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Lymphangiomas are rare congenital malformations of the lymphatic system that tend to affect the head and neck 1 . These lesions are histologically benign and usually asymptomatic; therefore, they are usually followed up in the outpatient department . However, lifethreatening complications including airway obstruction c... |
Risk factors include hospitalization, intensive care unit (icu) stay, surgery, antibiotic exposure, and catheters . The organism commonly targets the most vulnerable hospitalized patients, those who are critically ill with breaches in skin integrity and airway protection . Nosocomial, postneurosurgical acinetobacter ba... |
Primary malignant lymphoma of the lacrimal sac is rare but potentially life - threatening . In europe, extranodal marginal zone b - cell lymphomas of the mucosa - associated lymphoid tissue (malt lymphoma) and diffuse large b - cell lymphoma (dlbcl) are major malignant lymphomas of the lacrimal sac.1 however, it is not... |
The outcomes registry for better informed treatment of atrial fibrillation (orbit - af) study is a contemporary registry of outpatients in the united states with af managed by a variety of providers, including internists, cardiologists, and electrophysiologists . Its design has been described in detail elsewhere.8 in b... |
Fertility is one of the main components of population growth, that extensive research has been conducted to examine factors influencing it . The decline in fertility rate has not only definitely influenced composition and structure of the population of a country, but also it has diminished economic growth in the long r... |
The three most physiologically important omega-3 fatty acids are alpha - linolenic acid (ala, 18:3), eicosapentaenoic acid (epa, 22:5), and docosahexaenoic acid (dha, 24:6). Ala is an essential fatty acid that cannot be synthesized by the body [14]. Omega-3 fortified foods such as bread, biscuits, cakes, pasta, fruit d... |
High - technology processes have led to the development of glass ceramics that are increasingly attractive in restorative dentistry because of their excellent mechanical properties, aesthetics and etchability . Long - term survival of adhesive porcelain restorations depends on the success of a reliable bond between por... |
Dissection of the vertebral artery is an important but a rare cause of cerebrovascular accidents (1). The annual incidence rate of vertebral artery dissection is estimated to be about 1 - 1.5 per 100,000 population . However it is responsible for 20% of cerebrovascular accidents in young adults and represents about 0.4... |
A 55-year - old man complaining of worsening dyspnea on exertion over the last 15 days was admitted to our cardiology division (nyha functional class iii). The patient was previously diagnosed with restrictive interventricular septal defect at age 25 and one episode of ectopic atrial arrhythmia 3 years before . Chest a... |
Case reports and several retrospective studies have demonstrated possible teratogenicity, but the data in different studies is inconclusive . The risk for cardiovascular malformations, particularly ebstein's anomaly and other congenital abnormalities have been reported . A 25-year - old gravida 1, para 1 woman at 38 we... |
The northern manhattan study (nomas) is a population - based sample of northern manhattan that was started in 1993 . Participants in the study were enrolled through random digit dialing of 25 000 households in a restricted geographic area as determined by the boundaries of the hudson and east rivers and 120th street of... |
Intravenous fluid resuscitation is an essential practice in perioperative and critical care medicine to restore depleted intravascular volume and optimize oxygen delivery to vital organs.1 intravenous fluid therapy should be initiated based on careful assessment of the fluid responsiveness . Fluid responsiveness is def... |
The history of penetrating keratoplasty (pk) is almost 100 years old, starting with elschnig in prague and later tudor - thomas in the united kingdom.1 there have been significant advances in instruments, suture materials, operating microscopes, medication, and surgical techniques used in pk surgery . A total of 2568 p... |
There is wide debate on the management of patients with a complete duplicated pyeloureteral system (ds) associated with ureterocele (uc) and/or major vesicoureteral reflux (vur), and consensus on this matter has not yet been reached [15]. This may be due to the wide spectrum of anatomical and clinical features observed... |
The indole nucleus, referred to as a privileged structure by some authors, is very important in pharmaceutical products, biological systems, and in the field of materials science . Moreover, the indole nucleus is present in many natural products isolated from marine and terrestrial organisms . There are several reports... |
Patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) are susceptible to many different gastrointestinal (gi) opportunistic infections . Hiv infection increase the colonisation of pathogens in gi tract.123 helicobacter pylori, a gastric flagellate gram - negative rod bacterium, is considered as the major aetiology of chroni... |
