url stringlengths 11 2.25k | text stringlengths 88 50k | ts timestamp[s]date 2026-01-13 08:47:33 2026-01-13 09:30:40 |
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https://topenddevs.com/podcasts/adventures-in-machine-learning/episodes/data-visualization-and-hugging-face-ml-131 | Data Visualization and Hugging Face - ML 131 - Adventures in Machine Learning - Top End Devs Top End Devs Home Podcasts Screencasts Courses Blogs Summits Meetups search-modal#open" aria-label="Search"> Sign In Sign Up search-modal#close"> Search search-modal#close"> search-modal#search" data-turbo-frame="search-results" data-turbo="true" class="space-y-4" action="/search" method="get"> Content Type All Episodes Podcasts Screencasts Lessons Courses Blog Authors Meetups Use semantic search (recommended) Search Trending Now What’s New in React 19.2: Compiler, Activity, and the Future of Async React - JSJ 670 JavaScript Jabber Can You Really Trust AI-Generated Code? - JSJ 699 JavaScript Jabber Autogenetic AI Agents and the Future of Ruby Development - RUBY 682 Ruby Rogues Popular Searches search-modal#fillSearch" data-search-term="podcast"> Podcast search-modal#fillSearch" data-search-term="episode"> Episode search-modal#fillSearch" data-search-term="author"> Author search-modal#fillSearch" data-search-term="meetup"> Meetup search-modal#fillSearch" data-search-term="series"> Series Back to Adventures in Machine Learning RSS Feed Spotify Apple Podcasts YouTube Amazon Music Data Visualization and Hugging Face - ML 131 Published: November 02, 2023 Download Data Visualization and Hugging Face - ML 131 0:00 audio-player#clickProgressBar touchstart->audio-player#clickProgressBar touchmove->audio-player#clickProgressBar" data-audio-player-target="progressBar"> 0:00 audio-player#skipBackward"> audio-player#togglePlayPause" data-audio-player-target="playPauseButton"> audio-player#skipForward"> audio-player#changeVolume" type="range" min="0" max="1" step="0.01" value="1" /> Playback Speed: audio-player#changePlaybackSpeed"> 0.5x 0.75x 1x 1.25x 1.5x 2x Created by: Ben Wilson • Michael Berk Show Notes In today's episode, we chat with Sylvain Lesage from Hugging Face, a specialist in data visualization and software engineering. Dive in to discover insights about Hugging Face's software engineering environment, invaluable data visualization techniques, and more! Sponsors Zilliz , who makes a vector database for the enterprise Chuck's Resume Template Developer Book Club starting Become a Top 1% Dev with a Top End Devs Membership Socials LinkedIn: Sylvain Lesage © 2026 2022 Intentional Excellence Productions, LLC. All rights reserved. | 2026-01-13T08:48:38 |
https://docs.sui.io/guides/developer/advanced | Advanced Topics | Sui Documentation Skip to main content Sui Documentation Guides Concepts Standards References Search Overview Getting Started Install Sui Install from Source Install from Binaries Configure a Sui Client Create a Sui Address Get SUI from Faucet Hello, World! Connect a Frontend Next Steps Sui Essentials Objects Packages Currencies and Tokens NFTs Cryptography Nautilus Advanced Migrating to Move 2024 Custom Indexer On-Chain Randomness Querying Sui RPC with GraphQL Object-Based Local Fee Markets App Examples Dev Cheat Sheet Operator Guides SuiPlay0X1 🗳️ Book Office Hours → 💬 Join Discord → Advanced Advanced Topics Information in the Advanced Topics section covers coding practices, useful features, and other developer-focused considerations that might arise as you continue your development journey on Sui. The topics in this section aren't necessarily more difficult than other topics, but they include subjects you might not encounter or need to consider until you're developing more advanced solutions on the Sui network. Migrating to Move 2024 New features are becoming available to Move in 2024. These features are opt-in, so existing code will continue to function as expected. If you want to use these features in code you've already written, however, there are some steps you must take and breaking changes to be aware of to migrate to Move 2024. Custom Indexer Establishing a custom indexer helps improve latency, allows pruning the data of your Sui full node, and provides efficient assemblage of checkpoint data. On-Chain Randomness Randomness is a valuable tool to simulate chance on chain, but can also expose flaws in your logic. Understanding the vulnerabilities and accounting for them can mitigate the threat exposure for your smart contracts. Querying Sui RPC with GraphQL Introductory guide to making queries of the Sui RPC using the GraphQL service. Object-Based Local Fee Markets Object-based local fee markets limit the rate of transactions writing to a single shared object, preventing the network from becoming overloaded with checkpoints that take too long to execute. Edit this page Next Migrating to Move 2024 © 2026 Sui Foundation | Documentation distributed under CC BY 4.0 | 2026-01-13T08:48:38 |
https://legal.x.com/purchaser-terms#premium-business-and-premium-organizations | X Purchaser Terms of Service X Purchaser Terms of Service Download X Purchaser Terms of Service Terms for Paid Services X Premium Additional Terms Subscriptions Additional Terms Download X Purchaser Terms of Service X Purchaser Terms of Service goglobalwithtwitterbanner Terms for Paid Services X Premium Additional Terms Creator Subscriptions Additional Terms Premium Business and Premium Organizations Additional Terms Terms for Paid Services X Premium Additional Terms Creator Subscriptions Additional Terms Premium Business and Premium Organizations Additional Terms X Purchaser Terms of Service Effective: August 1, 2025 If you live outside the European Union, EFTA States, or the United Kingdom, including if you live in the United States, the following X Purchaser Terms of Service apply to you. If you live in the European Union, EFTA States, or the United Kingdom, these X Purchaser Terms of Service apply to you. X Purchaser Terms of Service If you live outside the European Union, EFTA States, or the United Kingdom, including if you live in the United States X allows you to access certain features in exchange for payment of a one-time or recurring fee, as applicable to the relevant features (each a “ Paid Service ” and collectively the " Paid Services "). For example, X Premium (as defined below) and Subscriptions would each be considered a “Paid Service.” To the extent that you sign up for and/or use a Paid Service, your use of the Paid Services and any corresponding transactions are subject to: (i) the terms and conditions set forth herein, including the applicable terms and conditions for each Paid Service you purchase, each as listed below (collectively, the “ X Purchaser Terms of Service ”), and (ii) the applicable X Terms of Service , X Privacy Policy , X Rules and Policies , and all policies incorporated therein (collectively, the “ X User Agreement ”). This X Purchaser Terms of Service and the aforementioned X User Agreement shall be collectively referred to in this document as the “ Terms ”. “ X ” refers to the X entity that provides the Paid Services to you. Please read these X Purchaser Terms of Service carefully to make sure you understand the applicable terms, conditions and exceptions. IF YOU LIVE IN THE UNITED STATES, THESE TERMS CONTAIN IMPORTANT INFORMATION THAT APPLY TO YOU ABOUT RESOLUTION OF DISPUTES, INCLUDING A WAIVER OF YOUR RIGHT TO BRING CLAIMS AS CLASS ACTIONS, AND A LIMITATION ON YOUR RIGHT TO BRING CLAIMS AGAINST X MORE THAN 2 YEARS AFTER THE RELEVANT EVENTS OCCURRED, WHICH IMPACT YOUR RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS IF ANY DISPUTE WITH X ARISES. SEE SECTION 6 UNDER GENERAL TERMS FOR DETAILS ON THESE PROVISIONS. Acceptance . By using or accessing a Paid Service(s) from X, submitting payment thereunder and/or clicking on a button to make a one-time purchase or recurring subscription payments for the Paid Service provided by X, you agree to be bound by the Terms. If you do not understand the Terms, or do not accept any part of them, then you may not use or access any Paid Services. To purchase and use a Paid Service you must: (i) be at least 18 years old or the age of majority as determined by the laws of the jurisdiction in which you live or (ii) have the express consent of your parent or guardian to purchase and use that Paid Service. If you are a parent or legal guardian and you allow your child (or a child that you are a guardian of) to purchase or use a Paid Service, you agree that the Terms apply to you, that you will abide by the Terms, and that you are responsible for the child’s activity on the Paid Services and for ensuring that the child also abides by the Terms. In any case, as stated in the Who May Use the Services section of the X Terms of Service, you must be at least 13 years old to use the X Service. If you are accepting these X Purchaser Terms of Service and using the Paid Services on behalf of a company, organization, government, or other legal entity, you represent and warrant that you are authorized to do so and have the authority to bind such entity to these X Purchaser Terms of Service, in which case the words “you” and “your” as used in these X Purchaser Terms of Service shall refer to such entity. X Contracting Entity . You enter into these X Purchaser Terms of Service with the entity that corresponds to where you live, as listed below. This entity will provide the Paid Services to you. No other entity is bound to any obligations to you under these Purchaser Terms of Service. Your Location The continents of North America (including Hawaii) or South America Contracting Entity X Corp., with an office located at 865 FM 1209, Building 2, Bastrop, TX 78602, USA Your Location Any country not covered by the above two locations, including the Asia-Pacific region, Middle East, Africa or Europe (excluding EU countries, EFTA States and the United Kingdom) Contracting Entity X Global LLC, with its registered office at 701 S. Carson St., Suite 200, Carson City, NV 89701, USA Changes to Terms, Paid Services and Pricing 1. Changes to Terms. X may revise these X Purchaser Terms of Service from time to time, including for any business, financial, or legal reasons. The changes will not be retroactive, and the most current version of the X Purchaser Terms of Service, available at legal.x.com/purchaser-terms , will govern your use of Paid Services and any corresponding transactions. If we modify or revise these Terms after you have agreed to them (for example, if these terms are modified after you have purchased a subscription), we will notify you in advance of material revisions to these terms. Such notification may be provided electronically, including (and without limitation to) via a service notification or an email to the email address associated with your account. By continuing to access or use the Paid Services after those revisions become effective, you agree to be bound by the revised X Purchaser Terms of Service. If you do not agree to abide by these or any future X Purchaser Terms of Service, do not use or access (or continue to use or access) the Paid Services. The X Purchaser Terms of Service are written in English but are made available in multiple languages through translations. X strives to make the translations as accurate as possible to the original English version. However, in case of any discrepancies or inconsistencies, the English language version of the X Purchaser Terms of Service shall take precedence. You acknowledge that English shall be the language of reference for interpreting and constructing the terms of the X Purchaser Terms of Service. 2. Changes to Paid Services. Our Paid Services evolve constantly. As such, the Paid Services may change from time to time, at our discretion, including for any business, financial, or legal reasons. We may stop (permanently or temporarily) providing the Paid Services or any features within the Paid Services to you or to users generally with or without notice. X is not liable to you or to any third party for any modification, suspension or discontinuance of the Paid Services. The specific terms and conditions (included below) for the specific Paid Service specify how you can cancel a subscription or, when applicable, seek a refund. 3. Changes to Pricing. Prices for Paid Services, including recurring subscription fees, are subject to change from time to time, including for any business, financial, or legal reasons. X will provide reasonable advance notice of any material change to the price of Paid Services. For subscription services, price changes will take effect at the start of the next subscription period following the date of the price change. If you do not agree with a price change, you have the right to reject the change by cancelling your subscription to the applicable Paid Service prior to the price change going into effect. Payment Terms . X offers various payment options that may vary by Paid Service, your device and/or operating system, your geographic location, or other factors. To the extent available (as X may make various purchase methods available from time to time), these payment options may include the ability to use “In app payment” functionality offered by Google or Apple, or to make a web payment using X's third party payment processor, Stripe ( www.stripe.com - hereafter “ Stripe ”). When you make a payment, you explicitly agree: (i) to pay the price listed for the Paid Service, along with any additional amounts relating to applicable taxes, credit card fees, bank fees, foreign transaction fees, foreign exchange fees, and currency fluctuations; and (ii) to abide by any relevant terms of service, privacy policies, or other legal agreements or restrictions (including additional age restrictions) imposed by Google, Apple, or Stripe (as X's third party payment processor) in connection with your use of a given payment method (for example only, if you choose to make your payment via Apple’s in-app purchasing functionality, you agree to abide by any relevant terms, requirements, and/or restrictions imposed by Apple). Any private personal data that you provide in connection with your use of the Paid Services including, without limitation, any data provided in connection with payment, will be processed in accordance with the X Privacy Policy. X may share your payment information with payment services providers to process payments; prevent, detect, and investigate fraud or other prohibited activities; facilitate dispute resolution such as chargebacks or refunds; and for other purposes associated with the acceptance of credit cards, debit cards, or ACH. It is your responsibility to make sure your banking, credit card, debit card, and/or other payment information is up to date, complete and accurate at all times. If you make a payment for a Paid Service, we may receive information about your transaction such as when it was made, when a subscription is set to expire or auto- renew, what platform you made the purchase on, and other information. X will not be responsible or liable for any errors made or delays by a payment processor, Apple’s App Store or the Google Play Store, your bank, your credit card company, and/or any payment network. Please refer to each specific Paid Service Terms and Conditions below for payment terms applicable to that specific Paid Service, including how subscription renewals are handled and other important terms. Application of X User Agreement, Termination, No Refunds, Multiple X Accounts, and Restrictions 1. The X User Agreement Applies to You . YOU MUST ALWAYS FOLLOW AND COMPLY WITH THE X USER AGREEMENT. The X User Agreement always applies to your use of the X Service, including the Paid Services and features. Your failure to follow and comply with the X User Agreement, or X's belief that you have failed to follow and comply with the X User Agreement, may result in the cancellation of your Paid Services. Any such cancellation will be in addition to, and without limitation of, any enforcement action that X may take against you pursuant to the X User Agreement. In such instances you may lose the benefits of your Paid Services and you will not be eligible for a refund for any amounts you have paid (or pre-paid) for Paid Services. 2. Why X Might Terminate Your Access to Paid Services. X may suspend or terminate your access to Paid Service(s), cease providing you with all or part of the Paid Services, or take any other action it deems appropriate, including, for example, suspend your account, (without any liability) at any time for any or no reason, including, but not limited to any of the following reasons: a. X believes, in its sole discretion, that you have violated the Terms or your use of the Paid Service(s) would violate any applicable laws; b. X is requested or directed to do so by any competent court of law, regulatory authority, or law enforcement agency; c. X has unexpected technical or security issues; d. X believes, in its sole discretion, you have violated the X User Agreement; e. X believes, in its sole discretion, you are engaging in manipulation or other disruptive or prohibited conduct generally or in connection with the Paid Services; f. You create risk or possible legal exposure for X; g. Your account should be removed due to unlawful conduct; h. Your account should be removed due to prolonged inactivity; or i. Our provision of the Paid Services (in whole or in part) to you is no longer commercially viable (in X's sole discretion). 3. All Transactions Are Final. All payments for Paid Services are final and not refundable or exchangeable, except as required by applicable law. We make no guarantee as to the nature, quality, or value of a Paid Service or the availability or supply thereof. Refunds or credits are not provided for any unused or partially used Paid Service (for example, a partially used subscription period). 4. Paid Services Are Non-Transferable between X Accounts. Each purchase of a Paid Service applies to a single X account, meaning that your purchase will apply solely to the account you were using when you purchased the Paid Service and will not apply to other accounts that you may have access to, or control over. If you have or control multiple accounts and you want access to Paid Services on each account, you must purchase the Paid Service on each account individually. 