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There is an increasing interest in the relationship between tumour volume and treatment outcome over the last 1015 years . With the continued improvement in segmentation algorithms and advances in computer technology it now appears possible to measure the volume of malignant tissues from computed tomography (ct) and ma... |
About 30% to 40% of the cancer patients experience severe weight loss and malnutrition, and this percentage is especially high in patients with gastrointestinal or head and neck cancers . Associations have been reported among poor nutritional status, increased risk for adverse clinical outcome, poor quality of life, an... |
Clinical measures focusing on airways (such as wheeze or dyspnoea or degree of airflow limitation on spirometry) are frequently used to assess asthma severity and control in primary care practice . It is sometimes assumed that these also reflect patients overall well - being . However, an individual patient s perceptio... |
Traumatic brain injury (tbi) is recognized as a major public health problem worldwide (finfer and cohen, 2001; hyder et al ., 2007). After initial brain damage caused by the direct mechanical force to the head, secondary neurodegeneration and other pathologies develop over the following days, weeks and months . These a... |
Complications of pancreatitis have been well - described with fistulous communications with adjacent organs . Here, we would like to present a case of chronic pancreatitis, which presented with recurrent massive hemoptysis . On imaging, a fistulous tract was demonstrated between the pancreas and posterobasal segment of... |
The number and variety of applications of high - field dynamic nuclear polarization (dnp) have increased significantly during the past few years, primarily because microwave - driven dnp is widely applicable and capable of enhancing nmr signals by several orders of magnitude . Microwave - driven dnp therefore dramatica... |
Moreover, titanium is also used to produce plates and screws for osteo - synthesis in the case of fractures and dental implants to substitute lost teeth . Several authors have studied different aspects of implants structure during the years . From a general point of view, it is possible to distinguish macro-, mini-, mi... |
Intraocular foreign body is a special kind of eye injury that has greater harm compared to the general penetrating eye injuries . In addition to the injury caused by mechanical damage, foreign bodies in the eye can also lead to increased eye damage due to its retention . In particular, iron - containing intraocular for... |
The rifle criteria were born in vicenza (italy) back in 2004 when a group of smart clinicians realized that none of them was able to provide the same definition of acute kidney injury (aki), formerly known as acute renal failure . Aware of their unique expertise in the field of renal disorders in critically ill patient... |
Healing can take months, and amputation is a frequent outcome . Given the high prevalence of diabetes and the high costs associated with these ulcers, the treatment of this affliction is not only a major burden to the patients, but also to the healthcare system3 . Conventional management of diabetic ulcers is based on ... |
A 44-year - old woman was admitted to our hospital for assessment of an over 10-year history of fatigue, severe dyspnea on exertion, functional impairment class iii (nyha), and intermittent hemoptysis . When the patient was admitted to the hospital, she could not walk even 4 or 5 meters and had been misdiagnosed with e... |
Breast cancer mortality rates have declined since 1975, attributed to the increased use of screening mammography and greater use of adjuvant treatments, including radiotherapy . For locoregional treatment, breast - conserving therapy is regarded as standard of care, comprising breast conserving surgery followed by ipsi... |
The appreciation of the interaction between kidneys and heart in disease has led to an increasing biomedical and pharmaceutical interest in recent years . When kidney failure and heart failure coexist, morbidity and mortality are negatively affected [24]. Indeed, cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality... |
In a time of aging populations, the risk for multiple chronic diseases increases rapidly.1 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd), which is preventable and treatable, is the leading cause of death from lung disease worldwide and the fourth overall cause of death.2 the world health organization defines copd as a l... |
Systemic hypercoagulability is a complication of malignancy, with up to 10% of ovarian cancer patients developing venous thromboembolism (vte) (abu saadeh et al ., 2013). In cancer patients, the presence of deep vein thrombosis (dvt) or pulmonary embolism (pe) is associated with increased risk of readmission and death ... |
Maternal morbidity is defined as illness in a woman who was or is pregnant from any cause related to the pregnancy, abortion, or child birth, excluding incidental or accidental causes . In uganda, the true level of maternal morbidity is unknown, but national estimates suggest that 5.1 maternal deaths occur for every 1,... |