It is most often defines as the presence of any of following four major criteria: difficulty in initiating or maintaining sleep, early morning awakening and non - restorative sleep . In order for insomnia to be present, the reported prevalence of insomnia in the epidemiological studies depends upon the definition used,... |
The first antibody to be produced after initial antigen encounter is of the igm class . In addition to providing this first line of specific defence, serum igm also assists subsequent development of the immune response . Thus, while mice deficient in the secretory form of igm harbor relatively normal numbers of surface... |
Endoscopic mucosal resection (emr) has been established as a therapeutic alternative for early gastric cancer (egc) confined to the mucosa and its premalignant lesions (1). For egc, emr provides a survival rate of more than 90% relative to that of surgery if the technique is applied with the appropriate indication (2).... |
Juvenile ossifying fibromas (jof) are rare fibro - osseous neoplasms that arise within the craniofacial bones in individuals under 15 years of age . Clinicopathologically, jof presents as two distinct forms, trabecular juvenile ossifying fibroma (trjof) and psammomatoid juvenile ossifying fibroma (psjof). . They can pr... |
The relation between subjective experience and language is a two - way process; language is used to express meaning, but the other way round, language influences how meaning is constructed . Giving words to experiences is a complicated process as the meaning of experiences is often not completely accessible for subject... |
Obsessive - compulsive disorder (ocd), a chronic psychiatric disorder, affects only 13% of the general population . However, it often places an enormous burden on patients and their relatives and has a chronic course with poor long - term prognosis . A study with a mean follow - up period of 5.7 years showed evidence t... |
The stroke is infarct and bleeding issue in cerebrevasular terrains and causes reduction of movement and sensational function with neurological problems1 . The reduction of movement causes the imbalance on left and right side when stroke happens and serious problem with controlling posture2 . Having trouble in balancin... |
Liver transplantation (lt) is used to treat both adult and pediatric patients with end - stage liver disease or acute liver failure . It has become more prevalent as both the surgical technique and postoperative care have improved resulting in a reduced morbidity and mortality . As a result there remain serious complic... |
Its virulence and ability to acquire resistance to antimicrobial agents mean results in a serious worldwide problem for hospitals and health professionals . Studies show that higher rates of colonization by this organism are found in health professionals, intravenous drug users, and insulin - dependent diabetic patient... |
In july 2012, a previously healthy 54-year - old dutch woman was referred to the emergency department because of acute kidney injury . She suffered from confusion, persisting after a period with fever (up to 40c), vomiting and oliguria 10 days before referral . Temperature (36.8c) and blood pressure (145/87 mmhg) were ... |
In this retrospective study, a consecutive series of patients was identified from stroke database of our hospital . From march 2013 to october 2014, we collected patients treated with adjunctive tirofiban injection during solitaire stent deployment after failure of initial trial of mechanical thrombectomy using solitai... |
Genomics is a powerful tool for understanding the genomic basis of biological processes in individual organisms and their communities . The fungal genomics program (http://jgi.doe.gov/fungi) of the us department of energy (doe) joint genome institute (jgi) has partnered with the international scientific community to su... |
Lupus is an autoimmune disease characterized by acute and chronic inflammation of various tissues of the body . Any part of the gastrointestinal (gi) tract and the hepatobiliary system can be involved . Liver disease in systemic lupus erythematosus (sle) has been reported in 8 to 23% of the patients and is usually of m... |
Schistosomiasis is an endemic parasitic disease in 70 countries and is estimated to infect 200 million worldwide . Acute schistosomiasis (katayama fever) is a self - limited immunologically mediated syndrome first reported in japan and affects non - immune individuals traveling to endemic areas . It occurs 38 weeks aft... |
Herpes simplex virus (hsv) is the most common cause of sporadic encephalitis in humans . Hsv encephalitis (hsve) may be caused by a primary infection or reactivation of a latent infection of sensory ganglia or frontotemporal cortices . Hsv reactivation from the trigeminal ganglion or brain parenchyma might be caused by... |
Hereditary spherocytosis (hs) is a common disorder characterized by corpuscular hemolytic anemia of varying severity with increased red cell osmotic fragility and presence of spherocytes . In western europe, the molecular basis of hs is an inherited deficiency or dysfunction of one of the proteins of the erythrocyte me... |
The prevalence of overweight and obesity is rapidly increasing in developing as well as industrialized countries . Some studies from urban populations several studies have shown that obesity is associated with chronic diseases, including diabetes, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome, which are the accompanying metabol... |
