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Incryptography, akey distribution center(KDC) is part of acryptosystemintended to reduce the risks inherent in exchangingkeys. KDCs often operate in systems within which some users may have permission to use certain services at some times and not at others.
For instance, an administrator may have established a policy ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_distribution_center |
TrustRankis analgorithmthat conductslink analysisto separate usefulwebpagesfromspamand helps search engine rank pages inSERPs(Search Engine Results Pages). It is semi-automated process which means that it needs some human assistance in order to function properly. Search engines have many different algorithms and rankin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrustRank |
TheNew York Central Rail Roadintroduced a container system in 1922.[1]
Details include:
This United States rail–related article is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYC_container |
This is alist of abbreviations used in medical prescriptions, including hospital orders (the patient-directed part of which is referred to assig codes). This list does not include abbreviations for pharmaceuticals or drug name suffixes such as CD, CR, ER, XT (SeeTime release technology § List of abbreviationsfor those)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_abbreviations_used_in_medical_prescriptions |
This is a list of well-knowndata structures. For a wider list of terms, seelist of terms relating to algorithms and data structures. For a comparison ofrunning timesfor a subset of this list seecomparison of data structures.
Some properties of abstract data types:
"Ordered" means that the elements of the data type ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_data_structures |
This is alist ofalgorithmgeneral topics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_algorithm_general_topics |
Incomputing, the termremote desktoprefers to asoftware- oroperating systemfeature that allows apersonal computer'sdesktop environmentto be run remotely from one system (usually a PC, but the concept applies equally to aserveror asmartphone), while being displayed on a separateclient device. Remote desktop applications ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_desktop_software |
Arandom permutationis asequencewhere any order of its items is equally likely atrandom, that is, it is apermutation-valuedrandom variableof a set of objects. The use of random permutations is common ingames of chanceand inrandomized algorithmsincoding theory,cryptography, andsimulation. A good example of a random permu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_permutation |
In algebra, anelliptic algebrais a certainregular algebraof aGelfand–Kirillov dimensionthree (quantum polynomial ringin three variables) that corresponds to a cubic divisor in the projective spaceP2. If the cubic divisor happens to be anelliptic curve, then the algebra is called aSklyanin algebra. The notion is studied... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_algebra |
Flat Neighborhood Network (FNN)is atopologyfordistributed computingand other computer networks. Eachnodeconnects to two or moreswitcheswhich, ideally, entirely cover the node collection, so that each node can connect to any other node in two "hops" (jump up to one switch and down to the other node). This contrasts to t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_neighborhood_network |
Incomputing, theprocess identifier(a.k.a.process IDorPID) is a number used by mostoperating systemkernels—such as those ofUnix,macOSandWindows—to uniquely identify an activeprocess. This number may be used as a parameter in various function calls, allowing processes to be manipulated, such as adjusting the process's pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_identifier |
Inmathematics,quantalesare certainpartially orderedalgebraic structuresthat generalizelocales(point free topologies) as well as various multiplicativelatticesofidealsfromring theoryandfunctional analysis(C*-algebras,von Neumann algebras).[1]Quantales are sometimes referred to ascompleteresiduated semigroups.
Aquantale... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantale |
In amultitaskingcomputersystem,processesmay occupy a variety ofstates. These distinct states may not be recognized as such by theoperating systemkernel. However, they are a useful abstraction for the understanding of processes.
The following typical process states are possible on computer systems of all kinds. In mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_state |
Document retrievalis defined as the matching of some stated user query against a set offree-textrecords. These records could be any type of mainlyunstructured text, such asnewspaper articles, real estate records or paragraphs in a manual. User queries can range from multi-sentence full descriptions of an information ne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_retrieval |
Inlinguisticmorphology, atransfixis a discontinuousaffixwhich is inserted into aword root, as inroot-and-patternsystems of morphology, like those of manySemitic languages.
