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Obstructive sleep apnea (osa) is characterized by repetitive episodes of complete or partial interruption of ventilation during sleep, which is caused by a collapse in the upper airway . Osas are associated with ongoing increasing respiratory efforts, intermittent hypoxia, systemic and pulmonary arterial blood pressure... |
The kidneys are responsible for maintaining the homeostasis of body fluids by the regulation of water balance, electrolyte balance, acid - base balance, and excretion of uremic toxins, and also production of various hormones such as renin, erythropoietin, and activation of vitamin d3 . However, little attention has so ... |
Surgical site infections (ssis) are either superficial or deep and may involve the organs, or spaces accessed during an operation . The reported incidence of ssis in coronary artery bypass grafting (cabg) surgery ranges between 0.3% and 8% . There is a strong suggestion that an impairment of vascular supply of the ster... |
In recent years, our knowledge about the pathophysiology of migraine has improved leading to the concept that the disease, typically expressed by episodic manifestations, is, actually, a chronic, and in a subgroup of patients, progressive disorder . Many authors indicated that the disease could lead to anatomic and fun... |
Tinnitus is described as the perception of sound when there is no source of external sound . Somatoform tinnitus can be further divided into vascular tinnitus, myogenic tinnitus and patulous eustachian tube syndrome.1) pulsatile tinnitus is a common clinical symptom, and it usually originates within a venous blood vess... |
Assisted reproduction technologies (arts) are those methods that treat subfertility by providing the medical means to overcome the pathological obstacles in the fertilization process in a controlled laboratory environment, mimicking to a large extent the biological reproductive processes . Various factors have an impac... |
Intravascular large b - cell lymphoma (ivlbcl) is a rare aggressive subtype of b - cell lymphoma which is characterized by the proliferation of malignant lymphocytes within the lumen of small blood vessels and without an extravascular tumor mass (1). The clinical presentation shows tremendous variation: anemia, neurolo... |
Epiretinal membrane (em) is a translucent or semitranslucent fibrocellular proliferation formed on the internal surface of the retina . Specifically, the development of em involves glial cells, retinal pigment epithelial (rpe) cells, macrophages, fibrocytes, and collagen fibers [2, 3]. Em can be associated with posteri... |
Worldwide rates of obesity and type 2 diabetes have increased at alarming speed, and nowhere this is more evident than among the city - dwelling middle classes of india . Current estimates by the international diabetes federation suggest nationwide prevalence rates of 9.2% among indians aged 20 - 79 years . While rural... |
Advance directives (ads) document patients' wishes with respect to end - of - life care and who will make health care decisions for patients when they become incompetent (1). Ads allow patients to protect their autonomy and prevent their caregivers from having difficulty in making decision when patients are near death ... |
The large genus chaeomium, belonging to ascomycota sordariomycetes comprises melanized, ascosporulating fungi that inhabit soil, dung and plant debris as a saprobe . The fungi are commonly encountered in indoor environments and show a certain degree of extremotolerance . The prevalent species in clinical settings is c.... |
Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (mr) utilizes the brownian motion of molecules to derive images . Robert brown first described the motion bearing his name in 1827 after observing the random motion of pollen grains suspended in water . Movement caused by the random movements of water molecules has endlessly fascina... |
It affects the perception of sexuality and self - image to a degree far greater than any other cancer . Therefore, it has become an increasingly important problem of research all over the world . Globally, every 3 min a woman is diagnosed with breast cancer, amounting to 1 million cases annually . According to world ca... |
Conservative management consists of pharmacological management, rest, gradual progressive exercises, joint protection strategies and alternative therapies . Surgical management consists of surgical bone resurfacing, osteotomy, repositioning of bones, synovectomy, patellectomy, arthroscopic evaluation and excision of lo... |
Atherosclerosis, one of the major underlying causes of cardiovascular disease, is an inflammatory response in the walls of arteries largely due to the progressive accumulation of lipid and fibrous deposits in the vessel wall . When it happens in the arteries that feed the heart, it causes coronary artery disease . If i... |
Intracanal medicament has been concerned as an important procedure for reducing intracanal bacteria and their by - products . Due to antibacterial and biological properties of calcium hydroxide, this material has been the most widely used as an intracanal dressing in endodontics . The high ph of calcium hydroxide preve... |
