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Detection of cancer in the early asymptomatic stage improves the cure rates and quality of life of the patient by minimizing extensive, debilitating treatments and can be conservatively managed with minimal surgical morbidity and 100% survival . Early cancerous lesions are asymptomatic and vary in clinical presentation...
Bronchiolitis obliterans (bo) is an irreversible obstructive lung disease characterized by subepithelial inflammation and fibrotic narrowing of the bronchioles1). Although histological classification of bo includes cryptogenic organizing pneumonia and obliterative or constrictive bronchiolitis, the term " bo " is inter...
Atherosclerosis, obesity, and metabolic syndrome are closely linked and constitute, arguably, the most menacing three conditions to modern society . Obesity adversely affects almost all of the major cardiovascular risk factors, including blood pressure, dyslipidemia and insulin sensitivity leading to metabolic syndrome...
The widespread use of ultrasonography (us) which can detect small - sized thyroid cancer is a likely factor . Some researchers insist that the increased incidence of thyroid cancer is not real, but just reflects increased detection of small indolent cancers from large asymptomatic reservoirs since the cancer specific m...
The rb gene is a representative tumorsuppressor gene, and mutations and deletions of the exon regions of the gene are observed in not only retinoblastoma, but also many types of malignant tumors . Sakai et al . Reported two types of mutations in the promoter region of the rb gene in hereditary retinoblastoma patients (...
A 59-year - old man with no previous urologic history was referred to our clinic with an elevated psa of 21.1 ng / ml . A prostate biopsy showed gleason 3 + 3=6 adenocarcinoma, in <5% of 1 of 14 cores, clinical stage t1c . A computed tomographic (ct) scan showed no evidence of pelvic lymphadenopathy but demonstrated an...
Coronary artery disease (cad) is the most common type of cardiovascular disease, which nowadays has become one of the leading causes of death all around the world . The main cause of cad is the atherosclerosis of coronary arteries characterized by atherosclerotic plaques (1). As a consequence, plaques can narrow the co...
The availability of' next generation' dna sequencers has provided zoologists with unforeseen opportunities to address many basic evolutionary issues and, for those of us whose interests lie beyond the model organisms, these are indeed interesting times . Not so long ago the costs of large - scale expressed sequence tag...
Nonesterified fatty acids (nefas) are transported by the blood stream bound to albumin, a condition avoiding their cytotoxicity [1, 2]. Besides being an important fuel for the energetic metabolism, they also modulate leukocyte function, acting as signaling molecules [35]. Several cell types exhibit morphological featur...
The workforce data are drawn from a larger study based in the republic of south africa that compared three different methods of training substance abuse counselors in the skills and techniques of cognitive behavioral therapy (cbt). Counselors were recruited from 24 treatment centers in five provinces of the republic of...
The treatment of malaria infections and the control of the spread of malaria are made increasingly difficult by drug resistant strains of the parasite . Resistance to chloroquine, an effective and safe anti - malarial that formed the first line of treatment, emerged more than 30 years ago, and since then malaria parasi...
, calcitriol orchestrates many essential biological processes from actions essential for maintenance of mineral homeostasis to focal actions that control the growth, differentiation and activity of numerous cell types such as cells of the immune system, skin, the pancreas and bone (1, 3). Interestingly, recent evidence...
We next aimed to examine whether de novo variant data similarly gives evidence of a genetic relationship between asds and a continuum of behavioral outcomes in the population . The simons simplex collection (ssc) is a sample of over 2,800 individuals with asds and their nuclear family members, with extensive data on un...
To meet the growing need of coordinating journal publishing and advancing science writing and editing skills, in february 1996 it was decided to launch korean association of medical journal editors (kamje). Initially 51 medical journals and 7 individual members participated in the foundation meeting of kamje . At that ...
Acute myocardial infarction (ami) has become a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide . As the most successful therapeutic strategy, pharmacological or mechanical restoration of coronary blood flow has been established to be essential for preserving viable myocardium after ami . Although reperfusion therapy b...
With recent advances in endovascular treatment, percutaneous transcatheter angioplasty has been increasing for patients with claudication or critical limb ischemia . It can be performed with minimal morbidity and mortality risk . Also, primary stenting in femoropopliteal lesions of intermediate length has recently show...
