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The amount of microorganisms in the oral fluid (saliva) ranges from 4 millions to 5 billions per 1 milliliter, and in dental plaque between 10 and 1000 billions per 1 gram . Their resistance to non - specific oral protective factors and environmental factors (e.g., antiseptic solutions) depends on the cellular membrane... |
Peripheral arterial disease (pad) in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (t2 dm) exhibits broad clinical characteristics and various consequences and is known as one of the major macrovascular complications of t2 dm, the prevalence of which is on the rise . Atherosclerosis is recognized as the most direct and importan... |
Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system due to chronic, recurrent subarachnoid hemorrhage is a rare and potentially debilitating disorder . The classic manifestation is progressive bilateral sensorineural hearing loss, although ataxia and pyramidal signs also are common . In the largest review of literature... |
A significant proportion of chemical reactions involving proteins are mediated through electrostatic interactions of their ionizable residues (1). Such residues greatly influence the conformation of a protein and therefore its function (2,3), as demonstrated by their folding mechanisms (46), enzyme catalysis and protei... |
Symmetry has long fascinated the great minds in many disciplines from art to theoretical physics . In the field of medicine the circulation system is powered mainly by cardiac muscle and valves activities, which are specifically the coherent dilation and contraction of right and left ventricles . Today, left ventricula... |
Recent proposals for treatment of advanced cancer of the larynx emphasize more conservative approaches and make the definition of treatment an even more complex1 . However, total laryngectomy is still frequently adopted in such cases and questionnaires on health conditions and quality of life have been recommended as k... |
The gibbon genome contains all previously described classes of transposable elements that are mostly shared with the other primates . One exceptional addition is the lava element, a novel retrotransposon that emerged exclusively in gibbons and has a composite structure comprised of portions of other repeats (3- l1-alus... |
The patient was a 3-year - old boy with no known underlying medical history who was identified in 2003 as having clinical verruga peruana by the classic appearance of the eruptive nodular rash (figure 1). He and his family lived in a rural setting near the town of caraz, ancash region, peru . He lived in close proximit... |
In recent times, hyperinsulinemia has been proposed not only to be associated with obesity but also to be a cause of obesity (reviewed in the study by shanik et al . ). Dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area (vta) have been implicated in the incentive, reinforcing and motivational aspects of food intake . We ha... |
Vascular malformations (vms) of the hand are rare and can have a variable clinical progression . Such lesions may expand with the growth of the patient or progressive ectasia, but they do not proliferate . Similarly, they do not undergo spontaneous resolution . They can be classified as simple (capillary, lymphatic, ve... |
Bacterial strains and plasmids plpq2 (12) is a psc101-derived plasmid in which expression of the e. coli phop - phoq operon is driven by the lacuv5 promoter . Pnl3 (12) is a pbr322-derived reporter plasmid for assaying phop - mediated transcriptional activation that contains the phon promoter fused to lacz . Paed4q (12... |
Mesothelin (msln) is a 40-kda cell differentiation - associated glycoprotein appearing with carcinogenesis . Msln was found as an antigen recognized by the monoclonal antibody (mab), k1, generated by immunization of mice with the human ovarian carcinoma cell line, ovcar-3 . The protein has been named as msln because th... |
Chronic diseases represent the leading cause of death and disability and a major challenge facing today's healthcare system.1 approximately half of canadians and americans suffer from a chronic illness.1 2 comorbidity of chronic diseases is increasingly common among adults and is more prevalent with advancing age . For... |
Malignant lymphoma is a heterogeneous group of diseases with a wide spectrum of histological subtypes . Traditionally, malignant lymphomas have been divided into hodgkin lymphomas and non - hodgkin lymphomas . More than 40 subgroups are defined; both indolent and aggressive variants exist, and a wide range of treatment... |
Micrornas are small endogenous rna molecules that affect many biological processes by regulating gene expression in a post - transcriptional way . They are 2122 nt in length whose primary role is to regulate gene expression through translational repression and/or mrna degradation (1). The first mirna molecules and mirn... |
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (apml) is a subset of aml with characteristic clinical, morphological and genetic features . Its incidence gradually increases, reaching a plateau during early adulthood, remaining constant until it diminishes after 60 years of age . The identification of specific chromosomal abnormality pl... |
