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77197978
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufyan%20Mosque
|
Sufyan Mosque
|
Sufyan Mosque (Arabic: جامع سفيان) is a historic mosque located in the city of Lahij in Yemen. It was built in 1215 and contains a madrasa as well as the mausoleum of the mosque's namesake that is attached to a cemetery.
History
Originally, the site was the burial place of Sufyan ibn Abdullah al-Abini al-Yamani, a Muslim scholar who fought alongside Saladin in the 1187 Battle of Hattin. Sufyan died in 1215, and upon his death a mausoleum was built on top of his grave, with a mosque and madrasa next to it. In 1994, the mausoleum and the attached cemetery were destroyed during the Yemeni civil war and did not face any renovations or restorations since then, leaving it in a neglected state.
2015 demolition
In 2015, it was reported that the Sufyan Mosque was demolished by Islamist extremist groups who planted explosives in the structure. Some news outlets claimed that the grave of Sufyan ibn Abdullah was exhumed and his remains strewn on the ground but this claim was immediately debunked by the residents of Lahij, who affirmed that the militants did not exhume his remains, and that the state of the mausoleum itself had not changed much since 1994. Google Maps satellite imagery shows that the mosque and its madrasa are still intact, while the cemetery is in a ruined state.
| 2.15625
| 0
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77198024
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcian%20of%20Syracuse
|
Marcian of Syracuse
|
After the writing of the Encomium, other works describing the life of the martyr are dated. Many new elements appear in these later works.
Precise dates are established: the year 39 or 40 for the departure, and 68 for the year of martyrdom.
In the biography published posthumously by Gaetani, it is also stated that Marcian had parents of Jewish origin who lived in Antioch.
The landing
The anecdote that Marcian sailed for Sicily in a ship from Syracuse, captained by a certain Romillus, is particularly noteworthy for the addition of details and particulars; together with it, a ship from Taormina, captained by a certain Licaonide, also landed at Antioch. The two captains, having heard the Gospel preached by the Apostle Peter and having converted to the new religion, were eager to bring new masters of this faith to their homeland, and the Prince of the Apostles gave them the two bishops: Romillus, from Syracuse, took Marcianus with him, while Licaonide, from Taormina, took Pancras on board.
During the sea voyage, Marcian and Pancras managed to convert the crews of the two ships. Marcian's ship is said to have landed in Syracuse two days before Pancras's.
Other versions say that this expedition was actually promoted by the Apostle Paul to evangelise the West, or that it was Peter who, having learnt of the large number of Jews in Sicily, sent the two bishops together to convert the Jewish people and preach the Gospel to them.
| 2.46875
| 0
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77198024
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcian%20of%20Syracuse
|
Marcian of Syracuse
|
The iconography of Marcianus, the mature appearance given to him and the white head could represent a reference to the figure of the apostle Peter.
Similarities are also revealed with the frescoes of the Commodilla catacomb in Rome (6th century) and with the early medieval frescoes, also Roman, of the Pontian and Generosa catacombs. There are also similarities with other Roman sites, suggesting a privileged relationship between the two geographical cultures.
In the so-called crypt of St. Marcian, one can see in the apse part a panel containing a fresco depicting the eponymous saint, alongside the patron saint of Syracuse, Lucy.
Tradition has it that the tomb of the protobishop Marcianus was located in this subterranean site, but archaeological data does not confirm the antiquity of the site in the first century, but rather elements from the fourth and fifth centuries. The site originated as an early Christian hypogeum. It was later restored with the arrival of the Byzantines - Orsi describes the crypt as a small Byzantine basilica. Under Arab rule, the site was probably plundered and abandoned. Finally, with the arrival of the Normans, it was transformed and its tombs became loca sancta.
When the archaeologist Biagio Pace entered the crypt, he recognised the place described by the Byzantine hagiographer, author of the famous Encomium. The "antri pelopii" would mean "Greek construction". Paolo Orsi, while acknowledging the presence of several venerated tombs in the cave, doubts that such an ancient martyr's tomb could have been found there.
| 2.5625
| 0
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77198024
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcian%20of%20Syracuse
|
Marcian of Syracuse
|
In any case, tradition has it that the body of the martyr lay there for eight centuries, until Syracuse was conquered by the Arabs in 878, although other sources say that it was during the first attempt to conquer the city in 827-828.
Therefore, in order to keep the body of the protobishop safe, the Syracusans took the urn containing Marcian's remains and transported it to Greece, to the Basilica of St Theodore in Patras, Achaia.
How the relics made their way from Achaia to Gaeta remains a mystery that the sources do not help to solve. According to one tradition, the Gaetan merchants, who often travelled to the East, arrived with their ships at the site of this holy deposit and, after buying it, brought it back to their city, Gaeta. The people of Gaeta then chose Marcianus as their first patron saint, as St Erasmus would not arrive there until the 10th century. In modern times, the relics of Marcianus find their place in the Cathedral of Saints Erasmus and Marcianus and St Mary of the Assumption, dedicated to the two patron saints of Gaeta, in the underground chapel called the Crypt.
However, some of the saint's relics remained in Syracuse, and the city's cathedral housed the reliquary of St Marcian's arm, which was later donated in the 12th century by the English bishop Richard Palmer, then head of the church of Syracuse, to the treasury of the cathedral of Messina, its final destination.
| 2.5625
| 0
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77198432
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20R.%20Mead
|
Albert R. Mead
|
Albert Raymond Mead (July 17, 1915–March 13, 2009) was a malacologist who studied the invasive giant African land snail. He was born in San Jose, California. He served as a 2nd Lieutenant for American forces during World War II, acting as a parasitologist for the Inter-Allied Malaria Control Unit from 1943-1945.
While stationed in Ghana he became interested in the genus Achatina, some of the world's largest terrestrial snails. He was transferred to the South Pacific theater, where in Hawaii he was able to begin research on the invasive snail species. By the 1950s, he had established himself as a snail specialist and wrote profusely on the subject. Notably, he published the books The Giant African Snail: A Problem in Economic Malacology (1961) and Economic Malacology with Particular Reference to Achatina fulica (1979).
Albert Mead received his bachelors in entomology at the University of California, Berkeley, 1938. He attended Cornell University from 1938-1940. He later returned to earn his Ph.D. at Cornell University in 1942. He taught as a professor of zoology at the University of Arizona, Tuscan, beginning in 1946 until retirement where he also served as the head of the department of zoology. He contributed as a taxonomist, studying snail genitalia and introducing 11 new taxa to Mollusca.
| 2.46875
| 0
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77198518
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdue%20University%20School%20of%20Mechanical%20Engineering
|
Purdue University School of Mechanical Engineering
|
The School of Mechanical Engineering (ME) is the oldest academic unit at Purdue University College of Engineering. The School of ME offers both an undergraduate B.S. degree as well as M.S. and PhD graduate degrees in Mechanical Engineering. The school enrolls over 2,000 undergraduates (sophomores through seniors) and over 1,000 graduate students. U.S. News & World Report ranks Purdue's Mechanical Engineering 6th at the Undergraduate level [America's Best Colleges 2024] and 9th at the Graduate level [America's Best Graduate Schools 2024]. The online M.S. program in Mechanical Engineering is ranked No. 1 in the nation [America's Best Online Graduate Programs].
History
As a Land-grant university, engineering was apart of Purdue since its founding. The School of Mechanical Engineering was established in 1882 as the first of Purdue's schools of engineering with head being Lt. William Hamilton of the United States Army.
Mechanical Engineering Buildings
During its first few years, the Mechanical Engineering school grew drastically, so the first of many mechanical engineering buildings was erected in 1885, originally known as the Mechanical Lab. The Mechanical lab was stocked with around $3000 of modern machinery and tools, but it quickly began to fail the needs of the students. In 1890 President James H. Smart requested $60,000 from the state to build a new mechanical engineering building. He only receive $12,000 which was not nearly enough to build what he had planned. On October 21, 1892 a celebration erupted in University Hall when Smart announced that the university received a generous donation. $35,000 from Amos Heavilon was secured to erect the long desired Mechanical Engineering Building. After seeing the support the school was getting, the state eventually pitched in $50,000.
| 2.078125
| 0
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77198650
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel%20Roergas%20Serviez
|
Manuel Roergas Serviez
|
Shortly after the victory, Serviez tired and riddled with poor health sought rest in a house near where the battle had taken place. He was soon murdered in suspicious circumstances by a group of three men who showed up at his door one night. Serviez's death has never been solved, although it has often been suspected that Venezuelan caudillo José Antonio Páez ordered him to be killed.
Early life
Emmanuel Roërgas de Serviez was born on May 16, 1785, and baptized on June 6, 1785. He hailed from a lineage of minor nobility who traditionally served in the military, his father was Emmanuel-Gervais Roergas de Serviez, then a lieutenant in the Royal-Roussillon Regiment. His mother was Marie-Henriette de Trelliard, the two married on December 25, 1784, in Cutry, Meurthe-et-Moselle, her family was dedicated to industry and public affairs. Her father, François de Trelliard, was described as a "noble patrician of Parme, secretary of the cabinet with the approval of His Royal Highness the Lord Infante of Parme, and former mayor of agriculture and commerce in the states of His Royal Highness." Among the witnesses of the marriage ceremony was the future General Anne-François-Charles Trelliard, the bride's brother.
| 2.21875
| 0
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77198650
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel%20Roergas%20Serviez
|
Manuel Roergas Serviez
|
The arrested officers arrived in Santafe on January 8, 1814, and on January 18, their case ended with military tribunal ruling in their favor and allowing them to rejoin the army. At the end of that month both officers left the city, with Campomanes traveling to Cartagena, meanwhile Serviez was transferred to Medellín in the Antioquia Province where the provincial authorities had hired him to become an instructor at the military academy being established there. At this short lived academy Serviez worked alongside scientist Francisco José de Caldas who had been tasked with teaching and creating a military engineer corps. At the academy one of the new cadets caught his eye, this being 15-year-old José María Cordova, of whom Serviez took a liking to and became his mentor, eventually naming Cordova as his aid-de-camp.
Serviez was then called up by the congress to join General Simón Bolívar's army that was tasked with subjugating the centralist Cundinamarca state into the United Provinces of New Granada where he would participate in the Battle of Bogotá. After the federalist victory, Serviez was sent to join the army of the south under the command of Brigadier General José María Cabal to assist him in his defense of the Cauca Valley from a royalist offensive. At the Battle of the Palo River, Serviez played an important role leading the Patriot center with the artillery during the battle and personally leading the combined bayonet charge on foot as his horse was shot out from under him. The victory halted the Spanish offensive in the south and with 300 men Serviez gave chase to the retreating Spanish eventually retaking the city of Popayán.
| 2.78125
| 0
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77198650
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel%20Roergas%20Serviez
|
Manuel Roergas Serviez
|
During the following days, Serviez and his army marched through the eastern Andes mountain range using the royal road that led to the town of Cáqueza. Already plagued by desertion, the march was difficult as the road was narrow and hugged the mountain on one side while the other side at times was cliff that fell hundreds of meters down into the ravine. Things worsened when Captain Gómez and his column reached the Republican rearguard on May 9, near the Alto de Ubatoque. This led to a light skirmish, but the patriots were able to lose their pursuers and continued their retreat through the Quebradahonda forest. They then proceeded to abandon the drawer that contained the painting Virgin of Chiquinquirá in a hut located at the height of Sáname, where some clergymen lived, who eventually transported it back to Santafé. A few days later, on May 11, the army reached the Cabuya passage of the Negro river. This presented a problem, since it was winter rain season, the river was heavily flooded and the only means of getting across was via a narrow suspension bridge which complicated the crossing. The army crossed slowly but then were suddenly attacked again by Gomez's Spanish troops, leading to a three hour fight between the two forces. The encounter was a near complete disaster for the patriots, as many soldiers were either killed, dispersed, or taken prisoner. Their supply train which included much of their luggage, weapons, ammunition and even the archive was lost as well. Serviez himself had to cut with his sabre the suspension bridge, but only around 200 officers and soldiers had been able to make it across before it was cut. the army now in even worse conditions than before headed for San Martín.
| 2.265625
| 0
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77198650
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel%20Roergas%20Serviez
|
Manuel Roergas Serviez
|
Death
Shortly after the battle, Serviez who had been complaining about his health, retired to a small farm near Yagual to recuperate his health, one night three men showed up at the door claiming to be messengers from the army with orders to go at once to the camp, they then took Serviez to a forest and killed him there. Many suspected this was Paez's doing in an effort to assume control in the power struggle for the control of the combined Venezuelan and New Granadan army. However no concrete evidence has ever proven this theory, another theory speculates that the men had followed the army and came to rob Serviez of his money.
Cordova blamed his mentor's death solely on Paez and expressed this in a letter written to General Francisco de Paula Santander in 1826 where he referred to Paez in a negative tone stating: "What good can come from the man who ordered the assassination of General Serviez, the one who disobeyed the Liberator repeatedly in campaigns of 18' and 19'"
Legacy
Although Serviez has often been forgotten, he is considered one of the heroes of the Colombian War of Independence. The National Army of Colombia's 20th airborne battalion based in the city of Apiay, in the Meta department is named after him in his honor.
In 1966 the Colombian Academy of History erected a bust of Serviez in commemoration of the 100th anniversary of his death, this bust is located in Bogotá on Calle 61 near the University of La Salle in the Chapinero district.
| 2.296875
| 0
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77199427
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadian%20architecture
|
Acadian architecture
|
The shelters and houses constructed during this period were hastily built. In 1761, Gamaliel Smethurst observed that after an attack on their village, the Acadians of Nipisiguit constructed shelters in two or three days. These houses were small, rectangular, and almost square, with a single room and three or four openings, including the door. They were heated by a masonry, a stone fireplace. The most prevalent architectural style was a piece-sur-piece construction, wherein squared wood pieces were joined using dovetail joints, a technique derived from American influences. Another prevalent style employed wood pieces joined by corner planks and a system of tenons and mortises. The floor was constructed from squared wood, occasionally comprising round logs or even packed earth. The roof was covered with shingles, and the walls were later clad in clapboards. The chimney could be constructed from fieldstone, wattle and daub, or flat stones bound with mortar. The chimney was typically situated in the center of the house, although when positioned on one of the gable walls, an exterior bakehouse was sometimes incorporated. Houses were inadequately insulated, with clay, moss, and cow dung serving as the primary insulation material. A loft, accessible via a ladder or occasionally a notched post, served as a storage area for hay and tools and, on occasion, as a boys' bedroom. In some instances, the first floor was partitioned off for the winter, with residents using the warmth of the loft.
Two characteristics emerged during this period to define Acadian houses: the headwall in the façade, which was one to one and a half meters high between the ground-floor windows and the cornice, and the gently sloping gable roof.
| 3.171875
| 0
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77199427
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadian%20architecture
|
Acadian architecture
|
Due to the favorable economic situation in Madawaska during the early 19th century, residential construction improved. In 1815, surveyor J. Bouchette observed that the majority of houses were well-constructed. In 1831, American census takers J.G. Deane and E. Kavanagh noted that some houses had up to two rooms, but rarely more, that most were paneled, and some were painted. Houses were constructed along the Saint John River until the mid-19th century when some were relocated to higher ground along the road. This presented an opportunity for owners to expand their residences or add one or two additional floors, using the original construction techniques. By the mid-century, houses typically exhibited a Georgian plan, comprising two rooms deep, a central hallway, a central chimney, one to one and a half stories, rarely two, and a simple gable roof. The exterior of the houses resembled those of large New England residences, with white-painted edges, neo-Greek-style pilasters, and cornices. Ceilings were often coffered, and interior moldings often echoed the exterior style of the house. The wealthiest families often covered their houses with vertical planks outside and sometimes inside as well, allowing for better insulation.
| 2.9375
| 0
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69660141
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue%20of%20Andr%C3%A9s%20Manuel%20L%C3%B3pez%20Obrador
|
Statue of Andrés Manuel López Obrador
|
The statue of Andrés Manuel López Obrador was a limestone sculpture of the 65th president of Mexico, Andrés Manuel López Obrador. It was installed on 29 December 2021 at the intersection of Isidro Fabela Avenue and Circuito José Jiménez Cantú, in the municipality of Atlacomulco, State of Mexico. Roberto Téllez Monroy, the outgoing municipal president, ordered its installation; he is a member of the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA) political party, founded by López Obrador.
The statue was toppled and destroyed during the early morning of the change of municipal administration by unidentified people on 1 January 2022 (New Year's Day). Téllez Monroy would file a complaint for vandalism.
History, installation and destruction
Roberto Téllez Monroy was the mayor of Atlacomulco, State of Mexico, from 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2021. He was elected to govern as a representative of the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA) political party, which was founded by Andrés Manuel López Obrador (commonly abbreviated as AMLO), the president of Mexico from 2018 to 2024. On 29 December 2021, Téllez Monroy installed a statue to honor López Obrador. He claimed to have personally paid for the statue with his own funds—MX$50,000 Mexican pesos (approximately US$2,400)—instead of using public money. However, the cost of the sculpture was billed to the municipal treasury so that it would remain as municipal property.
