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id stringlengths 2 8	url stringlengths 31 381	title stringlengths 1 211	text stringlengths 1.02k 2.05k	edu_quality float64 1.91 4.03
561913	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperelliptic%20curve%20cryptography	Hyperelliptic curve cryptography	Hyperelliptic curve cryptography is similar to elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) insofar as the Jacobian of a hyperelliptic curve is an abelian group in which to do arithmetic, just as we use the group of points on an elliptic curve in ECC. Definition An (imaginary) hyperelliptic curve of genus over a field is given...	2.15625
561919	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNLMS%20Tromp%20%281937%29	HNLMS Tromp (1937)	HNLMS Tromp was the lead ship of the destroyer leaders built for the Royal Netherlands Navy. Built just prior to World War II, the ship served mainly in the Pacific and Indian Oceans against the Japanese, being based out of Sydney, Fremantle and Trincomalee where she served alongside British, Australian and US warship...	2.234375
561919	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNLMS%20Tromp%20%281937%29	HNLMS Tromp (1937)	Following the outbreak of fighting against the Japanese in the Pacific, she was assigned to the Combined Striking Force, ABDA Command, in January 1942 for the defence of the East Indies. Tromp was badly damaged off Bali on 18 February 1942 during the Battle of Badung Strait, when she was hit by eleven 5-inch (127 mm) s...	2.234375
561919	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNLMS%20Tromp%20%281937%29	HNLMS Tromp (1937)	In February 1943, while based out of Fremantle, Tromp was assigned to the US Seventh Fleet, tasked with conducting convoy escort around Australia and in the Indian Ocean. Throughout the year, Tromp undertook further convoy escorts until October when Commander F. Stam arrived to take over command. In January 1944, Tromp...	2.234375
561925	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewartry	Stewartry	Stewartry was a local government district from 1975 until 1996 within the Dumfries and Galloway region in south-west Scotland. Under the name the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright the area of the former district is still used as a lieutenancy area. Dumfries and Galloway Council has a Stewartry area committee which approximate...	1.945313
561941	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87%C4%81da	Kaṇāda	Kaṇāda (, ), also known as Ulūka, Kashyapa, Kaṇabhaksha, Kaṇabhuj was an ancient Indian natural scientist and philosopher who founded the Vaisheshika school of Indian philosophy that also represents the earliest Indian physics. Estimated to have lived sometime between 6th century to 2nd century BCE, little is known ab...	2.71875
561941	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87%C4%81da	Kaṇāda	The ideas of Kaṇāda span a wide range of fields, and they influenced not only philosophy, but possibly scholars in other fields such as Charaka who wrote a medical text named Charaka Samhita. Lifetime The century in which Kaṇāda lived is unclear and has been a subject of a long debate. In his review of 1961, Riepe sta...	2.21875
561941	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87%C4%81da	Kaṇāda	Ideas Physics is central to Kaṇāda's assertion that all that is knowable is based on motion. His ascribing centrality to physics in the understanding of the universe also follows from his invariance principles. For example, he says that the atom must be spherical since it should be the same in all dimensions. He assert...	2.640625
561941	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87%C4%81da	Kaṇāda	Several traits of substances (dravya) are given as colour, taste, smell, touch, number, size, the separate, coupling and uncoupling, priority and posterity, comprehension, pleasure and pain, attraction and revulsion, and wishes. Thus the idea of the subdivision is carried further to analytical categories as well, whic...	2.3125
561949	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandlimiting	Bandlimiting	Bandlimiting refers to a process which reduces the energy of a signal to an acceptably low level outside of a desired frequency range. Bandlimiting is an essential part of many applications in signal processing and communications. Examples include controlling interference between radio frequency communications signal...	2.65625
561952	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentle%20Ben	Gentle Ben	Gentle Ben is a bear character created by author Walt Morey and first introduced in a 1965 children's novel, Gentle Ben. The original novel told the story of the friendship between a large male bear named Ben and a boy named Mark. The story provided the basis for the 1967 film Gentle Giant, the popular late 1960s U.S. ...	2.546875
561952	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentle%20Ben	Gentle Ben	Synopsis of the novel Mark Andersen is a young teenage boy who lives in Alaska with his fisherman father and mother, Karl and Ellen Andersen. Mark is lonely after the death of his older brother, and befriends an Alaskan brown bear named Ben that was captured as a cub by local drunkard Fog Benson. Ben, now a large adul...	2.1875
