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The use of plants as models in pharmacology research could reduce the use of live animals . This approach accords well with congressional intent and guidelines from the interagency coordinating committee on the validation of alternative methods (iccvams), a permanent committee representing 15 federal regulatory and res... |
" acidemia " can be defined as the accumulation of protons in the plasma which results in a lower blood ph if secondary responses are overwhelmed . In critically ill patients, acidosis is often the result of a combination of single disorders occurring simultaneously that are commonly known collectively as " mixed acid ... |
Fibro - osseous lesions are a hetero - geneous group of benign lesions of unknown aetiology affecting the jaws and other craniofacial bones . Lesions in this category include fibrous dysplasia (fd), focal cemento - osseous dysplasia (fcod) and cemento - ossifying fibroma (cof). The group often exhibit resemblance in cl... |
Vehicular ad hoc network (vanet) is an advance wireless communication network to provide safety to the passengers and drivers [15]. Due to the high population of vehicles in the city areas, the level of the accident increases . So, there should be a communication between the vehicles, so that a vehicle which encounters... |
Multiple sclerosis (ms) a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (cns) is often characterized by relapsing acute episodes and in many cases evolves into a progressive chronic neurological deterioration . The most commonly used animal model of ms is experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae). The many ... |
Acute zonal occult outer retinopathy (azoor), first reported in 1993 by gass,1 is characterized by an acute onset of photopsia, scotoma, minimal funduscopic changes, and electroretinographic (erg) abnormalities affecting one or both eyes . The presence of abnormal ergs is important for the diagnosis of azoor, and the e... |
Bearing in mind increasing administration of bisphosphonates (bps) worldwide, the peak is not yet reached . Bps are drugs widely used in the treatment of various bone related disorders such as osteoporosis, multiple myeloma and bone metastases . Chemically, bps are small molecular size stable analogues of natural inorg... |
The constructs of glun1b and glun2b atds are identical to those used in our previous study and were expressed and purified in the same way . Monoclonal antibodies (mouse immunoglobulin- (igg)) that bind rat glun2b atd were obtained by immunizing mice with the purified intact glun1-glun2b nmda receptors using the standa... |
It has become a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide (2, 3)., it has been suggested that matrix metalloproteinases (mmps) may play an important role in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension through the regulation of extracellular matrix (ecm) remodeling (46). Matrix metalloproteinases (mmps) are a grou... |
Psychosis (delusions and/or hallucinations) is a well - recognized complication of treatment of parkinson s disease (pd). A literature review gave the prevalence of hallucinations in clinic populations as between 8% and 44%.1 risk factors for psychosis include older age, longer duration of disease, cognitive impairment... |
The acceptability of palliative surgery for patients with locally recurrent rectal cancer has been the topic of previous discussions . The curative rate of resection for locally recurrent rectal cancer is reported as 3050%, and a higher recurrence rate of 66% has been reported after total pelvic exenteration (tpe) for ... |
Here we introduce the analytical equations that yield the positions and values of the three point charges that best reproduce the three lowest order multipole moments of the water molecule . The lowest three nonzero multipole moments of the water molecule are the dipole that is represented by one independent component ... |
The study from laterre and colleagues, published in this issue of critical care, offers suggestions for the role of clinical evaluation committees (cecs) in future sepsis trials . From 1990 to 2000, randomized controlled trials (rcts) have evaluated a variety of potential therapeutic interventions for severe sepsis . D... |
Dilution of bis - gma (bisphenol - a - glycidyl dimethacrylate) with the more hydrophilic tegdma (triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate) is known to cause adverse effects on the resin matrix due to the increase in water sorption and polymerization shrinkage . To overcome these effects, studies have been directed toward deve... |
Urinary incontinence can be described as an involuntary urine loss, which has become a social or hygienic problem . Increase of intra - abdominal pressure causes urine leakage during coughing, laughing, or weightlifting . Sui can be demonstrated objectively by some tests including stress test and q - tip test . The tra... |
Lemierre syndrome is caused by infection in the oropharyngeal region with subsequent thrombophlebitis in the internal jugular vein . Thrombus from thrombophlebitis can invade other vital organs such as liver, lungs, or joints1 . This results in secondary infection, which further exacerbates the fatal prognosis of this ... |
