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Human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) is typical of human herpesviruses in that it has both a latent and a lytic phase of its life cycle, which are bridged by periodic reactivation events . In the immune competent, primary infection is rarely symptomatic, and following the establishment of latency it is now established that, in...
Several lines of evidence suggest that abnormalities in the serotonin (5-ht) system may be related to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia . Among the various serotonin receptors, 5-ht2 receptors have received much attention because of their unique role in the therapeutic actions of clozapine and several other atypical...
Healthcare facilities are an ideal environment for the rapid spread of influenza and healthcare workers (hcws) have been identified as the primary vectors for spreading influenza virus within these facilities ., moreover, hcws often continue to care for their patients even after they develop flulike symptoms ., nosocom...
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (mets) in patients with essential hypertension is very high, and has been estimated as being close to 50% . Hypertensive patients with mets have a much higher cardiovascular (cv) risk than their counterparts without mets, and also have a particularly high risk of developing type 2 d...
Operating theatres' cost constitutes a huge investment of healthcare resources, approximating one - third of total hospital budget [1, 2]. Thus, there is an increasing interest in providing an efficient anaesthetic and surgical service, to make operations the largest potential source of income [1, 2]. However, case can...
Although it is difficult for a pair of hematologists / oncologists to admit, cardiologists teamed with public health aficionados and pharmaceutical companies have made a huge dent in the death and disability rates induced by atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease (cad). The relatively puny successes of our brethre...
A 48-year - old presented to the emergency department with a 4-week history of inflamed scrotum . His scrotum was edematous and erythematous with well - delineated black necrotic areas (fig.1). The patient was given broad - spectrum antibiotics and iv fluids and referred to urology urgently . Fournier gangrene is a rap...
Geriatric medicine or clinical gerontology, as a branch of medical sciences specifically deals with health problems as well as care and treatment of older people . Becoming a prominent issue, this branch aims to improve function, overcome environmental problems and keep older adults healthy in normal activities . Since...
Lesions in the central area (intracanal lesions) have traditionally been managed through a standard interlaminar approach . Lesions in the lateral area (foraminal lesions) occasionally involve the exiting (upper) nerve root within the neuroforamen and exposed through an extraspinal intertransverse approach6151618). Spi...
Age - related macular degeneration (amd) is the leading cause of irreversible visual impairment and disability among the elderly worldwide, and amd currently affects almost two - thirds of the population over 80 years old [1, 2]. Moreover, amd is the main cause of blindness, and 1018% of individuals between 65 and 75 h...
Primary hypertension is the most common form of blood pressure elevation whose cause remains unknown . However, many factors have been implicated in its pathogenesis, such as the renin - angiotensin - aldosterone system and the sympathetic nervous system hyperactivation . In addition, changes in intracellular ions such...
Tuberculosis (tb) is the most widespread human infection worldwide affecting over one billion people . Amongst the extrapulmonary sites, breast and bones are infrequent sites of tb, with less than 1 percent of reported cases . It is more frequently encountered in developing countries like africa and asia where the dise...
Esophageal cancer is the sixth cause of death in the world, which kills about 386000 people each year . Regarding diagnosis and the survival rate for these patients is very low and only 12% and 4% for female and male patients, respectively in caspian region . The highest number of outbreaks was reported in north parts ...
Methamphetamine is the most widely abused type of amphetamine, a class of stimulant drugs . Uses have been more prevalent in east and south east asia, north america, south africa, new zealand, australia, and a number of european countries . Individuals with methamphetamine use disorders had a higher mortality risk than...
Gaps in margin render the tooth susceptible to caries, pulpitis and periodontal disease [13]. All - ceramic restorations are in fast progression in properties and usage . In situations with high esthetic demands, these materials may be the material of choice . Although adhesive resin cements are recommended for most of...
Approximately 500,000 new cases of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (hnscc) are diagnosed each year making hnscc the 6th most common cancer worldwide . The rate of hnscc has been increasing recently secondary to an epidemic of human papillomavirus- (hpv-) related oropharyngeal squamous cell cancer (opscc). These t...
Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis (lip) is a morphological subdivision of interstitial lung disease which is considered by some authors to represent a premalignant lymphoproliferative disorder . Lip is characterized as bilateral lower lobe infiltration and pleomorphic lymphohistiocytic infiltration within the pulmon...