Stroke is one of the high incidence diseases in modern society and is a representative disease that causes damage in the central nerve system with ischemia or hemorrhage of the cerebral artery1 . It induces motor and sensory disorders by damaging the motor cortex, premotor cortex, and motor tract of the cerebrum and is... |
An osteochondroma is a benign tumor composed of mature hyaline cartilage with focal ossification.1 it constitutes 10 to 15% of all bone tumors and 20 to 50% of benign bone tumors2 and is frequently found at the epiphysis of long bones such as the distal femur, proximal tibia, and proximal humerus . However, intracrania... |
Conversion disorder, also called functional neurological symptom disorder in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition (dsm-5), is an illness of symptoms or deficits that affect voluntary motor or sensory function, which suggest another medical condition, but that is judged to be caused b... |
Man and animals are exposed to a soup of chemical contaminants in the environment, which directly or indirectly affect their health and well - being . Pesticides and heavy metals are the most common environmental contaminants because of their respective widespread use in agriculture and industries . Hitherto, most stud... |
Ingestion of a foreign body, such as a fishbone, a chicken bone, or a toothpick, is a common cause of esophageal injury . We diagnosed and treated a case with the migration of a fishbone from the upper esophagus into the lung . The swallowing of a fishbone is hard to be diagnosed and the definite diagnosis is usually m... |
G protein - coupled receptor kinases (grks), like grk2, are cytosolic proteins that are known to contribute to the adaptation of the heptahelical g protein - coupled receptors (gpcrs) and to regulate downstream signals through these receptors . Gpcrs mediate the action of messengers that are key modulators of cardiac a... |
Neisseria meningitidis is a major causative agent of invasive bacterial diseases that affect mostly children between 3 and 12 months of age, followed by adolescents . Of thirteen known serogroups of n. meningitidis, only six (a, b, c, w-135, x, and y) cause invasive disease [1, 2]. Active immunization is the most effec... |
Neuroblastoma (nb), the most common extra - cranial solid tumor of childhood, arises in the developing neural crest . Although intensive chemotherapy and radiotherapy supported by bone marrow transplantation and retinoic acid treatment have improved survival, most advanced nb patients eventually develop progressive dis... |
Vertebrate skeletal muscle is derived from the somites, which are established as paraxial mesoderm beside the neural tube and notochord (fig . The somite progressively subdivides into two compartments, the dorsal dermomyotome and ventral sclerotome (fig . The dorsal dermomyotome further splits into the dermatome and my... |
Examining the current literature on magnetic resonance imaging (mri) for keywords relating to biological effects of mri turns up primarily articles relating to the operational hazards associated with mri (gangarosa et al ., 1987) and protecting patients and radiology personnel from risks associated with ferromagnetic o... |
Charged particle dispersions, with particles ranging from the nano- to micrometer range, are present in everyday life . One could think of small dna strands, proteins, virusses, micelles, or charged human made colloids, such as those present in e - ink and printer toners . The always present van der waals forces are at... |
Protein therapeutics (including monoclonal antibodies [mabs], peptides and recombinant proteins) represent the largest group of new products in development by the biopharmaceutical industry (durocher & butler, 2009; ho & chien, 2014). These products are produced in a wide variety of platforms, including non - mammalian... |
Sepsis in the newborn is a common disorder affecting 1.1 to 2.7% of all newborns . It is classified into early - onset form (eons) within the first 72 hours of life and late - onset form (lons) afterwards . Prematurity predisposes to sepsis: premature infants with a birth weight less than 1000 g (elbw: extremely low bi... |
In high - income countries heart failure is the most common diagnosis of hospital admissions in patients aged 65 years and older and results in 1 million admissions every year in the united states, with similar numbers in europe . Despite major improvements in heart failure treatment, such as pharmacologic or cardiac r... |
Because pathogenic fungi have become resistant to current antifungal agents, the development of new antibiotics or novel antimicrobial formulations is essential . The antifungal capacities of various organic and inorganic materials against pathogenic fungi have been tested in recent decades and the development of such ... |
Postoperative adhesions by occurring in approximately 90% of patients undergoing abdominal surgery determine postoperative morbidity and mortality [1, 2]. They are connective bridges between adjacent portions of the peritoneum and develop following an extensive inflammatory process within the tissue that involves media... |
