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The ascomycete fusarium graminearum (anamorph gibberella zeae) causes plant diseases of world - wide economic importance . Fusarium head blight of wheat, barley and other small grain cereals, and ear rot of maize lead to reduced yield and, most importantly, to contamination of agricultural products with fusarium mycoto...
Digoxin plus trametinib is well tolerated and achieves a high rate of disease control in braf wild - type metastatic melanoma patients . Whereas braf mutant melanomas often exhibit striking responses to treatment with braf and/or mek inhibitors,,,, braf wild - type melanomas generally do not respond . The mek inhibitor...
An infection by the t. gondii is widespread and is of economic and public health importance (1, 2). It has a complex life cycle involving both sexual and asexual reproduction . In intermediate hosts the parasite exists in two distinct stages; the proliferative tachyzoite, responsible for the acute phase of the infectio...
Primary objective of root canal therapy is to thoroughly cleanse the root canal system, removing microorganisms and their substrates and organic and inorganic contents from the canal space . Without proper chemomechanical instrumentation, the remaining irritants may reduce the success rate and cause failure of the trea...
Palpitation, defined as an unpleasant awareness of the beating of the heart, is one of the most common complaints in patients referring to cardiac clinics (11% - 40%) (1 - 4). The etiology of palpitation determined by a study was cardiac in 43%, psychiatric in 31%, miscellaneous in 10%, and unknown in 16% of cases (4)....
Lower cretaceous pelagic to hemipelagic sediments cover relatively small, restricted areas in the higher dolomites (southern alps). In the southern alps, cephalopod - bearing deposits are mainly recorded in two different facies (lukeneder, 2010): the calcareous limestones of the biancone formation (= maiolica formation...
The normalized phylogenetic profile data matrix (npp) was clustered via matlab statistical toolbox using the average linkage method and pearson correlation coefficient as a similarity measure . Elegans proteins with phylogenetic profiles similar to published small rna co - factors (supplementary table 9), the fraction ...
Sepsis is a common complication of severe post - burn and is a leading cause of death in burn patients . Although the primary infection can be found in most burn cases, enterogenic infection due to the presence of permanent intestinal bacteria such as gram - negative bacilli, enterococcus and candida albicans may be ob...
The administration of anthelmintics to adult ewes in the weeks pre- or post - lambing has been a common practice amongst sheep farmers in new zealand for many years (brunsdon et al ., 1983, lawrence et al ., 2007) and the practice is also common in other countries (sargison et al ., 2012, the potential of treating ewes...
This paper presents a validation of a curve fit method for measuring plasma clearance (cl, ml / min). The cl method validated here uses tikhonov adaptively regularized gamma variate (tk - gv) fitting . The word adaptive is used to imply minimization of relative error of cl as opposed to an ordinary curve fit minimizati...
Blastomycosis typically presents as a non - specific, febrile illness and is frequently treated as a bacterial pneumonia before blastomyces is identified either by fungal culture, koh staining, or urine antigen testing . Infections are primarily pulmonary, but can disseminate to skin, bone, central nervous system, and ...
Infertility treatments may be both controversial and unevenly accessed . In discussing infertility as a public health problem, and issues of universal access to care, also for the poor, it is important to understand the arguments that shape current opinions on the issue . Norway has always had a restrictive law about r...
Leishmaniasis are a complex of vector - borne diseases caused by an intracellular protozoan parasite from leishmania sp . Although the disease has been known and studied for a long time, it is still considered as a neglected and public health problem worldwide . Such diseases affect approximately 12 million people in 8...
The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11306 - 010 - 0207-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users . Statins or hmg - coa reductase inhibitors are used to treat or prevent cardiovascular disease (cvd), which affects over 64 million americans and remains the leading cause of d...
The incidence of breast cancer in developing countries is increasing, and low and middle income countries now account for most deaths from breast cancer globally . The age - standardized risk of developing breast cancer varies considerably across populations, and the risk is predicted to increase in countries undergoin...
Early - onset schizophrenia (eos), defined by an onset before 18 years of age, has been mostly reported as a disorder with a poorer prognosis than adult - onset schizophrenia . According to a recent systematic review, only 15.4% of eos patients experienced a good long - term outcome, while 24.5% experienced a outcome a...