Intraductal oncocytic papillary neoplasm (iopn) of the pancreas is a rare pancreatic tumor, first described by adsay et al . In 1996 . In the 2010 who classification of tumors of the pancreas, iopns are classified histopathologically among the subtypes of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (ipmns) as oncocytic - ... |
Despite the decreasing incidence and mortality, gastric cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer - related death in the world . However, a major problem in gastric cancer treatment is the development of resistance to multiple chemotherapeutic agents in tumor cells . Several mechanisms have been found to be res... |
Caveolinopathies, clinically heterogeneous neuromuscular and/or cardiac diseases, mainly present as limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 1c (lgmd-1c) or inherited rippling muscle disease (rmd), characterized by electrically silent percussion - induced muscle mounding . However, these disorders also include isolated hype... |
Atherosclerosis, the underlying cause of heart attack, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease, is a main cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide . The disease can generally be viewed as a form of chronic inflammation that is induced and perturbed by lipid accumulation . Hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia... |
According to a systemic review by kirby, hirst, and crawford, castration - resistant prostate cancer (crpc) is a common and highly morbid progressive form of prostate cancer, with around 10%20% of prostatic cancer patients progressing to this state within five years . Metastases are present in more than 84% of crpc cas... |
It is a public health tools leading to decreased infant and childhood morbidity and mortality from vaccine preventable diseases, that are worldwide responsible for three million death in children annually . Vaccination coverage is measured worldwide by estimation of the third dose of diphtheria tetanus and pertussis va... |
Dengue and chikungunya are two mosquito - borne viral diseases transmitted by aedes species, mainly ae . Aegypti, that, together with zika virus, are nowadays co - circulating in a wide geographic area, covering african, asian and latin and south american regions . The infections of these three single - stranded positi... |
The occurrence of an accessory spleen is not rare; it affects approximately 10% of the general population, and from 16 - 20% of all cases are intrapancreatic (1,2). However, an epidermoid cyst in an accessory spleen within the pancreas is rare . Differentiating an epidermoid cyst from other cystic neoplasms of the panc... |
To date, the most reliable prognostic indicator for colorectal cancer (crc) has been stage, but discerning which of those patients with stage ii or iii disease will be among the 25 - 51% of cases to develop recurrent cancer and succumb to the disease remains one of the most problematic and frustrating issues concerning... |
The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12033 - 013 - 9657 - 5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users . While male individuals possess erect functional anthers and lack a fully developed pistil, female flowers contain a functional pistil and either lack anthers or produce bent... |
A 19-year - old housewife who got married at the age of 17 years from a nuclear to a joint family was referred by the medical specialist with history of multiple hospital admissions following complaints of episodes of pink colored vomitus, pink tears and sweat of 2 years duration for which no organicity could be detect... |
One third of the world's population are estimated to be infected with mycobacterium(m .) Tuberculosis, and 1.7 million people die from tb each year1). Tb is often associated with poor socio - economic living conditions and is frequently found as a co - infection in people infected with the human immunodeficiency virus ... |
Spontaneous intramural esophageal dissection (ied) is a rare disorder characterized by sudden onset of severe retrosternal chest pain, odynophagia and dysphagia caused by transverse and longitudinal separation of the mucosal and submucosal layers of the esophageal wall, with or without perforation (1, 2). The etiology ... |
Nf-b p65 mouse igg, p65 rabbit igg, and ib- mouse igg were purchased from santa cruz biotechnology, inc . Hbe1 cell line is an immortalized line of normal human bronchial epithelial cells (38). Hbe1 cells were cultured on a plastic tissue culture surface in ham's f-12/ dulbecco's modified eagle's medium (1:1) supplemen... |
Abnormal oxygen saturation is not detected by pulse oximetry (spo2) in the majority of hb variants . However, some patients inherit an hb variant with a low oxygen affinity that displays low spo2 and arterial oxygen saturation (sao2) (2). Hb kansas was first reported in 1961 as an hb variant that displays a very low ox... |
Gynecomastia is defined as the presence of excessive breast tissue in males, which can appear unilateral or bilateral . Bilateral gynecomastia is frequently found in the neonatal period, early in puberty, and with increasing age . Most of recoded cases of gynecomastia in children with neurofibromatosis type 1(nf1) are ... |
One of the major problems facing cancer therapy is administering the required therapeutic concentration of the drug at the tumor site for the desired period of time . Targeted drug delivery to solid tumors is necessary in order to achieve optimum therapeutic outcomes . It would, therefore, be desirable to develop chemo... |
