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It is not unusual to find medially retracted or foreshortened handle of malleus (manubrium) during tympanoplasty . Apart from posing difficulties in placement of graft during underlay technique, it can affect orientation during surgery as the manubrium is one of the important landmarks in middle ear . Sectioning of the...
Intraoperative diagnosis of space - occupying lesions of the central nervous system (cns) is of utmost importance in order to plan the treatment of patients . Intraoperative cytologic techniques were introduced in the 1920s when eisenhardt and cushing reported squash smear cytology . Very few centers continued the use ...
Polymyalgia rheumatica (pmr) is an inflammatory condition affecting elderly people and characterized by aching and stiffness in shoulder and pelvic girdles . Its occurrence is not rare, and reported prevalence rates from european data range from 12.7 to 112.6 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, with a geographical gradient ...
Plain radiography is the simplest, oldest, and cheapest technique for studying the salivary glands . Conventional sialography, ultrasonography (usg), and computed tomography (ct) can detect sialolithiasis with a high degree of sensitivity . Sialolithiasis accounts for more than 50% of the diseases of the large salivary...
Eukaryotic genomes are packaged into arrays of nucleosomes composed of 147-base - pair dna intervals wrapped around an octameric complex of the core histones h2a, h2b, h3 and h4 (luger et al, 1997). Together with the h1-type linker histones, these proteins are termed canonical histones, as they constitute the vast majo...
Effective patient self - management has been demonstrated to prevent adverse clinical outcomes from diabetes [1, 2]. While research has examined factors that influence patient receptivity and use of self - management skills, there has been less attention to the delivery of diabetes education and support in primary care...
Vocationally educated licensed practical nurses (lpns) who enter an online university to upgrade their credentials by earning a bachelor of nursing (bn) degree can find the experience of socializing into a new and more complex professional role challenging [1, 2]. Professional socialization is the process of learning a...
Evolution is a two - way pull between the generation of variation in types of individuals in populations and preferential proliferation (selection) of those variants best suited to the environment . This feedback between genome (ultimately mutation) and environment drives cancer proliferation, pathogen adaptation to ho...
Hydroxyapatite (hap) has a chemical composition similar to bones and teeth . Methods to prepare it include reacting calcium nitrate with phosphoric acid, disodium creatine phosphate, ammonium hydrogen phosphate, and phosphorus pentoxide, as well as combining calcium hydroxide with phosphoric acid . Temperature and ph m...
Epidermal nevus syndrome (ens) is characterized by epidermal nevi associated with abnormalities involving the nervous, skeletal and other systems . Rarely, hypophosphatemic rickets has also been observed in association with epidermal nevi . Phosphatonins including fibroblast growth factor-23 (fgf-23), which may be secr...
The study was approved by the scientific - ethical committee of the capital region of denmark (reg . H - d-2009 - 0078), is registered with clinicaltrials.gov (clinical trial reg . Nct01048268), and was conducted according to the principles of the helsinki declaration ii . All potential subjects (n = 12) underwent a ph...
Cellular compartmentalization into and within organelles segregates biochemical reactions and increases local molecular concentrations, thereby promoting efficiency of cellular processes . At the plasma membrane, subdomains generate lateral heterogeneity that organizes the spatial distribution of glycoprotein receptors...
Preterm birth (ptb) continues to be a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality . Defined as birth prior to 37 weeks of gestation, ptb accounts for over 35% of health care spending for infants and 10% of health care spending for children in the united states . The incidence of ptb has been estimated to be 12 - ...
Lanthanum carbonate (lc) has become an accepted phosphate binder in patients with chronic kidney disease (ckd). After chewing and then swallowing the tablets, lc dissociates in the upper gastrointestinal tract into its trivalent cation . This cation then forms insoluble complexes with phosphate throughout a wide range ...
Pressure relief cushions range from a simple pillow - like to an individualized conforming cushion with gel or raised air - filled pockets . It is unclear which type of cushion is appropriate for the elderly to relieve interface pressure . A previous study by hong et al . Compared and analyzed the form of air cushions,...
The metastasis of cancer cells hinges upon a series of successive events; hence, interrupting any one step could halt the process . Metastasis suppressors, defined by their abilities to inhibit metastasis without blocking orthotopic tumor growth, are attractive agents to treat metastasis1 . Over a decade ago, a new met...