5. Restrictions and Obligations. a. You may only purchase and use a Paid Service if you are legally allowed to use the Paid Service in your country and you live in a country supported by X for the applicable Paid Service. X may, in its discretion, restrict the ability to access or purchase a Paid Service in certain countries. X reserves the right to modify the list of supported countries from time to time. b. We reserve the right to refuse Paid Services transactions or to cancel or discontinue the sale or use of a Paid Service in our sole discretion. c. You may not allow others to use your X account to access any Paid Service that such person did not order. d. You may not purchase or use a Paid Service if you are a person with whom U.S. persons are not permitted to have dealings pursuant to economic sanctions, including, without limitation, sanctions administered by the United States Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control or any other applicable sanctions authority (" Prohibited Person "). This includes, without limitation, persons located in, or ordinarily resident in, the following countries and regions: Cuba, Iran, the Ukraine regions of Crimea, North Korea and Syria. You represent and warrant that you are not a Prohibited Person. e. YOU REPRESENT THAT YOU WILL USE THE PAID SERVICES ONLY FOR LAWFUL PURPOSES AND ONLY IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE TERMS. Taxes and fees . You are responsible for and agree to pay any applicable taxes, duties, tariffs, and fees related to the purchase of Paid Services, including those required to be paid to either X or a third-party payment processor. These taxes may include, but are not limited to, VAT, GST, sales tax, withholding tax, and any other applicable taxes. Depending on your location, X may be responsible for collecting and reporting information related to transaction taxes arising from your purchase of Paid Services. You grant X permission to provide your account and personal information to relevant tax authorities to fulfill our tax collection and reporting obligations. General Terms 1. Contact Information. If you have any questions about the Paid Services or these Terms, you can check out the X Paid Services Help Center for more details. If you’ve already purchased a Paid Service, you can also contact us via the support link available in the navigation menu of your X account under the payment or subscription settings. If you have additional questions, then you can contact us here by using the “Help with paid features” form. 2. DISCLAIMERS. TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, YOUR ACCESS TO AND USE OF THE PAID SERVICES IS AT YOUR OWN RISK. YOU UNDERSTAND AND AGREE THAT THE PAID SERVICES ARE PROVIDED TO YOU ON AN “AS IS” AND “AS AVAILABLE” BASIS. X DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES AND CONDITIONS, WHETHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR NON-INFRINGEMENT. X MAKES NO WARRANTY OR REPRESENTATION AND DISCLAIMS ALL RESPONSIBILITY AND LIABILITY FOR: (I) THE COMPLETENESS, ACCURACY, AVAILABILITY, TIMELINESS, SECURITY OR RELIABILITY OF THE PAID SERVICES; AND (II) WHETHER THE PAID SERVICES WILL MEET YOUR REQUIREMENTS OR BE AVAILABLE ON AN UNINTERRUPTED, SECURE, OR ERROR-FREE BASIS. YOU ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR YOUR USE OF THE X SERVICE, INCLUDING THE PAID SERVICES, AND ANY CONTENT YOU PROVIDE. 3. LIMITATION OF LIABILITY. TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, THE X ENTITIES SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL OR PUNITIVE DAMAGES, OR ANY LOSS OF PROFITS OR REVENUES, WHETHER INCURRED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY, OR ANY LOSS OF DATA, USE, GOODWILL, OR OTHER INTANGIBLE LOSSES, RESULTING FROM (i) YOUR ACCESS TO OR USE OF OR INABILITY TO ACCESS OR USE THE PAID SERVICES; (ii) ANY CONDUCT OR CONTENT OF ANY THIRD PARTY POSTED THROUGH THE PAID SERVICES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY DEFAMATORY, OFFENSIVE OR ILLEGAL CONDUCT OF OTHER USERS OR THIRD PARTIES; (iii) ANY CONTENT OBTAINED FROM THE PAID SERVICES; OR (iv) UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS, USE OR ALTERATION OF YOUR TRANSMISSIONS OR CONTENT. FOR THE AVOIDANCE OF DOUBT, THE DEFINITION OF PAID SERVICES IS LIMITED TO THE FEATURES OFFERED BY X AND DOES NOT INCLUDE ANY CONTENT YOU ACCESS AND/OR INTERACT WITH IN USING THOSE FEATURES. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AGGREGATE LIABILITY OF THE X ENTITIES EXCEED THE GREATER OF ONE HUNDRED U.S. DOLLARS (U.S. $100.00) OR THE AMOUNT YOU PAID X, IF ANY, IN THE PAST SIX MONTHS FOR THE PAID SERVICES GIVING RISE TO THE CLAIM. THE LIMITATIONS OF THIS SUBSECTION SHALL APPLY TO ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER BASED ON WARRANTY, CONTRACT, STATUTE, TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE, AND WHETHER OR NOT THE X ENTITIES HAVE BEEN INFORMED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF ANY SUCH DAMAGE, AND EVEN IF A REMEDY SET FORTH HEREIN IS FOUND TO HAVE FAILED OF ITS ESSENTIAL PURPOSE. THE “X ENTITIES” REFERS TO X, ITS PARENTS, AFFILIATES, RELATED COMPANIES, OFFICERS, DIRECTORS, EMPLOYEES, AGENTS, REPRESENTATIVES, PARTNERS, AND LICENSORS. APPLICABLE LAW IN YOUR JURISDICTION MAY NOT ALLOW FOR CERTAIN LIMITATIONS OF LIABILITY. TO THE EXTENT REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW IN YOUR JURISDICTION, THE ABOVE DOES NOT LIMIT THE X ENTITIES’ LIABILITY FOR FRAUD, FRAUDULENT MISREPRESENTATION, DEATH OR PERSONAL INJURY CAUSED BY OUR NEGLIGENCE, GROSS NEGLIGENCE, AND/OR INTENTIONAL CONDUCT. TO THE FULLEST EXTENT ALLOWED UNDER APPLICABLE LAW, THE X ENTITIES’ MAXIMUM AGGREGATE LIABILITY FOR ANY NON-EXCLUDABLE WARRANTIES IS LIMITED TO ONE HUNDRED US DOLLARS (US$100.00). 4. Notice Regarding Apple. To the extent that you purchased the Paid Services or are using or accessing the Paid Services on an iOS device, you further acknowledge and agree to the terms of this Section. You acknowledge that the Terms are between you and us only, not with Apple, and Apple is not responsible for the Paid Services and the content thereof. Apple has no obligation whatsoever to furnish any maintenance and support service with respect to the Paid Services. In the event of any failure of the Paid Services to conform to any applicable warranty, then you may notify Apple and Apple will refund any applicable purchase price for the Paid Services to you; and, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, Apple has no other warranty obligation whatsoever with respect to the Paid Services. Apple is not responsible for addressing any claims by you or any third-party relating to the Paid Services or your possession and/or use of the Paid Services, including, but not limited to: (i) product liability claims; (ii) any claim that the Paid Services fail to conform to any applicable legal or regulatory requirement; and (iii) claims arising under consumer protection or similar legislation. Apple is not responsible for the investigation, defense, settlement and discharge of any third-party claim that the Paid Services and/or your possession and use of the mobile application infringe that third-party’s intellectual property rights. You agree to comply with any applicable third-party terms when using the Paid Services. Apple, and Apple’s subsidiaries, are third-party beneficiaries of the Terms, and upon your acceptance of the Terms, Apple will have the right (and will be deemed to have accepted the right) to enforce the Terms against you as a third-party beneficiary of the Terms. You hereby represent and warrant that (i) you are not located in a country that is subject to a U.S. Government embargo, or that has been designated by the U.S. Government as a "terrorist supporting" country; and (ii) you are not listed on any U.S. Government list of prohibited or restricted parties. 5. Conflict. In the event of a conflict between the provisions of this X Purchaser Terms of Service and those of the X User Agreement, the provisions of this X Purchaser Terms of Service take precedence solely with respect to your use of a Paid Service. 6. DISPUTE RESOLUTION AND CLASS ACTION WAIVER a. Initial Dispute Resolution . Most disputes between you and X can be resolved informally. You may contact us by writing to Paid Support here . When you contact us, please provide a brief description of the nature and bases for your concerns, your contact information, and the specific relief you seek. The parties shall use their best efforts through this support process to settle disputes, claims, or controversies arising out of or relating to these Terms and/or your participation in the Program (individually a “ Dispute ,” or more than one, “ Disputes ”). You and we agree that good faith participation in this informal process is required and must be completed as set forth above before either party can initiate litigation regarding any Dispute, except with respect to requests for emergency injunctive relief (“ Exempted Dispute ”). If we cannot reach an agreed upon resolution with you regarding a Dispute (other than an Exempted Dispute) within a period of thirty (30) days from the time informal dispute resolution commences under the Initial Dispute Resolution provision above, then either you or we may initiate litigation. b. Choice of Law and Forum Selection . PLEASE READ THIS SECTION CAREFULLY – IT MAY SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECT YOUR LEGAL RIGHTS, INCLUDING YOUR RIGHT TO FILE A LAWSUIT IN COURT. The laws of the State of Texas, excluding its choice of law provisions, will govern these Terms and any dispute that arises between you and us, notwithstanding any other agreement between you and us to the contrary. All disputes related to these Terms, including any disputes, claims, or controversies arising out of or relating to these Terms, will be brought exclusively in the federal or state courts located in Tarrant County, Texas, United States, and you consent to personal jurisdiction in those forums and waive any objection as to inconvenient forum. Without prejudice to the foregoing, you agree that, in its sole discretion, X may bring any claim, cause of action, or dispute we have against you in any competent court in the country in which you reside that has jurisdiction and venue over the claim. If you are a federal, state, or local government entity in the United States in your official capacity and legally unable to accept the controlling law, jurisdiction or venue clauses above, then those clauses do not apply to you. For such U.S. federal government entities, this Agreement and any action related thereto will be governed by the laws of the United States of America (without reference to conflict of laws) and, in the absence of federal law and to the extent permitted under federal law, the laws of the State of Texas (excluding choice of law). c. YOU HAVE TWO YEARS TO BRING A CLAIM AGAINST X . You must bring any claim against X arising out of or related to these Terms within two (2) years after the date of the occurrence of the event or facts giving rise to the dispute, unless applicable law provides that the normal statute of limitations for that claim may not be shortened by agreement. If you do not bring a claim within this period, you forever waive the right to pursue any claim or cause of action, of any kind or character, based on such events or facts, and such claims or causes of action are permanently banned, and X will have no liability with respect to such claim. d. Class Action Waiver . To the extent permitted by law, you also waive the right to participate as a plaintiff or class member in any purported class action, collective action or representative action proceeding. X Purchaser Terms of Service If you live in the European Union, EFTA States, or the United Kingdom X allows you to access certain features in exchange for payment of a one-time or recurring fee, as applicable to the relevant features (each a “ Paid Service ” and collectively the " Paid Services "). For example, X Premium (as defined below) and Subscriptions would each be considered a “Paid Service.” To the extent that you sign up for and/or use a Paid Service, your use of the Paid Services and any corresponding transactions are subject to: (i) the terms and conditions set forth herein, including the applicable terms and conditions for each Paid Service you purchase, each as listed below (collectively, the “ X Purchaser Terms of Service ”), and (ii) the applicable X Terms of Service , X Privacy Policy , X Rules and Policies , and all policies incorporated therein (collectively, the “ X User Agreement ”). This X Purchaser Terms of Service and the aforementioned X User Agreement shall be collectively referred to in this document as the “ Terms ”. “ X ” refers to the X entity that provides the Paid Services to you. Please read these X Purchaser Terms of Service carefully to make sure you understand the applicable terms, conditions and exceptions. IF YOU LIVE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION, EFTA STATES, OR THE UNITED KINGDOM, THESE TERMS CONTAIN IMPORTANT INFORMATION THAT APPLY TO YOU ABOUT RESOLUTION OF DISPUTES, INCLUDING A WAIVER OF YOUR RIGHT TO BRING CLAIMS AS CLASS ACTIONS, AND A LIMITATION ON YOUR RIGHT TO BRING CLAIMS AGAINST X MORE THAN 1 YEAR AFTER THE RELEVANT EVENTS OCCURRED, WHICH IMPACT YOUR RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS IF ANY DISPUTE WITH X ARISES. SEE SECTION 6 UNDER GENERAL TERMS FOR DETAILS ON THESE PROVISIONS. Acceptance . By using or accessing a Paid Service(s) from X, submitting payment thereunder and/or clicking on a button to make a one-time purchase or recurring subscription payments for the Paid Service provided by X, you agree to be bound by the Terms. If you do not understand the Terms, or do not accept any part of them, then you may not use or access any Paid Services. To purchase and use a Paid Service you must: (i) be at least 18 years old or the age of majority as determined by the laws of the jurisdiction in which you live or (ii) have the express consent of your parent or guardian to purchase and use that Paid Service. If you are a parent or legal guardian and you allow your child (or a child that you are a guardian of) to purchase or use a Paid Service, you agree that the Terms apply to you, that you will abide by the Terms, and that you are responsible for the child’s activity on the Paid Services and for ensuring that the child also abides by the Terms. In any case, as stated in the Who May Use the Services section of the X Terms of Service, you must be at least 13 years old to use the X Service. If you are accepting these X Purchaser Terms of Service and using the Paid Services on behalf of a company, organization, government, or other legal entity, you represent and warrant that you are authorized to do so and have the authority to bind such entity to these X Purchaser Terms of Service, in which case the words “you” and “your” as used in these X Purchaser Terms of Service shall refer to such entity. X Contracting Entity . You enter into these X Purchaser Terms of Service with the entity that corresponds to where you live, as listed below. This entity will provide the Paid Services to you. No other entity is bound to any obligations to you under these Purchaser Terms of Service. Your Location The European Union, EFTA States, or the United Kingdom Contracting Entity X Internet Unlimited Company, with its registered office at One Cumberland Place, Fenian Street, Dublin 2, D02 AX07 Ireland Changes to Terms, Paid Services and Pricing 1. Changes to Terms. X may revise these X Purchaser Terms of Service for a valid and reasonable basis from time to time. A valid and reasonable basis may include, (i) a change in our services, for example due to technical, security-related or operational developments, (ii) the elimination of technical errors, (iii) a change in our business, for example due to policy, financial or other directional changes, (iv) a change in the legal situation, for example due to a change in the law, a request from an official agency, or a decision by a court, and (v) the optimization of the user experience through the implementation of new features. The changes will not be retroactive, and the most current version of the X Purchaser Terms of Service, available at legal.x.com/purchaser-terms , will govern your use of Paid Services and any corresponding transactions. If we modify or revise these Terms after you have agreed to them (for example, if these terms are modified after you have purchased a subscription), we undertake to notify you up to 30 days (depending on the specific changes) in advance of the entry into force of material revisions to these terms while setting a reasonable deadline for the user with respect to the changes and notifying you of the consequences of continued use after the deadline has expired. Such notification may be provided electronically, including (and without limitation to) via a service notification or an email to the email address associated with your account. In case you continue to use the Paid Services after the aforementioned deadline expires, you agree to be bound by the revised X Purchaser Terms of Service. If you do not agree to the changes to the X Purchaser Terms of Service, you will have to stop using or accessing (or continue to use or access) the Paid Services. The X Purchaser Terms of Service are written in English but are made available in multiple languages through translations. X strives to make the translations as accurate as possible to the original English version. However, in case of any discrepancies or inconsistencies, the English language version of the X Purchaser Terms of Service shall take precedence. You acknowledge that English shall be the language of reference for interpreting and constructing the terms of the X Purchaser Terms of Service. 2. Changes to Paid Services. Our Paid Services and our products and services evolve constantly. X may change the Paid Services for a reasonable and valid basis. Such a valid and reasonable basis may include (i) technical, security-related or operational developments, (ii) the elimination of technical errors, (iii) compliance with a changed legal situation, for example due to a change in the law, a request from an official agency, or a decision by a court, (iv) the optimization of the user experience through the implementation of new features, and (v) a change in our business, for example due to policy, financial circumstances or other directional changes. We will notify you of any changes to the Paid Services up to 30 days before they take effect, for example by means of a service notification or an email sent to the email address linked to your account, specifying the characteristics and effective date of the changes and informing you of your eventual right to terminate the subscription. The deadline may be shortened in the event of safety-related changes. The following shall not be considered as changes to the Paid Services within the meaning of this provision: (i) changes that affect the fundamental nature of the Paid Services and the essential characteristics of the service to be provided by X, and (ii) the permanent discontinuation of services. X is not liable to you for any modification, suspension or discontinuance of the Paid Services. Where legally required, the aforementioned limitation of liability does not apply (i) to the compensation for foreseeable damage in cases of slightly negligent breach of duties, insofar as their fulfillment is essential for the proper execution of the contract and users can rely on their fulfillment (essential contractual obligations), by X or its legal representatives or vicarious agents, and (ii) the liability of X for (a) a damage resulting from harm to life, body or health as well as for damages caused by intent or gross negligence on the part of X, its legal representatives, or vicarious agents, and (b) a damage due to non-compliance with a guarantee or warranted characteristic or as a result of a fraudulently concealed defect. The specific terms and conditions (included below) for the specific Paid Service specify how you can cancel a subscription or, when applicable, seek a refund. 