Exposures at home can dominate total exposure for a variety of consumer product chemicals, including some flame retardants, phthalates, and pesticides . These observations are consistent with wambaugh et al.s study that found consumer products to be a strong predictor of biological levels, based on a high throughput ex... |
Thyroid hormone resistance (rth) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by reduced target tissue responsiveness to thyroid hormones . Since refetoff et al . Described this syndrome in 1967; over 1000 cases have been identified . Thyroid hormone resistance can have highly variable clinical manifestations, making it di... |
Drug - eluting stents (des) have greatly reduced in - stent restenosis by inhibiting neointimal growth . Recently, however, stent fracture has emerged as a complication associated with in - stent restenosis, stent thrombosis, and aneurysm formation.1,2 most stent fractures are associated with sirolimus - eluting stent ... |
The study was performed within the frame of the verona diabetes study, an observational longitudinal study on chronic complications in type 2 diabetic patients attending the diabetes clinic at the university hospital of verona (12,13). In brief, data included in this analysis are based upon the cohort of caucasian type... |
Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease characterized by increased bone fragility due to decreased bone mass and altered bone microstructure, and is associated with high mortality, morbidity, and treatment costs.1 the world health organization reported that 35% of the women in the us older than 65 years had osteoporos... |
Breast cancer is the most common noncutaneous cancer diagnosed in women and is the second most common cause of cancer death in women worldwide . Approximately 5% of women in the usa with breast cancer have stage iv disease at time of diagnosis . The most common sites of breast cancer metastasis include lungs, liver, bo... |
Oxygen supply to different parts of the eye is important for normal function . In people with diseases of the eye, eg, diabetic retinopathy, this is abnormal . Surgery to treat eye diseases has been shown to improve the oxygen supply; however, to date, there are limited ways by which we can measure this . This study wa... |
After 30 years of intensive research, approximately 30 drugs have been approved for the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). Of these, integrase (in) inhibitors are the newest drug class with merck s raltegravir (ral, 1) (october 2007) and gilead s elvitegravir (evg, 2) (august 2012) being the first ... |
Sepsis, an almost universally fatal clinical syndrome that is caused by microbial infection, results from excess stimulation of the host immune system by pathogen components to produce various proinflammatory cytokines . Overproduction of these cytokines causes systemic inflammation that can lead to tissue damage, mult... |
In order to manage their condition optimally, patients with terminal chronic renal failure require a kidney transplant, or other alternatives of renal replacement therapy as peritoneal dialysis or haemodialysis . For these options to be viable vascular access are necessary, which can be achieved through the creation of... |
Tourette syndrome (ts) is a developmental neurological disorder characterized by the presence of chronic vocal and motor tics . Tics are involuntary, repetitive, stereotyped behaviors that occur with a limited duration, typically many times in a single day . The neurological basis of ts is unclear at this time; however... |
Simultaneous bilateral anterior shoulder dislocations and bilateral anterior fracture - dislocations are rare and mostly of traumatic origin . We present a rare case of bilateral anterior shoulder dislocation with symmetrical greater tuberosity fracture following an episode of seizure with an unusual injury mechanism w... |
Hairy cell leukemia (hcl) is an uncommon chronic lymphoproliferative disease in which malignant b - lymphocytes infiltrate bone marrow, spleen, liver and rarely lymph nodes . Although the survival of patients with hcl has been improved by the therapeutic introduction of interferon alpha and purine analogues, it is stil... |
Cape town, south africa is experiencing a devastating level of methamphetamine use, with an estimated 7% of the adult population reporting the use of this drug [1, 2] (locally referred to as tik). While methamphetamine use is cause for concern in both sexes, south african social history and structure may provide a cont... |
In the past decade, there has been tremendous advance in the treatment of age - related macular degeneration (amd), but the introduction of anti - angiogenic agents has not been without substantial costs . The approved medications are expensive, and visits for intravitreal injections can be frequent, imposing an ever g... |
One of the great pioneers of bone biology, fuller albright, reported the common occurrence of vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women . Translucency of the vertebral body suggested that bone fragility was the result of trabecular bone loss because the volume of the vertebral body is largely trabecular in configurat... |