Malocclusion is not a disease - itself, but rather a state of being different from societal norms, which may cause anxiety about one's dentofacial appearance and functional problems.1 sari et al.2 have shown that patients with malocclusion have high anxiety levels . Concern is a cognitive activity that accompanies anxi... |
Folate is yellowish - orange crystal powder that represents an essential nutrition component (important b vitamin) in the human diet . It is found in kidneys and livers of animals, plants, mushrooms, algae, and incorporated in many metabolic pathways, mainly in carbon transfer reactions such as amino acid interconversi... |
Parasitic or primary chyluria caused by wuchereria bancrofti and other nematodes, is fairly common in asia, africa and parts of central and south america where infections with these nematodes are endemic . It continues to be a significant health problem, particularly in the rural and economically weaker populations . A... |
Carbohydrases (o - glycosidases, or glycoside hydrolases) represent a large class of enzymes hydrolyzing polysaccharides and low - molecular - weight glycosides . They belong to the (ec 3.2.1.) Class of hydrolases . Carbohydrases are classified according to their specificity toward natural glycoside substrates, that is... |
Rheumatoid arthritis (ra) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by joint swelling, weakness, fragility, and progressive synovial membrane damage, leading to a high degree of disability . The disease evolution is not easily predictable and, if not promptly and adequately treated, can cause severe worsening in ... |
A major goal of psychiatry research is to develop objective tests of illness . In recent decades, these efforts have been largely focused on the identification of biomarkers that may establish the presence, risk, or stage of a particular disorder . Advances have been slower than expected, however, as many of the most p... |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) is a disease, characterized by repeated airflow obstruction that is usually progressive and is associated with an enhanced chronic inflammatory response within the airways and the lung to noxious particles or gases . This would reduce the airflow to the lungs, causing proble... |
Chronic periodontitis is an inflammatory disease affecting tissues of the periodontium resulting in clinical attachment loss (cal) and bone loss and is one of the most common causes for tooth loss in developing nations . The prevalence of chronic periodontitis and severe chronic generalized periodontitis was found to b... |
Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (tevar) has evolved as the treatment modality of choice for various pathologies of the thoracic aorta, including stanford type b aortic dissections (tbad). Increasing evidence, including studies like adsorb and instead xl, of tevar in acute and chronic tbad (atbad)/ctbad) patients de... |
Patients with end - stage renal disease (esrd) have a high mortality rate [1, 2] that far exceeds the mortality rate for the non - esrd population . In the past half - century, the widespread use of hemodialysis (hd) to prolong life of esrd patients has been a remarkable achievement, preventing death from uremia in the... |
The study population included all persons living in the cardiff area who consulted their general practitioner for gastrointestinal symptoms and subsequently submitted a diagnostic fecal sample for microbiologic testing from january 1 through december 31, 2001 . Cardiff public health laboratory is the sole laboratory pr... |
As a resident physician early in his medical career, i have made some observations regarding the state of our healthcare system that i feel obligated to mention . I have pondered some of these previously, but it was not until last week's patient encounter that i felt obliged to record my reflections . My first patient ... |
One month before visiting our pain clinic, a 68-year - old female patient with vesicles and pain on the left side around the navel was diagnosed with herpes zoster and received treatment at a local hospital . Although the skin rash improved, the patient, at times, felt squeezing sensations on her left flank . When the ... |
Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (nava) is a new mode of assisted mechanical ventilation [15]. During nava the ventilator is triggered by the electrical activity of the diaphragm (eadi), assessed by a special gastric tube (eadi - catheter). Pressure support is applied in proportion to the amplitude of the eadi, whi... |
Humans are directly and indirectly influenced by emotions, not only by the natural environment, but also by artificial environments . Interest has been growing in indoor lighting environments used in artificial environments on a daily basis . Various studies have reported that light emitted from indoor lighting influen... |
The term cachexia embraces a complex metabolic syndrome characterized by loss of body weight that may develop as a consequence of a chronic illness . Cachexia can affect muscle mass with or without the loss of fat mass; bone mineral density may be affected as well . The term sarcopenia, on the other hand, describes the... |
