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Asthma is the more frequent chronic pulmonary disease in childhood and as reported by the international study of asthma and allergies in childhood (isaac) its prevalence notoriously varies between countries and also between different localities in the same country (isaac 1998; mallol et al 2000). The mentioned global v... |
Animals: male lewis rats (7 weeks, 170180 g) were purchased from japan slc, inc . Rats were randomly divided to a control group, a lps group and a lps + tyr group (tyr group) in the same number . There were 29 rats for aqh collection in each group; 8 of 29 rats were used for cell counting and protein concentration assa... |
In 1878, claude bernard described hyperglycemia during hemorrhagic shock; and it is now well known that acute illness or injury may result in hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance, collectively termed stress hyperglycemia . Numerous studies in both icu and hospitalized non - icu patients have demons... |
The dependent variable was fear of childbirth and anxiety and fear of childbirth were measured using spielberger's state - trait anxiety inventory (stai) and childbirth attitudes questionnaire (caq) at gestational age of weeks 28 and 38 . The present study was a prospective analytical study to assess the association be... |
The polycystic ovary syndrome (pcos) is a clinical syndrome characterized by chronic anovulation and hyperandrogenism, affecting 610% of women in reproductive age . Current evidence suggests that genetic, endocrine, metabolic, and environmental aspects are involved in determining the syndrome . There are three recogniz... |
A group randomized trial was designed to test the hypothesis that primary care physician (pcp) participation in either of two study interventions would improve safety or quality of care delivered to actual patients with diabetes, relative to care delivered by control group pcps . Four principal dependent variables were... |
The high demand for dental aesthetics has been linked to a fast growing development of new resin based restorative materials . The clinical performances of the composite resins are excellent, more so if we compare them with the preceding restorative systems (1). Nonetheless, restorative composite materials on the marke... |
Protein structure comparison (psc) has been a staple method for obtaining information about a protein when its 3d structure is determined experimentally or predicted computationally . It is therefore not surprising that the development of new psc algorithms has been continuing for more than two decades with no sign of ... |
Cystic echinococcosis (ce) is the larval cystic stage of the tapeworm echinococcus granulosus (1). The disease is endemic in the central asia, mediterranean countries; middle east, africa and south america (12). Human become infected by accidentally ingesting of contaminated food and water with eggs of the tapeworm (1,... |
It can be caused by diseases of the adrenal gland (primary), interference with adrenocorticotropic hormone (acth) secretion by the pituitary gland (secondary), or interference with corticotropin - releasing hormone secretion by the hypothalamus (tertiary). 5.5% of the patients present with hypercalcemia.1 the proportio... |
Provide an insight into the on - going work in the barcelona demonstration site of the european 6th framework emilia project (empowerment of mental illness service users: lifelong learning, integration and empowerment). Determine how this work bridges the gap between mental health users and the mental health institutio... |
Coronal fractures of the anterior teeth are a common form of dental trauma that mainly affects children and adolescents . The majority of dental injuries involves the anterior teeth, especially the maxillary central incisors (because of its position in the arch), whereas the mandibular central incisors and the maxillar... |
Gastrointestinal involvement is known to occur in 3 - 37% of the cases with recto - sigmoid being the most common site of involvement . Prompt diagnosis involves integration of clinical manifestations, imaging techniques, biomarkers and surgical techniques . Laparoscopy which is considered as the gold standard in endom... |
Turner's syndrome is the most common female sex chromosomal disorder with an estimated prevalence of 1 in 2500 . Renal anomalies are seen in 3040% of these patients and screening for the same is currently recommended for all patients . Although various renal anomalies ranging from horseshoe kidney to multicystic kidney... |
Poultry plays a role in many traditional ceremonies and festivals, and scavenging poultry reduces the population of vermin . Increasing productivity of poultry husbandry may help reduce poverty and improve household's food safety [3, 4]. A participatory diagnosis carried out with the breeders in the commune of ouak ide... |
Anterior knee pain (akp) is a common symptom complex typically characterized by diffuse retropatellar or peripatellar knee pain exacerbated by activities that load the flexed knee joint1 . Such activities include ascending or descending stairs, squatting, walking, running, or sitting for prolonged periods of time2 . Fu... |
Multiple sclerosis (ms) is considered to be a chronic autoimmune degenerative disease of the central nervous system which predominantly affects young females . Broad spectrum of sign and symptoms of ms are related to various brain regions which are affected with multifocal lesions that cause episodes of demyelination a... |