A case control study was conducted among patients with p. falciparum malaria diagnosed at bichat - claude bernard and saint - denis hospitals in paris, france . Participants traveled to or lived in an area endemic for malaria and had a p. falciparum infection during 19962005 . Falciparum trophozoites on a blood smear c...
Advances of scientific research have brought about better understanding of diseases and mechanism of action of allopathic medicines . However, a good proportion of the world's population, even in developed countries, continue to depend on complementary and alternative medicines (cam; b chng y t di y xu) which are a gro...
It is a component of cookware, utensils, medicines such as antacids, cosmetics such as deodorants, and food additives . Some foods, especially corn, yellow cheese, salt, herbs, spices, and tea, might also contain al [1, 2]. In addition, industrialized civilizations use alum (aluminum sulfate or aluminum potassium sulfa...
Certain guanine - rich dna sequences have the ability to form stable secondary structures, g - quadruplexes, comprising g - tetrad motifs that involve four guanines arranged in a planar array interacting via hoogsteen hydrogen bonds (1,2). These g - tetrads are stable when a number are stacked on top of one another . T...
Fractures of the distal radius are commonly encountered in the upper extremity particularly in the elderly and constitute a major public health concern . While immobilization reduce pain, local soft tissue swelling exaggerates aching, decreases patient satisfaction, and results in poor clinical outcome due to delayed r...
Hormone binding to nuclear receptors has long been known to activate gene expression . In the case of steroid hormone receptors, hormone triggers dissociation from cytoplasmic chaperones, nuclear localization, and dna binding . The related thyroid hormone receptor (tr) and retinoic acid receptor (rar) also activate gen...
Chronic renal failure is an aggravated and incorrectable condition in renal function in which the body will lose its ability to maintain electrolyte and metabolic balance leading to increased blood urea and its retention in the body (1). Dialysis is a method of removing unnecessary fluids and wastes when the kidneys ar...
One goal of this' update on genome completion and annotations' series has been to select a gene, or gene family, check for accuracy in the databases, and then help to suggest ways to correct any nomenclature problems that might exist . The glutathione s - transferases (gsts) represent an important group of enzymes whic...
The current standard of care for femoral fractures is the intramedullary nail, but there are situations in which the use of plates is indicated, like narrow medullary cavity, bone deformities, and open growth plate . Metal plates have been used for the fixation of fractures since the end of the 19th century . The dcp, ...
In 2008, we published unique work addressing the question of whether canada's public pensions, old age security and the canada pension plan, provide adequate income for four hypothetical senior households living in nova scotia (ns) to afford a basic nutritious diet . This was the first published study using food costin...
We recently discovered that ()hopeaphenol (1), a tetramer of resveratrol (2) (figure 1) isolated from the stem bark of hopea hainanensis, inhibits the type iii secretion system1 (t3ss) in yersinia pseudotuberculosis and pseudomonas aeruginosa.2 the conserved3 t3ss is critical for these pathogens to cause disease and th...
The effect of residual renal function (rrf) in patients with end stage renal disease in peritoneal dialysis is extensively studied and is associated with lower morbidity and mortality . The canusa study has proven that for every 0.5 ml / min additional glomerular filtration rate (gfr) there was a 9% lower risk of death...
One mechanism used by cells to prevent the overexpression of genes is to target their mrna for decay . Although several destabilizing elements have been described to alter mrna stability, the most widely studied is the adenine / uridine - rich element (are), which often includes a repeat of the auuua pentamer . Ares ar...
Resistance exercise helps improve the strength of all the muscles of the body and can be performed continuously at any location . Well - designed resistance exercise programs have been reported to effectively improve muscle strength and the ability to perform exercise, increase fat - free mass, and decrease body fat1 ....
Transient ischemic attacks (tia) typically present with neurological deficits such as loss of muscle power, reduced sensation, or loss of vision . Symptoms such as involuntary movements are not generally regarded to be a feature of cerebral ischemic episodes . Limb shaking tias are a rare form of tias that present as i...
The late sodium current (ina) present in chf causes an intramyocardial calcium (ca) overload that results in diastolic dysfunction and microvascular compression that can worsen lv function (7). Ran binds to amino acid f1760 of the cardiac sodium channel 1.5 (nav1.5), thereby reducing the late ina . In a therapeutic con...