561952	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentle%20Ben	Gentle Ben	The CBS television series Gentle Ben premiered September 10, 1967, and ran until August 31, 1969, airing a total of 58 episodes in two seasons. The series chronicled the adventures of young Mark Wedloe (played by Clint Howard) and his lovable black bear named Ben. Gentle Ben was produced by Ivan Tors, who also produc...	2.0625
561952	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentle%20Ben	Gentle Ben	According to most sources, the primary bear trainers and bear handlers who did most of the day-to-day bear work on the series were head bear trainer Monty Cox (who said that he was hired after "Ben" had "chewed up" a previous bear trainer), and Vern Debord. Other animal trainers involved in the series included Ron Oxle...	2.046875
561952	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentle%20Ben	Gentle Ben	Production Gentle Ben was filmed in Florida at the Ivan Tors Studios (now Greenwich Studios) in North Miami and at various locations in the surrounding area, including Homosassa Springs and Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden. The bears, who were from the northern United States or Canada and thus used to colder temperatu...	1.960938
561962	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upsilon%20Pi%20Epsilon	Upsilon Pi Epsilon	Upsilon Pi Epsilon () is the first honor society dedicated to the computing and information disciplines. Informally known as UPE, Upsilon Pi Epsilon was founded in 1967, at Texas A&M University. It has more than 300 chapters worldwide. About Upsilon Pi Epsilon was established at Texas A&M University in January 1967 a...	2.375
561962	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upsilon%20Pi%20Epsilon	Upsilon Pi Epsilon	The UPE emblem or key features three symbols that are important historically to the computing and information disciplines: the zero, the one, and the abacus. The numbers are arranged as eleven binary bits. During the society's initiation ceremony, inductees sit in front of a table that features nine lit candles and two...	2.140625
561979	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shag%20Rocks%20%28South%20Georgia%29	Shag Rocks (South Georgia)	The Shag Rocks () are six small islets, as opposed to islands, in the westernmost extreme of South Georgia, west of the main island of South Georgia and off the Falkland Islands. The Shag Rocks are located at . further southeast is Black Rock, which is located at . The Shag Rocks cover a total area of less than . ...	2.59375
561995	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Columbia%20%28CL-56%29	USS Columbia (CL-56)	At around midnight on 12 July, Columbia and the rest of her task group sortied to carry out a bombardment of Munda on New Georgia to support US Army forces fighting during the drive on Munda Point. By about 03:00 on 12 July, the ships had arrived off the island, and Columbia conducted a 30-minute bombardment of the Jap...	2.03125
561995	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Columbia%20%28CL-56%29	USS Columbia (CL-56)	Columbia and other elements of TF 39 returned to Empress Augusta Bay on 4 November to resume operations in support of subsequent landings on Bougainville. The ships remained on station for several days, patrolling for Japanese warships and frequently fending off Japanese search planes and bombers. On 13 November, Denve...	1.90625
561995	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Columbia%20%28CL-56%29	USS Columbia (CL-56)	Columbia spent the next four days refueling and rearming, but these operations were repeatedly interrupted by the need to take evasive maneuvers in response to heavy Japanese air attacks. These included several attempted strikes. After finishing resupplying fuel and ammunition, Columbia provided anti-aircraft defense ...	2.0625
561995	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Columbia%20%28CL-56%29	USS Columbia (CL-56)	On 14 June, Columbia and several destroyers left for Leyte, where two days later, Columbia was assigned to the covering force for the invasion of Balikpapap in Borneo. She departed on 19 June and rejoined her old unit, Cruiser Division 12, four days later; the unit included Denver and Montpelier, and formed part of Tas...	2.296875
561995	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Columbia%20%28CL-56%29	USS Columbia (CL-56)	Columbia was initially assigned to the force that was to begin the occupation of Japan, as part of Task Force 56. The ship's orders were changed shortly after the unit got underway on 9 September, and she was redirected to the Mariana Islands. She stopped at Iwo Jima on the way and embarked passengers bound for Saipan ...	2.25
562007	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium%20chloride	Magnesium chloride	Magnesium toxicity from magnesium salts is rare in healthy individuals with a normal diet, because excess magnesium is readily excreted in urine by the kidneys. A few cases of oral magnesium toxicity have been described in persons with normal renal function ingesting large amounts of magnesium salts, but it is rare. If...	2.671875
562030	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local%20Government%20etc.%20%28Scotland%29%20Act%201994	Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994	New local government areas Schedule I of the Act defined the new local government areas in terms of the existing districts and regions. Islands council areas had been unitary council areas since implementation of the 1973 Act, and Section 3 of the 1994 Act provided that the existing islands areas were to continue to ...	1.914063
