation a prince must act to achieve it. Machiavelli is saying that to achieve getting a good reputation, one must act and do things that support his reputation. Winston Churchill created his good reputation by having passion to see the betterment of his people and country. Regardless of what some of the people in England said about how he lead the country, Churchill he still wanted to achieve the best for his people. As Machiavelli stated to gain a good reputation a prince must act to achieve it, Churchill shows many of these traits in Machiavell’s book. Winston Churchill loved by his people and his allies, worked with to defeat Germany in WWII. Churchill is still known as one of the greatest leaders in history, for his trustworthiness and for being inspiring leader.
Winston Churchill, leader, politician, soldier, journalist, he did it all, but the most amazing thing he did was lead his people the correct way, help others outside his country, and also help create peace in Europe. Doing all these things, Churchill became and still is one of the most respected “rulers” of history. “If your actions inspire others to dream more, learn more, do more and become more, you are a leader” (John Quincy Adams), Churchill’s actions inspired many young and upcoming generations to do the unthinkable, and earn new things, do new things, and dream new things to begin the new world. Winston Churchill throughout his leadership, shows many characteristics of the typical leader, but he also shows many of the traits Machiavelli considers to be the ideal leader. | 1,012 | ENGLISH | 1 |
King George VI of the United Kingdom is buried in St George’s Chapel, Windsor Castle.
King George VI, born Albert Frederick Arthur George Windsor, was the King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from December 11, 1936, until his death on February 6, 1952. He was born on December 14, 1895, and was the second son of King George V and Queen Mary. His elder brother was Edward VIII, who abdicated the throne in 1936, leading to George VI’s unexpected ascension to the throne.
George VI was not initially expected to become king, as his older brother, Edward VIII, was next in line. However, when Edward VIII chose to abdicate in order to marry Wallis Simpson, George VI reluctantly assumed the throne. His reign was marked by significant challenges, including World War II and the subsequent transformation of the British Empire into the Commonwealth of Nations.
During the war, George VI played a crucial role in boosting morale, particularly through his radio broadcasts to the nation. He and his wife, Queen Elizabeth (later known as the Queen Mother), also undertook extensive tours of the United Kingdom and visited troops stationed abroad. His steadfast leadership during this tumultuous period earned him widespread respect and admiration.
Following the war, George VI’s health began to decline. He died of coronary thrombosis on February 6, 1952, at the age of 56. His eldest daughter, Princess Elizabeth, ascended the throne as Queen Elizabeth II, beginning a new era in British history. George VI’s reign is remembered for his sense of duty, his devotion to his country, and his role in guiding the monarchy through one of its most challenging periods. | <urn:uuid:f36e07b2-766e-430b-a29d-af9cee9e4bda> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://todayshistory.org/tag/1952/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474445.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223185223-20240223215223-00422.warc.gz | en | 0.985867 | 349 | 3.375 | 3 | [
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King George VI, born Albert Frederick Arthur George Windsor, was the King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from December 11, 1936, until his death on February 6, 1952. He was born on December 14, 1895, and was the second son of King George V and Queen Mary. His elder brother was Edward VIII, who abdicated the throne in 1936, leading to George VI’s unexpected ascension to the throne.
George VI was not initially expected to become king, as his older brother, Edward VIII, was next in line. However, when Edward VIII chose to abdicate in order to marry Wallis Simpson, George VI reluctantly assumed the throne. His reign was marked by significant challenges, including World War II and the subsequent transformation of the British Empire into the Commonwealth of Nations.
During the war, George VI played a crucial role in boosting morale, particularly through his radio broadcasts to the nation. He and his wife, Queen Elizabeth (later known as the Queen Mother), also undertook extensive tours of the United Kingdom and visited troops stationed abroad. His steadfast leadership during this tumultuous period earned him widespread respect and admiration.
Following the war, George VI’s health began to decline. He died of coronary thrombosis on February 6, 1952, at the age of 56. His eldest daughter, Princess Elizabeth, ascended the throne as Queen Elizabeth II, beginning a new era in British history. George VI’s reign is remembered for his sense of duty, his devotion to his country, and his role in guiding the monarchy through one of its most challenging periods. | 367 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Also known as seasonal allergic rhinitis, hay fever is when you have an allergy to pollen, which is produced by trees, plants and flowers.
According to Allergy UK, hay fever affects between 10-30% of all adults and as many as 40% of children, so it is a common condition.
The condition is usually worst during the spring and summer, as the pollen count is usually at its highest during these seasons, but it affects some people year-round. The pollen count is high generally on hot, dry and windy days, so your symptoms may be worse on days like this.
When your body comes into contact with the pollen, it can cause cold-like symptoms. Your nose, eyes mouth and throat release chemicals, which causes the allergic reaction. | <urn:uuid:4785a311-2b8b-47f7-8195-c48ee4d67ee7> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.pushdoctor.co.uk/what-we-treat/allergies/hay-fever?_ga=2.125540426.1754118624.1557734298-2092349393.1551174305 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476137.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302215752-20240303005752-00131.warc.gz | en | 0.982804 | 159 | 3.890625 | 4 | [
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0.353933840990... | 1 | Also known as seasonal allergic rhinitis, hay fever is when you have an allergy to pollen, which is produced by trees, plants and flowers.
According to Allergy UK, hay fever affects between 10-30% of all adults and as many as 40% of children, so it is a common condition.
The condition is usually worst during the spring and summer, as the pollen count is usually at its highest during these seasons, but it affects some people year-round. The pollen count is high generally on hot, dry and windy days, so your symptoms may be worse on days like this.
When your body comes into contact with the pollen, it can cause cold-like symptoms. Your nose, eyes mouth and throat release chemicals, which causes the allergic reaction. | 158 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Hawker Hurricane is a single-seat fighter aircraft of the 1930s–1940s that was designed and predominantly built by Hawker Aircraft Ltd. for service with the Royal Air Force (RAF). The Hurricane developed through several versions, as bomber-interceptors, fighter-bombers, and ground support aircraft in addition to fighters. Versions designed for the Navy were popularly known as the Sea Hurricane, with modifications enabling their operation from ships. Some were converted to be used as catapult-launched convoy escorts. By the end of production in July 1944, 14,487 Hurricanes had been completed in Britain and Canada.
A major manufacturer of the Hurricane was Canadian Car and Foundry at their factory in Fort William (now Thunder Bay), Ontario. The facility's chief engineer, Elsie MacGill, became known as the "Queen of the Hurricanes". The initiative was commercially led rather than governmentally, but was endorsed by the British government; Hawker, having recognized that a major conflict was all but inevitable after the Munich Crisis of 1938, drew up preliminary plans to expand Hurricane production via a new factory in Canada. Under this plan, samples, pattern aircraft, and a complete set of design documents stored on microfilm, were shipped to Canada; the RCAF ordered 20 Hurricanes to equip one fighter squadron and two more were supplied to Canadian Car and Foundry as pattern aircraft but one probably did not arrive. The first Hurricane built at Canadian Car and Foundry was officially produced in February 1940. As a result, Canadian-built Hurricanes were shipped to Britain to participate in events such as the Battle of Britain. Canadian Car and Foundry (CCF) was responsible for the production of 1,451 Hurricanes. Wikipedia and Harold A Skaarup Web Page
CASPIR Aircraft Groups:RCAF On Strength (454), RCAF 400 Squadron (1), Canadian Aircraft Losses (358)
Hurricane Mk. llB BP333
127 Squadron ("Eothen" - Out of the East). Details unknown.
1942-09-06 Accident Category A Date captured 2022-02-18 | <urn:uuid:93aae6a0-83b5-45ac-aa00-e82a5d819453> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://caspir.warplane.com/pdoc/pn/600022928/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476432.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304065639-20240304095639-00802.warc.gz | en | 0.981708 | 434 | 3.34375 | 3 | [
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0.211088046431... | 1 | The Hawker Hurricane is a single-seat fighter aircraft of the 1930s–1940s that was designed and predominantly built by Hawker Aircraft Ltd. for service with the Royal Air Force (RAF). The Hurricane developed through several versions, as bomber-interceptors, fighter-bombers, and ground support aircraft in addition to fighters. Versions designed for the Navy were popularly known as the Sea Hurricane, with modifications enabling their operation from ships. Some were converted to be used as catapult-launched convoy escorts. By the end of production in July 1944, 14,487 Hurricanes had been completed in Britain and Canada.
A major manufacturer of the Hurricane was Canadian Car and Foundry at their factory in Fort William (now Thunder Bay), Ontario. The facility's chief engineer, Elsie MacGill, became known as the "Queen of the Hurricanes". The initiative was commercially led rather than governmentally, but was endorsed by the British government; Hawker, having recognized that a major conflict was all but inevitable after the Munich Crisis of 1938, drew up preliminary plans to expand Hurricane production via a new factory in Canada. Under this plan, samples, pattern aircraft, and a complete set of design documents stored on microfilm, were shipped to Canada; the RCAF ordered 20 Hurricanes to equip one fighter squadron and two more were supplied to Canadian Car and Foundry as pattern aircraft but one probably did not arrive. The first Hurricane built at Canadian Car and Foundry was officially produced in February 1940. As a result, Canadian-built Hurricanes were shipped to Britain to participate in events such as the Battle of Britain. Canadian Car and Foundry (CCF) was responsible for the production of 1,451 Hurricanes. Wikipedia and Harold A Skaarup Web Page
CASPIR Aircraft Groups:RCAF On Strength (454), RCAF 400 Squadron (1), Canadian Aircraft Losses (358)
Hurricane Mk. llB BP333
127 Squadron ("Eothen" - Out of the East). Details unknown.
1942-09-06 Accident Category A Date captured 2022-02-18 | 466 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Illusion of the American Dream
How it works
The play “Death of a Salesman” by Arthur Miller is the story of a depressed and broken businessman, William Loman, whose previous illusions of grandeur and regret have caught up to him in his present day as his life begins to crumble. His character serves to demonstrate and represent the misconception of the American Dream being an attainable goal by all individuals, which creates a nightmare for those who expect their hard work to eventually pay off. His “flashbacks” represent the disconnect between the reality of the situation and the ideology that the American Dream created, thus creating “a dream” which in actuality works only to hide Loman from his own actions through ideology.