Acute pancreatitis is an acute inflammatory disease of the pancreas that can involve peripancreatic tissues or remote organ systems, or both . The diagnosis of acute pancreatitis is most often established by the presence of two of the following three criteria: abdominal pain consistent with the disease, increased serum... |
Cynomolgus macaques (macaca fascicularis) or rhesus macaques (m. mulatta) weighing 4 to 6 kg were used . For vaccine studies with vee replicons, ebov gp or np genes groups of three cynomolgus macaques were vaccinated with vrp that expressed ebov gp, ebov np, a mixture of ebov gp and ebov np, or a control antigen (influ... |
The studied population included all of the children between 6 to 11 years of age in all of the municipality areas of tehran . The cases were selected from 250 clusters of the 22 municipality areas of tehran, proposed by iran national statistics organization according to their population . The locations and directions o... |
Starches have a wide spectrum of applications both in food and other industries such as textile and cosmetics . Native starches have restricted usage in food processing operations, distribution, and storage conditions due to the unfavourable characteristics prevailing . Native starches which have been modified either b... |
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia / small lymphocytic lymphoma (cll / sll) is the most common leukemia in the western hemisphere, with an age - adjusted incidence rate of 4.2 per 100,000 men and women per year.1 it is a monoclonal b cell malignancy that affects mainly older individuals, with a median age at diagnosis of 72 ... |
S. globisoprus wild - type and mutant strains were grown on isp4 agar medium or cultured in a9 liquid medium as described.15 escherichia coli dh5 and et1256716 were cultured in luria - bertani (lb) broth.17 micrococcus luteus atcc 9431 was grown on lb agar.17 cosmid pbs10064 and plasmid pwhm125018 were described previo... |
A 73-year - old male patient presented at the department of oral medicine and radiology with ulcerative lesion in his palate . He gave a history of pressing soft biscuits on his palate while eating, 2 - 3 weeks prior to the occurrence of the lesion . About 10 years before he was treated for adenocarcinoma of rectum and... |
Despite enthusiasm raised by new hemodynamic monitoring systems, a large gap still exists between what we can measure and what we would really like to measure . The report in a previous issue of critical care by he and colleagues on two techniques for peripheral perfusion monitoring adds new insights into this topic . ... |
Metals and metal ions are ubiquitous in nature and account for tremendous chemical diversity . In the periodic table, from element 1 (h) to element 109 (mt), there are 84 metals, 7 metalloids, and only 18 nonmetals . The sum of the abundances of al, fe, ca, na, k, mg, and ti in the earth s crust is 25% . Metals are wel... |
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (jia) previously known as juvenile chronic arthritis is the most common rheumatic disease in children . The common characteristics of different subtypes of jia are arthritis started before the age of 16 years and duration of symptoms more than 6 weeks . International league of associations... |
The outcome of treatment modalities for urethral cancer has not changed during years, suggesting that there have been little advances in the management of this cancer [1 - 3]. Classification of the urethral carcinoma is performed according to stage, location and histology of the tumor . Squamous cell carcinomas are the... |
Cell - based myocardial repair is a 21 st century approach to an intractable problem . Because the adult heart lacks a substantive pool of precursor, stem, or reserve cells, it is incapable of effective cardiomyocyte regeneration after injury or infarction . In fact, after an acute myocardial infarction, the injured my... |
They are often times fungal and related to immunosuppressive states such as those induced from chemotherapy . Cases of splenic abscesses related to cml before chemotherapy are rare . We report a case of a 58-year - old patient who presented to the emergency department with respiratory symptoms, scrotal swelling, and wa... |
The project used an exploratory, qualitative approach to the investigation of possible contributions of ik to environmental health b - r assessment and management processes . A case study approach was used to examine a series of past decision - making events on this topic in yukon territory, canada . The perspectives o... |
Fournier's gangrene (fg) is a rapidly progressive necrotizing fasciitis of the genitalia, perineum and abdominal wall that primarily involves subcutaneous tissues . It was first described in 1883 by the french dermatologist jean - alfred fournier as idiopathic gangrene of the penis and scrotum in five young men . Fg is... |
Retroviral vectors (rvs) have been widely used to deliver therapeutic genes in the context of gene therapy (gt) clinical applications for monogenic disorders, cancer, and infectious diseases providing stable and efficient expression of the transgene to patients . Although clinical trials for primary immunodeficiencies ... |