A 28-year - old woman, with primary infertility of three years was referred for laparoscopic myomectomy with a history of severe dysmenorrhea and a diagnosis of posterolateral wall myoma . On pelvic examination, a palpable myoma was noted on the posterior uterine surface, and the uterus was felt to be approximately 10 ... |
We describe the restructuring that is taking place in primary health care (phc) in portugal and discuss how the new emerging organization and work practices reflect in care transitions and intra- and inter - organizational integration . Phc represents an essential support for the restructuring that is taking place in h... |
Inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) is a complex disease comprised of crohn s disease or crohn disease (cd) and ulcerative colitis (uc), two conditions that involve unpredictable and destructive inflammatory processes resulting in weight loss, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever.13 uc is restricted to the colon, whereas c... |
It is well - recognized that in chronic hemodialysis patients the rate of mortality is higher than that of general population . The cause of discrepancy is probably multifactorial, but malnutrition, anemia, hypoalbuminemia, reduced muscle mass and increased atherosclerosis are common in dialysis patients [1 - 3]. Thera... |
The goal of endodontics is to prevent or treat apical periodontitis and most of the endodontic failures occur as the result of leakage of irritants through improperly sealed root end fillings into periradicular tissues. [25] an ideal orthograde or retrograde root canal filling material should seal the pathways of commu... |
Supplementary material is available for this article at 10.1007/s13659 - 012 - 0038 - 8 and is accessible for authorized users. |
Epidermolysis bullosa (eb) consists of a heterogeneous group of rare autosomal dominant or recessive disorders, characterized by epithelial fragility . Patients with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (rdeb) often develop chronic constipation caused by painful defecation from blistering and tearing due to skin ... |
The setting was kaiser permanente northern california (kpnc), an integrated health care delivery system that provides medical care for approximately one - third of the underlying population in the san francisco bay area . The source population consisted of women kpnc members who completed a voluntary multiphasic health... |
Several cell lines were isolated during independent experiments from dissected annulus fibrosus (af) tissue of mature bovine intervertebral discs (ivd) via a reproducible non - enzyme driven protocol . The cell lines were frozen at low passage number and they recovered well after freeze - thawing (see fig . Preliminary... |
In 2006, epstein et al . Reported that hypomagnesaemic hypoparathyroidism could be caused by long - term use of a proton - pump inhibitor (ppi), omeprazole 1 . Thereafter, case reports accumulated, in which ppis were shown to be associated with hypomagnesaemia 2 - 11, and in 2011, the us food and drug administration (f... |
Grading of breast cancer relies largely on the microscopic examination of tissue slides stained with hematoxylin and eosin (h & e). This is a subjective process by its very nature, consequently leading to inter- and even intraobserver variability, potentially affecting the predicted patient prognosis and also the treat... |
Alzheimer disease (ad) is a complicated neurodegenerative disease common in elderly people and it has become a major threat to the growing elderly population due to the lack of effective therapies . Several strategies, including the prevention of amyloid buildup and the promotion of amyloid removal, have been tested in... |
It consists of fusion between two adjacent vertebrae across the lamina and transverse processes.1 fusion depends on host and surgical factors including the selection of an appropriate graft . Iliac crest autograft has long been considered the gold standard for bone graft procedures . However, its use is associated with... |
Crimean - congo hemorrhagic fever virus belongs to the genus nairovirus in the bunyaviridae family, and is a human pathogen that can cause a severe, and often fatal, hemorrhagic fever . Cchf virus is the most geographically widespread tick - borne virus of medical importance (ergonul 2006). The disease is endemic in la... |
To describe a case of choroidal neovascularization (cnv) following photorefractive keratectomy (prk) to correct myopia . We performed prk in both eyes of a 20-year - old girl to correct myopia . Refractive error was 4.75 2.25 5 in the right eye and 5.00 1.25 180 in the left eye . Metamorphopsia was noticed by the patie... |
A central question in neuroscience is how memories are formed and stored in the brain . Studies in laboratory animals have demonstrated that learning occurs through activity - dependent synaptic strength modification . Given the sequential nature of many of our memories, it may come as no surprise that the temporal ord... |
A 52-year - old thai woman presented with asymptomatic annular erythematous plaques on the forehead and both cheeks that persisted for 2 years . Dermatologic examination showed few discrete annular erythematous plaques on her forehead and both cheeks, 15 cm in diameter . There were solar lentigines and telangiectasias ... |