562030	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local%20Government%20etc.%20%28Scotland%29%20Act%201994	Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994	Community councils Community councils established by district councils under the 1973 Act were to continue to exist. The area councils took on the powers of the abolished districts to make or amend schemes for the establishment of communities. Water supply and sewerage Part II of the Act reorganised water supply an...	2.328125
562034	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Academic%20Decathlon	United States Academic Decathlon	The Academic Decathlon (also called AcDec, AcaDeca or AcaDec) is an annual high school academic competition organized by the non-profit United States Academic Decathlon (USAD). The competition consists of seven objective multiple choice tests, two subjective performance events, and an essay. Academic Decathlon was crea...	2.21875
562034	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Academic%20Decathlon	United States Academic Decathlon	The ten events require knowledge in art, economics, language and literature, math, music, science and social science. These topics, with the exception of math, are thematically linked each year. One of the multiple choice events, alternating between science and social science, is chosen for the Super Quiz. In addition ...	2.390625
562034	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Academic%20Decathlon	United States Academic Decathlon	Academic Decathlon was originally organized differently than the current competition. The original ten events were aesthetics (music and visual arts), conversation, essay writing, mathematics, practical arts, formal speech, physical science, social science, current events, extracurricular activities, and English litera...	2.28125
562034	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Academic%20Decathlon	United States Academic Decathlon	More than just the events were changed during the 1998–99 season—the style of study required of students changed. Prior to that season, students had performed their own research for each event, and test writers did not have to base their questions on material USAD published. However, after a policy change at the beginn...	2.640625
562034	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Academic%20Decathlon	United States Academic Decathlon	Though the events finally stabilized during the 2000–01 season, the USAD administration changed dramatically that year when the program's executive director, James Alvino, resigned. Alvino had written a religious article that had been included in that year's Super Quiz Resource Guide. His critics and the USAD Board reg...	2.453125
562034	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Academic%20Decathlon	United States Academic Decathlon	Team makeup and eligibility The USAD requires a diversity of achievement within each team; teams must have students who fall into three categories determined by GPA. The Honors category is composed of students with GPAs between 3.80 and 4.0. The Scholastic category consists of students with GPAs between 3.20 and 3.799....	2.75
562034	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Academic%20Decathlon	United States Academic Decathlon	Levels of competition There are four official levels of competition: local/scrimmage, regional, state, and national (Rounds 1, 2, 3, and 4 respectively). With the exception of Round 1, only the top finishers in each round advance to the next level. California, the state with the largest Academic Decathlon, holds local ...	2.96875
562034	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Academic%20Decathlon	United States Academic Decathlon	As the competition has evolved, more of the events have been tied into a central theme. For example, the 2008–2009 theme was "Latin America with a focus on Mexico". Language and literature was based on six short selections of literature as well as the novel Bless Me, Ultima by Rudolfo Anaya. Art focused on the art of M...	2.828125
562034	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Academic%20Decathlon	United States Academic Decathlon	Basic Guides were formerly issued for students which, unlike the Resource Guides, remained the same from year to year. The Art Basic Guide focuses on art fundamentals, such as the elements of art, principles of composition, and different 2-D and 3-D techniques. Additionally, a brief introduction to art history is inclu...	2.90625
562034	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Academic%20Decathlon	United States Academic Decathlon	The National Championship pits the winning school from each state against all the others for an overall title. Occasionally, a number of international schools compete as well. Schools compete based on size and are divided into three divisions (I, II, III, and IV). However, this separation is limited to overall team sco...	2.625
562046	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Somerset%2C%205th%20Duke%20of%20Beaufort	Henry Somerset, 5th Duke of Beaufort	Henry Somerset, 5th Duke of Beaufort (16 October 1744 – 11 October 1803) was an English courtier and politician. He was styled the Marquess of Worcester from 1745 until 1756, when he succeeded his father as 5th Duke of Beaufort, 7th Marquess of Worcester, 11th Earl of Worcester, and 13th Baron Herbert. Early life Som...	2.1875