Oral and oropharyngeal cancer is a major form of cancer in india due to increased tobacco consumption habits . Delayed reporting is a common problem in these patients and is responsible for advanced stage disease in most of these cases . Patient delay is the interval between the patient noticing a symptom and consultin... |
Gregor broessner, ronny beer, gerhard franz, peter lackner, klaus engelhardt, christian brenneis, bettina pfausler and erich schmutzhard we read with interest the letter by drs heled and deuster regarding our case report of a novel intravascular treatment approach in heat stroke . Immediate cooling and support of organ... |
Gransden 2004, used for genome sequencing, provided the genetic background for the generation of ppscrm1 mutants (gransden 2004, freiburg) and villersexel the genetic background for the generation of ppsmf1 mutants (sheffield), and p. patens was grown axenically on bcdat medium supplemented with 1 mm calcium chloride a... |
According to the world health organization an endocrine disrupter is an exogenous substance or mixture that alters the function(s) of the endocrine system and consequently causes adverse health effects in an intact organism, or its progeny, or (sub) populations . The number of the substances discovered to act as endocr... |
Periodontitis is primarily a chronic infectious disease . With its incidence as high as 47%68.97%, it is the main cause of tooth loss in adults [13]. It not only affects oral health, function, and aesthetics, but also has strong association with endocrine disturbance (e.g., diabetes mellitus, obesity, and osteoporosis)... |
Alzheimer's disease (ad) is the most common form of dementia, which slowly destroys neurons and causes serious cognitive disability . Characteristics of ad are insoluble amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brains of ad patients, which extend progressively to neocortical brain areas during ad . Mutations ... |
Nitric oxide (no) is a gaseous neuromodulator and is implicated in the regulation of numerous physiological and pathophysiological processes in both the peripheral and central nervous system (boehning and snyder, 2003; bredt, 2003; garthwaite, 2008). Since its discovery in 1987 as the endothelial derived relaxation fac... |
A 33-year - old pregnant woman at 37 gestational weeks with a history of major heart surgery was admitted to our institution and scheduled an elective cs . She had been diagnosed with a complex congenital heart defect characterized by dextrocardia, a criss - cross valvular defect (under - over type) with transposition ... |
Language is one of the most basic functions of human beings, which distinguishes them from animals . Loss of language following a neurosurgery could lead to a great personal and social breakdown to a patient, and a surgeon always aims to preserve these eloquent areas . Use of anatomic landmarks alone is not adequate to... |
Apoptosis, also named programmed cell death, is a normal component for cellular homeostasis involving embryonic / organ development and health in human . For tumorigenesis, oncogenic factors are generally involved in activation of antiapoptotic signaling pathways, whereas tumor suppressor factors are normally proapopto... |
Adenovirus infections have become more prevalent in immunocompromised patients [1, 2]. However, the lack of rapid diagnostic tests for adenovirus often delays prompt diagnosis that contributes to the morbidity and mortality in this patient population . We report two cases of fatal hepatic failure in patients who receiv... |
The agincourt hdss was established by the wits school of public health in rural north - east south africa in the early 1990s with the goal of supporting and documenting the restructuring of the health care system in post - apartheid south africa (15). To this end, evidence on clinic catchment populations and prevailing... |
Cardiovascular diseases are one of the main causes of death all around the world . Functional vascular tissue engineering (vte) aims to produce a functional blood vessel to replace diseased arteries . A common workflow for the maturation process of tissue - engineered blood vessels includes the following steps: scaffol... |
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (tdf) is a newer antiretroviral drug belonging to the nucleotide reverse transciptase inhibitor group . The common side effects associated with tenofovir are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, asthenia, hepatotoxicity, abdominal pain, flatulence, and renal toxicity . We report a case of a 50-year... |
End stage renal disease (esrd) patients depend on lifelong renal replacement therapy (dialysis or renal transplant) to sustain their lives . After scribner's shunt in 1960, brescia et al . Described the creation of subcutaneous arteriovenous fistula (avf) constructed between the radial artery and an adjacent vein in 19... |
Parkinson s disease (pd), with an incidence ranging from approximately 1% in people over 65 years old to 4% in people over 86 years old, is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after alzheimer s disease (ad). Dopaminergic neuron loss in the substantia nigra (sn) gradually results in pd, with the presence o... |