3. Changes to Pricing. Prices for Paid Services, including recurring subscription fees, are subject to change from time to time due to change in the costs relating to operation, maintenance, technical provision, business considerations, and fees charged by third parties or statutory fees, at our reasonable discretion. In the event of an increase in costs, X reserves the right to adjust the prices for chargeable services. X will notify you of any price changes in writing up to 30 days before they take effect, for example by means of a service notification or an email to the email address linked to your account, stating your rights and the consequences of not exercising them. In the event of a price change, you may terminate the subscription to the applicable Paid Service or the user agreement up to 24 hours before the start of your next billing cycle, provided the cancellation is made within 30 days of receiving the notification. Otherwise, the price change will take effect at the time specified in the notification. For subscription services, price changes will take effect at the start of the next subscription period following the date of the effectiveness of the price change. Payment Terms . X offers various payment options that may vary by Paid Service, your device and/or operating system, your geographic location, or other factors. To the extent available (as X may make various purchase methods available from time to time), these payment options may include the ability to use “In app payment” functionality offered by Google or Apple, or to make a web payment using X's third party payment processor, Stripe ( www.stripe.com - hereafter “ Stripe ”). When you make a payment, you explicitly agree: (i) to pay the price listed for the Paid Service, along with any additional amounts relating to applicable taxes, credit card fees, bank fees, foreign transaction fees, foreign exchange fees, and currency fluctuations; and (ii) to abide by any relevant terms of service, privacy policies, or other legal agreements or restrictions (including additional age restrictions) imposed by Google, Apple, or Stripe (as X's third party payment processor) in connection with your use of a given payment method (for example only, if you choose to make your payment via Apple’s in-app purchasing functionality, you agree to abide by any relevant terms, requirements, and/or restrictions imposed by Apple). Any private personal data that you provide in connection with your use of the Paid Services including, without limitation, any data provided in connection with payment, will be processed in accordance with the X Privacy Policy. X may share your payment information with payment services providers to process payments; prevent, detect, and investigate fraud or other prohibited activities; facilitate dispute resolution such as chargebacks or refunds; and for other purposes associated with the acceptance of credit cards, debit cards, or ACH. It is your responsibility to make sure your banking, credit card, debit card, and/or other payment information is up to date, complete and accurate at all times. If you make a payment for a Paid Service, we may receive information about your transaction such as when it was made, when a subscription is set to expire or auto- renew, what platform you made the purchase on, and other information. X will not be responsible or liable for any errors made or delays by a payment processor, Apple’s App Store or the Google Play Store, your bank, your credit card company, and/or any payment network. Please refer to each specific Paid Service Terms and Conditions below for payment terms applicable to that specific Paid Service, including how subscription renewals are handled and other important terms. Application of X User Agreement, Termination, No Refunds, Multiple X Accounts, and Restrictions 1. The X User Agreement Applies to You . YOU MUST ALWAYS FOLLOW AND COMPLY WITH THE X USER AGREEMENT. The X User Agreement always applies to your use of the X Service, including the Paid Services and features. Your failure to follow and comply with the X User Agreement, or X's belief that you have failed to follow and comply with the X User Agreement, may result in the cancellation of your Paid Services. Any such cancellation will be in addition to, and without limitation of, any enforcement action that X may take against you pursuant to the X User Agreement. In such instances you may lose the benefits of your Paid Services and you will not be eligible for a refund for any amounts you have paid (or pre-paid) for Paid Services. 2. Why X Might Terminate Your Access to Paid Services. X may suspend or terminate your access to Paid Service(s), cease providing you with all or part of the Paid Services, or take any other action it deems appropriate, including, for example, suspend your account, (without any liability) at any time for any or no reason, including, but not limited to any of the following reasonable grounds: a. X believes, in its sole discretion, that you have violated the Terms or your use of the Paid Service(s) would violate any applicable laws; b. X is requested or directed to do so by any competent court of law, regulatory authority, or law enforcement agency; c. X has unexpected technical or security issues; d. X believes, in its sole reasonable discretion, you have violated the X User Agreement; e. X believes for valid reasons such as if you are engaging in manipulation, gaming, or other disruptive or prohibited conduct in connection with the Paid Services; f. You create risk or possible legal exposure for X; g. Your account should be removed due to unlawful conduct; h. Your account should be removed due to prolonged inactivity; or i. Our provision of the Paid Services (in whole or in part) to you is no longer commercially viable (in X's sole discretion). 3. All Transactions Are Final. All payments for Paid Services are final and not refundable or exchangeable, except as required by applicable law. We make no guarantee as to the nature, quality, or value of a Paid Service or the availability or supply thereof. Refunds or credits are not provided for any unused or partially used Paid Service (for example, a partially used subscription period). 4. Paid Services Are Non-Transferable between X Accounts. Each purchase of a Paid Service applies to a single X account, meaning that your purchase will apply solely to the account you were using when you purchased the Paid Service and will not apply to other accounts that you may have access to, or control over. If you have or control multiple accounts and you want access to Paid Services on each account, you must purchase the Paid Service on each account individually. 5. Restrictions and Obligations. a. You may only purchase and use a Paid Service if you are legally allowed to use the Paid Service in your country and you live in a country supported by X for the applicable Paid Service. X may, in its discretion, restrict the ability to access or purchase a Paid Service in certain countries. X reserves the right to modify the list of supported countries from time to time. b. We reserve the right to refuse Paid Services transactions or to cancel or discontinue the sale or use of a Paid Service in our sole discretion. c. You may not allow others to use your X account to access any Paid Service that such person did not order. d. You may not purchase or use a Paid Service if you are a person with whom U.S. persons are not permitted to have dealings pursuant to economic sanctions, including, without limitation, sanctions administered by the United States Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control or any other applicable sanctions authority (" Prohibited Person "). This includes, without limitation, persons located in, or ordinarily resident in, the following countries and regions: Cuba, Iran, the Ukraine regions of Crimea, North Korea and Syria. You represent and warrant that you are not a Prohibited Person. e. YOU REPRESENT THAT YOU WILL USE THE PAID SERVICES ONLY FOR LAWFUL PURPOSES AND ONLY IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE TERMS. Taxes and fees . You are responsible for and agree to pay any applicable taxes, duties, tariffs, and fees related to the purchase of Paid Services, including those required to be paid to either X or a third-party payment processor. These taxes may include, but are not limited to, VAT, GST, sales tax, withholding tax, and any other applicable taxes. Depending on your location, X may be responsible for collecting and reporting information related to transaction taxes arising from your purchase of Paid Services. You grant X permission to provide your account and personal information to relevant tax authorities to fulfill our tax collection and reporting obligations. General Terms 1. Contact Information. If you have any questions about the Paid Services or these Terms, you can check out the X Paid Services Help Center for more details. If you’ve already purchased a Paid Service, you can also contact us via the support link available in the navigation menu of your X account under the payment or subscription settings. If you have additional questions, then you can contact us here by using the “Help with paid features” form. 2. DISCLAIMERS. TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, YOUR ACCESS TO AND USE OF THE PAID SERVICES IS AT YOUR OWN RISK. YOU UNDERSTAND AND AGREE THAT THE PAID SERVICES ARE PROVIDED TO YOU ON AN “AS IS” AND “AS AVAILABLE” BASIS. X DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES AND CONDITIONS, WHETHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR NON-INFRINGEMENT. X MAKES NO WARRANTY OR REPRESENTATION AND DISCLAIMS ALL RESPONSIBILITY AND LIABILITY FOR: (I) THE COMPLETENESS, ACCURACY, AVAILABILITY, TIMELINESS, SECURITY OR RELIABILITY OF THE PAID SERVICES; AND (II) WHETHER THE PAID SERVICES WILL MEET YOUR REQUIREMENTS OR BE AVAILABLE ON AN UNINTERRUPTED, SECURE, OR ERROR-FREE BASIS. YOU ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR YOUR USE OF THE X SERVICE, INCLUDING THE PAID SERVICES, AND ANY CONTENT YOU PROVIDE. 3. LIMITATION OF LIABILITY. TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, THE X ENTITIES SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL OR PUNITIVE DAMAGES, OR ANY LOSS OF PROFITS OR REVENUES, WHETHER INCURRED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY, OR ANY LOSS OF DATA, USE, GOODWILL, OR OTHER INTANGIBLE LOSSES, RESULTING FROM (i) YOUR ACCESS TO OR USE OF OR INABILITY TO ACCESS OR USE THE PAID SERVICES; (ii) ANY CONDUCT OR CONTENT OF ANY THIRD PARTY POSTED THROUGH THE PAID SERVICES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY DEFAMATORY, OFFENSIVE OR ILLEGAL CONDUCT OF OTHER USERS OR THIRD PARTIES; (iii) ANY CONTENT OBTAINED FROM THE PAID SERVICES; OR (iv) UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS, USE OR ALTERATION OF YOUR TRANSMISSIONS OR CONTENT. FOR THE AVOIDANCE OF DOUBT, THE DEFINITION OF PAID SERVICES IS LIMITED TO THE FEATURES OFFERED BY X AND DOES NOT INCLUDE ANY CONTENT YOU ACCESS AND/OR INTERACT WITH IN USING THOSE FEATURES. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AGGREGATE LIABILITY OF THE X ENTITIES EXCEED THE GREATER OF ONE HUNDRED EUROS (€100.00) OR THE AMOUNT YOU PAID X, IF ANY, IN THE PAST SIX MONTHS FOR THE PAID SERVICES GIVING RISE TO THE CLAIM. THE LIMITATIONS OF THIS SUBSECTION SHALL APPLY TO ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER BASED ON WARRANTY, CONTRACT, STATUTE, TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE, AND WHETHER OR NOT THE X ENTITIES HAVE BEEN INFORMED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF ANY SUCH DAMAGE, AND EVEN IF A REMEDY SET FORTH HEREIN IS FOUND TO HAVE FAILED OF ITS ESSENTIAL PURPOSE. THE “X ENTITIES” REFERS TO X, ITS PARENTS, AFFILIATES, RELATED COMPANIES, OFFICERS, DIRECTORS, EMPLOYEES, AGENTS, REPRESENTATIVES, PARTNERS, AND LICENSORS. APPLICABLE LAW IN YOUR JURISDICTION MAY NOT ALLOW FOR CERTAIN LIMITATIONS OF LIABILITY. TO THE EXTENT REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW IN YOUR JURISDICTION, THE ABOVE DOES NOT LIMIT THE X ENTITIES’ LIABILITY FOR FRAUD, FRAUDULENT MISREPRESENTATION, DEATH OR PERSONAL INJURY CAUSED BY OUR NEGLIGENCE, GROSS NEGLIGENCE, AND/OR INTENTIONAL CONDUCT. TO THE FULLEST EXTENT ALLOWED UNDER APPLICABLE LAW, THE X ENTITIES’ MAXIMUM AGGREGATE LIABILITY FOR ANY NON-EXCLUDABLE WARRANTIES IS LIMITED TO ONE HUNDRED EUROS (€100.00). 4. Notice Regarding Apple. To the extent that you purchased the Paid Services or are using or accessing the Paid Services on an iOS device, you further acknowledge and agree to the terms of this Section. You acknowledge that the Terms are between you and us only, not with Apple, and Apple is not responsible for the Paid Services and the content thereof. Apple has no obligation whatsoever to furnish any maintenance and support service with respect to the Paid Services. In the event of any failure of the Paid Services to conform to any applicable warranty, then you may notify Apple and Apple will refund any applicable purchase price for the Paid Services to you; and, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, Apple has no other warranty obligation whatsoever with respect to the Paid Services. Apple is not responsible for addressing any claims by you or any third-party relating to the Paid Services or your possession and/or use of the Paid Services, including, but not limited to: (i) product liability claims; (ii) any claim that the Paid Services fail to conform to any applicable legal or regulatory requirement; and (iii) claims arising under consumer protection or similar legislation. Apple is not responsible for the investigation, defense, settlement and discharge of any third-party claim that the Paid Services and/or your possession and use of the mobile application infringe that third-party’s intellectual property rights. You agree to comply with any applicable third-party terms when using the Paid Services. Apple, and Apple’s subsidiaries, are third-party beneficiaries of the Terms, and upon your acceptance of the Terms, Apple will have the right (and will be deemed to have accepted the right) to enforce the Terms against you as a third-party beneficiary of the Terms. You hereby represent and warrant that (i) you are not located in a country that is subject to a U.S. Government embargo, or that has been designated by the U.S. Government as a "terrorist supporting" country; and (ii) you are not listed on any U.S. Government list of prohibited or restricted parties. 5. Conflict. In the event of a conflict between the provisions of this X Purchaser Terms of Service and those of the X User Agreement, the provisions of this X Purchaser Terms of Service take precedence solely with respect to your use of a Paid Service. 6. DISPUTE RESOLUTION AND CLASS ACTION WAIVER a. Initial Dispute Resolution . Most disputes between you and X can be resolved informally. You may contact us by writing to Paid Support here . When you contact us, please provide a brief description of the nature and bases for your concerns, your contact information, and the specific relief you seek. The parties shall use their best efforts through this support process to settle disputes, claims, or controversies arising out of or relating to these Terms and/or your participation in the Program (individually a “ Dispute ,” or more than one, “ Disputes ”). You and we agree that good faith participation in this informal process is required and must be completed as set forth above before either party can initiate litigation regarding any Dispute, except with respect to requests for emergency injunctive relief (“ Exempted Dispute ”). If we cannot reach an agreed upon resolution with you regarding a Dispute (other than an Exempted Dispute) within a period of thirty (30) days from the time informal dispute resolution commences under the Initial Dispute Resolution provision above, then either you or we may initiate litigation. b. Choice of Law and Forum Selection . PLEASE READ THIS SECTION CAREFULLY – IT MAY SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECT YOUR LEGAL RIGHTS, INCLUDING YOUR RIGHT TO FILE A LAWSUIT IN COURT. To the extent permitted by law, all disputes related to these Terms, including any disputes, claims, or controversies arising out of or relating to these Terms will be brought exclusively before a competent court in Ireland without regard to conflict of law provisions a | 2026-01-13T08:48:38 |
http://legal.x.com/purchaser-terms | X Purchaser Terms of Service X Purchaser Terms of Service Download X Purchaser Terms of Service Terms for Paid Services X Premium Additional Terms Subscriptions Additional Terms Download X Purchaser Terms of Service X Purchaser Terms of Service goglobalwithtwitterbanner Terms for Paid Services X Premium Additional Terms Creator Subscriptions Additional Terms Premium Business and Premium Organizations Additional Terms Terms for Paid Services X Premium Additional Terms Creator Subscriptions Additional Terms Premium Business and Premium Organizations Additional Terms X Purchaser Terms of Service Effective: August 1, 2025 If you live outside the European Union, EFTA States, or the United Kingdom, including if you live in the United States, the following X Purchaser Terms of Service apply to you. If you live in the European Union, EFTA States, or the United Kingdom, these X Purchaser Terms of Service apply to you. X Purchaser Terms of Service If you live outside the European Union, EFTA States, or the United Kingdom, including if you live in the United States X allows you to access certain features in exchange for payment of a one-time or recurring fee, as applicable to the relevant features (each a “ Paid Service ” and collectively the " Paid Services "). For example, X Premium (as defined below) and Subscriptions would each be considered a “Paid Service.” To the extent that you sign up for and/or use a Paid Service, your use of the Paid Services and any corresponding transactions are subject to: (i) the terms and conditions set forth herein, including the applicable terms and conditions for each Paid Service you purchase, each as listed below (collectively, the “ X Purchaser Terms of Service ”), and (ii) the applicable X Terms of Service , X Privacy Policy , X Rules and Policies , and all policies incorporated therein (collectively, the “ X User Agreement ”). This X Purchaser Terms of Service and the aforementioned X User Agreement shall be collectively referred to in this document as the “ Terms ”. “ X ” refers to the X entity that provides the Paid Services to you. Please read these X Purchaser Terms of Service carefully to make sure you understand the applicable terms, conditions and exceptions. IF YOU LIVE IN THE UNITED STATES, THESE TERMS CONTAIN IMPORTANT INFORMATION THAT APPLY TO YOU ABOUT RESOLUTION OF DISPUTES, INCLUDING A WAIVER OF YOUR RIGHT TO BRING CLAIMS AS CLASS ACTIONS, AND A LIMITATION ON YOUR RIGHT TO BRING CLAIMS AGAINST X MORE THAN 2 YEARS AFTER THE RELEVANT EVENTS OCCURRED, WHICH IMPACT YOUR RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS IF ANY DISPUTE WITH X ARISES. SEE SECTION 6 UNDER GENERAL TERMS FOR DETAILS ON THESE PROVISIONS. Acceptance . By using or accessing a Paid Service(s) from X, submitting payment thereunder and/or clicking on a button to make a one-time purchase or recurring subscription payments for the Paid Service provided by X, you agree to be bound by the Terms. If you do not understand the Terms, or do not accept any part of them, then you may not use or access any Paid Services. To purchase and use a Paid Service you must: (i) be at least 18 years old or the age of majority as determined by the laws of the jurisdiction in which you live or (ii) have