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In the mathematical theory ofMarkov chains, theMarkov chain tree theoremis an expression for thestationary distributionof a Markov chain with finitely many states. It sums up terms for the rootedspanning treesof the Markov chain, with a positive combination for each tree. The Markov chain tree theorem is closely relate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_chain_tree_theorem |
Acode caveis a series of unused bytes in aprocess's memory. The code cave inside a process's memory is often a reference to a section that has capacity for injecting custom instructions.
The concept of a code cave is often employed byhackersandreverse engineersto executearbitrary codein a compiled program. It can be a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_cave |
Below are abbreviations used inaviation,avionics,aerospace, andaeronautics.
CAT I Enhanced: Allows for lower minimums than CAT I in some cases to CAT 2 minimumsCAT II: Operational performance Category IICAT IIIa: Operational performance Category IIIaCAT IIIb: Operational performance Category IIIbCAT IIIc: Operational ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronyms_and_abbreviations_in_avionics |
Incoding theory, theLee distanceis adistancebetween twostringsx1x2…xn{\displaystyle x_{1}x_{2}\dots x_{n}}andy1y2…yn{\displaystyle y_{1}y_{2}\dots y_{n}}of equal lengthnover theq-aryalphabet{0, 1, …,q− 1} of sizeq≥ 2. It is ametric[1]defined as∑i=1nmin(|xi−yi|,q−|xi−yi|).{\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{n}\min(|x_{i}-y_{i}... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_distance |
This article details the varioustablesreferenced in theData Encryption Standard(DES)block cipher.
All bits and bytes are arranged inbig endianorder in this document. That is, bit number 1 is always the most significant bit.
This table specifies the input permutation on a 64-bit block. The meaning is as follows: the f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DES_supplementary_material |
William H. Inmon(born 1945) is an Americancomputer scientist, recognized by many as the father of thedata warehouse.[1][2]Inmon wrote the first book, held the first conference (withArnie Barnett), wrote the first column in a magazine and was the first to offer classes in data warehousing. Inmon created the accepted def... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Inmon |
The following is a list of notableunsolved problemsgrouped into broad areas ofphysics.[1]
Some of the major unsolved problems inphysicsare theoretical, meaning that existingtheoriesseem incapable of explaining a certain observedphenomenonor experimental result. The others are experimental, meaning that there is a diff... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics |
Task parallelism(also known asfunction parallelismandcontrol parallelism) is a form ofparallelizationofcomputer codeacross multipleprocessorsinparallel computingenvironments. Task parallelism focuses on distributingtasks—concurrently performed byprocessesorthreads—across different processors. In contrast todata parall... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task_parallelism |
Geometric group theoryis an area inmathematicsdevoted to the study offinitely generated groupsvia exploring the connections betweenalgebraicproperties of suchgroupsandtopologicalandgeometricproperties of spaces on which these groups canactnon-trivially (that is, when the groups in question are realized as geometric sym... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_group_theory |
TheShannon number, named after the American mathematicianClaude Shannon, is a conservative lower bound of thegame-tree complexityofchessof 10120, based on an average of about 103possibilities for a pair of moves consisting of a move for White followed by a move for Black, and a typical game lasting about 40 such pairs ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_number |
Speculative Store Bypass(SSB) (CVE-2018-3639) is the name given to a hardware security vulnerability and its exploitation that takes advantage ofspeculative executionin a similar way to theMeltdownandSpectresecurity vulnerabilities.[1]It affects theARM,AMDandIntelfamilies of processors. It was discovered by researchers... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculative_Store_Bypass |
Irregular warfare(IW) is defined inUnited Statesjoint doctrine as "a violent struggle among state and non-state actors for legitimacy and influence over the relevant populations" and in U.S. law as "Department of Defense activities not involving armed conflict that support predetermined United States policy and militar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irregular_warfare |
Aheterogram(fromhetero-, meaning 'different', +-gram, meaning 'written') is a word, phrase, or sentence in which noletterof the alphabet occurs more than once. The termsisogramandnonpattern wordhave also been used to mean the same thing.[1][2][3]
It is not clear who coined or popularized the term "heterogram". The con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isogram |
Abest current practice, abbreviated asBCP,[1]is ade factolevel of performance in engineering and information technology. It is more flexible than astandard, since techniques and tools are continually evolving. TheInternet Engineering Task Forcepublishes Best Current Practice documents in a numbered document series. Ea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_current_practice |
TheInternational Software Testing Qualifications Board(ISTQB) is asoftware testing certification boardthat operates internationally.[1]Founded in Edinburgh in November 2002, the ISTQB is a non-profit association legally registered in Belgium.