Téllez Monroy explained that the installation aimed to "break stigmas and paradigms" and to allow people to recognize López Obrador's achievements. He described it as a "recognition to the President of the Republic". Notably, Téllez Monroy was the first politician not affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) to preside the municipality. Atlacomulco is historically linked to a political group of the same name, from which several governors have emerged, all of whom were born or raised in the municipality.
| 2.390625
| 0
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69660394
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew%20Meyerson
|
Matthew Meyerson
|
Career
Meyerson joined the faculty at the Dana–Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI) in 1998 where he continued to focus on using genomic approaches to understand the biology and genetics of human lung carcinomas. As an assistant professor, Meyerson co-developed a new mathematical tool that uses the process of elimination to discover microbes in human tissue. Through studies, it was determined that the tool successfully detected a specific type of human papillomavirus in cervical cells. Following this development, Meyerson collaborated with fellow Harvard researchers to identify mutations in lung cancer that could be targeted therapeutically. This led to a collaborative study between DFCI and Japan to research patients with lung cancer. The scientists found that patients whose lung cancers harbor a malfunctioning version of EGFR protein responded well to the drug gefitinib. This was the first successful study to support an approach that seeks a systematic route to the development of new cancer therapies. In 2007, Meyerson and Levi Garraway published a paper detailing a method for large-panel testing of 238 DNA mutations. This subsequently led to the establishment of Foundation Medicine. In 2009, he received the Paul Marks Prize for Cancer Research for the discovery of mutations in lung cancer cells.
| 2.140625
| 0
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69660422
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago%20and%20Illinois%20Western%20Railroad
|
Chicago and Illinois Western Railroad
|
The Chicago and Illinois Western Railroad was an industrial switching railroad serving the west side of Chicago and southwest Cook County. From a connection with a now defunct north–south railroad line near 31st Blvd. and Western Ave. it went west along 33rd St. to Cicero. Just before Cicero Ave. (Ill. 50) it turned south and roughly paralleled Cicero Ave. to the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal. At the canal it turned west and paralleled the canal and then the Des Plaines River to Hodgkins. Incorporated in 1903, it was merged into the Illinois Central Gulf Railroad in 1984. In 2020 a short segment is used by the Canadian National Railway and the Cicero Central Railroad.
History
The Chicago and Illinois Western Railroad (C&IW) was incorporated February 26, 1903, by Dolese and Shepard, a limestone mining company. They had a quarry in "Hawthorne" (Cicero) and wanted to connect with their larger quarry near "Gary", Illinois (a railroad station in Hodgkins). This section was completed in 1907.
In 1906 the railroad began negotiating with the Chicago City Council (the Hawthorne-Gary segment was outside of the city) for a line that would go east along 33rd street to a connection with a north–south line near 31st Blvd. and Western Ave. An ordinance was passed in 1907 but construction was slow. The line was completed in 1914.
There were also plans to go further southwest to Joliet and tracks were laid as far as Willow Springs, but they had been cut back to Hodgkins by 1918.
In 1924 utilities investor Samuel Insull began building the large Commonwealth Edison and Peoples Gas Light and Coke Crawford coal generating plants at Pulaski Ave. along the south side of the railroad. In 1925 the two utilities bought the railroad to supply coal to the plants. At that time the Illinois Central began operating the railroad.
| 2.25
| 0
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69660434
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baur%27s%20short-horned%20lizard
|
Baur's short-horned lizard
|
Baur's short-horned lizard (Phrynosoma bauri) is a species of small horned lizard that is endemic to the United States.
Taxonomy
Populations assigned to this species were long classified in the pygmy short-horned lizard (P. douglasii) and greater short-horned lizard (P. hernandesi), within several different subspecies formerly assigned to P. douglasii. However, it was described as a distinct species, Phrynosoma bauri, by Richard R. Montanucci in 2015 based on morphological evidence. It may be a hybrid species arising from ancient hybridization between the Great Plains short-horned lizard (P. brevirostris) and desert short-horned lizard (P. ornatissimum). It is named after Bertrand E. Baur, a longtime friend of the author and studier of Phrynosoma who passed away from injuries sustained in a car accident in 2013.
The distinctiveness of P. bauri is still highly contested as it clashes with genetic evidence finding it to fall within P. hernandesi, and thus the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists classified it as a subspecies of P. hernandesi in 2017, and Gunther Köhler synonymized it with P. hernandesi in 2021; however, the Reptile Database still recognizes it as a distinct species.
Distribution and habitat
It ranges from southern Wyoming and Nebraska south through eastern Colorado to northern New Mexico. It inhabits shortgrass prairie, pinyon–juniper woodland, and pine-douglas fir forest.
Description
It can be distinguished from other members of the P. douglasii complex by its short snout and several other features of the skull, moderately short, upward-pointed cephalic horns, and the coloration of its spots.
| 2.40625
| 0
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69661508
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Ah%20Hang
|
William Ah Hang
|
Post-service life
William Ah Hang moved from Boston, Massachusetts, where he was discharged, to Staten Island, New York. There, he opened and managed a grocery store. On September 22, 1875, Hang made an appearance at the Court of Common Pleas to make his sworn declaration of intention to become a naturalized American citizen. His citizenship was granted by the County Court of Richmond, Ind. on October 6, 1892. In 1904, Hang became a cigar manufacturer in New York City with a store location at No. 500 Pearl Street. He resided at 13 Pell Street in the Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. He later became a trustee of the inaugural Chinese corporation in New York State: the Chinese Charitable and Benevolent Association. Hang married Jennie Busch in Savannah, Georgia in the 1870s and remarried to Maggie Duffy after Busch's death.
Chinese Exclusion Act
The Chinese Exclusion Act was signed into law in the United States on May 6, 1882, by U.S. President Chester A. Arthur. The Opium Wars (mid-19th century) left China in debt and caused many lower-class Chinese workers to emigrate to the U.S., particularly to California. In the 1850s, over 20,000 Chinese immigrants entered the U.S. via San Francisco looking for work—racial violence and bullying quickly escalated and Chinese immigrants became viewed by many as stealing American jobs.
| 2.65625
| 0
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69661999
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond%20inclusions
|
Diamond inclusions
|
Mineral inclusions can preserve materials formed under the extreme environments in Earth's mantle back to surface conditions. This enables the discovery of the natural form of minerals which have previously been only synthesized in the laboratory. For instance, the natural calcium silicate perovskite (CaSiO3), was recently given the mineral name davemaoite, when it was discovered as a mineral inclusion in a diamond in 2021. The discovery was surprising due to the extreme conditions necessary to synthesize davemaoite which made it seem unlikely that it could be preserved at the Earth's surface.
Fluid inclusions
Fluid inclusions trap fluids containing materials like silicates, carbonates and hydroxyl groups, water and brine. Such fluid inclusions can be found in coated diamonds (monocrystalline diamonds coated by polycrystalline diamonds with fluid inclusions) and fibrous diamonds (diamonds coated by rods or blades of diamonds with fibrous structures). Fluid microinclusions mostly contain carbonates with the silicate or halides forming the silicate-carbonate or halide-carbonate assemblages. Similarly, subduction-derived saline fluids with a high concentration of K and Cl can be found from microinclusions in the cloudy diamonds (fluid-rich central fibrous diamonds transforming into fluid-poor outward diamonds). Saline and silicic fluid inclusions do not co-exist, implying the immiscibility of the two fluids during the diamond formation. The presence of volatile materials originating from subduction zones such as sulfide inclusions can suggest the viability of subduction-related crustal recycling during the diamond formation in specific continents where the diamond was created.
In 2018, the high-pressure form of water known as ice-VII was found in the diamond inclusion. This discovery suggests the presence of water-rich fluids in the transition zone.
| 2.71875
| 0
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69662091
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterogenite
|
Heterogenite
|
Heterogenite is a natural tri-valent cobalt oxyhydroxide mineral. It is the most abundant oxidised cobalt mineral in the Katanga Copperbelt, a region in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. About 70% of known heterogenite is located in the DRC.
The name heterogenite came from Greek, "of another kind", as the mineral differs in composition from similar minerals. Its formation is likely related to the weathering of carrollite (CuCo2S4). In nature it is found coexisting with other minerals like smaltite, pharmacosiderite, calcite, linnaeite, sphaerocobaltite, malachite and cuprite.
Composition
Heterogenite has an average grade of 64.1% cobalt, one of the highest rates among cobalt-containing minerals.
Similar to most oxyhydroxides, heterogenite acts as a chemical 'sponge', trapping many trace elements such as Ni, Zn, V, As, Mo, and Pb. Amongst these trace elements is also uranium, whose concentration in the mineral can be as high as a few percent.
Heterogenite contains cobalt in both Co2+ and Co3+ oxidation states.
Occurrence
Heterogenite is formed by the oxidation of cobalt-sulfides and accumulated as residual deposits during a Pliocene weathering event. Many studies highlight that heterogenite was formed in oxidizing conditions under the surface. In several locations, primary sulfides have been oxidised due to surface weathering down to about 100 meters below the surface, which resulted in significant cobalt enrichment and transformation to oxidic ore minerals, such as heterogenite.
Treatment
The preferred concentration technique for treating heterogenite is surface sulfidation followed by flotation. Sulfidation typically requires sodium sulfide (Na2S), ammonium sulfide (NH4)2S), or sodium sulfydrate (NaSH) in order to make heterogenite suitable for collection with sulfydryl-type collectors.
| 2.203125
| 0
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69662099
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquired%20homosexuality
|
Acquired homosexuality
|
Acquired homosexuality is the idea that homosexuality can be spread, either through sexual seduction or recruitment by homosexuals, or through exposure to media depicting homosexuality. According to this belief, any child or young person could become homosexual if exposed to it; conversely, through conversion therapy, a homosexual person could be made straight.
Scientific evidence
Although there is not yet complete understanding of the causes of sexual orientation, the evidence supporting biological causes is much stronger than that supporting social factors, and there is little or no evidence supporting the theory that homosexuality can be acquired through sexual contact with homosexual adults. In contrast, there is evidence that homosexual attractions precede behavior, usually by a few years, in most cases. Bailey et al. state, "a belief in the recruitment hypothesis has often been associated with strongly negative attitudes toward homosexual people", and those who make this argument generally do not explain an empirical basis for this belief.
| 2.328125
| 0
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69662164
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lundey%2C%20Skj%C3%A1lfandi
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Lundey, Skjálfandi
|
Lundey (Icelandic: , "Puffin Island") is a small, uninhabited island in Skjálfandi bay located about from Húsavík, in northern Iceland. It is the smaller of two islands in the bay, the other being Flatey.
Lundey is about long and wide. Its highest point lies about above sea level.
Its name in Icelandic means "Puffin"; over 200,000 Atlantic Puffin breed on the island's cliffs in the summer hence its name. The island lies only south of the Arctic Circle and therefore experiences 24 hours of daylight during the summer solstice.
History
Though uninhabited, Lundey is privately owned and there are multiple structures on the island including a lighthouse.
Environment
Skjálfandi bay is an excellent place for fishing, especially for cod and lumpfish. Arctic Skua and Northern Fulmar are common around Lundey during the Summer in addition to the nesting Puffins there.
Many of the whale watching tours departing from Húsavík sail past the island to showcase the breeding birds there. Humpback Whales and Pilot Whales are also often sighted nearby.
There are two other islands known as Lundey in Iceland: one in Skagafjörður fjörd in north Iceland and another in the southwest near Reykjavík.
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69662589
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberheim%20DSX
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Oberheim DSX
|
The Oberheim DSX is a 9-track digital sequencer equipped with the Oberheim Serial Buss for connecting with the company's OB-Xa or OB-8 synthesizers and DMX drum machine. Connected and used together, Oberheim marketed these products as "The System". In addition to the Oberheim Serial Buss, the DSX has an 8-channel CV/Gate interface for sequencing traditional analog synthesizers.
Features
The DSX is capable of storing and sequencing over 6,000 events, over 10 songs of 10 patterns each. The DSX is capable of driving up to 16 voices concurrently. Sequences are stored in internal memory after power-off using static RAM which remains powered up from an internal NiCad battery.
The DSX equipped with the Oberheim Serial Buss, a pre-MIDI proprietary parallel bus designed to directly interface the DSX with Oberheim's OB-Xa or OB-8 synthesizers along with their DMX drum machine. Connection was via a heavy 1:1 cable, which plugged from the host DSX to the target synthesizer using a rear DB-37 connector. The combination of the DSX, DMX and either OB-Xa or OB-8 were marketed by Oberheim as "The System".
Notable users
Michael Beinhorn
Trevor Horn
Geddy Lee
Mike Oldfield
Steve Roach
Sting
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69662604
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acinocricus
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Acinocricus
|
Acinocricus is a genus of extinct panarthropod belonging to the group Lobopodia and known from the middle Cambrian Spence Shale of Utah, United States. As a monotypic genus, it has one species Acinocricus stichus. The only lobopodian discovered from the Spence Shale, it was described by Simon Conway Morris and Richard A. Robison in 1988. Owing to the original fragmentary fossils discovered since 1982, it was initially classified as an alga, but later realised to be an animal belonging to Cambrian fauna.
Discovery
The first specimen of Acinocricus was discovered by American palaeontologist Lloyd Gunther in 1982 from the Spence Shale in Miners Hollow, Wellsville Mountains, Utah. It was embedded in hardened mud and was incomplete with some of its body part missing. More than a dozen fragmentary fossils were later recovered from the same site and the surrounding areas. Simon Conway Morris of the University of Cambridge and Richard A. Robison of the University of Kansas jointly published the systematic description and scientific name in 1988. The generic name is derived from two Greek words, akaina, meaning thorn or spine, and krikos, meaning ring or circle, for the circular spines on its body; the specific name stichos means row or line, referring to the arrangement of the spines. Conway Morris and Robison made an erroneous classification by assigning it as an alga (in the phylum Chlorophyta) as they were convinced that it had no particular resemblance to any known animal fossils (medusoid) known at the time.
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69662739
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yegor%20Kovalevsky
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Yegor Kovalevsky
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Egor or Yegor Petrovich Kovalevsky (; 18 February 1809 or 1811, in Kharkov Governorate – 2 October 1868, in Saint Petersburg) was a Russian traveller, writer, and diplomat.
Biography
He was born to Pyotr Ivanovich Kovalevsky, a noble Court Councilor. From 1825 to 1828, he studied in the philosophy department at Kharkov University. After graduating, he entered the service of the Mining Department where, following the example of his older brother, , he developed an interest in geology. In 1830 he qualified as a Mining Engineer and went to work in Siberia. By 1837 he had opened four gold mines there.
That year, at the request of Prince-Bishop Petar II, he was sent to Montenegro to search for gold. While there, he was forced to take part in several border skirmishes with the Austrian Empire. Realizing that he could be punished for doing so when he returned to Russia, he consulted with Prince Alexander Gorchakov, and sent a detailed explanatory note to Tsar Nicholas I. After reading it, the Tsar made a notation (in French), «Le capitaine Kowalewsky a agi en vrai russe». (He acted like a true Russian). Later, Kovalevsky would write Four Months in Montenegro.
He received another invitation to hunt for gold, in 1847, from Pasha Muhammad Ali of Egypt. In addition to all the usual preparations for such a trip, he was instructed by the Russian Envoy in Istanbul, Vladimir Titov, to collect information regarding the Pasha's plans for public works (including a canal near Suez), and his involvement in the slave trade. He was in Egypt and what is now Sudan through 1848 and, among his practical accomplishments, he was able to chart the source of the White Nile, as well as discover a small deposit of gold south of Wad Madani, near the Blue Nile. This, and a description of Abyssinia, was included in his book A Journey to Inner Africa, in which he also spoke in favor of a canal, to encourage trade with India, and condemned slavery.
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69663539
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa%20Jos%C3%A9%20Ferrada
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María José Ferrada
|
One of her most-well known works is a collection of poems titled Ninos (Children) published in 2013, which chronicles the thoughts, aspirations, and lives of Chilean children and was dedicated to the minors who experienced political violence during the Chilean dictatorship. Ninos received several awards, including an award from the Academia Chilena de la Lengua for the best literary work published in Chile, and the Santiago Municipal Literature Award. Ferrada's book Un Jardin, which was illustrated by Isidro Ferrer, was also widely published in Spanish-speaking countries, and won the Banco del Libro de Venezuela award for best children's book, as well as an honorable mention at the Ragazzi Awards. In 2013, Ferrada also published Notas al margen, which won the Marta Brunet Prize and the Colibrí Medal, from IBBY Chile.
Ferrada published Kramp (How to Order the Universe, translated into English by Elizabeth Bryer in 2021), a novel for adults, in 2017. Kramp won numerous awards, including three of Chile's biggest literary awards: the Círculo de Críticos de Arte Best Novel, Chilean Ministry of Culture's prize for best novel, and the Santiago Municipal Literature Award. Kramp is a novel about a young girl who accompanies her father, a traveling salesman, and the people they meet in their travels. Ferrada has described the book as an "autobiographical story," drawing from her own childhood travels with her father, who was also a salesman. The book has been published into Italian, Brazilian Portuguese, Danish, and German, and in English translation. It was listed as one of the best novels of 2021 by the San Francisco Chronicle, and one of 100 notable translations in 2021 by World Literature Today.
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69663763
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne%20Honor%C3%A9
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Suzanne Honoré
|
Suzanne Honoré (1909-2000) was a French librarian, archivist and historian for decades at the National Library of France. She was also known as Suzanne Duvergé. She was conferred with honorific awards in recognition of her input to librarianship. These awards were: Commander of the Order of Academic Palms, Ordre national du Mérite, Legion of Honor, Officer of the Legion of Honor in 1958, 1960, and 1976 respectively.
Biography
Honoré was born July 13, 1909, in Oloron-Sainte-Marie (Pyrénées-Atlantiques) as Suzanne Duvergé, and died on March 17, 2000, in Paris. She was married to a sculptor, Pierre-Henri-Félix Honoré. She had three children.
Education
Honoré obtained a degree in history and geography in 1928. She enrolled in the École Nationale des chartes and graduated in 1932 as an archivist palaeographer.