A discontinuous affix is an affix whose phonetic components are not sequential within a word, and instead, are spread out between or around thephon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfix |
Atelecommandortelecontrolis acommandsent to control a remote system or systems not directly connected (e.g. via wires) to the place from which the telecommand is sent. The word is derived fromtele= remote (Greek), andcommand= to entrust/order (Latin). Systems that need remote measurement and reporting of information of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommand |
Inmathematics, theorbit method(also known as theKirillov theory,the method of coadjoint orbitsand by a few similar names) establishes a correspondence between irreducibleunitary representationsof aLie groupand itscoadjoint orbits: orbits of theaction of the groupon the dual space of itsLie algebra. The theory was intro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirillov_orbit_theory |
Aframe injectionattack is an attack onInternet Explorer 5,Internet Explorer 6andInternet Explorer 7to load arbitrary code in the browser.[1]This attack is caused byInternet Explorernot checking the destination of the resulting frame,[2]therefore allowing arbitrary code such asJavaScriptorVBScript. This also happens whe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_injection |
PAN truncationis an anti-fraud measure available on some credit-card-processingpoint of sale(POS) terminals as part of amerchant accountservice.
"PAN" is an acronym forprimary account number, i.e., the "card number" on either adebitor acredit card.PAN truncationsimply replaces the card number printed on a customer rec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAN_truncation |
Abitstream(orbit stream), also known asbinary sequence, is asequenceofbits.
Abytestreamis a sequence ofbytes. Typically, each byte is an8-bit quantity, and so the termoctet streamis sometimes used interchangeably. An octet may be encoded as a sequence of 8 bits in multiple different ways (seebit numbering) so there is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitstream |
Deliberative process privilegeis thecommon-lawprinciple that the internal processes of the executive branch of a government are immune from normal disclosure or discovery in civil litigations,Freedom of Information Actrequests, etc.
The theory behind the protection is that by guaranteeing confidentiality, the governme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliberative_process_privilege |
ThePhillips Codeis abrevity code(shorthand) compiled and expanded in 1879 byWalter P. Phillips(then of theAssociated Press) for the rapid transmission oftelegraphmessages, including press reports.
It was compiled in 1879 byWalter P. Phillips, who explained that he was in large part putting down the collective experien... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips_Code |
Foreground-backgroundis ascheduling algorithmthat is used to control an execution of multiple processes on a single processor. It is based on two waiting lists, the first one is calledforegroundbecause this is the one in which all processes initially enter, and the second one is calledbackgroundbecause all processes, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreground-background |
Private transport(as opposed to public transport) is the personal or individual use oftransportationwhich are not available for use by the general public, where in theory the user can decide freely on the time and route of transit ('choice rider' vs. 'captive rider'[1]), using vehicles such as: private car, company car... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_transport |
The current state ofquantum computing[1]is referred to as thenoisy intermediate-scale quantum(NISQ)era,[2][3]characterized by quantum processors containing up to 1,000qubitswhich are not advanced enough yet forfault-toleranceor large enough to achievequantum advantage.[4][5]These processors, which are sensitive to thei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noisy_intermediate-scale_quantum_era |
The followingoutlineis provided as an overview of, and topical guide to, machine learning:
Machine learning(ML) is a subfield ofartificial intelligencewithincomputer sciencethat evolved from the study ofpattern recognitionandcomputational learning theory.[1]In 1959,Arthur Samueldefined machine learning as a "field of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_machine_learning_algorithms |
Empiricalmethods
Prescriptiveand policy
The followingoutlineis provided as an overview of and topical guide toeconomics. Economics is abranch of sciencethat analyzes theproduction,distribution, andconsumptionofgoodsandservices. It aims to explain howeconomieswork and howagents(people) respond toincentives.
Economics... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_economics_topics |
Biologically InspiredCognitive Architectures(BICA) was aDARPAproject administered by theInformation Processing Technology Office(IPTO). BICA began in 2005 and is designed to create the next generation ofcognitive architecturemodels of human artificial intelligence. Its first phase (Design) ran from September 2005 to a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologically_inspired_cognitive_architectures |
Shipping portalsare websites which allowshippers, consignees and forwarders access to multiple carriers through a single site. Portals provide bookings, track and trace, and documentation, and allow users to communicate with their carriers. In many respects, ashippingportal is to the maritime industry what aglobal dist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipping_portal |
Inmathematical analysisand related areas ofmathematics, asetis calledboundedif all of its points are within a certain distance of each other. Conversely, a set which is not bounded is calledunbounded. The word "bounded" makes no sense in a general topological space without a correspondingmetric.