ISTQB Certified Tester is a standardized qualification for software testers ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Software_Testing_Qualifications_Board |
Code Access Security(CAS), in theMicrosoft .NETframework, isMicrosoft's solution to prevent untrusted code from performing privileged actions. When theCLRloads anassemblyit will obtainevidencefor the assembly and use this to identify thecode groupthat the assembly belongs to. A code group contains a permission set (one... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Access_Security |
Indigital circuitsandmachine learning, aone-hotis a group ofbitsamong which the legal combinations of values are only those with a single high (1) bit and all the others low (0).[1]A similar implementation in which all bits are '1' except one '0' is sometimes calledone-cold.[2]Instatistics,dummy variablesrepresent a si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-hot_code |
Metaknowledgeormeta-knowledgeisknowledgeabout knowledge.[1]
Some authors divide meta-knowledge into orders:
Other authors call zero order meta-knowledgefirst order knowledge, and call first order meta-knowledgesecond order knowledge; meta-knowledge is also known ashigher order knowledge.[3]
Meta-knowledge is a funda... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-knowledge |
Descriptionis any type of communication that aims to make vivid a place, object, person, group, or other physical entity.[1]It is one of fourrhetorical modes(also known asmodes of discourse), along withexposition,argumentation, andnarration.[2]
Fiction writing specifically has modes such asaction, exposition, descript... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Description |
Tagsis aUnicode blockcontaining formatting tag characters. The block is designed to mirrorASCII. It was originally intended for language tags, but has now been repurposed as emoji modifiers, specifically for region flags.
U+E0001, U+E0020–U+E007F were originally intended for invisibly tagging texts by language[3]but t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tags_(Unicode_block) |
Incomputer science, aparallel random-access machine(parallel RAMorPRAM) is ashared-memoryabstract machine. As its name indicates, the PRAM is intended as the parallel-computing analogy to therandom-access machine(RAM) (not to be confused withrandom-access memory).[1]In the same way that the RAM is used by sequential-al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_random_access_machine |
Graphicsare two-dimensional images.
Graphic(s)orThe Graphicmay also refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_(disambiguation) |
JPL sequencesorJPL codesconsist of twolinear feedback shift registers(LFSRs) whose code sequence lengthsLaandLbmust be prime (relatively prime).[1]In this case the code sequence length of the generated overall sequenceLcis equal to:
It is also possible for more than two LFSRs to be interconnected through multipleXORsa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPL_sequence |
Digital architecturerefers to aspects of architecture that featuredigitaltechnologies or considers digital platforms as online spaces. The emerging field of digital architectures therefore applies to both classic architecture as well as the emerging study of social media technologies.
Within classic architectural stud... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_architecture |
TheData Analysis and Real World Interrogation Network(DARWIN EU) is aEuropean Union(EU) initiative coordinated by theEuropean Medicines Agency(EMA) to generate and utilizereal world evidence(RWE) to support the evaluation and supervision of medicines across the EU. The project aims to enhance decision-making in regulat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARWIN_EU |
Hummingbirdis the codename given to a significantalgorithmchange inGoogle Searchin 2013. Its name was derived from the speed and accuracy of thehummingbird. The change was announced on September 26, 2013, having already been in use for a month. "Hummingbird" places greater emphasis onnatural languagequeries, considerin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Hummingbird |
This is a list of notablesocial software: selected examples ofsocial softwareproducts and services that facilitate a variety of forms of social human contact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_software |
Amanaged service company(MSC) is a form of company structure in theUnited Kingdomdesigned to reduce the individual tax liabilities of thedirectorsandshareholders.
This structure is largely born from theIR35legislation of 1999, which came into force in 2000. In an MSC, workers are appointed as shareholders and may also... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managed_service_company |
Data retrievalmeans obtaining data from adatabase management system(DBMS), like for example anobject-oriented database(ODBMS). In this case, it is considered that data is represented in astructuredway, and there is noambiguityin data.