Calculating nonsynonymous (ka) and synonymous (ks) substitution rates is a useful way for evaluating sequence variations for protein orthologs across different species or taxonomical lineages with unknown evolutionary status . Furthermore, it is often important to recognize positively selected sites and to identify gen...
A 23-year - old female was accidentally exposed to a q - switched nd: yag laser operating at 1064 nm in october 2002 . The laser fired inadvertently while the patient was adjusting target without the use of her protective goggles . Immediately after the exposure, she experienced a bright flash of light followed by a su...
A nasolabial cyst is an uncommon lesion that occurs in the soft tissue of the midface (1, 2). Nasolabial cysts are non - odontogenic cyst and develop lateral to the midline of the maxillary lip and alar base (3). They usually present as a swelling in the nasolabial fold, causing alar nose elevation and upper lip projec...
Many disorders may show signs of meningeal irritation and increased icp including the infectious causes of meningitis either bacterial, viral, rheumatic diseases, hemorrhage and malignancies . Among these causes infectious causes of meningitis are still an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwid...
Emissary veins traverse emissary foramina of the skull and connect venous sinuses to extracranial veins . Although they are valveless and blood may flow in both directions, flow is usually away from the brain . In ordinary usage, emissary foramina an occipital emissary foramen has been traditionally described as a soli...
Japan already has a super - aging society, where 1 in every 5 people is aged 65 years or older . In such an aging population, the issue of pelvic organ prolapse (pop) is an increasing concern . Japanese gynecologists have traditionally performed curative surgical procedures such as vaginal hysterectomy (vh), anterior a...
Recent studies highlighted the increasing dramatically rates of overweight and obesity and their related range of adverse health outcomes especially in children and adolescences . In this regard, it is noticeable that healthy lifestyles including appropriate physical activity mainly established during the early years o...
As society develops and lifestyles change, diabetes mellitus has become prevalent, threatening to reduce life expectancy for humans around the global . Globally, there were a total of 415 million patients aged 20 to 79 with diabetes in 2015, and 90% of those patients had type 2 diabetes mellitus (t2 dm). As well as, re...
Animals consuming a diet restricted in some, as of yet, unidentified component but with adequate nutrients so as to avoid malnutrition, typically show extended lifespan (13), improved health (4) and delayed aging (5). This treatment, termed dietary restriction (dr), has been shown to increase longevity across a broad r...
Healthy volunteers and diabetic participants with mild npdr were recruited from casey eye institute of oregon health and science university (ohsu). Eyes with nondiabetic macular pathology, media opacity, or other significant eye disease were excluded . Informed consent was obtained, and the study was approved by the in...
Self - assembly is a widely used technique in the field of nanotechnology to access ordered macroscopic 1d, 2d, or 3d structures from simple building blocks such as nanorods and/or nanoparticles (np). Recently, the attention paid to one - dimensional (1d) nanomaterials has been increasing significantly because of the n...
This study is a part of a project on obesity and lifestyle among adolescents in bahrain and the united arab emirates . The project is divided into three parts: anthropometric measurements and obesity, factors associated with obesity, and lifestyle of adolescents . The current study covered the third part, which related...
Somatostatin (som) is a 14 amino acid neuropeptide originally identified as somatotropin release - inhibiting factor in the hypothalamus (brazeau et al ., 1973). It is distributed widely in the brain and is coreleased with amino acid neurotransmitters . Under normal conditions, som is exclusively expressed in cortical ...
Human societies have recently experienced striking declines in mortality and fertility rates . While this demographic transition has received attention from demographers [4, 5], economists [6, 7], and evolutionary biologists, little effort has been put into investigating its evolutionary consequences . The evolutionary...
The patient population undergoing carotid endarterectomy (cea) typically possesses numerous co - morbidities, such as arterial hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, etc . Thus there is a significant risk of myocardial infarction and ipsilateral ischemic stroke during surgery of the internal carotid - artery ....
Cervical cancer still remains the third most commonly diagnosed cancer type in women worldwide, particularly in developing countries, with over 500,000 estimated new cases and over 250,000 estimated deaths . The main cause of cervical cancer development is infection with human papilloma viruses (hpvs), that are small d...
Diet modification is recommended by the third report of the national cholesterol education program (atp3) as the initial treatment to lower blood cholesterol . It is the physician's responsibility, according the atp3, to encourage patients with elevated cholesterol to initiate a therapeutic lifestyle changes diet (tlc)...
