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Myopia is a common cause of visual impairment worldwide, with a prevalence of 33.1% in the usa, 16.4% in australia, and 26.6% in the western europe . The prevalence of myopia in asian populations is up to 4070% [46]. In mainland china, almost 43.9% of the population 3.0 d) and medium myopia (with a refractive error bet... |
Tracheal agenesis (ta) is a rare congenital anomaly presenting at birth with respiratory distress and difficult airway management . These pregnancies are associated with polyhydramnios and premature labor, which further complicates the management . The incidence of ta is 1:50,000 live births with male: female ratio of ... |
The aim of ages - reykjavik is to investigate the contributions of environmental factors, genetic susceptibility, and gene - environment interactions to aging of the neurocognitive, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, body composition, and metabolic systems . Details on the study design and the baseline ages - reykjavik a... |
Technology is highly valued, especially in health care for patients with serious conditions, and sometimes technology is necessary to save lives . These technologies contribute to increased noise, making environments uncomfortable.1 the occupational risk due to high levels of noise in the hospital environment has been ... |
It was first described in a 15-month - old boy as " infantile adenocarcinoma of the pancreas " by becker (1) in 1957 . Pancreatoblastoma usually affects children between 1 - 8 yr, although rare cases in adults have been reported (2). There is a male predominance and more than half of the reported cases are in asians (3... |
Food and drug administration in 2005 for use as an intraoperative imaging system able to produce both two - dimensional and three - dimensional anatomical views . The o - arm has proven to play a valuable role in neurosurgical, orthopedic, and otolaryngologic procedures by providing rapid, quality views of bony anatomy... |
Indeed, numerous authors brought to light an increase of 20 factors in connection with human activities during the last two centuries [2, 3]. And currently the main sources are still fuel combustion in urban zones and the use of fungicides in rural areas [4, 5]. This study aims at assessing the risks of exposure to lea... |
An expert dentist should be aware of the pathophysiology of many diseases as well as the complex mechanisms and various impacts of the body systems . In addition, to achieve the best diagnosis and represent a proper treatment, a dentist has to be prepared to face medical emergencies.1,2 besides the development of the n... |
Hashimoto thyroiditis is an autoimmune thyroid disorder that is probably the most common cause of hypothyroidism . It predominantly affects middle - aged women and usually manifests as a painless, nontender, diffuse goiter.1 in contrast, subacute thyroiditis causes neck pain, thyroid tenderness, and systemic symptoms o... |
Dna hypermethylation - induced silencing of tumor suppressor and dna repair genes is a frequent phenomenon in cancer [1 - 4]. These hypermethylation markers are promising tools for detecting cancer cells in tissues and body fluids, and various methods for detecting aberrant dna methylation have been developed in recent... |
In the past, it was customary to withhold analgesia, particularly opioids, in patients with acute abdominal pains prior to establishment of a definitive diagnosis . Analgesics were thought to interfere with diagnosis by masking the evolution of symptoms and signs with a subsequent delay in surgical treatment . The dogm... |
Crohn s disease (cd) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease characterized by a disabling course and transluminal inflammation which may involve small and large bowels 1 . In the past, however, recent studies have reported better outcomes with mucosal healing, and this has now become the main goal of medical treatment ... |
Since 2013, several layer and broiler duck farms located in high - density duck - producing areas of thailand have had an emerging, contagious disease characterized by severe neurologic dysfunction and dramatically decreased egg production among domestic ducks . Outbreaks have been reported on farms in the northeastern... |
Ideas concerning the influence of deprivation and enrichment on the quality of human relationships can be summed up in the following aphorisms: concerning deprivation it is said that absence makes the heart grow fonder, a sentiment that has been expressed at least since roman times; concerning abundance, chaucer tells ... |
Lusoria artery or aberrant right subclavian artery (arsa) is a rare anatomical variation of the origin of the right subclavian artery . Essentially, right subclavian artery originates from the brachiocephalic artery, but in 0.4 - 1.8% of the general population it may arise directly from the aortic arch distal to the le... |
Major depressive disorder (mdd) is a highly prevalent condition that is associated with significant levels of disability, morbidity, and mortality . Most recently, the world mental health survey by the world health organization reported the lifetime prevalence of major depressive episode in 18 countries to range from 6... |