In order to retrieve the desired data the user presents a set of criteria by aquery.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_retrieval |
Incomputer networkresearch,network simulationis a technique whereby a software program replicates the behavior of a real network. This is achieved by calculating the interactions between the different network entities such as routers, switches, nodes, access points, links, etc.[1]Most simulators use discrete event simu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_simulation |
Adecision cycleordecision loop[1]is a sequence of steps used by an entity on a repeated basis toreach and implement decisionsand to learn from the results. The "decision cycle" phrase has a history of use to broadly categorize various methods of making decisions, going upstream to the need, downstream to the outcomes, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_cycle |
Inmathematics, abinary operationiscommutativeif changing the order of theoperandsdoes not change the result. It is a fundamental property of many binary operations, and manymathematical proofsdepend on it. Perhaps most familiar as a property of arithmetic, e.g."3 + 4 = 4 + 3"or"2 × 5 = 5 × 2", the property can also be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutative_operation |
In computer science, afingerprinting algorithmis a procedure that maps an arbitrarily large data item (remove, as a computer file) to a much shorter bit string, itsfingerprint, that uniquely identifies the original data for all practical purposes just as human fingerprints uniquely identify people for practical purpose... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingerprint_(computing) |
Titaniumis a very advancedbackdoormalwareAPT, developed byPLATINUM, acybercrimecollective. The malware was uncovered byKaspersky Laband reported on 8 November 2019.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]According toGlobal Security Mag, "Titanium APT includes a complex sequence of dropping, downloading and installing stages, with deploym... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_(malware) |
Aweb container(also known as a servlet container;[1]and compare "webcontainer"[2]) is the component of aweb serverthat interacts withJakarta Servlets. A web container is responsible for managing the lifecycle of servlets, mapping aURLto a particular servlet and ensuring that the URL requester has the correct access-rig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_container |
Instatistics,shrinkageis the reduction in the effects of sampling variation. Inregression analysis, a fitted relationship appears to perform less well on a new data set than on the data set used for fitting.[1]In particular the value of thecoefficient of determination'shrinks'. This idea is complementary tooverfittinga... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrinkage_estimator |
Ernest Vincent Wright(1872 – October 7, 1939)[1]was an American writer known for his bookGadsby, a 50,000-word novel which (except for four unintentional instances) does not use the letterE.
The biographical details of his life are unclear. A 2002 article in theVillage VoicebyEd Parksaid he might have been English by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Vincent_Wright |
Inmathematics, asubsetRof theintegersis called areduced residue system modulonif:
Here φ denotesEuler's totient function.
A reduced residue system moduloncan be formed from acomplete residue systemmodulonby removing all integers notrelatively primeton. For example, a complete residue system modulo 12 is {0, 1, 2, 3, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduced_residue_system |
InInternet culture, the1% ruleis a generalrule of thumbpertaining to participation in anInternet community, stating that only 1% of the users of a website actively create new content, while the other 99% of the participants onlylurk. Variants include the1–9–90 rule(sometimes90–9–1 principleor the89:10:1 ratio),[1]which... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%25_rule |
Sturgeon's law(orSturgeon's revelation) is anadagestating "ninety percent of everything is crap". It was coined byTheodore Sturgeon, an Americanscience fiction authorand critic, and was inspired by his observation that, whilescience fictionwas often derided for its low quality by critics, most work in other fields was... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturgeon%27s_law |
The following tables provide acomparison ofnumerical analysissoftware.
[Note 1]
[Note 2]
[Note 3]
Was:Inria
(Andrey Ivashov)
Theoperating systemsthe software can run on natively (withoutemulation).
Colors indicate features available as
Theoperating systemsthe software can run on natively (withoutemulation). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_numerical-analysis_software |
Apunched card sorteris a machine forsortingdecks ofpunched cards.