The status of childhood decision - making about medical treatment is a contentious one and, despite its importance and complexity, subject to an opaque and poorly governed legal framework . Unlike adults, children have historically been given little real autonomy to make medical decisions for themselves . In this artic... |
Acute aortic syndromes form a group of diseases that are often characterized by a very dynamic course and acute clinical signs, frequently constituting a significant threat to the patient's life . They include several nosological entities differing in terms of pathophysiology, clinical signs, and required therapeutic a... |
Membranes are the frontier between the inside and outside of cells and separate diverse intracellular compartments while being hubs of signaling activity . The exchange of molecules and signals across this barrier requires many processes to bend, invaginate, protrude, fuse, and break membranes . Furthermore, expanding ... |
Laser in situ keratomileusis (lasik) was first introduced by pallikaris et al . In 1990 and has become presently the most common and effective refractive surgery to correct myopia, in which a stromal flap is created with a mechanical microkeratome, folded back, and repositioned . The main surgical step of this procedur... |
A 70-year - old man presented with mi to cardiac unit and was referred to consultation - liaison psychiatric services for evaluation of depression . On evaluation, he was found to have an insidious onset illness of 4 years duration precipitated by a psychosocial stressor, with progressive and deteriorating course fulfi... |
We identified cdad - related hospitalizations for 20002005 from the national inpatient sample data (5), available on the healthcare costs and utilization project net website, administered by the agency for healthcare research and quality (6). The national inpatient sample is a stratified 20% sample of us community hosp... |
Besides their association with high - energy trauma, the majority (51%) of recent pelvic ring fractures are documented in patients older than 65 years after minor trauma, especially in female patients [15]. These fractures might occur in relation to an impaired bone stock and composition, for example, based on postmeno... |
Ruminant breeding constitutes one of the main production activities in many sub - saharan african countries in general and cameroon in particular . Although small ruminants in cameroon have attracted interest as an alternative and cheap source of income and protein, they are also exaggeratedly used during festivities a... |
Fresh plant material was washed under running tap water, air - dried and powdered . The powder soaked in n - hexane solvent was kept in the shaker for 48 h at room temperature . Soybeans purchased from the local store, coimbatore was powdered by using electronic blenders and stored in an airtight container . The male w... |
Growing interest in bioorthogonal reactions has prompted many chemists to revisit exotic structures previously considered to be of purely theoretical interest. (1) the roots of many bioorthogonal reactions are found in the physical organic chemistry literature from the middle of the 20th century, when chemists were stu... |
Previously reported: gi bleeding from gastric varices or portal hypertensive gastropathy can occur from sinistral (left - sided) portal hypertension, typically secondary to splenic vein injury . Reported etiologies include splenic vein thrombosis, embolism, or compression by various enlarged, adjacent lesions . Gi blee... |
It is commonly believed that the cause of lung cancer and malignant mesothelioma induced by inhaled asbestos might be due to its tumorigenic activity [1, 2]. Previous reports have shown that asbestos induces oxidization of nucleotide bases and increases mutation frequencies [3, 4]. However, it takes a long period of ab... |
Most cardiac arrests in infants and children result from progressive respiratory failure, shock, or both . Cardiac arrests occurring without warning are less common among children . Life - threatening conditions leading to cardiorespiratory failure and arrest among children are more likely to commence outside the hospi... |
This case highlights the importance of feeding a complete and balanced diet formulated for the appropriate species and life stage. |
Dementia is a widespread clinical syndrome characterized by chronic, global, irreversible deterioration of memory, executive function, and personality severe enough to interfere with daily, social, and occupational functioning.1 in 2010, it was estimated that 35.6 million people were living with dementia worldwide . Th... |
Transgenic mice were generated by standard methods (21) using c57bl/6 c3h f1 mice and linearized plasmid constructs . Founder mice were backcrossed for two (aa mice), three (3a mice), or four (4a mice) generations to the a / j strain before use . Mice were housed under specific pathogen - free conditions and given auto... |
We purchased the proteins streptavidin (sa) and monoclonal anti - biotin antibody (mab, b7653) from sigma alrdrich and polyclonal anti - biotin fab fragments (fab, 20938) from rockland inc . We used a focused ion beam to fabricate nanopores in a silicon nitride membrane that was supported by a silicon chip (see supplem... |
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