To investigate the possibility of age- and sex - specific risk groups, a comprehensive yel - avd dataset (table 36 - 30 in 11), was analyzed (figure). This dataset has the advantage of having been compiled with information that is not otherwise publicly available: data from the centers for disease control and preventio... |
Adaptation of living organisms to changing environmental demands mostly depends on plasticity of the nervous system, namely the capability of neurons to modify their structure, connectivity, and functional properties . Structural modifications of neural circuits comprise a wide range of phenomena, including rewiring of... |
Hemoptysis is a common respiratory symptom and usually originates from the lung parenchyma or the airways . Dieulafoy's disease is an eponymous disease (referring to a disease / condition named after a person) that was initially described by a french surgeon, georges dieulafoy in 1898 . He described the condition as a ... |
From march to may 2002, a convenience sample of household volunteers was recruited from 1 rural community in idaho . The questionnaire assessed dietary history and livestock contact during the previous month, and other exposures, including antimicrobial drug use and travel outside the united states during the past 6 mo... |
Synthetic biodegradable injectable fillers are widely used as relatively safe injectable alternatives to surgical skin rejuvenation . By combining biodegradable materials like hyaluronic acid with non - biodegradable materials like acrylic hydrogel particles, however, these combination fillers achieve their volume fill... |
Osteosarcoma (os) is the most common primary malignant bone tumour in children and adolescents, with a peak of incidence at the age of 1519 years . Os is a tumour derived from primitive mesenchymal cells, originated from bone and rarely from soft tissue . Although os can occur in any bone, it is most common in the meta... |
In the us, ageing and disability public policies, programs, and service systems have historically separate origins, age - based categorical eligibility, and distinct funding streams . This division creates barriers in serving persons ageing with disability transitioning from disability to ageing service systems and for... |
This trend is concerning, given that obese children tend to become obese adults [27], putting them at risk for coronary artery disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and other chronic conditions [38]. Behavioral lifestyle modification programs have been promising in terms of weight reduction in obese youth [9, 10]. Previou... |
Beta - adrenergic receptor blockers are an important class of drugs in the management of patients with cardiovascular diseases . Beta blockers often are not well tolerated, and the compliance rates with these medications are dismal . In a meta - analysis of randomized controlled trials, the risk of treatment withdrawal... |
Urgency urinary incontinence (uui) is highly bothersome and negatively impacts health - related quality of life (hrql) 1 . Uui is associated with numerous comorbidities, such as falls and fractures, infections and depression 2, and a large proportion of the cost associated with overactive bladder (oab) is attributable ... |
Sensitivity has been evaluated by a number of cross - sectional studies and has been observed to be significantly better than that of conventional cytology performed in the same setting . A major advantage of the test is that the results are immediately available, which allows further management decisions to be made at... |
The synthesis of the steroid hormone 17-estradiol (e2) is catalyzed by the enzyme aromatase, a member of the cytochrome p450 superfamily . Aromatase is not only expressed in the gonads of humans and rodents but also in their brains . In the human brain, aromatase mrna, aromatase protein, and aromatase activity have bee... |
Among 63 patients with coronary artery disease who had been scheduled for elective cabg, 18 patients (mean age, 58 12 years; m: f = 15:3) were enrolled in this study, as they had demonstrated normal regional wall motion and rest / stress perfusion in the septum without evidence of non - viable myocardium on baseline mr... |
Malaria remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among those under 5 years in sub - saharan africa, in spite of the recent progress in the development of cost - effective tools for targeting this disease in more vulnerable groups [13]. Delivery of prompt and adequate treatment at the community level remains a... |
Over time, diabetes mellitus (dm) has emerged as a global healthcare problem that has reached epidemic proportions . It is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, with a 2 - 4 fold increase risk compared with persons who do not have diabetes . Dm is the leading cause of blindness, non - traumatic amputations, a... |