Since the first computed tomography (ct) scanner was made, all the commercial scanners have been employing the x - ray source with a single small focal spot, which can be modeled as a point source . In micro - ct and even nano - ct applications, the reduced x - ray focal spot size becomes increasingly a limiting factor...
In this article, we provide a condensed history of the use of prenatal dexamethasone for congenital adrenal hyperplasia, with an eye toward the ethically problematic aspects of this history . Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (cah) is a disease of the endocrine system that can cause virilization (i.e., development of masc...
Exposure to particulate matter (pm) air pollution is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (cvd) that contributes to morbidity, mortality, and reduced life expectancy.1 pm can penetrate into the blood stream directly or can cause an immune response in the lung and, in turn, increase the risk of cvd development . Hea...
This case report describes the ophthalmologic features of a four - year - old child with hallermann streiff syndrome (hss) presenting also with a condition very similar to the so - called silent brain syndrome (sbs), with severe bilateral enophthalmos, bridging of all the tarsal plates off the ocular surface, and secon...
Underdiagnosis of renal impairment has been reported.1 diagnosis of renal impairment may be missed because of the inadequacy of screening . Progression to end - stage renal failure may be slowed when detected at an early stage.2 chronic renal failure places a huge burden on health resources because dialysis or transpla...
A 39-year - old canadian man flew to fiji on october 28, 2003, and returned to canada on november 10, 2003 . Immediately on arrival in canada, he started experiencing generalized body aches, which lasted until november 17 . On november 15, he noticed an erythematous maculopapular rash over his whole body, as well as in...
Metaplastic carcinoma (mpc) of the breast is an uncommon form of breast cancer comprising less than 5% of breast cancer patients . It consists of a heterogenous group of malignant neoplasms containing both glandular and non - glandular components with mixed epithelial and mesenchymal differentiation . The classificatio...
The columbia stepwise protocol for intracranial pressure (icp) management is generally accepted.1 when first - tier therapies ventricular drainage, sedation, cerebral perfusion pressure optimization, and osmotherapy fail, second - tier therapy must be initiated . Second - tier options comprise hyperventilation, decompr...
Morbid obesity is defined as a chronic condition for which consistent and durable changes of lifestyle are required . Improvement of life style remains critical in any treatment strategy, be it the medical or the surgical approach . In addition, multidisciplinary combined intervention programs for improving life style ...
Dermatomyositis is a skin disease that can be associated with malignant tumors . In japan, saito reported that the most common associated malignancies are gastric cancer or colon cancer, but that cases of head and neck cancer were very rare . He was admitted to our department of otorhinolaryngology with dysphagia for a...
Inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the gut, which includes conditions such as crohn s disease (cd), ulcerative colitis (uc), and ibd - unclassified . Endoscopy and histological examination of the gastrointestinal biopsies represents the gold standard for the diagnosis of ibd . It al...
The most common type of head and neck cancer is squamous cell carcinoma (hnscc); disappointingly, despite advances in surgical and other treatments that enhance quality of life and palliative value, survival rates are not improving for this cancer . Hnscc is a collective term for cancers at several sites (for example, ...
A 43-year - old married male, plumber, presented at the outpatient clinic, department of psychiatry, aiims, new delhi, with his wife and brother in july 2014 . The patient reported having frequent, intense urges to inflict burns with no clear preceding event or stressor . These would be of sudden onset, irresistible, a...
Anterior cruciate ligament (acl) injuries represent approximately 25% of all knee injuries with an annual incidence of at least 0.8 per 1000 persons aged between 10 and 64 years . Nowadays more than 175,000 acl reconstructions are performed in the us annually [1, 2]. Acl reconstruction can provide knee stability, permi...
The deep location of intraventricular tumors or cysts can lead to neurological sequelae before or after surgery . With the use of the operative microscope, most lesions of the lateral and third ventricles are accessed by a craniotomy and either a transcortical or interhemispheric transcallosal approach . These approach...
Hemostasis remains one of the most important technical concerns associated with laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (lpn). Controlling hemostasis during lpn can effectively be performed by using bolsters and sutures in a similar fashion as in open partial nephrectomy; however, this technique can be time - consuming and ch...