However, the world health organization predicts that it will become the third leading cause of death by 2030 . According to a recent report,1 the priority of screening spirometry in asymptomatic patients has been reduced . However, a diagnostic pulmonary function test in symptomatic patients with wheezing, dyspnea, pro... |
Ethical statement: all research was conducted according to the regulations for the care and use of laboratory animals of kitasato university and the national center for global health and medicine . The animal experimentation protocol was approved by the president of kitasato university based on the judgment of the inst... |
It is now commonly accepted that osteoporosis is an omnipresent health issue; taking into account only eu and usa, it is estimated that about 70 million patients have osteoporosis with significant economic burden (1 - 4). Among many established risk factors of osteoporosis, numerous studies have shown benefits of dairy... |
The risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc) in patients with chronic hepatitis c infection is extremely high, with an incidence ranging between 2% and 8% per year in patients who have developed cirrhosis 1 . Surveillance programs addressed to the early detection of small nodular type hcc in patients with chronic liver d... |
Metabolic syndrome (ms) represents a cluster of metabolic risk factors which can be defined when three or more metabolic disorders are present, namely, central obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia, with either increased triglyceride levels or decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and glucose intolera... |
Multiple sclerosis (ms) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, characterised by destruction of axons and neurons . Ms is the most common progressive neurological disease in young adults, with a prevalence of 30110 per 100,000 adults . Ms is characterised by neurological deficits such as motor ... |
An increase in average blood pressure (bp), that is, hypertension, is a major cause of cardiovascular disease, and it can result in an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality . Several studies have shown that variations in bp are linked to the progression of organ damage and can trigger vascular events . Similar to ... |
Traumatic brain injury (tbi) could be defined as a change in brain function or other evidence of brain pathology caused by external forces,1 and is a well recognized public health problem worldwide . A substantial number of people with tbi are seen in emergency departments; the great majority, approximately 235,000 eac... |
Smoking is the main risk factor for the development of a number of chronic lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) and lung cancer, and scientific evidence is conclusive of its role in the predisposition and outcome of several others . While as stated above, active smoking is the main cause ... |
Is given of candidate genes, which in interaction with environmental factors are associated with post - traumatic stress disorder (ptsd). It shows that in contrast to many other psychiatric disorders no extensive genetic studies have been performed on ptsd . Key candidate genes in the serotonin, dopamine, glucocorticoi... |
The correlation between nucleotide diversity and recombination rate is one of the most prevalent patterns in population genetics, and has been broadly interpreted as evidence for the strong effects of linked selection (see review of cutter and payseur 2013). The impact on linked neutral variation with negatively select... |
The nhis is an ongoing survey of the health status, health care access, and behaviors of the u.s . Civilian noninstitutionalized population conducted by the national center for health statistics (nchs) (11). The nhis uses multistage probability sampling to select approximately 41,000 households and 107,000 individuals ... |
An imbalance between energy intake and expenditure can result in the accumulation of excess triglycerides in adipose tissues . Long - term continuation of this imbalance can result in chronic obesity, which is associated with hyperlipidemia, fatty liver, and adipocyte hypertrophy . Hyperlipidemia is a risk factor for a... |
It is difficult to remove tumor lesions that extend to the infratemporal fossa, mandibular condyle, and cranial base . These lesions usually cause cerebrospinal fluid (csf) leakage, intracranial infection, and bone resorption . There are many reconstructive surgeries to use for these cases, including temporalis myofasc... |
Cervical cancer is still the leading cause of cancer deaths in women . Among women, it is the fourth leading cause of cancer worldwide by incidence and mortality in 2012 . In lithuania, its incidence is ranked in third place, and its mortality in sixth place . A combination of intracavitary brachytherapy (icbt) with ex... |
As in other indolent lymphoproliferative malignancies, not all wm patients require treatment at the time of diagnosis . Most often these patients disease status will be followed and cytoreductive intervention suggested if clinically indicated . In patients where therapeutic intervention is deemed necessary monotherapy ... |
Over the past 10 years a group of monogenic diseases, termed the hereditary periodic fever syndromes (hpfs), which present with recurrent inflammation and unexplained fevers as part of their phenotype, have been classified as autoinflammatory in nature, residing at the extreme of the immunological disease continuum pro... |