The illusions of his brother serve to represent the overall disconnect that Willy experiences, his failing life and failing mind creating a coping mechanism as the American Dream he worked so hard for falls apart. “ I’m getting awfully tired, Ben” (Miller, 30), this small line creates the very first real image of the mind of Willy, a tired man who’s worked his whole life attempting to gain wealth through a promise that never became true. He communicates with his dead brother who represents what the American Dream should have been like for him. This representation is important as it serves to create the contrast of the past in which Willy believed, and the future he hides from that shows that his beliefs were ultimately untrue. Each of these “flashbacks” or “illusions” are all an attempt for Willy to reconcile his past beliefs and his current reality and fix his trajectory within the dream that failed him.. However, he ultimately hides back into these illusions and in his ultimate act of denial kills himself. (Tyson, 223). This inability to reconcile his beliefs and his reality represents the nightmarish aspect that the play attempts to make commentary on, as ideology is imperfect and things such as the “American Dream” trap individuals with allure of wealth. This lack of awareness in these scenes is another part of the theme, the blindness to the truth of the situations he lives in further cements his down spiral into his disbelief of his own failure, and the inability to accept that the ideas he kept would be a farce that he could not live, this becoming evident in the early onsets of the play as he has a “conversation” with his brother in which he fails to see the actual problem to his situation, and rather continues to hide away “Sure, sure! If I’d gone with him to Alaska that time, everything would’ve been totally different.’ (Miller, 31).
This blindness, and disconnection continues throughout the play displaying the problems he faces with his beliefs failing, and in another reading, also in his isolation and lack of identity. His actions are similar to the pristine thoughts children have as they believe any problem can be easily solved, and their beliefs will always be correct, however, it’s clear that the reasoning for the American Dream being a nightmare for Willy is exactly this. The trauma suffered at a young age from losing his father created a vacuum and inability to grow, and caused him to latch on to vague ideas his family presented. This ultimately results in blindness towards why he, and his children, fail to continue forward, and rather fall back as they must face that these childlike illusions, such as the dream, ultimately have created a nightmare for everyone involved. | <urn:uuid:a9ee073c-e158-4e1e-b090-def65ce7e7bf> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://papersowl.com/examples/the-illusion-of-the-american-dream/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474482.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224012912-20240224042912-00484.warc.gz | en | 0.986592 | 720 | 3.34375 | 3 | [
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0.06120242178440... | 1 | The Illusion of the American Dream
How it works
The play “Death of a Salesman” by Arthur Miller is the story of a depressed and broken businessman, William Loman, whose previous illusions of grandeur and regret have caught up to him in his present day as his life begins to crumble. His character serves to demonstrate and represent the misconception of the American Dream being an attainable goal by all individuals, which creates a nightmare for those who expect their hard work to eventually pay off. His “flashbacks” represent the disconnect between the reality of the situation and the ideology that the American Dream created, thus creating “a dream” which in actuality works only to hide Loman from his own actions through ideology.
The illusions of his brother serve to represent the overall disconnect that Willy experiences, his failing life and failing mind creating a coping mechanism as the American Dream he worked so hard for falls apart. “ I’m getting awfully tired, Ben” (Miller, 30), this small line creates the very first real image of the mind of Willy, a tired man who’s worked his whole life attempting to gain wealth through a promise that never became true. He communicates with his dead brother who represents what the American Dream should have been like for him. This representation is important as it serves to create the contrast of the past in which Willy believed, and the future he hides from that shows that his beliefs were ultimately untrue. Each of these “flashbacks” or “illusions” are all an attempt for Willy to reconcile his past beliefs and his current reality and fix his trajectory within the dream that failed him.. However, he ultimately hides back into these illusions and in his ultimate act of denial kills himself. (Tyson, 223). This inability to reconcile his beliefs and his reality represents the nightmarish aspect that the play attempts to make commentary on, as ideology is imperfect and things such as the “American Dream” trap individuals with allure of wealth. This lack of awareness in these scenes is another part of the theme, the blindness to the truth of the situations he lives in further cements his down spiral into his disbelief of his own failure, and the inability to accept that the ideas he kept would be a farce that he could not live, this becoming evident in the early onsets of the play as he has a “conversation” with his brother in which he fails to see the actual problem to his situation, and rather continues to hide away “Sure, sure! If I’d gone with him to Alaska that time, everything would’ve been totally different.’ (Miller, 31).
This blindness, and disconnection continues throughout the play displaying the problems he faces with his beliefs failing, and in another reading, also in his isolation and lack of identity. His actions are similar to the pristine thoughts children have as they believe any problem can be easily solved, and their beliefs will always be correct, however, it’s clear that the reasoning for the American Dream being a nightmare for Willy is exactly this. The trauma suffered at a young age from losing his father created a vacuum and inability to grow, and caused him to latch on to vague ideas his family presented. This ultimately results in blindness towards why he, and his children, fail to continue forward, and rather fall back as they must face that these childlike illusions, such as the dream, ultimately have created a nightmare for everyone involved. | 696 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Bulgaria’s borders during the first kingdom, 681-1018.
The Bulgars originated as a combination of Utigur and Kutrigur Hunnic remnants combined with Sabirs and Onogur. They were conquered by the Avars in 558 AD but cast off Avar rule in 631 AD and formed the new united khanate of Great Bulgaria around the Sea of Azov. After their defeat by the Khazars around 675 AD, some of them fled up the river Volga and formed the “Volga Bulgar” state. Most of them fled to the Danube basin where they drove the Avars westward and founded an empire which rivalled the Byzantines and lasted until 1018 AD. They relied heavily on Slav subject infantry. Their cavalry had small round shields and lances and were said to have had vertically striped trousers in red, white and blue. King Krum incorporated former Byzantine thematics into his army.
By the fourth century Roman power was weakening. Internal problems were compounded when tribes from the Asiatic steppes raided the north-east of the Balkans. In the following century ultimately fatal damage was inflicted on the Roman body politic by a series of such invaders who included the Alani, the Goths and the Huns, all of whom were enticed by the prospect of looting the fabled wealth of Byzantium. They failed in that aspiration and soon moved out of the Balkans in search of fresh plunder, but if these invaders were transient, the Slavs who also first appeared in the fifth century, were not. They were settlers. They colonised areas of the eastern Balkans and in the seventh century other Slav tribes combined with the Proto-Bulgars, a group of Turkic origin, to launch a fresh assault into the Balkans. The Proto-Bulgars originated in the area between the Urals and the Volga and were a pot-pourri of various ethnic elements, the word Bulgar being derived from a Turkic verb meaning `to mix’. What differentiated the Proto-Bulgars from the Slavs was that they had, in addition to a formidable military reputation, a highly developed sense of political cohesion and organisation. In 680 their leader, Khan Asparukh, led an army across the Danube and in the following year established his capital at Pliska near what is now Shumen. A Bulgarian state had appeared in the Balkans.
After its foundation in 681 the new state enjoyed almost a century of growth. Initial tensions with Byzantium were contained and regulated in a treaty of 716 which awarded northern Thrace to Bulgaria and was unusual in the mediaeval era in that it contained purely economic clauses. Immediately after the treaty the Bulgarian state assisted Byzantium in the latter’s conflict with the Arabs in Asia Minor. By the middle of the eighth century part of the Morava valley had been added to Bulgaria which then included much of what is now southern Romania and parts of present-day Ukraine.
By this time the Black Sea was a virtual Byzantine lake, and in this sector it went virtually unchallenged by Bulgaria because Bulgaria never developed a sizeable sea-going force. Even if the strategic need for a such a force had been recognised it is doubtful if anything effective could have been done to act upon that need; the Bulgarian state had a relatively low technological base and the degree of planning and coordination needed to produce a navy would have been difficult to achieve in an economy which did not even mint its own coins, preferring instead to rely on Byzantine currency.
The lack of a navy ruled out expansion along the Black Sea coast either to the north or the south, just as the chaos of the steppe area made impossible any territorial gains to the north-east; the natural direction of movement for the Bulgarian state was therefore to the north-west and the south-west. In the north-west the collapse of the Avar kingdom created a vacuum into which Bulgaria’s rulers gladly advanced, this taking their frontier up to the river Tisza; Transylvania too became part of Bulgaria. Expansion to the south and south-west was not so easy. Some of Macedonia had been taken late in the eighth century but only at the cost of losing part of Bulgaria’s possessions in Thrace. Khan Krum (803-14) determined to remedy this. In 811 he took the recently fortified Sredets (now Sofia) from the Byzantines, went on to seize Nesebûr on the Black Sea coast, and then marched as far as the walls of Byzantium itself. This was a characteristically vicious war in which, in 811, the Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus became the first of his rank for almost five hundred years to lose his life on the battlefield; Krum encrusted his deceased enemy’s skull in silver and used it as a drinking goblet.
In 814 his successor, Khan Omurtag (814-31), concluded a peace which gave Bulgaria some territory in the Tundja valley, and later in his reign he was able to add Belgrade (Singidunum) and its surrounding district to his kingdom. In the second quarter of the ninth century Bulgaria, taking advantage of Byzantium’s preoccupations with the iconoclast controversy and with threats to its power in Asia Minor, expanded into Macedonia, a predominantly Slav area which welcomed this alternative to Greek, Byzantine domination. By the middle of the century Ohrid and Prespa were incorporated into Bulgaria as was much of southern Albania; Byzantine power in Europe was now confined to western Albania, Greece, the southern Vardar valley and Thrace.
Omurtag, however, was not merely a warrior. He continued Krum’s work in introducing a proper legal system into Bulgaria and he was an avid builder, his most notable achievement in this regard being the reconstruction of Pliska after the city had been burnt in 811. There are more extant inscriptions to Omurtag than to any other mediaeval Bulgarian ruler. | <urn:uuid:a7b3b84a-838b-448c-9898-085ab29b8a02> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://weaponsandwarfare.com/2016/01/19/bulgar-warriors/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473347.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20240220211055-20240221001055-00403.warc.gz | en | 0.984073 | 1,245 | 3.6875 | 4 | [
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-0.1118498742580... | 1 | Bulgaria’s borders during the first kingdom, 681-1018.
The Bulgars originated as a combination of Utigur and Kutrigur Hunnic remnants combined with Sabirs and Onogur. They were conquered by the Avars in 558 AD but cast off Avar rule in 631 AD and formed the new united khanate of Great Bulgaria around the Sea of Azov. After their defeat by the Khazars around 675 AD, some of them fled up the river Volga and formed the “Volga Bulgar” state. Most of them fled to the Danube basin where they drove the Avars westward and founded an empire which rivalled the Byzantines and lasted until 1018 AD. They relied heavily on Slav subject infantry. Their cavalry had small round shields and lances and were said to have had vertically striped trousers in red, white and blue. King Krum incorporated former Byzantine thematics into his army.