Coronary artery disease (cad) is a complex condition, and both genetic and environmental factors may contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease (1). Accumulating evidence from genome - wide association (gwa) studies however, the effects of these loci on the risk of developing cad in certain populations is still unkn... |
Allergic rhinitis (ar) is a worldwide common disease in children with occurrence of 1040% [1, 2]. It affects both life and performance of children and it is often accompanied by asthma . T cell type-2 (th2) inflammation accompanied by infiltration with eosinophils is characteristic pathological changes in ar [4, 5]. In... |
In the last years, clinical proteomics has witnessed an increased interest towards mass spectrometry - based methods for quantitative differential analysis of protein content in biological samples (i.e., biological fluids from drug - treated versus untreated subjects, or from healthy versus ill patients). Ms - based pr... |
Oral mucoceles (oms) are benign soft tissue masses and are clinically characterized by single or multiple, painless, soft, smooth, spherical, translucent, fluctuant nodule, which is usually asymptomatic . Mucoceles (muco - mucus and coele - cavity), by definition, are cavities filled with mucus . It is the most common ... |
Stem cell therapies are promising treatments for many diseases, and preclinical trials in ischemic heart disease show enhanced recovery of function [1, 2]. While mechanisms for homing are being defined, exogenous stem cell therapies are being implemented in clinical trials, despite a limited understanding of mechanisms... |
Patients with gabab - r le and controls were recruited at the department of neurology, university of mnster, germany, or the department of epileptology, university of bonn, germany, and analyzed using flow cytometry at the department of neurology, university of mnster, germany . Patients and controls underwent physical... |
Chronic congestive heart failure (chf) is widely prevalent in today s society, with the most recent data by the american heart association (aha) estimating 5.1 million americans age 20 and older . Current projections indicate that from 2012 to 2030, this number will increase to include more than 8 million individuals a... |
Breast cancer represents one of the most important health problems worldwide among women.1 a number of studies have shown the primary causes of breast cancer and specific molecules involved in breast cancer . Nowadays, therapeutic compounds, synthetic or natural, that can effectively inhibit or control potential molecu... |
The incidence is about 1 in 60,000 to 1 in 100,000 deliveries . In a large multicenter worldwide research that studied the largest sample of conjoined twins, conjoined twins recognized late in labor is an unfortunate malady associated with very high perinatal mortality and maternal morbidity . Such a malady can be easi... |
A 68-year - old man presented with an ill - defined erythematous lesion with crust at the dorsal aspect of his left wrist (fig . The skin lesion developed approximately a month ago without any traumatic history, and the patient complained of poor oral intake and diarrhea for a week . He was surgically treated for small... |
The major type of esophageal cancer is esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (escc) 2 . Growing evidence indicates that neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy may be more appropriate for locally advanced esophageal cancer while surgery is the main treatment strategy for early stage disease3,4 . Thus, accurate preoperative staging ... |
Although a significantly decreasing incidence trend of gastric cancer has been observed worldwide, gastric cancer is still the second most common carcinoma in china . Surgical resection including proximal, distal (dg), or total gastrectomy (tg) with extended lymphadenectomy is the only curative treatment for gastric ca... |
Gastric cancer is one of the most common traumatic events could happen in lives of many people and post traumatic distress and suffering happen immediately afterwards, but we should take into account that post traumatic growth (ptg) could happen in many of such events although these growths could be time consuming and ... |
Mirizzi's syndrome (ms) was described as a functional hepatic syndrome in 1948, which consists of the common hepatic duct secondary to compression, by an impacted gallstone in the cystic duct or in the infundibula of gallbladder (1). Type i mirizzi's syndrome occurs when the process result in either mechanical compress... |
Metabolic syndrome (mets) is diagnosed as a clustering of cardiovascular disease (cvd) risk factors, including obesity, hypertension, impaired glucose metabolism, and dyslipidemia, and the diagnostic criteria have been proposed by several organizations [15]. Mets or clustering of cvd risk factors is apparently a risk f... |
Genital ulcerative disease can be defined as a condition in which there is a breach in the continuity of the epithelium of the genital skin and mucous membranes . The origin of sexually acquired genital ulcer diseases (guds) still appears deeply buried in antiquity . The advent of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)/aid... |