The genus stachys comprises more than 450 species mainly distributed in warm - temperate regions of the mediterranean basin and south - western asia . It represents one of the largest genera of lamiaceae family, and the majority of the species belonging to this genus have been largely used in the traditional medicine .... |
Approximately 77 000 proximal hip fractures occur in the united kingdom annually, accounting for 1.5 million bed - days, at an inpatient cost of 2 billion . The majority of them (65 000) occur in england, with a median post - operative length of stay (los) of 23 days and a 30-day mortality of between approximately 8% a... |
Diagnosis and proper investigations are the key factors for successful treatment outcome in the case of immediate implant placements in the extraction sockets . The investigations to be done includes intra oral periapical radiographs, orthopantamographs and cone - beam computerized tomography . The most important step ... |
To describe a case of bilateral acute retinal necrosis syndrome (arns) in a 5-year - old boy . A retrospective, interventional case is described in one child attending the pediatric ophthalmology section, complaining of sudden bilateral red eye and haze - impaired vision . A standardized ophthalmologic examination and ... |
Anorectal malformations (arms) are one of the most common conditions in pediatric surgical practice . A lot has been written about the techniques of management and currently pena's posterior sagittal anorectoplasty (psarp) occupies the center stage . There are many scoring systems which are in vogue to measure the cont... |
An array of protocols is available for the preparation of epoxides as befits their prominence as versatile synthetic intermediates and as substructures in numerous bioactive compounds . The most common and generally economic synthetic approach is the direct, catalytic epoxidation of olefins . The task is more problemat... |
Spinal anesthesia has been considered an economical, frequent, safe, convenient, and effective method which provides rapid and reliable anesthesia . Various local anesthetic drugs often used for spinal anesthesia included lidocaine, bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine . Lidocaine was introduced in 1948 and ha... |
Chronic neck pain is common in the general population, ranging in prevalence from 26%71%.1 neck pain determined to be emanating from the cervical facet joints is often amenable to treatment with radiofrequency ablation (rfa) of the medial branches of the dorsal rami nerves . Pain relief from cervical rfa has been shown... |
Peripheral blood smear examination revealed abnormal lymphocytes with numerous cytoplasmic vacuoles and eosinophils with unevenly distributed granules (fig . 1). What do these findings suggest and what to do next? Lymphocytes with distinct cytoplasmic vacuoles and eosinophil with unevenly distributed granules (inset). ... |
Historically, hepatic resection has been associated with significant blood loss, and surgical and anesthetic strategies to manage patients undergoing hepatic resection have evolved with the aim of limiting hemorrhage . Surgical techniques have included control of relevant hepatic segmental inflow and outflow structures... |
Achieving the global goal of having 15 million individuals on antiretroviral therapy by 2015 will require substantial expansion of hiv testing and counselling (htc) because over half of hiv - infected individuals are unaware of their serological status . Key populations are defined as vulnerable and most - at - risk po... |
Mg is the most abundant divalent cation in mammalian cells and is an essential cofactor for atp, nucleic acids, and numerous enzymes in animals and plants . Ca, another alkali earth metal, is well - established as a second messenger because free intracellular [ca]i is 0.1 m and extracellular [ca]e is 1 mm, creating a s... |
Materials that exhibit macroscopic and easily transduced changes in properties in response to specific molecular stimuli offer unique opportunities to design new classes of sensors and actuators . In this context, supramolecular materials which derive their structures and properties from weak, noncovalent interactions ... |
The incidence of head neck cancers varies widely around the world and even within populations . Oral and oropharyngeal cancer constitutes 35% of the malignancies in europe, while this figure in parts of southeast asia and india reaches up to 4050% [24]. Eighty to ninety percent of head and neck cancer cases are conside... |
Structure prediction is essential in many areas of computational science, ranging from molecular physics and biochemistry to soft and condensed matter . For a given system with definite size, the global optimization problem is usually nontrivial owing to high - dimensional potential energy landscapes, and many methods ... |
Entecavir (etc) is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (nrtis) that revolutionized the treatment of chronic hepatitis b (chb) by inhibiting hepatitis b virus (hbv) polymerase . The human polymerase gamma is essential for mitochondrial (mtdna) synthesis, but is also inhibited by entecavir . As a result, mitocho... |