the express consent of your parent or guardian to purchase and use that Paid Service. If you are a parent or legal guardian and you allow your child (or a child that you are a guardian of) to purchase or use a Paid Service, you agree that the Terms apply to you, that you will abide by the Terms, and that you are responsible for the child’s activity on the Paid Services and for ensuring that the child also abides by the Terms. In any case, as stated in the Who May Use the Services section of the X Terms of Service, you must be at least 13 years old to use the X Service. If you are accepting these X Purchaser Terms of Service and using the Paid Services on behalf of a company, organization, government, or other legal entity, you represent and warrant that you are authorized to do so and have the authority to bind such entity to these X Purchaser Terms of Service, in which case the words “you” and “your” as used in these X Purchaser Terms of Service shall refer to such entity. X Contracting Entity . You enter into these X Purchaser Terms of Service with the entity that corresponds to where you live, as listed below. This entity will provide the Paid Services to you. No other entity is bound to any obligations to you under these Purchaser Terms of Service. Your Location The continents of North America (including Hawaii) or South America Contracting Entity X Corp., with an office located at 865 FM 1209, Building 2, Bastrop, TX 78602, USA Your Location Any country not covered by the above two locations, including the Asia-Pacific region, Middle East, Africa or Europe (excluding EU countries, EFTA States and the United Kingdom) Contracting Entity X Global LLC, with its registered office at 701 S. Carson St., Suite 200, Carson City, NV 89701, USA Changes to Terms, Paid Services and Pricing 1. Changes to Terms. X may revise these X Purchaser Terms of Service from time to time, including for any business, financial, or legal reasons. The changes will not be retroactive, and the most current version of the X Purchaser Terms of Service, available at legal.x.com/purchaser-terms , will govern your use of Paid Services and any corresponding transactions. If we modify or revise these Terms after you have agreed to them (for example, if these terms are modified after you have purchased a subscription), we will notify you in advance of material revisions to these terms. Such notification may be provided electronically, including (and without limitation to) via a service notification or an email to the email address associated with your account. By continuing to access or use the Paid Services after those revisions become effective, you agree to be bound by the revised X Purchaser Terms of Service. If you do not agree to abide by these or any future X Purchaser Terms of Service, do not use or access (or continue to use or access) the Paid Services. The X Purchaser Terms of Service are written in English but are made available in multiple languages through translations. X strives to make the translations as accurate as possible to the original English version. However, in case of any discrepancies or inconsistencies, the English language version of the X Purchaser Terms of Service shall take precedence. You acknowledge that English shall be the language of reference for interpreting and constructing the terms of the X Purchaser Terms of Service. 2. Changes to Paid Services. Our Paid Services evolve constantly. As such, the Paid Services may change from time to time, at our discretion, including for any business, financial, or legal reasons. We may stop (permanently or temporarily) providing the Paid Services or any features within the Paid Services to you or to users generally with or without notice. X is not liable to you or to any third party for any modification, suspension or discontinuance of the Paid Services. The specific terms and conditions (included below) for the specific Paid Service specify how you can cancel a subscription or, when applicable, seek a refund. 3. Changes to Pricing. Prices for Paid Services, including recurring subscription fees, are subject to change from time to time, including for any business, financial, or legal reasons. X will provide reasonable advance notice of any material change to the price of Paid Services. For subscription services, price changes will take effect at the start of the next subscription period following the date of the price change. If you do not agree with a price change, you have the right to reject the change by cancelling your subscription to the applicable Paid Service prior to the price change going into effect. Payment Terms . X offers various payment options that may vary by Paid Service, your device and/or operating system, your geographic location, or other factors. To the extent available (as X may make various purchase methods available from time to time), these payment options may include the ability to use “In app payment” functionality offered by Google or Apple, or to make a web payment using X's third party payment processor, Stripe ( www.stripe.com - hereafter “ Stripe ”). When you make a payment, you explicitly agree: (i) to pay the price listed for the Paid Service, along with any additional amounts relating to applicable taxes, credit card fees, bank fees, foreign transaction fees, foreign exchange fees, and currency fluctuations; and (ii) to abide by any relevant terms of service, privacy policies, or other legal agreements or restrictions (including additional age restrictions) imposed by Google, Apple, or Stripe (as X's third party payment processor) in connection with your use of a given payment method (for example only, if you choose to make your payment via Apple’s in-app purchasing functionality, you agree to abide by any relevant terms, requirements, and/or restrictions imposed by Apple). Any private personal data that you provide in connection with your use of the Paid Services including, without limitation, any data provided in connection with payment, will be processed in accordance with the X Privacy Policy. X may share your payment information with payment services providers to process payments; prevent, detect, and investigate fraud or other prohibited activities; facilitate dispute resolution such as chargebacks or refunds; and for other purposes associated with the acceptance of credit cards, debit cards, or ACH. It is your responsibility to make sure your banking, credit card, debit card, and/or other payment information is up to date, complete and accurate at all times. If you make a payment for a Paid Service, we may receive information about your transaction such as when it was made, when a subscription is set to expire or auto- renew, what platform you made the purchase on, and other information. X will not be responsible or liable for any errors made or delays by a payment processor, Apple’s App Store or the Google Play Store, your bank, your credit card company, and/or any payment network. Please refer to each specific Paid Service Terms and Conditions below for payment terms applicable to that specific Paid Service, including how subscription renewals are handled and other important terms. Application of X User Agreement, Termination, No Refunds, Multiple X Accounts, and Restrictions 1. The X User Agreement Applies to You . YOU MUST ALWAYS FOLLOW AND COMPLY WITH THE X USER AGREEMENT. The X User Agreement always applies to your use of the X Service, including the Paid Services and features. Your failure to follow and comply with the X User Agreement, or X's belief that you have failed to follow and comply with the X User Agreement, may result in the cancellation of your Paid Services. Any such cancellation will be in addition to, and without limitation of, any enforcement action that X may take against you pursuant to the X User Agreement. In such instances you may lose the benefits of your Paid Services and you will not be eligible for a refund for any amounts you have paid (or pre-paid) for Paid Services. 2. Why X Might Terminate Your Access to Paid Services. X may suspend or terminate your access to Paid Service(s), cease providing you with all or part of the Paid Services, or take any other action it deems appropriate, including, for example, suspend your account, (without any liability) at any time for any or no reason, including, but not limited to any of the following reasons: a. X believes, in its sole discretion, that you have violated the Terms or your use of the Paid Service(s) would violate any applicable laws; b. X is requested or directed to do so by any competent court of law, regulatory authority, or law enforcement agency; c. X has unexpected technical or security issues; d. X believes, in its sole discretion, you have violated the X User Agreement; e. X believes, in its sole discretion, you are engaging in manipulation or other disruptive or prohibited conduct generally or in connection with the Paid Services; f. You create risk or possible legal exposure for X; g. Your account should be removed due to unlawful conduct; h. Your account should be removed due to prolonged inactivity; or i. Our provision of the Paid Services (in whole or in part) to you is no longer commercially viable (in X's sole discretion). 3. All Transactions Are Final. All payments for Paid Services are final and not refundable or exchangeable, except as required by applicable law. We make no guarantee as to the nature, quality, or value of a Paid Service or the availability or supply thereof. Refunds or credits are not provided for any unused or partially used Paid Service (for example, a partially used subscription period). 4. Paid Services Are Non-Transferable between X Accounts. Each purchase of a Paid Service applies to a single X account, meaning that your purchase will apply solely to the account you were using when you purchased the Paid Service and will not apply to other accounts that you may have access to, or control over. If you have or control multiple accounts and you want access to Paid Services on each account, you must purchase the Paid Service on each account individually. 5. Restrictions and Obligations. a. You may only purchase and use a Paid Service if you are legally allowed to use the Paid Service in your country and you live in a country supported by X for the applicable Paid Service. X may, in its discretion, restrict the ability to access or purchase a Paid Service in certain countries. X reserves the right to modify the list of supported countries from time to time. b. We reserve the right to refuse Paid Services transactions or to cancel or discontinue the sale or use of a Paid Service in our sole discretion. c. You may not allow others to use your X account to access any Paid Service that such person did not order. d. You may not purchase or use a Paid Service if you are a person with whom U.S. persons are not permitted to have dealings pursuant to economic sanctions, including, without limitation, sanctions administered by the United States Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control or any other applicable sanctions authority (" Prohibited Person "). This includes, without limitation, persons located in, or ordinarily resident in, the following countries and regions: Cuba, Iran, the Ukraine regions of Crimea, North Korea and Syria. You represent and warrant that you are not a Prohibited Person. e. YOU REPRESENT THAT YOU WILL USE THE PAID SERVICES ONLY FOR LAWFUL PURPOSES AND ONLY IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE TERMS. Taxes and fees . You are responsible for and agree to pay any applicable taxes, duties, tariffs, and fees related to the purchase of Paid Services, including those required to be paid to either X or a third-party payment processor. These taxes may include, but are not limited to, VAT, GST, sales tax, withholding tax, and any other applicable taxes. Depending on your location, X may be responsible for collecting and reporting information related to transaction taxes arising from your purchase of Paid Services. You grant X permission to provide your account and personal information to relevant tax authorities to fulfill our tax collection and reporting obligations. General Terms 1. Contact Information. If you have any questions about the Paid Services or these Terms, you can check out the X Paid Services Help Center for more details. If you’ve already purchased a Paid Service, you can also contact us via the support link available in the navigation menu of your X account under the payment or subscription settings. If you have additional questions, then you can contact us here by using the “Help with paid features” form. 2. DISCLAIMERS. TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, YOUR ACCESS TO AND USE OF THE PAID SERVICES IS AT YOUR OWN RISK. YOU UNDERSTAND AND AGREE THAT THE PAID SERVICES ARE PROVIDED TO YOU ON AN “AS IS” AND “AS AVAILABLE” BASIS. X DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES AND CONDITIONS, WHETHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR NON-INFRINGEMENT. X MAKES NO WARRANTY OR REPRESENTATION AND DISCLAIMS ALL RESPONSIBILITY AND LIABILITY FOR: (I) THE COMPLETENESS, ACCURACY, AVAILABILITY, TIMELINESS, SECURITY OR RELIABILITY OF THE PAID SERVICES; AND (II) WHETHER THE PAID SERVICES WILL MEET YOUR REQUIREMENTS OR BE AVAILABLE ON AN UNINTERRUPTED, SECURE, OR ERROR-FREE BASIS. YOU ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR YOUR USE OF THE X SERVICE, INCLUDING THE PAID SERVICES, AND ANY CONTENT YOU PROVIDE. 3. LIMITATION OF LIABILITY. TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, THE X ENTITIES SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL OR PUNITIVE DAMAGES, OR ANY LOSS OF PROFITS OR REVENUES, WHETHER INCURRED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY, OR ANY LOSS OF DATA, USE, GOODWILL, OR OTHER INTANGIBLE LOSSES, RESULTING FROM (i) YOUR ACCESS TO OR USE OF OR INABILITY TO ACCESS OR USE THE PAID SERVICES; (ii) ANY CONDUCT OR CONTENT OF ANY THIRD PARTY POSTED THROUGH THE PAID SERVICES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY DEFAMATORY, OFFENSIVE OR ILLEGAL CONDUCT OF OTHER USERS OR THIRD PARTIES; (iii) ANY CONTENT OBTAINED FROM THE PAID SERVICES; OR (iv) UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS, USE OR ALTERATION OF YOUR TRANSMISSIONS OR CONTENT. FOR THE AVOIDANCE OF DOUBT, THE DEFINITION OF PAID SERVICES IS LIMITED TO THE FEATURES OFFERED BY X AND DOES NOT INCLUDE ANY CONTENT YOU ACCESS AND/OR INTERACT WITH IN USING THOSE FEATURES. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AGGREGATE LIABILITY OF THE X ENTITIES EXCEED THE GREATER OF ONE HUNDRED U.S. DOLLARS (U.S. $100.00) OR THE AMOUNT YOU PAID X, IF ANY, IN THE PAST SIX MONTHS FOR THE PAID SERVICES GIVING RISE TO THE CLAIM. THE LIMITATIONS OF THIS SUBSECTION SHALL APPLY TO ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER BASED ON WARRANTY, CONTRACT, STATUTE, TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE, AND WHETHER OR NOT THE X ENTITIES HAVE BEEN INFORMED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF ANY SUCH DAMAGE, AND EVEN IF A REMEDY SET FORTH HEREIN IS FOUND TO HAVE FAILED OF ITS ESSENTIAL PURPOSE. THE “X ENTITIES” REFERS TO X, ITS PARENTS, AFFILIATES, RELATED COMPANIES, OFFICERS, DIRECTORS, EMPLOYEES, AGENTS, REPRESENTATIVES, PARTNERS, AND LICENSORS. APPLICABLE LAW IN YOUR JURISDICTION MAY NOT ALLOW FOR CERTAIN LIMITATIONS OF LIABILITY. TO THE EXTENT REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW IN YOUR JURISDICTION, THE ABOVE DOES NOT LIMIT THE X ENTITIES’ LIABILITY FOR FRAUD, FRAUDULENT MISREPRESENTATION, DEATH OR PERSONAL INJURY CAUSED BY OUR NEGLIGENCE, GROSS NEGLIGENCE, AND/OR INTENTIONAL CONDUCT. TO THE FULLEST EXTENT ALLOWED UNDER APPLICABLE LAW, THE X ENTITIES’ MAXIMUM AGGREGATE LIABILITY FOR ANY NON-EXCLUDABLE WARRANTIES IS LIMITED TO ONE HUNDRED US DOLLARS (US$100.00). 4. Notice Regarding Apple. To the extent that you purchased the Paid Services or are using or accessing the Paid Services on an iOS device, you further acknowledge and agree to the terms of this Section. You acknowledge that the Terms are between you and us only, not with Apple, and Apple is not responsible for the Paid Services and the content thereof. Apple has no obligation whatsoever to furnish any maintenance and support service with respect to the Paid Services. In the event of any failure of the Paid Services to conform to any applicable warranty, then you may notify Apple and Apple will refund any applicable purchase price for the Paid Services to you; and, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, Apple has no other warranty obligation whatsoever with respect to the Paid Services. Apple is not responsible for addressing any claims by you or any third-party relating to the Paid Services or your possession and/or use of the Paid Services, including, but not limited to: (i) product liability claims; (ii) any claim that the Paid Services fail to conform to any applicable legal or regulatory requirement; and (iii) claims arising under consumer protection or similar legislation. Apple is not responsible for the investigation, defense, settlement and discharge of any third-party claim that the Paid Services and/or your possession and use of the mobile application infringe that third-party’s intellectual property rights. You agree to comply with any applicable third-party terms when using the Paid Services. Apple, and Apple’s subsidiaries, are third-party beneficiaries of the Terms, and upon your acceptance of the Terms, Apple will have the right (and will be deemed to have accepted the right) to enforce the Terms against you as a third-party beneficiary of the Terms. You hereby represent and warrant that (i) you are not located in a country that is subject to a U.S. Government embargo, or that has been designated by the U.S. Government as a "terrorist supporting" country; and (ii) you are not listed on any U.S. Government list of prohibited or restricted parties. 5. Conflict. In the event of a conflict between the provisions of this X Purchaser Terms of Service and those of the X User Agreement, the provisions of this X Purchaser Terms of Service take precedence solely with respect to your use of a Paid Service. 