It is generally accepted that genomic instability, whether inherent or induced by external agents, is a primary event leading to neoplastic transformation in the multistep path of carcinogenesis . Genomic instability in women with cervical carcinoma has been demonstrated using chromosomal abnormalities, sister chromati...
Periodontitis is defined as an inflammatory disease of the supporting tissues of the teeth caused by specific microorganisms or groups of specific microorganisms, resulting in progressive destruction of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone with pocket formation, recession, or both . Periodontal diseases are infec...
Health sector is labor intensive where service quality and efficiency are directly influenced by workers satisfaction, motivation and health worker's willingness to apply resources to the task at work place . Job satisfaction has been defined as a pleasurable emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one's job, a...
The authors' affiliations were published as: neil z miller, independent researcher, santa fe, new mexico, usa gary s goldman, independent computer scientist, pearblossom, california, usa however, for the purposes of this publication the correct affiliations are as follows: neil z miller, think twice global vaccine inst...
Unilateral cerebral palsy (u - cp) is the most common type of cerebral palsy (cp), with an incidence of 1 in 1000 live - births . Typically, the upper limb (ul) is more involved than the lower, with impairments of spasticity, sensation, and reduced strength . Effective use of the arm and hand to reach, grasp, release, ...
Chronic liver disease (cld) represents a significant public health problem world - wide . The current major ones, such as viral hepatitis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, were estimated to have a collective morbidity of up to 20% of the general population . Without effective management, clds normally share a commo...
Chondrosarcoma of the larynx is quite rare, comprising 1% of all laryngeal primary tumors [1, 2, 3]. Primary malignant lesions originating from the subglottis area are also rare and constitute between 1 and 3.6% of all laryngeal cancers [4, 5, 6]. In subglottic cancers, epidermoid carcinoma was found in 71.8% of the ca...
Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used to treat infections caused by gram - positive organisms, most commonly methicillin - resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa). It is used for a variety of infections including cellulitis, pneumonia, sepsis, and endocarditis . Due to potential side effects such as nephrotoxicit...
Plants are constantly exposed to microbes and counteract them by activating an innate immune response, including mechanisms of basal and race - specific resistance . A contemporary view of plant immunity proposes a model where the first line of active plant defense involves plant pathogen recognition through specific r...
Malnutrition in hospital patients is a global concern: up to 50% of inpatients are malnourished or at risk for malnutrition.16 this is also true for the people s republic of china, where figures of undernutrition in hospital patients are close to 10%.7 in fact, the overall percentage of hospitalized patients at nutriti...
The technique is used for evacuation of fluid contents or administration of medicines (fig . Example injection administering medicine to a ganglion on the dorsal side of the wrist an advantage of ultrasound - guided (us - guided) procedures is the control of the needle insertion path and, if needed, the possibility to ...
Iron deficiency anemia (ida) is prevalent and a major public health care issue [1, 2]. Ida has been associated with motor and cognitive developmental deficits in children and may be irreversible [37]. Ida may have an even greater impact on select populations who are already at risk for intellectual and developmental co...
Coronary artery bypass grafting (cabg) is one of the most common treatments used to relieve the pain of coronary artery patients, prolong their life, and improve their quality of life (qol). Previous studies reported that cabg, due to relieving pain and disease signs, improving patients function, and leading to an incr...
Laserassisted tattoo removal has wellknown limitations . Often a lengthy regimen of many treatment sessions is required . Although a scale has been described that estimates the number of required sessions 2, it is often difficult for the clinician to predict the number of treatment sessions required for satisfactory ta...
Development of adhesion after any surgical process is influenced by various factors, such as, complexity of operation, extent of peritoneal trauma, previous illness, and poor nutritional status . The definite pathogenesis of adhesion formation is not yet clear; however, there are some theories about the role of the imm...
Approximately one million children are born worldwide through assisted reproductive techniques (art). In many developed countries, the most important problems of art are the result of prematurity and low birth weight (lbw)[3, 4]. In three studies, prematurity and in five other case - control studies on art children, th...
The world health organization (who) has had control of the international spread of infectious diseases as one of its core functions since the first world health assembly (wha) in 1948 . The priorities over the ensuing decades have changed, as new diseases have emerged and others have been controlled, and even eradicate...