Boundaryis a distinct ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounded_set |
Semantic propertiesormeaning propertiesare those aspects of a linguistic unit, such as amorpheme,word, orsentence, that contribute to the meaning of that unit. Basic semantic properties include beingmeaningfulormeaningless– for example, whether a given word is part of a language's lexicon with a generally understood me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_property |
Inmathematics, apolynomial sequenceis asequenceofpolynomialsindexed by the nonnegativeintegers0, 1, 2, 3, ..., in which eachindexis equal to thedegreeof the corresponding polynomial. Polynomial sequences are a topic of interest inenumerative combinatoricsandalgebraic combinatorics, as well asapplied mathematics.
Some... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial_sequence |
Core–periphery structureis anetwork theorymodel.
There are two main intuitions behind the definition of core–periphery network structures; one assumes that a network can only have one core, whereas the other allows for the possibility of multiple cores. These two intuitive conceptions serve as the basis for two modes ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core-periphery_structure |
TheMobile Broadband Allianceis aconsortiumof companies that have aligned to promote hardware with built-inHSPAbroadband.
The companies include the mobile operatorsVodafone,Orange, Telefónica Europe,T-Mobile,3Group,Telecom ItaliaandTeliaSonera, and the hardware manufacturersDell,Asus,Toshiba,Lenovo,Qualcomm,Ericsson,Ge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Broadband_Alliance |
The followingoutlineis provided as an overview of and topical guide to computer engineering:
Computer engineering–disciplinethat integrates several fields ofelectrical engineeringandcomputer sciencerequired to developcomputer hardwareand software.[1]Computer engineers usually have training inelectronic engineering(or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_computer_engineering |
Severalshipping linesare involved inintermodal freight transportas part ofinternational trade.
This is a list of the 30 largestcontainer shippingcompanies as of March 2025, according toAlphaliner, ranked in order of thetwenty-foot equivalent unit(TEU) capacity of their fleet.[1]In January 2022,MSCovertookMaerskfor the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_container_shipping_companies_by_ship_fleets_and_containers |
Incryptography,Optimal Asymmetric Encryption Padding(OAEP) is apadding schemeoften used together withRSA encryption. OAEP was introduced byBellareandRogaway,[1]and subsequently standardized inPKCS#1 v2and RFC 2437.
The OAEP algorithm is a form ofFeistel networkwhich uses a pair ofrandom oraclesG and H to process the p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimal_Asymmetric_Encryption_Padding |
Incryptography, thewhite-boxmodel refers to an extreme attack scenario, in which an adversary has full unrestricted access to a cryptographic implementation, most commonly of ablock ciphersuch as theAdvanced Encryption Standard(AES). A variety of security goals may be posed (see the section below), the most fundamental... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-box_cryptography |
Incombinatoricsandorder theory, amultitreemay describe either of two equivalent structures: adirected acyclic graph(DAG) in which there is at most one directed path between any twovertices, or equivalently in which thesubgraphreachable from any vertex induces anundirected tree, or apartially ordered set(poset) that doe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multitree |
Ininformation scienceandontology, aclassification schemeis an arrangement of classes or groups of classes. The activity of developing the schemes bears similarity totaxonomy, but with perhaps a more theoretical bent, as a single classification scheme can be applied over a widesemantic spectrumwhile taxonomies tend to b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_scheme_(information_science) |
The tables below compare features of notablenote-takingsoftware. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_note-taking_software |
Anincompressible stringis astringwithKolmogorov complexityequal to its length, so that it has no shorter encodings.[1]Thepigeonhole principlecan be used to be prove that for anylossless compressionalgorithm, there must exist many incompressible strings.