6. DISPUTE RESOLUTION AND CLASS ACTION WAIVER a. Initial Dispute Resolution . Most disputes between you and X can be resolved informally. You may contact us by writing to Paid Support here . When you contact us, please provide a brief description of the nature and bases for your concerns, your contact information, and the specific relief you seek. The parties shall use their best efforts through this support process to settle disputes, claims, or controversies arising out of or relating to these Terms and/or your participation in the Program (individually a “ Dispute ,” or more than one, “ Disputes ”). You and we agree that good faith participation in this informal process is required and must be completed as set forth above before either party can initiate litigation regarding any Dispute, except with respect to requests for emergency injunctive relief (“ Exempted Dispute ”). If we cannot reach an agreed upon resolution with you regarding a Dispute (other than an Exempted Dispute) within a period of thirty (30) days from the time informal dispute resolution commences under the Initial Dispute Resolution provision above, then either you or we may initiate litigation. b. Choice of Law and Forum Selection . PLEASE READ THIS SECTION CAREFULLY – IT MAY SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECT YOUR LEGAL RIGHTS, INCLUDING YOUR RIGHT TO FILE A LAWSUIT IN COURT. The laws of the State of Texas, excluding its choice of law provisions, will govern these Terms and any dispute that arises between you and us, notwithstanding any other agreement between you and us to the contrary. All disputes related to these Terms, including any disputes, claims, or controversies arising out of or relating to these Terms, will be brought exclusively in the federal or state courts located in Tarrant County, Texas, United States, and you consent to personal jurisdiction in those forums and waive any objection as to inconvenient forum. Without prejudice to the foregoing, you agree that, in its sole discretion, X may bring any claim, cause of action, or dispute we have against you in any competent court in the country in which you reside that has jurisdiction and venue over the claim. If you are a federal, state, or local government entity in the United States in your official capacity and legally unable to accept the controlling law, jurisdiction or venue clauses above, then those clauses do not apply to you. For such U.S. federal government entities, this Agreement and any action related thereto will be governed by the laws of the United States of America (without reference to conflict of laws) and, in the absence of federal law and to the extent permitted under federal law, the laws of the State of Texas (excluding choice of law). c. YOU HAVE TWO YEARS TO BRING A CLAIM AGAINST X . You must bring any claim against X arising out of or related to these Terms within two (2) years after the date of the occurrence of the event or facts giving rise to the dispute, unless applicable law provides that the normal statute of limitations for that claim may not be shortened by agreement. If you do not bring a claim within this period, you forever waive the right to pursue any claim or cause of action, of any kind or character, based on such events or facts, and such claims or causes of action are permanently banned, and X will have no liability with respect to such claim. d. Class Action Waiver . To the extent permitted by law, you also waive the right to participate as a plaintiff or class member in any purported class action, collective action or representative action proceeding. X Purchaser Terms of Service If you live in the European Union, EFTA States, or the United Kingdom X allows you to access certain features in exchange for payment of a one-time or recurring fee, as applicable to the relevant features (each a “ Paid Service ” and collectively the " Paid Services "). For example, X Premium (as defined below) and Subscriptions would each be considered a “Paid Service.” To the extent that you sign up for and/or use a Paid Service, your use of the Paid Services and any corresponding transactions are subject to: (i) the terms and conditions set forth herein, including the applicable terms and conditions for each Paid Service you purchase, each as listed below (collectively, the “ X Purchaser Terms of Service ”), and (ii) the applicable X Terms of Service , X Privacy Policy , X Rules and Policies , and all policies incorporated therein (collectively, the “ X User Agreement ”). This X Purchaser Terms of Service and the aforementioned X User Agreement shall be collectively referred to in this document as the “ Terms ”. “ X ” refers to the X entity that provides the Paid Services to you. Please read these X Purchaser Terms of Service carefully to make sure you understand the applicable terms, conditions and exceptions. IF YOU LIVE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION, EFTA STATES, OR THE UNITED KINGDOM, THESE TERMS CONTAIN IMPORTANT INFORMATION THAT APPLY TO YOU ABOUT RESOLUTION OF DISPUTES, INCLUDING A WAIVER OF YOUR RIGHT TO BRING CLAIMS AS CLASS ACTIONS, AND A LIMITATION ON YOUR RIGHT TO BRING CLAIMS AGAINST X MORE THAN 1 YEAR AFTER THE RELEVANT EVENTS OCCURRED, WHICH IMPACT YOUR RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS IF ANY DISPUTE WITH X ARISES. SEE SECTION 6 UNDER GENERAL TERMS FOR DETAILS ON THESE PROVISIONS. Acceptance . By using or accessing a Paid Service(s) from X, submitting payment thereunder and/or clicking on a button to make a one-time purchase or recurring subscription payments for the Paid Service provided by X, you agree to be bound by the Terms. If you do not understand the Terms, or do not accept any part of them, then you may not use or access any Paid Services. To purchase and use a Paid Service you must: (i) be at least 18 years old or the age of majority as determined by the laws of the jurisdiction in which you live or (ii) have the express consent of your parent or guardian to purchase and use that Paid Service. If you are a parent or legal guardian and you allow your child (or a child that you are a guardian of) to purchase or use a Paid Service, you agree that the Terms apply to you, that you will abide by the Terms, and that you are responsible for the child’s activity on the Paid Services and for ensuring that the child also abides by the Terms. In any case, as stated in the Who May Use the Services section of the X Terms of Service, you must be at least 13 years old to use the X Service. If you are accepting these X Purchaser Terms of Service and using the Paid Services on behalf of a company, organization, government, or other legal entity, you represent and warrant that you are authorized to do so and have the authority to bind such entity to these X Purchaser Terms of Service, in which case the words “you” and “your” as used in these X Purchaser Terms of Service shall refer to such entity. X Contracting Entity . You enter into these X Purchaser Terms of Service with the entity that corresponds to where you live, as listed below. This entity will provide the Paid Services to you. No other entity is bound to any obligations to you under these Purchaser Terms of Service. Your Location The European Union, EFTA States, or the United Kingdom Contracting Entity X Internet Unlimited Company, with its registered office at One Cumberland Place, Fenian Street, Dublin 2, D02 AX07 Ireland Changes to Terms, Paid Services and Pricing 1. Changes to Terms. X may revise these X Purchaser Terms of Service for a valid and reasonable basis from time to time. A valid and reasonable basis may include, (i) a change in our services, for example due to technical, security-related or operational developments, (ii) the elimination of technical errors, (iii) a change in our business, for example due to policy, financial or other directional changes, (iv) a change in the legal situation, for example due to a change in the law, a request from an official agency, or a decision by a court, and (v) the optimization of the user experience through the implementation of new features. The changes will not be retroactive, and the most current version of the X Purchaser Terms of Service, available at legal.x.com/purchaser-terms , will govern your use of Paid Services and any corresponding transactions. If we modify or revise these Terms after you have agreed to them (for example, if these terms are modified after you have purchased a subscription), we undertake to notify you up to 30 days (depending on the specific changes) in advance of the entry into force of material revisions to these terms while setting a reasonable deadline for the user with respect to the changes and notifying you of the consequences of continued use after the deadline has expired. Such notification may be provided electronically, including (and without limitation to) via a service notification or an email to the email address associated with your account. In case you continue to use the Paid Services after the aforementioned deadline expires, you agree to be bound by the revised X Purchaser Terms of Service. If you do not agree to the changes to the X Purchaser Terms of Service, you will have to stop using or accessing (or continue to use or access) the Paid Services. The X Purchaser Terms of Service are written in English but are made available in multiple languages through translations. X strives to make the translations as accurate as possible to the original English version. However, in case of any discrepancies or inconsistencies, the English language version of the X Purchaser Terms of Service shall take precedence. You acknowledge that English shall be the language of reference for interpreting and constructing the terms of the X Purchaser Terms of Service. 2. Changes to Paid Services. Our Paid Services and our products and services evolve constantly. X may change the Paid Services for a reasonable and valid basis. Such a valid and reasonable basis may include (i) technical, security-related or operational developments, (ii) the elimination of technical errors, (iii) compliance with a changed legal situation, for example due to a change in the law, a request from an official agency, or a decision by a court, (iv) the optimization of the user experience through the implementation of new features, and (v) a change in our business, for example due to policy, financial circumstances or other directional changes. We will notify you of any changes to the Paid Services up to 30 days before they take effect, for example by means of a service notification or an email sent to the email address linked to your account, specifying the characteristics and effective date of the changes and informing you of your eventual right to terminate the subscription. The deadline may be shortened in the event of safety-related changes. The following shall not be considered as changes to the Paid Services within the meaning of this provision: (i) changes that affect the fundamental nature of the Paid Services and the essential characteristics of the service to be provided by X, and (ii) the permanent discontinuation of services. X is not liable to you for any modification, suspension or discontinuance of the Paid Services. Where legally required, the aforementioned limitation of liability does not apply (i) to the compensation for foreseeable damage in cases of slightly negligent breach of duties, insofar as their fulfillment is essential for the proper execution of the contract and users can rely on their fulfillment (essential contractual obligations), by X or its legal representatives or vicarious agents, and (ii) the liability of X for (a) a damage resulting from harm to life, body or health as well as for damages caused by intent or gross negligence on the part of X, its legal representatives, or vicarious agents, and (b) a damage due to non-compliance with a guarantee or warranted characteristic or as a result of a fraudulently concealed defect. The specific terms and conditions (included below) for the specific Paid Service specify how you can cancel a subscription or, when applicable, seek a refund. 3. Changes to Pricing. Prices for Paid Services, including recurring subscription fees, are subject to change from time to time due to change in the costs relating to operation, maintenance, technical provision, business considerations, and fees charged by third parties or statutory fees, at our reasonable discretion. In the event of an increase in costs, X reserves the right to adjust the prices for chargeable services. X will notify you of any price changes in writing up to 30 days before they take effect, for example by means of a service notification or an email to the email address linked to your account, stating your rights and the consequences of not exercising them. In the event of a price change, you may terminate the subscription to the applicable Paid Service or the user agreement up to 24 hours before the start of your next billing cycle, provided the cancellation is made within 30 days of receiving the notification. Otherwise, the price change will take effect at the time specified in the notification. For subscription services, price changes will take effect at the start of the next subscription period following the date of the effectiveness of the price change. Payment Terms . X offers various payment options that may vary by Paid Service, your device and/or operating system, your geographic location, or other factors. To the extent available (as X may make various purchase methods available from time to time), these payment options may include the ability to use “In app payment” functionality offered by Google or Apple, or to make a web payment using X's third party payment processor, Stripe ( www.stripe.com - hereafter “ Stripe ”). When you make a payment, you explicitly agree: (i) to pay the price listed for the Paid Service, along with any additional amounts relating to applicable taxes, credit card fees, bank fees, foreign transaction fees, foreign exchange fees, and currency fluctuations; and (ii) to abide by any relevant terms of service, privacy policies, or other legal agreements or restrictions (including additional age restrictions) imposed by Google, Apple, or Stripe (as X's third party payment processor) in connection with your use of a given payment method (for example only, if you choose to make your payment via Apple’s in-app purchasing functionality, you agree to abide by any relevant terms, requirements, and/or restrictions imposed by Apple). Any private personal data that you provide in connection with your use of the Paid Services including, without limitation, any data provided in connection with payment, will be processed in accordance with the X Privacy Policy. X may share your payment information with payment services providers to process payments; prevent, detect, and investigate fraud or other prohibited activities; facilitate dispute resolution such as chargebacks or refunds; and for other purposes associated with the acceptance of credit cards, debit cards, or ACH. It is your responsibility to make sure your banking, credit card, debit card, and/or other payment information is up to date, complete and accurate at all times. If you make a payment for a Paid Service, we may receive information about your transaction such as when it was made, when a subscription is set to expire or auto- renew, what platform you made the purchase on, and other information. X will not be responsible or liable for any errors made or delays by a payment processor, Apple’s App Store or the Google Play Store, your bank, your credit card company, and/or any payment network. Please refer to each specific Paid Service Terms and Conditions below for payment terms applicable to that specific Paid Service, including how subscription renewals are handled and other important terms. Application of X User Agreement, Termination, No Refunds, Multiple X Accounts, and Restrictions 1. The X User Agreement Applies to You . YOU MUST ALWAYS FOLLOW AND COMPLY WITH THE X USER AGREEMENT. The X User Agreement always applies to your use of the X Service, including the Paid Services and features. Your failure to follow and comply with the X User Agreement, or X's belief that you have failed to follow and comply with the X User Agreement, may result in the cancellation of your Paid Services. Any such cancellation will be in addition to, and without limitation of, any enforcement action that X may take against you pursuant to the X User Agreement. In such instances you may lose the benefits of your Paid Services and you will not be eligible for a refund for any amounts you have paid (or pre-paid) for Paid Services. 2. Why X Might Terminate Your Access to Paid Services. X may suspend or terminate your access to Paid Service(s), cease providing you with all or part of the Paid Services, or take any other action it deems appropriate, including, for example, suspend your account, (without any liability) at any time for any or no reason, including, but not limited to any of the following reasonable grounds: a. X believes, in its sole discretion, that you have violated the Terms or your use of the Paid Service(s) would violate any applicable laws; b. X is requested or directed to do so by any competent court of law, regulatory authority, or law enforcement agency; c. X has unexpected technical or security issues; d. X believes, in its sole reasonable discretion, you have violated the X User Agreement; e. X believes for valid reasons such as if you are engaging in manipulation, gaming, or other disruptive or prohibited conduct in connection with the Paid Services; f. You create risk or possible legal exposure for X; g. Your account should be removed due to unlawful conduct; h. Your account should be removed due to prolonged inactivity; or i. Our provision of the Paid Services (in whole or in part) to you is no longer commercially viable (in X's sole discretion). 3. All Transactions Are Final. All payments for Paid Services are final and not refundable or exchangeable, except as required by applicable law. We make no guarantee as to the nature, quality, or value of a Paid Service or the availability or supply thereof. Refunds or credits are not provided for any unused or partially used Paid Service (for example, a partially used subscription period). 4. Paid Services Are Non-Transferable between X Accounts. Each purchase of a Paid Service applies to a single X account, meaning that your purchase will apply solely to the account you were using when you purchased the Paid Service and will not apply to other accounts that you may have access to, or control over. If you have or control multiple accounts and you want access to Paid Services on each account, you must purchase the Paid Service on each account individually. 5. Restrictions and Obligations. a. You may only purchase and use a Paid Service if you are legally allowed to use the Paid Service in your country and you live in a country supported by X for the applicable Paid Service. X may, in its discretion, restrict the ability to access or purchase a Paid Service in certain countries. X reserves the right to modify the list of supported countries from time to time. b. We reserve the right to refuse Paid Services transactions or to cancel or discontinue the sale or use of a Paid Service in our sole discretion. c. You may not allow others to use your X account to access any Paid Service that such person did not order. d. You may not purchase or use a Paid Service if you are a person with whom U.S. persons are not permitted to have dealings pursuant to economic sanctions, including, without limitation, sanctions administered by the United States Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control or any other applicable sanctions authority (" Prohibited Person "). This includes, without limitation, persons located in, or ordinarily resident in, the following countries and regions: Cuba, Iran, the Ukraine regions of Crimea, North Korea and Syria. You represent and warrant that you are not a Prohibited Person. e. YOU REPRESENT THAT YOU WILL USE THE PAID SERVICES ONLY FOR LAWFUL PURPOSES AND ONLY IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE TERMS. Taxes and fees . You are responsible for and agree to pay any applicable taxes, duties, tariffs, and fees related to the purchase of Paid Services, including those required to be paid to either X or a third-party payment processor. These taxes may include, but are not limited to, VAT, GST, sales tax, withholding tax, and any other applicable taxes. Depending on your location, X may be responsible for collecting and reporting information related to transaction taxes arising from your purchase of Paid Services. You grant X permission to provide your account and personal information to relevant tax authorities to fulfill our tax collection and reporting obligations. General Terms 1. Contact Information. If you have any questions about the Paid Services or these Terms, you can check out the X Paid Services Help Center for more details. If you’ve already purchased a Paid Service, you can also contact us via the support link available in the navigation menu of your X account under the payment or subscription settings. If you have additional questions, then you can contact us here by using the “Help with paid features” form. 2. DISCLAIMERS. TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, YOUR ACCESS TO AND USE OF THE PAID SERVICES IS AT YOUR OWN RISK. YOU UNDERSTAND AND AGREE THAT THE PAID SERVICES ARE PROVIDED TO YOU ON AN “AS IS” AND “AS AVAILABLE” BASIS. X DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES AND CONDITIONS, WHETHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR NON-INFRINGEMENT. X MAKES NO WARRANTY OR REPRESENTATION AND DISCLAIMS ALL RESPONSIBILITY AND LIABILITY FOR: (I) THE COMPLETENESS, ACCURACY, AVAILABILITY, TIMELINESS, SECURITY OR RELIABILITY OF THE PAID SERVICES; AND (II) WHETHER THE PAID SERVICES WILL MEET YOUR REQUIREMENTS OR BE AVAILABLE ON AN UNINTERRUPTED, SECURE, OR ERROR-FREE BASIS. YOU ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR YOUR USE OF THE X SERVICE, INCLUDING THE PAID SERVICES, AND ANY CONTENT YOU PROVIDE. 