Abpa is a rare complication of asthma in children; only a few case reports and small series have been published . Severe asthma is known to cause cor pulmonale in adults, but rarely described in pediatric age group . Further, pulmonary thrombo - embolism (pte) in children with asthma and cor pulmonale has been describe...
Descriptions of epilepsy patients dying unexpectedly after seizures have existed since the 19 century, but only recently has it been recognized that sudden unexplained death in epilepsy (sudep) is the leading cause of premature death (10 - 50%) in epilepsy patients (shorvon and tomson, 2011, tomson et al ., 2008, the o...
Catheter - associated urinary tract infection (cauti) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in indian subjects, affecting all age groups . Bacteriuria or candiduria is almost inevitable in nearly half of the patients who require an indwelling urinary catheter for more than 5 days . Asymptomatic bacteriuria c...
In the united states, the 2010 civilian workforce accounted for 139 million people who spend up to a quarter of their lifetime and half of their waking lives at work . With changes in the global market, particularly with the rise of biotechnology, new occupational hazards have emerged . Approximately, 200 biotic (organ...
Intrahepatic bile duct adenoma (bda) is a rare benign liver tumor originated from the epithelium of the bile ducts . The incidence of bda was reported 1.3% of primary liver tumors.1 most of bdas are less than 2 cm and lack of symptom . Several imaging modalities such as computed tomography (ct) and magnetic resonance i...
Proficient meditative practices help to integrate the brain functions, regulate various physiological mechanisms resulting in a state of mental and physical well being . Studies of long term transcendental meditation (tm) practitioners have shown that tm helped to achieve a state of restful alertness a state of deep ph...
Multiple sclerosis (ms) is the most common autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (cns) among young adults and it is more common in women than men [1, 2]. It is widely held that there are different four patterns including relapsing - remitting multiple sclerosis (rrms), primary progressive multiple sclerosis ...
The recent introduction of vasopressin - receptor antagonists makes it imperative to revisit hyponatraemia and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (siadh). Vaptans, represent the first targeted therapy for siadh, which is one of the most common causes of hyponatraemia . The various compounds ar...
1,4-naphthoquinones like vitamin k, doxorubicin, mitomycin, lapachol, plumbagin [5, 6], and others [710] are among the examples of this vast class of chemicals used in the treatment of bleeding, lymphoma, carcinoma, and so forth . Only one sulfurated naphthoquinone was found in nature, but many were synthesized and pro...
The benefits of exercise have been widely recognized, indeed the physical activity is reported as the better nonpharmacological treatment for cardiovascular, metabolic, and bone diseases [1, 2]. However, for long time, the molecular mechanisms by which exercise exerts its healthful effects remained mostly unknown . A s...
Integration of ayurveda with biomedicine has been a contentious issue since the colonial period when biomedicine was first introduced in the indian subcontinent . This paper argues that the idea of integrative medicine is problematic and spells out what the problems are . Pure ayurveda or an attempt to resist change, b...
Chronic myeloid leukemia (cml) is a clonal myeloproliferative disorder of the primitive hematopoietic stem cell and is characterized by the presence of unique translocation, i.e., bcr / abl1 known as philadelphia chromosome . In pre imatinib era, cml was treated primarily with radiotherapy, bulsulphan, hydroxyurea, int...
Over the past decades, superparamagnetic (sp) nanostructures of spinel ferrites (mfe2o4: m = fe, co, cu, zn, etc .) Have drawn intense scientific and technological interests because they possess a wide range of applications in magnetic fluid [1 - 3], magnetic resonance imaging (mri), and drug delivery technology [6 - 8...
Radiographs are an important component of dental and periodontal examination and are essential in establishing periodontal diagnosis . Despite their value in diagnosing periodontal diseases, they have several limitations as a diagnostic tool, one being underestimation of the amount of periodontal destruction in a tooth...
When wheatstone (1838) developed his mirror stereoscope in the first half of the nineteenth century, it was possible for the first time to independently control the presentation of images to the two eyes . In reporting his new device (wheatstone, 1838), the main focus was on his impressive demonstration that presenting...
The number of people who are considered overweight or obese is climbing in the united states, with studies now demonstrating that in some demographic and age categories obese persons are beginning to outnumber those who are simply overweight . Many factors contribute to obesity, such as dietary intake, inadequate exerc...