562053	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Democracy%20%28Sweden%29	New Democracy (Sweden)	By October 1993, the division between Karlsson and Wachtmeister became clearer, while the party's support had fallen to around 4.4%. When Wachtmeister stepped down as chairman in February 1994, he was followed by an almost unprecedented power struggle. While Wachtmeister launched Sten Dybeck as a new chairman, Karlsson...	1.914063
562053	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Democracy%20%28Sweden%29	New Democracy (Sweden)	The 1998 elections saw New Democracy losing all but one of its municipal representatives. The party ceased to exist when it was declared bankrupt on 25 February 2000. Laholm city council representative Elver Åkesson retained his seat until the 2002 elections, the last active member of the party to hold office. "New Dem...	2.15625
562054	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diablerets	Diablerets	The Diablerets (; lit. "the abode of devils") are a huge ice-covered mountain massif of the Alps, culminating at the Sommet des Diablerets (VS) at above sea level and almost straddling the border between the Swiss cantons of Vaud (VD) and Valais (VS). The northeastern part of the massif stretches also into the canton ...	2.1875
562054	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diablerets	Diablerets	As with other mountains on the crest of the Bernese Alps, the slopes of the Diablerets experience different types of climate depending on their location: the northern slopes are cooler and wetter while the southern slopes are drier and warmer. Forests are found up to 1,900 metres on the north side and up to 2,000 metre...	2.359375
562061	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorting%20network	Sorting network	In computer science, comparator networks are abstract devices built up of a fixed number of "wires", carrying values, and comparator modules that connect pairs of wires, swapping the values on the wires if they are not in a desired order. Such networks are typically designed to perform sorting on fixed numbers of value...	3
562063	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosafot	Tosafot	The Tosafot, Tosafos or Tosfot () are medieval commentaries on the Talmud. They take the form of critical and explanatory glosses, printed, in almost all Talmud editions, on the outer margin and opposite Rashi's notes. The authors of the Tosafot are known as Tosafists; for a listing (see List of Tosafists.) Meaning o...	2.4375
562063	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosafot	Tosafot	Character Up to and including Rashi, the Talmudic commentators occupied themselves only with the plain meaning ("peshaṭ") of the text; but after the beginning of the twelfth century the spirit of criticism took possession of the teachers of the Talmud. Thus some of Rashi's continuators, as his sons-in-law and his grand...	2.25
562063	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosafot	Tosafot	The above description concerns the general features of the Tosafot; nevertheless, the writings of different tosafists differ somewhat in style and method. With regard to method, it should be said that the Tosafot of Touques (see below) concern particularly the casuistic interpretation of the traditional law, but do not...	2.34375
562063	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosafot	Tosafot	The burning of the Talmud During the period of the Tosafists the church enacted a law that prohibited possession of the Talmud under pain of death and 24 wagon loads of scrolls of the Talmud were gathered from all of France and burned in the center of Paris. The intention of the church was that the study of the Talmud ...	2.3125
562066	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desborough	Desborough	Desborough is a town in North Northamptonshire, England, lying in the Ise Valley between Market Harborough and Kettering. It was an industrial centre for weaving and shoe-making in the 19th century and had a long association with the Co-operative movement. History Desborough's origins lie in the Bronze Age of about 2...	2.46875
562066	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desborough	Desborough	St Giles's Church (Anglican) is the oldest surviving building in the town, dating from about 1225. It is believed to stand on the site of an earlier Saxon church. Its relics from the town's history include part of an Anglo-Saxon cross carved from stone, a Tudor rood screen, and reminders of the English Civil War. Close...	2.015625
562071	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Science%20Foundation	European Science Foundation	In June 2008, ESF in collaboration with EUROHORCs (European Heads of Research Councils) published a policy briefing 'The EUROHORCs and ESF Vision on a Globally Competitive ERA and their Road Map for Actions to Help Build it', detailing essential requirements to build a globally competitive European Research Area within...	1.984375
562071	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Science%20Foundation	European Science Foundation	Science Connect is ESF's Expert services division dedicated to support scientific decision-making through a range of science-support services, such as Grant Evaluation, Career Tracking, coordination of EU-funded Projects and the hosting of scientific platforms and Expert Boards. Community of Experts According to the ...	2.09375