Career
In 1936, Honoré joined the National Library of France as a volunteer, then in 1943 she was fully employed as a staff of the National Library of France. She eventually became a titular librarian. Honoré had much knowledge of the National Library and cataloging, which gave her the opportunity to create the first community star ever to appear in the catalog “Schneider et Cie”.
Honoré for many years was in charge of a course on printed archives at the internship international archives organized by the Archives Directorate of France. She was also appointed chief curator in 1963 and was mandated to head the international exchange department. She created the first authority file in France, which was for stars of private communities.
| 2.328125
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69664295
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages%20of%20science
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Languages of science
|
Languages of science are vehicular languages used by one or several scientific communities for international communication. According to science historian Michael Gordin, scientific languages are "either specific forms of a given language that are used in conducting science, or they are the set of distinct languages in which science is done." These two terms are different as one describes a distinct prose in a given language, while the other describes which languages are used in mainstream science.
Until the 19th century, classical languages such as Latin, Classical Arabic, Sanskrit, and Classical Chinese were commonly used across Afro-Eurasia for the purpose of international scientific communication. A combination of structural factors, the emergence of nation-states in Europe, the Industrial Revolution and the expansion of colonization entailed the global use of three European national languages: French, German and English. Yet new languages of science such as Russian or Italian had started to emerge by the end the 19th century, to the point that international scientific organizations started to promote the use of constructed languages like Esperanto as a non-national global standard.
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69664295
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages%20of%20science
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Languages of science
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English standardization
Nearly all the scientific publications indexed on the leading commercial academic search engines are in English. In 2022, this concerns 95.86% of the 28,142,849 references indexed on the Web of Science and 84.35% of the 20,600,733 references indexed on Scopus.
The lack of coverage of non-English languages creates a feedback loop as non-English publications can be held less valuable since they are not indexed in international rankings and fare poorly in evaluation metrics. As many as 75,000 articles, book titles and book reviews from Germany were excluded from Biological abstracts from 1970 to 1996. In 2009, at least 6555 journals were published in Spanish and Portuguese on a global scale and "only a small fraction are included in the Scopus and Web of Science indices."
Criteria for inclusion in commercial databases not only favor English journals but incentivize non-English journals to give up on their local journals. They "demand that articles be in English, have abstracts in English, or at least have their references in English". In 2012, the Web of Science was explicitly committed to the anglicization (and romanization) of published knowledge:
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69664295
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages%20of%20science
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Languages of science
|
Overall, the social sciences and the humanities have preserved more diverse linguistic practices: "while natural scientists of any linguistic background have largely shifted to English as their language of publication, social scientists and scholars of the humanities have not done so to the same extent." In these disciplines, the need for global communication is balanced by an implication in local culture: "the SSH are typically collaborating with, influencing and improving culture and society. To achieve this, their scholarly publishing is partly in the native languages." Yet, the specificity of the social science and the humanities has been increasingly reduced after 2000: by the 2010s, a large proportion of German and French articles in art and the humanities indexed in the Web of Science were in English. While German has been outpaced by English even in Germanic-speaking countries since the Second World War, it has also continued to be used marginally as a vehicular scientific language in specific disciplines or research fields (the Nischenfächer or "niche-disciplines"). Linguistic diversity is not specific to social sciences but this persistence may be invisibilized by the high prestige attached to international commercial databases: in the Earth sciences, "the proportion of English-language documents in the regional or national databases (KCI, RSCI, SciELO) was approximately 26%, whereas virtually all the documents (approximately 98%) in Scopus and WoS were in English."
| 2.296875
| 0
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69665405
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeath%20region
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Macbeath region
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In mathematics, a Macbeath region is an explicitly defined region in convex analysis on a bounded convex subset of d-dimensional Euclidean space . The idea was introduced by and dubbed by G. Ewald, D. G. Larman and C. A. Rogers in 1970. Macbeath regions have been used to solve certain complex problems in the study of the boundaries of convex bodies. Recently they have been used in the study of convex approximations and other aspects of computational geometry.
Definition
Let K be a bounded convex set in a Euclidean space. Given a point x and a scaler λ the λ-scaled the Macbeath region around a point x is:
The scaled Macbeath region at x is defined as:
This can be seen to be the intersection of K with the reflection of K around x scaled by λ.
Example uses
Macbeath regions can be used to create approximations, with respect to the Hausdorff distance, of convex shapes within a factor of combinatorial complexity of the lower bound.
Macbeath regions can be used to approximate balls in the Hilbert metric, e.g. given any convex K, containing an x and a then:
Dikin’s Method
Properties
| 2.390625
| 0
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69665543
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lundey%2C%20Skagafj%C3%B6r%C3%B0ur
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Lundey, Skagafjörður
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Lundey (Icelandic: , "Puffin Island") is a small, uninhabited island in Skagafjörður fjord located about from the eastern mouth of the Héraðsvötn River, in northern Iceland. It is one of three islands in the bay, the others being Málmey, and Drangey.
Lundey is low lying and grassy with an area of approximately . The island is about long and wide. Its name in Icelandic means "Puffin"; And each summer, Atlantic Puffin breed on the island's cliffs hence its name. The island is only accessible by boat and lies approximately from the nearest harbor in the town of Sauðárkrókur. There are two other islands known as Lundey in Iceland; One in Skjálfandi Bay in northern Iceland and another near Reykjavík.
History
Though uninhabited, there is one standing structure on Lundey and viewed from above the island shows evidence of historically collapsed buildings.
Environment
Arctic Skua and Northern Fulmar, are common around Lundey during the Summer in addition to a nesting population of over 20,000 pairs of Atlantic Puffins. The sizable population makes up about 1% of Iceland's total puffin count and is considered an internationally important seabird settlement.
| 2.375
| 0
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69665579
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision%20Tunisienne
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Télévision Tunisienne
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The Établissement de la Télévision Tunisienne (TT, French for Establishment of the Tunisian Television or simply Tunisian Television; in Arabic: مؤسسة التلفزة التونسية) is Tunisia's national state-owned public service television broadcaster. The company was established by the country's president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in August 2007, by dividing the country's former state broadcaster ERTT into separate companies for radio (Radio Tunisienne) and television. Tunisian television operates two nationwide television channels and is an active member of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and the Arab States Broadcasting Union (ABSU).
Background
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, television made its appearance with the transmission of RAI broadcasts in the northeast of the country. From 1963, certain programs were broadcast by Tunisian public television on an experimental basis or on the occasion of special events. The first test broadcast took place in October 1965, with a program lasting 75 minutes. The following year, regular broadcasts began with the official opening of RTT (predecessor to ERTT) on 31 May 1966. Initially, the channel broadcast three hours a day, two hours in Arabic and one hour of French-language programs. In this context, it began developing cooperation with French-speaking television, in particular Télévision Suisse Romande, which provided it with programs and welcomed trainees in its Geneva studios.
| 2.34375
| 0
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69665731
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate%20of%20Multan
|
Emirate of Multan
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Fateh Daud was then deposed by Mahmud of Ghazni, in the course of his conquest of Multan. He fled to a fort where he immured himself and was finally pardoned by Mahmud of Ghazni on the promise of payment of ransom. Abul Fatah Daud offered a yearly tribute of 200,000 golden dirhams and conversion from Shia Ismaili fiqh to Sunni Hanafi fiqh. The terms were accepted, and Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi also exacted two million dirhams from the population of Multan by force. After death of Fateh Daud, the Emirate was abolished and annexed into Ghaznavid Empire.
Culture and Society
The economy of Multan at that time period seems to be rather vibrant. The 10th century Arab historian Al-Masudi noted Multan as the city where Central Asian caravans from Islamic Khorasan would assemble. The 10th century Persian geographer Estakhri noted that the city of Multan along with Sindh's Mansura were the only two Arab principalities in South Asia.
During reign of Jalam Bin Shayban, Multan continued to be a prosperous city, as witness by famous geographer and traveller Al-Muqadassi in 985;
| 2.703125
| 0
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69665778
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lythrichthys
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Lythrichthys
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Lythrichthys, the red deepwater scorpionfishes, is a genus of marine ray-finned fish, belonging to the subfamily Setarchinae, the deep-sea bristly scorpionfishes, part of the family Scorpaenidae. They are native to the Pacific Ocean.
Taxonomy
Lythrichthys was first described as a genus in 1904 by the American ichthyologists David Starr Jordan and Edwin Chapin Starks as a monotypic genus for Lythrichthys eulabes which they described with a type locality given as off Ose Point in Suruga Bay in Japan. L. eulabes was later placed in the genus Setarches and Lythrichthys became a synonym of that taxon. However, in 2021 Wada, Kai & Motomura resurrected the genus, added L. cypho (which had been treated as a synonym ofSetarches longimanus), as well as L. longimanus, and described two new species. This left the channelled rockfish (Setarches guentheri) as the only species in the now monotypic Setarches As of January 2022 this change has been accepted by Catalog of Fishes. The genus name is a compound of lythrum, which means "gore", alluding to red colour of the body of living L. eulabes, and ichthys, Greek for "fish".
Species
The following 5 species are classified within the genus Lythrichthys:
Lythrichthys cypho (Fowler, 1938) (Dwarf red deepwater scorpionfish)
Lythrichthys dentatus Wada, Kai & Motomura 2021 (Gap-toothed red deepwater scorpionfish)
Lythrichthys eulabes Jordan & Starks 1904 (Jordan's red deepwater scorpionfish)
Lythrichthys grahami Wada, Kai & Motomura 2021 (Graham's red deepwater scorpionfish)
Lythrichthys longimanus (Alcock 1894) (Red deepwater scorpionfish)
| 2.234375
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69666073
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine%20T.%20Montgomery
|
Catherine T. Montgomery
|
Catherine T. Montgomery (April 1, 1867 – September 17, 1957) was a Canadian-born American educator, clubwoman, and hiker based in Bellingham, Washington. She donated money and land to improve Federation Forest State Park, and is known as the "Mother of the Pacific Crest Trail".
Early life
Montgomery was born in Valleyfield, Prince Edward Island, and raised in Schuyler, Nebraska. Her father was a railroad carpenter; her parents, William Montgomery and Jessie MacPherson Montgomery, were born in Scotland. She described herself as a cousin or niece of author Lucy Maud Montgomery. She graduated from the University of Washington.
Career
In 1899, Montgomery joined the faculty of New Whatcom Normal School, a precursor institution to Western Washington University. She chaired the Bellingham Lecture Course, a public program of speakers and performers. She supported women's suffrage, prohibition, and labor reform laws. Although she decried the bureaucracy of state-run education, she ran for state superintendent of schools in 1920. She retired from teaching in 1926. She was president of the Progressive, Literary, and Fraternal Club (PLF) of Bellingham from 1922 to 1923. She ran for county superintendent of schools in 1930. In 1931 she proposed parent education classes in Bellingham. She was active in the Washington State Federation of Women's Clubs.
Montgomery was an avid traveler and hiker. In 1905 she traveled with writer Ella Rhoads Higginson around Alaska by train for almost two months. She felt the 1908 Messina earthquake while studying in Rome. In January 1926, Montgomery met mountaineer and textbook salesman Joseph Hazard, and described her hope for a hike in the West to match the Appalachian Trail through fourteen eastern states. That evening, he shared the idea at a meeting of the Mount Baker Club in Bellingham. While Clinton C. Clarke is called "the Father of the Pacific Crest Trail", his involvement in the project came several years later.
| 2.40625
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69666114
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam%20and%20music
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Islam and music
|
The relationship between Islam and music is complex and has been long debated. Some Muslims believe that the Qur'an and Sunnah prohibit music (instruments and singing); however, others believe that some forms of music are permissible. Even so, music flourished in the Islamic world, although it was often confined to palaces and private homes to avoid censure.
In many parts of the Muslim world devotional/religious music and secular music is well developed and popular. In recent decades, "the advent of a whole new generation of Muslim musicians who try to blend their work and faith", has given the issue "extra significance".
Historically, Islamic art and music flourished during the Islamic Golden Age, yet it continued to flourish until the 19th century in the Ottoman, Safavi, and Mughal Empires. Ottoman music in particular developed into a diverse form of art music. It influenced Western composers of the Classical period. Islamic music is also credited with influencing European and Western music; for example, French musicologist Baron Rodolphe d'Erlanger in his assessment of the Abbasid Caliphate in Islamic history credits Abu Nasr Muhammad al-Farabi's Kitabu l'musiqi al-kabir ("The Great Book of Music") with this influence.
Overview
Music and interpretations of Islamic law
The question of whether music is permitted or forbidden in Islam is a matter of debate among scholars. The Qur'an does not specifically refer to music itself. Some scholars, however, have interpreted the phrase "idle talk", which is discouraged, as including music.
Music appears in several hadith in an unfavorable way, with one example being: "Singing sprouts hypocrisy in the heart as rain sprouts plants." But there is disagreement over the reliability of these narrations. Another hadith reads: "There will be among my Ummah people who will regard as permissible adultery, silk, alcohol and musical instruments." But again, the reliability of this hadith has also been questioned, most notably by Ibn Hazm al-Dhahiri.
| 2.78125
| 0
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69666237
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinbago%20Unified%20Calypsonians%27%20Organisation
|
Trinbago Unified Calypsonians' Organisation
|
The Trinbago Unified Calypsonians’ Organisation (TUCO) is a professional body representing the interests of calypsonians in Trinidad and Tobago and working to promote calypso music nationally and internationally. TUCO was established in 1993 and incorporated by an Act of Parliament in 1998. TUCO serves as the governing body for calypso in Trinidad and Tobago.
History
The Trinbago Unified Calypsonians’ Organisation was formed in 1993 by the merger of the Calypsonians' Association with the Trinbago Calypsonian Organisation. It was incorporated by Act No. 33 of 1998 of the Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago.
In 1998 the government gave TUCO control of the national calypso contests, which had previously been managed by the National Carnival Committee, a state-controlled body. TUCO was given the responsibility of selecting and training judges for the competition and introduced a Calypso Queen, and later a Calypso King competition in addition to the Calypso Monarch competition.
With the cancellation of Carnival in 2021 as a result of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, TUCO organised virtual calypso tents.
| 2.21875
| 0
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69666302
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%20Salvador%2C%20Zacatecas
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El Salvador, Zacatecas
|
El Salvador is a municipality in the Mexican state of Zacatecas, located approximately northeast of Zacatecas City, the state capital.
Geography
The municipality of El Salvador lies at an elevation between in the foothills of the Sierra Madre Oriental in northeastern Zacatecas. It borders the municipalities of Concepción del Oro in Zacatecas to the west, Saltillo in Coahuila to the north, Galeana in Nuevo León to the northeast, and Vanegas in San Luis Potosí to the southeast. The municipality covers an area of and comprises 0.8% of the state's area.
The land cover in El Salvador is mostly Meseta Central matorral (81%) with small tracts of forest (11%) and grassland (8%) also present. The municipality is situated in the Matehuala sub-basin of the Llanos el Salado.
Climate
El Salvador's climate ranges from semiarid to arid desert. Average temperatures in the municipality range between , and average annual precipitation ranges between .
History
Cave paintings in the municipality demonstrate past occupation of the area by tribes. Colonial settlement of the area dates to the 18th century, when it was part of the Hacienda El Salado. Based in the neighbouring state of San Luis Potosí, this was one of the largest haciendas in Mexico, and was owned by Juan Bustamante, a former governor of that state. , who was born in El Salvador in 1891, served as Governor of Zacatecas from 1932 to 1936, and as Secretary of National Defence from 1952 to 1958.
The congregacíon of El Salvador was established in the municipality of Concepción del Oro on 14 November 1964. It became an independent municipality a week later on 21 November 1964.
Administration
The municipal government of El Salvador comprises a president, a councillor (Spanish: síndico), and seven trustees (regidores), four elected by relative majority and three by proportional representation. The current president of the municipality is Miguel Coronado Gómez.
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69666366
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early%20history%20of%20animation
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Early history of animation
|
The Roman poet and philosopher Lucretius (c. 99 BCE – c. 55 BCE) wrote in his poem De rerum natura a few lines that come close to the basic principles of animation: "...when the first image perishes and a second is then produced in another position, the former seems to have altered its pose. Of course, this must be supposed to take place very swiftly: so great is their velocity, so great the store of particles in any single moment of sensation, to enable the supply to come up." This was in the context of dream images, rather than images produced by an actual or imagined technology.
The medieval codex Sigenot (circa 1470) has sequential illuminations with relatively short intervals between different phases of action. Each page has a picture inside a frame above the text, with great consistency in size and position throughout the book (with a consistent difference in size for the recto and verso sides of each page).
A page of drawings by Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) show anatomical studies with four different angles of the muscles of shoulder, arm and neck of a man. The four drawings can be read as a rotating movement.
Ancient Chinese records contain several mentions of devices, including one made by the inventor Ding Huan, said to "give an impression of movement" to a series of human or animal figures on them, but these accounts are unclear and may only refer to the actual movement of the figures through space.
Since before 1000 CE, the Chinese had a revolving lantern that had silhouettes projected on its thin paper sides that appeared to chase each other. This was called the "trotting horse lamp" [走馬燈] as it would typically depict horses and horse-riders. The cut-out silhouettes were attached inside the lantern to a shaft with a paper vane impeller on top, rotated by heated air rising from a lamp. Some versions added extra motion with jointed heads, feet or hands of figures triggered by a transversely connected iron wire.