Bronchial asthma is a common disease worldwide and good treatment could often be offered . Its prevalence in the adult population in sweden is up to 10%, being the highest in the north part and in younger people . The diagnosis is based on the presence of episodic breathing troubles and variable and reversible airway o... |
Anemia in malaria is caused by hemolysis of the infected red blood cells (rbc's), sequestration of the erythrocytes in the spleen and other deep organs, and suppression of erythrocytes production in the bone marrow by the malarial pyrogen - induced cytokines.12 it has been estimated that severe malarial anemia causes b... |
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (mtc) is a rare neuroendocrine tumor that accounts for only 3% to 5% of all thyroid gland cancers . However, this neoplastic disorder is one of the best - characterized solid tumors in terms of its pathologic, biochemical, molecular, and genetic properties . Approximately 75% of the cases wi... |
Regionalization in perinatology is a concept that emerged in the 1960s with the aim of managing highly specialized neonatal resources efficiently.1 in 1971, the american medical association advised the establishment of guidelines to reach 2 goals: (1) to permit high - risk pregnancies to be recognized in time to reach ... |
Systems biology broadly uses networks to model and discover emerging properties among genes, proteins and other relevant biomolecules . Theoretical studies have indicated that biological networks share many features with other types of networks, as computer or social networks . Therefore, biological network analyses al... |
Any form of communication requires the existence of three obligatory components: a sender, a message, and a receiver . The process starts with the release of a message by a sender and ends with the understanding of the message by a receiver . This type of cycle has been developed with different degrees of complexity fr... |
Saliva acts as a major determinant of oral environment and serves as an easily available diagnostic and monitoring method . It plays an important role not only in plaque formation, but also has a lubricating effect, thereby maintaining the mucosal integrity of oral and upper gastrointestinal surfaces . The salivary flo... |
A large number of people living in different parts of the world suffer from visual impairment . An estimated 285 million people around the world are visually impaired . Of this number, 19 million are children below the age of 14 years . About 43% of this population is visually impaired as a result of refractive errors,... |
With stainless steel implant of glenoid fossa attempted for the correction of ankylosis in the 1960s, total temporomandibular joint (tmj) replacement--which minimizes foreign body reaction and consists of highly biocompatible materials such as cr - co - mo alloy, titanium, and ultra - high - molecular - weight polyethy... |
Replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations of d(cgcgaattcgcg)2 and d(cgcccgcgggcg)2 dodecamers were performed to enhance the sampling by accelerating barrier crossings at elevated temperatures . The generalized born with molecular volume (gbmv) implicit solvation model was used with dielectric constants 20, 40, an... |
We reexamined the ha sequences of 130 influenza a (h1n1) virus strains identified from patients affected by pandemic (h1n1) 2009 . All 130 strains had been obtained from clinical samples (nasal, pharyngeal, or nasopharyngeal swabs and/or tracheal aspirates) collected during may november 2009 in the context of virologic... |
Gelc - ms / ms: gel enhanced nanocapillary liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry; ms / ms: tandem mass spectrometry; om: outer membrane; omv: outer membrane vesicle; sba: serum bactericidal activity . Jeh is professor of molecular microbiology, and jnw is research fellow in the molecular microbiology group, ... |
Percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty (bav) was first performed in 1986 as an alternative for surgical aortic valve replacement (savr) in high - risk patients . First observational studies demonstrated hemodynamic improvement following bav, but high rate of early restenosis and a considerable rate of complications ... |
Sirs (systemic inflammatory response syndrome) and sepsis are two different entities of the same disease complex both leading to multiorgan dysfunction and eventually death of the patient . In contrast, sepsis is a potential fatal medical condition that is characterized by a severe systemic infection accompanied by a d... |
One of the most reliable methods of inducing transient tinnitus involves administering a large dose of sodium salicylate (ss) [1, 2], the active ingredient in aspirin . Consequently, ss is often used to investigate the biological underpinning of tinnitus as well as the ensuing peripheral hearing loss that accompanies i... |
The population is aging worldwide1, and approximately one - third of people aged 65 years or above fall at least once a year . Studies show that the older the person, the more likely that a fall will result in an injury2 . One of the major consequences of falls by older adults is lower extremity fracture, which can lea... |