Osteoporosis is a common metabolic bone disease with spectrum ranging from asymptomatic bone loss to disabling hip fracture . Several studies have reported relationships between medication persistence and reduced fracture risk. [2 - 4] highly persistent patients showed significant reduction of relative risk for all fra...
Luteinizing thecoma with sclerosing peritonitis is a rare ovarian tumor, the etiology and pathogenesis is not clear till date . The entity was proposed in 1994, and an association with anti - epileptic drugs was suggested . Approximately 30 cases has been reported among which a few indian reports has been documented so...
Central line placement is associated with risk of inadvertent puncture of the artery, pleura, and other nearby structures . These risks have been very much reduced with the use of point of care ultrasound . Even though ultrasound can guide proper puncture of the vessel desired, it cannot help in following or directing ...
As malnutrition is often present in cachexia,1 nutritional intervention has been one of the widely accepted strategies recommended by guidelines.2, 3, 4 the role of nutritional support in patients with cancer and cachexia has been examined in detail by previous reviews.5, 6 however, the findings suggest that nutritiona...
A 46-year - old female with a history of diabetes mellitus, morbid obesity, peripheral vascular disease, and dense peripheral neuropathy was initially treated in another facility (private outpatient clinic) for a calcaneal puncture wound with multiple incision and debridement procedures . The patient had a history of s...
The study population included the 45 to 65 years old women with type ii diabetes who referred to charity center of diabetes in isfahan . Sample size was determined to be 39, using sample size formula and considering 15% additional samples . The women with type ii diabetes, who were at least diagnosed five years ago, en...
Acne has similar negative effects as chronic systemic diseases on mental, social health and on the patient s quality of life . Therapeutic success not only depends on the appropriate selection of drugs, but also on the patient s treatment adherence or compliance . Adherence is defined as the extent to which a patient s...
Hiv infection increases the risk for invasive cervical carcinoma and its precursors, sils [14]. The introduction of haart has significantly reduced morbidity and mortality in hiv - infected patients . Some studies have reported a beneficial effect of haart with increase in regression [58], or decrease in progression of...
The clinical picture of cerebral venous thrombosis is variable, and a wide spectrum of neurological symptoms has been described . Several cranial nerve syndromes in cvt have been identified and attributed to extension of thrombosis into contiguous venous tributaries, which leads to direct pressure and subsequent paraly...
Torsion of a stimulated ovary occurring after in vitro fertilization (ivf)/intrauterine insemination (iui) is a rare event . Ovarian torsion should be suspected and ruled out in any female undergoing ovulation induction for iui or ivf, presenting with severe abdominal pain . A 33-year - old lady with secondary infertil...
The sensations of bitter and sour deter us from ingesting potential toxic substances and strong acids, while the preferred qualities of sweet, umami (glutamate), and salty encourage us to eat foods containing carbohydrates, amino acids, and sodium . Taste sensations are mediated by taste buds, which are small clusters ...
It is described as a proliferation of abnormal keratinocytes limited to the epidermis without invasion of the basement membrane . Historically, various terms have been used to define cancer precursors of the vulva including vin grades 1 - 3 and bowen s disease . In 2004, the international society for the study of vulvo...
Obstructive sleep apnea (osa) is a frequent, albeit underdiagnosed problem in children . If left untreated the immediate consequences of osa in children include behavioral disturbance and learning deficits, pulmonary hypertension, as well as compromised somatic growth . However, if not treated promptly and early in the...
Adolescence denotes a time in which youth begins to experience dangerous behaviors like substance use and delinquency (1). Delinquent behaviors are commonly defined as behaviors prohibited by law such as drug use, vandalism, larceny, burglary, and violence (2). Delinquent behaviors such as vandalism and theft are also ...
Statins, hmg - coa reductase inhibiters, are effective in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease and act principally by reducing cholesterol and triglyceride levels . The relationship between high levels of plasma cholesterol and atherosclerotic vascular disease is clearly established, with a re...
Down syndrome (ds) and it s chromosomal basis is the most common genetic reason for congenital malformations in the human population (1). It has been recognized in 1933 (2), occurring with an incidence of around 1/733 newborns (3). Some people with down syndrome are mosaics with only a proportion of trisomy 21 (t21) ce...