Sorting was a major activity in most facilities that processed data on punched cards usingunit record equipment. The work flow of many processes required decks of cards to be put into some specific order as determined by the data punched in the cards. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_80_series_Card_Sorters |
Agent-based computational economics(ACE) is the area ofcomputational economicsthat studies economic processes, including wholeeconomies, asdynamic systemsof interactingagents. As such, it falls in theparadigmofcomplex adaptive systems.[1]In correspondingagent-based models, the "agents" are "computational objects modele... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent-based_computational_economics |
Incomputerized business management,single version of the truth(SVOT), is a technical concept describing thedata warehousingideal of having either a single centraliseddatabase, or at least a distributed synchronised database, which stores all of an organisation's data in a consistent andnon-redundantform. This contrasts... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_version_of_the_truth |
Inproject management,scopeis the defined features and functions of a product, or the scope of work needed to finish a project.[1]Scope involves getting information required to start a project, including the features the product needs to meet its stakeholders' requirements.[2][3]: 116
Project scope is oriented towards ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scope_(project_management) |
Inpropositional logic,conjunction elimination(also calledandelimination,∧ elimination,[1]orsimplification)[2][3][4]is avalidimmediate inference,argument formandrule of inferencewhich makes theinferencethat, if theconjunctionA and Bis true, thenAis true, andBis true. The rule makes it possible to shorten longerproofsby ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjunction_elimination |
No true Scotsmanorappeal to purityis aninformal fallacyin which one modifies a prior claim in response to acounterexampleby asserting the counterexample is excluded by definition.[1][2][3]Rather than admitting error or providing evidence to disprove the counterexample, the original claim is changed by using a non-subst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_true_Scotsman |
TheWDR paper computerorKnow-how Computeris an educational model of a computer consisting only of a pen, a sheet of paper, and individual matches in the most simple case.[1]This allows anyone interested to learn how to program without having anelectronic computerat their disposal.
The paper computer was created in the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDR_paper_computer |
Thislist of stage nameslists names used by those in the entertainment industry, alphabetically by theirstage name's surname followed by their birth name. Individuals who dropped their last name and substituted their middle name as their last name are listed. Those with a one-word stage name are listed in aseparate arti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stage_names |
niceis a program found onUnixandUnix-likeoperating systemssuch asLinux. It directly maps to akernelcallof the same name.niceis used to invoke autilityorshell scriptwith a particularCPU priority, thus giving theprocessmore or less CPU time than other processes. A niceness of -20 is the lowest niceness, or highest priori... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nice_(Unix) |
Interchange File Format(IFF) is a genericdigital container file formatoriginally introduced byElectronic Arts(in cooperation withCommodore) in 1985 to facilitate transfer of data between software produced by different companies.
IFF files do not have any standardfilename extension. On many systems that generate IFF fi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interchange_File_Format |
The term "need to know" (alternatively spelledneed-to-know), when used bygovernmentsand other organizations (particularly those related tomilitary[1]orintelligence[2]), describes the restriction of data which is considered veryconfidentialandsensitive. Under need-to-know restrictions, even if one has all the necessary ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Need_to_know |
Theexport of cryptographyis the transfer from one country to another of devices and technology related tocryptography.
In the early days of theCold War, the United States and its allies developed an elaborate series of export control regulations designed to prevent a wide range of Western technology from falling into ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Export_of_cryptography |
Inalgebraic geometry, auniversal homeomorphismis amorphism of schemesf:X→Y{\displaystyle f:X\to Y}such that, for each morphismY′→Y{\displaystyle Y'\to Y}, the base changeX×YY′→Y′{\displaystyle X\times _{Y}Y'\to Y'}is ahomeomorphismof topological spaces.
A morphism of schemes is a universal homeomorphism if and only if... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_homeomorphism |
The followingoutlineis provided as an overview of and topical guide to natural-language processing:
natural-language processing– computer activity in which computers are entailed toanalyze, understand,alter, or generatenatural language. This includes theautomationof any or all linguistic forms, activities, or methods... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_natural_language_processing |
This is an index to notableprogramming languages, in current or historical use. Dialects ofBASIC(which havetheir own page),esoteric programming languages, andmarkup languagesare not included. A programming language does not need to beimperativeorTuring-complete, but must beexecutableand so does not includemarkup langua... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_programming_languages |
Human physical appearanceis the outwardphenotypeor look of human beings.