Colchicine, a drug derived from colchicum autumnale, is widely used in the treatment of acute gout . Colchicine overdose may cause severe abdominal symptoms that rapidly progress to multiorgan failure and frequently results in death . The abdominal presentation can mimic an acute abdominal disease and lead to an unnece...
Infectious diseases are still a major concern worldwide [1, 2]. In spite of the improved living conditions and advances in drug therapy leading to an increased protection from pathogen caused illnesses in industrialized countries, the ongoing research for new drugs is particularly important due to development of resist...
Five thoroughbred mares (411 years old) in iburi, hokkaido, japan, kept under natural conditions were used for measuring circulating progesterone . All mares were subjected to daily ultrasonographic investigation using a b - mode scanner (aloka ssd-620, hitachi medical corporation, tokyo, japan), and their ovaries were...
The first two decades of cognitive neuroscience have been a success story that is intimately linked to the development of sophisticated models of cognitive functions but no less so to the improvements in brain imaging procedures . Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri) and surface electrophysiology (event - relat...
The endoscopic and microscopic transsphenoidal approach has become a standard procedure for the removal of pituitary tumors as it has numerous advantages compared to the transcranial approach3); this is the least traumatic route to the sella turcica, it avoids the need for brain retraction, and it provides excellent vi...
A 23-year - old sexually active female presented to the emergency department of our hospital complaining of left wrist pain and two small pustular lesions on palm of the left hand . The initial vitals revealed heart rate of 126 bpm, temperature of 99.1 f, respiratory rate of 18/min, and blood pressure of 130/76 mmhg . ...
The increasing proportion of aged population is a worldwide concern . In 2003, 12.5% of the population in hong kong was aged over 65 years . It is postulated that by 2033, the proportion of the population that is elderly (defined as 65 years old) will increase to 25% . The impact of this demographic change on the use o...
Geography and livestock industry of kinmen: kinmen county comprises 12 islands, including the 2 largest: kinmen and lieyu . Kinmen island is a 150-km island near the coast of fujian province, people s republic of china . This dumbbell - shaped island spans approximately 20 km east to west and approximately 15 km north ...
Keratoconus is the most common cause of primary keratectasia, which usually occurs bilaterally during puberty and progresses until the mid - age.1,2 conventional treatment for keratoconus includes rigid contact lens, intracorneal ring segments, and penetrating keratoplasty . In recent years, the objectives of treatment...
Pediatric obesity has not only become a global epidemic with a major impact on children and their parents1 but it has also turned into a burden to national health systems.1,2 obesity in children is a severe medical condition associated with comorbidities such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, type 2 diab...
The first drugs aimed at obtaining bronchodilation in patients with asthma were aminophyllines in the 1940s.1 in the same years, drugs acting on the -adrenoreceptor were developed, starting with isoproterenol and including in the following years salbutamol, orciprenaline, and terbutalin.2 such drugs could be administer...
Inflammatory bowel diseases (ibd), including ulcerative colitis (uc) and crohn s disease (cd), are debilitating and chronic disorders that have unpredictable courses and complicated treatment measures . Similar to other chronic diseases, ibd negatively affects quality of life (hrqol). The clinical spectrum ranges from ...
Case - crossover designs offer the possibility of investigating time - varying exposures as triggering subsequent events, while allowing each person to serve as his or her own control . A case - crossover design may be useful for studying a transient increase in the risk of experiencing an acute - onset event . We illu...
Multibody systems allow the modeling of entire systems of rigid and flexible bodies connected by joints and driven by forces and actuators . The most common and widely used type of rotational coordinates in multibody systems that treat the orientation of either rigid or flexible bodies are euler angles . An alternative...
In patients suffering from carcinoma of prostate (pca), bone metastases manifest in 100% of patients when the psa level exceeds 100 ng / ml causing pains and posing a risk for pathological fractures [1, 2]. Fractures of the vertebral body are the most threatening, causing spinal cord compression leading to an unfavorab...
Refractory benign esophageal stenosis makes it difficult to consume meals, which markedly reduces a patient s quality of life . However, dilation can cause esophageal perforation in some patients, and sufficient dilation cannot be achieved for others with refractory stenosis, despite repeated ebds . Moreover, patient m...