Several studies have been conducted citing the neuropsychological consequences regarding non - lethal hanging of adults . The primary findings are described as memory deficits and anterograde - retrograde amnesia . However, isolated memory disturbances can occur, though rarely, without other cognitive dysfunctions acco...
The fasciculations can be defined as visible fast, fine, spontaneous and intermittent contractions of muscle fibers . Some neurologists call them verminosis, because they look like worms moving below the dermis . Undoubtedly, this finding in a neurological examination is of concern, given its close relationship with am...
Diverticular diseases of the gallbladder are unusual congenital or acquired diseases occurring only in 0.1% to 0.2% of cases in previous studies of resected gallbladder specimens.1 - 3 these diseases are divided into congenital (true) diverticula and acquired pseudodiverticula according to different developmental, clin...
Hypertension is predominantly essential, but in 15% of cases it is secondary to renal or endocrine diseases . Pheochromocytoma and extra - adrenal paraganglioma are rare chromaffin tumours arising from neural crest tissue that develops into sympathetic and parasympathetic paraganglia throughout the body . These tumours...
Mild cognitive impairment (mci) often represents a transitional state between normal cognition and alzheimer's disease (ad) [1, 2]. Accurate prediction of transition from mci to ad aids in prognosis and targeting early treatment . Episodic verbal memory impairment and informant report of functional deficits in complex ...
This was a prospective study of patients with type 2 diabetes and ckd stage iiib or iv (estimated glomerular filtration rate [modification of diet in renal disease] 1544 ml / min per 1.73 m) selected for treatment with intravenous iron and/or esas between january 2009 and december 2009 inclusive . All patients were att...
Serum samples were obtained from 823 febrile patients at the secretaria de salud de yucatn and other health institutions in merida during january october 2007 . The patients resided in all 3 states of the yucatan peninsula of mexico: yucatan (n = 809), quintana roo (n = 8) and campeche (n = 6). The study was approved b...
Over recent years, there has been a growing number of reports indicating a relationship between serum thyrotropin and bone remodeling [1 - 9]. Animal studies have shown that reduced expression of the tsh receptor leads to the development of osteoporosis, in accordance with the hypothesis that tsh deficiency may inhibit...
As blood vessels nourish all the tissues and organs in the body, it is unsurprising that abnormal formation and maintenance of blood vessels contribute to pathogenesis of numerous disorders . Indeed, excessive vascular formation causes cancer, arthritis, psoriasis and infectious disease, and so forth, whereas atheroscl...
Saponins are key constituents of panax ginseng meyer to exhibit various pharmacological activities . To date, approximately 80 kinds of saponin have been isolated from p. ginseng . Most have two kinds of dammarane - type triterpenoid moieties as aglycones: protopanaxdiol (diol, ppd) and protopanaxtriol (triol, ppt). On...
We identified 8,029 individuals aged 065 years entered in the registry from 1996 to 2005 . Data were routinely collected after patient consent in a standardized fashion from 50 british cystic fibrosis specialist centers . Of 8,029 patients, 6,678 had complete baseline data defined as registration followed within the sa...
The latest world health organization investigation shows that hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc) is one of the most common malignant diseases and the third leading cause of cancer - related death globally [1, 2]. In 2008, about half of the world's new cases of liver cancer and related - death were from china, of which 70%8...
Molecular imaging is a rapidly growing area of chemistry that aims to visualize cellular function and structure in a noninvasive manner with the in vivo use of specially designed imaging agents . The combination of magnetic resonance imaging (mri) and optical imaging offers synergistic advantages over either modality a...
Recently, genomic sequencing has become far less expensive, and also has become more efficient, developing even faster than comparable computer technology as predicted by moore s law . This has led to next - generation sequencing (ngs) being increasingly used to study nearly all types of malignancies, and gastric cance...
Although iron is an essential nutrient widely used for normal cell function, elevated iron concentrations in the lungs are associated with an increased risk of pulmonary injury . Iron - catalyzed oxidative stress contributes to lung injury after exposure to various toxins, including cigarette smoke . Smoking has been s...
Parkinson s disease (pd) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by bradykinesia, tremor and rigidity with postural instability developing later in the course of the illness along with gait and balance abnormalities.1 the motor symptoms associated with pd arise primarily from dopamine deficiency, alt...