Metastatic tumors to skull are most often from lung, breast, and prostate malignancies and rarely from thyroid cancers . In a series of 473 patients with thyroid cancers, nagamine et al . Reported skull metastases in only 2.5% of cases . In most of the reported cases of follicular thyroid carcinoma, metastases occurred... |
Participants were excluded if they had a history of epilepsy or glaucoma, had undergone previous vitreal surgery, and/or had a cataract on examination . The study followed the tenets of the declaration of helsinki and was approved by the institute ethics committee, with written informed consent obtained from each parti... |
Our hypothesis has been that bai is the active component in the coals that induces cwp . If that proves to be the case, then the differences in the levels of bai in the coals may be responsible for the observed regional differences in the prevalence of cwp . To test our hypothesis, we used cwp prevalence data from the ... |
In recent years, more interest has been paid to protect foods and human beings against oxidative damage caused by free radicals like hydroxyl, peroxyl, and superoxide radicals . One possible solution is to explore the potential antioxidant and anticancer properties of plant extracts or isolated products of plant origin... |
Racemic bupivacaine (rbup) can cause life - threatening cardiac complications, particularly when given intravascularly by accident . Levobupivacaine (lbup) was developed as a long acting local anesthetic with a potentially reduced toxicity compared with rbup . Lbup is considered to be safer than rbup because it has a h... |
The position of the implant is a critical factor influencing both functions and outcomes of total hip arthroplasty (tha)1). If it is located in an appropriated position, favorable clinical outcomes are expected in terms of longevity of the implant, range of motion, dislocation rates, and other parameters2,3,4). For art... |
Many of the patients admitted in the intensive care unit (icu) are complex patients . It is difficult to define a complex patient, yet it is generally understood that the term applies to those who require an extra amount of care and consideration as a consequence of complicated and extensive medicine regimes compounded... |
Dislocation following total hip replacement (thr) is a well - known complication with an incidence of 16% of primary surgery . Two - thirds of these are successfully treated in the acute setting with closed reduction without the need for subsequent surgery . However, there are several recognised causes for unsuccessful... |
Protein - losing enteropathy is not a disease, but rather it is the manifestation of a diverse group of disorders characterized by the excessive loss of plasma proteins into the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract, and this results in hypoproteinemia . The pathophysiology of protein - losing enteropathy can be summariz... |
The length of the styloid process normally varies from 2.0 cm to 2.5 cm in adults . The apex of the styloid process is clinically important because it is located between internal and external carotid arteries . The glossopharyngeal nerve exists through jugular foramen and curves, in close proximity under the styloid pr... |
Protocol h9c - mc - bbdk (nct00942188) was a phase ii, randomized, double - blind, parallel, placebo - controlled study in type 2 diabetic patients conducted between june 2009 and november 2010 . Among 19 secondary and tertiary u.s . The trial consisted of 26 weeks for screening and baseline; 12 weeks of treatment, and... |
More than 90% of testicular cancers are germ cell tumors derived from the epithelium of the mature testis . Squamous cell carcinoma (scc) of the testis is a rare finding except for metastasis from other sites . Tumors that metastasize to the testis are extremely rare, too . Among them, the lung is the most common prima... |
Transforming growth factor- (tgf-) superfamily consists of a large family of structurally related cytokines, which are classified into two main groups: tgf-/activin and bone morphogenetic proteins (bmps) and growth / differentiation factors (gdfs) (1). Among them, tgf- has been well characterized as a representative po... |
Human cystic echinococcosis is a parasitic zoonosis caused by the larval form of echinococcus granulosus, the dog tapeworm, which accounts for 95% of human echinococcosis cases . Human cystic echinococcosis is present worldwide except in iceland, ireland, and greenland, and remains highly endemic in many rural communit... |
Mode of delivery method is defined as choosing either the vaginal or caesarean section (c - section) delivery . Vaginal delivery is the natural method of birth, though about 10% of normal deliveries may be complicated, caesarean section delivery is suggested to prevent either maternal or fetal morbidities and mortality... |
Research adhered to the tenets of the declaration of helsinki and was conducted in accordance with health insurance portability and accountability act regulations . Participants were enrolled from a combination of clinical ophthalmology offices, medical school students, and seniors living in retirement communities . Su... |