The most prevalent breast disorder which makes women consult with an informed individual, like a midwife, is breast pain or mastalgia . Mastalgia is in fact the reason for 3047% of the referrals for clinical breast examination [1, 2]. In 1030% of the cases, mastalgia is severe and causes disturbances in normal life; th...
Ever since the successful recording of 10 hz brain oscillations over the intact scalp of human subjects by berger in 1929, the study of brain oscillations in the electroencephalogram (eeg) has become an increasingly important focus of interest in studying brain - behavior relationships . Brain oscillations are the resu...
A 19-year - old female patient presented with a chief complaint of pain in left lower back tooth region since 10 days . On intraoral examination, mandibular left first premolar showed a large class i caries involving pulp . The tooth was tender on percussion and showed no response to electrical and thermal pulp testing...
Congenital erythropoietic porphyria (cep) is transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait in which the activity of uroporphyrinogen iii cosynthase (uros) is severely reduced . The disease is biochemically characterized by the accumulation of excess uroporphyrinogen i and coproporphyrin in plasma, tissues and red cells [...
Congenital cmv infections are of considerable public health significance, as they are the leading non - genetic cause of hearing impairment in children and can be responsible for mental disabilities and other neurological handicaps . The disease burden of congenital cmv infection is similar to that of congenital rubell...
Bolton analysis is universally employed to determine tooth size abnormalities for diagnostic and treatment planning purposes.1 in 1958, bolton2 evaluated patients with ideal occlusions and established two ratios using the sums of mesiodistal widths of maxillary and mandibular teeth . Bolton analysis allows clinicians t...
Increasing evidence suggests a prominent role for inflammatory processes in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (hansson et al 2002; hansson and libby 2006). Inflammatory cells and soluble mediators are key components of the atherosclerotic plaques in the different steps of lesion evolution (worthley et al 2001; root a...
Most are thought to be associated with pancreaticobiliary maljunction (pbm) owing to the action of the same carcinogen on the mucosa of the entire extrahepatic biliary system . The possible explanations for such an occurrence could range from the rare synchronous malignancies to local spread, to metastasis . Differenti...
Hepatic ischemia / reperfusion (i / r) injury is an important clinical problem, and usually occurs during liver transplantation, shock, and elective liver resection, and its consequences can seriously threaten human health and daily life . Hepatic i / r injury has been a worldwide health problem in our daily clinical w...
A 69-year - old man visited a hospital with complaints of orthostatic intolerance, burning ache, and weakness in distal extremities that had been present for more than 5 months . He had previously been evaluated at another hospital for the same complaints, where he had been diagnosed as having' sensorimotor polyneuropa...
The indigenous population of australia are 3 times more likely to have type 2 diabetes than their non - indigenous counterparts, have an earlier onset of diabetes, and experience higher rates of diabetes complications [1, 2]. Some indigenous communities are up to 10 times more likely to have diabetes than the general p...
In order to understand the surgical treatment of acute tuberculous (tb) spondylitis, one needs to understand the history of its treatment . Considerable controversy existed in the past regarding whether tb spondylitis should be treated by chemotherapy alone, and allow out - patient ambulation or require in - patient be...
Even the most modern intravenous radiographic contrast media (icm) can induce allergic reactions, including urticaria, hypotension and respiratory failure . Thrombocytopenia occurs usually within a few hours, without bleeding or evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation and microangiopathic thrombocytopenia . ...
One - lung ventilation (olv) is commonly used in thoracic surgeries . By ventilating the contralateral lung and collapsing the ipsilateral lung, olv avoids pollution of the contralateral lung by the excretions and blood from the ipsilateral lung, and provides a clear surgical field vision . However, intraoperative hypo...
Mucormycosis is known as a life - threatening fungal disease that destroys hard and soft tissue especially within various predisposing underlying conditions . Among five subtypes (rhinocerebral, pulmonary, intestinal, cutaneous, and disseminated), rhinocerebral mucormycosis (rcm) is a rare, fatal, opportunistic subtype...