There are functionally infinite variations in human phenotypes, though society reduces the variability to distinct categories. The physical appearance of humans, in particular those attributes which are regarded as important forphysical attractiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_appearance |
AnIrish bullis a ludicrous, incongruent orlogicallyabsurd statement, generally unrecognized as such by its author. The inclusion of the epithetIrishis a late addition.[1]
John Pentland Mahaffy, Provost of Trinity College, Dublin, observed, "an Irish bull is always pregnant", i.e. with truthful meaning.[2]The "father" ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_bull |
Efferent couplingis acouplingmetricinsoftware development. It measures the number ofdata typesaclassknows about.
This includesinheritance, interface implementation, parameter types, variable types, andexceptions.
This has also been referred to byRobert C. Martinas the Fan-out stability metric which in his book Clean ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efferent_coupling |
This is alist oftransformsinmathematics.
These transforms have a continuous frequency domain: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_transforms |
Thetimeline of historic inventionsis a chronological list of particularly significant technologicalinventionsand theirinventors, where known.[a]This page lists nonincremental inventions that are widely recognized by reliable sources as having had a direct impact on the course of history that was profound, global, and e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_historic_inventions |
TheCircuit Value Problem(or Circuit Evaluation Problem) is the computational problem of computing the output of a givenBoolean circuiton a given input.
The problem is complete forPunder uniformAC0reductions. Note that, in terms oftime complexity, it can be solved inlinear timesimply by atopological sort.
TheBoolean F... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_Value_Problem |
Responsive computer-aided design(also simplified toresponsive design) is an approach tocomputer-aided design(CAD) that utilizes real-worldsensorsand data to modify a three-dimensional (3D) computer model. The concept is related tocyber-physical systemsthrough blurring of the virtual and physical worlds, however, applie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsive_computer-aided_design |
Thedelegate model of representationis a model of arepresentative democracy. In this model,constituentselect their representatives as delegates for theirconstituency. These delegates act only as a mouthpiece for the wishes of their constituency/state and have noautonomyfrom the constituency only the autonomy to vote for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delegate_model_of_representation |
Concept miningis an activity that results in the extraction ofconceptsfromartifacts. Solutions to the task typically involve aspects ofartificial intelligenceandstatistics, such asdata miningandtext mining.[1][2]Because artifacts are typically a loosely structured sequence of words and other symbols (rather than concep... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_mining |
Upper and lower probabilitiesare representations ofimprecise probability. Whereasprobability theoryuses a single number, theprobability, to describe how likely an event is to occur, this method uses two numbers: the upper probability of the event and the lower probability of the event.
Becausefrequentist statisticsdis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_and_lower_probabilities |
Incomputing,dataflowis a broad concept, which has various meanings depending on the application and context. In the context ofsoftware architecture, data flow relates tostream processingorreactive programming.
Dataflow computingis a software paradigm based on the idea of representing computations as adirected graph, w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_flow |
Insoftware engineeringanddevelopment, asoftware metricis a standard of measure of a degree to which asoftware systemor process possesses some property.[1][2]Even if a metric is not a measurement (metrics are functions, while measurements are the numbers obtained by the application of metrics), often the two terms are u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_metric |
Frequent pattern discovery(orFP discovery,FP mining, orFrequent itemset mining) is part ofknowledge discovery in databases,Massive Online Analysis, anddata mining; it describes the task of finding the most frequent and relevantpatternsin large datasets.[1][2]The concept was first introduced for mining transaction datab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequent_pattern_mining |
Inmathematicsandlogic, the term "uniqueness" refers to the property of being the one and only object satisfying a certain condition.[1]This sort ofquantificationis known asuniqueness quantificationorunique existential quantification, and is often denoted with the symbols "∃!"[2]or "∃=1". It is defined to meanthere exis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniqueness_quantifier |
In mathematics, for example in the study of statistical properties ofgraphs, anull modelis a type of random object that matches one specific object in some of its features, or more generally satisfies a collection of constraints, but which is otherwise taken to be an unbiasedly random structure. The null model is used ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_model |
Inmathematics,Grothendieck's six operations, named afterAlexander Grothendieck, is a formalism inhomological algebra, also known as thesix-functor formalism.[1]It originally sprang from the relations inétale cohomologythat arise from amorphismofschemesf:X→Y. The basic insight was that many of the elementary facts rela... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_operations |
Inmathematics, therotation numberis aninvariantofhomeomorphismsof thecircle.