By the fourth century Roman power was weakening. Internal problems were compounded when tribes from the Asiatic steppes raided the north-east of the Balkans. In the following century ultimately fatal damage was inflicted on the Roman body politic by a series of such invaders who included the Alani, the Goths and the Huns, all of whom were enticed by the prospect of looting the fabled wealth of Byzantium. They failed in that aspiration and soon moved out of the Balkans in search of fresh plunder, but if these invaders were transient, the Slavs who also first appeared in the fifth century, were not. They were settlers. They colonised areas of the eastern Balkans and in the seventh century other Slav tribes combined with the Proto-Bulgars, a group of Turkic origin, to launch a fresh assault into the Balkans. The Proto-Bulgars originated in the area between the Urals and the Volga and were a pot-pourri of various ethnic elements, the word Bulgar being derived from a Turkic verb meaning `to mix’. What differentiated the Proto-Bulgars from the Slavs was that they had, in addition to a formidable military reputation, a highly developed sense of political cohesion and organisation. In 680 their leader, Khan Asparukh, led an army across the Danube and in the following year established his capital at Pliska near what is now Shumen. A Bulgarian state had appeared in the Balkans.
After its foundation in 681 the new state enjoyed almost a century of growth. Initial tensions with Byzantium were contained and regulated in a treaty of 716 which awarded northern Thrace to Bulgaria and was unusual in the mediaeval era in that it contained purely economic clauses. Immediately after the treaty the Bulgarian state assisted Byzantium in the latter’s conflict with the Arabs in Asia Minor. By the middle of the eighth century part of the Morava valley had been added to Bulgaria which then included much of what is now southern Romania and parts of present-day Ukraine.
By this time the Black Sea was a virtual Byzantine lake, and in this sector it went virtually unchallenged by Bulgaria because Bulgaria never developed a sizeable sea-going force. Even if the strategic need for a such a force had been recognised it is doubtful if anything effective could have been done to act upon that need; the Bulgarian state had a relatively low technological base and the degree of planning and coordination needed to produce a navy would have been difficult to achieve in an economy which did not even mint its own coins, preferring instead to rely on Byzantine currency.
The lack of a navy ruled out expansion along the Black Sea coast either to the north or the south, just as the chaos of the steppe area made impossible any territorial gains to the north-east; the natural direction of movement for the Bulgarian state was therefore to the north-west and the south-west. In the north-west the collapse of the Avar kingdom created a vacuum into which Bulgaria’s rulers gladly advanced, this taking their frontier up to the river Tisza; Transylvania too became part of Bulgaria. Expansion to the south and south-west was not so easy. Some of Macedonia had been taken late in the eighth century but only at the cost of losing part of Bulgaria’s possessions in Thrace. Khan Krum (803-14) determined to remedy this. In 811 he took the recently fortified Sredets (now Sofia) from the Byzantines, went on to seize Nesebûr on the Black Sea coast, and then marched as far as the walls of Byzantium itself. This was a characteristically vicious war in which, in 811, the Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus became the first of his rank for almost five hundred years to lose his life on the battlefield; Krum encrusted his deceased enemy’s skull in silver and used it as a drinking goblet.
In 814 his successor, Khan Omurtag (814-31), concluded a peace which gave Bulgaria some territory in the Tundja valley, and later in his reign he was able to add Belgrade (Singidunum) and its surrounding district to his kingdom. In the second quarter of the ninth century Bulgaria, taking advantage of Byzantium’s preoccupations with the iconoclast controversy and with threats to its power in Asia Minor, expanded into Macedonia, a predominantly Slav area which welcomed this alternative to Greek, Byzantine domination. By the middle of the century Ohrid and Prespa were incorporated into Bulgaria as was much of southern Albania; Byzantine power in Europe was now confined to western Albania, Greece, the southern Vardar valley and Thrace.
Omurtag, however, was not merely a warrior. He continued Krum’s work in introducing a proper legal system into Bulgaria and he was an avid builder, his most notable achievement in this regard being the reconstruction of Pliska after the city had been burnt in 811. There are more extant inscriptions to Omurtag than to any other mediaeval Bulgarian ruler. | 1,251 | ENGLISH | 1 |
- Revels fought for equality early and often in his short tenure in the United States Senate but did so from a position of mercy and grace.
Hiram Rhodes Revels is most commonly known as the first black man to serve in the United States Congress. Revels was elected to the U.S. Senate by the Mississippi Legislature in 1870 and 1871, during the Reconstruction Era.
While his nomination to the United States Senate was wildly supported by his community in Adams County and the state legislature, it would be hotly contested once he approached his seat in the U.S. Congress.
Revels lived all over the South throughout his childhood and as a young adult. Revels was born in Fayetteville, North Carolina, September 27, 1827. The Revels family was a free family—they were not enslaved and hadn’t been since before the Revolutionary War.
When Revels was just eleven years old, he went to live with an older brother in Lincolnton, North Carolina, where he studied to be a barber in his brother’s shop. Three years later, his brother died, and when his brother’s widowed wife was set to remarry, she transferred ownership of the barbershop to Revels.
Revels in Ministry and Military
From there, Revels felt a calling into Christian ministry. After attending seminary in Indiana, Revels was ordained into pastorship within the African Methodist Episcopal Church in 1845. As many pastors do, Revels answered the call to preach in many churches across the Midwest. He was actually imprisoned for preaching to black people in Missouri in 1854. Following that imprisonment, Revels went back to school to study religion at Knox College in Illinois. After that, he moved to Baltimore, Maryland to pastor a church and serve as the principal for the local high school.
When the Civil War broke out in 1861, just four years after Revels began preaching and educating in Baltimore, he joined the Union Army, and organized one of the first troops of black soldiers. He also organized two black units for the Army and fought at the Battle of Vicksburg in 1863.
When the war ended in 1865, Revels left the AME church for the Methodist Episcopal Church. A year later, he was called to a permanent pastor position in Natchez, Mississippi. For the next few years, he took a state administration position within the Methodist Episcopal Church, founded schools for black children, and served as a city alderman.
Revels’ Road to Congress
In an almost biblical fashion, Revels, who was fairly new to Natchez, was elected in1868 by the Adams County community to serve in the Mississippi State Senate, after just one year of being an alderman. Hardly two years passed before the Mississippi State Legislature voted him into the United States Congress with very little opposition, as the final vote was 85 yays and 15 nays.
While his election by the Mississippi Legislature seemed to go smoothly, the fight for Revels’ well-earned seat was complicated by the United States Senate. In 1870, the Democrats fought against Revels’ confirmation, citing the Dred Scott Decision from the U.S. Supreme Court: African Americans were not considered United States citizens, and therefore could not serve in Congress. Though this was ratified under the 14th Amendment in 1868, the wording of that decision was that a citizen (anyone “born into the United States,”) could run for Congress, but Democrats argued that Revels was clearly born before the 14th amendment was enacted and therefore wasn’t eligible for the position.
However, Revels was not fully African American. Revels’ ancestors hailed from all over, with ancestry from Africans, Europeans, Native Americans, and the Scottish.
That melting pot of DNA came in handy for Revels—since the old law stated specifically those of African descent could not be citizens and therefore could not be elected to Congress, Revels was confirmed to the seat, as he was not fully African American. That is how Revels became the first black man to be elected to the United States Congress.
The Fight for Equality
Revels fought for equality early and often in his short tenure in the United States Senate but did so from a position of mercy and grace. While those on the more extreme end on his Republican side of the aisle wanted to continue to punish those who fought for the Confederate Army, Revels suggested reinstating their American citizenship with no more punishment, provided they vow loyalty to the United States.
Unfortunately, many of Revels’ attempts toward racial equality did not come to pass, at least not by his hand. Integration efforts he supported failed. A young black man he vouched for in order to be admitted into the U.S. Military Academy was denied entry. Revels did, however, successfully campaign for black workers to be employed at the Washington Navy Yard, as they were originally barred on account of their race.
After serving in the United States Congress, Revels returned to Mississippi. He became the first black president of Alcorn University, an HBCU in Claiborne County. While there, he was also Secretary of State; however, when he rallied against the re-election of then Governor Alderbert Ames, he was fired from Alcorn in 1874. In 1876, Ames was impeached, and Revels was reinstated at Alcorn until 1882, when he retired.
After retirement, Revels returned to full-time ministry and served at a Methodist Episcopalian church in Holly Springs, Mississippi. He also served at Shaw College, which is now Rust College. He died while attending a church conference in 1901 and is buried in Holly Springs at Hillcrest Cemetery.
The Mississippi State Legislature honored and forever memorialized H.R. Revels with a resolution in 2020. It read:
Read original article by clicking here. | <urn:uuid:3c2c88e2-8134-4ed4-b178-0fae431bf020> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://hattiesburgpatriot.com/area-news/hiram-revels-was-a-pioneer-in-politics-education-and-civil-rights/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707948235171.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20240305124045-20240305154045-00555.warc.gz | en | 0.986232 | 1,226 | 3.765625 | 4 | [
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-0.06020252... | 1 | - Revels fought for equality early and often in his short tenure in the United States Senate but did so from a position of mercy and grace.
Hiram Rhodes Revels is most commonly known as the first black man to serve in the United States Congress. Revels was elected to the U.S. Senate by the Mississippi Legislature in 1870 and 1871, during the Reconstruction Era.
While his nomination to the United States Senate was wildly supported by his community in Adams County and the state legislature, it would be hotly contested once he approached his seat in the U.S. Congress.
Revels lived all over the South throughout his childhood and as a young adult. Revels was born in Fayetteville, North Carolina, September 27, 1827. The Revels family was a free family—they were not enslaved and hadn’t been since before the Revolutionary War.
When Revels was just eleven years old, he went to live with an older brother in Lincolnton, North Carolina, where he studied to be a barber in his brother’s shop. Three years later, his brother died, and when his brother’s widowed wife was set to remarry, she transferred ownership of the barbershop to Revels.
Revels in Ministry and Military
From there, Revels felt a calling into Christian ministry. After attending seminary in Indiana, Revels was ordained into pastorship within the African Methodist Episcopal Church in 1845. As many pastors do, Revels answered the call to preach in many churches across the Midwest. He was actually imprisoned for preaching to black people in Missouri in 1854. Following that imprisonment, Revels went back to school to study religion at Knox College in Illinois. After that, he moved to Baltimore, Maryland to pastor a church and serve as the principal for the local high school.
When the Civil War broke out in 1861, just four years after Revels began preaching and educating in Baltimore, he joined the Union Army, and organized one of the first troops of black soldiers. He also organized two black units for the Army and fought at the Battle of Vicksburg in 1863.