Pedicle screw fixation (psf) for spine arthrodesis is a useful procedure for the treatment of spinal disorders . However, instrument failure often occurs, and pedicle screw loosening is the initial step of a range of complications9). If a pedicle screw loosens, it could cause other complications and be difficult to tre... |
This retrospective study was conducted during january 2011july 2013 on a subset of a prospective study in which children were enrolled at birth and observed until young adolescence (8). We observed 144 children born during 19952004, from whom final samples were obtained during 20042008 . On average, 13 serum samples pe... |
Mullite is an important ceramic material, with excellent thermal and mechanical properties, such as high - temperature stability, strength and creep resistance, as well as a low dielectric constant and high electrical insulation capabilities . For more details and examples on properties and applications, the chemical c... |
Diabetes type 2 is a worldwide disease and it is estimated that at the end of 2030 more than 550 million people suffer from this disease (1). There are several studies showing that vitamin d deficiency may resulted in developing diabetes type 2 (24). Vitamin d may facilitate insulin function by regulating its receptor ... |
Vbd is associated with various neurologic deficits, including cranial nerve syndromes, brainstem compression, hydrocephalus, ischemic stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and central sleep apnea [24]. Although numerous investigations have examined the neuroradiologic and pathologic features of vbd, little is known about th... |
Advances in high - quality sequencing technologies [1, 2] and large - scale resource datasets [3, 4] have enhanced genomics research . Conducting large - scale sequence comparisons has the advantage of identifying the genetic variation and speciation among organisms . Whole - genome expression experiments have also exp... |
As the study by dr peiniger and colleagues correctly indicates, many retrospective studies have demonstrated a survival benefit from transfusion strategies using an early and more balanced ratio between fresh frozen plasma (ffp) and red blood cell (rbc) transfusions in patients with acute traumatic coagulopathy requiri... |
The benefits and harms of prostate - specific antigen (psa) testing depend on its performance in detecting prostate cancers and on the benefits of consequent early treatment . The performance of psa testing as a screening test depends on the cutoff level for recommending a biopsy, the compliance to a biopsy recommendat... |
The oral hygiene measures in certain population are adapted depending on factors, such as cultural background, religious norms, educational level, and socio - economic status . The traditional toothbrush or chewing stick called miswak has had been used widely by different civilizations for centuries . It was initially ... |
One hundred years ago, most western countries also experienced a high incidence of gastric cancer but mysteriously the incidence began to decline to where in many countries it has become an uncommon disease . In the early 20th century gastric cancer was the number one cause of cancer in many countries (e.g., the united... |
Primary hypothyroidism is an abnormality in the thyroid gland itself it can be subclinical or overt . The prevalence of hypothyroidism in developed countries is about 4%5%, whereas in india, it is reported to be around 10.95% . As per the epidemiology study conducted by unnikrishnan et al . In eight cities of india, th... |
Community involvement has been acknowledged to play a significant role in malaria elimination efforts (1, 2). Many studies confirmed that successful implementation of malaria elimination activities relies on community contribution and supports (3, 4). In recognition of the important role communities have played in elim... |
Diabetes is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality across the world [1, 2]. Population age, obesity, and modern sedentary lifestyles mean that the incidence of type 2 diabetes (t2d) has significantly increased worldwide in recent years [24]. Type 2 diabetes is associated with long - term vascular complications, inc... |
Familial adenomatous polyposis (fap) accounts for less than 1% of all colorectal cancers 1 . The traditional treatment is total proctocolectomy, though subtotal colectomy is used in some cases that are accompanied by low rectal polyp burdens . Patients with low polyp burdens may choose to delay colectomy to avoid compl... |
The term odontogenickeratocyst was introduced by philipsen (1956). In this and in a subsequent paper (pindborg et al ., 1962), and in a paper by pindborg and hansen (1963), the designation keratocyst was used to describe any jaw cyst in which keratin was formed to a large extent . Finally, in the latest world health or... |
The cohort studied represents a convenience sample of emergency - department patients with triage capillary blood glucose 250 mg / dl enrolled on 320 individual days over a 2-year period based on research - assistant availability . Subjects were excluded if they were 1) critically ill, 2) in police custody, 3) sufferin... |