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most frequent metabolic disorders that cause various central and peripheral nervous system complications such as neuropathy (1, 2). Current therapeutic approaches are unable to completely relieve the neuropathic complications such as loss of sensation, pain and motor weakness (2). Incura... |
After more than 30 years since its first clinical use, cisplatin is still one of the most widely used drugs in anticancer chemotherapy . The action mechanism of cisplatin has been explained in its essential aspects, relatively to its interaction with dna . Nevertheless, some essential chemical processes, related to wha... |
Chromatin is the complex of dna and histone proteins that packages eukaryotic dna into chromosomes . The nucleosome is the repeating structural subunit of chromatin and consists of 147 bp of dna wrapped around a histone octamer core . Translational positioning of nucleosomes along the dna sequence influences the access... |
We report on a 63-year - old, average frame, caucasian male found to have clinical stage t1c adenocarcinoma of the prostate who, after discussion of all options, elected to undergo laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (larp). A routine preoperative course then followed, including a medical history and physical examinatio... |
The patient was a 10 year - old boy with a height of 128 cm and a weight of 36 kg who complained of pain in the right lower abdomen . He was diagnosed with appendicitis, and it was decided to do an appendectomy . He had been diagnosed with grade 3 mental retardation at age 4 although an exact diagnosis was not possible... |
Lyme disease (ld), caused by the spirochete bacteria of the genus borrelia, is the most common vector - borne infectious disease in north america . More than 38,000 new cases were reported in the us in 2009,1 but underreporting is estimated to be six- to twelvefold, making the true number likely over 200,000 cases per ... |
The papillary fibroelastoma (pfe) is a rare and benign primary cardiac tumor, and the most frequently found tumor occurring in the cardiac valves . Pfe has been found most often on valve leaflets, chordae tendineae, and both ventricles . We describe an interesting case of pfe originating from the anterior leaflet of th... |
In a recent issue of the journal of experimental medicine, middleton et al . Demonstrated that mice with homozygous null mutations in alox15, which encodes 12/15-lipoxygenase, develop mpd (6). 12/15-lo incorporates oxygen into unsaturated lipids to generate short - lived peroxides that are ultimately converted to 12(s)... |
Sushi and sashimi are traditional japanese food, though in recent years they attracted a large number of european consumers . It was formerly used for carps, that were caught, gutted, salted and preserved between two stones, and left to ferment for a period ranged from one to three years . Sushi is prepared with cold c... |
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy and the second most common cause of cancer - related mortality in women . Successful strategies for screening, early diagnosis, prognosis, and risk stratification are needed to decrease mortality and increase the probability of curing the disease . Currently, mammography is t... |
All procedures for the animal experiment were reviewed and approved by the animal care and use committee of the national institute for physiological sciences, okazaki, japan . Specific pathogen - free rats were purchased from charles river laboratories japan (kanagawa, japan). All rats were housed in an environmentally... |
Malaria is a serious disease caused by the plasmodium parasite and transmitted through the bite of the anopheles mosquito . It is estimated that there were about 214 million cases of malaria in 2015, resulting in approximately 440,000 deaths, most of which originating from sub - saharan africa and in children under 5 y... |
Rupture of intervertebral disc material into the intradural space is a rare event in lumbar disc disease but must be considered in the differential diagnosis of mass lesion causing nerve root or cauda equina syndromes . The pathogenesis of lumbar intradural disc herniation is most likely related to dense adhesion betwe... |
The success of root canal therapy depends on the method and the quality of instrumentation, irrigation, disinfection, and three - dimensional obturation of the root canal . Endodontic instrumentation using either manual or mechanized techniques produces a smear layer and plugs of organic and inorganic particles of calc... |
A mandibular implant overdenture has been shown to improve masticatory function and patient satisfaction in complete denture patients who prefer an implant overdenture option.2 meanwhile, a mandibular implant overdenture has been reported to be simpler and more cost effective than an implant fixed prosthesis.3 a two - ... |
Asian - lineage highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 virus has infected poultry in many countries of the world and is thought to be highly endemic in certain delta areas due to frequent viral incursions from large populations of migrating birds [1, 2]. As of 2011, the food and animal organization (fao) conside... |