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69666468
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot%20Springs%20Artesian%20Basin
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Hot Springs Artesian Basin
|
The Hot Springs Artesian Basin is a geological formation and thermal water aquifer located in the floodplain of the Rio Grande, in Sierra County, New Mexico.
The rocks that make up the Hot Springs Artesian Basin and the surrounding the basin area include igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. These range in age from the Pre-Cambrian (granite and schists) to the recent period. The major structural features mainly formed during early Tertiary igneous activity when andesite, latite and rhyolite was extruded to form the Black Range and the San Mateo Mountains in the Oligocene time. The thermal springs in the basin are located within the city of Truth or Consequences (formerly Hot Springs), New Mexico; temperatures of these hot springs range from 98°F to 114°F.
The water table at Hot Springs Artesian Basin slopes downward 9 feet over a half mile, from 4,239 feet in elevation where the alluvium in the aquifer coincides with the piezometric surface at limestone hill, sloping downward to 4,230 feet at the granite bluff base where the alluvium extrudes. Some of the water flowing down the slope is intercepted by sumps and drains, however most of it discharges in the Rio Grande.
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| 0
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69666602
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Cropper
|
Paul Cropper
|
Paul Cropper, MBE, (1913-2006) was a British violist and principal viola of the BBC Northern Symphony Orchestra (later named the BBC Philharmonic) from 1947 to 1982.
Biography
Paul Cropper was born in Wallasey, Cheshire, England, on 12 March 1913. His father Horace Sydney Cropper was the principal violinist of the Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra.
His first studies were on the violin which he studied with his father from 1924 to 1930. In 1930 he played viola with the newly formed Merseyside Orchestra. He then briefly studied with the violinist and then conductor of the Hallé Orchestra, Thomas Alfred Barker, before learning with the Danish violinist and once leader of the Berlin Philharmonic, Henry Holst, from 1933 to 1936. Whilst learning with Holst he took up a position as violist with the Liverpool Philharmonic (1934). He briefly played viola with the Hallé orchestra in 1935. After Holst, he studied viola with Lionel Tertis (1937–38) before becoming the principal violist of the Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra in 1939.
The second world war meant that Cropper had to enlist for army duties but soon after he joined the B.B.C. Northern Symphony Orchestra (later named the BBC Philharmonic) and played with them for some thirty-five years from 1947 to 1982.
He was a prolific chamber musician and played with the Charles Taylor Quartet from 1937 to 1950, the Ad Solem Piano Quintet and Ensemble 1961–76, and played for the Lindsay String Quartet in quintet and sextet recitals. His nephew, the violinist Peter Cropper, led the Lindsay Quartet for almost 40 years.
He was Professor of Viola at the Royal Manchester College of Music from 1949 to 1962, where amongst his pupils was Roger Best, principal violist with the Royal Northern Sinfonia. In May 1939, whilst a member of the Charles Taylor String Quartet, Cropper’s viola was stolen and a broadcast performance from Bluecoat Chambers in Liverpool had to be abandoned.
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69667034
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elean%20War
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Elean War
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The Elean or Eleian War (c. 400 BC) was a conflict between the Greek city-states of Sparta and Elis.
Background
Sparta and Elis had been allies against Athens during the early Peloponnesian War, but relations between them soured after Elis refused to endorse the Peace of Nicias in 421 BC. In 420, the Eleans, claiming that Sparta violated a truce brought about by the Olympic Games, barred their erstwhile ally from participating in them, and flogged a Spartan who tried to do so anyway. Later, in 418, Elis joined the coalition of Peloponnesian city-states (alongside Argos and Mantineia) which attacked Sparta at the behest of Athens, only to suffer defeat at the Battle of Mantineia. After the Peloponnesian War was concluded, the Spartans, seeking to punish their former allies, demanded that they grant independence to the allied cities surrounding Elis, with the aim of breaking Elean military power.
Course
The war began in 402, 401 or 400 BC when the Spartan king Agis led an invasion of Eleia from the northeast through Achaea, along the river Larissus. The Spartans began laying waste to enemy country, but soon witnessed an earthquake, which the King, according to Xenophon, interpreted as a bad omen, prompting him to call off the invasion and disband his army. The Spartans may in fact have reached as far as Olympia, and suffered a defeat there at the sacred Olympian precinct of Altis. Agis's retreat emboldened the Eleans to send embassies to all Greek states hostile to Sparta, urging opposition to Sparta's foreign policy.
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69667034
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elean%20War
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Elean War
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At this juncture, a wealthy citizen of Elis, Xenias, who was an agent () of Sparta inside the city as well as a personal friend of Agis, attempted to stage a pro-Spartan oligarchic coup, instigating a slaughter and killing a man who resembled the democratic leader Thrasydaeus. Xenias's partisans then gathered in the agora, but it was soon discovered that Thrasydaeus was in fact alive, asleep somewhere else after becoming drunk, and his supporters immediately swarmed to his protection. Thrasydaeus then successfully drove Xenias and his partisans out of the city, and they in turn fled to the Spartan camp. Before returning to Laconia and disbanding his army, the Spartan king Agis left a garrison at Epitalium, with one Lysippus as the harmost (military governor), and the Elean exiles under their care. For the remainder of the summer and the ensuing winter, Lysippus plundered the Elean countryside, together with the Lepreans.
A third Spartan expedition, this time under their other king, Pausanias, met a minor defeat outside the walls of Elis against some Aetolian mercenaries, but the Eleians, seeing that prolonged resistance was futile, surrendered.
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69667602
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovea%20asperifolia
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Hovea asperifolia
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Hovea asperifolia is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to south-eastern continental Australia. It is a shrub with hairy branchlets, narrowly oblong to narrowly linear leaves with stipules at the base, and mauve, pea-like flowers.
Description
Hovea asperifolia is a shrub that typically grows to a height of up to high, its branchlets densely covered with white to grey or black hairs. The leaves are narrowly oblong to narrowly linear, long, wide on a petiole long with densely hairy stipules long at the base. The leaves are usually more or less glabrous, flat to arched either side of the mid-vein, and rough on the upper surface. The flowers are usually arranged in pairs in leaf axils, each flower on a hairy pedicel long with hairy bracts and bracteoles long at the base. The sepals are long, the upper pair joined and wide, the three lower lobes long. The standard petal is pale to deep mauve, sometimes with a yellow centre, and long, wide. The wings are long and the keel long. Flowering occurs from August to November and the fruit is a pod long.
Taxonomy and naming
Hovea asperifolia was first formally described in 2001 by Ian R. Thompson in Australian Systematic Botany from specimens collected near Powelltown in 1983. Hovea asperifolia was previously included in H. pannosa.
In the same journal article, Thompson described two subspecies and the names are accepted by the Australian Plant Census:
Hovea asperifolia I.Thomps. subsp. asperifolia has leaves up to wide and the standard petal has a yellow base;
Hovea asperifolia subsp. spinosissima I.Thomps. has leaves up to wide and the standard petal is entirely mauve.
Distribution and habitat
This species of pea grows in forest in hilly to mountainous country in south-eastern New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory and eastern Victoria. Subspecies spinosissima is restricted to the ranges near Daylesford and Euroa in central Victoria.
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69667654
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna%20of%20Constantinople
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Madonna of Constantinople
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Madonna of Constantinople is a tempera painting created by Greek painter Angelos Pitzamanos. Angelo was from the island of Crete. He was active from 1482 to 1535. His teacher was famous painter Andreas Pavias. Angelo finished commissions with his brother Donatus Pitzamanos. Eleven remaining works are attributed to Angelo. He signed most of his works in Latin, his signature poem was Angelus Bizamanus the Greek painter from Crete.
The painting was nicknamed Madonna of Constantinople. His brother famous Greek painter Donatus Pitzamanos also created works called Madonna of Constantinople. Another work by Angelo was nicknamed the Madonna of Constantinople. It is located at the church of San Matteo Bisceglie, Italy. Madonna of Constantinople was a very common name for art affiliated with Constantinople. Italian Renaissance patrons preferred the works of Greek Byzantine masters from Constantinople. Constantinople and Thessaloniki were the epicenters of Greek Byzantine painting and the palaeologan renaissance. Another famous Greek painter Michele Greco da Valona was also affiliated with Constantinople. Greek painter Belisario Corenzio was named after the famous Byzantine General Belisarius.
Italian art began to transition away from the Italian-Greek Byzantine style both Angelo and Michele Greco De Valano adopted the new technique incorporating both Byzantine painting and the Italian Renaissance style. Both artists can be likened to another famous painter of Greek origin from the same period named Ioannis Permeniates. Greek painters such as El Greco and Michael Damaskinos followed the same path during the second half of the 16th century. Other Italian Renaissance painters of Greek origin such as Antonio Vassilacchi and Marco Basaiti completely adopted the Italian style. The Madonna of Constantinople by Angelo is located at the Pinacoteca metropolitana di Bari.
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69667654
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna%20of%20Constantinople
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Madonna of Constantinople
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The artist constructed a figure that has substance, dimensionality, and spatial depth. The Virgin wears a bright red cloak. The hems are decorated with gold lines. The garment illustrates the artist's knowledge of advanced shadowing techniques prevalent at that time. The Virgin is wearing a bluish tunic under her heavenly robe. Her neck is decorated with red and gold friezes. The brown hair of the three figures is also painted in detail.
All three celestial figures feature gold halos. The young figure of Jesus
holds a sphere in his left hand. This was a common technique in Cretan paintings. Nikolaos Tzafouris introduced the style in his Madre della Consolazione. The Christ child is seated on a cushion with golden tassels. The young Saint John (San Giovannino) looks up at the Christ child. Saint John holds the patriarchal cross and kneels before the Christ child. He is wearing his traditional humble attire. On the back of the painting, the painter signed his name in white capital letters. The tablet also features a unique sun with alternating straight and serpentine rays. In the center, another inscription exists YHS (Yesus Hominum Salvator). The back also features two stars painted in gold.
Gallery
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69667813
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%20Red
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Star Red
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is a Japanese science fiction manga series written and illustrated by Moto Hagio. It was serialized in Shogakukan's manga magazine Shūkan Shōjo Comic from 1978 to 1979.
Synopsis
In the near future, overpopulation on Earth has led humanity to colonize space. Mars was colonized in 2050, though extremely high rates of stillbirth among the colonists made long-term colonization impossible; the planet was transformed into a prison in 2070 before being abandoned in 2150. Some children born on Mars developed genetic mutations giving them parapsychological powers, which became more potent across subsequent generations of Martians. When humanity attempted to re-colonize Mars in 2264, they discovered the surviving Martian population, and attempted to exterminate and experiment upon them.
The primary action of the series focuses on , a fifth generation Martian possessing the power of telepathy, telekinesis, and teleportation. She is exiled to Earth in 2276, where she is forced to conceal her Martian identity. There she encounters , an alien who comes into conflict with both humanity and the Martians. Sei ultimately dies, but her consciousness survives in a sort of limbo; there she meets various spirits with vague sexual identities, which allow her to be reborn as a sixth generation Martian.
Production and release
Star Red was conceived after Hagio's editor at Shūkan Shōjo Comic suddenly asked her to create a new manga, and informed her that she had three days to produce a full-color ad page promoting the series. The author, intrigued by the planet Mars, elected to create a story about a Martian child raised on Earth who returns to Mars. To create the Martian landscapes, Hagio used photographs taken by NASA during the Viking 1 Mars exploration mission as reference material.
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69667903
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy%20Ghost%20hole
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Holy Ghost hole
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A Holy Ghost hole, or Holy Spirit hole, is a circular opening in the ceiling of a church which symbolises the descent of the Holy Spirit on the day of Pentecost. The openings are often used for liturgical performances.
They were most commonly built in churches in Austria and southern Germany during the Middle Ages and Baroque period, though classicizing architectural elements often replicate their appearance. Baroque organ sound-holes, in particular, were often decorated or disguised as Holy Ghost holes. Other features of church architecture which are similarly built into the apex of a ceiling or dome, such as oculi, often closely resemble Holy Ghost holes.
Usage
Holy Ghost holes have been used in a variety of ways during Pentecost sermons to symbolise the descent of the Holy Spirit. Live doves may have previously been released from the openings during the Middle Ages, though the practice has been replaced by dove figurines, suspended from the ceiling and lowered through the opening. To symbolise the "tongues of fire" as described in Acts 2:3, burning oakum was often dropped from the hole onto the congregation below. Today, rose petals are more commonly released, as is most famously done at the Pantheon.
In addition to these, the holes may also be used on the Feast of the Ascension. A common ceremony is a figurine or statue of Jesus is lifted up through the ceiling, suspended by a string, symbolising the Ascension of Jesus. Documentation of this tradition dates as early as the baroque period. The tradition is still practiced in some churches in rural Austria and Germany.
Decoration
Holy Ghost holes are typically decorated with Pentecost motifs, such as doves, rays of light, and flames. The hole may be permanently left open, displaying a dove figurine or other depictions of the Holy Spirit. However, the holes are mostly covered by latticework or a wooden lid which is only opened for liturgical performances.
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69668001
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish%20Deer%20Centre
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Scottish Deer Centre
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The Scottish Deer Centre is a zoological park near Cupar in Fife, Scotland.
The attraction is set on the estate of Over Rankeilour, at the former Over Rankeilour Farm close to the hamlet of the Bow of Fife. Opened in 1988 by the farm's owners, the centre attracted over 70,000 visitors in 2019, making it Fife's second most popular paid attraction behind St Andrews Castle. While opened primarily as a working deer farm with entertainment for the public, it now focuses on conservation, education and research as a member of BIAZA.
The Scottish Deer Centre is home to 12 species of deer, as well as wolves, wildcats, bears, otters and local wildlife. It also contains a bird of prey centre which offers daily shows, tours and experiences. A cafe, gift shop, and several activities such as go-karting are also available.
History
The idea of the Scottish Deer Centre was conceived around a year prior to its opening by Ian and Evelyn Crombie - owners of Over Rankeilour Farm - and John and Nichola Fletcher, farmers from nearby Reediehill Farm in Auchtermuchty. In order to transform 55 acres of the Rankeilour estate into a tourist attraction, funding was received from the Scottish Tourist Board with the hopes of garnering around 50,000 visitors per year.
In 1988, the centre opened with visitor attractions, including a shop and exhibition centre, based mainly in the Georgian courtyard of the farm. A restaurant also opened in December of the same year under the name "Staggies".
The Scottish Deer Centre was sold to Edinburgh Woollen Mill in 1996 after being put up for sale by founders Ian and Evelyn Crombie who wanted to move onto new ventures. This led to a greater focus on the tourism side of the business, including renovations and extensions to customer-facing aspects of the property. Birds of prey had been added to the ever-growing number of attractions by this time.
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69668003
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradoryphoribius
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Paradoryphoribius
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Paradoryphoribius is an extinct genus of tardigrades from the order Parachela. It is the third fossil tardigrade to be named, described in 2021 from Miocene Dominican amber from the Dominican Republic. The type, and currently only species, is P. chronocaribbeus.
Discovery and naming
The holotype was discovered in Miocene Dominican amber from the Dominican Republic. The amber specimen also contains three ants, a beetle, and a flower.
Paradoryphoribius chronocaribbeus was named and described by Mapalo et al. (2021), making it the first extinct tardigrade known from the Cenozoic and is also the first tardigrade known from the Miocene.
Description
It has a length of 539 microns.
Classification
In their description of Aerobius dactylus, Mapalo, Wolfe & Ortega-Hernández (2024) phylogenetically analyzed a combination of morphological features and rRNA sequences of multiple known tardigrade species. They recovered Paradoryphorybius as the sister taxon of Hexapodibius micronyx. These results are displayed in the cladogram below, with extinct species designated with a dagger ():
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69668024
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20accolades%20received%20by%20West%20Side%20Story%20%282021%20film%29
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List of accolades received by West Side Story (2021 film)
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West Side Story is a 2021 American musical romantic drama film directed and co-produced by Steven Spielberg from a screenplay by Tony Kushner. It is the second feature-length adaptation of the 1957 stage musical of the same name. It stars Ansel Elgort and Rachel Zegler in her film debut with Ariana DeBose, David Alvarez, Mike Faist, and Rita Moreno in supporting roles. Moreno, who starred in the 1961 film adaptation, also served as an executive producer, alongside Kushner. The film features music composed by Leonard Bernstein, with lyrics by Stephen Sondheim.
West Side Story had its world premiere at Jazz at Lincoln Center's Rose Theater in New York City on November 29, 2021, three days after the death of Sondheim. The movie was theatrically distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures through the 20th Century Studios label in the United States on December 10, after being delayed a year due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The film received critical and audience acclaim alike, with praise for its acting and musical performances, Spielberg's direction, and the cinematography, with some critics deeming it superior to the 1961 film. It was named one of the top ten films of 2021 by the National Board of Review and the American Film Institute.
At the 94th Academy Awards, the film has received seven nominations, including Best Picture. It became the second adaptation of the same source material for a previous Best Picture winner to be nominated for the same award after 1962's Mutiny on the Bounty. With his Best Picture nod, Spielberg became the most nominated individual in the category with eleven films. Spielberg's Best Director nomination also made him the first filmmaker to be nominated in that category in six consecutive decades. Paul Tazewell became the first African American male costume designer to be nominated for Best Costume Design for his work on the film.
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69668987
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimi%20Levin%20Lieber
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Mimi Levin Lieber
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Mimi Levin Lieber (March 22, 1928 – October 16, 2021), born Miriam Leah Levin, was a sociologist who developed new techniques in consumer attitude research. As a member of the New York State Board of Regents, she became a significant figure in shaping elementary education policy in New York. Much of her early professional career focused on targeted forms of behavioral economic research. Analysis and interview methods developed by Lieber and her contemporaries helped lay the groundwork for modern integrated marketing tools, such as focus groups and opinion polling. Later in life, Lieber turned her efforts toward children's literacy advocacy, most notably in her founding of Literacy Inc.