The performance of ambulatory surgical procedures is on the rise across all surgical fields, ranging from thyroid surgery1 to cholecystectomy.2 the field of orthopedic surgery has followed a similar path, with an ever - increasing practice trend of outpatient knee and shoulder arthroscopy3 4 and more recently lumbar an...
Habitual dislocation of the patella is a rare condition among adults, where the patella dislocates during flexion and relocates during extension without pain and swelling unlike the recurrent patellar dislocation . These techniques are all designed to relocate the patella and regain alignment of the extensor mechanism ...
Carpal tunnel syndrome (cts) is the most common entrapment neuropathy caused by the compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel . Common complaints are painful paresthesias or burning pain in the lateral half of the hand and the radial three fingers [2, 3]. Diagnosis is performed with the history, physical and...
As part of a larger study examining the immunopathogenesis of severe bronchiolitis, nonbronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage samples were collected from 30 infants ventilated with rsv bronchiolitis (determined by antigen detection in nasopharyngeal aspirates) in 2000 and 2001 . Briefly, a suction catheter was passed dow...
Vascular calcifications have been associated with adverse clinical outcomes in ckd patients, including ischaemic cardiac events, claudication and mortality [16]. It does not only consist of a simple precipitation of calcium (ca) and phosphorus (p), but it is also an active and modifiable process . Vascular calcificatio...
Phage infection is the most prevalent cause of decreased starter activity in cheese and fermented milks manufacturing, resulting in fermentations in which acid production is markedly reduced or, in extreme cases, blocked (neve, 1996). Raw milk is considered to be the principal source of phages, either as free virions o...
The greatest burden of diarrhea is in children under 5 years of age in developing areas . In fact, childhood diarrhea accounts for almost one million directly attributable deaths per year globally . Additionally, morbidity associated with repeated episodes of childhood diarrhea can be long - lasting . Collectively, the...
It was the time when an ambitious early career researcher finished writing the manuscript of his master s thesis . He tried to sort through a number of journals, though he was not sure which journal was the right one to publish his work . Email from a journal pledging publication within a month . That was the time this...
Total knee arthroplasty (tka) is widely accepted treatment for moderate or severe osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis . Significant blood loss can be seen during the early postoperative period where a blood transfusion may be necessary . However, it has been known that the donor blood may lead to an immunological r...
The terms " migrated " and " sequestrated " disc or fragment refer to displacement of disc material away from the opening in the annulus through which it has been extruded.5) when the distinction between the outer annulus and the posterior longitudinal ligament (pll) is unclear and the torn annulus opening is small in ...
Follistatin - like 3 (fstl3) is a circulating glycoprotein, which is highly expressed in the reproductive system, but fstl3 is also expressed in adipose tissue, pancreas, liver, and skeletal muscle [2, 3]. The only known function of fstl3 is to form high - affinity complexes with tgf- family members, most notably activ...
Cancer of the external auditory canal (eac) and middle ear is rare, with a prevalence of one to six patients per 1 million people [1 - 3]. Although several treatment modalities have been investigated, there are no standard guidelines for treating cancers of the eac and middle ear due to a lack of prospective randomized...
The effects of central nervous system (cns) injury or disease include altered sensation and pain and impaired control of movement, paralysis and spasticity . Contemporary emergency and rehabilitative medical care has developed to successfully prevent and treat secondary medical complications of neurological disorders p...
In medical dictionaries, the word periodontium comes from the greek terms peri-, which means around, and -odons, which means tooth . Those tissues are gingiva, cementum, periodontal ligaments, and alveolar bone [1, 2]. A long time ago, it has been found that periodontium of the primary dentition differs from that of th...
Amc contributed to the writing of the complete paper including, literature search, review of papers, drafting the manuscript, and major revision . Not commissioned; peer - reviewed by mohammed rashed amc contributed to the writing of the complete paper including, literature search, review of papers, drafting the manusc...
The main goal of endodontic treatment is to prevent and, when required, to cure apical periodontitis and maintain or reestablish periapical tissue health . To accomplish this objective, it is mandatory to control the microbial load inside the root canal system . The chances of a favourable outcome with endodontic treat...