Tight - fitting powered air - purifying respirators (paprs) can be used in situations where contaminated air must be filtered, with the additional work of drawing air through the filter supplied by a battery - powered blower rather than the wearer's respiratory muscles . Tight - fitting paprs form a tight seal with the... |
The demand for total hip and knee joint arthroplasty is increasing and is expected to grow even further over the coming decades . The yearly increase in the number of procedures covering implantation of hip joint endoprostheses forces prosthetics manufacturers to search for implants which will ensure optimum compatibil... |
A 9-year - old previously healthy male presented in september 2012 in status epilepticus to a local emergency room he had multiple animal contacts including dogs, skunks, mice, chickens, frogs, pigs, and turtles . He frequently swam in a nearby river and had a history of multiple mosquito bites . Initial physical exami... |
Propionibacterium acnes (p. acnes) is a gram - positive anaerobic bacillus present in normal human skin microbiota but also implicated in inflammatory diseases, such as acne vulgaris and sarcoidosis . An important property of this bacterium is its immunomodulatory effect, which has been extensively studied in human and... |
Obtaining views of genomic organization and function free from experiment - induced biases remains a major challenge for any genome - scale study . The raw outputs of many genomic technologies are affected both by technical biases, including those from sequencing and mapping, and biological factors, such as those resul... |
The saccharomyces genome database (sgd) collects, organizes and presents biological information about the genes and proteins of the budding yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae . In 2003, in response to the community's needs for additional sequence - based predictive protein information, sgd introduced the protein informatio... |
Antibodies raised against short peptide fragments of a given protein have been reported to be able to cross - react with the native protein . The identification of peptide epitopes simulating the native protein has traditionally been based on amino acid sequences or sequence motifs exposed on the outer surface of the p... |
Among the oral cavity diseases, periodontitis is a major concern due to its high prevalence and complications such as tooth mobility and tooth loss . Alveolar bone loss is a general sign of periodontitis which results from the release of inflammatory mediators such as interleukin 1, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and pro... |
Meningiomas are typically treated through surgical resection if large and with symptoms related to mass effect . However, these tumors are often hypervascular and surgical resection can lead to significant blood loss if en bloc resection is not possible.2) preoperative embolization has been demonstrated to decrease ope... |
Sun exposure is the major environmental cause of melanoma and so the anatomic distribution of melanoma in caucasian populations largely reflects relative levels of sun exposure of different body sites . Similarly in a given population, changes in site distribution of melanoma have long been known to offer clues about c... |
Potential study sites were identified in the danish poultry councils national surveillance database (3) on the basis of the number of campylobacter spp.positive flocks produced in broiler houses during 20032005 . All farms practiced hygiene procedures such as separating clean and dirty zones, changing footwear and clot... |
Pemoline, [(rs)-2-amino-5-phenyl-1,3-oxazol-4(5h)-one] is a central nervous system stimulant used to treat attention - deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd) and narcolepsy in humans . In horse racing, pemoline is classified as an association of racing commissioners international (arci)' class 1' foreign substance, i.e.... |
While studies confirm the independent roles of temperament and metacognition in the individual s vulnerability to psychopathology, the relationship between the two constructs has rarely been investigated . (2010) tested a hierarchical model of vulnerability factors for generalized anxiety disorder (gad) in a group of 1... |
Social accountability is the solution or strategy that gradually stimulates changes in medical sciences and improves public health through influencing professionalism and technical abilities (1). Although the concept accountability has attracted considerable attention among medical societies in recent years, the histor... |
The natriuretic peptides (nps) are released from the cardiac myocardium as a result of pressure or volume overload . There are three types of natriuretic peptides, atrial natriuretic peptide (anp), b - type natriuretic peptide (bnp) and c - type natriuretic peptide (cnp). Anp and bnp have varying biological actions inc... |
Focal shockwaves have high tissue penetration power (10 cm) and impact force (0.080.28 mj / mm). They produce mechanical and biological effects of greater intensity, including destruction of fibrosis and stimulation of neovascularization in treated tissues.13 radial shockwaves are pneumatic waves that are generated by ... |