Suppose we have the string12349999123499991234, and we are using ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incompressible_string |
Inalgebraic topology, aquasifibrationis a generalisation offibre bundlesandfibrationsintroduced byAlbrecht DoldandRené Thom. Roughly speaking, it is a continuous mapp:E→Bhaving the same behaviour as a fibration regarding the (relative)homotopy groupsofE,Bandp−1(x). Equivalently, one can define a quasifibration to be a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasifibration |
Inmathematics, adiscrete series representationis an irreducibleunitary representationof alocally compact topological groupGthat is a subrepresentation of the leftregular representationofGon L²(G). In thePlancherel measure, such representations have positive measure. The name comes from the fact that they are exactly... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_series_representation |
Inalgebra, asimplicial commutative ringis acommutative monoidin thecategoryofsimplicial abelian groups, or, equivalently, asimplicial objectin thecategory of commutative rings. IfAis a simplicial commutative ring, then it can be shown thatπ0A{\displaystyle \pi _{0}A}is aringandπiA{\displaystyle \pi _{i}A}aremodulesover... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplicial_commutative_ring |
In mathematics, annth-orderArgand system(named afterFrenchmathematicianJean-Robert Argand) is acoordinate systemconstructed around thenthroots of unity. From theorigin,naxes extend such that the angle between each axis and the axes immediately before and after it is 360/ndegrees. For example, thenumber lineis the 2nd-o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argand_system |
Infolklore,fairy-locks(orelflocks) are the result offairiestangling andknottingthe hairs of sleeping children and the manes of beasts as the fairies play in and out of their hair at night.[1]
The concept is first attested in English inShakespeare'sRomeo and JulietinMercutio's speech of the many exploits ofQueen Mab, w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elflock |
VoxForgeis afreespeech corpusandacoustic modelrepository foropen sourcespeech recognitionengines.
VoxForge was set up to collect transcribed speech to create a freeGPLspeech corpus in order to be uses with open source speech recognition engines. The speech audio files will be 'compiled' into acoustic models for use wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VoxForge |
Extrapolation domain analysis (EDA)is amethodologyfor identifying geographical areas that seem suitable for adoption of innovativeecosystem managementpractices on the basis of sites exhibiting similarity in conditions such as climatic,land useandsocioeconomicindicators. Whilst it has been applied to water research proj... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrapolation_domain_analysis |
Modified condition/decision coverage(MC/DC) is acode coveragecriterion used insoftware testing.
MC/DC requires all of the below during testing:[1]
Independence of a condition is shown by proving that only one condition changes at a time.
MC/DC is used in avionics software development guidanceDO-178BandDO-178Cto ensu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modified_condition/decision_coverage |
Amicrograntis a small sum of money distributed to an individual or organization, typically for hundreds or thousands of dollars, with the intent of enabling the recipient to develop or sustain an income-generating enterprise. Often they target individuals living on less than $1/day,extreme poverty, for the purpose of c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microgrant |
Inproject management, ascheduleis a listing of aproject'smilestones,activities, anddeliverables. Usuallydependenciesand resources are defined for each task, then start and finish dates areestimatedfrom theresource allocation,budget, task duration, and scheduled events. A schedule is commonly used in theproject plann... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schedule_(project_management) |
Algebraic statisticsis the use ofalgebrato advancestatistics. Algebra has been useful forexperimental design,parameter estimation, andhypothesis testing.
Traditionally, algebraic statistics has been associated with the design of experiments andmultivariate analysis(especiallytime series). In recent years, the term "al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_statistics |
Eddystonewas aBluetooth Low Energy beaconprofile released byGooglein July 2015. In December 2018 Google stopped delivering both Eddystone and Physical Web beacon notifications. TheApache 2.0-licensed,cross-platform, and versioned profile contained several frame types, includingEddystone-UID,Eddystone-URL, andEddystone-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddystone_(Google) |
Kochanski multiplication[1]is analgorithmthat allowsmodular arithmetic(multiplication or operations based on it, such asexponentiation) to be performed efficiently when the modulus is large (typically several hundred bits). This has particular application innumber theoryand incryptography: for example, in theRSAcryptos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kochanski_multiplication |
System Commander(SCfor short) is a graphicalboot manager/loadersoftwareapplication developed byVCOM. The software allowed for multipleoperating systemsto be installed onto a machine at once, providing a menu from which the user selected the operating system they wished to boot from. Other software with similar function... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_Commander |
Aprogram transformationis any operation that takes acomputer programand generates another program. In many cases the transformed program is required to besemantically equivalentto the original, relative to a particularformal semanticsand in fewer cases the transformations result in programs that semantically differ fro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_transformation |
Crowdmappingis a subtype ofcrowdsourcing[1][2]by whichaggregationof crowd-generated inputs such as captured communications andsocial mediafeeds are combined withgeographic datato create adigital mapthat is as up-to-date as possible[3]on events such aswars,humanitarian crises,crime,elections, ornatural disasters.[4][5]S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdmapping |
Therepeating circleis an instrument forgeodetic surveying, developed from thereflecting circlebyÉtienne Lenoirin 1784.[1]He invented it while an assistant ofJean-Charles de Borda, who later improved the instrument. It was notable as being the equal of thegreat theodolitecreated by the renowned instrument maker,Jesse Ra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeating_circle |
Communications interceptioncan mean: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_interception_(disambiguation) |
Inmathematical logic,System UandSystem U−arepure type systems, i.e. special forms of atyped lambda calculuswith an arbitrary number ofsorts, axioms and rules (or dependencies between the sorts).