562073	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dor%20Yeshorim	Dor Yeshorim	Dor Yeshorim () also called Committee for Prevention of Jewish Genetic Diseases, is a nonprofit organization that offers genetic screening to members of the Jewish community worldwide. Its objective is to minimize, and eventually eliminate, the incidence of genetic disorders common to Jewish people, such as Tay–Sachs d...	2.734375
562073	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dor%20Yeshorim	Dor Yeshorim	In 2016, Dor Yeshorim received media attention when a rap video of two schoolgirls beat-boxing about their marriage prospects was shared in the Orthodox Jewish community. The organisation claimed to be "very disturbed by the whole thing" and that "...it is below our dignity as an organization to promote such a thing". ...	1.984375
562075	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June%20List	June List	The party succeeded in capturing 14% of the votes in the 2004 European Parliament election, thereby gaining three of the 19 Swedish seats. The three MEPs were Nils Lundgren, former social democrat Hélène Goudin and former Christian democrat Lars Wohlin. The June List was one of the founding members of the Independence ...	2.0625
562077	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothing	Toothing	University of Bath psychologist Linda Blair said the practice of toothing is down to the human need to take risks: "I think we protect ourselves too much in modern society, and risk is a human need. We need motivation. In some ways this is a tame way of picking people up, it's almost a natural follow up from randomly p...	1.921875
562096	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveston	Alveston	Illness of William Rufus Early in March 1093 King William II (1087–1100) was at the royal manor of Alveston, possibly awaiting his passage across the River Severn to Wales via the Aust ferry. He was suddenly attacked by a serious illness, thought to have been a disorder of the stomach or bowels. He was immediately rush...	2.703125
562096	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveston	Alveston	De Gloucester On 28 September 1309 Fulk V obtained royal licence to grant the manor of Alveston, which was held in-chief from the king, to Walter de Gloucester (died 1310) for life. Walter was Sheriff of Somerset & Dorset 1293–1298 and in 1309 Escheator citra Trentam ("on this side of the River Trent"). Little is known...	1.921875
562097	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyon	Nyon	At Roman contact, the country round the town was held by the Helvetii. The town's importance is reflected in its numerous mentions in ancient sources. The Antonine Itineraries place the town on the road from Geneva to Lacus Lausonius (near Lausanne). It is first mentioned by Pliny (H.N., iv. 7), and then by Ptolemy (i...	2.203125
562097	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyon	Nyon	Under Tiberius, the forum was expanded and redesigned into a familiar pattern for the provinces. The sacred area was surrounded on three sides by colonnades, which were built on half-sunken Cryptoporticus. Two outbuildings, including most likely the seat of the Curia, flanked the building. A market building (macellum)...	2.171875
562097	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyon	Nyon	Decline of the Roman colonia After a long period of peace and prosperity, signs of crisis and general insecurity were increasing in the early 3rd century. As a result of Alamanni invasions of 259 or 260 AD, the forum and the public buildings in the city were razed. The stone blocks were scattered all over the Lake Gene...	2.59375
562097	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyon	Nyon	Nyon remained an important transhipment point for trade along Lake Geneva and from France and Italy. Grain and wood came from Burgundy and Franche-Comté through the Col de la Givrine and Saint-Cergue on to Geneva. In 1537–76, the customs post of Nyon was the most profitable in the bailiwick. Over the following centurie...	2.390625
562113	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NECTEC	NECTEC	Thailand's National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC) is a statutory government organization under the National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation. Its main responsibilities are to undertake, support, and promote the develo...	2.328125
562121	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mk%2019%20grenade%20launcher	Mk 19 grenade launcher	The Mk 19A is a man-portable crew-served weapon that can fire from a tripod-mounted position or from a vehicle mount, with the latter being the preferred method, as the weapon alone weighs . The primary ammunition for it is the high-explosive dual-purpose M430 grenade. On impact, the grenade can kill anyone within a ra...	1.984375
562132	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney%20Souers	Sidney Souers	Sidney William Souers (March 30, 1892 – January 14, 1973) was an American military intelligence officer who was the first person to hold the office of Director of Central Intelligence, being head of the National Intelligence Authority, the direct predecessor to the Central Intelligence Agency. From 1947 to 1949, Souer...	2
562132	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney%20Souers	Sidney Souers	Souers was appointed assistant director of the Office of Naval Intelligence on July 24, 1944. He was promoted to rear admiral and deputy chief of Naval Intelligence on November 8, 1945. He was eventually relieved of active duty on July 22, 1946, after exactly six years of naval service. Director of Central Intelligenc...	2.359375