The styloid process (sp), stylohyoid ligament, and the small horn of the hyoid bone from the stylohyoid apparatus, which originally derives from the reichert cartilage of the second brachial arch during embryogenesis . The sp, the thin and long osseous part of the temporal bone . Eagle's syndrome appears during or foll...
Use of fiber posts has gained widespread popularity for the restoration of endodontically treated teeth that have lost a large amount of coronal structures . This popularity has been attributed to the esthetic appearance of fiber posts and the similarity between the modulus of elasticity of fiber posts and those of den...
The diabetes control and complications trial conclusively demonstrated that lowering plasma glucose and hba1c concentrations as close to normal as possible in adolescents and adults with type 1 diabetes (t1d) could prevent or delay the development of early microvascular complications but at the expense of a marked incr...
Environmental factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of carcinomas of the head and neck, and tobacco smoking is considered as one of the major risk factors . Betel quid chewing is an ancient practice common in many countries of asia and among migrated communities in africa, europe, and north america . The t...
The incidence of stroke reported in previous studies varied from 1.6% to 17% [17]. First, it has been shown that different definitions of stroke and different strategies to establish the diagnosis greatly impact the incidence; a structured diagnostic protocol for stroke was shown to result in a doubled incidence . Seco...
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (bph) is a major cause of lower urinary tract symptoms (luts) in aging men (1). It is hypothesized that the luts observed in men with symptomatic bph are caused by a combination of increased sympathetic tone in the bladder neck and prostatic urethra (dynamic component) (2), and the increasi...
Approximately 7 - 8% of the total population screened in the uk will have an abnormal smear [1, 2]; of those, approximately 1.52% will present with high - grade and 5% with low - grade cytology . Only a small proportion of women with low - grade cytology has underlying high - grade histology . Even the cytological diag...
Gamma - aminobutyric acid (gaba), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain, has two modes of release: phasic and tonic . While phasic release is mediated by synaptic vesicles in gabaergic neurons, tonic release is channel - mediated, a sustained form of release and originated from glial cells . Unli...
Multiple experimental studies showed that endogenous opioid system is not only the target of opioid addictive drugs but is also activated during alcohol and psychostimulants consumption [1, 2]. Moreover, genetic characteristics of endogenous brain opioid system are an important factor predisposing to drug abuse and add...
A family is of the basis of physical, cultural, spiritual and psychosocial health of its members (1). However, there are factors that can suddenly affect the family s health (2). One of these factors can be the hospitalization of the one of the family members, which can create anxiety and psychological problems for oth...
In a patient underwent aortic valve replacement (avr) due to bicuspid aortic valve (bav) insufficiency without marked dilation of ascending aorta, the development of delayed - typed aneurysmal complication of ascending aorta has been often reported because the dilated aorta tends to grow insidiously with age . A 58-yea...
The role of f - fdg pet / ct in initial staging of gastric carcinoma is well studied . It is also well known that findings on f - fdg pet / ct scan needs to be interpreted correlating with the clinical history and findings of adjunct investigations . We describe a rare case of gastric carcinoma with concomitant silicos...
Post - infectious bronchiolitis obliterans (pibo) is currently recognized as an acquired disorder that is usually consequent to severe bronchiolitis occurring during infancy . The incidence of pibo in the pediatric population has increased over the last few years, and some cases are also incidentally diagnosed in adult...
It is a major cause of severe spinal canal stenosis and is often related to low back pain and leg pain . It often results in impaired quality of life and diminished functional capacity in the elderly . Degenerative spondylolisthesis often involved only one level (62%) and tend to present with severe localised stenosis ...
The term ischemic cardiomyopathy (icm) is used to describe the clinical picture and pathological findings in patients with congestive heart failure secondary to ischemic heart disease . . They may be the dominant feature in those who have sustained prior myocardial infarctions with ischemic areas replaced by fibrous ti...
Intussusception is infrequently encountered in adult surgical practice123 and is not a strongly considered differential diagnosis in adults presenting with features of acute abdomen.4 its protean manifestations could easily lead to diagnostic and therapeutic delays and a worsened prognosis from fluid and electrolyte im...