System U was proved inconsistent byJean-Yves Girardin 1972[1](and the question of consistency of System U−was formulated). T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_U |
Employee monitoring software, also known asbosswareortattleware, is a means ofemployee monitoring, and allows company administrators to monitor and supervise all their employee computers from a central location.[1]It is normallydeployedover abusiness networkand allows for easy centralized log viewing via onecentral net... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employee_monitoring_software |
Inmachine learning,sequence labelingis a type ofpattern recognitiontask that involves the algorithmic assignment of acategoricallabel to each member of a sequence of observed values. A common example of a sequence labeling task ispart of speech tagging, which seeks to assign apart of speechto each word in an input sen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_labeling |
GQM, theinitialismforgoal, question, metric, is an establishedgoal-orientedapproach tosoftware metricsto improve and measure software quality.[1]
GQM has been promoted byVictor Basiliof theUniversity of Maryland, College Parkand the Software Engineering Laboratory at theNASAGoddard Space Flight Center[2]after supervis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GQM |
Virtual legacy wires(VLW) are transactions over theIntel QuickPath InterconnectandIntel Ultra Path Interconnectinterconnect fabrics that replace a particular set of physical legacy pins on Intel microprocessors. The legacy wires replaced include the INTR, A20M, and SMI legacy signals.[1]
This computing article is astu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_legacy_wires |
Multidimensional Expressions(MDX) is aquery languageforonline analytical processing(OLAP) using adatabase management system. Much likeSQL, it is a query language forOLAP cubes.[1]It is also a calculation language, with syntax similar to spreadsheet formulae.
The MultiDimensional eXpressions (MDX) language provides a s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MultiDimensional_eXpressions |
The concept of alatticearises inorder theory, a branch of mathematics. TheHasse diagrambelow depicts the inclusion relationships among some important subclasses of lattices.
1. Aboolean algebrais acomplementeddistributive lattice. (def)
2. A boolean algebra is aheyting algebra.[1]
3. A boolean algebra isorthocomplem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_of_lattices |
Inmathematics, an∞-topos(infinity-topos) is, roughly, an∞-categorysuch that its objects behave likesheavesof spaces with some choice ofGrothendieck topology; in other words, it gives an intrinsic notion of sheaves without reference to an external space. The prototypical example of an ∞-topos is the ∞-category of sheave... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%88%9E-topos |
util-linuxis a package ofutilitiesdistributed by theLinux Kernel Organizationfor use in aLinuxoperating system. Afork,util-linux-ng(withngmeaning "next generation"), was created when development stalled,[4]but as of January 2011[update]has been renamed back toutil-linux, and is the official version of the package.[5]
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Util-linux |
Most legal doctrines are named after the cases. This section only includes doctrines named after the judges who formulated them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_eponymous_doctrines |
Condorcet methods
Positional voting
Cardinal voting
Quota-remainder methods
Approval-based committees
Fractional social choice
Semi-proportional representation
By ballot type
Pathological response
Strategic voting
Paradoxes ofmajority rule
Positive results
Thematrix voteis a voting procedure which can be us... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_vote |
Peace war gameis aniterated gameoriginally played in academic groups and bycomputer simulationfor years to study possible strategies ofcooperationandaggression.[1]As peace makers became richer over time it became clear that making war had greater costs than initially anticipated. The onlystrategythat acquired wealth mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_war_game |
This is a list of elections that will be or may be held in 2025. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_elections_in_2025 |
Incomputing,code generationis part of the process chain of acompiler, in which anintermediate representationofsource codeis converted into a form (e.g.,machine code) that can be readily executed by the target system.