Early life and education
Lieber was born in Detroit, Michigan, the daughter of Rhoda (Katzin) and Theodore Levin, a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan. The family lived on LaSalle Boulevard in Detroit, a predominantly Jewish neighborhood where her father, before becoming a judge, worked in private practice as an attorney. Her father helped Jewish immigrants obtain entry and citizenship after the Immigration Act of 1924 dramatically increased barriers to entry into the United States. She graduated from Central High School in Detroit in 1945, and received her BA in 1948 and MA in 1951, both from the University of Chicago. Her Master's dissertation, “Women in Local Community Activities: A Participation Study”, focused on the role of community newspapers in community development. She credits her interview experiences with people in South Side Chicago for this dissertation as inspiration for her later work. She also earned a teaching certificate from the Laboratory School at the University of Chicago during this period.
Career
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69669263
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Vallot
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Joseph Vallot
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Joseph Vallot (; 16 February 1854 – 11 April 1925) was a French scientist, astronomer, botanist, geographer, cartographer and alpinist and "one of the founding fathers of scientific research on Mont Blanc". He is known mainly for his fascination with Mont Blanc and his work in funding and constructing a high-altitude observatory below its summit, and for the many years of study and research work that he and his wife conducted both there, and at their base in Chamonix. The observatory and adjacent refuge that he constructed for use by mountain guides and their clients attempting the Mont Blanc summit both still bear his name today, despite being rebuilt in modern times.
He received many awards for his scientific achievements, including France's Legion of Honour.
Life
Joseph Vallot was born on 16 February 1854 at Lodève in southern France. His father was Émile Vallot and he had a cousin, Henri - both of whom Joseph collaborated professionally with in later life. Vallot's family were wealthy, having made their fortunes in the dye and textile business, and this allowed him to pursue and fund his many grand scientific undertakings throughout his life. Joseph Vallot received a classical education in Paris, first at the Lycée Charlemagne and then the Sorbonne. He subsequently undertook studies at the Laboratoire de Recherche des Hautes Etudes, the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle and at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris. His interests were initially mostly in botany and geology, and he wrote articles on the plants of Africa and of the Pyrenees, publishing many alpine articles after 1886 in the annals of the French Alpine Club, of which he was a member of the Paris section. He later became the vice-president of the Société botanique de France.
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69669263
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Vallot
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Joseph Vallot
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Joseph Vallot's contributions to cartography and to high-altitude science (many made jointly with his wife) led to him receiving many honours and accolades over his lifetime.
In 1895 Vallot was awarded a gold medal from the Société d'Encouragement for his work in establishing the Mont Blanc Observatory.
He was also awarded the 'grand prix des sciences physiques' and the 'prix Wilde' of the French Academy of Sciences. He was a recipient of the Legion of Honour; made a Chevalier of the , an officer of the Order of the Medjidie, and an officer of the Order of Saint-Charles of Monaco. In addition, Vallot was a corresponding member of the Bureau des Longitudes and was granted honorary presidency of the French Alpine Club.
Places named in his honour include Avenue Joseph Vallot and Lycée Joseph-Vallot in Lodève, Rue Joseph Vallot, Chamonix, Rue Joseph Vallot and Avenue Joseph Vallot, Nice.
Later life
From 1905 onwards, with his health deteriorating from the many long stays at high altitudes, Joseph Vallot started to spend his winter months in Nice. The climate was more favourable for him there, though he was no less active. In Nice, he built a weather station to enable him to study the region's weather, and he also continued with his botanical interests. According to the website of the Alpine Museum in Chamonix, Vallot collected some 200,000 herbarium specimens which were donated to the Nice museum.
In 1907, Vallot, who had partnered with the cinematographer, Léon Gaumont, was involved in the production of a 9.5mm film documenting the climbing of Mont Blanc.
In September 1920, at the age of 66, Vallot made his last climb to stay and to make scientific measurements in his high-altitude observatory. From there he also made his 34th and final ascent to the summit of Mont Blanc.
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69669389
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/211th%20%28Wessex%29%20Field%20Hospital
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211th (Wessex) Field Hospital
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Reorganisation
On 1 March 1970, the Royal Army Medical Corps went through an internal reorganisation which saw the old medical designations replaced by modern terms. The old casualty clearing stations became field hospitals (a term which will disappear in the British Army in 2022), and the old field dressing stations became field ambulances. The new field hospitals were non-mobile units designed to take care of, run, and maintain rear hospitals, with the 211th capable of a 200-bed hospital, this later being expanded to a 400-bed unit. The field ambulances meanwhile, as the name would suggest, were mobile units equipped with Land Rover Ambulances which would support units on the battlefield. From this date, the station became 211th (Wessex) Field Hospital, Royal Army Medical Corps (Volunteers).
After the renaming of RAMC units in 1970, the organisation of these units was also reorganised into the following: headquarters, reception team, four wards of 50 bed blocks each, specialist departments (Medicine, X-ray, Pathology, and Dental provided by the Royal Army Dental Corps), and 4 x surgical teams. If mobilised, section of a blood support unit would be attached. Each field hospital was also supported by 21 officers of Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps and the medical platoon attached to an engineer support & ambulance squadron of the Royal Corps of Transport. The establishment of the hospital was set at 48 officers and 141 other ranks.
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69670000
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian%20Prior%20%28doctor%29
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Ian Prior (doctor)
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Prior's career in epidemiology was sparked by a report in 1960 into the incidence of coronary disease, diabetes and hypertension in Māori people and the questions this raised about lifestyle and the wider causes of illness. With assistance from a Ngāi Tūhoe leader, he undertook a study in Whakatāne.
He extended his interest in Māori health to other Pacific peoples, in particular finding out how modernisation and changes in diet contributed to hypertension, diabetes and obesity. His first epidemiological study in the Pacific was in Pukapuka in the northern Cook Islands in 1964 where his team found that diabetes was uncommon and that blood pressure and weight did not increase with age. People ate traditional diets with little flour, sugar and salt and had strong family and social structures.
In 1967, Prior began the Tokelau Island Migrant Study. Atolls in the Tokelaus had been damaged by cyclones and the New Zealand government enabled migration of Tokelau Islanders to New Zealand. Prior's research, which lasted 15 years until 1982, studied those who had migrated and those who stayed in the Tokelaus. It was found that the islanders who remained were healthier; those in New Zealand gained weight, had elevated blood pressure and an increase in rates of asthma, gout and diabetes. However, the migrants who maintained strong cultural ties remained healthier. The study was important for being a multi-disciplinary study of health within the social context of migration. Over the years a number of government, NGO and international organisations assisted the study: the World Health Organisation, the NZ Medical Research Council, the Wellington Hospital Board, the Navy, and the Office of Tokelau Affairs.
In 1973, Prior took part in a study on Ponape Island in the Caroline Islands. The results showed that high scores on an index of modernisation, e.g. schooling and newspaper reading, correlated with high blood pressure.
| 2.625
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69670096
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepraria%20salazinica
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Lepraria salazinica
|
Lepraria salazinica is a species of rock-dwelling, leprose lichen in the family Stereocaulaceae. It is found in the eastern United States.
Taxonomy
The lichen was described as a new species in 2007 by the Norwegian lichenologist Tor Tønsberg. The type specimen was collected by Tønsberg along Balsam Mountain road in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Here the lichen was growing on a rock under an overhang. The specific epithet refers to the presence of the secondary compound salazinic acid, which is rare in the genus Lepraria. It also contains atranorin and angardianic/roccellic acid. Lepraria multiacida is another species in the genus known to produce salazinic acid, but only in minor amounts along with other substances.
Description
The lichen has a thin, grayish-white powdery to granular thallus that forms small patches on the rock surface. The photobiont partner of the lichen is trebouxioid: spherical unicellular green algae with cells measuring up to 13 μm in diameter. The distribution of the lichen is not well known, but it has been recorded from North Carolina and Tennessee.
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69670295
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial%20to%20Victims%20of%20Violence%20in%20Mexico
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Memorial to Victims of Violence in Mexico
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Felipe Calderón served as the president of Mexico from 1 December 2006 to 30 November 2012. Days after taking office, Calderón enlisted the Mexican Armed Forces in the global war on drugs. During his presidency, the low-intensity conflict led to casualties of an estimated 70,000 people in collateral damage, with Calderón claiming that the majority of the fatalities were criminals. Isabel Miranda de Wallace, founder of the Alto al Secuestro association, asked Calderón for a location to place a memorial in 2010. Although the proposal was initially ignored, Javier Sicilia, leader of the Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity (MPJD), and Julián LeBarón retook the proposal in a meeting with Calderón the following year. In 2012, Calderón had conversations with the victims' relatives and informed them of the idea for a memorial construction.
Gaeta Springall Arquitectos, owned by Julio Gaeta and Luby Springall, won the national contest to erect the memorial. It was commissioned by a government organization called the Procuraduría Social de Atención a las Víctimas de Delitos (Províctima), which was later renamed as the Comisión Ejecutiva de Atención a Víctimas (CEAV). The selected space was a 15,000 m2 (161,000 square feet) field at Campo Marte, previously administered by the Secretariat of National Defense (SEDENA), in Chapultepec Park, Mexico City. The Secretariat of Welfare contributed around Mex$30,000,000 (US$2,550,000) toward the project's cost.
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69670370
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Ross%20%28farmer%29
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George Ross (farmer)
|
George Arthur Emilius Ross (some sources say Aemilius, Æmilius, or Emileus; 1829 – 23 November 1876) was a New Zealand farmer and provincial politician. A cultured and well-educated man, he suffered a breakdown while at Oxford University and relocated to Christchurch for health reasons before he finished his degree. After a short period as a cadet to learn the basics of sheep farming, he became a major land owner. He was an elected member of the Canterbury Provincial Council (1858–1861; 1862–1865) for the rural Rakaia electorate and was on the Canterbury Provincial Executive Council on a number of occasions (1859; 1863–1867) including nearly two years as provincial treasurer. Well-liked as an individual, he was chaotic as a businessman and went bankrupt after a harsh winter in 1867 that caused great loss of stock. He suffered a mental breakdown and disappeared from public life thereafter, with his young wife, Sibella, sustaining the family by running a school that her parents had financed for them. Ross died young aged 48 and his wife outlived him by five decades, bringing up a family of eight children by herself. The West Coast town of Ross was named after him during his lifetime.
Early life
Ross was born in 1829 and baptised on 17 May of that year in Dorchester, Dorset, England. His parents were Edward Dalhousie Ross and Euphemia (). Ross studied at Oxford University but had a breakdown before he obtained his degree. To improve his health, he emigrated to Canterbury, New Zealand, on the Fatima and arrived at Lyttelton on 27 December 1851. He chose Canterbury as his mother's cousin, Rev. James Wilson, had emigrated to Christchurch earlier in 1851.
Professional career
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69670564
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anuradha%20Patil
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Anuradha Patil
|
Anuradha Patil (born 5 April 1953) is an Indian poet, writing in the Marathi language. In 2019, she won the Sahitya Akademi Award, India's highest literary honor, for her collection of poetry Kadachit Ajoonahi.
Biography
Patil was born in Pahur, Maharashtra, into a family of farmers. She received no formal education after high school. She married Kautikrao Thale Patil, a teacher and professor of Marathi literature, at the age of 21. She lives in Aurangabad.
Career
Writing
Patil began writing poetry at the age of 20, and in 1982, won an award from the State of Maharashtra's literary academy, the Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad for her collection titled Digant. In 1986, she won an award from the Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad for her second collection of poetry, Tarihee. Patil subsequently published three other collections of poetry: Divasendivas, Darasal and Waaluchya Paatrat Manndalela Khel. In 2017, she published a collection of poetry titled Kadachit Ajoonahi (tr. Perhaps, Still) which won the 2019 Sahitya Akademi Award in Marathi (India's highest literary honor). The Sahitya Akademi praised Patil's poetry, stating that it was "...seminal in content and form," and praising her other writing as well, including her literary criticism and essays which have been published as parts of edited works. Her writing deals with accounts of rural life in Maharashtra, particularly her native region of Marathwada and Khandesh, and of the lives of women, covering themes of nature, motherhood, and solitude. Her poetry has been widely translated into other Indian languages, including Hindi and Rajasthani.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre%20Baranyanka
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Pierre Baranyanka
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Baranyanka served as head of a chiefdom near Gitega until the Belgians appointed him chief of Ndora-Kayanza, Ngozi District in 1929. Ndora-Kayanza was the former domain of a Hutu leader, Kilima, and the territory had experienced several bouts of rebellion under his rule and until his death in 1920. Baranyanka established a palace at Rabiro. Within his domain, he was known as a somewhat despotic ruler, with the Belgians ceding him the authority to mediate legal disputes, collect taxes, recruit and manage forced labour, and represent the colonial administration. He encouraged his subjects to plant coffee, and used forced labour to develop his own coffee holdings. Numerous residents reported that he dealt out harsh physical discipline. Biographer Charles Ndayiziga wrote, "Baranyanka was not a friend of the people." Baranyanka preferred to act as a distant ruler, having instructions passed down to the populace through his subchiefs, though occasionally he hosted public meetings to issue work orders. An asthmatic, he often appeared in public holding a handkerchief to his face, though locals believed this was because he disliked the smell of common people.
Baranyanka's abuses, as well as irregular rains, stoked rumors of Kilima's return to regain his place as ruler. In 1934 a spiritual healer in the area, Inamujandi, began prophesising the coming of a new king who would usher in a golden age. As her support grew, residents began ignoring the authority of the Belgian-appointed chiefs. Baranyanka reported the incipient uprising to the Belgians, who arrested Inamujandi and crushed her rebellion. Ndora-Kayanza remained peaceful throughout the rest of Baranyanka's tenure as chief. Some locals moved to Rwanda to avoid his harsh taxation. While some residents remained dissatisfied with his harsh methods, others reflected that his tenure brought peace to the area and his promotion of coffee led to some prosperity. Chiefdoms were abolished in 1960 and Baranyanka was given a pension.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal%20Head%20Holey%20Dollar
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Hannibal Head Holey Dollar
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The Hannibal Head Holey Dollar is a one of a kind holey dollar coin made from a Spanish eight Reale coin that bore the image of Joseph Bonaparte. The coin was sold by Coinworks to a private collector in July 2018, fetching $500,000.
History
The original Spanish eight reale coin that the Hannibal Head Holey was made from was struck in 1810 in Lima, Peru. At the time the monarch of Spain was King Joseph I of Spain, Napoleon Bonaparte’s elder brother. The Spanish people revolted against French rule in both Spain and its colonies and as a result a Peruvian mint created coins featuring an unflattering portrait of Joseph I. This gives the coin its name “Hannibal head.”
In 1812, much of the currency in New South Wales was being funneled out by trade with merchants which resulted in a shortage of coin. Governor Lachlan Macquarie wanted to fix this issue by creating a supply of coins for the colony that would be unusable outside of it. He shipped 40,000 Spanish silver 8 reale coins to New South Wales and began the process of transforming them into the Holey dollar. To do this Macquarie employed convicted forger William Henshall and gave him the task of stamping out the centers of each coin and counterstamping them so they would be useless outside of the colony. The outer ring was valued at five shillings while the central plug, known as the “Dump” was valued at fifteen pence. Around 300 of these coins are known to remain, most of which are in private collections.
In 1881 the Hannibal Head Holey dollar was found in Tasmania in what was believed to be a Bushrangers hoard. There is only one known holey dollar to bear the Hannibal Head portrait and is rated “nearly extremely fine” quality.
It went to auction in 2018 at the Eminent colonial auctions through Coinworks, valued at an estimated $450,000 and sold to a private collector for $500,000.
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69671789
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashmi%20Narzary
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Rashmi Narzary
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Rashmi Narzary is an Indian writer of Bodo origin, who writes in English language. She is best known for her children's book His Share of Sky (2012), for which she won the Sahitya Akademi Award in 2016.
Her debut novel, BLOODSTONE, Legend of the Last Engraving, is a literally, socially and academically acclaimed work that has inspired research papers on gender studies. Her other works include Mosaic, Colors of Life, a collection of short stories on human relations and emotions, and Looking Beyond, stories of hope and life experiences of children at the Snehalaya House of Love.
Her second novel is An Unfinished Search (Pippa Rann Books, U.K., 2023).
Her latest work is 'Whistles of the Siphoong, Tales from Assam's Bodo Heartland' published by https://www.ombooksinternational.com/. Based on legends, lore, festivities, rituals and music of the Boro or Bodo people of Assam, this work of fiction is a collection of short stories which move through the real and fantastical to bring alive the threads of joy, compassion and care that connect humans to nature and tradition, to stories and music and above all to one another.
Her translated works include some of the late Dr. Bhabendra Nath Saikia's award winning Assamese stories into English.
Starting her education in Pine Mount School, Shillong, Narzary graduated in Economics from Cotton College, now Cotton University. She did her Post Graduation in Human Resource Management from Symbiosis.
Rashmi Narzary's work has been translated into other Indian and foreign languages and is taught in Universities.
She lives in Guwahati.