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a developmental disorder with persistent pattern of distractibility, hyperactivity, restlessness, and other disturbances of executive function [1, 2]. It is one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders in childhood that is estimated to occur in 219% of children in the worl...
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (fop), also known as stone man syndrome, is a severely disabling and catastrophic - inherited disorder of connective tissue characterised by congenital malformation of the great toes, thumbs and vertebrae associated with progressive ossification of striated muscles . In such patien...
In mammals, sound waves stimulate the cochlea via the vibration of the ossicular chain . The opposite vibrating phase between the round window and the oval window causes relative motion between the endolymph and perilymph and thus produces displacement waves travelling on the spirally basilar membrane . The motion of h...
The benefits of orthodontic treatment include improved oral health and enhanced psychosocial well - being.1 although the principal goal of orthodontic treatment is still the restoration of oral health and function, the importance of esthetics and psychological impact is increasing . After orthodontic therapy, patients ...
Traumatic carotid artery dissection (cad) has long been considered a curiosity, but increasingly safe neurovascular imaging techniques of the extra- and intracranial vasculature have indicated that this is a relatively frequent and underestimated cause of stroke . The incidence of cad among all patients with blunt trau...
The widespread use of central venous catheters during the last few years has been reported to be associated with many complications, some of them lethal . This paper audits our immediate complications noted during the procedure of percutaneous central venous catheterization at a tertiary referral center . One hundred a...
Bright and photostable quantum dots (qds) with size - tunable fluorescence emission properties are widely employed tools for imaging cellular structures and events . The small diameters and tailorable surface functionalities of qds have resulted in their widespread use in whole animal and cellular imaging applications ...
Plexiform neurofibromas (pnf) are benign tumors that originate from nerve sheath cells or subcutaneous peripheral nerves, and can involve multiple fascicles . Massive plexiform neurofibromatosis results in functional disability and disfigurement, and usually occur in as much as 30% of the patients with neurofibromatosi...
Nature has evolved complex biological processes that enable mammalian cells to conduct sophisticated physiological activities for living and adaptation . Primary structure of a protein obtained from genome projects serves as a nice starting point for the understanding of biological complexity but not sufficient to expl...
Bone is a frequent site of metastatic disease in advanced cancer patients, and although bone metastases can occur in conjunction with any solid tumor, they are most common in breast, prostate, and lung cancer patients.13 the increased bone resorption caused by bone metastases also increases the risk of a variety of ske...
Adolescents form a distinct group of population whose palliative care (pc) needs to be different from those of adults and children . Adolescence is a continuing evolution of childhood to adulthood where they have different physical, emotional, psychological, and social needs . During this period an individual develops ...
Trunk balance is the manifestation of a postural strategy conditioned by anatomic and functional characteristics, sometimes very different from one person to another . Degeneration of this steady state, often associated with spinal aging, can generate a cascade of functional, neurological, and mechanical events . The r...
Antibodies anti - p53 mouse monoclonal (x77) antibody was from novus (catalog number nb 200 - 566), anti - flag - m2/horseradish peroxidase and anti - actin (ac40) antibodies were from sigma (catalog numbers a8592 and a3853), anti - myc (9e10)/horseradish peroxidase antibody was from santa cruz biotechnology, inc . (sa...
Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (eps) may be idiopathic or secondary, as in the case of chronic peritoneal dialysis (pd) patients . The prevalence in pd patients is reported at various frequencies internationally ranging from 0.6% to 3.3% . Mortality is historically high, and a study of 111 patients in the uk demons...
One such method involves mixing in a colorant with the zirconia powder during the composition process;2 the other produces the desired color tone by immersing partially sintered zirconia into a solution that contains minerals, such as chrome or molybdenum, which have been found to produce tones within the color range o...
Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (asd) are now known to have subtle but characteristic difficulties with memory (see boucher and bowler 2008; boucher et al . Relatively intact performance is seen on tasks, such as cued recall or recognition, where the test procedure provides clues to the learned material (bowl...
The co - occurrence between attention deficit - hyperactivity disorder (adhd), which is characterized by developmentally inappropriate levels of inattentive and/or hyperactive - impulsive behaviours (american psychiatric association (apa) 2000), and reading disability, whether defined as diagnostic categories or quanti...