562132	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney%20Souers	Sidney Souers	Later career Souers was soon called back to Washington when president Truman appointed him to serve as Executive Secretary of the National Security Council following its creation on July 26, 1947. In this capacity as a non-voting member, he met with the president daily as a personal informant on national security issu...	1.992188
562136	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravanserai	Caravanserai	A caravanserai (or caravansary; ) was a roadside inn where travelers (caravaners) could rest and recover from the day's journey. Caravanserais supported the flow of commerce, information, and people across the network of trade routes covering Asia, North Africa and Southeast Europe, most notably the Silk Road. Often lo...	2.78125
562136	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravanserai	Caravanserai	In many parts of the Muslim world, caravanserais also provided revenues that were used to fund charitable or religious functions or buildings. These revenues and functions were managed through a waqf, a protected agreement which gave certain buildings and revenues the status of mortmain endowments guaranteed under Isla...	2.984375
562162	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied%20Commission	Allied Commission	The Armistice Agreement with Rumania, signed on September 12, 1944, established, among others, the following: Article 1 "As from August 24, 1944, at four a.m., Rumania has entirely discontinued military operations against the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on all theaters of war, has withdrawn from the war agains...	2.15625
562162	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied%20Commission	Allied Commission	The ACC provided Finland with a list of political leaders against whom Finland had to start judicial proceedings. This required Finnish ex post facto legislation. The ACC interfered with the war-responsibility trials by requiring longer prison sentences than the preliminary verdict would have contained. The ACC and the...	2.1875
562162	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied%20Commission	Allied Commission	Bulgaria The Armistice Agreement with Bulgaria was signed on October 28, 1944, and its provisions were: Article 1: "On the conclusion of hostilities against Germany the Bulgarian armed forces must be demobilized and put on a peace footing under: supervision of the Allied Control Commission." Article 11: property take...	2.390625
562162	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied%20Commission	Allied Commission	The Allied Commission for Austria was established by the Agreement on Control Machinery in Austria, signed in the European Advisory Commission in London on July 4, 1945. It entered into force on July 24, 1945, on the day that the United States gave notification of approval, the last of the four powers to do so. It was...	2.515625
562162	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied%20Commission	Allied Commission	Japan It was agreed at the Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers, and made public in communique issued at the end of the conference on December 27, 1945, that the Far Eastern Advisory Commission (FEAC) would become the Far Eastern Commission (FEC), it would be based in Washington, and would oversee the Allied Council ...	2.109375
562163	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Stott	John Stott	John Robert Walmsley Stott (27 April 1921 – 27 July 2011) was a British Anglican priest and theologian who was noted as a leader of the worldwide evangelical movement. He was one of the principal authors of the Lausanne Covenant in 1974. In 2005, Time magazine ranked Stott among the 100 most influential people in the ...	2.375
562163	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Stott	John Stott	He was chairing the National Assembly of Evangelicals in 1966, a convention organised by the Evangelical Alliance, when Martyn Lloyd-Jones made an unexpected call for evangelicals to unite as evangelicals and no longer stay within their "mixed" denominations. This view was motivated by a belief that true Christian fell...	2.015625
562163	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Stott	John Stott	Annihilationism Stott tentatively held to annihilationism, which is the view that the final state of the unsaved, known as hell, is death and destruction, rather than everlasting conscious torment. Stott said that: "the ultimate annihilation of the wicked should at least be accepted as a legitimate, biblically founded...	2.109375
562171	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English%20Canada	English Canada	English Canada comprises that part of the population within Canada, whether of British origin or otherwise, that speaks English. The term English Canada is also used for any of the following: Describing all the provinces of Canada that have an anglophone majority. This is every province except Quebec. When used ...	3