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (dfsp) is a rare, nodular, or plaque - like tumor of the cutaneous tissue occurring more on the trunk, than in proximal extremities, and rarely in the head and neck region . Although dfsp is characterized by a high rate of local recurrence, metastatic diseases are very rare (<5%). More t... |
Three groups of patients with respiratory disease were compared: one group with acute respiratory insufficiency osa and two with chronic respiratory insufficiency, copd and bronchiectasis (be). Although the osa patients were as a group obese (body mass index> 30), the mean bmi of the copd patients was normal, while the... |
Rheumatoid arthritis (ra) is a widespread chronic systemic inflammatory disorder that affects approximately 1% of the worldwide population . The female - to - male ratio of the disease is 3: 1, and although it can occur at any age, it is more common between ages 40 and 70 years . In this context, pharmaceutical compani... |
Malignant melanoma of the nasal cavity is a rare, aggressive tumor, representing 1% of all melanomas and 4% of sinonasal malignancies . Its occurrence among hereditary retinoblastoma survivors may be more common than in the general population, due to their genetic predisposition to cancers related to rb1 gene mutation.... |
Post - transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (ptld) is a well - recognized and potentially life - threatening morbidity that can occur following transplantation of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells and solid organs, including the heart (13). It is estimated to occur in 16.3% cardiac recipients, and manifests as a s... |
Previous studies on badminton, focused on the development of skills to deliver effective service and overhead strokes1, 2, which are characteristic upper limb muscle activities in skilled badminton players when hitting a smash3, as well as other stroke - related issues . In badminton rallies, quick steps are essential ... |
Gamma knife radiosurgery (gks) has become an effective and safe treatment for cerebral arteriovenous malformation (avm) in recent years . Most complications that develop after gks are due to the radiation - induced necrosis and hemorrhage of treated but not yet obliterated avms . However, some late complications, such ... |
Malignant neoplasm is the second leading cause of death in the world and the leading cause of death in developed nations . Chemotherapy is a common method of treating cancer, but it is largely indiscriminate in that it does not target cancer cells with specificity . Therefore, considerable interest has been shown in de... |
A number of reviews estimate the prevalence of depression in the oncologic population between 1.5 and 45% . Other trials mention a prevalence of depression and anxiety of 2540% in the first year of diagnosis, with significant influence on the quality of life of the subjects and on the family relations . Breast cancer i... |
Range of motion (rom) loss is one of the most serious sequelae of fractures and soft tissue injuries around the knee and knee surgery . Pyogenic infection, prolonged postoperative immobility of the knee, and improper rehabilitation can result in an rom deficit, but soft tissue damage and adhesions around the knee after... |
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (gerd) develops when the reflux of gastric contents causes troublesome symptoms and/or complications . Gerd has a prevalence of 10% to 20% in western europe and north america.1 proton pump inhibitors (ppis) effectively treat heartburn and regurgitation secondary to reflux disease, but so... |
Cardiovascular disease, resulting from atherosclerosis, is a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality . Despite the tremendous gains made in decreasing the number of deaths due to cardiovascular disease genetic predisposition and classical environmental risk factors (family history, hypercholesterolemia, cigaret... |
In the united states, obesity among adults has increased markedly since 1980 . In 2011 - 2012, 34.9% of adults 2074 years old were obese . A higher body weight is associated with an increased incidence of a number of health conditions, including diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and nonalcoholic fatty liver di... |
Malaria and dengue fever, the two vector borne diseases, are endemic in tropical countries causing high morbidity and mortality . Co - infection with malaria and dengue infection has been described in the literature; although the reports are scarce from india . Herein, we describe three unusual cases of malaria and den... |
Obesity is directly associated with a number of health complications, including diabetes, hypertension and heart disease (reviewed in allender and rayner). Although unfavorable diet, lifestyle and genetic factors are associated with the increasing rates of obesity around the world, it is now suspected that exposure to ... |
We propose that surgical resections of peritoneal metastases arising from hepatocellular carcinoma are an option for selected patients with controlled hcc in the liver, and without metastases in other organs, when the complete removal of such metastases can be achieved, especially in the case of patients with normal li... |
This study was conducted with institutional review board (irb) approval; the requirement for informed consent was waived . Between may 2006 and june 2006, 204 consecutive women who had been scheduled to undergo a us - guided percutaneous needle biopsy based on suspicious imaging findings were examined by us elastograph... |