Spouse : Hemanta Narzary, former IAS officer, presently Special Monitor, National Human Rights Commission
Daughter: Dr. Sandhya Narzary
Son : Jairaj Narzary
Awards
Sahitya Akademi for Children’s Literature, 2016
Prag Prerona Award for Literature, 2020
https://asiawa.jpf.go.jp/en/culture/features/f-yomu-india-rashmi-narzary/
https://pipparannbooks.com/the-many-that-i-am-writings-from-nagaland/
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara%20Hepner
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Clara Hepner
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Career as a writer
Clara Hepner discovered a talent for writing late in life, publishing her first book in 1906 (Sonnenscheinchens Erste Reise, The Little Sunbeam's First Journey) at age 46, still under the German Empire. Her manuscript translation of Gaspard de la Nuit from French to German had been rejected for publication by the Insel-Verlag in Leipzig the year before, in 1905. She wrote some poems that were set to music around 1910, but primarily she earned a reputation for herself as a German author of children's stories during the Weimar Republic. Her stories were illustrated by famous artists of the day, like , , Josef Mauder, , , , Else Wenz-Viëtor, Fritz Lang, Otto Ubbelohde, , among others.
After the Nazis rose to power in January 1933, her main publishing house (Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung in Stuttgart) at first was allowed to continue printing her books but came under increasing pressure to fire Jewish and "politically suspect" authors. Forced to abandon her apartment in Munich under the anti-Jewish laws of the Nazi government, she committed suicide in Munich on August 11, 1939, at age 78, and was buried in the New Jewish Cemetery there.
Writings
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20bisexuality
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History of bisexuality
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These practices are recounted in countless literary works, most of which have yet to be translated. English translations are available, however, for Ihara Saikaku, who featured a bisexual man in The Life of a Man in Love (1682), for Jippensha Ikku's account of the first gay relationship in the post-publication 'Preface' to Shank's Mare (1802 et seq), and Ueda Akinari's portrayal of a gay Buddhist monk in Tales of Moonlight and Rain (1776). Similarly, many of the greatest artists of the period, such as Hokusai and Hiroshige, took pride in documenting such love affairs in their prints, known as Ukiyo-e, pictures of the floating world, where they adopt an erotic tone, shunga or springtime pictures.
Nanshoku was not considered incompatible with heterosexuality; books of erotic prints dedicated to nanshoku often featured erotic images of young women (concubines, mekake or prostitutes, jōrō) as well as attractive teenagers (wakashū) and young cross-dressers (onnagata). Similarly, women were seen as particularly attracted to wakashū and onnagata, and it was assumed that these young men would return this interest. Nanshoku practitioners and the young men they desired would be considered bisexual in modern terminology.
Ancient China
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery%20of%20the%20Berber%20cultures
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Jewellery of the Berber cultures
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History
In their documented history, going back to prehistoric times, The different indigenous Berber peoples of North Africa, ranging from the Siwa Oasis in Egypt to Morocco and Mauritania, and historically including the Guanches of the Canary Islands, have undergone constant changes in lifestyles and culture. Most notably, the Arab conquest brought about important changes from the late 7th century onwards. Over time, the different Berber groups of the vast area that is North Africa adapted to external influences and their cultures, living partially as rural, but also as urban populations. Especially in larger cities and towns, such as Marrakesh or Meknes, Berbers mixed with people of other ethnic backgrounds, gradually bringing forth an urban, Islamized and partially Arabized society, which led to a gradual change of traditional Berber culture.
Rural Berber cultures
In rural areas, Berbers were traditionally farmers, living in mountains, plains or an oasis, such as the Siwa oasis in Egypt; but others, like the Tuareg and Zenata of the southern Sahara, were almost wholly nomadic. Some groups, such as the Chaouis, practised a semi-nomadic life (transhumance) and, during some months of the year, roamed the country with their herds of livestock (donkeys, sheep, goats, and camels in some areas) in search of fertile pastures.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery%20of%20the%20Berber%20cultures
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Jewellery of the Berber cultures
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While the Arabized and urban inhabitants of North Africa preferred jewellery made of gold, the rural Berbers held on to silver jewellery for centuries. This provided the economic basis for the silversmiths in medium-sized towns, such as Tiznit or Sefrou in Morocco or in the Kabylia mountains in Algeria, which were often run by Jewish silversmiths. Whether the preference for silver happened solely for social, economic or reasons attributed to folklore, such as the belief that these pieces bestow a protective effect (baraka), or for other reasons, can no longer be determined.
In Algeria, important centres of jewellery production and usage were the villages of the Beni Yenni district and the town of Ouadhiya in the Great Kabylia mountains east of Algiers. In the north-eastern mountain region of the Aurès, the Chaoui Berbers used silver jewellery, typically made with enamel applications and corals. In southern Tunisia, the island of Djerba was a traditional centre of jewellery production, whereby figurative motifs (plants, fish, birds), and sometimes gold instead of silver were used in contrast to the traditions in Morocco and Algeria.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery%20of%20the%20Berber%20cultures
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Jewellery of the Berber cultures
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Tuareg and Mauritanian jewellery
Jewellery made of silver, coloured glass or iron is also a special tradition of the Tuareg people. They belong to the Berber peoples and mostly still live as semi-nomads in parts of the Sahara in the Hoggar region of modern-day Algeria, Libya, Niger, Mali and Burkina Faso. Their jewellery is remarkable for the so-called Cross of Agadez, even though only a few of these pieces resemble a cross. Most are worn as pendants with varied shapes that either resemble a cross or have the shape of a plate or shield. Historically, the oldest known specimens were made of stone or copper, but subsequently, the Tuareg blacksmiths also used iron and silver made in the lost-wax casting technique. According to the article "The cross of Agadez", this piece has become a national and African symbol for Tuareg culture and political rights. Today, these pieces of jewellery are often made for tourists or as items of ethnic-style fashion for customers in other countries, with certain modern changes.
Tuareg jewellery has been compared to similar styles of southwestern Morocco, the western parts of the Sahara and Mauritania, like the Cross of Trarza, traditionally produced by Berber people, who speak Hassaniya Arabic and are sometimes referred to as Moors or Beidane. According to studies of Tuareg and Mauritanian jewellery, the latter are usually more embellished and may carry typical pyramidal elements. Specimens of their jewellery, including heavy silver anklets, were published in the book Berber women of Morocco.
Methods, forms and society
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery%20of%20the%20Berber%20cultures
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Jewellery of the Berber cultures
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Typical basic forms of jewellery are triangles and almond shapes, as well as the so-called khmissa (local pronunciation of the Arabic word khamsa for the number five), which is called as in the Berber language (Tamazight). This form represents the five fingers of the hand and is traditionally believed both by Muslims as well as Jewish people to protect against the Evil Eye. Apart from these, geometrical, floral, animal and "cosmic" forms such as solar discs or crescents were used according to regional traditions. The geometric shapes of jewellery can also be found in the ornaments of Berber mud-brick or stone buildings and on their traditional clothes and carpets. The tattoos of Berber women and their henna ornaments applied on special occasions as well as some images of regional rock art also show similar forms.
In the southern parts of Morocco, especially in today's regions of Drâa-Tafilalet and Sous with the important marketplace Tiznit, Jewish Berbers, who had lived there since at least the second century BCE until their emigration in the late 1950s, were renowned silversmiths for their Berber jewellery. Since the khmisa, as the "Hand of Miriam" also has a protective reputation against bad luck for Jews, such pieces were also made with a Star of David.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery%20of%20the%20Berber%20cultures
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Jewellery of the Berber cultures
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For his illustrated book Costumes du Maroc (1942), he identified three basic categories of costumes: rural Berber dress, Jewish dress and urban citizens' costumes, some of which with Arab elements of dress. Further, each of the portraits of his 60 gouache paintings was attributed to a specific social role (married woman, palace guard, musician etc.), city or region, and Berber dress also assigned to corresponding tribal groups. As these forms of dress were still very much alive and differentiated in the 1930s, Besancenot remarked that in rural areas, each type of dress represented a tribal identity. As his artistic colour portraits of persons in full length did not allow sufficient space for elements like hairstyles, shoes or how to drape loose pieces of textiles, such as the urban haik and Berber draped garments, he added explanations and drawings of these pieces of personal appearance. To represent jewellery in detail, he added descriptions and drawings of 56 pieces of urban as well as 38 rural Berber styles. In his second work, Bijoux arabes et berbères du Maroc (1953), he published his drawings and descriptions of almost 200 pieces of jewellery from different places and traditions in Morocco. Besancenot was originally a painter, and his drawings highlight the intricate features of the pieces in reduced detail compared to his corresponding photographs.
In the course of his field visits, he learned to use photography as a means of quickly capturing his ethnographic impressions. In an interview with the journalist Dominique Carré, he commented on his approach: "I wanted to prove that scientists very often pursue their investigations in a frame of mind that partially leaves aside the aesthetic aspect. [...] They thoroughly study many things but often neglect the aspects of traditional arts that contain a significant aesthetic value. I wanted to restore this value."
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery%20of%20the%20Berber%20cultures
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Jewellery of the Berber cultures
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Studies by ethnologists
Henriette Camps-Fabrer (1928–2015), a French ethnologist who specialized in North African culture, wrote several books about the Berber jewellery of Algeria and the neighbouring Maghreb countries between the 1970s and 1990. She and her husband, Gabriel Camps (1927–2002) had grown up in colonial Algeria and published research on the history of the Berber people. After the independence of Algeria in 1962, they taught archaeology and cultural anthropology at the University of Algiers and were associated with the Bardo National Museum. Gabriel Camps was also the founder and first editor-in-chief of the Encyclopédie Berbère, where entries about Berber jewellery, its history, production and typology by Camps-Fabrer were published.
The French ethnologist Marie-Rose Rabaté is the (co-)author of several books and articles since the late 1970s about popular traditions in Morocco, focussing on costumes, jewellery and other decorative arts. Commenting on the disappearing use of Berber jewellery since the 1960s, she deemed it "urgent, at the end of the [20th] century, to identify these ornaments, to locate them as exactly as possible, to give them their rightful place in the history of Moroccan traditions."
In his 1989 book Bijoux berbères au Maroc dans la tradition judéo-arabe, that focussed on the Jewish tradition in Morocco, the ethnologist David Rouach gave detailed information about how to ascertain the production date of some of the silver pieces, the forms and techniques used and especially about their symbols and designs.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery%20of%20the%20Berber%20cultures
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Jewellery of the Berber cultures
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Commenting on the central and gender-specific roles of women as producers of clothing and textiles and as beneficiaries of costumes and jewellery, Becker wrote in her 2006 study, Amazigh Arts in Morocco. Women Shaping Berber Identity,: "Women both created the artistic symbols of Berber identity and wore them on their bodies, making the decorated female body a public symbol of Berber identity." In she concludes that in contrast to North Africans of Arab culture, Berber women "are the primary producers of art, and women's arts identify the group as Berber."
French ethnologist Marie-Luce Gélard discusses jewellery in the context of collective marriage rituals of the Aït Khabbash tribe in southeastern Morocco and emphasizes both the gender-specific nature of such objects as well as the complementarity of gender-related cultural practices as follows:
Other contemporary aspects of ethnographic studies and the presentation of Berber and other North African material culture in museums relate to questions, how the complex social history and cultural production of Berber or Arabic-speaking people may be understood. In the context of post-colonial studies, authors such as Cynthia Becker and Lisa Bernaseck have stated that the relationships between "individuals, state institutions, academic scholarship and colonial arts policies have shaped our understanding of Berber arts". Art historical categories used to explain these relationships, such as the distinction between Arab/urban versus Berber/rural or ethnographical versus artistic objects, "continue to organize the production of knowledge about these arts today" and still are considered not fully adequate to describe the complex social production and interpretation of changing societies in the Maghreb.
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69673103
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aakar%20Patel
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Aakar Patel
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Aakar Patel is an Indian journalist, activist and author. He served as the head of Amnesty International in India between 2015 and 2019, and currently serves as the chair of the Board of Amnesty International in India. He is the author of Our Hindu Rashtra, an account of majoritarianism in India, and of Price of the Modi Years, which examines the administrative performance of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi. In 2014, he authored a translation of Saadat Hasan Manto's Urdu non-fiction Why I Write.
Early life
Patel was born in a lower middle class Hindu family in Surat, Gujarat. He grew up in a conservative environment. He later moved to Mumbai in search of a job and started working. Subsequently, he returned to his native place to join for a short stint as the editor in chief of a Gujarati newspaper Divya Bhaskar.
Patel has worked with several Indian media organisations. He has worked in the newspaper, Deccan Chronicle as a Deputy Editor and thereafter at Dorling Kindersley. He had also worked at Mid Day Multimedia Ltd as Editor in Chief. He has authored articles for Mint Lounge.
Activism
Patel co-authored a report on the 2002 Gujarat riots, titled 'Rights and Wrongs' . He is a human rights activist and had served as the executive director of Amnesty International India, heading its operations in India, between 2015 and 2019.
In 2022, a case was filed against Patel by a Bharatiya Janata Party politician (MLA) after which Patel's passport was impounded in Surat, Gujarat. After his petition, a Surat District and Sessions Court had granted Patel permission to use his own passport from March 1 to May 30 and visit the US.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olle%20Rimfors
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Olle Rimfors
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Olof “Olle” Alfred Rimfors (14 May 1896 – 26 February 1994) was a Swedish ski pioneer, ski instructor, military officer, and sports official. In 1934 he introduced alpine skiing in Sweden together with Sigge Bergman, after studying for a month at the ski school of Hannes Schneider in St. Anton am Arlberg and competing in the FIS Alpine World Championships.
Ski career and legacy
The early years
Olle Rimfors was born as Andersson in the small village of Vretstorp, Örebro County. His father ran the village hotel, a diary, and a sawmill. When he was four years old he got his first pair of skis as a Christmas present, skis that his father had bought in Norway while trading timber, only a few months before his sudden and tragic death in 1901. Skiing was still a rare novelty in the populated parts of Sweden, so Olle became self-taught after persistent practice on the heights where he lived above the village.
In 1912, Olle Rimfors joined Skidfrämjandet (the Association for the Promotion of Skiing in Sweden, now Swedish Outdoor Association) and shortly thereafter he began a career as a cross-country skier and ski jumper. He won three county championships in Västmanland-Närke for Örebro Sportklubb, in ski jumping 1921 and Nordic combined 1921 and 1922. He also won the prestigious Eberstein military competition in 1924 and the NOVOS competition in 1920, 1922, 1924 and 1930.
From 1927, Rimfors was a ski instructor at Skidfrämjandet's technique courses in Storlien. In 1931 he debuted as an author with the book Handbok i skidlöpning - del 1 (Handbook in skiing – part 1). The same year he shot the first Swedish film displaying alpine skiing, Tre män på skidor (Three Men on Skis), together with Gunnar Dyhlén and Folke Thörn, a propaganda film for alpine skiing and Skidfrämjandet's tourist facilities in Rämshyttan, Storlien and Riksgränsen. At the same time, Rimfors' acrobatic skills spread across the country via postcards with his front flip on skis.
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69673865
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentanogmius
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Pentanogmius
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Pentanogmius is an extinct genus of sail-finned ray-finned fish that lived during the Late Cretaceous in what is now Europe and the United States. Five species are currently recognized, 2 from Cenomanian to Turonian Europe and 3 better known species from Coniacian to Campanian North America. The American species inhabited large areas of the Western Interior Seaway, with fossil finds indicating a range from Texas and Alabama in the south to Manitoba, Canada, in the north.
History and naming
The first remains that now fall under the name Pentanogmius were found in the English Lower Chalk and described in 1850 as Plethodus pentagon. In 1877 Edward Drinker Cope named Anogmius evolutus from a let mandibular ramus found in the Niobrara Formation of Kansas, taking note of its less curved morphology compared to the other Anogmius species known at the time. As Anogmius was preoccupied, the name was eventually changed to Ananogmius and then Bananogmius. Later, Bananogmius polymicrodus was declared a synonym of B. evolutus. Material previously referred to Osmeroides was also referred to Anogmius with notable similarities to B. evolutus, however the specimen in question was destroyed during the bombing of Munich in WW2. Over the years a lot of material has been referred to P. evolutus including several well preserved skeletons, making it both the most abundant and best understood members of its family.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentanogmius
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Pentanogmius
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Plethodus pentagon was revised in the year 2000, determined to be a distinct genus and named Pentanogmius and a year later Louis Taverne determined that both Bananogmius evolutus and Bananogmius crieleyi (named by Applegate in 1970) did not match the autapomorphies defining Bananogmius and must instead represent a different genus of plethodid fish. In follow-up publications, Taverne officially includes both "B." evolutus and "B." crieleyi in the genus Pentanogmius. P. furcatus represents a second European species from Bohemia and was originally discovered in 1878 by Antonin Fritsch. In 2009 Joseph Fritsch (unrelated to Antonin) and Kris Howe collected another specimen of Pentanogmius, put on display at the Perot Museum of Nature and Science. This specimen from the Britton Formation is the currently oldest known species of Pentanogmius and was described as Pentanogmius fritschi in 2016.