The national cervical cancer coalition (nccc) estimates that worldwide, 473,000 new cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed and 253,500 patients die of this disease annually . This makes cervical cancer the twelfth most common cancer and the fifth cause of cancer - related deaths in the world . Human papillomavirus (hpv... |
Frozen shoulder (fs), more formally termed adhesive capsulitis, is a disease that causes tissue degeneration, joint capsule thickening, and diminished glenoid cavity volume1 . Fs has various etiologies such as periarticular tissue degenerative changes, synovial joint thickening, articular surface adhesion, etc2 . Fs is... |
Glomerulonephritis is a major determinant of the course and prognosis of sle and is evident in 40%85% of patients (1). Raised titers of anti - dna and hypocomplementemia have been reported to be associated with activity of the disease (2). However, their non - specificity led to the search for other antibodies that mig... |
Automatic brain image registration methods predominantly rely on information theoretic - based similarity measures to avoid the time - consuming and subjective process of manual extraction of landmarks, or features and their alignment . Mutual information (mi), based on shannon's definition of entropy, mi was originall... |
A 16-year - old adolescent boy who had a 6-month history of headache was referred to our department on june 28, 2012 . Computed tomographic scan showed a high - density mass of the left temporal region with some ductlike shadow inside (fig . Magnetic resonance images revealed marked signal voids intratumorally and 2 co... |
Parsing true epilepsy from behavioral stereotypy and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (pnes) is extremely important . The prevalence of epilepsy is 5 to 10 per 1000, and the estimated prevalence of pnes is 2 to 33 per 100,000, making them both significant diseases . In children, consideration of behavioral stereotypie... |
Chronic encapsulated intracerebral hematoma (ceih) is a rare cerebrovascular disease that behaves as a slowly expanding lesion with a gradual onset9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18). It is well established that ceih is associated with arteriovenous malformations; however, ceih associated with cavernous malformation (cm) is ... |
Patients, aged 1890 years, admitted to the postoperative icu after elective cardiac surgery, were included . The study was approved by the human ethical review committee, 1st faculty of medicine and general university hospital, prague, czech republic, and was performed in accordance with the guidelines proposed in the ... |
Rasmussen syndrome (rs) is a rare progressive neurological disorder characterized by inflammatory reactions of unknown etiology involving one hemisphere, medically intractable epilepsy, and progressive cognitive decline, . The only definitive cure for rs and resultant epilepsy is hemispheric disconnection either throug... |
A genital herpetic lesion progressed in size despite a 13-week course of oral acyclovir, and a herpetic whitlow appeared on the patient's right thumb . The isolate from the genital lesion was acyclovir sensitive but not temperature - sensitive (ts), whereas the isolates from the secondary and recurrent whitlow were acy... |
The first laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (lrp) was performed in 1997 by schuessler et al . Since then, lrp has been reported widely and it has become increasingly important as a treatment for localized carcinoma of the prostate . Two large early series originated in france and lrp has since been described in large ... |
Resin - bonded fixed dental prostheses (rbfdps) have been known to the science and art of dentistry for more than three decades . Treating patients with rbfdps is preferred over conventional fixed dental prostheses (fdps) with regard to the preservation of sound tooth structure and the reversibility of the treatment, a... |
Prosthetic heart valve (phv) dysfunction is an uncommon complication after phv implantation with potential life - threatening consequences . In daily clinical practice, (suspected) phv dysfunction is evaluated by the following non - invasive imaging techniques: transthoracic echocardiography (tte), transesophageal echo... |
Tropical marine reef ecosystems are hotspots of biodiversity and productivity in an otherwise desert - like marine system . Apart from corals, seagrass meadows are a crucial component of these reef ecosystems . As fish nurseries, nutrient cyclers, organic carbon producers and sediment stabilizers, seagrass meadows cont... |
The family of glycosphingolipids (gsl) combines a diversity of molecules consisting of at least one saccharide unit covalently linked to a ceramide (schnaar et al ., 2009). The biosynthesis of gsl is complex and involves a repertoire of enzymes that must be carefully expressed and distributed over endoplasmic reticulum... |
Urethral duplication (ud) is a rare congenital anomaly and is characterized by two urethras, which may be either partial or complete . The females ud is classified according to plane (frontal or sagittal) of duplication into different types: (1) double urethra and double bladder, (2) double urethra with single bladder,... |