Enterocolic lymphocytic phlebitis (elp) is a disease entity characterized by lymphocytic inflammation of the bowel wall and mesenteric veins and venules, without arterial involvement and without evidence of systemic vasculitis . The term has been first described by saraga et al . In 1989, although earlier reports seem ...
Combined small cell lung carcinoma (c - sclc) is defined as small cell lung cancer (sclc) combined with an additional component that consists of any of the histological types of non - small cell lung cancer (nsclc), usually adenocarcinoma (ac), squamous cell carcinoma (scc) or large cell carcinoma (lcc) (1 - 3). C - sc...
One of the most hazardous diseases, botulism is caused by a toxin produced by clostridium botulinum, which is a gram - positive anaerobic spore - forming bacterium . Clostridium botulinum species produce 7 different serotypes of botulinum toxin (a g). This disease usually presents as an acute flaccid descending paralys...
Smoking is known to result in more wound related postoperative complications, probably by disturbing the normal inflammatory physiology . Diminished function of the neutrophils and macrophages results in chronic nonhealing wounds, e.g., in diabetes . Hypertrophic scarring, on the other hand, can be the result of an exa...
Isolation of hepatocytes from normal liver and establishment of in vitro culture systems have provided powerful experimental in vitro models to identify extracellular signals and to study intracellular signalling pathways regulating differentiation and controlling the ratio between proliferation and apoptosis in liver ...
Epilepsy is a common and complex disease characterized by a predisposition to recurrent unprovoked seizures . After treatment with anti - epileptic drugs (aeds), most epileptic patients respond well to medications . However, about one - third of newly treated patients do not respond adequately to medications, because t...
San diego, california is the most populous us city on the us - mexico border . Located on an international drug trafficking route spanning from south america to the united states, illicit drugs such as heroin, methamphetamine and cocaine are readily available in san diego and tijuana, mexico, which lies adjacent to san...
Periodontal disease is considered a pathological process affecting periodontal tissues (the tissues that surround and support the teeth). Microorganisms in plaque collected at the level of tooth gingival connection and their metabolism products influence periodontal tissues, forming periodontal pockets as a result of t...
In medical imaging, radiography is the most frequently performed type of examination.1,2 digital radiography (dr), which includes direct dr and computed radiography (cr) technologies,3 is now considered the accepted technology in most departments.4 due to the wide exposure latitude and post processing capabilities asso...
Dementia is a health care problem of epidemic proportions and has tremendous consequences for patients, families, and society . Alzheimer's disease (ad), a progressive brain disorder and the most common cause of dementia among the elderly, is characterized by a progressive decline of memory and intellectual abilities, ...
Approximately three out of four patients presenting for routine cataract surgery are likely to have preoperative corneal astigmatism of 0.75 d or more.1 these patients are potential candidates for toric intraocular lens (iol) implantation as toric iols have been shown to be one of the most effective and predictable way...
Dental implant treatment is today a very reliable method that provides good clinical results with success rates over 90% . Generally, lower implant survival rates have been reported in the maxilla than in the mandible, due to the difference in bone structure [14]. The current aim is to develop surfaces resulting in imp...
In the netherlands, the number of children born after assisted reproductive technologies (art) including in vitro fertilization (ivf) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (icsi) is rapidly increasing . In 1996, 1 in 77 newborns was born after ivf or icsi treatment and in 2005, this had increased to 1 in 43 [1, 2]. The ...
A 43-year - old, 70-kg, 167-cm man with thyroid cancer was admitted for robotic total thyroidectomy . He had no other underlying disorders and medical history of abnormalities . There were no abnormalities in preoperative hematological test, simple x - ray test, and ecg, except for abnormal finding of mild spondylosis ...
To report a case of acute angle - closure glaucoma resulting from spontaneous hemorrhagic retinal detachment . An 81-year - old woman visited our emergency room for severe ocular pain and vision loss in her left eye . Her intraocular pressures (iops) were 14 mmhg in the right eye and 58 mmhg in the left eye . Her visua...
Individuals worldwide receive the influenza vaccine because it decreases the incidence of influenza and the risk of more serious influenza - related complications (1,2). Although the safety and efficacy of this vaccine is well known, interstitial pneumonia can occasionally occur as a complication . We herein describe t...