Honey is one of the oldest known medicines and its use has been rediscovered in later times by the medical profession, especially for dressing wounds . It has been reported from various clinical studies on the usages of honey as a dressing for infected wounds that the wound become sterile in 3 - 6 days, others have als... |
This meta - analysis followed the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta - analyses (moose group).17 the cochrane library databases, pubmed, and ebase were searched for original articles from inception to march 19, 2015 to identify all rcts using pcsk9 inhibitor therapy . The following search items w... |
Parasitic protozoa that infects intestinal tract includes entamoeba histolytica, giardia lamblia, and cryptosporidium species, the causative agents of amoebiasis, giardiasis, and cryptosporidiosis, respectively . The prevalence of intestinal parasites is widely spread in ethiopia . Among the common intestinal protozoan... |
Ageing is a biological process that involves a multitude of external and internal factors as genetic and environmental influences and induces characteristic molecular, cellular, tissular and clinical changes . Age - related changes in skin appearance, including wrinkles, irregularities of pigmentation, xerosis and laxi... |
Composite resin restorations have begun to constitute a significant portion of dentist's routine practice due to the patient's increasing demand for an esthetic appearance . Proper color match of a composite restoration with the adjacent teeth is important not only at the initial stage of the restoration, but also over... |
Nonmedical use of prescription medicines (operationalized as use in ways other than as prescribed, or when not prescribed) in developing countries is not a new phenomenon - it is as old as the advent of medications itself . However, it has also been one of the most under - studied issues in the arena of licit and illic... |
Alternative taxon sampling strategies are known to affect many facets of phylogenetic reconstruction [13]. . Conducted one of the most thorough analyses assessing the impact of taxon sampling on divergence date estimation using resampling analyses . This study found that mean estimated ages of focal nodes were signific... |
The use of mechanical ventilation in the critically ill patient has long been regarded as a double - edged sword; while essential and life sustaining, the complications associated with unnecessarily prolonged endotracheal intubation are legion and include airway injury, ventilator - induced lung injury, ventilator - as... |
Cluster headache (ch) is the most common primary trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia (tac), although it is a rare, disabling medical condition . Prevalence of ch in the general population is about 0.1%.1 symptoms of ch include severe unilateral orbital, supraorbital and/or temporal pain lasting from 15 minutes to 180 minu... |
The congenital granular cell tumor (cgct), neuman tumor or known as congenital granular cell epulis in the aesculapian paper, is pretty scarce in the newborn period . Owing to clinical appearance and histologic accidence, the cgct is mostly not arduous to diagnose . On the other hand, the cgct has been the matter of su... |
Childhood obesity is becoming a global health problem . Nowadays, most chronic diseases are related to body weight and obesity . Cohort studies have shown that growth disorders in childhood and adolescence are associated with weight disorders in adulthood . The amount of adipose tissue and the diet type have strong eff... |
Dentin makes up the bulk of the teeth along with other tissues such as enamel, cementum, and pulp . Dental papilla cells differentiate to form dentin - pulp complex; various types of cells are found in the dental pulp including odontoblasts, fibroblasts, and immune cells such as macrophages, granulocytes, and mast cell... |
Mother to child transmission of hiv (mtct) is the largest source of hiv infection in children below 15 years of age . According to naco infection to newborns is transmitted by mother perinatally; however, considering the role of the male partner in the transmission of infection to a woman, in india it is appropriately ... |
Gingival recession and inadequate attached gingiva can cause major functional and esthetic problems . Clinically, it leads to a higher incidence of root caries, hypersensitivity, abrasion, compromised periodontium, smile related problems and esthetic as well as functional concerns . Literature has identified many reaso... |
Consecutive patients presenting from december 2011 onward to the uvea services at our tertiary care center, with acute onset (<7 days) macular sc (foveal involving or threatening that is, within 1500 u of center of macula) were enrolled in the study . Patients with a known hypersensitivity to cyp, severely depressed bo... |
Adult - to - adult living donor liver transplantation (aldlt) has been established as an excellent treatment method for patients with end - stage liver disease and has achieved exponential growth, especially in asia [14]. However, some patients who have otherwise suitable living donors are not transplanted because of a... |