Traumatic optic neuropathy (ton) is a rare but serious complication after head trauma . It occurs in about 2.5% of midface fractures and 10% of craniofacial fractures [14]. The initial clinical findings of ton include decrease of vision acuity, a relative afferent pupillary defect . Direct optic injury usually results ... |
This tissue is specialized in storing lipids and supplying fuel to the whole body whenever it is necessary . In order to face energetic requirements, however, adipose tissue is not only a reserve organ; it is also an endocrine organ able to release hormones, peptides, and cytokines (adipokines) that affect both the ene... |
Diabetes is a relatively prevalent disease that occurs as a result of lack or dysfunction of insulin . Approximately 6% american have different levels of glucose metabolism disorder, which indicate diabetes or the tendency to have diabetes . According to who, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes was estimated to be 5.5, 5... |
Male breast cancer (mbc) is an uncommon disease accounting for approximately 1% of all breast cancers diagnosed in the united states each year [1, 2].of the 209,060 total cases of breast cancer expected in the united state in 2010, 1,970 (0.94%) will occur in men and 390 men are expected to die from the disease . In co... |
Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (mods) leads to high morbidity and mortality rates in the intensive care unit and is one of the most urgent and challenging public health problems worldwide [1, 2]. The lung is frequently the first organ that fails during the development of this syndrome . However, the mechanism of l... |
Recently, significant advances in the prevention, diagnosis and management of breast cancer have been made . Nevertheless, worldwide, every year, 460,000 women die of breast cancer (1). The conventional approach to cancer therapy is to provide treatment according to the organ or tissue in which the cancer originates . ... |
Ziziphus is a genus of about 40 species of spiny shrubs and small trees in the rhamnaceae family, distributed in the warm - temperate and subtropical regions throughout the world . Several pharmacological activities of plants in ziziphus genus have been shown in many scientific literatures, such as anti - ulcerogenic o... |
A 32-year - old man was admitted to the medical ward of a hospital in mysore, southwestern india, during 2010, with hyperglycemia and upper urinary tract infection (uti). His underlying diabetes mellitus was stabilized, but his uti did not improve after 5 days of ciprofloxacin . Prostatitis with pyelonephritis was diag... |
Vulvar cancer accounts for approximately 35% of all gynecological malignancies and the majority of cases are squamous cell carcinoma . Surgery is the cornerstone in the treatment of this cancer and prognosis is mostly linked to the presence of inguinal lymph node metastasis . The current management of vulvar cancer dep... |
A 33-year - old patient with good health presented to the outpatient department with the complaints of pain and salty discharge in the left upper anterior quadrant of the jaw for the past 6 years . The left maxillary lateral incisor (#22) [figure 1] had an intact crown without caries / fracture, with negative vitality ... |
Montelukast (mt) is a monosodium salt; its iupac chemical name is (r, e)-2-(1-((1-(3-(2-(7-chloroquinolin-2-yl)vinyl)phenyl)-3-(2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)phenyl) propylthio)methyl)cyclopropyl) acetic acid . Mt is a leukotriene receptor antagonist; it specifically blocks the action of leukotriene d4 on the cysteinyl leuko... |
Primary headache disorders, in particular migraine and tension - type headache (tth), are common . They cause substantial disability amongst those affected and impose secondary burdens on their families and work colleagues . Through lost productivity, they generate a very large economic burden that falls upon society .... |
Seprafilm (genzyme corp ., cambridge, ma, usa), composed of sodium hyaluronate and carboxymethylcellulose, was approved by the u.s . Food and drug administration (fda) in 1996 and is one of the adhesion barriers widely used in surgery today . This product is indicated for abdominal or pelvic laparotomy surgery to reduc... |
Scalp biopsies are not always performed in androgenetic alopecia (aga) patients and in those who have poor growth following hair transplantation . Consequently, the incidence of suboptimal growth following hair transplant surgery and histopathological evaluation of possible etiologies remain to be explored . Previous s... |
Proton mr spectroscopic imaging (mrsi) is the method of choice to detect the spatial distribution of metabolites in the human brain . As both the signal - to - noise ratio (snr) and chemical shift dispersion are proportional to the main magnetic field strength, the highest available field strength should be used for be... |
The etiology of colorectal cancer (crc) includes several well - established genetic factors, yet it is likely that additional predisposition variants remain to be discovered . Although the influence of genetic susceptibility to crc is well documented, a central difficulty in the identification of the genetic factors in... |
The t cells of the immune system recognize antigens as short peptide fragments (t - cell epitopes) derived from self or foreign proteins . Foreign peptides are derived from pathogens, environmental antigens, tumor cells and transplanted tissue . Immune recognition of both self and foreign antigens involves proteolytic ... |