Study area: the study was approved by the ethics committee of ahmadu bello university (abu), zaria, nigeria . It was carried out during the harmattan season in an area extending from the research pen in the department of veterinary physiology and pharmacology, abu, zaria (1110n, 738e), to panhauya village (117n, 737e) ...
Long - term li use is associated with renal complications including the formation of uncomplicated renal cysts caused by proliferation and expansion of collecting duct (cd) cells . Over a time period of 15 years, we have identified six patients with one or more solid renal tumours in our population of approximately 50 ...
The development of new energy resources has been of great interest to materials scientists in recent years, because the traditional fossil fuels were gradually exhausted . Many efforts have been focused on renewable energy materials including photovoltaic electric generators . Among them, the ternary i - iii - vi2 semi...
Nausea is one of the most frequent side effects of methotrexate (mtx) that may adversely impact on the adherence and tolerability of this drug . These issues are especially important in the care of adolescent patients, yet little is known regarding the prevalence of these side effects in this age group, whether it diff...
Although there are many causes of muscle pain in diabetic patients, diabetic muscle infarction (dmi) is an unusual cause seen in patients with poorly controlled diabetes . Dmi can be misdiagnosed as a variety of diseases that can produce muscle pain, such as myositis, localized abscess, hematoma, and deep vein thrombos...
Disturbances involving abnormalities in tooth eruption are called ectopia, which may be seen, in regions around the oral cavity and also other areas of the body [13]. Transmigration or migration is a type of ectopia when teeth are present in regions distant from their normal developmental location . Therefore, it indic...
Like most orthopaedic surgical procedures, successful hip arthroscopy is significantly influenced by two factors: the patient selection process for the procedure, and the post - operative rehabilitation . Objectively patient selection includes evidence of pathology or clinical circumstances potentially amenable to arth...
Heterogeneous support of surface - immobilized species can provide several advantages over homogeneous systems, such as being reusable, nonleaching, and nonintrusive to the systems they are employed within . When the heterogeneous support is an electrode, such systems have found myriad applications from medicinal devic...
The incidence of prostate cancer is increasing in korea as well as globally . In 2013, the incidence rate of this disease in korea was 37.6 per 100,000 persons, which represented an almost 5-fold increase over the rate reported in 2000 (7.2 per 100,000 persons). In that year, prostate cancer was the fourth most common ...
Strongyloidiasis, caused by strongyloides stercoralis, is one of the most neglected tropical diseases and is highly under - reported in low - endemic areas . Transmission is usually through the skin by third - stage larvae, but the nematode can also replicate within the host as an autoinfection . S. stercoralis can cau...
In 2013, stroke was the second most frequent cause of death after coronary artery disease, accounting for 6.4 million deaths in korea1 . Neurologic complications including cognitive, motor, speech, dysphagia, dysesthesia, perceptual, and affective disorders may occur after stroke . Motor disorders occur in nearly 80% o...
Breast cancer (bc) represents the highest incidence of malignancy in women throughout the world . The brazilian ministry of health estimates an increase in the incidence with more than 49,000 new cases in next 5 years . Some of them are well - established risk - factors such as early menarche, parity, and first pregnan...
Familial mediterranean fever (fmf) has been characterized by fever and recurrent aseptic inflammation of serosal spaces with a typical familial tendency . A lot of metabolic and immunologic changes happen to occur in these patients during the attack period . Acute phase reactants, such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate...
Physical therapy is concerned with identifying and maximizing quality of life and movement potential within the spheres of promotion, prevention, treatment / intervention, habilitation and rehabilitation . A physiotherapist assesses, plan and implement rehabilitative programs that improve or restore human motor functio...
University academic success is related to successfully passing exams . From a cognitive perspective, learning matter must be transferred from working memory into long - term memory from whence stored information must be retrieved and knowledge appropriately applied to specific contexts again via working memory.1 howeve...
Cardiac anatomical heterogeneity amongst patients (e.g., left atrial (la) pulmonary vein (pv) anatomy, atrial septal defect (asd) variations) can pose a challenge when performing minimally - invasive procedures . The accuracy of navigation during cardiac procedures is limited in part by this patient - to - patient vari...