Pompe's disease (pd) or glycogen storage disease type ii (gsdii) is a rare autosomal recessive neuromuscular disorder which arises as the result of deficiency in lysosomal enzyme acid -glucosidase (gaa) (1, 2). Therefore, glycogen is accumulated in lysosomal vacuoles in various tissues such as smooth muscles, cardiac a...
Mast cell tryptase belongs to serine proteases and is almost exclusively located to the secretory granules of mast cells . They are the most abundant protein products in mast cell granules, which consist of approximately 50% total protein in the granules . Upon degranulation, tryptase is released from mast cells along ...
Alcohol dependence may be defined as loss of control over alcohol consumption, which is continued despite the harmful consequences that follow . Alcoholics are not able to drink alcohol in a controlled manner, even if it threatens their health, work or family . These can include, for example, high levels of impulsivity...
Gastroduodenal intussusception usually occurs when a pedunculated lesion acts as a lead point for anterograde prolapse of the gastric wall . Common etiologies include both benign and malignant lesions, including smooth muscle tumors, hyperplastic and adenomatous polyps, lipomas, and rarely a malignant mass [2, 3, 4, 5,...
For obtaining a broader and more inclusive perspective on where race ethnic disparities in science and engineering arise, rates of transition from one educational stage to the next were compared across race ethnic groups . For this analysis, it would have been optimal to track a large cohort of individuals from differe...
Dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis (dpr) is a rare ectodermal disorder with the diagnostic triad of generalized reticulate hyperpigmentation, noncicatricial alopecia, and onychodystrophy . Since first described by hauss and oberste - lehn in 1958, noted a patient of malay ancestry with dpr secondary to a recurrent kr...
Self - esteem is based on personal characteristics that, under specific circumstances, lead a person to exercise her capabilities of consciousness, seeking a meaning for herself and for her environment.3 there are theoretical controversies regarding the concept of self - esteem . Some investigators regard self - esteem...
The extraction of cadmium from the technological liquids coming from zinc production is mostly done by chemical reduction of cadmium from acidic solutions by means of powdered zinc . Arsenic contents in these liquids may enhance the risks of the formation of toxic arsenic hydride (arsine) which must absolutely be elimi...
This treatment offers higher self - esteem to patients with minor consequences to teeth and gingival tissues when it is well indicated and performed.1 in general, bleaching is a conservative treatment and has been shown to be both efficient and safe.1,2 when resin composite restorations are clinically used, they are fr...
, the importance of liver function has been widely recognized in the context of non - viral liver pathologies, such as non - alcoholic fatty liver disease (nafld), which are prevalent and are known to lead to cardiovascular and cancerous diseases [2 - 10]. Such liver pathologies, including nafld, typically lead to cond...
, rotavirus has been recognized as one of the most common causes of diarrhea, both in developed and in developing countries . Globally, in 2008, rotavirus diarrhea is estimated to cause 453,000 deaths (95% ci, 420,000494,000) in children younger than 5 years, contributing to 37% of all deaths due to acute diarrhea . Ro...
Ad is the sixth leading cause of death in the us with the healthcare costs surpassing $200 billion in the year 2013, and anticipated to increase exponentially with aging population (1 - 3). Clinical symptoms are broadly characterized by a slowly progressing loss of memory and cognitive functions, dementia, and ultimate...
Pilomyxoid astrocytoma (pma) is an uncommon progressive piloid neoplasm, closely related to pilocytic astrocytoma (pa). Originally described by janisch et al ., in 1985 as diencephalic pilocytic astrocytoma with clinical onset in infancy, it has been recognized as a separate entity in who classification of central nerv...
Multiple sclerosis (ms) is an inflammatory - demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease that causes damage to the central nervous system . The main form of ms is remitting - relapsing (rrms), characterized by occurrence of new symptoms followed by periods of clinical remission . After many years of rrms, the neurodege...
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a frequent cause of nosocomial pneumonia, hospital - acquired urinary tract infections, wound infections, and blood stream infections (1, 2). Three major classes of antibiotics are commonly used against this pathogen, including amino - glycosides (tobramycin), -lactams (ceftazidime), and quino...
The giant protein titin / connectin spans the half - sarcomere from z - disk to m - line and is responsible for the development of passive tension within the sarcomere . Titin - based passive tension constitutes a large fraction of the myocardial passive tension; the other main contributor is the extracellular matrix [...