During january 2009december 2014, we isolated 608 s. pneumoniae clinical strains at a 698-bed, university - affiliated hospital in south korea . We determined mics by using the broth microdilution method according to clinical and laboratory standards institute guidelines (5). We performed antimicrobial resistance tests... |
Vitreomacular traction (vmt) or vmt syndrome is an increasingly recognized disorder that has attracted recent attention as a target for both surgical and pharmacologic treatments . Despite recent advances, however, furthermore, the nomenclature used to describe disorders of this interface may be confusing and subject t... |
Evaluating the presence of metabolic syndrome components in a healthy population is not easy because it is difficult to find a reasonably defined healthy population . Essential hypertension is an important disease with a great impact on the mortality and morbidity of all populations . The role of genetic factors is ver... |
A 50-year - old man presented with congenital scaling and hyperkeratosis on his palms, the soles of his feet and the extensor areas of his joints . The patient reported that his skin condition had significantly improved after he spent time at the dead sea . His maternal grandmother, questionably his maternal uncle, his... |
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (ncls) are the most common neurodegenerative diseases in children, characterised by storage of autofluorescent material that has a characteristic ultrastructure . Mutations in seven known genes (cln2/tpp1, cln5, cln6, cln7/mfsd8, cln8, and cln1/ppt1 or cln10/ctsd) cause ncl disease wi... |
Genital tuberculosis accounts for 0.751.0% of gynecological admissions in india, with a rising incidence in the industrialized and developing countries, partly as a result of its association with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection . It is considered to be more common in patients less than 40 years of age and ... |
The fda's manufacturers and user defined experience (maude) database contains reports of adverse events involving medical devices worldwide . The majority of reports originate from device manufacturers; 57% are submitted by user facilities, including hospitals and clinics . The fda has required device manufacturers to ... |
Many countries are seeking to increase agricultural output to meet the demands of increasing populations and ensure food security . The republic of ireland has documented ambitious targets to increase agricultural output in response to increasing global demands in a report published in 2010 called food harvest 2020: a ... |
Se ha demostrado que el yoga produce una mejora en los pacientes con asma, pero no se han investigado sus efectos en los pacientes con fibrosis qustica (fq). Este fue un estudio piloto prospectivo para evaluar la seguridad de un programa de yoga estandarizado en pacientes con fq con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y 2... |
Characteristic features of atopic asthma are circulating specific ige antibodies, positive skin tests to common allergens, and infiltration of the bronchial mucosa with eosinophils and th2 cells . The resulting pulmonary inflammation leads to bronchoconstriction, airway hyper - responsiveness, and ultimately to airway ... |
With the advent of a new concept for health and hygiene along with global developments in medical education that were initiated in a global meeting in almaty (kazakhstan) in 1978, the primary health care (phc) strategy as the first step in achieving the health for all aim up to the year 2000 was suggested (1). Then, th... |
Citric acid is one of the most common products which have a never ending demand in the global market . It plays a pivotal role in food and beverage industries and pharmaceutical, chemical cosmetic, and other industries for applications such as acidulation, antioxidant, flavor, enhancement, preservation, and plasticizat... |
Problem - based learning (pbl) has its roots in medical education programs but is now being used in a wide variety of disciplines due to the array of benefits observed with its implementation . Institutes of higher education are encouraging active learning and development of skills relevant to the 21st century, includi... |
Experiment has been performed whereby a highly virulent ostrich h7n1 strain has been selected for efficient airborne transmission between ferrets . The recently published paper in the journal of virology (1) represents a quantum jump between danger levels, for the acquisition of airborne transmission was achieved witho... |
Celiac disease (cd) is characterized by a life - long intolerance to gluten from wheat, barley, or rye . Screening studies have shown that it is a very common disease affecting about 1% of the western population and there is increasing recognition that it is present and perhaps increasing in nontraditional areas such a... |
To account for individual attrition, all of our statistical models use inverse probability weights constructed from the ratio of predicted probabilities, of remaining in the sample between 1991 and 2012, from a restricted and unrestricted probit model (supplementary table 4) (23,24). The f statistic testing the joint s... |