As one kind of the most important biological anions, pyrophosphate (p2o7, ppi) is one of the by - products of adenosine triphosphate (atp) hydrolysis and can be used as a potential biomarker for the clinic diagnosis and therapy of familial chondrocalcinosis or calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition disease [14]. Inor...
Fractures of the axis involving the dens comprise 10 - 15% of all cervical spine fractures and anderson and d'alonzo type ii is the most common type of odontoid process fracture3). Type ii odontoid fractures have a high incidence of nonunion when immobilization alone is used: various groups have reported nonunion rates...
Adult t - cell leukemia / lymphoma (atll) is an aggressive leukemia / lymphoma of mature t - lymphocytes caused by human t - cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (htlv-1). The virus is endemic in southwestern japan, the caribbean, sub - saharan africa, and certain areas of southern america and the middle east . In nonendemic...
Primary breast lymphoma is a rare neoplasm of the breast with an incidence of less than 0.6% of primary breast malignancies . Its low incidence is attributed to the relatively small amount of lymphoid tissue in the breast compared to other organs . Primary breast lymphoma is an even rarer neoplasm in the male breast . ...
Various unusual morphologies of whiskers and nanowires have been reported in past few years [1 - 9]. Since its discovery by wagner and ellis in, the vapor solid (vls) growth mechanism has been used to explain the formation of the majority of vapor grown whiskers and nanowires . The typical morphology of whiskers and na...
In early 2013, a resurgence of measles in beijing was reported to the china information system for disease control and prevention, chinese center for disease control and prevention (beijing); by the end of the year, a total of 1,233 suspected cases had been reported and investigated . Serum and throat swab samples were...
The association of posterior fossa lesions with syringomyelia has been described occasionally both for solid and cystic pathologies414). Few cystic lesions of posterior fossa have been found in association with syringomyelia, and even fewer have been reported in the huge retrocerebellar arachnoid cysts associated with ...
Pain is important in dentistry, because fear of pain is one of the major reasons for dental apprehension . Postoperative pain is one of the primary problems in endodontic treatment, even when proper anesthesia is provided . Although the success of endodontic treatment is highly related to the elimination or reduction o...
There has been an ongoing debate in several countries on who is not qualified to learn and practice cosmetic and aesthetic procedures . Many professional societies representing a diverse group of specialists often claim competence in a particular cosmetic or aesthetic procedure and project it as their exclusive domain ...
The essential caries process involves demineralization of tooth enamel, and likely also of root surfaces, by high concentrations of organic acids produced by bacteria in dental plaque from dietary carbohydrates . Plaque acids may act on the subsurface region with the assistance of ultrastructural enamel defects . They ...
Skeletal muscle damage resulting from resistance exercise stimulates an inflammatory cascade initiated by cytokines . In addition to the increases in markers of muscle damage like creatine kinase (ck) and myoglobin, the inflammatory responses to resistance exercise includes, among many others, increases in tumor necros...
Animal models play a critical role in biomedical research because of their experimental tractability and their genetic and physiological similarity to humans . As outlined by russell and burch (1959), the generally accepted principles for the ethical use of animal models in research include the three rs: replace, reduc...
During 2009, the california department of public health became aware of mdr tb cases with a matching genotype and drug - resistance pattern (resistant to isoniazid, rifampin, ethionamide, and streptomycin) in 2 foreign - born patients (designated ca1 and ca4). The cases were diagnosed during 2008 in adjoining californi...
We investigated the incidence of tb in patients referred for dialysis over a 5-year period (april 1, 1994, to march 31, 1999) to the hammersmith hospital, situated in an area of london that is home to many immigrants, refugees, and asylum seekers . A mean of 156 patients underwent dialysis in the hammersmith dialysis u...
The biggest problem of drug - based therapy is selectivity because of side effects that can be dose - limiting . This challenge led to different strategies with chemically increased selectivity (pro - drug approach), and physically increased selectivity (physical stimuli such as lasers). The latter approach, hypertherm...
The healthy immune system is well balanced to protect against invading harmful pathogens or cancerous cells, whilst maintaining a state of unresponsiveness (tolerance) to our self - tissues and harmless substances . Breakdown of immunological tolerance can lead to unwanted, detrimental reactions that cause autoimmune d...