3. LIMITATION OF LIABILITY. TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, THE X ENTITIES SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL OR PUNITIVE DAMAGES, OR ANY LOSS OF PROFITS OR REVENUES, WHETHER INCURRED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY, OR ANY LOSS OF DATA, USE, GOODWILL, OR OTHER INTANGIBLE LOSSES, RESULTING FROM (i) YOUR ACCESS TO OR USE OF OR INABILITY TO ACCESS OR USE THE PAID SERVICES; (ii) ANY CONDUCT OR CONTENT OF ANY THIRD PARTY POSTED THROUGH THE PAID SERVICES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY DEFAMATORY, OFFENSIVE OR ILLEGAL CONDUCT OF OTHER USERS OR THIRD PARTIES; (iii) ANY CONTENT OBTAINED FROM THE PAID SERVICES; OR (iv) UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS, USE OR ALTERATION OF YOUR TRANSMISSIONS OR CONTENT. FOR THE AVOIDANCE OF DOUBT, THE DEFINITION OF PAID SERVICES IS LIMITED TO THE FEATURES OFFERED BY X AND DOES NOT INCLUDE ANY CONTENT YOU ACCESS AND/OR INTERACT WITH IN USING THOSE FEATURES. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AGGREGATE LIABILITY OF THE X ENTITIES EXCEED THE GREATER OF ONE HUNDRED EUROS (€100.00) OR THE AMOUNT YOU PAID X, IF ANY, IN THE PAST SIX MONTHS FOR THE PAID SERVICES GIVING RISE TO THE CLAIM. THE LIMITATIONS OF THIS SUBSECTION SHALL APPLY TO ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER BASED ON WARRANTY, CONTRACT, STATUTE, TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE, AND WHETHER OR NOT THE X ENTITIES HAVE BEEN INFORMED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF ANY SUCH DAMAGE, AND EVEN IF A REMEDY SET FORTH HEREIN IS FOUND TO HAVE FAILED OF ITS ESSENTIAL PURPOSE. THE “X ENTITIES” REFERS TO X, ITS PARENTS, AFFILIATES, RELATED COMPANIES, OFFICERS, DIRECTORS, EMPLOYEES, AGENTS, REPRESENTATIVES, PARTNERS, AND LICENSORS. APPLICABLE LAW IN YOUR JURISDICTION MAY NOT ALLOW FOR CERTAIN LIMITATIONS OF LIABILITY. TO THE EXTENT REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW IN YOUR JURISDICTION, THE ABOVE DOES NOT LIMIT THE X ENTITIES’ LIABILITY FOR FRAUD, FRAUDULENT MISREPRESENTATION, DEATH OR PERSONAL INJURY CAUSED BY OUR NEGLIGENCE, GROSS NEGLIGENCE, AND/OR INTENTIONAL CONDUCT. TO THE FULLEST EXTENT ALLOWED UNDER APPLICABLE LAW, THE X ENTITIES’ MAXIMUM AGGREGATE LIABILITY FOR ANY NON-EXCLUDABLE WARRANTIES IS LIMITED TO ONE HUNDRED EUROS (€100.00). 4. Notice Regarding Apple. To the extent that you purchased the Paid Services or are using or accessing the Paid Services on an iOS device, you further acknowledge and agree to the terms of this Section. You acknowledge that the Terms are between you and us only, not with Apple, and Apple is not responsible for the Paid Services and the content thereof. Apple has no obligation whatsoever to furnish any maintenance and support service with respect to the Paid Services. In the event of any failure of the Paid Services to conform to any applicable warranty, then you may notify Apple and Apple will refund any applicable purchase price for the Paid Services to you; and, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, Apple has no other warranty obligation whatsoever with respect to the Paid Services. Apple is not responsible for addressing any claims by you or any third-party relating to the Paid Services or your possession and/or use of the Paid Services, including, but not limited to: (i) product liability claims; (ii) any claim that the Paid Services fail to conform to any applicable legal or regulatory requirement; and (iii) claims arising under consumer protection or similar legislation. Apple is not responsible for the investigation, defense, settlement and discharge of any third-party claim that the Paid Services and/or your possession and use of the mobile application infringe that third-party’s intellectual property rights. You agree to comply with any applicable third-party terms when using the Paid Services. Apple, and Apple’s subsidiaries, are third-party beneficiaries of the Terms, and upon your acceptance of the Terms, Apple will have the right (and will be deemed to have accepted the right) to enforce the Terms against you as a third-party beneficiary of the Terms. You hereby represent and warrant that (i) you are not located in a country that is subject to a U.S. Government embargo, or that has been designated by the U.S. Government as a "terrorist supporting" country; and (ii) you are not listed on any U.S. Government list of prohibited or restricted parties. 5. Conflict. In the event of a conflict between the provisions of this X Purchaser Terms of Service and those of the X User Agreement, the provisions of this X Purchaser Terms of Service take precedence solely with respect to your use of a Paid Service. 6. DISPUTE RESOLUTION AND CLASS ACTION WAIVER a. Initial Dispute Resolution . Most disputes between you and X can be resolved informally. You may contact us by writing to Paid Support here . When you contact us, please provide a brief description of the nature and bases for your concerns, your contact information, and the specific relief you seek. The parties shall use their best efforts through this support process to settle disputes, claims, or controversies arising out of or relating to these Terms and/or your participation in the Program (individually a “ Dispute ,” or more than one, “ Disputes ”). You and we agree that good faith participation in this informal process is required and must be completed as set forth above before either party can initiate litigation regarding any Dispute, except with respect to requests for emergency injunctive relief (“ Exempted Dispute ”). If we cannot reach an agreed upon resolution with you regarding a Dispute (other than an Exempted Dispute) within a period of thirty (30) days from the time informal dispute resolution commences under the Initial Dispute Resolution provision above, then either you or we may initiate litigation. b. Choice of Law and Forum Selection . PLEASE READ THIS SECTION CAREFULLY – IT MAY SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECT YOUR LEGAL RIGHTS, INCLUDING YOUR RIGHT TO FILE A LAWSUIT IN COURT. To the extent permitted by law, all disputes related to these Terms, including any disputes, claims, or controversies arising out of or relating to these Terms will be brought exclusively before a competent court in Ireland without regard to conflict of law provisions a | 2026-01-13T08:48:38 |
https://docs.sui.io/guides/developer/getting-started/get-coins | Get SUI from Faucet | Sui Documentation Skip to main content Sui Documentation Guides Concepts Standards References Search Overview Getting Started Install Sui Install from Source Install from Binaries Configure a Sui Client Create a Sui Address Get SUI from Faucet Hello, World! Connect a Frontend Next Steps Sui Essentials Objects Packages Currencies and Tokens NFTs Cryptography Nautilus Advanced App Examples Dev Cheat Sheet Operator Guides SuiPlay0X1 🗳️ Book Office Hours → 💬 Join Discord → Getting Started Get SUI from Faucet On this page Get SUI from Faucet To perform transactions on a Sui network, you need SUI tokens to pay for gas and storage. For applications on Mainnet, you must buy real SUI on exchanges like Coinbase, OKX, or Robinhood. Its value is determined by market factors such as supply and demand, network utility, and perceived value. Because Mainnet tokens cost real money, development can be expensive. That's why Sui provides Devnet and Testnet networks, which mirror Mainnet features and enable you to build and test safely for an affordable cost. important SUI tokens on Devnet and Testnet are free and hold no monetary value. You can get free SUI tokens from the Sui faucet, which lets you deploy and interact with smart contracts and objects on Devnet, Testnet, or a local network. There is no faucet for Mainnet. Prerequisites Install the latest version of Sui . Set up your Sui account and CLI environment. Click to open Create Sui account and setup CLI environment. $ sui client If this is the first time running the sui client CLI tool, it asks you to provide a Sui full node server URL (or press enter for the default Testnet), select an encryption scheme to generate an address, and stores the configuration in a client.yaml file. For more information, refer to the Sui client CLI tutorial . If this is not your first time running sui client , then you already have a client.yaml file in your local environment. If you'd like to create a new address for this tutorial, use the command: $ sui client new-address ed25519 Request SUI tokens from faucet Visit the online faucet to request SUI tokens: https://faucet.sui.io/ Then, follow these steps: Connect your wallet or paste your wallet address in the address field. Get your wallet address in the CLI with the command sui client active-address . Use the network dropdown to select the correct network: Testnet, Devnet, or Localnet. It is recommended to use the Testnet for most use cases before deploying to Mainnet for production. Learn more about the available networks and their differences. Click the Request SUI button. To request more SUI, refresh your browser and click the Request SUI button again. The requests are rate limited, however, so too many requests results in a waiting period before you are able to request more tokens. Community faucets You can also use the following community-provided faucets to obtain SUI tokens: http://faucet.n1stake.com/ http://faucet.suilearn.io/ These faucets have their own separate limits, such as one request per day or one request every few hours. Verify token balance To check your balance of SUI tokens and confirm you received some from the faucet, use the command: $ sui client balance Alternatively, use a Sui Explorer such as SuiVision or SuiScan to check the SUI token balance of an address. You should have a balance of SUI tokens: ╭────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ Balance of coins owned by this address │ ├────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ ╭────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ │ │ coin balance (raw) balance │ │ │ ├────── ──────────────────────────────────┤ │ │ │ Sui 56804696124 0.50 SUI │ │ │ ╰────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ ╰────────────────────────────────────────────╯ If you do not have a balance, repeat the request SUI tokens from faucet steps, or use an alternative faucet method . Return unused Testnet SUI The faucet drains from a finite pool of SUI. If the pool empties, it disrupts faucet service for the rest of the community. To help ensure this doesn't happen, you can use the online faucet to return your unused SUI to the Testnet pool. You cannot return SUI to the Devnet or Localnet pools. There are two ways to return unused Testnet SUI tokens: Connect your wallet to the online faucet, and click the Return tokens to faucet button. Approve the transaction using your wallet and your SUI tokens are returned to the pool. If you prefer not to connect your wallet, send the tokens to the address 0x7a9d19d4c210663926eb549da59a54e25777fef63161bfccda08277b58b4212e via a separate transaction . Alternative methods for getting SUI tokens If you need an alternative method to get SUI tokens for deployment on Testnet or Devnet, you have several options. tip Every method to obtain SUI tokens for Testnet and Devnet is rate limited. If you need a large amount of SUI tokens, use a local network. Discord cURL TypeScript SDK Join Discord . If you try to join the Sui Discord channel using a newly created Discord account, you might need to wait a few days for validation. Request SUI tokens in the Sui #devnet-faucet or #testnet-faucet Discord channels. Send the following message to the channel, replacing <YOUR SUI ADDRESS> with your client address: !faucet <YOUR SUI ADDRESS> Use the following cURL commands to set console variables and request tokens directly from the faucet server. Set NETWORK to either testnet or devnet . $ ADDRESS=$(sui client active-address) $ NETWORK=testnet $ curl --location --request POST "https://faucet.${NETWORK}.sui.io/v2/gas" \ --header "Content-Type: application/json" \ --data-raw "{ \"FixedAmountRequest\": { \"recipient\": \"${ADDRESS}\" } }" If you're working with a local network, replace "https://faucet.${NETWORK}.sui.io/v2/gas" with the appropriate value based on which package runs your network: sui-faucet : http://127.0.0.1:5003/gas sui : http://127.0.0.1:9123/gas You can access the faucet using the Sui TypeScript SDK . import { getFaucetHost , requestSuiFromFaucetV2 } from '@mysten/sui/faucet' ; // get tokens from the Devnet faucet server await requestSuiFromFaucetV2 ( { // connect to Devnet host : getFaucetHost ( 'devnet' ) , recipient : '<YOUR SUI ADDRESS>' , } ) ; SUI tokens on a local network If you are running a local Sui network, you can get SUI tokens from your local faucet. See the Connect to a Local Network topic for details. Next steps Hello, World! Clone and build the "Hello, World!" project. View More Example Apps Clone and build the "Hello, World!" project. Edit this page Request SUI tokens from faucet Community faucets Verify token balance Return unused Testnet SUI Alternative methods for getting SUI tokens SUI tokens on a local network © 2026 Sui Foundation | Documentation distributed under CC BY 4.0 | 2026-01-13T08:48:38 |
https://legal.x.com/ga/purchaser-terms.html | Téarmaí Seirbhíse Ceannaitheora X Téarmaí Seirbhíse Ceannaitheora X Íoslódáil Téarmaí Seirbhíse Ceannaitheora X Téarmaí le haghaidh Seirbhísí Íoctha Téarmaí Breise X Préimh Téarmaí Breise Síntiúis Íoslódáil Téarmaí Seirbhíse Ceannaitheora X Téarmaí Seirbhíse Ceannaitheora X goglobalwithtwitterbanner Téarmaí le haghaidh Seirbhísí Íoctha Téarmaí Breise X Préimh Téarmaí Breise Síntiúis Chruthaitheora Téarmaí Breise Premium Business agus Premium Organizations Téarmaí le haghaidh Seirbhísí Íoctha Téarmaí Breise X Préimh Téarmaí Breise Síntiúis Chruthaitheora Téarmaí Breise Premium Business agus Premium Organizations Téarmaí Seirbhíse Ceannaitheora X I bhfeidhm: 1 Lúnasa 2025 Má tá cónaí ort lasmuigh den Aontas Eorpach, Stáit CSTE, nó an Ríocht Aontaithe, lena n-áirítear má tá cónaí ort sna Stáit Aontaithe, baineann na Téarmaí Seirbhíse Ceannaitheora X seo a leanas leat. Má tá cónaí ort san Aontas Eorpach, i Stáit CSTE, nó sa Ríocht Aontaithe, baineann na Téarmaí Seirbhíse Ceannaitheora X seo a leanas leat Téarmaí Seirbhíse Ceannaitheora X Má tá cónaí ort lasmuigh den Aontas Eorpach, de Stáit CSTE, nó den Ríocht Aontaithe, lena n-áirítear má tá cónaí ort sna Stáit Aontaithe Ligeann X duit rochtain a fháil ar ghnéithe áirithe mar mhalairt ar tháille aonuaire nó athfhillteach a íoc, de réir mar is infheidhme maidir leis na gnéithe ábhartha (" Seirbhís Íoctha " gach ceann acu agus le chéile an " Seirbhísí Íoctha "). Mar shampla, X Phréimh (mar atá sainmhínithe thíos) agus Síntiúis a mheas mar "Seirbhís Íoctha." A mhéid a chláraíonn tú agus/nó go n-úsáideann tú Seirbhís Íoctha, tá d’úsáid as na Seirbhísí Íoctha agus aon idirbhearta comhfhreagracha faoi réir: (i) na téarmaí agus na coinníollacha atá leagtha amach anseo, lena n-áirítear na téarmaí agus na coinníollacha is infheidhme maidir le gach ceann Íoctha Seirbhís a cheannaíonn tú, gach ceann díobh mar atá liostaithe thíos (le chéile, na " Téarmaí Seirbhíse an Cheannaitheora X ") agus (ii) an ceann is infheidhme Téarmaí Seirbhíse X , Polasaí Príobháideachais X , Rialacha agus Polasaithe X , agus na polasaithe go léir atá ionchorpraithe ann (le chéile, an " Comhaontú Úsáideora X "). Tabharfar “ Téarmaí ” do Théarmaí Seirbhíse an Cheannaitheora X seo agus don Chomhaontú Úsáideora X thuasluaite le chéile sa doiciméad seo. Tagraíonn " X " don eintiteas X a sholáthraíonn na Seirbhísí Íoctha duit. Léigh na Téarmaí Seirbhíse Ceannaitheora X seo go cúramach chun a chinntiú go dtuigeann tú na téarmaí, coinníollacha agus eisceachtaí is infheidhme. MÁ TÁ CÓNAÍ ORT SNA STÁIT AONTAITHE, TÁ FAISNÉIS THÁBHACHTACH SNA TÉARMAÍ SEO A BHAINEANN LEAT MAIDIR LE DÍOSPÓIDÍ A RÉITEACH, LENA N-ÁIRÍTEAR TARSCAOILEADH AR AN GCEART CHUN PÁIRT A GHLACADH I gCAINGEANA RANGA, AGUS TEORANNÚ AR DO CHEART ÉILIMH A THIONSCNAMH I GCOINNE X NÍOS MÓ NÁ 2 BHLIAIN TAR ÉIS NA N-IMEACHTAÍ ÁBHARTHA TARLÚ, A MBÉIDH TIONCHAR ACU AR DO CHEARTA AGUS D'OIBLEAGÁIDÍ MÁ THAGANN AON DÍOSPÓID LE X CHUN CINN. FÉACH ALT 6 FAOI THÉARMAÍ GINEARÁLTA LE HAGHAIDH SONRAÍ AR NA FORÁLACHA SIN. Glacadh . Trí úsáid a bhaint as nó rochtain a fháil ar Sheirbhísí Íoctha ó X, íocaíocht a chur isteach faoi agus/nó cliceáil ar chnaipe chun ceannach aonuaire nó íocaíochtaí síntiúis athfhillteacha a dhéanamh don tSeirbhís Íoctha arna soláthar ag X, aontaíonn tú a bheith faoi cheangal ag na Téarmaí. Mura dtuigeann tú na Téarmaí, nó mura nglacann tú le haon chuid díobh, ní fhéadfaidh tú aon Sheirbhísí Íoctha a úsáid nó a rochtain. Chun Seirbhís Íoctha a cheannach agus a úsáid, ní mór duit: (i) a bheith 18 mbliana d'aois ar a laghad nó aois an tromlaigh de réir mar a chinntear le dlíthe na dlínse ina bhfuil cónaí ort nó (ii) toiliú sainráite do thuismitheoir nó do chaomhnóra an tSeirbhís Íoctha sin a cheannach agus a úsáid. Más tuismitheoir nó caomhnóir dlíthiúil thú agus má cheadaíonn tú do do leanbh (nó leanbh a bhfuil tú i do chaomhnóir air) chun Seirbhís Íoctha a cheannach nó a úsáid, aontaíonn tú go mbaineann na Téarmaí leat, go gcloífidh tú leis na Téarmaí, agus go bhfuil tú freagrach as gníomhaíocht an linbh ar na Seirbhísí Íoctha agus as a chinntiú go cloíonn an leanbh leis na Téarmaí freisin. Ar aon chuma, mar a shonraítear sa rannán Cé a fhéadfaidh na Seirbhísí a Úsáid de Théarmaí Seirbhíse X, ní mór duit a bheith 13 bliana d'aois ar a laghad chun an tSeirbhís X a úsáid. Má tá tú ag glacadh leis na Téarmaí Seirbhíse Ceannaitheora X seo agus ag baint úsáide as na Seirbhísí Íoctha thar ceann cuideachta, eagraíochta, rialtais, nó aonáin dhlíthiúil eile, léiríonn tú agus barántaíonn tú go bhfuil tú údaraithe chun é sin a dhéanamh agus go bhfuil an t-údarás agat aonán den sórt sin a cheangal leis na Téarmaí Seirbhíse Ceannaitheora X seo, agus sa chás sin déanfaidh na focail "tú" agus "do" mar a úsáidtear sna Téarmaí Seirbhíse Ceannaitheora X seo tagairt don eintiteas sin. Eintiteas Conarthach X . Téann tú isteach sna Téarmaí Seirbhíse X Ceannaitheora seo leis an eintiteas a fhreagraíonn don áit ina gcónaíonn tú, mar atá liostaithe thíos. Cuirfidh an t-eintiteas seo na Seirbhísí Íoctha ar fáil duit. Níl aon eintiteas eile faoi cheangal d'aon oibleagáid duit faoi na Téarmaí Seirbhíse Ceannaitheora seo. Do Shuíomh Mór-roinn Mheiriceá Thuaidh (Haváí san áireamh) nó Meiriceá Theas Eintiteas Conarthach X Corp., le hoifig lonnaithe ag 865 FM 1209, Building 2, Bastrop, TX 78602, USA Do Shuíomh Aon tír nach bhfuil clúdaithe ag an dá shuíomh thuas, lena n-áirítear an réigiún Áise-Aigéan Ciúin, an Meán-Oirthear, an Afraic nó an Eoraip (seachas tíortha an AE, Stáit CSTE agus an Ríocht Aontaithe) Eintiteas Conarthach X Global LLC, lena oifig chláraithe ag 701 S. Carson St., Suite 200, Carson City, NV 89701, Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá Athruithe ar Théarmaí, Seirbhísí Íoctha agus Praghsáil 1. Athruithe ar Théarmaí. Féadfaidh X athbhreithniú a dhéanamh ar na Téarmaí Seirbhíse X Ceannaitheora seo ó am go ham, lena n-áirítear ar chúiseanna gnó, airgeadais nó dlíthiúla. Ní bheidh na hathruithe aisghníomhach, agus beidh an leagan is déanaí de Théarmaí Seirbhíse Ceannaitheora X ar fáil ag dlíthiúil.x.com/terms-cheannach , a rialóidh d’úsáid Seirbhísí Íoctha agus aon idirbhearta comhfhreagracha. Má dhéanaimid na Téarmaí seo a mhodhnú nó a athbhreithniú tar éis duit aontú leo (mar shampla, má athraítear na téarmaí seo tar éis duit síntiús a cheannach), cuirfimid in iúl duit roimh ré faoi leasuithe ábhartha ar na téarmaí seo. Féadfar fógra den sórt sin a sholáthar go leictreonach, lena n-áirítear (agus gan teorainn leis) trí fhógra seirbhíse nó trí ríomhphost chuig an seoladh ríomhphoist a bhaineann le do chuntas. Trí leanúint de rochtain a fháil ar na Seirbhísí Íoctha nó iad a úsáid tar éis do na leasuithe sin a bheith éifeachtach, aontaíonn tú a bheith faoi cheangal ag Téarmaí Seirbhíse Cheannaitheora X athbhreithnithe. Mura n-aontaíonn tú cloí leo seo nó aon Théarmaí Seirbhíse Ceannaitheoir X amach anseo, ná húsáid agus ná rochtain (ná lean ar aghaidh ag úsáid nó ag rochtain ar) na Seirbhísí Íoctha. Scríobhtar Téarmaí Seirbhíse Ceannaitheora X i mBéarla ach cuirtear ar fáil iad i dteangacha éagsúla trí aistriúcháin. Déanann X gach iarracht na haistriúcháin a dhéanamh chomh cruinn agus is féidir ar an mbunleagan Béarla. I gcás aon neamhréireanna nó neamhréireachtaí, áfach, beidh tosaíocht ag an leagan Béarla de Théarmaí Seirbhíse Ceannaitheora X. Admhaíonn tú gurb é an Béarla an teanga tagartha chun téarmaí Théarmaí Seirbhíse Ceannaitheora X a léirmhíniú agus a thógáil. 