Description
Members of Pentanogmius are stout plethodid fish with a fusiform morphology and a body depth of up to 40 cm (in P. evolutus). The skull is roughly triangular in shape with the skull roof being largely formed by the large frontal bones. The dentary is dorsoventrally relatively slender in P. fritschi and deeper with a noticeable "chin" in both P. crieleyi and P. evolutus. The tooth plate is broad and robust and overhangs the edges of the dentary. The individual teeth are villiform and minute, about 2 mm high, conical and strongly curved.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentanogmius
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Pentanogmius
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Like other plethodid fish, Pentanogmius had enlarged and high dorsal and anal fins. The dorsal fin starts just posterior to the skull and extends over most of the body until just before the deeply bifurcated caudal fin. In P. evolutus every fin ray posterior to the apex is slightly shorter than the one preceding it, giving it an dorsally straight, declining form before ending rather abruptly on the final fin ray. P. fritschi differs greatly from P. evolutus in the shape of the dorsal fin. While P. evolutus has a dorsal fin that gradually grows shorter the more posterior it is located, the one of P. fritschi is greatly elongated in the anterior third of the body, reaching a height of up to 75 cm. The dorsal fin decreases in height abruptly following its apex and stops much further anterior than in P. evolutus. This gives P. fritschi a hook-shaped sail, superficially similar to those seen in modern-day Marlin, Swordfish and the extinct Pachyrhizodus. Unlike Pachyrhizodus and billfish however, species of Pentanogmius possess small and weak pectoral fins located in a much more dorsal position on the body at around the same level as the orbits. The caudal fin is symmetrical and deeply forked in P. evolutus while more luniform in P. fritschi. The pelvic fins are small and located in the posterior half of the body, immediately followed by the anal fin. The anal fin in P. evolutus and P. fritschi mirror their respective species' dorsal fin, with the former's having a relatively straight edge and the later having an anal fin consisting of 6 clustered principal rods followed by 8 shorter fin rods.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentanogmius
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Pentanogmius
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Little can be said about the European species of Pentanogmius, as both P. pentagon and P. furcatus are poorly understood and were named from fragmentary remains. However, Taverna (2004) does show clear differences between the species based on the dermobasihyal morphology. This part of the anatomy could not be observed in P. fritschi, meaning that it cannot be ruled out that P. fritschi may be synonymous with either European species. However, Shimada argues that there is a high degree of endemism among the tselfatiiform species of the Western Interior Seaway, with no tselfatiiform species being currently known to have inhabited two continents.
Pentanogmius evolutus is among the largest known tselfatiiform fish, with NHM P. 10610 measuring 172 cm in standard length (snout to last vertebrae) and 198 cm in total length (snout to the tip of the larger caudal fin). Specimen NHM P. 9202 reaches a similarly enormous size with 118.5 cm from the muzzle to the beginning of the caudal region. Only the Egyptian Paranogmius exceeds it with a length of up to 3 meters. P. fritschi was likewise able to grow to respectable lengths, with the holotype specimen measuring around 170 cm in total length (137 cm standard length).
Phylogeny
The exact internal relationships between members of Pentanogmius are difficult to determine due to the fragmentary nature of the European species and the limited skeletal material of P. crieleyi. Based on the available fossils, Kenshu Shimada suggests that P. crieleyi may have been the most derived of the three American species, nesting closely with P. evolutus based on shared cranial anatomy, in particular that of the maxilla and premaxilla, and stratigraphy. Depicted below is the hypothetical phylogenetic relationship between the American Pentanogmius species, as of Shimada (2016).
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69673943
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh%20Back%2C%20Bristol
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Welsh Back, Bristol
|
Welsh Back is a wharf and street alongside the floating harbour in the centre of the city of Bristol, England. The wharf and street extend some along the west side of the harbour between Bristol Bridge and Redcliffe Bridge. At the northern (Bristol Bridge) end, the street and wharf are immediately adjacent, but to the south they are separated by a range of single story transit sheds. The wharf is a grade II listed structure and takes its name because it was frequented by vessels from Welsh ports.
The Welsh Back has been an important quay since the 13th century, when it was located on the tidal course of the River Avon. In 1475, the merchant and benefactor Alice Chestre is recorded as having given a crane for use at the Welsh Back, this being the first evidence of a crane in the port of Bristol. The quayside was extended in 1724, and in 1809 the floating harbour was created by impounding the former river channel, meaning that boats could stay afloat at all states of the tide when alongside the quay. Today the Welsh Back is mostly the site of bars and restaurants, situated either in the buildings on the landward side of the street, or in boats moored alongside the quay.
The buildings on the landward side of the Welsh Back include the Granary, an imposing building in the Bristol Byzantine style. Just inland from the intersection of King Street and the Welsh Back is the historic Llandoger Trow public house, said to have inspired Robert Louis Stevenson in writing Treasure Island. Towards the northern end of Welsh Back is the so-called ‘bomb hole’, part of the quayside that was damaged by bombing during the Second World War and retained as a memorial. Alongside this is the Merchant Seamen's memorial, commemorating those who lost their lives sailing from Bristol.
Location within Bristol harbour
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69674341
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Mencap%20Society%20v%20Tomlinson-Blake
|
Royal Mencap Society v Tomlinson-Blake
|
Royal Mencap Society v Tomlinson-Blake [2021] UKSC 8 is a UK labour law case, concerning the right to be paid when an employer constrains their worker's freedom.
Facts
Mrs. Tomlinson-Blake and another care-worker claimed that they should be paid the minimum wage which included her time while she was asleep and still was required to be at her workplace semi-actively, simultaneously. She cared for two adults in their home, and when she worked at night she could sleep, but had to remain at work, without duties, except to ‘keep a listening ear out’, and to attend to emergencies infrequently. She received an allowance, plus one hour's pay at the rate under the National Minimum Wage Act 1998.
Under the National Minimum Wage Regulations 2015, regulation 32 stated that when a worker is required to be available at, or near an employer's place of business to do ‘time work’, this should be included in time worked, but with the exceptions for; (1) the worker being permitted to sleep during a shift and (2) the worker being at home. The worker is only to be paid when ‘awake for the purpose of working’. Borrowing the courtesy of the aforementioned law, Mrs. Tomlinson-Blake argued that having to "keep a listening ear out" meant she was working, and should be paid the minimum wage.
Tribunal and EAT held that she was actually working through her shift. The Court of Appeal held that there was no right to the minimum wage while sleeping under the NMWR.
Judgment
Supreme Court dismissed the appeals, and held that the Regulations could not be interpreted to mean that people should be paid when sleeping, even with "a listening ear". Lady Arden said the following in her judgment.
| 2.03125
| 0
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78520943
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjuna%27s%20Dilemma
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Arjuna's Dilemma
|
Arjuna's Dilemma is a chamber opera created by Douglas Cuomo in 2008. The philosophical dilemma faced by Arjuna in the Bhagavad Gita is dramatized in operatic form with a blend of Indian classical music, Western Classical music, and jazz with lyrics in Sanskrit.
Arjuna’s Dilemma is an 80-minute opera-oratorio. The opera includes a vocalist, a classically trained tenor, a four-member female chorus, a tabla player, an improvising tenor saxophonist, and a ten-piece chamber ensemble. The performers play versions of the Hindu god Krishna, Arjuna's charioteer in the battle, who convinces the initially hesitant Arjuna to fight an army including his relative, friends, and teachers to regain his kingdom after revealing his (Krishna's) own divine identity as well as the true nature of the universe. According to Cuomo, the story is about the need to fight "the morally right battle and the philosophically right battle" of overcoming one's conditioning to correctly interpret reality.
Arjuna’s Dilemma has been produced by the Music-Theatre Group, and it was performed at BAM's Next Wave Festival and during the 2017 annual conference of Opera America at the Winspear Opera House. It was the first opera to be performed in Nepal. A recording of Arjuna’s Dilemma, released on Innova Recordings, was performed by artists including Indian singer Amit Chatterjee, members of Anonymous 4 and the Philip Glass Ensemble, tenor Tony Boutté, Badal Roy, Ethel, pianist Kathleen Supové, and bassist Robert Black.
The The New York Times described Arjuna's Dilemma as "an opera with an appealing and unabashedly eclectic score." New York Magazine's Justin Davidson called it, "a pile of half-realized good ideas."
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78521022
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race%20%28French%20Constitution%29
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Race (French Constitution)
|
The debate regularly resurfaced in Parliament from the early 2000s.
Historico-legal background
The question of removing the concept of race from the Constitution inevitably gives rise to the issue of amending the entire body of legislation, particularly criminal law. The term race first emerged in French legislation in 1928 and subsequently in the period preceding World War II. It was subsequently employed by proponents and opponents of racist theories. To emphasize that the concept of the human race is biologically irrelevant, the term has been gradually replaced in anti-racist legislation by expressions such as "true or supposed race" or "so-called race."
The term race, which had long been absent from French legal vocabulary, first appeared in the Journal Officiel with the decree of November 8, 1928. This was even though the concept of race had been present in French society for centuries. The decree permitted the naturalization of children born in Indochina to a French father who had not acknowledged them and an indigenous mother, contingent upon the presentation of evidence in court substantiating their affiliation with the "French race." This designation encompassed both biological and cultural criteria. To substantiate their claim to "Frenchness", legal experts considered a range of physical characteristics, including skin pigmentation, as well as cultural attributes such as politeness, participation in sports, and preferences for coastal or mountainous locales.
The term race was subsequently employed in the of April 21, 1939, which were designed to restrict Nazi propaganda by imposing penalties on defamation in the press against "a group of persons belonging by their origin to a particular race or religion with the intent of inciting hatred among citizens." The explanatory text for this decree indicated that race or religion was to be understood based on origin ("a hereditary circumstance").
| 2.328125
| 0
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78521604
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency%20Reform%20of%201948
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Currency Reform of 1948
|
Effects
The most immediate effect of the currency reform was the sudden availability of retail products on store shelves. Though the increase in production was quick in coming, it was not fast enough to explain the sudden relative abundance of goods – at first it was primarily the result of the black market dissolving and the stocks of contraband held there entering the open market. In some fields of industry production was nearly at prewar levels by November 1948.
Coincidentally, the reform was accompanied by a climatic improvement after the severe winter of 1946/47, with abundant harvests in the agricultural year 1948-49. The good weather, augmented by record usage of fertilizer and improved efforts on the part of the farmers, resulted in a harvest that dramatically exceeded expectations. The improvement was compounded by the currency reform, as farmers had a stable currency with which to hire labor, buy equipment, and acquire fertilizers to work their fields. Although this did not eliminate the necessity for the importation of food, it represented progress, since the agricultural center of Germany had been in the East. The existence of a trusted currency also made international trade more viable, enabling West Germany to import additional food.
| 2.578125
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78521934
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leishabithol
|
Leishabithol
|
Between Uchathol and Mullargao, there are tribal villages such as Phaitol, Kamarangkha Khasi and Ngahmunphai, which are administratively in Tamenglong district. Mullargao and Leishabithol are however in Jiribam district. The overlapping jurisdictions of districts makes it difficult to draw clear district boundaries. In August 2024, the Tousem Area Students' Organization noted that nine villages of Tamenglong district had been wrongly shown as part of Jiribam district in government-sponsored maps.
The "Mullargao Road" from Uchathol leads to these villages. There is also a road from Kashmipur, which goes further up to the village of Kulbung. The "Kashimpur Road" below the foothills pass through Jarolpokpi and Uchathol, and joins the National Highway 37 near Gularthol.
Demographics
The Leishabithol census village has a population of 231 people living in 51 households.
Three households are said to belong to Meitei people. Thirty-one people (13 percent) belong to Scheduled Tribes.
They appear to live in a separate settlement called "Leishabithol Kuki".
The neighbouring Mullargao village has 836 people living in 158 households. Nungkhal has 318 people living in 64 households. These villages have no Scheduled Tribes.
2023–2024 Manipur violence
On 3 May 2023, major ethnic violence broke out between the Meitei and Kuki-Zo communities of Manipur. Within weeks over 100 people died and 60,000 people got displaced. All the Kuki-Zo people in the Imphal Valley and the Meitei people in the Kuki-Zo-dominated hill districts were forced to flee to the other side. The Jiribam district, consisting of both the classes of population but also other communities such as Bengalis, was affected in a unique fashion.
During the first week of violence, the security forces quickly controlled the violence in Jiribam district and brokered a peace agreement between the communities. The peace agreement held for almost a year, with no deaths being caused.
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78522103
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Up-and-Under%20%28novel%20series%29
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The Up-and-Under (novel series)
|
A review in Kirkus Reviews wrote that Over the Woodward Wall "draws heavily on the tropes of a stock 20th-century children’s fantasy." Nevertheless, McGuire's "sharp and thoughtful perspective" turns the novel into a commentary on those 20th century works. The fictional A. Deborah Baker was presented as a contemporary of L. Frank Baum, with the Up-and-Under books as "commercial and alchemical rivals" to Baum's Oz novels. Despite this, several elements of Over the Woodward Wall indicate that it is set considerably later than the early 1900s. These scenes include "planned suburban communities, a woman working in a street repair crew, playgrounds with slides, etc." The review stated that "Surely that is a deliberate choice on McGuire’s part, but what does it portend?"
Background
The Up-and-Under novels are closely related to McGuire's 2019 novel Middlegame. In Middlegame, fictional alchemist Asphodel Deborah Baker wrote a children's book entitled Over the Woodward Wall. Middlegame quoted from snippets of Baker's work. McGuire later wrote the entire novel under the pen name A. Deborah Baker.
Reception
Book 1
Publishers Weekly gave Over the Woodward Wall a starred review, calling it a "grown-up fairy tale" that "works on every level." The review stated that readers did not need to be familiar with Middlegame to enjoy the tale, but that "the connection to Middlegame adds a complex, self-aware edge that elevates the story beyond the children’s fantasies that inspired it."
| 1.914063
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78522113
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Zealand%20Wars%20Memorial%2C%20Auckland
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New Zealand Wars Memorial, Auckland
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Composition
The monument consists of a short obelisk mounted on a square plinth, with a life-size bronze statue of Zealandia on its eastern side. The obelisk and plinth are constructed of grey and white Takaka marble.
The inscription on the obelisk facing Symonds Street reads as follows:
In memory of the brave men belonging to the imperial and colonial forces, and the friendly Maoris, who gave their lives for the country during the New Zealand Wars, 1845-1872.
Through the war they won the peace we know.
The statue depicts two bronze plaques. The front plaque facing Symonds Street, titled Peace, depicts a Pākehā male shaking hands with a Māori male enclosed within an angel's wing. The rear plaque, titled Onwards, depicts the old New Zealand coat of arms used between 1911 and 1956.
The statue of Zealandia is a 1.8 bronze-cast female figure dressed in drapery below the breasts. The left hand held a New Zealand flag which drapes over the plinth. The statue's right hand extends outward, originally holding a palm branch that was broken off in 2016.
Reception
The inscription on the statue was criticised by the Auckland Star for implying that the New Zealand Wars ended in 1866, which ignores later conflicts such as Tītokowaru's War and Te Kooti's War. The date was later corrected to reflect that the New Zealand Wars ended in 1872. A New Zealand Wars veteran criticised the statue for lacking an inscription in Te reo Māori. Whilst the Victoria League had the matter "under consideration," a Māori inscription never materialised.
Gallery
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78522273
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20Hurricane%20Irma%20in%20the%20Lesser%20Antilles
|
Effects of Hurricane Irma in the Lesser Antilles
|
On Saint John, described as "perhaps the site of Irma's worst devastation on American soil," it took six days for an active-theater disaster zone to be established, leading to criticism of the U.S. government response. The National Guard was delayed in reaching Saint John due to the number of overturned boats left in the harbor.
Five months after Irma, two-thirds of the hospital beds on Saint Thomas were still unavailable, due to extensive physical damage and staffing shortages.
Saint Martin and French Overseas Department
Damage to Sint Maarten's harbor and to Princess Juliana International Airport left the Dutch part of Saint Martin unreachable, although the smaller Grand Case-Espérance Airport on the French side could be reopened by September 7 for supply aid by helicopter and airplane. The French armed forces based in Guadeloupe and French Guiana flew equipment and troops on board a CASA/IPTN CN-235 aircraft.
The following day, the Dutch military was able to airlift dialysis patients off the island while also dropping leaflets to warn islanders about the rapidly approaching Hurricane Jose. Although the airport was closed, 435 students and faculty of the American University of the Caribbean were evacuated by the U.S. military. On September 10, Dutch King Willem-Alexander departed for the region, with intentions to visit Sint Maarten and other affected Dutch territories and commonwealth members.
French President Emmanuel Macron followed this announcement by stating his intentions to visit the French part of the island on September 12 in order to bring aid supplies. In response to criticism of the French handling of the disaster, 1,000 troops, police, and other emergency workers were sent to Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy.
| 2.0625
| 0
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78522351
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population%20of%20Racib%C3%B3rz
|
Population of Racibórz
|
Information from the 16th century indicates an economic decline, leading to a reduction in population. In 1532, Racibórz had 288 houses, 229 of which belonged to citizens, 12 to the nobility, 10 to the clergy, and 37 were vacant. The city's growth was also hindered by fires that plagued Racibórz between 1546 and 1574. At the beginning of the 17th century, the population numbered around 3,300, but by the end of the first half of the 18th century, it had fallen to around 2,700. By the end of the 18th century, Racibórz had 259 bourgeois houses.
In 1749, the city had a population of 1,577 inhabitants. By 1772, the population grew to 2,530 people. The earliest official data from 1787 reports 3,272 residents, including 3,255 Christians and 17 Jews. Among the Christians, there were 30 members of the nobility, 12 of whom were men. Of the Christian population, 7 were exempt from military service due to their short stature (below 5 feet, or approximately 157 cm), 107 were foreigners, 43 were unfit for service, 65 were exempted by privilege, and 1,824 were women. By 1790, the population reached 3,596. Other data from the late 18th century indicates that in 1791, the city had 3,511 residents, and by 1793, the population grew to 3,629. In 1795, the population decreased to 3,081.
| 2.46875
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78522358
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fer%20L%C3%B3pez
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Fer López
|
Fernando López González (born 24 May 2005) is a Spanish footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for RC Celta Fortuna.