The splenium is a name of the posterior part of the corpus callosum (cc). In greek this word means a bandage strip tied around an injury or a damaged part of someone's body . Although the association of the name with the respective structure is not immediately clear from the most common sagittal images of the brain (fi... |
Because a cervical pedicle screw has more rigid fixation than other posterior fixation techniques, including posterior wiring, lateral mass screw, or facet screw fixation . Cervical pedicle screw not only allow for shorter instrumentation with sagittal correction11 - 13,19,31,34), but also are valuable for simultaneous... |
Anxiety disorders are currently the most common neuropsychiatric disorders in the usa and europe (andlin - sobocki et al ., 2005; kessler et al ., 2005) and represent one of the major health problems in the western world (who, 2004). In the aetiology of an anxiety disorder, the simultaneous occurrence of various intrin... |
The widespread use of complementary and alternative medicines (cam) among patients of biomedical practitioners has been widely documented (13). It might be implicitly accepted (which may explain why it is less commonly acknowledged) that patients of cam practitioners are almost always patients of conventional physician... |
Angle classified malocclusion in the sagittal plane based on the dental relationship and ignoring the skeletal relation . The disto - occlusion is categorized into division 1 and division 2 based on the spatial orientation of upper anterior teeth . Apart from these basic features, there were no characteristic features ... |
However, the majority of hematospermia is related to infection in prostate and seminal vesicle . Symptom relief can be achieved for some of the patients after a course of anti - inflammatory therapy . However, symptoms in a small portion of the patients cannot be improved after medication and the hematospermia persists... |
Rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque is the primary underlying cause of most acute coronary events and strokes [1, 2]. A vulnerable plaque (vp) is considered to be prone to rupture . It is characterized as a large pool of lipids with an overlying thin fibrous cap that is heavily infiltrated by macrophages [3, 4]. Besid... |
Endogenous peptides, protein, and oligonucleotides are among the main drugs which attract much attention because of their great potentials in treating chronic diseases . However, the extreme in vivo environment of human body has always limited the therapeutic applications of these substances [2, 3]. Polymeric nanoparti... |
The first to report about microbial butanol production was pasteur in 1862 (pasteur 1862). Pasteur named the culture vibrion butyrique most probably though it was a mixed bacterial culture comprising at least one clostridium strain (drre 2007). While scientific interest was documented by some further reports, commercia... |
Glucose meters have been used in the hospital setting for decades . Traditionally glucose meters were used in the hospital to dose subcutaneous insulin for patients with diabetes when they were hospitalized . As even well - controlled diabetic patients will have their insulin needs, diet and caloric requirements change... |
Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for end - stage renal disease.1 a total of 292,427 kidney transplants were performed in the us by the end of 2009.2 the use of better donor recipient selection algorithms, novel surgical techniques, and improved post - transplant care have all led to a significant impro... |
A 59-year - old asymptomatic diabetic male was referred to our retinal service with presumed diagnosis of asteroid hyalosis . The patient had undergone laser treatment and intravitreal preserved triamcinolone acetonide injection for clinically significant diabetic macular edema in the right eye 4 years previously . The... |
Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (spn) is an indolent epithelial tumor with a low malignant potential that occurs predominantly in females with a mean age of 28 years . The clear cell variant of spn is even more unusual with only six papers reported in the english literature . We present the cytologic features of clear c... |
Ankylosing diseases of the spine include two major entities: ankylosing spondylitis (as) and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (dish). These diseases have unique pathophysiologies but similar clinical presentations later in the disease course.1 as is a seronegative spondyloarthropathy, an inflammatory condition ... |
Elastosis perforans serpiginosa (eps), characterized by transepidermal elimination of fragmented elastic fibres, clinically presents as hyperkeratotic papules . It's rare association with pseudoxanthoma elasticum (pxe) has been documented in the literature . We report a case of pxe with associated lesions that were his... |
Traumatic brain injury is a major cause of sustained morbidity and disability both in the military and civilian populations (tarapore et al ., 2013). In the case of mild traumatic brain injury (mtbi), an initial brief change in mental state or consciousness is typically followed by postconcussion symptoms (cassidy et a... |