562180	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preimplantation%20genetic%20diagnosis	Preimplantation genetic diagnosis	Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD or PIGD) is the genetic profiling of embryos prior to implantation (as a form of embryo profiling), and sometimes even of oocytes prior to fertilization. PGD is considered in a similar fashion to prenatal diagnosis. When used to screen for a specific genetic disease, its main adva...	2.71875
562180	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preimplantation%20genetic%20diagnosis	Preimplantation genetic diagnosis	The procedures may also be called "preimplantation genetic profiling" to adapt to the fact that they are sometimes used on oocytes or embryos prior to implantation for other reasons than diagnosis or screening. Procedures performed on sex cells before fertilization may instead be referred to as methods of oocyte selec...	2.265625
562180	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preimplantation%20genetic%20diagnosis	Preimplantation genetic diagnosis	Female embryos were selectively transferred in five couples at risk of X-linked disease, resulting in two twins and one singleton pregnancy. Because the Y chromosome region Kontogianni was amplifying contained many repeats, it was more efficient than trying to amplify a unique region. A band on the PCR gel indicated th...	2.5
562180	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preimplantation%20genetic%20diagnosis	Preimplantation genetic diagnosis	Indications and applications PGD is used primarily for genetic disease prevention, by selecting only those embryos that do not have a known genetic disorder. PGD may also be used to increase chances of successful pregnancy, to match a sibling in HLA type in order to be a donor, to have less cancer predisposition, and f...	2.1875
562180	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preimplantation%20genetic%20diagnosis	Preimplantation genetic diagnosis	In addition, there are infertile couples who carry an inherited condition and who opt for PGD as it can be easily combined with their IVF treatment. Pregnancy chances Preimplantation genetic profiling (PGP) has been suggested as a method to determine embryo quality in in vitro fertilization, in order to select an emb...	2.265625
562180	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preimplantation%20genetic%20diagnosis	Preimplantation genetic diagnosis	Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing of embryos, so that the child's HLA matches a sick sibling, availing for cord-blood stem cell donation. The child is in this sense a "savior sibling" for the recipient child. HLA typing has meanwhile become an important PGD indication in those countries where the law permits it. The...	2.3125
562180	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preimplantation%20genetic%20diagnosis	Preimplantation genetic diagnosis	Sex discernment Preimplantation genetic diagnosis provides a method of prenatal sex discernment even before implantation, and may therefore be termed preimplantation sex discernment. Potential applications of preimplantation sex discernment include: A complement to specific gene testing for monogenic disorders, which ...	2.140625
562180	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preimplantation%20genetic%20diagnosis	Preimplantation genetic diagnosis	In the case of families at risk for X-linked diseases, patients are provided with a single PGD assay of gender identification. Gender selection offers a solution to individuals with X-linked diseases who are in the process of getting pregnant. The selection of a female embryo offspring is used in order to prevent the t...	2.375
562180	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preimplantation%20genetic%20diagnosis	Preimplantation genetic diagnosis	Oocytes are carefully denudated from the cumulus cells, as these cells can be a source of contamination during the PGD if PCR-based technology is used. In the majority of the reported cycles, intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is used instead of IVF. The main reasons are to prevent contamination with residual sper...	2.109375
562180	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preimplantation%20genetic%20diagnosis	Preimplantation genetic diagnosis	A polar body biopsy is the sampling of a polar body, which is a small haploid cell that is formed concomitantly as an egg cell during oogenesis, but which generally does not have the ability to be fertilized. Compared to a blastocyst biopsy, a polar body biopsy can potentially be of lower costs, less harmful side-effec...	2.609375
562180	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preimplantation%20genetic%20diagnosis	Preimplantation genetic diagnosis	Cleavage-stage biopsy (blastomere biopsy) Cleavage-stage biopsy is generally performed the morning of day three post-fertilization, when normally developing embryos reach the eight-cell stage. The biopsy is usually performed on embryos with less than 50% of anucleated fragments and at an eight-cell or later stage of de...	2.546875
562180	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preimplantation%20genetic%20diagnosis	Preimplantation genetic diagnosis	Blastocyst biopsy In an attempt to overcome the difficulties related to single-cell techniques, it has been suggested to biopsy embryos at the blastocyst stage, providing a larger amount of starting material for diagnosis. It has been shown that if more than two cells are present in the same sample tube, the main techn...	2.359375