The principal goal of the systers project is to automatically partition all the available protein space . Because the fully automated classification scheme does not rely on interventions and updates by experts, the systers approach is complementary to expert - curated protein domain or protein family classification sch...
Post exposure prophylaxis (pep) is a medical response to prevent transmission of pathogens after potential exposure and refers to comprehensive management instituted to minimize the risk of infection following potential exposure to blood - borne pathogens (hiv, hbv, hcv). It includes first aid, counselling, risk assess...
Studies have demonstrated that deviations in skeletal components such as the cranial base, mid - facial complex and mandible may be seen in patients with class iii skeletal malocclusion. [13] additionally, deviations in head and neck posture can also be associated with this type of malocclusion . Several of these studi...
However, many cancers remain refractory to treatment and develop resistance to treatment modalities over time . Despite recent therapeutic advances, such as the introduction of monoclonal antibodies and small - molecular inhibitors, treatment responses vary considerably among patients and a high relapse rate with poor ...
In complete denture prosthetics, there are four fundamental requirements that every satisfactory denture should fulfill . They are esthetics, phonetics, mastication and comfort.1 these requirements are achieved by applying proper techniques in complete denture construction . Thus, the correct determinations of the arti...
As rising health care costs become an area of increasing focus, length of stay (los) after routine surgical procedures has become an important consideration . With over $1.5 billion dollars spent each year on the surgical management of lumbar stenosis alone,1 the identification of factors that affect the associated hea...
Stress - induced gastroduodenal erosions are a frequent occurrence in critically ill patients, but it is the incidence of clinically important complications resulting from these erosions that is important in deciding which patients should receive prophylaxis . Clinically important complications include bleeding that re...
We report the case of a 64-year - old man, who had been under immunosuppressive treatment for many years after a pulmonary transplant, who presented with diffuse viral warts on the neck and chin that had been present for 11 months (fig . Cryotherapy sessions were conducted over the course of 9 months without success bu...
A majority of the world's hiv infections occur in generalized epidemic countries in sub - saharan africa, where hiv transmission is thought to be sustained by sexual behavior in the general population and would persist despite effective programs for high - risk sub - populations . In contrast, concentrated epidemics ar...
Disturbances in cell adhesion and cytoskeleton dynamics could signal an early event in oral carcinogenesis . These alterations, including loss of cell - cell adhesion and increase in cell motility, occur in the epithelial - mesenchymal transition (emt) process . Emt transition is a biological process characterized by c...
The role of steroid hormones in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases is well established . Oral contraceptives (ocs) may enhance periodontal breakdown by reducing the resistance to dental plaque and may induce gingival enlargement (ge) in otherwise healthy females.1,2 ocs accentuate the gingival response to local i...
Colonoscopy is regarded as the most effective tool for colorectal screening in older patients (> 50 years of age) with an average risk of colorectal cancer and in younger patients with a high risk of colorectal cancer . Decreased incidence of colon cancer is associated with optimal colonoscopic examination of the entir...
The aim of this study was to review and describe the ct findings in patients diagnosed with xgn from our institution in the past 5 years . Eleven patients underwent preoperative ct and 13 studies (2 patients had two preoperative scans each) were available and retrieved from the digital image archive . Ten studies were ...
It has many clinical and socio - economic impacts on patients, families and the community . In areas where mycetoma is endemic, local health care facilities and health education mycetoma is a hard - to - treat disease in many tropical and subtropical regions due to multifactorial reasons . Although such infections rare...
Gabaergic striatal projection neurons (spns) and gabaergic and cholinergic interneurons are the target of corticostriatal afferents . Acetylcholine (ach) plays a role in the processes that modulate cortical inputs onto spns [26] since cholinergic interneurons respond earlier than spns after a cortical command . However...
A recent analysis of hospital glucometry data by bersoux and cook from january to december 2012 was conducted on 51.4 million measurements from 2.6 million inpatients . The authors found that the prevalence of hypoglycaemia (<4 mmol / l or 70 mg / dl) was 6.1% in non - icu patients and 5.6% in icu patients, while the p...
The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00125 - 011 - 2311 - 5) contains peer - reviewed but unedited supplementary material, which is available to authorised users . Metformin is one of the most widely used glucose - lowering agents to treat type 2 diabetes and is now recommended as the first - line drug ther...