Lymphedema (le) is a common and debilitating condition in breast cancer survivors characterized by regional swelling, typically in one or both arms . It is characterized by an accumulation of protein - rich fluids caused by an interruption in the axillary lymphatic drainage from the arm . Due to the increased survival ... |
The goal of the cervical surgery is to relieve the compression on the nerves and/or spinal cord, and anterior or posterior cervical approach is used to access the cervical spine depend on the type of surgery required6). The anterior approach can allow the surgeon access to almost the entire cervical spine, and often he... |
In this century, new changes have resulted in rapid development of service - providing sectors, especially in the health sector (1). Services provided in different parts of society are considered as the heart of value - creation in the economy (2). Today, quality of services, especially in institutes with high volume o... |
Current use of laparoscopy in the evaluation and management of trauma patients has been a natural extension of this trend . Although utilized for both blunt and penetrating injuries, laparoscopy has gained the most widespread acceptance as a useful tool in the management of patients with penetrating abdominal injuries ... |
Thrombocytopenia absent radius (tar) is a rare syndrome associated with bilateral absence of radii, hypo - megakaryocytic thrombocytopenia, and presence of both thumbs.1 tar syndrome abnormalities include various systems, including skeletal, hematologic, and cardiac system abnormalities . This association of simultaneo... |
Ten volunteers (eight men and two postmenopausal women) with type 2 diabetes were recruited for this study, which was approved by the university health research ethics board . Participants met the following eligibility criteria: 1) between 30 and 65 years of age; 2) not taking glucose - lowering medication or insulin; ... |
The human gastric pathogen helicobacter pylori (h. pylori) is a microaerophilic, spiral - shaped, gram - negative bacterium responsible for the majority of peptic ulcer diseases in humans . H. pylori has been shown to be the causative agent of type b gastritis and peptic ulcerations [2, 3]. Infection with h. pylori inc... |
The 2010 human influenza a (h1n1) virus pandemic seriously affected many countries, including kuwait . In children, respiratory involvement usually occurs with h1n1; extra pulmonary problems are not common.1 liver involvement is rare and needs early identification and treatment . A 9-year - old child was admitted with ... |
Milk is the major source of income generated on dairy farms, and over the past several decades, milk production by dairy cows has increased markedly . However, this improvement comes at the cost of higher incidences of reproductive health problems and reduced fertility . Large energy requirements at the onset of lactat... |
Tuberculosis is the most common human immunodeficiency (hiv) virus - related opportunistic infection in india and caring for patients with both diseases is a major public health challenge . It is estimated that 60 - 70% of hiv - positive persons will develop tuberculosis in their lifetime . Approximately, 50% of adult ... |
Total knee arthroplasty (tka) improves joint function in patients with painful joint disease and reduces pain12). The clinical outcomes of tka have improved over time, and the 10-year revision - free survival rate has been reported to range from 96% to 98%345). However, tka has been found to induce the most severe post... |
After decades of neglect, the search for novel, effective antimalarials has been revived primarily due to emergence of drug resistance . Widespread resistance has been reported not only for 8-aminoquinolines but recent reports indicate the appearance of increased parasite tolerance to artemisinin analogues, potentially... |
Chagas disease or american trypanosomiasis is caused by the parasite trypanosoma cruzi, which may produce acute and chronic manifestations . During the acute phase, most cases are indeterminate, but some patients may develop severe myocarditis or meningoencephalitis, which can be lethal . The chronic phase exhibits fou... |
Qm / mm methods (for reviews, see, e.g., refs (17)) have been used extensively in studies of enzymatic reactions . In order to obtain reliable results, it is crucial to perform extensive sampling and also to use a reliable qm model for either calibrating a semiempirical model (e.g., the evb model) or actual determinati... |
The cohort for this study consisted of 603 patients who underwent breast resection at sun yat - sen university cancer center for breast cancer between january 3, 1990 and january 6, 2005 . The age at diagnosis ranged from 19 to 82 years (median, 56 years). All patients had axillary lymph node dissections without eviden... |
We present here a case of hereditary adamts 13 deficincy presenting as recurrent acute kidney injury . A 26-year - old male presented with history of decreased urine output, red urine for past 7 days following an episode of upper respiratory tract infection . There was no history of edema, hypertension, flank pain, fev... |