2. Athruithe ar Sheirbhísí Íoctha. Athraíonn ár Seirbhísí Íoctha de shíor. Dá bhrí sin, d'fhéadfadh na Seirbhísí Íoctha athrú ó am go ham, dár rogha féin, lena n-áirítear ar chúiseanna gnó, airgeadais nó dlíthiúla. D’fhéadfaimis stop (go buan nó go sealadach) ag soláthar na Seirbhísí Íoctha nó aon ghnéithe laistigh de na Seirbhísí Íoctha duitse nó d’úsáideoirí go ginearálta le fógra nó gan fógra. Níl X faoi dhliteanas duitse ná d’aon tríú páirtí as aon mhodhnú, fionraí nó scor de na Seirbhísí Íoctha. Sonraítear sna téarmaí agus coinníollacha sonracha (san áireamh thíos) don tSeirbhís Íoctha ar leith conas is féidir leat síntiús a chealú nó, nuair is infheidhme, aisíocaíocht a lorg. 3. Athruithe ar Phraghsáil. Tá praghsanna do Sheirbhísí Íoctha, lena n-áirítear táillí síntiúis athfhillteacha, faoi réir athrú ó am go ham, lena n-áirítear ar chúiseanna gnó, airgeadais nó dlíthiúla. Soláthróidh X réamhfhógra réasúnta maidir le haon athrú ábhartha ar phraghas na Seirbhísí Íoctha. I gcás seirbhísí síntiúis, tiocfaidh athruithe praghais i bhfeidhm ag tús na chéad tréimhse suibscríofa eile tar éis dáta an athraithe praghais. Mura n-aontaíonn tú le hathrú praghais, tá sé de cheart agat diúltú don athrú trí do shíntiús leis an tSeirbhís Íoctha is infheidhme a chur ar ceal sula dtiocfaidh an t-athrú praghais i bhfeidhm. Téarmaí íocaíochta . Tairgeann X roghanna íocaíochta éagsúla a d’fhéadfadh a bheith éagsúil de réir Seirbhíse Íoctha, do ghléas agus/nó do chóras oibriúcháin, do shuíomh geografach nó fachtóirí eile. A mhéid atá ar fáil (toisc go bhféadfaidh X modhanna éagsúla ceannaigh a chur ar fáil ó am go chéile), d’fhéadfadh go n-áireofaí sna roghanna íocaíochta seo an cumas feidhmiúlacht “Íocaíocht in-aipe” a thairgeann Google nó Apple a úsáid, nó íocaíocht gréasáin a dhéanamh ag baint úsáide as próiseálaí íocaíochta tríú páirtí X, Stripe ( www.stripe.com - ina dhiaidh seo " Stripe "). Nuair a dhéanann tú íocaíocht, aontaíonn tú go sainráite: (i) an praghas atá liostaithe don tSeirbhís Íoctha a íoc, mar aon le haon mhéideanna breise a bhaineann le cánacha is infheidhme, táillí cárta creidmheasa, táillí bainc, táillí idirbhirt eachtraigh, táillí malairte eachtraí, agus luaineachtaí airgeadra; agus (ii) cloí le haon téarmaí seirbhíse ábhartha, polasaithe príobháideachais, nó comhaontuithe nó srianta dlíthiúla eile (lena n-áirítear srianta aoise breise) arna bhforchur ag Google, Apple, nó Stripe (mar phróiseálaí íocaíochta tríú páirtí X) i dtaca leis an úsáid a bhaineann tú as modh íocaíochta ar leith (mar shampla amháin, má roghnaíonn tú d'íocaíocht a dhéanamh trí fheidhmiúlacht ceannaigh in-aipe Apple, aontaíonn tú cloí le haon téarmaí, ceanglais agus/nó srianta ábhartha arna bhforchur ag Apple). Déanfar aon sonraí pearsanta príobháideachais a sholáthraíonn tú maidir le d’úsáid as na Seirbhísí Íoctha lena n-áirítear, gan teorainn, aon sonraí a chuirtear ar fáil maidir le híocaíocht, a phróiseáil de réir an Pholasaí Príobháideachais X. Féadfaidh X d'fhaisnéis íocaíochta a roinnt le soláthraithe seirbhísí íocaíochta chun íocaíochtaí a phróiseáil; calaois nó gníomhaíochtaí toirmiscthe eile a chosc, a bhrath agus a imscrúdú; réiteach díospóide amhail aisíocaíochtaí nó aisíocaíochtaí a éascú; agus chun críocha eile a bhaineann le glacadh le cártaí creidmheasa, cártaí dochair nó ACH. Is ortsa atá an fhreagracht a chinntiú go bhfuil do chuid baincéireachta, cárta creidmheasa, cárta dochair agus/nó faisnéis íocaíochta eile cothrom le dáta, iomlán agus cruinn i gcónaí. Má dhéanann tú íocaíocht ar Sheirbhís Íoctha, d’fhéadfaimis faisnéis a fháil faoi d’idirbheart ar nós cathain a rinneadh é, cathain a shocraítear go rachaidh síntiús in éag nó chun athnuachan a dhéanamh go huathoibríoch, cén t-ardán ar cheannaigh tú é, agus faisnéis eile. Ní bheidh X freagrach ná faoi dhliteanas as aon earráidí nó moilleanna a dhéanann próiseálaí íocaíochta, Aipmhargadh Apple nó Aipmhargadh Google, do bhanc, do chuideachta chárta creidmheasa, agus/nó aon líonra íocaíochta. Déan tagairt do gach Téarmaí agus Coinníollacha Seirbhíse Íoctha ar leith thíos le haghaidh téarmaí íocaíochta a bhaineann leis an tSeirbhís Íoctha ar leith sin, lena n-áirítear conas a láimhseáiltear athnuachan síntiúis agus téarmaí tábhachtacha eile. Feidhm Chomhaontú Úsáideora X, Foirceannadh, Gan Aisíocaíochtaí, Cuntais Iolracha X, agus Srianta 1. Baineann an Comhaontú Úsáideora X leat . NÍ MÓR DUIT AN COMHAONTÚ ÚSÁIDEOIR X A LEANAS AGUS A CHOMHLÍONADH. Baineann Comhaontú Úsáideora X le d’úsáid a bhaint as an tSeirbhís X i gcónaí, lena n-áirítear na Seirbhísí Íoctha agus gnéithe. Má theipeann ort an Comhaontú Úsáideora X a leanúint agus a chomhlíonadh, nó creideamh X gur theip ort an Comhaontú Úsáideora X a leanstán agus a chomhlíonadh, d’fhéadfaí do Sheirbhísí Íoctha a chur ar ceal. Beidh aon chealú den sórt sin sa bhreis ar, agus gan teorainn, ar aon ghníomh forfheidhmithe a fhéadfaidh X a dhéanamh i do choinne de bhun Chomhaontú Úsáideora X. I gcásanna dá leithéid d’fhéadfadh go gcaillfidh tú na sochair a bhaineann le do Sheirbhísí Íoctha agus ní bheidh tú i dteideal aisíocaíocht a fháil ar aon suimeanna a d’íoc tú (nó a réamhíoc tú) le haghaidh Seirbhísí Íoctha. 2. Cén Fáth a bhféadfadh X do Rochtain ar Sheirbhísí Íoctha a Fhoirceannadh. Féadfaidh X do rochtain ar Sheirbhís(í) Íoctha a fhionraí nó a fhoirceannadh, deireadh a chur le soláthar iomlán nó cuid de na Seirbhísí Íoctha duit, nó gníomh eile ar bith a ghlacadh a mheasann sé a bheith cuí, lena n-áirítear, mar shampla, do chuntas a chur ar fionraí, (gan aon dliteanas) ag am ar bith ar chúis ar bith nó ar chúis ar bith, lena n-áirítear, ach gan a bheith teoranta d’aon cheann de na cúiseanna seo a leanas: a. Creideann X, dá rogha féin amháin, gur sháraigh tú na Téarmaí nó go sáródh úsáid na Seirbhís(í) Íoctha aon dlíthe is infheidhme; b. Iarrann nó ordaítear do X déanamh amhlaidh ag aon chúirt inniúil dlí, údarás rialála nó gníomhaireacht forfheidhmithe dlí; c. Tá fadhbanna teicniúla nó slándála gan choinne ag X; d. Creideann X, dá lánrogha féin, gur sháraigh tú Comhaontú Úsáideora X; e. Creideann X, dá lánrogha féin, go bhfuil tú ag gabháil d'ionramháil nó d'iompar suaiteach nó toirmiscthe eile, go ginearálta nó i dtaca leis na Seirbhísí Íoctha; f. Cruthaíonn tú riosca nó nochtadh dlíthiúil féideartha do X; g. Ba cheart do chuntas a bhaint mar gheall ar iompar neamhdhleathach; h. Ba cheart do chuntas a bhaint de bharr neamhghníomhaíochta fada; nó i. Níl soláthar na Seirbhísí Íoctha (go hiomlán nó go páirteach) duit inmharthana ó thaobh tráchtála de a thuilleadh (de réir rogha X). 3. Tá gach íocaíocht do Sheirbhísí Íoctha críochnaitheach. Tá gach íocaíocht do Sheirbhísí Íoctha críochnaitheach agus níl siad inaisíoctha ná inmhalartaithe, ach amháin mar a cheanglaítear faoin dlí is infheidhme. Ní thugann muid aon ráthaíocht maidir le cineál, cáilíocht nó luach Seirbhíse Íoctha nó maidir le hinfhaighteacht nó soláthar di. Ní chuirtear aisíocaíochtaí ná creidmheasanna ar fáil d'aon Seirbhís Íoctha neamhúsáidte nó páirtúsáidte (mar shampla, tréimhse síntiúis a úsáidtear go páirteach). 4. Tá Seirbhísí Íoctha Neamh-aistrithe idir Cuntais X. Baineann gach ceannachán de Sheirbhís Íoctha le cuntas X amháin, rud a chiallaíonn nach mbainfidh do cheannachán ach leis an gcuntas a bhí in úsáid agat nuair a cheannaigh tú an tSeirbhís Íoctha agus ní bheidh feidhm aige maidir le cuntais eile a bhféadfadh rochtain a bheith agat orthu nó a bhfuil smacht agat orthu. Má tá cuntais iolracha agat nó má rialaíonn tú iad agus más mian leat rochtain a fháil ar Sheirbhísí Íoctha ar gach cuntas, ní mór duit an tSeirbhís Íoctha a cheannach ar gach cuntas ina n-aonar. 5. Srianta agus Oibleagáidí. a. Ní féidir leat Seirbhís Íoctha a cheannach agus a úsáid ach amháin má tá cead dlíthiúil agat an tSeirbhís Íoctha a úsáid i do thír agus má tá cónaí ort i dtír a fhaigheann tacaíocht ó X don tSeirbhís Íoctha is infheidhme. Féadfaidh X, dá rogha féin, srian a chur ar an gcumas chun Seirbhís Íoctha a rochtain nó a cheannach i dtíortha áirithe. Forchoimeádann X an ceart liosta na dtíortha a fhaigheann tacaíocht a mhodhnú ó am go chéile. b. Coimeádaimid an ceart chun idirbhearta Seirbhísí Íoctha a dhiúltú nó díolachán nó úsáid Seirbhíse Íoctha a chealú nó a scor dár rogha féin amháin. c. Ní fhéadfaidh tú cead a thabhairt do dhaoine eile do chuntas X a úsáid chun rochtain a fháil ar aon tSeirbhís Íoctha nár ordaigh an duine sin. d. Ní fhéadfaidh tú Seirbhís Íoctha a cheannach nó a úsáid más duine tú nach bhfuil cead ag daoine SAM déileáil leo de bhun smachtbhannaí eacnamaíocha, lena n-áirítear, gan teorainn, smachtbhannaí arna riaradh ag Roinn na Stát Aontaithe um Rialú Sócmhainní Eachtracha an Chisteáin nó aon údarás smachtbhannaí is infheidhme eile (" Duine Toirmiscthe "). Áirítear leis sin, gan teorainn, daoine atá lonnaithe sna tíortha agus sna réigiúin seo a leanas, nó saoránach díobh nó a bhfuil gnáthchónaí orthu iontu: Cúba, an Iaráin, Réigiún na Crimé san Úcráin, an Chóiré Thuaidh agus an tSiria. Déanann tú ionadaíocht agus barántas nach Duine Toirmiscthe thú. e. DEARBHAÍONN TÚ GO BHFUIL TÚ ÚSÁID NA SEIRBHÍSÍ ÍOCTHA AMHÁIN CHUN CRÍOCHA DHLÍTHE AGUS AMHÁIN DE RÉIR NA DTÉARMAÍ. Cánacha agus táillí . Tá tú freagrach as aon chánacha, dleachtanna, taraifí agus táillí infheidhmithe a bhaineann le ceannach Seirbhísí Íoctha agus comhaontaíonn tú iad a íoc, lena n-áirítear iad siúd nach mór a íoc le X nó le próiseálaí íocaíochta tríú páirtí. Féadfaidh CBL, GST, cáin díolacháin, cáin siarchoinneálach, agus aon chánacha eile is infheidhme a bheith san áireamh sna cánacha seo, ach níl siad teoranta dóibh. Ag brath ar do shuíomh, d’fhéadfadh X a bheith freagrach as faisnéis a bhailiú agus a thuairisciú a bhaineann le cánacha idirbhirt a eascraíonn as do Sheirbhísí Íoctha a cheannach. Tugann tú cead do X do chuntas agus faisnéis phearsanta a sholáthar d’údaráis chánach ábhartha chun ár n-oibleagáidí bailithe cánach agus tuairiscithe a chomhlíonadh. Téarmaí Ginearálta 1. Sonraí teagmhála. Má tá aon cheist agat faoi na Seirbhísí Íoctha nó na Téarmaí seo, is féidir leat seiceáil amach an Ionad Cabhrach Seirbhísí Íoctha X le haghaidh tuilleadh sonraí. Má tá Seirbhís Íoctha ceannaithe agat cheana féin, is féidir leat teagmháil a dhéanamh linn freisin tríd an nasc tacaíochta atá ar fáil i roghchlár nascleanúna do chuntais X faoi na socruithe íocaíochta nó síntiúis. Má tá ceisteanna breise agat, is féidir leat teagmháil a dhéanamh linn anseo trí úsáid a bhaint as an bhfoirm "Cabhair le gnéithe íoctha". 2. SÉANADH. A MHÉID IS MÓ A CHEADAÍTEAR FAOIN DLÍ IS INFHEIDHME, TÁ DO ROCHTAIN AR NA SEIRBHÍSÍ ÍOCTHA AGUS D'ÚSÁID AR DO PHRIACAL FÉIN. TUIGEANN TÚ AGUS AONTAÍONN TÚ GO DTÍ NA SEIRBHÍSÍ ÍOCTHA A SOCRÚ DUIT AR BHUNÚS "MAR A BHFUIL" AGUS "MAR ATÁ AR FÁIL". SÉANANN X GACH BARÁNTAÍ AGUS COINNÍOLL, BÍDÍS SAINRÁITE NÓ INTUIGTHE, INA BHFUIL INDÍOLACHT, OIRIÚNACHT CHUN CRÍCHE SONRAITHE, NÓ NEAMH-SHÁRÚ. NÍ DHÉANANN X BARÁNTA NÓ IONADAÍOCHT AGUS DÉANANN SÉ GACH FREAGRACHT AGUS DLITEANAS FAOI: (I) COMHLÁNACHT, CRUINNEACHT, FÁILTEACHT, TRÁTHÚLACHT, SLÁNDÁLA NÓ IONTAOBHACHT NA SEIRBHÍSÍ ÍOCTHA; AGUS (II) AN BHFÉADFADH NA SEIRBHÍSÍ ÍOCTHA DO RIACHTANAIS NÓ A BHFUIL AR FÁIL AR BHUNÚS GAN STRUCHTÚR, SLÁNDÁLA NÓ GAN EARRÁID. TÁ TÚ FREAGRACH AS DO ÚSÁID AN TSEIRBHÍS, LENA N-ÁIRÍTEAR NA SEIRBHÍSÍ ÍOCTHA, AGUS AON ÁBHAR A DHÉANAMH SOCRÚ TÚ. 3. TEORAINN LE DLITEANAS. A MHÉID IS MÓ A CHEADAÍTEAR LEIS AN DLÍ IS INFHEIDHME, NÍ BHEIDH EINTITIS X FAOI DHLITEANAS I LEITH AON DAMÁISTÍ INDÍREACHA, TEAGMHASACHA, SPEISIALTA, IARMHARTACHA NÓ PIONÓSACHA, NÓ AON CHAILLTEANAS BRABÚS NÓ IONCAIM, CIBÉ ACU A THABHAÍTEAR IAD GO DÍREACH NÓ GO HINDÍREACH, NÓ AON CHAILLTEANAS SONRAÍ, ÚSÁIDE, CÁILMHEASA, NÓ CAILLTEANAIS DHOLÁIMHSITHE EILE, A EASCRAÍONN AS (i) DO ROCHTAIN AR NA SEIRBHÍSÍ ÍOCTHA NÓ D'ÚSÁID NÓ DO NEAMHÁBALTACHT ROCHTAIN A FHÁIL AR NA SEIRBHÍSÍ ÍOCTHA NÓ IAD A ÚSÁID; (ii) AON IOMPAR NÓ ÁBHAR DE CHUID AON TRÍÚ PÁIRTÍ A PHOSTAÍTEAR TRÍ NA SEIRBHÍSÍ ÍOCTHA, LENA N-ÁIRÍTEAR GAN TEORAINN, AON IOMPAR CLÚMHILLTEACH, MASLACH NÓ NEAMHDHLEATHACH ÚSÁIDEOIRÍ EILE NÓ TRÍÚ PÁIRTITHE; (iii) AON ÁBHAR A GHEOFAR Ó NA SEIRBHÍSÍ ÍOCTHA; NÓ (iv) ROCHTAIN, ÚSÁID NÓ ATHRÚ NEAMHÚDARAITHE AR DO THARCHUR NÓ AR D'ÁBHAR. CHUN AMHRAS A SHEACHAINT, TÁ AN SAINMHÍNIÚ AR SHEIRBHÍSÍ ÍOCTHA TEORANTA DO NA GNÉITHE A THAIRGEANN X AGUS NÍ FHOLAÍONN SÉ AON ÁBHAR A NDÉANANN TÚ ROCHTAIN AIR AGUS/NÓ A IDIRGHNÍOMHAÍONN TÚ LEIS AGUS NA GNÉITHE SIN Á N-ÚSÁID AGAT. I GCÁS AR BITH NÍ BHEIDH DLITEANAS COMHIOMLÁN NA N-EINTITEAS X NÍOS MÓ NÁ AN CEANN IS MÓ DE CHÉAD DOLLAR SAM (US $ 100.00) NÓ AN MÉID A D'ÍOC TÚ X, MÁS ANN, LE SÉ MHÍ ANUAS DO NA SEIRBHÍSÍ ÍOCTHA AS AR EASCAIR AN T-ÉILEAMH. BEIDH FEIDHM AG TEORAINNEACHA AN FHO-AILT SEO MAIDIR LE HAON TEOIRIC DLITEANAIS, CIBÉ ACU BUNAITHE AR BHARÁNTAS, CONRADH, REACHT, TORT (LENA N-ÁIRÍTEAR FAILLÍ) NÓ AR SHLÍ EILE, AGUS CIBÉ ACU AR CUIREADH NÓ NÁR CUIREADH IN IÚL DO NA H-EINTITIS X GO BHFÉADFADH AON DAMÁISTE DEN SÓRT SIN A BHEITH ANN, AGUS FIÚ MÁ FHAIGHTEAR AMACH GUR MHAINNIGH LEIGHEAS ATÁ LEAGTHA AMACH ANSEO A CHUSPÓIR BUNÚSACH. TAGRAÍONN NA "HEINTITIS X" DO X, DÁ THUISMITHEOIRÍ, DÁ CHLEAMHNAITHE, DO CHUIDEACHTAÍ GAOLMHARA, D'OIFIGIGH, DO STIÚRTHÓIRÍ, D'FHOSTAITHE, DO GHNÍOMHAIRÍ, D'IONADAITHE, DÁ CHOMHPHÁIRTITHE AGUS DÁ CHEADÚNÓIRÍ. D'FHÉADFADH NACH GCEADÓDH AN DLÍ IS INFHEIDHME I DO DHLÍNSE TEORAINNEACHA ÁIRITHE DLITEANAIS. A MHÉID A CHEANGLAÍTEAR LEIS AN DLÍ IS INFHEIDHME I DO DHLÍNSE, NÍ CHUIREANN AN MÉID THUAS TEORAINN LE DLITEANAS NA N-EINTITEAS X MAIDIR LE CALAOIS, MÍFHAISNÉIS CHALAOISEACH, BÁS NÓ DÍOBHÁIL PHEARSANTA DE BHARR ÁR BHFAILLÍ, ÁR MÓRFHAILLÍ, AGUS/NÓ IOMPAR D'AON GHNÓ. A MHÉID IS MÓ A CHEADAÍTEAR FAOIN DLÍ IS INFHEIDHME, TÁ DLITEANAS COMHIOMLÁN UASTA NA N-EINTITEAS X D'AON BHARÁNTAÍ NEAMH-IN-EISIATA TEORANTA DO CHÉAD DOLLAR SAM (US $ 100.00). 4. Fógra maidir le Apple. Sa mhéid gur cheannaigh tú na Seirbhísí Íoctha nó go bhfuil na Seirbhísí Íoctha á n-úsáid nó á rochtain agat ar ghléas iOS, aithníonn tú agus aontaíonn tú le téarmaí na Rannóige seo. Admhaíonn tú go bhfuil na Téarmaí idir tú féin agus sinne amháin, ní le Apple, agus níl Apple freagrach as na Seirbhísí Íoctha agus as a bhfuil iontu. Níl aon oibleagáid ar Apple aon seirbhís cothabhála agus tacaíochta a chur ar fáil maidir leis na Seirbhísí Íoctha. Sa chás go mainníonn na Seirbhísí Íoctha cloí le haon bharántas is infheidhme, ansin féadfaidh tú fógra a thabhairt d'Apple agus Apple aisíocfaidh tú aon phraghas ceannaigh is infheidhme do na Seirbhísí Íoctha leat; agus, a mhéid is mó a cheadaítear leis an dlí is infheidhme, níl aon oibleagáid bharántas eile ag Apple maidir leis na Seirbhísí Íoctha. Níl Apple freagrach as aghaidh a thabhairt ar aon éilimh a dhéanann tú féin nó aon tríú páirtí a bhaineann leis na Seirbhísí Íoctha nó le do sheilbh agus/nó úsáid na Seirbhísí Íoctha, lena n-áirítear, ach gan a bheith teoranta do: (i) éilimh dliteanais táirge; (ii) aon éileamh go mainníonn na Seirbhísí Íoctha cloí le haon cheanglas dlíthiúil nó rialála is infheidhme; agus (iii) éilimh a eascraíonn faoi chosaint tomhaltóirí nó faoi reachtaíocht chomhchosúil. Níl Apple freagrach as aon éileamh tríú páirtí a imscrúdú, a chosaint, a shocrú ná a urscaoileadh go sáraíonn na Seirbhísí Íoctha agus/nó do sheilbh agus úsáid na haipe móibíleach cearta maoine intleachtúla an tríú páirtí sin. Aontaíonn tú cloí le haon téarmaí tríú páirtí is infheidhme agus tú ag úsáid na Seirbhísí Íoctha. Is tairbhithe tríú páirtí de na Téarmaí iad Apple, agus fochuideachtaí Apple, agus nuair a ghlacfaidh tú leis na Téarmaí, beidh sé de cheart ag Apple (agus measfar gur ghlac sé leis an gceart) na Téarmaí a fhorfheidhmiú i do choinne mar thairbhí tríú páirtí de na Téarmaí. Léiríonn tú leis seo agus barántaíonn tú (i) nach bhfuil tú lonnaithe i dtír atá faoi réir trádbhac Rialtas na Stát Aontaithe, nó atá ainmnithe ag Rialtas na Stát Aontaithe mar thír "a thacaíonn le sceimhlitheoireacht" agus (ii) nach bhfuil tú liostaithe ar aon liosta Rialtais SAM de pháirtithe toirmiscthe nó srianta. 5. Coimhlint. I gcás coinbhleachta idir forálacha Théarmaí Seirbhíse an Cheannaitheora X seo agus forálacha an Chomhaontaithe Úsáideora X seo, beidh tosaíocht ag forálacha Théarmaí Seirbhíse Ceannaitheora X seo maidir le d'úsáid de Sheirbhís Íoctha amháin. 