The amino acid sequence of cnsp2 protein was obtained from the uniprot database (uniprot kb / swiss - prot entry q8jux6 (poln_chiks)) (http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/q8jux6). The amino acid sequence corresponding to cnsp2 protease was subjected to modeling using modeller v9.12 . The selection of best predicted protein ...
Neurophysiological intraoperative monitoring (iom) is regarded as a useful tool during surgery on eloquent areas of the central nervous system . Iom provides information about physiological changes in order to increase safety and reduce postoperative morbidity10,12,14). Monitoring of motor - evoked potentials (meps) ha...
Transgenic mice were used that expressed a modified yellow fluorescent protein (yfp; venus) under the control of the ppg promoter (18). Two founder strains, mglu - v23 - 124 and mglu - v50 - 144, created using mouse bacterial artificial chromosomes, were used interchangeably, since we observed no difference in the patt...
During the last years, changes in diagnosis and treatment have caused a significant increase in the number of young adults who experienced cancer in childhood . With the current treatments protocols the 5-year event - free survival (efs) is over 80% [1, 2]. According to one of the world's largest studies (childhood can...
The aging process is determined by numerous intrinsic and extrinsic factors and affects all body parts and tissues, including the skin . In the literature,1,2 it is estimated that every 14th visit at the doctor s surgery is associated with skin diseases.3 excessive predisposition to dryness is one of typical consequenc...
Nail - patella syndrome (nps; omim #161200) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by classic clinical tetrad of dysplastic finger nails, absent or hypoplastic patellae, elbow dysplasia, and exostoses (" horns ") of the ilia (1). In addition, some patients manifest nephropathy and adult - onset glaucoma (2, 3)...
Primary osteosarcomas have been reported in a number of extraosseous sites as retroperitoneum, thigh muscles, and in a variety of other sites . About six cases have been reported in the world literature which are cited in table 1 . A 35-year male presented with a hard mass at the base of the penis since the past 1 year...
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (ssris) are considered to be efficacious and relatively well - tolerated . Even though the neurological side effects with ssri are less common, they are presumably also less reported . Ssris have been linked with the occurrence of drug - induced parkinsonism, dystonia, dyskinesia...
Chronic condition management has been structured around models that aim at facilitating and development of care through initiatives of self - management, organisational restructuring and information system enhancement . Uk s health care framework for chronic condition care draws upon the chronic care model and innovati...
Therapeutic drug monitoring (tdm) is generally defined as the clinical laboratory measurement of a chemical parameter that, with appropriate medical interpretation, will directly influence drug prescribing procedures . Otherwise, tdm refers to the individualization of drug dosage by maintaining plasma or blood drug con...
Anastomotic leakage (al) is one of the most frequent postoperative complications following colorectal surgery . Most al is considered a major postoperative complication, and its severity is greater than any other complication . The rates of al in colorectal surgery vary widely depending on several factors, particularly...
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) is a highly prevalent1 and debilitating disease that has a significant impact on patient quality of life and the costs borne by the health care system.2,3 an exacerbation of copd is the most common condition that requires hospital admission,4 and contributes substantially to...
It has been shown that first degree relatives (fdrs) of patients with type 1 diabetes (t1d) have at least 10 times higher relative risk of t1d than in the general population [1, 2]. Until now, detection of -cell antibodies represents relevant clinical tool for prediction of t1d and established risk factor for t1d devel...
Since the introduction of balloon dilatation of coronary artery lesions, interventional treatment has evolved thanks to numerous advances in procedures, equipment, devices, and indications . Specifically, with the technical advances in stent implantation, the incidence of complications, such as acute coronary occlusion...
Although all women will be subject to menopause and the cessation of menses, not all women will experience its associated symptoms . . They may include hot flashes (rapid onset of intense heat sensation, sweating, and flushing lasting approximately 5 to 10 minutes) and/or night sweats.13 they are the leading reason men...
Resilience is the capacity people have to adapt swiftly and successfully to stressful / traumatic events while not reverting to the original state . Resilience is described as an evolving process influenced by a variety of biological, social, and environmental factors . The growing evidence supports the notion that res...