It was first defined byHenri Poincaréin 1885, in relation to theprecessionof theperihelionof aplanetary orbit. Poincaré later proved a theorem characterizing the existence ofperiodic orbitsin terms ofrationalityof the rotation number.
Suppos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_number |
Reputation capitalis thequantitativemeasure of some entity's reputational value in some context – acommunityormarketplace.[citation needed]In the world ofWeb 2.0, what is increasingly valuable is trying to measure the effects ofcollaborationand contribution to community.[citation needed]Reputation capital is often seen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reputation_capital |
AnXML transformation languageis aprogramming languagedesigned specifically to transform aninputXMLdocument into anoutputdocument which satisfies some specific goal.
There are two special cases of transformation:
AsXML to XMLtransformation outputs an XML document,XML to XMLtransformation chains formXML pipelines.
The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML_transformation_language |
Avigesimal(/vɪˈdʒɛsɪməl/vij-ESS-im-əl) orbase-20(base-score) numeral system is based ontwenty(in the same way in which thedecimal numeral systemis based onten).Vigesimalis derived from the Latin adjectivevicesimus, meaning 'twentieth'.
In a vigesimalplacesystem, twenty individual numerals (or digit symbols) are used, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigesimal |
Insoftware testing,monkey testingis a technique where the user tests the application or system by providingrandominputs and checking the behavior, or seeing whether the application or system will crash. Monkey testing is usually implemented as random, automatedunit tests.
While the source of the name "monkey" is uncer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey_testing |
Thecomplex wavelet transform(CWT) is acomplex-valuedextension to the standarddiscrete wavelet transform(DWT). It is a two-dimensionalwavelettransform which providesmultiresolution, sparse representation, and useful characterization of the structure of an image. Further, it purveys a high degree of shift-invariance in i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_wavelet_transform |
Thesuffixologyis commonly used in the English language to denote a field of study. Theologyending is a combination of the letteropluslogyin which the letterois used as aninterconsonantalletter which, forphonologicalreasons, precedes themorphemesuffixlogy.[1]Logyis asuffixin the English language, used with words origina... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_words_ending_in_ology |
Areverse connectionis usually used to bypassfirewallrestrictions onopen ports.[1]A firewall usually blocks incoming connections on closed ports,
but does not block outgoingtraffic. In a normal forward connection, aclientconnects to aserverthrough the server'sopen port,
but in the case of a reverse connection, the cli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_connection |
Inmathematics,Nevanlinna's criterionincomplex analysis, proved in 1920 by the Finnish mathematicianRolf Nevanlinna, characterizesholomorphicunivalent functionson theunit diskwhich arestarlike. Nevanlinna used this criterion to prove theBieberbach conjecturefor starlike univalent functions.
A univalent functionhon the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevanlinna%27s_criterion |
Incomputational complexity, problems that are in thecomplexity classNPbut are neither in the classPnorNP-completeare calledNP-intermediate, and the class of such problems is calledNPI.Ladner's theorem, shown in 1975 byRichard E. Ladner,[1]is a result asserting that, ifP ≠ NP, then NPI is not empty; that is, NP contains... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladner%27s_theorem |
Incontrol theory, thecoefficient diagram method(CDM) is analgebraicapproach applied to apolynomialloop in theparameter space. A special diagram called a "coefficient diagram" is used as the vehicle to carry the necessary information and as the criterion of good design.[1]The performance of the closed-loop system is mon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient_diagram_method |
Agraph reduction machineis a special-purposecomputerbuilt to performcombinatorcalculations bygraph reduction.
Examples include the SKIM ("S-K-I machine") computer, built at theUniversity of Cambridge Computer Laboratory,[1]the multiprocessor GRIP ("Graph Reduction In Parallel") computer, built atUniversity College Lon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_reduction_machine |
Contrastive Hebbian learningis a biologically plausible form ofHebbian learning.
It is based on the contrastive divergence algorithm, which has been used to train a variety of energy-based latent variable models.[1]
In 2003, contrastive Hebbian learning was shown to be equivalent in power to thebackpropagationalgorit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrastive_Hebbian_learning |
Theunary numeral systemis the simplest numeral system to representnatural numbers:[1]to represent a numberN, a symbol representing 1 is repeatedNtimes.[2]
In the unary system, the number0(zero) is represented by theempty string, that is, the absence of a symbol. Numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ... are represented in unary a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unary_numeral_system |
"Out of left field" (also "out in left field", and simply "left field" or "leftfield") is American slang meaning "unexpected", "odd" or "strange".