Sophisticated compilers typically performmultiple passesover various intermediate forms. This multi-st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_generation_(compiler) |
Asecure attention key(SAK),special attention key,[1]orsecure attention sequence(SAS)[2]is a special key,key combinationor sequence to be pressed on acomputer keyboardbefore aloginscreen which must, to the user, be completely trustworthy. Theoperating systemkernel, which interacts directly with the hardware, orinit syst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_attention_key |
TheneuRFonproject (named for a combination of "neuron" and "RF") was a research program begun in 1999 atMotorolaLabs to develop ad hoc wireless networking forwireless sensor networkapplications.[1]The biological analogy was that, while individual neurons were not very useful, in a large network they became very powerfu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeuRFon |
Programming complexity(orsoftware complexity) is a term that includes software properties that affect internal interactions. Several commentators distinguish between the terms "complex" and "complicated". Complicated implies being difficult to understand, but ultimately knowable. Complex, by contrast, describes the int... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_complexity |
Inmathematics, aquasi-finite field[1]is a generalisation of afinite field. Standardlocal class field theoryusually deals withcomplete valued fieldswhose residue field isfinite(i.e.non-archimedean local fields), but the theory applies equally well when the residue field is only assumed quasi-finite.[2]
Aquasi-finite fi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-finite_field |
Inanalysis of algorithms,probabilistic analysis of algorithmsis an approach to estimate thecomputational complexityof analgorithmor a computational problem. It starts from an assumption about a probabilistic distribution of the set of all possible inputs. This assumption is then used to design an efficient algorithm or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistic_analysis_of_algorithms |
Firefly.com(1995–1999) was acommunitywebsite featuringcollaborative filtering.[citation needed]
The Firefly website was created by Firefly Network, Inc.(originally known as Agents Inc.)[1]The company was founded in March 1995 by a group of engineers fromMIT Media Laband some business people fromHarvard Business School... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefly_(website) |
TheHubbert curveis an approximation of the production rate of a resource over time. It is a symmetriclogistic distributioncurve,[1]often confused with the "normal"gaussian function. It first appeared in "Nuclear Energy and the Fossil Fuels," geologistM. King Hubbert's 1956 presentation to theAmerican Petroleum Insti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubbert_curve |
The computer toolpatchis aUnixprogramthat updatestext filesaccording to instructions contained in a separate file, called apatch file. The patch file (also called apatchfor short) is a text file that consists of a list of differences and is produced by running the relateddiffprogram with the original and updated file a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch_(Unix) |
Incryptography,Simultaneous Authentication of Equals(SAE) is apassword-based authentication andpassword-authenticated key agreementmethod.[1]
SAE is a variant of theDragonfly Key Exchangedefined inRFC7664,[2]based onDiffie–Hellman key exchangeusingfinite cyclic groupswhich can be aprimary cyclic groupor anelliptic cur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultaneous_Authentication_of_Equals |
Szymański's Mutual Exclusion Algorithmis amutual exclusion algorithmdevised by computer scientist Dr.Bolesław Szymański, which has many favorable properties including linear wait,[1][2]and which extension[3]solved the open problem posted byLeslie Lamport[4]whether there is an algorithm with a constant number of communi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szyma%C5%84ski%27s_algorithm |
Natural Computingis ascientific journalcoveringnatural computingresearch. It has been published quarterly bySpringer Verlag(Springer Netherlands) in print (ISSN1567-7818) and online (ISSN1572-9796) since 2002.[1]
"Natural Computing refers to computational processes observed in nature, and human-designed computing insp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Computing_(journal) |
Gray-box testing(International English spelling:grey-box testing) is a combination ofwhite-box testingandblack-box testing. The aim of this testing is to search for the defects, if any, due to improper structure or improper usage of applications.[1][2]
A black-box tester is unaware of the internal structure of the app... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_box_testing |
Thought vectoris a term popularized byGeoffrey Hinton, the prominentdeep-learningresearcher, which uses vectors based onnatural language[1]to improve its search results.[2]
Thiscomputer sciencearticle is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thought_vector |
Temporal information retrieval(T-IR) is an emerging area of research related to the field ofinformation retrieval(IR) and a considerable number of sub-areas, positioning itself, as an important dimension in the context of the user information needs.