When the war ended in 1865, Revels left the AME church for the Methodist Episcopal Church. A year later, he was called to a permanent pastor position in Natchez, Mississippi. For the next few years, he took a state administration position within the Methodist Episcopal Church, founded schools for black children, and served as a city alderman.
Revels’ Road to Congress
In an almost biblical fashion, Revels, who was fairly new to Natchez, was elected in1868 by the Adams County community to serve in the Mississippi State Senate, after just one year of being an alderman. Hardly two years passed before the Mississippi State Legislature voted him into the United States Congress with very little opposition, as the final vote was 85 yays and 15 nays.
While his election by the Mississippi Legislature seemed to go smoothly, the fight for Revels’ well-earned seat was complicated by the United States Senate. In 1870, the Democrats fought against Revels’ confirmation, citing the Dred Scott Decision from the U.S. Supreme Court: African Americans were not considered United States citizens, and therefore could not serve in Congress. Though this was ratified under the 14th Amendment in 1868, the wording of that decision was that a citizen (anyone “born into the United States,”) could run for Congress, but Democrats argued that Revels was clearly born before the 14th amendment was enacted and therefore wasn’t eligible for the position.
However, Revels was not fully African American. Revels’ ancestors hailed from all over, with ancestry from Africans, Europeans, Native Americans, and the Scottish.
That melting pot of DNA came in handy for Revels—since the old law stated specifically those of African descent could not be citizens and therefore could not be elected to Congress, Revels was confirmed to the seat, as he was not fully African American. That is how Revels became the first black man to be elected to the United States Congress.
The Fight for Equality
Revels fought for equality early and often in his short tenure in the United States Senate but did so from a position of mercy and grace. While those on the more extreme end on his Republican side of the aisle wanted to continue to punish those who fought for the Confederate Army, Revels suggested reinstating their American citizenship with no more punishment, provided they vow loyalty to the United States.
Unfortunately, many of Revels’ attempts toward racial equality did not come to pass, at least not by his hand. Integration efforts he supported failed. A young black man he vouched for in order to be admitted into the U.S. Military Academy was denied entry. Revels did, however, successfully campaign for black workers to be employed at the Washington Navy Yard, as they were originally barred on account of their race.
After serving in the United States Congress, Revels returned to Mississippi. He became the first black president of Alcorn University, an HBCU in Claiborne County. While there, he was also Secretary of State; however, when he rallied against the re-election of then Governor Alderbert Ames, he was fired from Alcorn in 1874. In 1876, Ames was impeached, and Revels was reinstated at Alcorn until 1882, when he retired.
After retirement, Revels returned to full-time ministry and served at a Methodist Episcopalian church in Holly Springs, Mississippi. He also served at Shaw College, which is now Rust College. He died while attending a church conference in 1901 and is buried in Holly Springs at Hillcrest Cemetery.
The Mississippi State Legislature honored and forever memorialized H.R. Revels with a resolution in 2020. It read:
Read original article by clicking here. | 1,245 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Ancient Rome is a period in world history that provided immense contributions to modern civic life. Rome helped shape the way we approach law, politics, construction, language and many other aspects of modern life. Kids who are curious about Roman history, may be wondering: what type of government did it have?
Ancient Rome was not always a republic. From 753 B.C. to 510 B.C., the city was ruled by a monarchy. This changed with the overthrow of Tarquin the Proud, the final king of Rome. From that point until 28 B.C., Rome was a republic. During this period, Rome was divided into two broad parts: the Senate and the Plebes. This division of government was known as the Roman Republic.
The Senate was composed of the wealthy and well-connected upper class of Rome. They had the power to pass laws and rulings that were binding upon both the Senate and the Plebes. Despite this power, the Senate was largely a consultative body with no real authority beyond making or amending laws or suggesting policy changes.
The Plebes were the lower classes of Roman citizens. They had little to no authority in the decision-making processes of Rome. For the most part, their interests were represented by the Senate, which was often known to overlook the needs of its citizens in the pursuit of political gain.
In the late Republic period, the Senate began to become more powerful and oppressive. Wealthy members of the Senate increasingly began disallowing the Plebes to have a say in the governance of Rome. This led to the rise of Julius Caesar, who advocated for the rights of the Plebes. After Caesar’s assassination, this power struggle eventually led to the transition of Rome from a Republic to an Empire.
The Roman Empire began in 27 B.C. and ended in 476 A.D. The rule of the Empire was generally autocratic. All power resided with the emperor, who ruled with absolute authority. There were, however, some checks and balances in place, such as the Roman Senate, which had some limited power over the emperor’s decisions.
The Senate had less powers under the Roman Empire. It served primarily as an advisory body to the emperor. But its members were still wealthy and influential, and had some clout in matters of state.
The Roman Empire fell in 476 A.D., ending the monarchy. Rome then transitioned back to its previous form of government, the Republic. However, by this time the Senate had become more powerful and oppressive. This is due in part to the political battles between the wealthy and the lower classes, which were a legacy of the Roman Empire.
The Roman Army
The Roman army was the driving force behind the Republic and Empire. It was a large and well-trained force, equipped with the most advanced weapons of the time. The army was highly disciplined, and training was rigorous. Soldiers were thought to possess great courage, and were expected to remain loyal to their commanders and the Roman state.
The Roman army was divided into legions, which each consisted of 5,000 men. The legions served both in combat and as a police force to maintain order in Rome. The legions were commanded by centurions and a praetor was responsible for commanding the entire army. This hierarchy was an important part of Roman society.
The Roman army proved to be one of the most formidable military forces in history. Its influence can still be seen today in modern militaries. Its tactics, such as the use of defensive fortifications and siege warfare, are still in use today. Its soldiers were highly capable and, through their courage and discipline, Rome was able to extend its reach far beyond its own borders.
The Roman political structure was based on cooperation between the Senate and the emperor. The Senate was the primary source of authority, and the emperor had to respect the wishes of its members. This ensured that the Senate had some say in the ruling of the Empire, even though it held no actual power.
The Senate was also divided into two parts – the Patricians and the Plebes. The Patricians were the nobles and wealthy citizens who were granted special privileges and authority by the emperor. The Plebes were the lower classes who had to rely on the Patricians for protection and influence.
In addition to the Senate, the Roman Empire had many local leaders and governors appointed by the emperor. It was their job to ensure local order and administer justice in their regions. These leaders had access to a variety of powers, including the ability to levy taxes and provide welfare to their citizens.
Under the Roman Empire, a number of powerful Roman families rose to prominence. These families used their influence to exert their will upon the entire empire. This allowed them to amass great wealth and political power. This system of patronage helped to sustain the Empire and provide a sense of stability.
In addition to the powerful patrician families, the Empire was home to numerous guilds and other associations, such as religious orders and private clubs. These organizations provided a means for citizens to come together, share information and support one another. This helped to foster a sense of belonging and belongingness, which was essential for the growth and prosperity of the Roman Empire.
The legacy of Rome is evident in our modern lives. Its legal system is the foundation of many modern judicial systems. Its politics is a model for many modern governments. Its language, Latin, is still spoken by many and is the basis for many Western languages.
Rome also left an indelible mark on architecture, engineering and construction. Its influence can be seen in the roads it built, its aqueducts, its many monuments and its feats of engineering. Rome’s legacy lives on in the form of art, literature and culture.
The legacy of Rome is a reminder that the world is full of opportunities for greatness, and that the will of a great leader can make all the difference. The Roman Empire was a great leader and its legacy continues to this day.
Influence on Modern Life
The influence of Rome can be seen throughout the world today. Its government and political system continue to serve as an inspiration for modern governments and constitutions. Its legal system has been adapted and modeled by many countries around the world.
The Roman Republic and Empire provided the world with many lasting contributions and innovations. Its art, literature and language has influenced generations of people. Its engineering and construction projects remain a testament to Roman engineering prowess. Its government and political system remain a model for many modern governments.
Rome’s legacy is still felt throughout the world. Its government, culture and language continue to be a source of inspiration. From the arts to the sciences, from politics to engineering and from culture to language, Rome’s legacy of greatness and greatness of legacy can be seen in many aspects of modern life.
Ancient Rome was an important period of world history. Its contributions to modern life are numerous and still felt to this day. The type of government ancient Rome had is one of the most important aspects of its legacy. Rome transitioned from a monarchy to a republic and then back again to an empire. During this transition, Rome developed its own unique political structure and left a lasting legacy of innovation and greatness to the world. | <urn:uuid:61e9f6f3-9d83-4a7c-a06f-7ce5eff83555> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.learnancientrome.com/what-type-of-government-does-ancient-rome-have-for-kids/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474594.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225071740-20240225101740-00052.warc.gz | en | 0.983078 | 1,481 | 4.28125 | 4 | [
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0.45857250... | 1 | Ancient Rome is a period in world history that provided immense contributions to modern civic life. Rome helped shape the way we approach law, politics, construction, language and many other aspects of modern life. Kids who are curious about Roman history, may be wondering: what type of government did it have?
Ancient Rome was not always a republic. From 753 B.C. to 510 B.C., the city was ruled by a monarchy. This changed with the overthrow of Tarquin the Proud, the final king of Rome. From that point until 28 B.C., Rome was a republic. During this period, Rome was divided into two broad parts: the Senate and the Plebes. This division of government was known as the Roman Republic.
The Senate was composed of the wealthy and well-connected upper class of Rome. They had the power to pass laws and rulings that were binding upon both the Senate and the Plebes. Despite this power, the Senate was largely a consultative body with no real authority beyond making or amending laws or suggesting policy changes.
The Plebes were the lower classes of Roman citizens. They had little to no authority in the decision-making processes of Rome. For the most part, their interests were represented by the Senate, which was often known to overlook the needs of its citizens in the pursuit of political gain.
In the late Republic period, the Senate began to become more powerful and oppressive. Wealthy members of the Senate increasingly began disallowing the Plebes to have a say in the governance of Rome. This led to the rise of Julius Caesar, who advocated for the rights of the Plebes. After Caesar’s assassination, this power struggle eventually led to the transition of Rome from a Republic to an Empire.
The Roman Empire began in 27 B.C. and ended in 476 A.D. The rule of the Empire was generally autocratic. All power resided with the emperor, who ruled with absolute authority. There were, however, some checks and balances in place, such as the Roman Senate, which had some limited power over the emperor’s decisions.
The Senate had less powers under the Roman Empire. It served primarily as an advisory body to the emperor. But its members were still wealthy and influential, and had some clout in matters of state.
The Roman Empire fell in 476 A.D., ending the monarchy. Rome then transitioned back to its previous form of government, the Republic. However, by this time the Senate had become more powerful and oppressive. This is due in part to the political battles between the wealthy and the lower classes, which were a legacy of the Roman Empire.