It has been reported that thiopurines are effective at maintaining remission in steroid - dependent or steroid - refractory cd and uc and have steroid - sparing effect.123 they have also shown efficacy in preventing postoperative recurrence of cd.45 although their clinical implications are limited, thiopurines remain a...
As the incidence of obesity increases, its impact on the care and outcomes of the critically ill patient has become an issue . There are numerous concerns when caring for obese patients, which include the impact on survival to the ability of the care provider to move the patient . In terms of survival of these patients...
At present, various types of aesthetic restorative materials are widely used with different properties and colors . Composite resins are among the tooth - colored restorative materials of choice for many dentists due to their high acceptance by patients and their ability to bond to tooth structure, their excellent esth...
Various systems have been used to classify gi fistulas; however, the three features that have been most widely used to classify fistulas are anatomical classification, output volume and etiological parameters (1, 2, 4). Each of these features has specific implications for the likelihood of spontaneous closure, prognosi...
The restoration of upright balance after a perturbation relies on highly automated and, to a large extent, stereotyped postural responses, involving a complex pattern of activation of upper and lower leg, trunk, shoulder, and neck muscles (allum et al . 2002; bloem et al . 2000; carpenter et al . 2004; mcilroy and maki...
Marine members of the archaeal phylum euryarchaeota are divided into three groups: marine groups ii (mg - ii), iii (mg - iii), and iv (mg - iv). Mg - ii archaea dominate the photic zone of oligotrophic oceans [1, 2], show seasonal variation, and comprise up to 90% of the total archaea and one - third of all microbial c...
We suggest that our immunotherapy could be developed further to improve the treatment of osteosarcoma . The standard treatment consists of chemotherapy and surgical excision, and good results have been achieved in patients with osteosarcoma . However, additional methods have yet to be developed for treatment of patient...
There are approximately 1.5 billion people in developing countries without access to electricity and 2.5 billion people who are dependent on traditional biomass fuels for cooking and heating . In jamaica, the island's electricity supply industry is the jamaica public service company (jpsco) which was established in 192...
In july 2008, the joint united nations programme on hiv / aids (unaids) reported that by december 2007, there were an estimated 33.0 million people globally living with hiv infection . It also stated that the number of cases of new hiv infections had decreased from 3.0 million in 2001 to 2.7 million in 2007 . The repor...
A 7-year - old boy was admitted with a history of diminution of vision in both the eyes following a cracker injury 7 months ago . The acute symptoms had subsided, but there was constant irritation with poor vision . On examination, there were multiple intracorneal foreign bodies, some reaching up to descemet's with irr...
Stroke risk in patients with symptomatic internal carotid artery (ica) stenosis greater than 70% can be reduced effectively by carotid endarterectomy . In most cases, carotid ultrasound is performed in association with tia or stroke and, in case of significant stenosis, an operative treatment or pharmacotherapy is init...
The incidence of mesenteric and omental cysts is 1 in 20,000 among children, and even lower among infants . Of these two types of cystic mass, only 2.2% are omental cysts . Reported cases in the literature usually display symptoms of abdominal distension, abdominal pain, painless mass, or possible ascites . Mesenteric ...
A previously healthy 62-year - old male presented with a 9-day history of severe headache and vomiting . On admission, his neurologic examination was normal, except for a stiff neck . The patient was judged clinically to be hunt and hess grade i. the brain computed tomography (ct) revealed subarachnoid hemorrhage (sah)...
Approximately 40% of patients with intracerebral hemorrhage die within 30 days, and the majority of survivors are left with severe disability4,11). Hematoma expansion occurs in up to 70% of patients who have ich documented by computed tomographic (ct) scanning performed within 3 hours after the onset of symptoms4,6,18)...
To report a case who had recurrence of macular hole retinal detachment (mhrd) after intravitreal ranibizumab injection (ivr) for the treatment of choroidal neovascularization (cnv) that arose from the damaged retinal pigment epithelium of the remaining macular hole (mh) edge, which had been successfully treated by pars...
Artifacts or simulated diseases are self - inflicted conditions caused by various means and for different purposes . Disease simulation can be motivated, among other things, by illegal purposes, to escape from civil duties or prison sentences, for example, or to exploit specific situations in order to receive a range o...
India is facing a shift from undernutrition to overnutrition,1 later producing obesity and its aftermaths like type 2 diabetes mellitus (t2 dm). There is alarming rise of t2 dm in india,2 a country with an ethnic predisposition for it . Insulin resistance proceeded by obesity is the link between t2 dm and cardiovascula...