Diabetes mellitus is a complex and often silent chronic disease that can result in serious consequences, potentially leading to premature mortality . Diabetes is a serious health problem; it impacts the lives of approximately 347 million people worldwide and in australia, at present, over 1.5 million people have diabet... |
Stress urinary incontinence (sui) adversely affects the quality of life and well - being of approximately 15% of the female population . The treatment options for sui include retropubic suspensions and slings, transobturator tape procedures, injectable bulking agents, and less commonly, artificial urinary sphincter pla... |
Health is imperative for socio - economic and political development of people, a society and a nation . It is within this context that a study of health is critical as it relates to the wider society . Traditionally, the concept of health is measured using life expectancy, mortality, and diagnosed illness . In the soci... |
This clinical trial has been carried out in the bioengineering unit of strathclyde university between 2008 and 2009 . A group of 25 normal subjects with no history of musculoskeletal disorders, based on their medical records, from all students of the unit were selected in this study . For undertaking the research, an e... |
Children with overgrowth syndromes including isolated hemihyperplasia have an increased risk for developing embryonal tumors, particularly wilms tumor and hepatoblastoma . Screening with sonography has been suggested as a method of identifying these tumors while they are still at an early stage . We describe an infant ... |
We studied a total of 130 subjects: 25 healthy subjects without diabetes and 105 subjects with diabetes . The study protocol was approved by the beth israel deaconess medical center institutional review board, and all subjects gave their informed consent . Exclusion criteria included symptomatic peripheral arterial dis... |
The cvrn ls - icd has been described in detail previously.5 the data for this study were derived from 2 sources . Data on icd eligibility, clinical characteristics, and device and provider details were collected from the national cardiovascular data registry (ncdr) icd registry, a national registry that was formed as p... |
As progress in critical care has advanced, medical technology has led to the creation of many intravascular devices for the purpose of fluid and drug administration, hemodynamic monitoring, hemodialysis and other functions that have greatly improved our ability to deliver care to critically ill patients . Although such... |
Tuberous sclerosis complex (tsc) is a relatively rare disease, with an annual birth incidence estimated to be ~1 in 6,000.1 on a molecular level, tsc results from aberrant hyperactivity of mammalian target of rapamycin (mtor) that is caused by a mutation in one of two tsc genes, tsc1 and tsc2, which results in an incre... |
It is well known that the responsiveness to catecholamines shows pronounced inter- and even intra - individual variability . This variable efficiency might theoretically result from differences in catecholamine pharmacokinetics, but the available literature on this subject is surprisingly rare . In this issue of critic... |
Falling is one of the most common complications of stroke patients1, 2, and falling can lead to reduction of independence of activities of daily living such as eating, bathing, dressing, toileting, and transferring in patients3 . In addition, falling is a leading cause of fractures for 2350% of stroke patients4 . Thus,... |
Emerging waterborne protozoa, such as microsporidia, cyclospora, and cryptosporidium, have become a challenge to human health worldwide . Their major habitat is intestinal epithelial cells, and they are all intracellular parasites . In addition, they produce infectious spores that are excreted from the hosts in their s... |
The immune response against m. tuberculosis (mtb) is a complex process which involves many components of immune system . Professional antigen - presenting cells (apcs), including monocytes / macrophages and dendritic cells (dcs), play a major role in generating a protective immune response against mtb by presenting ant... |
Bone tumors diagnosis includes many radiological, epidemiological, pathological, and clinical considerations . Those including patient questioning, physical examination, and radiology will give some hints towards the final diagnosis . But, most of the time, a specimen must be obtained in order to guarantee an accurate ... |
Surgical drain placement has its earliest roots dated back to hippocrates (460 - 377 bc).123 in orthopedic surgery, as well as other surgical specialties, surgical drains are mainly used to prevent fluid collections and to provide outflow for infections.1 the use of surgical drains has been controversial . Suggested th... |
This cross - sectional clinical study was performed in the department of physical medicine and rehabilitation in cukurova university faculty of medicine, adana, turkey between february 2011 and december 2011 . The declaration of helsinki protocols were followed, and the patients provided written informed consent . Hemi... |
Clinicians in general must be alert to the presence or development of paraneoplastic syndromes (pns) that may precede, coincide with, follow, or herald the recurrence or the primary diagnosis of malignancy since early recognition facilitates prompt diagnosis and treatment . Pathology caused by tumor cells, which system... |
Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (t1 dm) have an elevated risk of coronary atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease (chd) that is not explained by conventional risk factors . In contrast to patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (t2 dm), their typical lipid profile is normal or even apparently better than the g... |
Perifolliculitis capitis abscedens et suffodiens (pcas) also known as dissecting cellulitis is one of the three diseases included in follicular occlusion triad, the other two being hidradenitis suppurativa, and acne conglobata . Pcas is found worldwide . In us, it is predominantly found in african american men between ... |
Transgenic crops producing toxins from the soil bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) are a major tool for controlling insect pests . Fourteen years after their commercialization, bt corn and cotton are used in more than twenty developed and developing countries on six continents (james 2008). The predominant bt toxins... |
Recent attention has focused on how contemporary bioeconomies may be characterized by practices of bioprospecting and biobanking that generate new forms of biovalue from human tissue . The ways in which bodily tissues such as skin, bone, eyes, brains, oocytes, embryos, fetal tissue and umbilical cord blood may be extra... |
The choice of implant diameter depends on the type of edentulism, the volume of the residual bone, the amount of space available for the prosthetic reconstruction, the emergence profile, and the type of occlusion . Narrow diameter implants (ndis; diameter <3.75 mm) have specific clinical indications, e.g., where there ... |
Hematopoietic cell transplantation (hct), including bone marrow transplantation (bmt) and peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (pbsct), is important in the treatment of hematologic malignancies and connective tissue diseases . As the number of patients receiving hct has increased, neurological complications after... |
The world health organization declared obesity a global epidemic associated with negative health outcomes in 1997 . In over three decades of national surveys in the usa, from 1971 until 2000, the prevalence of children and adolescents who are obese has tripled [2, 3]. Recently though, the prevalence has stabilized exce... |
Cardiopulmonary bypass (cpb) in patients with heparin - induced thrombocytopenia (hit) is challenging as heparin use in these patients can have devastating effects . In the past two decades, the lack of a reversal agent, dosing of argatroban during cpb is complex, secondary to the need to achieve adequate anticoagulati... |
A 42-year - old caucasian man on chemotherapy with carboplatin and paclitaxel for bronchogenic carcinoma, metastatic to the bone, presented to the emergency department complaining of sudden onset of chest pain for 1 h. the patient described the pain as constant, pressure like, located mainly to the retrosternal region,... |
Optimal pharmacologic management of multifactorial disorders depends upon understanding interactions with diverse and complex mechanistic drug targets, subcategorizing patients based on the most informative and drug - responsive phenotypes, and producing the maximal likelihood of therapeutic responses through utilizati... |
Respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is currently considered the single most important cause of childhood respiratory infection.1,2 the world health organization reports four million deaths annually worldwide among children aged <5 years due to the virus.3 the primary cause of severe lower respiratory tract infection (lrt... |
The current study utilized 20012006 clinical intake data from lindamood - bell learning processes (lblp), a network of private, nationwide learning centers specializing in one - on - one reading and reading comprehension instruction for individuals with learning disabilities and developmental disorders, such as dyslexi... |
During the last decades, technological evolution in the fields of both imaging and instrumentation has led to the development of minimally invasive percutaneous ablative techniques for the treatment of benign and malignant bone tumours . Nowadays, percutaneous ablation techniques in the musculoskeletal system include c... |
A 49-year - old woman visited our hospital for a palpable mass in her left breast . Physical examination revealed a 2-cm firm mass in the upper outer quadrant of the left breast . She had a history of operation 20 years ago for mediastinal non - invasive thymoma without metastasis . Chest x - ray and ct scan showed a m... |
The escalating type 2 diabetes (t2d) epidemic is a major public health concern (1). In the u.s ., the rate of increase in t2d is projected to be disproportionately higher among certain ethnic minorities (2,3). Epidemiologic studies (36) have shown that t2d is associated with increased all - cause mortality risk . Given... |
Polyandry, multiple mating by females, occurs frequently in animals . By mating with several males, females gain benefits such as reduced harassment (wilcox 1984), nuptial gifts (zeh and smith 1985), fertilization insurance (ridley 1983), or genetic variety among offspring (keller and reeve 1994). However, it is genera... |
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