According toinformation theoryscience (Metzger, 2007),[1]timeliness o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_information_retrieval |
Thefactored language model(FLM) is an extension of a conventionallanguage modelintroduced by Jeff Bilmes and Katrin Kirchoff in 2003. In an FLM, each word is viewed as a vector ofkfactors:wi={fi1,...,fik}.{\displaystyle w_{i}=\{f_{i}^{1},...,f_{i}^{k}\}.}An FLM provides the probabilistic modelP(f|f1,...,fN){\displayst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factored_language_model |
Incomputer science, anabstract state machine(ASM) is astate machineoperating onstatesthat are arbitrary data structures (structurein the sense ofmathematical logic, that is a nonemptysettogether with a number offunctions(operations) andrelationsover the set).
TheASM Methodis a practical and scientifically well-founded... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_state_machine |
Truncated regression modelsare a class ofmodelsin which thesamplehas beentruncatedfor certain ranges of thedependent variable. That means observations with values in the dependent variable below or above certain thresholds are systematically excluded from the sample. Therefore, whole observations are missing, so that n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncated_regression_model |
Dispersed knowledgeineconomicsis the notion that no singleagenthas information as to all of the factors which influencepricesandproductionthroughout the system.[1]The term has been both expanded upon and popularized by American economistThomas Sowell.[2]
Each agent in a market for assets, goods, or services possesses ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersed_knowledge |
Cramér's theoremis a fundamental result in thetheory of large deviations, a subdiscipline ofprobability theory. It determines therate functionof a series ofiidrandom variables.
A weak version of this result was first shown byHarald Cramérin 1938.
The logarithmicmoment generating function(which is thecumulant-generatin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cram%C3%A9r%27s_theorem_(large_deviations) |
AnIP Multimedia Services Identity Module (ISIM)is an application residing on theUICC, anICcard specified in TS 31.101. This module could be on aUMTS3GorIMSVoLTEnetwork. It contains parameters for identifying and authenticating the user to the IMS. The ISIM application can co-exist withSIMandUSIMon the same UICC making ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_Multimedia_Services_Identity_Module |
Abounding interval hierarchy(BIH) is a partitioningdata structuresimilar to that ofbounding volume hierarchiesorkd-trees. Bounding interval hierarchies can be used in high performance (or real-time)ray tracingand may be especially useful for dynamic scenes.
The BIH was first presented under the name of SKD-Trees,[1]pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounding_interval_hierarchy |
Thecorporate opportunitydoctrine is the legal principle providing thatdirectors, officers, and controlling shareholders of acorporationmust not take for themselves any business opportunity that could benefit the corporation.[1]The corporate opportunity doctrine is one application of thefiduciaryduty of loyalty.[2]
The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_opportunity |
Rugged individualism, derived fromindividualism, is a term that indicates that an individual is self-reliant and independent from outside (usually government or some other form of collective) assistance or support. While the term is often associated with the notion oflaissez-faireand associated adherents, it was actual... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugged_individualism |
AnAPI writeris atechnical writerwho writes documents that describe anapplication programming interface(API). The primary audience includes programmers, developers, system architects, and system designers.
An API is alibraryconsisting of interfaces, functions,classes, structures, enumerations, etc. for building a softw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API_writer |
TheLee conformal world in a tetrahedronis apolyhedral,conformalmap projectionthat projects the globe onto atetrahedronusingDixon elliptic functions. It is conformal everywhere except for the four singularities at the vertices of the polyhedron. Because of the nature of polyhedra, this map projection can betessellatedin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_conformal_world_in_a_tetrahedron |
Anobject code optimizer, sometimes also known as apost pass optimizeror, for small sections of code,peephole optimizer, forms part of a softwarecompiler. It takes the output from the source language compile step - the object code orbinary file- and tries to replace identifiable sections of the code with replacement co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-pass_optimization |
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