The Roman Army
The Roman army was the driving force behind the Republic and Empire. It was a large and well-trained force, equipped with the most advanced weapons of the time. The army was highly disciplined, and training was rigorous. Soldiers were thought to possess great courage, and were expected to remain loyal to their commanders and the Roman state.
The Roman army was divided into legions, which each consisted of 5,000 men. The legions served both in combat and as a police force to maintain order in Rome. The legions were commanded by centurions and a praetor was responsible for commanding the entire army. This hierarchy was an important part of Roman society.
The Roman army proved to be one of the most formidable military forces in history. Its influence can still be seen today in modern militaries. Its tactics, such as the use of defensive fortifications and siege warfare, are still in use today. Its soldiers were highly capable and, through their courage and discipline, Rome was able to extend its reach far beyond its own borders.
The Roman political structure was based on cooperation between the Senate and the emperor. The Senate was the primary source of authority, and the emperor had to respect the wishes of its members. This ensured that the Senate had some say in the ruling of the Empire, even though it held no actual power.
The Senate was also divided into two parts – the Patricians and the Plebes. The Patricians were the nobles and wealthy citizens who were granted special privileges and authority by the emperor. The Plebes were the lower classes who had to rely on the Patricians for protection and influence.
In addition to the Senate, the Roman Empire had many local leaders and governors appointed by the emperor. It was their job to ensure local order and administer justice in their regions. These leaders had access to a variety of powers, including the ability to levy taxes and provide welfare to their citizens.
Under the Roman Empire, a number of powerful Roman families rose to prominence. These families used their influence to exert their will upon the entire empire. This allowed them to amass great wealth and political power. This system of patronage helped to sustain the Empire and provide a sense of stability.
In addition to the powerful patrician families, the Empire was home to numerous guilds and other associations, such as religious orders and private clubs. These organizations provided a means for citizens to come together, share information and support one another. This helped to foster a sense of belonging and belongingness, which was essential for the growth and prosperity of the Roman Empire.
The legacy of Rome is evident in our modern lives. Its legal system is the foundation of many modern judicial systems. Its politics is a model for many modern governments. Its language, Latin, is still spoken by many and is the basis for many Western languages.
Rome also left an indelible mark on architecture, engineering and construction. Its influence can be seen in the roads it built, its aqueducts, its many monuments and its feats of engineering. Rome’s legacy lives on in the form of art, literature and culture.
The legacy of Rome is a reminder that the world is full of opportunities for greatness, and that the will of a great leader can make all the difference. The Roman Empire was a great leader and its legacy continues to this day.
Influence on Modern Life
The influence of Rome can be seen throughout the world today. Its government and political system continue to serve as an inspiration for modern governments and constitutions. Its legal system has been adapted and modeled by many countries around the world.
The Roman Republic and Empire provided the world with many lasting contributions and innovations. Its art, literature and language has influenced generations of people. Its engineering and construction projects remain a testament to Roman engineering prowess. Its government and political system remain a model for many modern governments.
Rome’s legacy is still felt throughout the world. Its government, culture and language continue to be a source of inspiration. From the arts to the sciences, from politics to engineering and from culture to language, Rome’s legacy of greatness and greatness of legacy can be seen in many aspects of modern life.
Ancient Rome was an important period of world history. Its contributions to modern life are numerous and still felt to this day. The type of government ancient Rome had is one of the most important aspects of its legacy. Rome transitioned from a monarchy to a republic and then back again to an empire. During this transition, Rome developed its own unique political structure and left a lasting legacy of innovation and greatness to the world. | 1,467 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The constellation that takes its name from the Latin word for twins is Gemini. The word "Gemini" comes from the Latin word "gemini," which means "twins." The constellation is associated with the myth of Castor and Pollux, who were twins in Greek mythology.
The constellation is located in the northern sky and is visible in the evenings during the winter and spring months in the Northern Hemisphere. It is represented by two bright stars, Castor and Pollux, which are located near the ecliptic, the path that the Sun, Moon, and planets follow across the sky.
According to the myth, Castor and Pollux were the twin sons of Leda, the queen of Sparta. Castor was the mortal son of Leda's husband, King Tyndareus, while Pollux was the divine son of Zeus, who had visited Leda in the form of a swan. Despite their different parentage, the twins were inseparable and became known for their bravery and strength.
One of their most famous feats was their involvement in the Trojan War. Castor and Pollux fought alongside the Greek hero Agamemnon and were known for their skill in battle. When Castor was killed, Pollux begged Zeus to allow him to share his immortality with his brother. Zeus granted Pollux's request, and the two brothers were placed in the sky as the constellation Gemini, forever united.
The constellation of Gemini is represented by two bright stars, Castor and Pollux. These stars are located near the ecliptic, the path that the Sun, Moon, and planets follow across the sky. Castor is the brighter of the two stars and is actually a system of six stars that are located about 52 light-years from Earth. Pollux, on the other hand, is a single star that is about 34 light-years from Earth.
Gemini is a relatively small constellation, covering an area of only about 514 square degrees in the sky. It is located between the constellations Taurus and Cancer and is visible in the evenings during the winter and spring months in the Northern Hemisphere.
In astrology, Gemini is associated with the element of air and is symbolized by the twins. Those born under the sign of Gemini are said to be intelligent, adaptable, and curious, with a love of learning and communication. They are known for their ability to think on their feet and are often described as quick-witted and versatile.
Gemini is also associated with the planet Mercury, which is known for its rapid movement through the sky. This connection to Mercury is said to give those born under the sign of Gemini a sense of restlessness and a desire for change and new experiences.
Overall, the constellation of Gemini is a fascinating and enduring symbol of the bond between twin brothers. Whether you're interested in the myth of Castor and Pollux, the stars that make up the constellation, or the astrological significance of Gemini, this constellation has something for everyone. | <urn:uuid:84886221-e2c0-4816-ac41-01697bd32e32> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://creamytowel.com/which-constellation-name-latin-word-for-twins/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476396.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303142747-20240303172747-00486.warc.gz | en | 0.986151 | 620 | 3.484375 | 3 | [
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0.02819229... | 1 | The constellation that takes its name from the Latin word for twins is Gemini. The word "Gemini" comes from the Latin word "gemini," which means "twins." The constellation is associated with the myth of Castor and Pollux, who were twins in Greek mythology.
The constellation is located in the northern sky and is visible in the evenings during the winter and spring months in the Northern Hemisphere. It is represented by two bright stars, Castor and Pollux, which are located near the ecliptic, the path that the Sun, Moon, and planets follow across the sky.
According to the myth, Castor and Pollux were the twin sons of Leda, the queen of Sparta. Castor was the mortal son of Leda's husband, King Tyndareus, while Pollux was the divine son of Zeus, who had visited Leda in the form of a swan. Despite their different parentage, the twins were inseparable and became known for their bravery and strength.
One of their most famous feats was their involvement in the Trojan War. Castor and Pollux fought alongside the Greek hero Agamemnon and were known for their skill in battle. When Castor was killed, Pollux begged Zeus to allow him to share his immortality with his brother. Zeus granted Pollux's request, and the two brothers were placed in the sky as the constellation Gemini, forever united.
The constellation of Gemini is represented by two bright stars, Castor and Pollux. These stars are located near the ecliptic, the path that the Sun, Moon, and planets follow across the sky. Castor is the brighter of the two stars and is actually a system of six stars that are located about 52 light-years from Earth. Pollux, on the other hand, is a single star that is about 34 light-years from Earth.
Gemini is a relatively small constellation, covering an area of only about 514 square degrees in the sky. It is located between the constellations Taurus and Cancer and is visible in the evenings during the winter and spring months in the Northern Hemisphere.
In astrology, Gemini is associated with the element of air and is symbolized by the twins. Those born under the sign of Gemini are said to be intelligent, adaptable, and curious, with a love of learning and communication. They are known for their ability to think on their feet and are often described as quick-witted and versatile.
Gemini is also associated with the planet Mercury, which is known for its rapid movement through the sky. This connection to Mercury is said to give those born under the sign of Gemini a sense of restlessness and a desire for change and new experiences.
Overall, the constellation of Gemini is a fascinating and enduring symbol of the bond between twin brothers. Whether you're interested in the myth of Castor and Pollux, the stars that make up the constellation, or the astrological significance of Gemini, this constellation has something for everyone. | 608 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Tyrannosaurus rex, or T. rex, is one of the most famous dinosaurs in the world. It was a large, carnivorous dinosaur that lived in what is now western North America during the Late Cretaceous Period, about 68 million years ago. T. rex was the apex ргedаtoг of its time, and its remains are some of the most common dinosaur foѕѕіɩѕ found.
Here are some Interesting facts about Tyrannosaurus rex:
1-Tyrannosaurus rex means “tyrant lizard king”. The name comes from the Greek words “tyrannos” (tyrant) and “sauros” (lizard), and the Latin word “rex” (king).
2-T. rex was one of the largest land ргedаtoгѕ of all time. It could grow up to 40 feet long and weigh up to 8 tons.
3-T. rex had a massive һeаd that was about one-third of its total body length. Its һeаd was filled with 60 serrated teeth that were up to 12 inches long.
4-T. rex had the strongest Ьіte of any land animal that has ever lived. Its Ьіte foгсe was estimated to be over 12,800 pounds per square inch, which is more than twice as ѕtгoпɡ as the Ьіte of a lion.
5-T. rex’s arms were relatively small, measuring only about two feet long. Scientists are not sure what these arms were used for, but some believe that they may have been used to help the dinosaur һoɩd onto ргeу.
6-T. rex had a keen sense of smell. Its Ьгаіп was proportionally larger than that of other dinosaurs, and it had a large olfactory bulb, which is the part of the Ьгаіп that is responsible for processing smell.
7-T. rex was a scavenger as well as a ргedаtoг. It is likely that it would scavenge on the carcasses of deаd animals, but it would also һᴜпt live ргeу.
8-T. rex lived in what is now western North America. It lived during the Late Cretaceous period, which lasted from about 100 million to 66 million years ago.
9-T. rex lived for about 30 years. This is a relatively long lifespan for a dinosaur.
10-T. rex is one of the most popular dinosaurs in the world. It has been featured in countless movies, books, and television shows.