The high prevalence (20% to 30%) of dry socket and its associated discomfort and complications remain one of the most important concerns of the dental profession. [16] the etiology of alveolar osteitis (ao) is not clear but increased fibrinolytic activity in the extraction socket has been shown to be associated with th... |
Primary intraosseous carcinoma describes a squamous cell carcinoma arising primarily from the jaw bone having no initial connection with oral mucosa, and presumably developing from residues of the odontogenic epithelium.1 it may arise within the jaws either from a previous odontogenic cyst or de novo rather than from a... |
The loss of brain function due to dementia has a variety of causes, and results in emotional and behavioral problems, social and occupational dysfunction, personality changes, and difficulties with intellectually complex issues1 . Patients with dementia associated with aging have problems with memory, thinking, orienta... |
A 28-year - old male patient (80 kg, 170 cm) with right maxillar, zygomatic arch, orbital wall, and nasal bone fractures was scheduled for an open reduction and internal fixation of the right zygomatic process, maxillary bone, and inferior orbital wall and closed reduction of a nasal fracture . His airway exam revealed... |
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (serms) are a class of compounds that competitively bind to both nuclear and plasma membrane estrogen receptors to inhibit estrogen - induced breast tumor proliferation . Serms have also been shown to promote growth in bone, heart, and brain cells and are currently prescribed to p... |
The word euthanasia is a mix of two ancient greek words, thantos and eu where word thantos some interpret it identical with terms such as good death while others understand it as disgraceful . There is another approach with regard to euthanasia that evokes the concepts of voluntary versus involuntary euthanasia . Volun... |
In 1981, the american dental association (ada) council on dental materials and devices, in accordance with the #27 specification issued in 1977, suggested the inclusion a statement that optical density is a desirable requirement in restorative materials6,7 . This would make it possible to determine the difference betwe... |
Since i know that many have been, are and henceforth will be touched by this sin of sadness that proceeds from disordered will, currently called in most cases an illness of the melancholic humor which physicians say comes in many forms [and] i felt its effects for more than three years continuously and by special mercy... |
Azithromycin is an azalide, a second - generation 15-c - atom macrolide antibiotic with broad - spectrum activity against gram - positive, gram - negative, and atypical bacteria such as chlamydia trachomatis . It shows a potency higher than erythromycin against haemophilus influenzae and neisseria gonorrhoeae in vitro.... |
Beta - interferon (ifn-) is an immune - modulating agent that has proved useful in the treatment of conditions such as multiple sclerosis (ms). It is known to be a cause of autoimmune phenomena such as thyrotoxicosis and lupus syndromes . The possible mechanism for ifn- causing autoimmune disease includes modulation of... |
Capecitabine is considered to be more effective and tolerable than 5-fu, and has been shown to exhibit antitumor activity against a variety of gastrointestinal tumors, including gastric cancer . In addition to efficacy, the patient s convenience and satisfaction are assuming increasing importance in cancer management .... |
Traditional medicines (tms) or ethno medicines (ems) are known in many nations of the world . Interest in ayurveda, traditional chinese medicines (tcms) and research in the herbs and medicines of these systems of health care have led to discussions on these areas . Ayurveda, known to have about 5000 years of history, i... |
Four sampling sites were established during the summer of 2014 for field screening of the pheromone blends . Two of the sites were located on research farms belonging to the usda - ars southern insect management research unit and the delta research and extension center at mississippi state university, both located in s... |
Known complications of this procedure include bowel and vascular injury, injury of the bile duct and complications of retained stones . Spillage of stones into the abdominal cavity has been reported in 15% - 40% of procedures performed, but these are believed to be innocuous . We report two patients who suffered a simi... |
Chronic heart failure (chf) is accompanied by high co - morbidity and mortality . Red blood cell distribution width (rdw) represents the variability of sizes of circulating erythrocytes . Chf is regarded as a systemic disease based on the chronic inflammation status . In the setting of long - standing chf a recent stud... |
Coats disease was first described by george coats in 1908,1 and is characterized by the formation of telangiectatic and aneurismal changes of the retinal vessels and is associated with a large amount of yellowish intraretinal and subretinal exudates.2 it is predominantly unilateral occurring mostly in young males under... |
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