Early life
López was born on 24 May 2004 in Madrid, Spain to a psychologist mother and a lawyer father. After he attended the University of Vigo, where he studied law and business administration.
Career
López began his career playing for Cristo de la Victoria, before joining Celta at under-10's level. In 2018, López had a three month stint living in England, playing for Suffolk-based club Bacton United 89 and attending Finborough School. Upon his return to Spain, López resumed playing at Celta, being loaned out to Rápido de Bouzas during the 2019–20 season.
In 2022, López began his senior career with the club's farm team, Gran Peña FC. The same year, he was promoted to their reserve team.
On 27 July 2024, López renewed his contract until 2028. He made his first team debut on 30 October, coming on as a half-time substitute for Carlos Domínguez in a 5–1 away win over UD San Pedro, for the season's Copa del Rey.
López scored his first goals with Celta on 3 December 2024, netting a brace in a 5–1 away routing of Salamanca CF UDS. He made his professional – and La Liga – debut three days later, starting in a 2–0 home win over RCD Mallorca but being replaced in the first half due to an injury.
Style of play
López plays as an attacking midfielder and is left-footed. Spanish sports website Relevo wrote that "many in Vigo compare him to [Spain international] Iago Aspas".
| 2.140625
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78522640
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomar%20Pravoslav%20Nov%C3%A1k
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Otomar Pravoslav Novák
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Otomar Pravoslav Novák (16 November 1851 – 28 July 1892) was a Czech paleontologist. A student of Joachim Barrande, he worked at the University of Prague and specialized in the trilobites.
Novák was born in Königgrätz (Hradec Králové), son of government officer Johann and Aloisia née Piperger. He became interested in paleontology early in life thanks to the influence of his uncle Karel Feistmantel (1819–1885). He studied at the grammar school in Prague followed by medical studies at the university until 1875. He did not complete his studies and in 1873 he became an assistant in paleontology under Antonín Frič at the museum. He then studied at the University of Prague and in 1879 his dissertation was on the bryozoa of the Bohemian cretaceous. In 1879 he became an assistant to Jan Krejčí. Around 1874 he studied the Silurian fauna along with Joachim Barrande and began to work along with Wilhelm Heinrich Waagen. He worked at the University of Vienna for two years under Eduard Suess. From 1881 to 1883 he worked at the university teaching paleontology until Otokar Feistmantel was appointed. From 1883 he worked at the geological institute of the Czech University in Prague. He married Elonora Fiedler in 1884. He examined the collections of Josef Freiherr von Zeidler and others. In 1887 he succeeded Krejčí as professor at the University of Prague but his health became bad in 1891 and he went to Italy to improve. He returned in 1892 without much improvement and lived with his sister Růžena Wiltrová in Liteň. He began to study the paleolithic in quarry sites near Liteň while living with his sister who was married to Jan Wilt, the headmaster of the local school. He died here from tuberculosis.
Several species have been named after Novák including the genus Nowakia and the trilobites Encrinurus novaki (1887), Tropidocoryphe novaki (1896) and Proetus novaki (1964).
| 2.171875
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78523040
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024%20United%20States%20drone%20sightings
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2024 United States drone sightings
|
The reported sightings and ensuing investigations prompted responses from officials at various levels of government. Representatives called for greater transparency from investigative agencies, and additional resources for state and local officials to investigate the sightings. Legislation was introduced to help address the reported sightings, and flight restrictions were imposed over sensitive infrastructure in New York and New Jersey.
Background
The FAA estimates that, as of 2024, there were approximately 2.8 million commercial and recreational drones operating in the United States. As of 2024, the agency also estimates it receives more than 100 reports of drone sightings each month and organizes a "Know Before You Fly" marketing campaign to educate drone users about unauthorized operation and the potential civil penalties for illicit use.
Reporting on the case of the 2024 sightings, one journalist noted that New Jersey has for generations "played host to stories of the strange and the surreal, including Martian invasions and ghostly treasure guardians". In 1938, some residents of New Jersey erupted into panic after mistaking the fictional CBS Radio drama "The War of the Worlds" for a news report of an alien invasion of Grovers Mill, New Jersey.
In 2016, the FAA began working on new technology to detect drone use near airports. Dubbed "Pathfinder", the initiative was organized to address the growing problem of unauthorized hobby drone use in off-limits areas. Unidentified drones have been reported in the United States for several years prior to current 2024 reports. In late 2019 and 2020, there was a wave of reports of sightings over Colorado and Nebraska.
| 2.21875
| 0
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78523040
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024%20United%20States%20drone%20sightings
|
2024 United States drone sightings
|
Drone expert William Austin's analysis of imagery and reports related to the sightings led him to believe that "many of the reported 'large drones' were actually manned aircraft mistakenly identified" while others were the lights of cell towers, or smaller, personal use drones. By December 15, Austin reported having completed review of a large amount of video of the sightings and had come to the conclusion that "100 percent of them are either airplanes that people have misidentified or drones that have grown in use since the media attention and are under 55 pounds". In some cases, according to Austin, misidentification might be the result of the parallax effect. Asked by a reporter from WNEP-TV to analyze video of the drone sightings, the owners of three different UAV retail stores said they felt most of the objects spotted were either manned aircraft or the result of "nighttime illusion".
Jamey Jacob, a professor in aerospace engineering at Oklahoma State University, attributed the sightings to misidentification "largely driven by social media and the inability to determine what's real and what's not". Jacob also noted that reported drone sightings near military facilities were probably mostly "careless actors, rather than those trying to pose a legitimate threat". Engineering professor Vijay Kumar said that most of the images he saw in relation to the sightings were of legally operating aircraft and that popular fear about drones was due to their association with "science fiction-like scenarios where machines have autonomy". Missy Cummings, a professor of engineering at George Mason University, said that people were likely observing stars, aircraft, and reflections from objects, and that, "of all of those options, drone is the least likely, because it's actually pretty hard to pick these out of the sky".
| 2.40625
| 0
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78523738
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizocarpon%20austroamphibium
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Rhizocarpon austroamphibium
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Rhizocarpon austroamphibium is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Rhizocarpaceae. It is found in alpine environments in southwestern Tasmania, Australia.
Taxonomy
The lichen was formally described by the lichenologists Alan Fryday and Gintaras Kantvilas in 2012. This species is distinguished by its smooth grey thallus, innate apothecia (fruiting bodies) with a white margin, relatively unbranched paraphyses, and large, , pigmented . These characteristics place Rhizocarpon austroamphibium within the genus Rhizocarpon but suggest a peripheral position due to its unique apothecial features compared to other species.
Description
The thallus of Rhizocarpon austroamphibium is glaucous to olivaceous-grey, spreading over quartzite pebbles in and around alpine tarns. It forms contiguous, cracked- patches that are typically about 50 μm thick. The surface cells are pigmented blue-grey. The medulla appears hyaline with minute, pale brown inclusions and is structured in two layers: a randomly organised upper layer and a more structured, columnar lower layer near the .
Apothecia (fruiting bodies) of Rhizocarpon austroamphibium are 0.4 to 0.6 mm in diameter, initially but becoming , forming a margin that appears white in mature specimens. The of the apothecia is black, rough, and becomes prominently convex when wet. The hymenium is around 160 to 170 μm tall, featuring simple paraphyses that are rarely anastomosing, and a thin, pale brown .
| 2.46875
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78523917
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coscinodon%20lawianus
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Coscinodon lawianus
|
Coscinodon lawianus is a species of moss in the family Grimmiaceae endemic to East Antarctica. It is one of only two species of moss found only in continental Antarctica (alongside Bryum bharatiense), out of 23 species found on the continent. It is found on exposed rocks on nunataks and oases scattered across the region, stretching from Queen Maud Land to Princess Elizabeth Land. Initially described as part of the genus Grimmia, it was reclassified into Coscinodon by Polish bryologist Ryszard Ochyra in 2004, owing to similarities with several South American species. C. lawianus is likely a remnant of the Neogene flora of Antarctica which survived the rampant glaciation and cooling of the continent on remote rocky outcrops.
Classification
In 1966, Coscinodon lawianus was initially described as Grimmia lawiana by Australian botanist James Hamlyn Willis, named in honor of Australian Antarctic research director Philip G. Law. The description was made with samples from the Mawson Coast of Mac. Robertson Land collected in 1954. Its holotype was catalogued at the National Herbarium of Victoria.
The moss's biplicate leaves (having two lengthwise folds) are unlike the other species of Grimmia. It is especially dissimilar to subantarctic and South American species of Grimmia; this led the Polish bryologist Ryszard Ochyra to reclassify the moss into the genus Coscinodon (within the same family, Grimmiaceae) in 2004, during work on the Illustrated Moss Flora of Antarctica. Ochyra cited the moss's similarities to South American coscinodons C. pseudocribrosus and C. bolivianus as supporting the reclassification.
Description
| 2.453125
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78523917
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coscinodon%20lawianus
|
Coscinodon lawianus
|
Although relatively rare, C. lawianus is spread across much of East Antarctica, where it is present on nunataks and Antarctic oases. It is found in Queen Maud Land, Mac. Robertson Land and portions of coastal Enderby Land and Princess Elizabeth Land. It was initially attested only in the northern portion of the Prince Charles Mountains, but specimens collected during an early 2000s biological expedition extended its range to the Mawson Escarpment in the southern portion of the range. The southernmost known colonies have been found at the Tottan Hills of Queen Maud Land, at a latitude of 75 degrees south. It is one of two species of moss endemic to (only found in) continental Antarctica, alongside Bryum bharatiense; this out of a total of twenty-three moss species found in continental Antarctica. Eleven species of moss are endemic to the Antarctic overall, including the Antarctic islands, out of 130 species attested in this region. It is grows at elevations as low as in coastal Enderby Land and Mac. Robertson Land, but has been found as high as above sea level in the Tottan Hills.
C. lawianus is likely a remnant of the diverse Antarctic flora of the Paleogene, when the climate was relatively warm. This ecosystem was destroyed by rampant cooling and glaciation on the continent during the Neogene, leaving the moss isolated on the rocky outcrops and nunataks. An Arctic species in the same genus, C. hartzii, shares a similar distribution to C. lawianus on the opposite hemisphere, colonizing small, scattered regions of Greenland and the High Arctic.
| 2.40625
| 0
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78524636
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhopalosiphum%20oxyacanthae
|
Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae
|
Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae, commonly known as the apple-grass aphid (and sometimes referred to as the apple-grain aphid) is a species of aphid in the phylum Arthropoda. This species is considered a pest in agriculture and has a wide distribution around the world. These aphids can be commonly found on the fruits of apples and other such species. They can be found in a wide range around the world including England and New Zealand.
Description
Young R. oxyacanthae can be distinguished from other aphids by the dark green stripe along their body and their rear cornicles. As they age, aphids will become a lighter green while maintaining the dark green stripe. Adults can have wings or remain wingless. R. oxyacanthae range in size from 1.0 to 1.6 mm in length
Life cycle
These aphids follow the general life cycle of most other aphid species. First generation females can lay around 100 eggs. Eggs of R. oxyacanthae will appear small, oval and shiny. The eggs are green but are difficult to differentiate between other species of aphid eggs. Eggs are laid on branches and will typically hatch before other aphid species.
As a nymph, R. oxyacanthae appears dark green with short cornicles at the end of its abdomen. The nymphs will feed on the leaves of the host, and on the flower buds. Aphids will alternate hosts as they develop. Nymphs can be sensitive to colder spring temperatures.
| 2.78125
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78524636
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhopalosiphum%20oxyacanthae
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Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae
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Adults experience several different generations, one wingless and one winged. As wingless females mature, they can produce offspring without fertilization. Adults that develop wings, the second generation, will migrate to other hosts such as grasses in mid-May. The second generation of aphids that do not develop wings will produce a third generation. Third generation aphids will all have wings and will migrate from the apple trees around late spring. In autumn, winged females return to the fruit trees and mate with winged males from the grasses. These females will lay overwintering eggs on twigs. R. oxyacanthae has a short adult life but a high reproductive rate.
Ecology
Evolution
Today, R. insertum has been reported widely in North America, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and parts of Ireland. These aphids have adapted to have develop multiple morphs, a term called polyphenism, to deal with competition for plant resources. Humans have also pressured R. oxyacanthae into adaptations against pesticides and other methods to cease their infestations.
Hosts
Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae feeds on many different types of plants: grains, grasses, apples, pears, quince, and other similar plants. They can affect plants in the Poaceae and Rosaceae families. The effects of an infestation can be visible on leaves in early spring. Leaves will typically curl. Damage is typically minimal, unless there is a large population. Winged males will typically feed on the roots of grasses, while nymphs stay on leaves.
Predators
Large amounts of R. oxyacanthae will attract many predators to them. They are predated on by organisms such as Anystis baccarum (a predatory mite). This mite predates on R. oxyacanthae at all stages of life. These aphid are preyed upon by other insects. Aphids are also affected by parasites and can be used to suppress aphid numbers.
Management
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78525174
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica%20Gethin
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Jessica Gethin
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Jessica Gethin is an violinist and orchestral conductor from Western Australia. Gethin is internationally recognised for her dynamic conducting style and has engaged with symphonic ensembles across Australia, New Zealand, Asia and the United States. Her expertise as a conductor encompasses symphonic works, opera, ballet, contemporary music, film scores, to pop recordings.
Career
She earned her Bachelor of Music Performance from the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts in 2002 and was selected for the prestigious Symphony Australia Conductor Development Program.
In the early 2000s Gethin met Bourby Webster, a viola player who shared her vision of transforming how orchestral music was presented to audiences and making classical music more accessible which led to the founding of the Perth Symphony Orchestra.
Gethin was Chief Conductor of the Perth Symphony Orchestra from 2011 to 2019 and appointed Co-Artistic Director of the Perth Chamber Orchestra in 2015. That year proved to be a milestone in her career, as she was also awarded the Brian Stacey Award for an Emerging Australian Conductor and the Australian Financial Review recognised her as one of Australia's "Top 100 Women of Influence".
In 2016, Gethin received the Churchill Fellowship, allowing her to pursue study and mentorship opportunities outside of Australia. This endeavour led to her becoming an inaugural Fellow at the Hart Institute of Women Conductors with the Dallas Opera, where she has been mentored by Emmanuel Villaume, Nicole Paiement and Christopher Seaman.
More recently, Gethin was appointed Principal Conductor for the West Australian Ballet and has been involved in teaching and lecturing at Australian music institutions, including as Head of Orchestral Studies and Conducting at the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts in 2023.
| 1.960938
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78525221
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.%20Dolby%20Shelton
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E. Dolby Shelton
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In the second quarter of 1885, Shelton married Frances Elizabeth Stroulger; they had one son, Percival. Shelton relocated to London in May of the same year. Initially, his household was divided on the subject of vegetarianism, but over time, his wife came to accept the lifestyle. In 1888, the family moved to Ventnor on the Isle of Wight for health reasons. There, Shelton co-managed the Isle of Wight Express, a publication that eschewed alcohol advertisements and prioritised social issues. He was also engaged in a printing and publishing business with William Briddon that dissolved in 1888. Despite these efforts, the venture was not financially successful, and Shelton had to rely on his income from running the Ventnor Vegetarian Hotel, which hosted notable guests such as Mahatma Gandhi and other vegetarians from Manchester and London.
After the challenges in Ventnor, Shelton moved to Ely, Cambridgeshire. Here, Shelton shifted focus to business and church activities, stepping back from active vegetarian propaganda. Nevertheless, he remained involved in the Cambridge Vegetarian Society, though his vegetarian lifestyle led to them being regarded as "freaks and fanatics" by some in the local community.
From 1893 to 1905, Shelton partnered with John P. Tibbitts in publishing and printing under Shelton and Tibbitts. Shelton was involved in producing works like Gems of Ely Cathedral (1900) and the Ely Red Book (1894), as well as local postcards featuring scenes like the Soldiers' Memorial in Ely Cathedral. His contributions are noted in directories of early Cambridgeshire publishers and photographers.
Later life and death
Around the age of 50, Shelton became a seer for the Trustees of the Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion, a position he held well into the 1930s. Both Shelton and his wife continued to advocate for vegetarianism; she contributed a regular column to The Vegetarian, and Shelton attended cookery lessons to further promote the cause.
| 2.421875
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78525309
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phanie%20Louise%20de%20Bourbon-Conti
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Stéphanie Louise de Bourbon-Conti
|
Stéphanie Louise de Bourbon-Conti (1762–1825), also known as Amélie-Gabrielle Stéphanie Louise de Bourbon-Conti, Anne Louise Billet, Stephanie Louise de Bourbon, and the Comtesse Stephanie Louise de Montcairzain, was a French author, musician, aristocrat and student of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. After the French Revolution, she owned a tobacco shop in Orléans. She published her memoirs, Mémoires historiques de Stéphanie-Louise de Bourbon-Conti in 1797, which include her observations of the French Revolution. This volume appeared in an English translation, published in New Bern, North Carolina, in 1801. She was buried at the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.
Early life and education
Stéphanie Louise de Bourbon-Conti was born in Paris on December 26, 1762, and was reportedly the "natural" or illegitimate daughter of Louis François de Bourbon, prince de Conti and Louise Jeanne de Durfort, duchesse de Mazarin. She received her education from Jean-Jacques Rousseau. He tutored her in military exercises, drawing, mathematics, music, Greek, Latin, and Italian. She composed music between 1766 and 1772 playing the violin, harp, flute, clarinet, piano, horn, and flageolet. In 1770, she attended the marriage of Marie Antoinette and the dauphin, Louis-Auguste, the future Louis XVI.
| 2.859375
| 0
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