Cerebral ischemia produced during stroke is triggered by sudden lack of blood flow and subsequent reperfusion of the ischemic area . Within a few minutes of onset, neurons in the ischemic core are irreversibly injured, which in part determines the fate of brain tissue in the penumbra areas after stroke . Brain damage r... |
Pharmacological screening of ion channels is traditionally performed by the patch - clamp technique, related tools, and their automated incarnations or indirect fluorescence as well as luminescence based end - point measurements . There are good reasons why the patch - clamp technique is the gold standard in investigat... |
Ganglioneuromas are benign tumors of the sympathetic nervous system that rarely arise in the adrenal gland . Up to the current era of laparoscopic adrenal mass excision, this unusual entity has not been adequately reported in the surgical literature . A 51 year old male with history of hypertension was found to have ab... |
Resilient lining materials are used on dental prostheses to absorb some of the energy produced by masticatory impact.1 a soft liner would distribute the functional and parafunctional stresses more evenly and thus have a dampening effect due to their elastic behavior, thus acting like a " shock absorber".2,3 because of ... |
Micrornas (mirna, mir) are short nonprotein coding rna molecules involved in the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression as parts of the epigenetic machinery . Micrornas were shown to be implicated in the regulation of several basic homeostatic processes like cell proliferation, apoptosis, development, immune... |
Despite increased availability of potent antimicrobials and effective vaccines, bacterial meningitis continues to be a significant cause of childhood morbidity and mortality . Many clinical and etiologic studies performed over the past decades have demonstrated that different species of bacteria cause purulent meningit... |
Thyroid carcinoma is the most common endocrine malignancy, accounting for approximately 1% of all malignant tumors . Papillary thyroid carcinoma (ptc) is the most common histological subtype, accounting for more than 85% of all cases . Although the prognosis of ptc is good, with 10-year survival rate exceeding 95% and ... |
The detection of functional transcription factor binding sites (tfbss) remains an elusive goal in the post - genome world . Much of the difficulty in tfbs discovery comes from the short length of the sequencing reads as well as their degenerate nature . Additionally, transcription factors (tfs) can often bind sequences... |
The most common clinical indication of aminoglycosides (ag) is the treatment of serious gram - negative infections . However, following the introduction of less toxic agents with comparable efficacy, clinical application of this class of medication is limited, especially as monotherapy . Ag - induced acute kidney injur... |
The deploy study's design, participant characteristics, and results have been published separately (4). Briefly, of 131 individuals who met screening criteria at two greater indianapolis ymca facilities, 92 interested adults enrolled . All participants had an elevated bmi (24 kg / m), an american diabetes association r... |
Primary liver cancer, which predominantly consists of hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc), is an aggressive form of cancer that has a poor prognosis, mainly due to the limited treatment options for advanced hcc . Although sorafenib, a targeted molecular therapeutic agent, has become the standard drug for first - line system... |
Among congenital heart defects (chd), ventricular septal defect (vsd) is the most common form . Vsd approximately constitutes for 30% of congenital heart diseases and by newer echocardiography and experience of echocardiographers now the recognition of vsds is increased up to 50/1000 live births and bigger rates in hum... |
Wegener's granulomatosis (granulomatosis with polyangiitis, gpa) is an uncommon disorder (13/100,000 per year) causing multisystem systemic necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis affecting small to mediumsized arteries, capillaries, and veins 1, 2, 3 . The inflammation involves blood vessels in nose, sinuses, throat, lun... |
Due to an ageing population and a shortage of hospital beds, it has become a challenge to find new ways to support and care for people with chronic illness living at home . Living with chronic illness changes the lives of those affected, who are often in need of support and nursing care in their homes [13]. Ehealth has... |
In figure 2 absorption and cd spectra of a size series of cdse qds are presented (similar spectra for cds can be found in the supporting information). The average size is evaluated based on the wavelength of the first absorption peak . The cd line shape follows the expected red shift that accompanies a size increase . ... |