Jatropha curcas is a tree of the euphorbiaceae family which has been used, due to the high oil content (4060%) of its seeds, as an alternative source of biodiesel . The residual seed cake is a low - value byproduct left after oil extraction which, however, has a high protein content . This seed cake, also, is highly to... |
Low socioeconomic level, age, and obesity are directly correlated with the disease incidence . In 2010, the educational attainment of the brazilian population aged 10 years or older included 50.2% with no education or incomplete primary education and 7.9% with a college degree . Low income, level of education, increase... |
The most common facial bones fracture is the mandible fracture.1 mandibular fracture patterns depend on multiple factors, including direction and amount of force, presence of soft tissue bulk, and biomechanical characteristics of the mandible such as bone density and mass or anatomic structures creating weak areas.2,3 ... |
Host defence peptides (hdps) are an evolutionarily ancient component of the innate immune system of most multicellular organisms.1 they exhibit a wide range of biological activities from direct killing of invading pathogens to modulation of immunity and other biological responses of the host . In this article, we will ... |
Studies in living animals are critical to oncology research, and many experimental models have been exploited for drug development and basic studies [1, 2]. Fast - growing tumors can be generated in mice by orthotopic or ectopic implantation of tumor cell lines . However, models exhibiting spontaneous oncogenesis bette... |
Ag nanoparticles are currently of considerable interest and the subject of a significant literature due to the potential uses of the tunable light absorption, scattering and local field enhancement in the uv - visible region . There are two types of bimetallic nanoparticles: alloy particles (particles with a homogeneou... |
In the early 1960s, researchers began to describe an important nuclear structure in eukaryotic cells that differed from the already well - known dna / histone - based chromatin (1). This structure, referred to as the nuclear matrix (nm), can be separated from the rest of the nucleus by applying dnase i digestion follow... |
, they may be misdiagnosed to have bronchial asthma as they present with inspiratory stridor and/or expiratory wheezing . It is difficult to accurately predict the distensibility of the trachea even with an array of preoperative tests like flow volume loop, computerized tomography (ct), and bronchoscopy . A 45 year old... |
Total hip arthroplasty (tha) is one of the most commonly performed operations in the united states, with over 280,000 procedures reported annually [1, 28, 46]. The benefits of tha in terms of reduced pain and improved function and quality of life (qol) for patients with debilitating hip disease have been well documente... |
In 1984, it was first reported that h. pylori, a gram negative, spiral shaped, microaerophilic bacterium that colonizes the stomach and is involved in the pathogenesis of duodenal ulceration, gastric cancer, gastric ulceration, and active chronic gastritis [1, 2]. Dyspepsia is a common term used for abdomen pain and co... |
Lasers produce a beam of light that is coherent, monochromatic, and unidirectional, and can converge most of its radiant power over small areas, even at great distances . Laser pointers are useful ubiquitous devices used in everyday situations, especially in the educational environment . Their potential to cause retina... |
Harry angelman first described that 3 of his child patients showed severe mental retardation, jerky movements, excessive laughter, and abnormal physical development . He called them puppet children because they resembled puppets with their flat heads . All three showed typically common behavioural features that led him... |
Group a streptococcus (strep . Pyogenes or gas) is a -hemolytic bacterium often found in the throat and the skin . The two most severe manifestations of gas are streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (stss) and necrotizing fasciitis (nf). Annually in the united states there are between 9,000 - 11,500 cases of invasive dise... |
Walking, which can be defined as moving the body to a target spot or destination using two legs, is a complex and integrated activity requiring low energy consumption1 . Although it appears to be an easy - to - perform task, it actually requires comprehensive use of all nerves and skeletal muscles . Furthermore, learni... |
Schizophrenia is among the most economically costly and severe medical conditions . Because onset is in young adulthood and disability can last a lifetime, this illness creates tremendous distress, pain and impoverished quality of life for the affected individual and their family . These additional costs are not measur... |
Early loss of primary teeth is most commonly caused by inappropriate oral hygiene, dental injuries, and tooth decay . Tooth decay continues to be the main causative factor for the high rate of loss . As a result, those of us in the pedodontics and orthodontics practice frequently encounter malocclusion problems that oc... |
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