Cardiac myxomas are the most common benign cardiac tumour usually found in the left atrium . They usually present with at least one of the classical triad of obstructive cardiac, embolic and constitutional symptoms . Due to their position in the left atrium, the most common presentation is with mitral valve obstruction... |
Pacemakers (pms) and implantable cardioverter defibrillators (icds) must be removed post - mortem in a number of countries . In addition, the lithium battery may explode during temperature rise in crematory ovens, which will have economic consequences and cause a potential risk for the staff working near the oven . Nor... |
Diabetic retinopathy (dr) is the leading cause of vision loss in working - age adults . In 2002, there were estimated to be just over 13.5 million individuals afflicted with diabetes mellitus (dm) in the usa, or about 6% of the population . Since then, revised estimates for 2011 indicate that 25.8 million people have d... |
Fibromyalgia (fm) is characterized by the presence of diffuse widespread pain.1 previous studies suggest fm is also associated with reduced knee strength24 and decreased levels of aerobic conditioning.5,6 knee strength has been preferentially used because of its critical role in performing routine functional tasks, and... |
Personality disorders (pd) are associated with ways of thinking and feeling about oneself and others that significantly and adversely affect how an individual functions in many aspects of life . Since the fifth edition of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (dsm-5) has shifted to a single axis sys... |
The presence of microorganisms in the root canal system plays a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of apical periodontitis . The elimination of all microorganisms from the root canal system is accomplished by mechanical instrumentation supported by various irrigating solutions and placement of intracanal medications ... |
The year 2009 saw the occurrence of a pandemic of influenza a (h1n1),1 which was remarkably mild when measured against the standard of earlier influenza pandemics.2 however, the impact varied across populations, geographical regions, and ethnic groups . In particular, in high income countries such as canada, the united... |
Ipsilateral fractures of the proximal femur and femoral shaft are extremely uncommon injuries which occur in young adults who sustain a high energy trauma . A variety of management modalities have been tried to treat this complex fracture pattern ranging from conservative approach to recently introduced reconstruction ... |
Paradoxical embolism causing acute myocardial infarction (ami) in the setting of patent foramen ovale (pfo) or atrial septal defect (asd) has been rarely reported. [14] the present report describes a case of ami due to paradoxical embolism in a patient with asd . This may be related to the presence of intracardiac righ... |
Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) have limited exercise capacity due to complex pathophysiology, and evaluation of exercise performance at all stages of copd is important if we are to understand disease progression better . 1 one approach would be to measure aerobic capacity (vo2 max) periodica... |
Dutch investigator has previously suggested increased bronchial responsiveness and atopy in predisposed subjects to develop chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (copd). Earlier studies have identified environmental irritants are associated with copd, but the relationship between markers of allergy and airway inflamma... |
A 48-years - old male with recent prosthetic replacement of the mitral and aortic cardiac valves three months earlier, was hospitalized with clinical and laboratory evidence of sepsis . Transthoracic echocardiography detected a vegetation consistent with infectious endocarditis of the mitral prosthesis, but the fever p... |
This includes the presence of a third body (e.g. Liquid or gas) in the separating gap, with gap varying from micrometers down to the nanoscale . In the context of complex fluids, precise measurements between extended and curved surfaces have been done using the surface force apparatus (sfa) [1 - 3]. In any environment,... |
Saliva contains a number of protective factors such as mucins, immunoglobulins (e.g., iga, igg, and igm), and enzymes (e.g., lysozyme and lactoperoxidases) that play an important role in the maintenance of oral health and are the first line of defense of the host against pathogens such as streptococcus mutans, streptoc... |
In contrast to some medical specialties where diagnostic criteria are based on objective and often quantifiable pathophysiology, the diagnostic criteria of psychiatric disorders depend largely on subjective interviews, observations and opinions . Between the mid 19th and mid 20th centuries, the absence of objective fin... |
During the aging process, increasing disturbances in the functioning of cells and organs occur . Presbyacusis, or age - related hearing loss, is caused by involutionary changes in the peripheral components of the auditory system, including the inner ear, the spiral ganglion, and the cochlear nerve, as well as by change... |
Temporomandibular joint (tmj) function has been the subject of considerable study for over a century, and despite voluminous literature, the multifactorial etiology of on tmd even today is a unsolved issue . There are over 26 definitions for centric relation (cr) since the term was first developed as a starting point f... |
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