11-Scientists have found more than 20 almost-complete T. rex ѕkeɩetoпѕ. This is more than any other dinosaur ѕрeсіeѕ. | <urn:uuid:fd858015-be24-4d2f-ad43-70767df27df2> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://tin3mien.online/journey-through-time-11-mind-%D1%8C%C9%A9ow%D1%96%D0%BF%C9%A1-facts-about-the-tyrannosaurus-rex-vinhan/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476442.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304101406-20240304131406-00887.warc.gz | en | 0.983024 | 672 | 3.453125 | 3 | [
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0.2961479127407... | 1 | Tyrannosaurus rex, or T. rex, is one of the most famous dinosaurs in the world. It was a large, carnivorous dinosaur that lived in what is now western North America during the Late Cretaceous Period, about 68 million years ago. T. rex was the apex ргedаtoг of its time, and its remains are some of the most common dinosaur foѕѕіɩѕ found.
Here are some Interesting facts about Tyrannosaurus rex:
1-Tyrannosaurus rex means “tyrant lizard king”. The name comes from the Greek words “tyrannos” (tyrant) and “sauros” (lizard), and the Latin word “rex” (king).
2-T. rex was one of the largest land ргedаtoгѕ of all time. It could grow up to 40 feet long and weigh up to 8 tons.
3-T. rex had a massive һeаd that was about one-third of its total body length. Its һeаd was filled with 60 serrated teeth that were up to 12 inches long.
4-T. rex had the strongest Ьіte of any land animal that has ever lived. Its Ьіte foгсe was estimated to be over 12,800 pounds per square inch, which is more than twice as ѕtгoпɡ as the Ьіte of a lion.
5-T. rex’s arms were relatively small, measuring only about two feet long. Scientists are not sure what these arms were used for, but some believe that they may have been used to help the dinosaur һoɩd onto ргeу.
6-T. rex had a keen sense of smell. Its Ьгаіп was proportionally larger than that of other dinosaurs, and it had a large olfactory bulb, which is the part of the Ьгаіп that is responsible for processing smell.
7-T. rex was a scavenger as well as a ргedаtoг. It is likely that it would scavenge on the carcasses of deаd animals, but it would also һᴜпt live ргeу.
8-T. rex lived in what is now western North America. It lived during the Late Cretaceous period, which lasted from about 100 million to 66 million years ago.
9-T. rex lived for about 30 years. This is a relatively long lifespan for a dinosaur.
10-T. rex is one of the most popular dinosaurs in the world. It has been featured in countless movies, books, and television shows.
11-Scientists have found more than 20 almost-complete T. rex ѕkeɩetoпѕ. This is more than any other dinosaur ѕрeсіeѕ. | 599 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Right from the start, running in the 20th century was a bit more structured than cycling. Measured running tracks have been available since the early years of the last century, though 400 meters was not always the standard. The first iteration of the stopwatch was invented in the mid-19th century, but it didn’t catch on until early 20th century academics monitoring factory workers needed to determine how long it took a worker to complete an assembly-line task. At that point, the stopwatch made a comeback. While measuring the productivity of workers waned by World War I, the stopwatch was here to stay.
By the early 1900s running was growing in popularity due to the premier of the modern Olympic Games, which began in 1896. This is also what led to measured and standardized running tracks being built in some large cities in Europe and America with the hopes of hosting future Olympics.
Of course, running was around long before the modern Olympic Games made its debut. It started in Ireland in the 1700s with horse racing competitions between cities. Riding horses, the Irish raced cross-country from church steeple to church steeple. By the 1800s the English changed the steeple chase from racing on horseback to racing on foot and a running boom, of sorts, began. In parts of Europe and America there were similar cross-country races for young men and boys. But there was little in the way of “training” for these events. The participants simply showed up on race day and ran as best they could.
Paavo Nurmi, the first to “train”
By the late 19th century there were some competitors who prepared for these events, however different it might be from what we think of as run training today. Their preparation consisted mainly of long-distance walking with very short runs mixed in. By the 1910s running was done very slowly and still included lots of walking. But change was slowly coming due to a Finnish long-distance runner who competed at distances from 800m to the marathon.
Over the course of 14 years, Paavo Nurmi ran in three Olympic Games and amassed nine gold medals. He always ran on the track carrying the newly developed stopwatch to stay on an even pace, the first to see this as important to success. His training, which was only for 6 months of the year, included two workouts daily with the first being a 15–45km walk and 10-20km runs in the afternoons, including sprints of up to 300m. As he approached the race season the walking was discontinued.
Given that it was the early 20th century his training was quite progressive and would influence many runners, mostly Europeans, throughout the 1920s and 1930s. At this time running, which included short, high-intensity sprints, was starting to replace walking as the most popular way of preparing to race.
Coach Woldemar Gerschler and sport science
By the 1930s a young German coach with a background in the science of sport began experimenting with Nurmi’s fast sprints and assigned intervals to his runners. Woldemar Gerschler was also the first to start using heart rate as a metric to determine if his athletes were running hard enough. For their faster-than-race-pace intervals he aimed for them to top out at 180 beats per minute. The other changes he made to Nurmi’s methods included doing away with walking and having his runners train year-round.
Gerschler went on to coach several Olympians and world-record holders with a method rooted in sport science that is similar to how runners train today.
Emil Zatopek’s intervals
Gerschler’s methodology had a significant impact on the Czech athlete Emil Zatopek. By taking intervals to a much higher level in his training and racing with the determination of Nurmi, Zatopek went on to dominate distance running in the 1940s and 1950s. His workouts were harder than what any runner had done up until that point. For example, early in his running career, he alternated two workouts throughout each training week.
Zatopek adjusted his training over time. By the late 1940s and early 1950s he began running the 400s at 56 to 75 seconds, starting with the faster time and gradually running each subsequent interval slower. Also, in the 1950s he increased his daily training volume from about 18km (11 miles) to about 28km (17.5 miles). Feeling a need to do more, in the 1950s Zatopek began to train twice daily.
With a sense of aging and an increase in competition, he began running up to 50 × 400m intervals in a single-track session, with one workout covering about 30km (19 miles). In the week before an important race he would cut back his daily volume and run the intervals faster.
Zatopek’s impact on the sport of running was undoubtedly greater than that of any of his predecessors. On a personal note, in the mid-1960s I was running Zatopek intervals with my college track team every day. We dreaded the effort, which I deemed “intervals ’til you puke.”
Coach Mihaly Igloi and 100-mile weeks
In the 1950s another European coach came on the scene who made some significant changes to what Zatopek was doing and had an impact of training for several years. Mihaly Igloi had been a decent Olympian representing Hungary in the 1930s and specializing in the 1500m. While his training methodology also relied heavily on intervals, albeit somewhat slower than his famous predecessor’s, he also believed his distance runners should do 100-mile training weeks to build aerobic fitness. We’ll see this again 10 years later.
Following the 1956 Melbourne Olympics, Igloi decided not to return to Hungary as the country, during his absence, rebelled against the Soviet Union’s domination and lost its sovereignty. He took up residence in California where he continued to coach and worked with world-class athletes such as Jim Beatty (1500/mile) and Bob Schul (5000m). They ran 100-mile weeks and also did Zatopek’s interval sessions.
Coach Arthur Lydiard, who brought it all together
In the 1960s a New Zealander came on the scene and would go on to have perhaps the greatest historical impact on the sport. Runner’s World magazine named Arthur Lydiard “The Best Running Coach of All-Time.” He was the first to periodize the training season by introducing the concepts of a base period and a peaking routine before major races.
While he coached endurance runners at all the Olympic distances, from 800m to marathon, he required all of them to put in several 100-mile weeks in the base period, perhaps borrowed from Igloi, before starting a period of hill work followed by interval training. When intervals were employed, he preferred that his athletes not time them but rather run them based on “feel.” His concern here was that when fatigued, times will be relatively slow and could weaken the athlete’s confidence. He also believed that 6 to 8 weeks of high-intensity training was enough to produce the desired results without the threat of overtraining.
Prior to Lydiard, endurance run training was based primarily on either volume (before 1920s) or high intensity (1920-1960). Lydiard was among the first to combine the two determiners of training. His general methodology has remained much the way modern runners train. While there have been some deviations from this over the years—more long, slow running in the 1970s and 1980s, and a greater focus on intervals in the 1990s and 2000s—how we have trained runners has not seen significant change.
Note that not all top endurance athletes and coaches of the 20th century followed the training methodologies described above. Many modified their predecessors’ preparation practices. A good example of this is Roger Bannister’s coach, Franz Stampfl. In the early 1950s the Austrian born-and-raised coach had Bannister run intervals, especially 400s, at a faster pace than others had done but with far fewer repetitions. There were other coaches and athletes in both cycling and running who experimented throughout the 20th century and beyond, but seldom experienced the success that those described above achieved. | <urn:uuid:797f00c4-044f-41c5-9290-0182d8116f13> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.fasttalklabs.com/coaching/the-history-of-run-training/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474700.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228080245-20240228110245-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.983948 | 1,753 | 3.28125 | 3 | [
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0.468188941478... | 1 | Right from the start, running in the 20th century was a bit more structured than cycling. Measured running tracks have been available since the early years of the last century, though 400 meters was not always the standard. The first iteration of the stopwatch was invented in the mid-19th century, but it didn’t catch on until early 20th century academics monitoring factory workers needed to determine how long it took a worker to complete an assembly-line task. At that point, the stopwatch made a comeback. While measuring the productivity of workers waned by World War I, the stopwatch was here to stay.
By the early 1900s running was growing in popularity due to the premier of the modern Olympic Games, which began in 1896. This is also what led to measured and standardized running tracks being built in some large cities in Europe and America with the hopes of hosting future Olympics.
Of course, running was around long before the modern Olympic Games made its debut. It started in Ireland in the 1700s with horse racing competitions between cities. Riding horses, the Irish raced cross-country from church steeple to church steeple. By the 1800s the English changed the steeple chase from racing on horseback to racing on foot and a running boom, of sorts, began. In parts of Europe and America there were similar cross-country races for young men and boys. But there was little in the way of “training” for these events. The participants simply showed up on race day and ran as best they could.
Paavo Nurmi, the first to “train”
By the late 19th century there were some competitors who prepared for these events, however different it might be from what we think of as run training today. Their preparation consisted mainly of long-distance walking with very short runs mixed in. By the 1910s running was done very slowly and still included lots of walking. But change was slowly coming due to a Finnish long-distance runner who competed at distances from 800m to the marathon.
Over the course of 14 years, Paavo Nurmi ran in three Olympic Games and amassed nine gold medals. He always ran on the track carrying the newly developed stopwatch to stay on an even pace, the first to see this as important to success. His training, which was only for 6 months of the year, included two workouts daily with the first being a 15–45km walk and 10-20km runs in the afternoons, including sprints of up to 300m. As he approached the race season the walking was discontinued.