The endothelium is the innermost lining of the vasculature and is involved in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis via the regulation of a multitude of vasoactive processes . Disruption to these processes may predispose the vessel to atherosclerosis and increase the risk for cardiovascular disease (cvd). Furthermore... |
Study i control group (a) and experimental groups (b, c and d).study ii control group (e) and experimental groups (f, g and h). Study i control group (a) and experimental groups (b, c and d). Study ii control group (e) and experimental groups (f, g and h). In the study i, the surface characteristics of the demineralize... |
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ich) remains a major challenge for public health . According to a large meta - analysis from 36 studies conducted worldwide between 1980 and 2008, the overall incidence of ich is 24.6 per 100,000 person - years, with a median 30-day mortality of 40.4%, and only 12%39% of patients are able to r... |
Fifteen caucasian women with gdm (mean sd age 32.3 1.0 years) diagnosed by an abnormal 100-g oral glucose tolerance test (5) and 30 healthy control subjects (35.9 1.1 years; p <0.05) were enrolled . The university of milan ethical board approved the protocol, and informed consent was obtained . After diagnosis, patient... |
Autism spectrum disorder (asd) is a developmental disorder characterized by abnormal communication, social impairment, and stereotyped restricted interests and behavior . There has been a 10-fold increase in the incidence of asd over the last two decades, with asd now affecting 1 in 88 us children [1, 2]. Asd has a 5: ... |
One hundred and twelve eyes of 112 patients with cataract and oht (60 males, 52 females) who were operated between january 2010 and november 2011 were evaluated retrospectively . Their mean age was 61.32 11.12 (standard deviation [sd]) (4588) years . Full ophthalmological examinations including uncorrected visual acuit... |
Hc was supported by the swedish research council, the swedish society for medical research, and the wenner - gren foundation. |
Over the past 30 years, replacing missing teeth with dental implants has become a viable solution to conventional fixed or removable prosthodontics . However, the rehabilitation with implant supported prosthesis remains challenging particularly in the esthetic areas . The esthetic area is defined as the visible area du... |
Psoriasis is an autoimmune skin disease and its genetic and environmental factors play a significant role in its manifestations . Though psoriasis mostly affects the skin in its clinical presentations, due to the role of autoimmune mechanisms in its pathogenesis and the presence of other co - morbidities in its clinica... |
Biliary atresia (ba) is a progressive obliterative sclerosing disease of the extra and intrahepatic biliary system, which occurs in approximately 1 in 8000 to 1 in 18,000 live births . Three types of clinical forms are usually described according the most proximal level of obstruction . Despite an early diagnosis and p... |
Tinnitus is known to affect between 5% and 15% of the population,1) and 1% of the population has deliberating tinnitus.2) tinnitus can affect almost all aspects of life . Additionally, it results in a high need for medical care . A variety of treatments have been introduced for tinnitus, such as sound treatment, tinnit... |
The s. pombe telomerase complex contains a reverse - transcriptase catalytic subunit (trt1), an rna template (ter1), and a telomerase - binding protein (est1) [1619]. The activity of telomerase at telomeres is positively and negatively controlled by the shelterin complex, which in s. pombe comprises taz1, rap1, poz1, t... |
Neuronal activity results in focal changes in hemodynamics, metabolism, and blood oxygenation of associated brain areas . Functional maps of cerebral blood flow (cbf) can be used to monitor hemodynamic changes in the healthy brain as well as alterations associated with cerebrovascular disease . Positron emission tomogr... |
A number of specific loci have been described as becoming hypermethylated during aging or carcinogenesis . Transcriptional inactivation by cytokine methylation at promoter cpg islands of tumor suppressor genes is thought to be an important mechanism in human carcinogenesis . In half of all primary human cancer cells, m... |
The study was performed as a part of roof research project, which has been started from 2006 in roozbeh hospital (psychiatry university hospital in tehran). The main aim of this project was to compare two types of managements: the usual interventions, and the standard one in patients with first episode of a psychotic d... |
The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. |
Despite the long - term success of etch and rinse (e&r) adhesives, their clinical success still faces some problems . Increased dentin permeability due to removal of smear layer interferes with infiltration of resin monomer and leads to its dilution and consequently increased sensitivity of the restored tooth . In orde... |