InSafire's Political Dictionary, columnistWilliam Safirewrites that the phrase "out of left field" means "out of the ordinary, out of touch, far out."[1]The variation "out ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_left_field |
Build automationis the practice ofbuildingsoftware systems in a relatively unattended fashion. The build is configured to run with minimized or nosoftware developerinteraction and without using a developer's personal computer. Build automation encompasses the act of configuring thebuild systemas well the resulting syst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Build_automation |
Inprobability theory, thePalm–Khintchine theorem, the work ofConny PalmandAleksandr Khinchin, expresses that a large number ofrenewal processes, not necessarilyPoissonian, when combined ("superimposed") will have Poissonian properties.[1]
It is used to generalise the behaviour of users or clients inqueuing theory. It ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm%E2%80%93Khintchine_theorem |
Line fittingis the process of constructing astraight linethat has the best fit to a series of data points.
Several methods exist, considering: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_fitting |
Intelecommunications, the(digital) cliff effectorbrick-wall effectis a sudden loss ofdigitalsignal reception. Unlikeanalog signals, which gradually fade whensignal strengthdecreases orelectromagnetic interferenceormultipathincreases, a digital signal provides data which is either perfect or non-existent at thereceiving... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_effect |
Inlinguistics, amarkeris a free or boundmorphemethat indicates thegrammatical functionof the marked word, phrase, or sentence. Most characteristically, markers occur ascliticsorinflectionalaffixes. Inanalytic languagesandagglutinative languages, markers are generally easily distinguished. Infusional languagesandpolysyn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marker_(linguistics) |
SBMV Protocolis an advanced encryptedtelemetrythat uses short-burst, multi-version technology.[1]
Telemetrytechnology enables “the remote measurement and reporting of information”.
Telemetry is also a “highly automated communications process by which measurements are made and other data collected at remote or inaccess... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SBMV_Protocol |
Inpolitics, alitmus testis a question asked of a potentialcandidatefor high office, the answer to which would determine whether the nominating official would proceed with the appointment ornomination. The expression is ametaphorbased on thelitmus testin chemistry, in which one is able to test the generalacidityof a sub... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litmus_test_(politics) |
In the distribution andlogisticsof many types of products,track and traceortracking and tracingconcerns a process of determining the current and past locations (and other information) of a unique item or property.Mass serializationis the process that manufacturers go through to assign and mark each of their products wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_trace |
Ingraph theory, a part of mathematics, ak-partite graphis agraphwhoseverticesare (or can be)partitionedintokdifferentindependent sets. Equivalently, it is a graph that can becoloredwithkcolors, so that no two endpoints of an edge have the same color. Whenk= 2these are thebipartite graphs, and whenk= 3they are called th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipartite_graph |
Virus Bulletinis a magazine about the prevention, detection and removal ofmalwareandspam. It regularly features analyses of the latestvirusthreats, articles exploring new developments in the fight against viruses, interviews with anti-virus experts, and evaluations of currentanti-malwareproducts.
Virus Bulletinwas fou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_Bulletin |
Psychographic filteringis located within a branch ofcollaborative filtering(user-based) which anticipatespreferencesbased upon information received from astatistical survey, aquestionnaire, or other forms ofsocial research.[1]The termPsychographicis derived from Psychography which is the study of associating and classi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychographic_filtering |
Adisk editoris acomputer programthat allows its user to read, edit, and write raw data (atcharacterorhexadecimal,byte-levels) on disk drives (e.g.,hard disks,USB flash disksorremovable mediasuch as afloppy disks); as such, they are sometimes calledsector editors,since the read/write routines built into the electronics ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_editor |
Radical trustis the confidence that any structuredorganization, such as agovernment,library,business,religion,[1]ormuseum, has in collaboration and empowerment withinonline communities. Specifically, it pertains to the use ofblogs,wikiandonline social networkingplatforms by organizations to cultivate relationships with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_trust |
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