Given that it was the early 20th century his training was quite progressive and would influence many runners, mostly Europeans, throughout the 1920s and 1930s. At this time running, which included short, high-intensity sprints, was starting to replace walking as the most popular way of preparing to race.
Coach Woldemar Gerschler and sport science
By the 1930s a young German coach with a background in the science of sport began experimenting with Nurmi’s fast sprints and assigned intervals to his runners. Woldemar Gerschler was also the first to start using heart rate as a metric to determine if his athletes were running hard enough. For their faster-than-race-pace intervals he aimed for them to top out at 180 beats per minute. The other changes he made to Nurmi’s methods included doing away with walking and having his runners train year-round.
Gerschler went on to coach several Olympians and world-record holders with a method rooted in sport science that is similar to how runners train today.
Emil Zatopek’s intervals
Gerschler’s methodology had a significant impact on the Czech athlete Emil Zatopek. By taking intervals to a much higher level in his training and racing with the determination of Nurmi, Zatopek went on to dominate distance running in the 1940s and 1950s. His workouts were harder than what any runner had done up until that point. For example, early in his running career, he alternated two workouts throughout each training week.
Zatopek adjusted his training over time. By the late 1940s and early 1950s he began running the 400s at 56 to 75 seconds, starting with the faster time and gradually running each subsequent interval slower. Also, in the 1950s he increased his daily training volume from about 18km (11 miles) to about 28km (17.5 miles). Feeling a need to do more, in the 1950s Zatopek began to train twice daily.
With a sense of aging and an increase in competition, he began running up to 50 × 400m intervals in a single-track session, with one workout covering about 30km (19 miles). In the week before an important race he would cut back his daily volume and run the intervals faster.
Zatopek’s impact on the sport of running was undoubtedly greater than that of any of his predecessors. On a personal note, in the mid-1960s I was running Zatopek intervals with my college track team every day. We dreaded the effort, which I deemed “intervals ’til you puke.”
Coach Mihaly Igloi and 100-mile weeks
In the 1950s another European coach came on the scene who made some significant changes to what Zatopek was doing and had an impact of training for several years. Mihaly Igloi had been a decent Olympian representing Hungary in the 1930s and specializing in the 1500m. While his training methodology also relied heavily on intervals, albeit somewhat slower than his famous predecessor’s, he also believed his distance runners should do 100-mile training weeks to build aerobic fitness. We’ll see this again 10 years later.
Following the 1956 Melbourne Olympics, Igloi decided not to return to Hungary as the country, during his absence, rebelled against the Soviet Union’s domination and lost its sovereignty. He took up residence in California where he continued to coach and worked with world-class athletes such as Jim Beatty (1500/mile) and Bob Schul (5000m). They ran 100-mile weeks and also did Zatopek’s interval sessions.
Coach Arthur Lydiard, who brought it all together
In the 1960s a New Zealander came on the scene and would go on to have perhaps the greatest historical impact on the sport. Runner’s World magazine named Arthur Lydiard “The Best Running Coach of All-Time.” He was the first to periodize the training season by introducing the concepts of a base period and a peaking routine before major races.
While he coached endurance runners at all the Olympic distances, from 800m to marathon, he required all of them to put in several 100-mile weeks in the base period, perhaps borrowed from Igloi, before starting a period of hill work followed by interval training. When intervals were employed, he preferred that his athletes not time them but rather run them based on “feel.” His concern here was that when fatigued, times will be relatively slow and could weaken the athlete’s confidence. He also believed that 6 to 8 weeks of high-intensity training was enough to produce the desired results without the threat of overtraining.
Prior to Lydiard, endurance run training was based primarily on either volume (before 1920s) or high intensity (1920-1960). Lydiard was among the first to combine the two determiners of training. His general methodology has remained much the way modern runners train. While there have been some deviations from this over the years—more long, slow running in the 1970s and 1980s, and a greater focus on intervals in the 1990s and 2000s—how we have trained runners has not seen significant change.
Note that not all top endurance athletes and coaches of the 20th century followed the training methodologies described above. Many modified their predecessors’ preparation practices. A good example of this is Roger Bannister’s coach, Franz Stampfl. In the early 1950s the Austrian born-and-raised coach had Bannister run intervals, especially 400s, at a faster pace than others had done but with far fewer repetitions. There were other coaches and athletes in both cycling and running who experimented throughout the 20th century and beyond, but seldom experienced the success that those described above achieved. | 1,860 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Gertie Davis is the adopted daughter of legendary American abolitionist and political activist, Harriet Tubman. She was adopted and named Gertie by Harriet and her husband, Nelson Charles Davis who was a war veteran.
Gertie’s life story revolves around her mother who was born into slavery but later escaped and turned out to be the hope of other enslaved people by freeing them through the Underground Railroad. She is also a strong humanitarian known for advocating for women’s voting rights.
Gertie Davis Was Adopted by Harriet Tubman in 1874
Not much is in the public space about Gertie Davis’ life especially before she was adopted by Nelson Charles Davis and Harriet Tubman in 1874. As it is, much of what is known about her revolves around her famous Nelson and Harriet who officially turned her parents in 1874.
Gertie’s parents got married on March 18, 1869, at the Central Presbyterian Church. This was five years before Gertie’s adoption.
Meanwhile, Gertie’s mother was birthed into slavery as Araminat Ross to Harriet ‘Rit’ Green and Ben Ross. Growing up in slavery was quite challenging for her as she set out for work at an early age as a nursemaid, cook, and woodcutter. before she escaped to Philadelphia and became a free woman and abolitionist.
Intriguing Facts About Gertie Davis
1. Her Mother Had an Injury on Her Skull as a Result of Maltreatment During Slavery
Gertie’s mother, Harriet Tubman was abused physically in her teens by her slave masters. One such incident caused a bad injury to her skull. As a result of the hit she suffered by her slave masters, she suffered periodic seizures all her lifetime and some researchers believed it may have been a form of epilepsy.
The incident happened when she got into her master’s way for trying to punish another slave who attempted to escape. The act of mistreatment at that time was common in many slave camps and fields.
2. Gertie’s Mother Was Thought to Have a Biological Daughter
According to reports, Gertie’s mother had a biological daughter named Magret. However, Tubman has said that Margaret is her niece. Margaret surfaced after one of Gertie’s rescue missions in 1859. But the striking resemblance Gertie’s mother had with the girl as observed by people has raised a lot of questions and suspicions. Also, Tubma was believed to share an unusually strong bond with Margaret.
3. Davis Lost Her Mother to Pneumonia in 1913
Following a lifetime of selflessness and service, Gertie’s mother passed away on March 10, 1913, after battling Pneumonia for two years. Unfortunately, Tubman died almost bankrupt because she struggled to pay her debts due to her charitable support for the people. Also, she gave part of her land in New York for a home for the aged which was later named after her. When she fell ill, she was taken to the home and was catered for till her demise.
Before her mother’s death, Gertie’s father passed on October 14, 1888, after suffering from Tuberculosis. It was alleged that he was unable to keep a job to his name because of the illness while he was alive, and as a result of that, Tubman took responsibility for taking care of her husband till he passed.
4. Tubman Was Honored After Her Death in The National Women’s Hall of Fame
The abolitionist mother was inducted into the National Women’s Hall of Fame in 1973, the Maryland Women’s Hall of Fame in 1985, and the Military Intelligence Hall of Fame in 2019.
She has also been praised by many all around the world for being a revolutionary icon. Her story has inspired several authors and filmmakers. Moreover, films like Harriet Tubman: Soldier of Freedom (2021), Harriet (2019), and A Woman Called Moses (1978) have been made in her honor and other slaves.
Furthermore, Jack Lew, the previous U.S. Treasury Secretary from 2013 to 2017, mentioned adding Gertie’s mother’s portrait on the $20 bill in 2016. But the bill was suspended after Steven Mnchin said they had better issues to consider. However, the treasury department resumed efforts of adding Tubman’s portrait to the $20 bill in 2021 and there are hopes that this will pull through in the future.
5. What Truly Happened to Gertie Davis after Her Mother’s Death?
No information was made available about Gertie following her mother’s death on March 10, 191. This includes her life story and how she later passed away. However, some speculations suggest she died at a young age while others allege she died the same year 1913, as her mother. | <urn:uuid:0532c49c-e4c4-49dc-a210-89e193fc1617> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://loveohlust.com/gertie-davis-harriet-tubman-daughter/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474690.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228012542-20240228042542-00001.warc.gz | en | 0.981946 | 1,028 | 3.75 | 4 | [
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-0.017048956... | 1 | Gertie Davis is the adopted daughter of legendary American abolitionist and political activist, Harriet Tubman. She was adopted and named Gertie by Harriet and her husband, Nelson Charles Davis who was a war veteran.
Gertie’s life story revolves around her mother who was born into slavery but later escaped and turned out to be the hope of other enslaved people by freeing them through the Underground Railroad. She is also a strong humanitarian known for advocating for women’s voting rights.
Gertie Davis Was Adopted by Harriet Tubman in 1874
Not much is in the public space about Gertie Davis’ life especially before she was adopted by Nelson Charles Davis and Harriet Tubman in 1874. As it is, much of what is known about her revolves around her famous Nelson and Harriet who officially turned her parents in 1874.
Gertie’s parents got married on March 18, 1869, at the Central Presbyterian Church. This was five years before Gertie’s adoption.
Meanwhile, Gertie’s mother was birthed into slavery as Araminat Ross to Harriet ‘Rit’ Green and Ben Ross. Growing up in slavery was quite challenging for her as she set out for work at an early age as a nursemaid, cook, and woodcutter. before she escaped to Philadelphia and became a free woman and abolitionist.
Intriguing Facts About Gertie Davis
1. Her Mother Had an Injury on Her Skull as a Result of Maltreatment During Slavery
Gertie’s mother, Harriet Tubman was abused physically in her teens by her slave masters. One such incident caused a bad injury to her skull. As a result of the hit she suffered by her slave masters, she suffered periodic seizures all her lifetime and some researchers believed it may have been a form of epilepsy.
The incident happened when she got into her master’s way for trying to punish another slave who attempted to escape. The act of mistreatment at that time was common in many slave camps and fields.
2. Gertie’s Mother Was Thought to Have a Biological Daughter
According to reports, Gertie’s mother had a biological daughter named Magret. However, Tubman has said that Margaret is her niece. Margaret surfaced after one of Gertie’s rescue missions in 1859. But the striking resemblance Gertie’s mother had with the girl as observed by people has raised a lot of questions and suspicions. Also, Tubma was believed to share an unusually strong bond with Margaret.