As there is no general inhibitor of pp2c, we started our search for inhibitory small molecules of phlpp by screening the first diversity set of the national cancer institute . This set comprises 1990 compounds chosen among the 140000 compounds in the repository to encompass the largest chemical space possible . These m... |
Colonic interposition is a procedure practiced for the management of both benign and malignant diseases of the esophagus . The left colon is preferred for the transposition due to its smaller diameter, but right colon or transverse colon interpositions are performed as well . Malignant tumor of the transposed colon is ... |
The abusers may be referred to a somatic hospital, taken care of in police custody, by specialized detoxification centres or within the realms of an acute psychiatric hospital . Referral from a medical doctor is the main route to a resident stay in an acute psychiatric facility in norway . Patients with substance abuse... |
Schistosomiasis is a chronic and debilitating disease caused by a waterborne digenetic trematode of the genus schistosoma . The disease is one of the most widespread parasitic infections in tropical and subtropical countries where it ranks second to malaria in terms of its socioeconomic and public health significance .... |
The use of animal models has been a valuable tools in both basic science and in vivo studies . Initially for finding animal models, a natural mutated individual was selected and the inbreeding was used for increasing the population . It has been very limited as to secure a sufficient number or consistent phenotype of t... |
The major function of the ubiquitin proteasome system (ups) is to provide the regulated degradation of proteins . The ups consists of sets of enzymes that mark a protein destined for degradation with a polyubiquitin chain . In an enzymatic cascade, ubiquitin, which is a small 8.5-kda protein, is first covalently linked... |
Neutrophil plays an important role in host defense and is equipped with various weapons . In particular, the heme protein myeloperoxidase is most abundantly expressed in azurophilic granules of neutrophils and also known as a key enzyme for the germination of bacteria through the generation of the bactericide hypochlor... |
A thyroid nodule, the most common thyroid disease, can be a hyperplastic benign tumor (bn) or a malignant lesion . In some studies, thyroid nodules were discovered by sonography or autopsy in approximately 20% to 50% of the population, and the ratio of females to males ranged from 5: 1 to 10: 1 [14]. Although the propo... |
Models of ecological speciation show that the propensity of a species to diverge is affected by the shape of the fitness landscape generated by its environment (gavrilets 2004). However, these studies do not discuss aspects of habitats that promote or inhibit speciation . In this study, this group was chosen because it... |
Mild cognitive impairment (mci) is a clinical condition that is often seen as an intermediate stage between normal aging and alzheimer's disease (ad). Mci patients show a cognitive decline that is not severe enough to be classified as dementia . However, they have a higher conversion rate to dementia than their age - m... |
Necrotizing enterocolitis (nec) is the most common acquired intestinal disease of preterm infants, and despite advances in neonatal intensive care unit (nicu) care, mortality may be as high as 30% . Survivors of nec have longer hospital stay and are at risk for long - term nutritional and neurologic problems . A major ... |
The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s40120 - 015 - 0037-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users . Delayed - release dimethyl fumarate (dmf; also known as gastro - resistant dmf) 240 mg twice daily is indicated for the treatment of patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis... |
Ovarian cancer has the second highest incidence of any gynecologic malignancy in western countries . In asian countries, ovarian cancer has the third highest incidence, but it is rapidly increasing . In spite of recent progress in treatment strategy, it is still the leading cause of death among cases of gynecologic can... |
Pentraxin 3 is a secretory protein classified as a long pentraxin subfamily member of the pentraxin family . The pentraxin family proteins, which are evolutionarily conserved multimeric pattern recognition receptors and share a pentraxin - like domain in the c terminus, are recognized as key components of humoral innat... |
Components of the metabolic syndrome (mets), blood sugar (bg), serum triglycerides (tgs), and hdl cholesterol (hdl - c) undergo major changes during the day as a consequence of repeated meals . Several factors have been demonstrated to influence postprandial changes of glucose and lipid variables, among them fasting le... |
Primary glomerulonephritis (gn) remains the leading cause of end - stage renal disease (esrd) in many developing countries; and is presumed to be responsible for 52% of patients with esrd in africa. [24] in sudan, the overall prevalence of treated esrd is 106 patients per million population, among these the incidence o... |
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