Even though both diseases are rare and may display features of clonality, it is possible that the present concurrence should be regarded as fortuitous . The true prevalence of pediatric mastocytosis is not known, but estimated to be similar to adult mastocytosis and around 10 in 100.000 1 . Whereas adult mastocytosis i...
First described in 1980, 1 percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (peg) is the most common minimally invasive method for establishing long - term enteral feeding access . Pneumoperitoneum is relatively common after peg, reported in 8.6% to 56% of cases, and usually self - limited, however, it may be associated with post -...
Quinupristin / dalfopristin (synercid), a combination of two different streptogramins antibiotics, has a bactericidal effect by inhibiting the bacterial protein synthesis of ribosome . It is currently used in infections caused by vancomycin - resistant enterococcus faecium (vref), when no other active antibacterial age...
Human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection has become associated with decreased morbidity and mortality since the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) in western countries,1 non - western asian settings,2,3 and sub - saharan regions.4 however, older age, hiv infection itself, antiretroviral therapy ...
Lindau (vhl) disease.1 rchs are hamartomatous malformations most commonly detected in patients between ages 25 and 30 years.1 they are located juxtapapillary in 17% of cases.1 in general, juxtapapillary rchs (jrchs) are treated if they are progressive or if they affect visual acuity (va).2 herewith, we report a typical...
However, it should be considered in differential diagnosis with other umbilical masses because it can cause significant morbidity . Physical examination showed an irreducible umbilical tumor, the size of olive, with dubious secretion . A definitive diagnosis of umbilical cord and intestinal hemangioma was established a...
Trigeminocardiac reflex is defined as the sudden onset of parasympathetic dysrhythmia, sympathetic hypotension, apnea and gastric hyper motility under stimulation of any sensory branches of the trigeminal nerve . Sensory terminals of the trigeminal nerve sends nerve signals, due to the extra - ocular muscle stretch or ...
Peripheral arterial disease (pad) commonly results from progressive narrowing of arteries in the lower extremities due to atherosclerosis . It has become evident that pad is an important predictor of substantial coronary and cerebral vascular risk [2, 3]. The most common symptomatic manifestation of mild to moderate at...
The process of optimization of dose distribution is well recognized as one of the most important parts of the whole treatment planning procedure in modern brachytherapy . Thus the implemented optimization routines are essential modules of almost all clinically used treatment planning systems . Especially when high dose...
Frantz described first time in 1959 about a rare and characteristic tumor arising from body and tail of the pancreas known as solid pseudo papillary tumor (spt) of pancreas . It usually affects young women, with a 10:1 predominance over men, at an average age of 24 years . Spt usually present with an abdominal mass, ab...
Due to the importance of electrostatic interactions in biomolecular systems, a variety of computational methods have been developed for evaluating electrostatic forces and energies [see (16) and references therein]. Typical computational electrostatics methods for biomolecular systems can be loosely grouped into two ca...
Family planning (fp) is a process that usually involves a discussion between a woman, a man, and a trained fp service provider focusing on family health and the desires of the couple to either limit or space their family . These are long - acting and permanent methods (intrauterine devices, implants, and sterilization)...
Olive (olea europaea) is in the family oleaceae that is used throughout the world especially in the mediterranean region . Olive oil is rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (mufas) and has excellent health benefits . Olive oil is composed mainly of mixed triglyceride esters of oleic acid, palmitic acid, and other fatty ...
Acne inversa (ai, also referred to as hidradenitis suppurativa) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with common onset in the second or third decade of life [1, 2]. Estimates of the prevalence of ai have varied, ranging from less than 1 percent to 4 percent [3, 4]. The axilla and the inguinal, gluteal, and perianal a...
Diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disorder, results from an inadequate mass of insulin - producing pancreatic beta cells [1 - 3]. Various formulations of short- and long - lasting insulin have been used to control blood glucose levels . However, the tight regulation of insulin in response to physiological change is not po...
There are several possible reasons that can cause splenomegaly, for example, infectious mononucleosis, subacute infective endocarditis, miliary tuberculosis, gibraltar disease malaria, schistosomiasis, and kala - azar . Many approaches have been applied to treat splenomegaly, for example, surgical splenectomy, splenic ...