3. Davis Lost Her Mother to Pneumonia in 1913
Following a lifetime of selflessness and service, Gertie’s mother passed away on March 10, 1913, after battling Pneumonia for two years. Unfortunately, Tubman died almost bankrupt because she struggled to pay her debts due to her charitable support for the people. Also, she gave part of her land in New York for a home for the aged which was later named after her. When she fell ill, she was taken to the home and was catered for till her demise.
Before her mother’s death, Gertie’s father passed on October 14, 1888, after suffering from Tuberculosis. It was alleged that he was unable to keep a job to his name because of the illness while he was alive, and as a result of that, Tubman took responsibility for taking care of her husband till he passed.
4. Tubman Was Honored After Her Death in The National Women’s Hall of Fame
The abolitionist mother was inducted into the National Women’s Hall of Fame in 1973, the Maryland Women’s Hall of Fame in 1985, and the Military Intelligence Hall of Fame in 2019.
She has also been praised by many all around the world for being a revolutionary icon. Her story has inspired several authors and filmmakers. Moreover, films like Harriet Tubman: Soldier of Freedom (2021), Harriet (2019), and A Woman Called Moses (1978) have been made in her honor and other slaves.
Furthermore, Jack Lew, the previous U.S. Treasury Secretary from 2013 to 2017, mentioned adding Gertie’s mother’s portrait on the $20 bill in 2016. But the bill was suspended after Steven Mnchin said they had better issues to consider. However, the treasury department resumed efforts of adding Tubman’s portrait to the $20 bill in 2021 and there are hopes that this will pull through in the future.
5. What Truly Happened to Gertie Davis after Her Mother’s Death?
No information was made available about Gertie following her mother’s death on March 10, 191. This includes her life story and how she later passed away. However, some speculations suggest she died at a young age while others allege she died the same year 1913, as her mother. | 1,057 | ENGLISH | 1 |
A Taste Of The Ancient World
Understanding the basic diet of the ancient world helps in understanding the cultural values of the various civilizations. The basic ancient diet consisted of cereals, legumes, oil, and wine, supplemented by vegetables, meat or fish, and some other items, like salt and honey.
There are some ideas of what people ate in the ancient world based on literature/artwork describing routine meals or out of the ordinary feasts, including works praising types of wine and honey. Archaeological evidence occasionally provides new insights into ancient consumption patterns.
What The Romans Ate
During the Roman Republic, the government’s concern wasn’t so much an ever-expanding waistline or other health issues. There were Sumtuariae Leges (‘sumptuary laws’) designed to limit extravagance. The Roman eating patterns varied heavily based on the rank of classes.
Traditionally in the morning, a breakfast called the ientaculum was served at dawn. At around 11:00 am, Romans ate a small lunch, and in the evening, they consumed the cena, the main meal of the day. Due to the influence of the Greeks and the increased importation and consumption of foreign foods, the cena increased in the size of the portion and diversity and was consumed in the afternoon. The vesperna, a light supper in the evening, was abandoned, and a second breakfast was introduced around noon, the prandium. In the lower strata of society, the old routine was preserved, because it corresponded more closely to the daily rhythms of manual labor.
The ancient Roman diet resembles a classic Mediterranean diet, but without several familiar foods common in Italian cuisine today. The ancient Romans did not consume spinach, aubergine, tomatoes or capsicum peppers. There were also few citrus fruits.
However, other items that are staples of modern Italian cooking were present in ancient Rome; ancient roman philosopher Pliny the Elder discussed more than 30 varieties of olives, 40 kinds of pear, figs and a wide variety of vegetables. Some of these vegetables are no longer present in the modern world, while others have undergone significant changes; carrots of different colors were consumed, but not in orange.
Butcher’s meat was an uncommon luxury, and seafood, game, and poultry were more common. Aquaculture was sophisticated; there were large-scale industries devoted to oyster farming.
What the Greeks Ate
Ancient Greek cuisine was characterized by its frugality, reflecting agricultural hardship. It was founded on the “Mediterranean triad”: wheat, olive oil, and wine. The Greeks had three to four meals per day. Breakfast consisted of barley bread dipped in milkshakes. They also had pancakes called tagenites, which were made with wheat flour, olive oil, honey and curdled milk. Another type of pancake called staititas, which was dough based, was topped with honey, sesame and cheese. A simple lunch was taken around noon and then an additional light “lunch-dinner” was taken in the late afternoon.
Meals were usually accompanied by fruits and vegetables – or “relish,” as they referred to it in the ancient days. The word initially meant anything prepared on the fire, and, by extension, anything which accompanied bread. In the classical period it came to refer to fruit and vegetables: cabbage, onions, lentils, sweet peas, chickpeas, broad beans, garden peas, grass peas, etc. They were eaten as a soup, boiled or mashed, seasoned with olive oil, vinegar, herbs or a fish sauce.
In the cities, fresh vegetables were expensive, and therefore, the poorer city dwellers had to make do with dried vegetables. Lentil soup was the workman’s typical dish. Cheese, garlic, and onions were the soldier’s traditional fare.
The consumption of fish and meat varied in accordance with the wealth and location of the household; in the country, hunting (primarily trapping) allowed for consumption of birds and hares. Peasants also had farmyards to provide them with chickens and geese. Slightly wealthier landowners could raise goats, pigs, or sheep.
What The Egyptians Ate
The Egyptians had a particularly vibrant diet and dining experience. There were usually considerable amounts of alcohol and abundant quantities of foods; there were whole roast oxen, ducks, geese, pigeons, and at times fish. The dishes frequently consisted of stews served with great amounts of bread, fresh vegetables and fruit. For sweets there were cakes baked with dates and sweetened with honey.
The staples bread and beer were usually prepared in the same locations, as the yeast used for bread was also used for brewing. In Egypt beer was a primary source of nutrition, and consumed daily. Beer was such an important part of the Egyptian diet that it was even used as currency. Vegetables were eaten as a complement to beer and bread, and the most common were long-shooted green scallions and garlic and both also had medical uses. There was also lettuce, celery, certain types of cucumber and, some types of Old World gourds and even melons.
All information from | <urn:uuid:b350c769-6e28-4a84-ae35-a125747dba87> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://baidun.com/2015/03/taste-ancient-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474795.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229071243-20240229101243-00560.warc.gz | en | 0.982577 | 1,085 | 3.421875 | 3 | [
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... | 1 | A Taste Of The Ancient World
Understanding the basic diet of the ancient world helps in understanding the cultural values of the various civilizations. The basic ancient diet consisted of cereals, legumes, oil, and wine, supplemented by vegetables, meat or fish, and some other items, like salt and honey.
There are some ideas of what people ate in the ancient world based on literature/artwork describing routine meals or out of the ordinary feasts, including works praising types of wine and honey. Archaeological evidence occasionally provides new insights into ancient consumption patterns.
What The Romans Ate
During the Roman Republic, the government’s concern wasn’t so much an ever-expanding waistline or other health issues. There were Sumtuariae Leges (‘sumptuary laws’) designed to limit extravagance. The Roman eating patterns varied heavily based on the rank of classes.
Traditionally in the morning, a breakfast called the ientaculum was served at dawn. At around 11:00 am, Romans ate a small lunch, and in the evening, they consumed the cena, the main meal of the day. Due to the influence of the Greeks and the increased importation and consumption of foreign foods, the cena increased in the size of the portion and diversity and was consumed in the afternoon. The vesperna, a light supper in the evening, was abandoned, and a second breakfast was introduced around noon, the prandium. In the lower strata of society, the old routine was preserved, because it corresponded more closely to the daily rhythms of manual labor.
The ancient Roman diet resembles a classic Mediterranean diet, but without several familiar foods common in Italian cuisine today. The ancient Romans did not consume spinach, aubergine, tomatoes or capsicum peppers. There were also few citrus fruits.
However, other items that are staples of modern Italian cooking were present in ancient Rome; ancient roman philosopher Pliny the Elder discussed more than 30 varieties of olives, 40 kinds of pear, figs and a wide variety of vegetables. Some of these vegetables are no longer present in the modern world, while others have undergone significant changes; carrots of different colors were consumed, but not in orange.
Butcher’s meat was an uncommon luxury, and seafood, game, and poultry were more common. Aquaculture was sophisticated; there were large-scale industries devoted to oyster farming.
What the Greeks Ate
Ancient Greek cuisine was characterized by its frugality, reflecting agricultural hardship. It was founded on the “Mediterranean triad”: wheat, olive oil, and wine. The Greeks had three to four meals per day. Breakfast consisted of barley bread dipped in milkshakes. They also had pancakes called tagenites, which were made with wheat flour, olive oil, honey and curdled milk. Another type of pancake called staititas, which was dough based, was topped with honey, sesame and cheese. A simple lunch was taken around noon and then an additional light “lunch-dinner” was taken in the late afternoon.
Meals were usually accompanied by fruits and vegetables – or “relish,” as they referred to it in the ancient days. The word initially meant anything prepared on the fire, and, by extension, anything which accompanied bread. In the classical period it came to refer to fruit and vegetables: cabbage, onions, lentils, sweet peas, chickpeas, broad beans, garden peas, grass peas, etc. They were eaten as a soup, boiled or mashed, seasoned with olive oil, vinegar, herbs or a fish sauce.
In the cities, fresh vegetables were expensive, and therefore, the poorer city dwellers had to make do with dried vegetables. Lentil soup was the workman’s typical dish. Cheese, garlic, and onions were the soldier’s traditional fare.
The consumption of fish and meat varied in accordance with the wealth and location of the household; in the country, hunting (primarily trapping) allowed for consumption of birds and hares. Peasants also had farmyards to provide them with chickens and geese. Slightly wealthier landowners could raise goats, pigs, or sheep.
What The Egyptians Ate
The Egyptians had a particularly vibrant diet and dining experience. There were usually considerable amounts of alcohol and abundant quantities of foods; there were whole roast oxen, ducks, geese, pigeons, and at times fish. The dishes frequently consisted of stews served with great amounts of bread, fresh vegetables and fruit. For sweets there were cakes baked with dates and sweetened with honey.
The staples bread and beer were usually prepared in the same locations, as the yeast used for bread was also used for brewing. In Egypt beer was a primary source of nutrition, and consumed daily. Beer was such an important part of the Egyptian diet that it was even used as currency. Vegetables were eaten as a complement to beer and bread, and the most common were long-shooted green scallions and garlic and both also had medical uses. There was also lettuce, celery, certain types of cucumber and, some types of Old World gourds and even melons.
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