Uric acid (ua) is the end product of purine degradation and serum ua concentrations are determined by the production and excretion of urate . Hyperuricemia is a predictor for gout and has been related to increased risks of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and metabolic syndrome [24]. Of several behavioral and clinical c... |
Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (uka) is a surgical intervention for degenerative arthritis of the knee that has been frequently employed since 1970s . Initially, the procedure was often associated with poor outcomes; however, recent improvements in implant design and surgical technique have contributed to the evolu... |
Flow cytometry (fcm) is one of the older high throughput techniques, and as such has become an integral tool in immune monitoring . In fcm, cells in a fluid medium are streamed in a single file through a capillary tube, and light from several lasers is directed at each individual cell as it passes through . Typically, ... |
Chronic hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection commonly induces immune reactive inflammation, which results in continuous liver tissue damage and progression of liver fibrosis to cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma.1 however, a small portion of patients (10%30%) mount an immune response that successfully eliminates infect... |
Natural rubber latex is one of the most important industrial raw materials . Currently over 12 million tons of natural rubber is produced annually, which is used in many industries to manufacture millions of consumer and commercial products such as gloves, tires, condoms, balloons, rubber boots, mattresses, swim caps, ... |
Adenoid hypertrophy (ah) is described as the non - physiological enlargement of the nasopharyngeal tonsils which may lead to nasal obstruction . There are several previously suggested histopathological mechanisms for adult ah, among them chronic nasal inflammation is the most popular one (1). Rhinoliths develop within ... |
Obesity, manifested by body mass index (bmi) cutoffs, is considered a major risk factor not only for type 2 diabetes (1), lipid disorders, and hypertension, but also for coronary heart disease (chd) (2) and certain cancers (3). Coronary heart disease continues to be one of the dominant causes of all chronic diseases am... |
Superficial fungal skin infections (dermatophytosis) caused by dermatophytes are known as tinea and will have a specific name depending on body location, as in tinea capitis, tinea corporis, or tinea pedis . Most studies in this field dealt with adults or with a specific form of dermatophytosis . The few surveys perfor... |
The graphene was grown by chemical vapor deposition on copper foil at 1050 c with methane as the carbon - containing precursor . After growth, the graphene was transferred onto silicon / silicon oxide substrate and patterned into 50 by10 m strips by oxygen plasma etching . The molybdenum disulfide flakes (mos2) were th... |
The clearance of apoptotic cells by tissue macrophages and nonprofessional phagocytes is an essential process in tissue homeostasis, immunity, and resolution of inflammation . Apoptotic cell recognition actively leads to the production of anti - inflammatory mediators such as tgf-, il-10, and pge2 [1, 2]. Interactions ... |
Nipple discharge (nd) is common, accounting for 5% of all breast related symptoms . The common causes include pregnancy, lactation, hypothyroidism, pituitary adenoma, oral contraceptives, antihypertensives, and tranquilizers . Abnormal nd is often nonlactational (i.e., the patient is not pregnant or is more than 2 year... |
The personalized cancer therapy target aberrations that drive tumor growth and survival, by administering the right drug combination for the right person . Advances in high - throughput technologies such as microarray and next generation sequencing for gene or protein expression profiles and oncogenic signaling pathway... |
Criteria outlined in the dsm - iv, which is widely used all over the world, give an accurate definition of the biomedical concept of derangement of the mind. Yet, different communities or social groups do not understand dementia in the same way all over the world . The perception of the physical or mental aspects and t... |
Advances in non - invasive structural neuroimaging, including voxel - based morphometry (vbm), diffusion tensor imaging (dti), and surface - based cortical thickness analyses, have been used to investigate altered brain structure associated with multiple clinical disorders . Anatomical brain changes in chronic pain pat... |
Retinopathy of prematurity (rop), a disease that affects immature vasculature in the eyes of premature infants, remains a major cause of blindness and visual impairment in children worldwide (1, 2). Proper screening and timely treatment are essential in improving anatomical and functional outcome (3, 4). As younger pre... |
Determining the etiology of left ventricular (lv) systolic dysfunction is central to appropriately treating patients who present with severe heart failure . The diagnosis of ischemic cardiomyopathy (icm) or non - ischemic cardiomyopathy (nicm) is conventionally based on the presence or absence of coronary artery diseas... |
Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (acdf) has been used as the gold standard for the treatment of cervical radiculopathy or myelopathy for decades . However, many follow - up radiographs show that acdf may lead to adjacent segment degeneration (asd). In recent years, it has been reported that total disc replacemen... |
This activity participates in the economic development of the region and country, as well as to environmental impact . Several studies have proved that notable quantities of oil residues and subproducts have been poured into a variety of local ecosystems, affecting biodiversity [4, 21]. It is known that these substance... |
Polytrauma with subsequent complications, such as systemic inflammation and multiple organ dysfunction and failure, remains a leading cause of mortality among people aged 45 and younger . Immediately after the trauma impact, the injured patient is exposed to multiple danger- and pathogen - associated molecular patterns... |
Amenorrhea is classified as primary if menstrual bleeding has never occurred in the absence of hormonal treatment . The absence of menses by age 16 has been used traditionally to define primary amenorrhea . However, other factors such as growth, secondary sexual characteristics, and the secular trend to an earlier age ... |
Schizophrenia is a burden for patients and society . An estimated 1.1% of adults (2.6 million) in the usa are diagnosed with schizophrenia (one - year prevalence based on data from the 2010 census) with onset in early adulthood . The overall cost of schizophrenia in the usa was estimated to be $22.7 billion in 2002 bas... |
A 27-year - old woman in whom hypertension had first been noted two months earlier presented with intermittent claudication, which had affected her for eight months . Physical examination on admission revealed normal vital signs except for a blood pressure of 200/110 mmhg and weak arterial pulses in the right lower ext... |
Osteoarthritis (oa) is one of the most common joint diseases seen in the elderly . Its prevalence associates with aging and gender . According to the world health organization, oa is commonly regarded as the largest cause of functioning disability, and about 80% of people aged over 65 years show radiological symptoms o... |
In the early years of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) epidemic, infants and children infected with hiv had relatively little hope of survival into adolescence, because there were no effective therapies to halt the virus.1,2 now, 30 years later, hiv - infected children and adolescents can live much longer, some w... |
We performed a prospective evaluation of 54 eyes from 54 consecutive patients (18 men and 36 women) initially diagnosed with ntg (mean agesd: 59.711.2 years), each of whom was seen by a glaucoma specialist (m.s.k .) During the period from february 2007 to january 2008 . All patients diagnosed with ntg on the basis of c... |
According to the american psychiatric association s diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder - v, developmental disabilities include intellectual disability, learning disability, motor dysfunction, communication disorders, pervasive developmental disorders, and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder1 ... |
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (dm) is a common disease with a prevalence and incidence that have increased in recent decades . The estimated increase in the total number of people with diabetes is from 366 million in 2011 to 552 million in 2030 . Diabetic retinopathy (dr), including diabetic maculopathy, is a microvascular ... |
Belching is often reported symptom . It is rarely an isolated disorder and mainly occurs within various gastroduodenal diseases . The aim is to show the great breadth of clinical symptoms of postcholecystectomy syndrome which should have a multidisciplinary therapeutic approach taking into account all aspects of patien... |
Balance is important for the entire population, from young adults to elderly individuals, at risk for falls . The interaction of central and peripheral elements is essential for maintaining balance . The peripheral element is comprised of the somatosensory system, which provides information on the location of joints an... |
Over the recent decades, neurosensory impairment of trigeminal nerve associated with dental implant surgery, which has become a major medico - legal issue, has been continuously increased1 and its incidence is reported to be from 6.5% to 43%2 - 5 . The inferior alveolar nerve (64.4%) and the lingual nerve (28.8%) are m... |
They arise either from trapped pouches of ectoderm near normal folds, or from the failure of surface ectoderm to separate from the neural tube . Aural cholesteatomas can be defined as keratinizing squamous epithelium growing in the middle ear cleft . This abnormal skin growth is characterized by a destructive process i... |
The structural schemes of glycans are dependent on their compositions, which in humans consist primarily of hexoses, n - acetyl hexosamines, fucoses, and n - acetyl neuraminic acids . Each individual n - glycan composition has a specific mass, and therefore direct mass spectrometric techniques such as maldi - ms and di... |
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