562180	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preimplantation%20genetic%20diagnosis	Preimplantation genetic diagnosis	There are two drawbacks to this approach, due to the stage at which it is performed. First, only approximately half of the preimplantation embryos reach the blastocyst stage. This can restrict the number of blastocysts available for biopsy, limiting in some cases the success of the PGD. McArthur and coworkers report th...	1.945313
562180	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preimplantation%20genetic%20diagnosis	Preimplantation genetic diagnosis	Benefits and consequences While there is conflicting evidence as to whether or not the more traditional methods of preimplantation genetic testing are harmful to the embryo, there are newer methods for less invasive and equally effective testing methods using blastocoel fluid and spent embryo media. Two problems with ...	2.265625
562180	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preimplantation%20genetic%20diagnosis	Preimplantation genetic diagnosis	In addition to FISH and PCR, single cell genome sequencing is being tested as a method of preimplantation genetic diagnosis. This characterizes the complete DNA sequence of the genome of the embryo. FISH FISH is the most commonly applied method to determine the chromosomal constitution of an embryo. In contrast to kar...	2.265625
562180	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preimplantation%20genetic%20diagnosis	Preimplantation genetic diagnosis	Cycles of four deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs) are separately added to the reaction mixture iteratively. The cascade starts with a nucleic acid polymerization reaction in which inorganic pyrophosphate is released as a result of nucleotide incorporation by polymerase. Each nucleotide incorporation event is followe...	2.09375
562180	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preimplantation%20genetic%20diagnosis	Preimplantation genetic diagnosis	Establishing a diagnosis The establishment of a diagnosis in PGD is not always straightforward. The criteria used for choosing the embryos to be replaced after FISH or PCR results are not equal in all centres. In the case of FISH, in some centres only embryos are replaced that are found to be chromosomally normal (that...	2.171875
562180	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preimplantation%20genetic%20diagnosis	Preimplantation genetic diagnosis	With the introduction in Europe of the single-embryo transfer policy, which aims at the reduction of the incidence of multiple pregnancies after ART, usually one embryo or early blastocyst is replaced in the uterus. Serum hCG is determined at day 12. If a pregnancy is established, an ultrasound examination at 7 weeks i...	2.1875
562180	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preimplantation%20genetic%20diagnosis	Preimplantation genetic diagnosis	In a mouse model study, PGD has been attributed to various long-term risks, including a weight gain and memory decline; a proteomic analysis of adult mouse brains showed significant differences between the biopsied and the control groups, of which many are closely associated with neurodegenerative disorders like Alzhei...	2.015625
562180	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preimplantation%20genetic%20diagnosis	Preimplantation genetic diagnosis	PGD has the potential to screen for genetic issues unrelated to medical necessity, such as intelligence and beauty, and against negative traits such as disabilities. The medical community has regarded this as a counterintuitive and controversial suggestion. The prospect of a "designer baby" is closely related to the PG...	2.484375
562180	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preimplantation%20genetic%20diagnosis	Preimplantation genetic diagnosis	PGD allows discrimination against those with intersex traits. Georgiann Davis argues that such discrimination fails to recognize that many people with intersex traits led full and happy lives. Morgan Carpenter highlights the appearance of several intersex variations in a list by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology A...	2.265625
562180	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preimplantation%20genetic%20diagnosis	Preimplantation genetic diagnosis	United Kingdom In the UK, assisted reproductive technologies are regulated under the Human Fertilization and Embryology Act (HFE) of 2008. However, the HFE Act does not address issues surrounding PGD. Thus, the HFE Authority (HFEA) was created in 2003 to act as a national regulatory agency that issues licenses and moni...	2.296875
562205	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grady%20Booch	Grady Booch	Grady Booch (born February 27, 1955) is an American software engineer, best known for developing the Unified Modeling Language (UML) with Ivar Jacobson and James Rumbaugh. He is recognized internationally for his innovative work in software architecture, software engineering, and collaborative development environments....	2.3125
562206	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie%20Fredriksson	Marie Fredriksson	2002–2003: Brain tumour diagnosis and aftermath On 11 September 2002, Fredriksson complained of feeling unwell after jogging with her husband. She collapsed in a bathroom after becoming nauseated, with the impact of the fall fracturing her cranium. She then had an epileptic seizure. Scans later indicated she had a brai...	2.328125

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