6. RÉITEACH DÍOSPÓIDÍ AGUS TARSCÁIL GNÍOMHAÍOCHT RANGA a. Réiteach Díospóide Tosaigh. Is féidir an chuid is mó de na díospóidí idir tú féin agus X a réiteach go neamhfhoirmiúil. Is féidir leat teagmháil a dhéanamh linn trí scríobh chuig Tacaíocht Íoctha anseo . Nuair a dhéanann tú teagmháil linn, tabhair cur síos gairid, ar nádúr agus ar bhunús na n-ábhar imní atá agat, ar do chuid faisnéise teagmhála agus ar an bhfaoiseamh sonrach atá uait. Déanfaidh na páirtithe a ndícheall tríd an bpróiseas tacaíochta seo chun díospóidí, éilimh nó conspóidí a réiteach a eascróidh as na Téarmaí seo nó a bhaineann le do rannpháirtíocht sa Chlár (díospóid " Díospóid ," nó níos mó ná ceann amháin, " Díospóidí "). Aontaíonn tusa agus sinne go bhfuil rannpháirtíocht de mheon macánta sa phróiseas neamhfhoirmiúil seo riachtanach agus ní mór é a chomhlánú mar atá leagtha amach thuas sular féidir le ceachtar páirtí dlíthíocht a thionscnamh maidir le haon Díospóid, ach amháin maidir le hiarratais ar fhaoiseamh urghaire éigeandála (" Díospóid Díolmhaithe "). Mura féidir linn teacht ar réiteach comhaontaithe leat maidir le Díospóid (seachas Díospóid Díolmhaithe) laistigh de thréimhse tríocha (30) lá ón am a gcuirtear tús le réiteach neamhfhoirmiúil díospóide faoin bhforáil um Réiteach Tosaigh Díospóide thuas, ansin féadfaidh tú féin nó muid. dlíthíocht a thionscnamh. b. Rogha an Dlí agus Roghnú Fóraim . LÉIGH AN CHUID SEO GO CÚRAMACH LE DO THOIL – D'FHÉADFADH SÉ DIFEAR SUNTASACH A DHÉANAMH DO DO CHEARTA DLÍTHIÚLA, LENA N-ÁIRÍTEAR DO CHEART CHUN CÁS DLÍ A CHOMHDÚ SA CHÚIRT. Is iad dlíthe Stát Texas, gan a rogha forálacha dlí a áireamh, a rialóidh na Téarmaí seo agus aon díospóid a éireoidh idir tú féin agus sinne, d’ainneoin aon chomhaontaithe eile idir tú féin agus sinne dá mhalairt. Déanfar gach díospóid a bhaineann leis na Téarmaí seo, lena n-áirítear aon díospóidí, éilimh, nó conspóidí a eascraíonn as na Téarmaí seo nó a bhaineann leo, a thabhairt go heisiach chuig na cúirteanna cónaidhme nó stáit atá lonnaithe i gContae Tarrant, Texas, Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá, agus toilíonn tú le dlínse phearsanta sna fóraim sin agus tugann tú suas aon agóid maidir le fóram míchóir. Gan dochar don méid sin thuas, aontaíonn tú go bhféadfadh X, dá lánrogha féin, aon éileamh, cúis chaingne nó díospóid atá againn i do choinne a thionscnamh in aon chúirt inniúil sa tír ina bhfuil cónaí ort a bhfuil dlínse agus ionad aici ar an éileamh. Más eintiteas rialtais feidearálach, stáit nó áitiúil thú sna Stáit Aontaithe i do cháil oifigiúil agus mura bhfuil tú in ann glacadh leis an dlí rialaithe, na dlínse nó na clásail ionaid thuas, ansin ní bhaineann na clásail sin leat. Maidir le heintitis rialtais chónaidhme na Stát Aontaithe den sórt sin, beidh an Comhaontú seo agus aon ghníomh a bhaineann leis faoi rialú ag dlíthe Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá (gan tagairt d'easaontacht dlíthe) agus, in éagmais dlí cónaidhme agus a mhéid a cheadaítear faoin dlí cónaidhme, dlíthe Stát Texas (gan rogha dlí a áireamh). c. TÁ DHÁ BHLIAIN AGAT CHUN ÉILEAMH A DHÉANAMH I GCOINNE X . Ní mór duit aon éileamh a dhéanamh i gcoinne X a eascraíonn as nó a bhaineann leis na Téarmaí seo laistigh de dhá (2) bhliain tar éis dháta tarlú an teagmhas nó na bhfíorais is cúis leis an díospóid, mura bhforáiltear sa dlí is infheidhme nach féidir gnáthreacht na dtréimhsí don éileamh sin a ghiorrú trí chomhaontú. Mura dtabharfaidh tú éileamh isteach laistigh den tréimhse seo, tarscaoileann tú go deo an ceart chun aon éileamh nó cúis chaingne a leanúint, d’aon chineál nó de chineál ar bith, bunaithe ar imeachtaí nó fíricí den sórt sin, agus tá toirmeasc buan ar éilimh nó ar chúiseanna caingne den sórt sin, agus Ní bheidh aon dliteanas ar X maidir leis an éileamh sin. d. Tarscaoileadh Caingean Aicmeach . A mhéid a cheadaítear le dlí, tarscaoileann tú freisin an ceart chun páirt a ghlacadh mar ghearánaí nó mar bhall d'aicme in aon ghníomhaíocht aicme airbheartaithe, gníomhaíocht chomhchoiteann nó imeachtaí gníomhaíochta ionadaíocha. Téarmaí Seirbhíse Ceannaitheora X Má tá cónaí ort san Aontas Eorpach, Stáit CSTE, nó an Ríocht Aontaithe Ligeann X duit rochtain a fháil ar ghnéithe áirithe mar mhalairt ar tháille aonuaire nó athfhillteach a íoc, de réir mar is infheidhme maidir leis na gnéithe ábhartha (" Seirbhís Íoctha " gach ceann acu agus le chéile an " Seirbhísí Íoctha "). Mar shampla, X Phréimh (mar atá sainmhínithe thíos) agus Síntiúis a mheas mar "Seirbhís Íoctha." A mhéid a chláraíonn tú agus/nó go n-úsáideann tú Seirbhís Íoctha, tá d’úsáid as na Seirbhísí Íoctha agus aon idirbhearta comhfhreagracha faoi réir: (i) na téarmaí agus na coinníollacha atá leagtha amach anseo, lena n-áirítear na téarmaí agus na coinníollacha is infheidhme maidir le gach ceann Íoctha Seirbhís a cheannaíonn tú, gach ceann díobh mar atá liostaithe thíos (le chéile, na " Téarmaí Seirbhíse an Ceannaitheora X ") agus (ii) an ceann is infheidhme Téarmaí Seirbhíse X , Polasaí Príobháideachais X , Rialacha agus Polasaithe X , agus na polasaithe go léir atá ionchorpraithe ann (le chéile, an " Comhaontú Úsáideora X "). Tabharfar “ Téarmaí ” do Théarmaí Seirbhíse an Cheannaitheora X seo agus don Chomhaontú Úsáideora X thuasluaite le chéile sa doiciméad seo. Tagraíonn " X " don eintiteas X a sholáthraíonn na Seirbhísí Íoctha duit. Léigh na Téarmaí Seirbhíse Ceannaitheora X seo go cúramach lena chinntiú go dtuigeann tú na téarmaí, na coinníollacha agus na heisceachtaí is infheidhme. MÁ CHÓNAÍONN TÚ SAN AONTAS EORPACH, I STÁIT EFTA, NÓ SA RÍOCHT AONTAITHE, TÁ EOLAS TÁBHACHTACH SNA TÉARMAÍ SEO A BHAINEANN LEAT MAIDIR LE RÉITEACH DÍOSPÓIDÍ, LENA n-ÁIRÍTEAR TARSCAOILEADH AR DO CHEART ÉILIMH A THABHARFADH MAR GHNÍOMHAÍOCHTAÍ AICME, AGUS TEORAINN AR DO CHEART ÉILIMH A THABHARFADH I gCOINNE X NÍOS MÓ NÁ 1 BHLIAIN TAR ÉIS NA IMEACHTAÍ ÁBHARTHA A THARLA, A RAIBH TIONCHAR ACU AR DO CHEARTA AGUS DO DO OIBLEAGÁIDÍ MÁ THARTHAS AON DÍOSPÓID LE X CHUN CINN. FÉACH ALT 6 FAOI THÉARMAÍ GINEARÁLTA LE HAGHAIDH SONRAÍ AR NA FORÁLACHA SIN. Glacadh . Trí Sheirbhísí Íoctha ó X a úsáid nó rochtain a fháil orthu, íocaíocht a chur isteach fúthu agus/nó cliceáil ar chnaipe chun ceannach aonuaire nó íocaíochtaí síntiúis athfhillteacha a dhéanamh don tSeirbhís Íoctha a sholáthraíonn X, aontaíonn tú a bheith faoi cheangal ag na Téarmaí. Mura dtuigeann tú na Téarmaí, nó mura nglacann tú le haon chuid díobh, ní fhéadfaidh tú aon Sheirbhísí Íoctha a úsáid nó a rochtain. Chun Seirbhís Íoctha a cheannach agus a úsáid, ní mór duit: (i) a bheith 18 mbliana d'aois ar a laghad nó aois an tromlaigh de réir mar a chinntear le dlíthe na dlínse ina bhfuil cónaí ort nó (ii) toiliú sainráite do thuismitheoir nó do chaomhnóra an tSeirbhís Íoctha sin a cheannach agus a úsáid. Más tuismitheoir nó caomhnóir dlíthiúil thú agus má cheadaíonn tú do do leanbh (nó leanbh a bhfuil tú i do chaomhnóir air) chun Seirbhís Íoctha a cheannach nó a úsáid, aontaíonn tú go mbaineann na Téarmaí leat, go gcloífidh tú leis na Téarmaí, agus go bhfuil tú freagrach as gníomhaíocht an linbh ar na Seirbhísí Íoctha agus as a chinntiú go cloíonn an leanbh leis na Téarmaí freisin. Ar aon chuma, mar a shonraítear sa rannán Cé a fhéadfaidh na Seirbhísí a Úsáid de Théarmaí Seirbhíse X, ní mór duit a bheith 13 bliana d'aois ar a laghad chun an tSeirbhís X a úsáid. Má tá tú ag glacadh leis na Téarmaí Seirbhíse Ceannaitheora X seo agus ag baint úsáide as na Seirbhísí Íoctha thar ceann cuideachta, eagraíochta, rialtais, nó aonáin dhlíthiúil eile, léiríonn tú agus barántaíonn tú go bhfuil tú údaraithe chun é sin a dhéanamh agus go bhfuil an t-údarás agat aonán den sórt sin a cheangal leis na Téarmaí Seirbhíse Ceannaitheora X seo, agus sa chás sin déanfaidh na focail "tú" agus "do" mar a úsáidtear sna Téarmaí Seirbhíse Ceannaitheora X seo tagairt don eintiteas sin. X Eintiteas Conarthach . Téann tú isteach sna Téarmaí Seirbhíse X Ceannaitheora seo leis an eintiteas a fhreagraíonn don áit ina gcónaíonn tú, mar atá liostaithe thíos. Cuirfidh an t-eintiteas seo na Seirbhísí Íoctha ar fáil duit. Níl aon eintiteas eile faoi cheangal d'aon oibleagáid duit faoi na Téarmaí Seirbhíse Ceannaitheora seo. Do Shuíomh An tAontas Eorpach, Stáit CSTE, nó an Ríocht Aontaithe Eintiteas Conarthach X Internet Unlimited Company, a bhfuil a hoifig chláraithe ag One Cumberland Place, Fenian Street, Dublin 2, D02 AX07 Ireland Athruithe ar Théarmaí, Seirbhísí Íoctha agus Praghsáil 1. Athruithe ar Théarmaí. Féadfaidh X athbhreithniú a dhéanamh ar na Téarmaí Seirbhíse X Ceannaitheora seo ar bhonn bailí agus réasúnta ó am go ham. D'fhéadfadh go n-áireofaí ar bhonn bailí agus réasúnta, (i) athrú ar ár seirbhísí, mar shampla mar gheall ar fhorbairtí teicniúla, a bhaineann le slándáil nó oibríochtúla, (ii) deireadh a chur le hearráidí teicniúla, (iii) athrú ar ár ngnó, mar shampla mar gheall ar athruithe beartais, airgeadais nó treo eile, (iv) athrú ar an staid dhlíthiúil, mar shampla mar gheall ar athrú ar an dlí, iarratas ó ghníomhaireacht oifigiúil, nó cinneadh ó chúirt, agus (v) eispéireas an úsáideora a bharrfheabhsú trí ghnéithe nua a chur i bhfeidhm. Ní bheidh na hathruithe aisghníomhach, agus beidh an leagan is déanaí de Théarmaí Seirbhíse Ceannaitheora X ar fáil ag dlíthiúil.x.com/terms-cheannach , a rialóidh d’úsáid Seirbhísí Íoctha agus aon idirbhearta comhfhreagracha. Má dhéanaimid na Téarmaí seo a mhodhnú nó a athbhreithniú tar éis duit aontú leo (mar shampla, má dhéantar na téarmaí seo a mhodhnú tar éis duit síntiús a cheannach), geallaimid fógra a thabhairt duit suas le 30 lá roimh ré (ag brath ar na hathruithe sonracha) sula dtiocfaidh athbhreithnithe ábhartha ar na téarmaí seo i bhfeidhm agus spriocdháta réasúnta a shocrú don úsáideoir maidir leis na hathruithe agus fógra a thabhairt duit faoi na hiarmhairtí a bhaineann le húsáid leanúnach tar éis don spriocdháta a bheith caite. Féadfar fógra den sórt sin a sholáthar go leictreonach, lena n-áirítear (agus gan teorainn leis) trí fhógra seirbhíse nó trí ríomhphost chuig an seoladh ríomhphoist a bhaineann le do chuntas. Sa chás go leanann tú ar aghaidh ag úsáid na Seirbhísí Íoctha tar éis don spriocdháta thuasluaite dul in éag, aontaíonn tú a bheith faoi cheangal ag na Téarmaí Seirbhíse athbhreithnithe X Ceannaitheora. Mura n-aontaíonn tú leis na hathruithe ar Théarmaí Seirbhíse Ceannaitheora X, beidh ort stop a chur le húsáid nó rochtain a fháil ar na Seirbhísí Íoctha. Scríobhtar Téarmaí Seirbhíse Ceannaitheora X i mBéarla ach cuirtear ar fáil iad i dteangacha éagsúla trí aistriúcháin. Déanann X gach iarracht na haistriúcháin a dhéanamh chomh cruinn agus is féidir ar an mbunleagan Béarla. I gcás aon neamhréireanna nó neamhréireachtaí, áfach, beidh tosaíocht ag an leagan Béarla de Théarmaí Seirbhíse Ceannaitheora X. Admhaíonn tú gurb é an Béarla an teanga tagartha chun téarmaí Théarmaí Seirbhíse Ceannaitheora X a léirmhíniú agus a thógáil. 2. Athruithe ar sheirbhísí íoctha. Bíonn ár Seirbhísí Íoctha agus ár dtáirgí agus seirbhísí ag forbairt i gcónaí. Féadfaidh X na Seirbhísí Íoctha a athrú ar bhonn réasúnta agus bailí. D'fhéadfadh go n-áireofaí ar bhonn bailí agus réasúnach den sórt sin (i) forbairtí teicniúla, a bhaineann le slándáil nó forbairtí oibríochtúla, (ii) deireadh a chur le hearráidí teicniúla, (iii) comhlíonadh staid dhlíthiúil athraithe mar shampla mar gheall ar athrú ar an dlí, iarratas ó ghníomhaireacht oifigiúil, nó cinneadh ó chúirt, (iv) eispéireas an úsáideora a bharrfheabhsú trí ghnéithe nua a chur chun feidhme, agus (v) athrú ar ár ngnó mar shampla mar gheall ar pholasaí, imthosca airgeadais nó athruithe treoracha eile. Cuirfimid in iúl duit faoi aon athruithe ar na Seirbhísí Íoctha suas le 30 lá sula dtiocfaidh siad i bhfeidhm, mar shampla trí bhíthin fógra seirbhíse nó ríomhphost a sheoltar chuig an seoladh ríomhphoist atá nasctha le do chuntas, ag sonrú saintréithe agus dáta éifeachtach na n-athruithe agus ag cur in iúl duit faoi do cheart sa deireadh chun an síntiús a fhoirceannadh. D'fhéadfaí an spriocdháta a ghiorrú i gcás athruithe a bhaineann le sábháilteacht. Ní mheasfar na nithe seo a leanas mar athruithe ar na Seirbhísí Íoctha faoi bhrí na forála seo: (i) athruithe a dhéanann difear do nádúr bunúsach na Seirbhísí Íoctha agus do shaintréithe bunúsacha na seirbhíse atá le soláthar ag X, agus (ii) scor buan de sheirbhísí. Níl X faoi dhliteanas duit as aon mhodhnú, fionraí nó scor de na Seirbhísí Íoctha. I gcás ina gceanglaítear air go dlíthiúil, níl feidhm ag an teorannú dliteanais thuasluaite (i) maidir leis an gcúiteamh i leith damáiste intuartha i gcásanna sárú beagán faillíoch ar dhualgais, a mhéid go bhfuil a gcomhlíonadh riachtanach chun an conradh a fhorghníomhú i gceart agus gur féidir le húsáideoirí brath ar a gcomhlíonadh (oibleagáidí conarthacha riachtanacha), ag X nó ag a ionadaithe dlíthiúla nó a ghníomhairí ionadacha, agus (ii) dliteanas X i leith (a) damáiste a eascraíonn as díobháil don bheatha, don chorp nó don tsláinte chomh maith le damáistí a tharla d'intinn nó de mhórfhaillí ar thaobh X, a ionadaithe dlíthiúla, nó gníomhairí ionadacha, agus (b) damáiste mar gheall ar neamhchomhlíonadh ráthaíochta nó tréith bharántais nó mar thoradh ar locht a ceileadh go calaoiseach. Sonraítear sna téarmaí agus coinníollacha sonracha (san áireamh thíos) don tSeirbhís Íoctha shonrach conas is féidir leat síntiús a chealú nó, nuair is infheidhme, aisíocaíocht a lorg. 3. Athruithe ar Phraghsáil. Tá praghsanna do Sheirbhísí Íoctha, lena n-áirítear táillí síntiúis athfhillteacha, faoi réir athrú ó am go ham mar gheall ar athrú ar na costais a bhaineann le hoibriú, cothabháil, soláthar teicniúil, cúinsí gnó, agus táillí a ghearrann tríú páirtithe nó táillí reachtúla, dár rogha réasúnta. I gcás méadú ar chostais, forchoimeádann X an ceart praghsanna do sheirbhísí inmhuirearaithe a choigeartú. Cuirfidh X in iúl duit faoi aon athruithe praghsanna i scríbhinn suas le 30 lá sula dtiocfaidh siad i bhfeidhm, mar shampla trí fhógra seirbhíse nó ríomhphost chuig an seoladh ríomhphoist atá nasctha le do chuntas, ag lua do chearta agus na hiarmhairtí a bhaineann le gan iad a fheidhmiú. I gcás athrú ar phraghas, féadfaidh tú an síntiús leis an tSeirbhís Íoctha is infheidhme nó leis an gcomhaontú úsáideora a fhoirceannadh suas le 24 uair an chloig roimh thús do chéad timthriall billeála eile, ar choinníoll go ndéantar an cealú laistigh de 30 lá tar éis an fógra a fháil. Seachas sin, tiocfaidh an t-athrú praghais i bhfeidhm ag an am a shonraítear san fhógra. Maidir le seirbhísí síntiúis, tiocfaidh athruithe praghsanna i bhfeidhm ag tús na chéad tréimhse síntiúis eile tar éis dháta éifeachtachta an athraithe praghais. Téarmaí íocaíochta . Tairgeann X roghanna íocaíochta éagsúla a d’fhéadfadh a bheith éagsúil de réir Seirbhíse Íoctha, do ghléas agus/nó do chóras oibriúcháin, do shuíomh geografach nó fachtóirí eile. A mhéid atá ar fáil (toisc go bhféadfaidh X modhanna éagsúla ceannaigh a chur ar fáil ó am go chéile), d’fhéadfadh go n-áireofaí sna roghanna íocaíochta seo an cumas feidhmiúlacht “Íocaíocht in-aipe” a thairgeann Google nó Apple a úsáid, nó íocaíocht gréasáin a dhéanamh ag baint úsáide as próiseálaí íocaíochta tríú páirtí X, Stripe ( www.stripe.com - ina dhiaidh seo " Stripe "). Nuair a dhéanann tú íocaíocht, aontaíonn tú go sainráite: (i) an praghas atá liostaithe don tSeirbhís Íoctha a íoc, mar aon le haon mhéideanna breise a bhaineann le cánacha is infheidhme, táillí cárta creidmheasa, táillí bainc, táillí idirbhirt eachtraigh, táillí malairte eachtraí, agus luaineachtaí airgeadra; agus (ii) cloí le haon téarmaí seirbhíse ábhartha, polasaithe príobháideachais, nó comhaontuithe nó srianta dlíthiúla eile (lena n-áirítear srianta aoise breise) arna bhforchur ag Google, Apple, nó Stripe (mar phróiseálaí íocaíochta tríú páirtí X) i dtaca leis an úsáid a bhaineann tú as modh íocaíochta ar leith (mar shampla amháin, má roghnaíonn tú d'íocaíocht a dhéanamh trí fheidhmiúlacht ceannaigh in-aipe Apple, aontaíonn tú cloí le haon téarmaí, ceanglais agus/nó srianta ábhartha arna bhforchur ag Apple). Déanfar aon sonraí pearsanta príobháideachais a sholáthraíonn tú maidir le d’úsáid as na Seirbhísí Íoctha lena n-áirítear, gan teorainn, aon sonraí a chuirtear ar fáil maidir le híocaíocht, a phróiseáil de réir an Pholasaí Príobháideachais X. Féadfaidh X d'fhaisnéis íocaíochta a roinnt le soláthraithe seirbhísí íocaíochta chun íocaíochtaí a phróiseáil; calaois nó gníomhaíochtaí toirmiscthe eile a chosc, a bhrath agus a imscrúdú; réiteach díospóide amhail aisíocaíochtaí nó aisíocaíochtaí a éascú; agus chun críocha eile a bhaineann le glacadh le cártaí creidmheasa, cártaí dochair nó ACH. Is ortsa atá an fhreagracht a chinntiú go bhfuil do chuid baincéireachta, cárta creidmheasa, cárta dochair agus/nó faisnéis íocaíochta eile cothrom le dáta, iomlán agus cruinn i gcónaí. Má dhéanann tú íocaíocht ar Sheirbhís Íoctha, d’fhéadfaimis faisnéis a fháil faoi d’idirbheart ar nós cathain a rinneadh é, cathain a shocraítear go rachaidh síntiús in éag nó chun athnuachan a dhéanamh go huathoibríoch, cén t-ardán ar cheannaigh tú é, agus faisnéis eile. Ní bheidh X freagrach ná faoi dhliteanas as aon earráidí nó moilleanna a dhéanann próiseálaí íocaíochta, Aipmhargadh Apple nó Aipmhargadh Google, do bhanc, do chuideachta chárta creidmheasa, agus/nó aon líonra íocaíochta. Déan tagairt do gach Téarmaí agus Coinníollacha Seirbhíse Íoctha ar leith thíos le haghaidh téarmaí íocaíochta a bhaineann leis an tSeirbhís Íoctha ar leith sin, lena n-áirítear conas a láimhseáiltear athnuachan síntiúis agus téarmaí tábhachtacha eile. Feidhm Chomhaontú Úsáideora X, Foirceannadh, Gan Aisíocaíochtaí, Cuntais Iolracha X, agus Srianta 1. Baineann an Comhaontú Úsáideora X leat . NÍ MÓR DUIT AN COMHAONTÚ ÚSÁIDEOIR X A LEANAS AGUS A CHOMHLÍONADH. Baineann Comhaontú Úsáideora X le d’úsáid a bhaint as an tSeirbhís X i gcónaí, lena n-áirítear na Seirbhísí Íoctha agus gnéithe. Má theipeann ort an Comhaontú Úsáideora X a leanúint agus a chomhlíonadh, nó creideamh X gur theip ort an Comhaontú Úsáideora X a leanstán agus a chomhlíonadh, d’fhéadfaí do Sheirbhísí Íoctha a chur ar ceal. Beidh aon chealú den sórt sin sa bhreis ar, agus gan teorainn, ar aon ghníomh forfheidhmithe a fhéadfaidh X a dhéanamh i do choinne de bhun Chomhaontú Úsáideora X. I gcásanna dá leithéid d’fhéadfadh go gcaillfidh tú na sochair a bhaineann le do Sheirbhísí Íoctha agus ní bheidh tú i dteideal aisíocaíocht a fháil ar aon suimeanna a d’íoc tú (nó a réamhíoc tú) le haghaidh Seirbhísí Íoctha. 2. Cén Fáth a bhféadfadh X do Rochtain ar Sheirbhísí Íoctha a Fhoirceannadh. Féadfaidh X do rochtain ar Sheirbhís(í) Íoctha a fhionraí nó a fhoirceannadh, deireadh a chur le soláthar iomlán nó cuid de na Seirbhísí Íoctha duit, nó gníomh eile ar bith a ghlacadh a mheasann sé a bheith cuí, lena n-áirítear, mar shampla, do chuntas a chur ar fionraí, (gan aon dliteanas) ag am ar bith ar chúis ar bith nó ar chúis ar bith, lena n-áirítear, ach gan a bheith teoranta d’aon cheann de na cúiseanna réasúnacha seo a leanas: a. Creideann X, dá rogha féin amháin, gur sháraigh tú na Téarmaí nó go sáródh úsáid na Seirbhís(í) Íoctha aon dlíthe is infheidhme; b. Iarrann nó ordaítear do X déanamh amhlaidh ag aon chúirt inniúil dlí, údarás rialála nó gníomhaireacht forfheidhmithe dlí; c. Tá fadhbanna teicniúla nó slándála gan choinne ag X; d. Creideann X, dá lánrogha réasúnach féin, gur sháraigh tú Comhaontú Úsáideora X; e. Creideann X ar chúiseanna bailí, mar shampla má tá tú ag gabháil d'ionramháil, cearrbhachas, nó iompar suaiteach nó toirmiscthe eile i dtaca leis na Seirbhísí Íoctha; f. Cruthaíonn tú riosca nó nochtadh dlíthiúil féideartha do X; g. Ba cheart do chuntas a bhaint mar gheall ar iompar neamhdhleathach; h. Ba cheart do chuntas a bhaint de bharr neamhghníomhaíochta fada; nó i. Níl soláthar na Seirbhísí Íoctha (go hiomlán nó go páirteach) duit inmharthana ó thaobh tráchtála de a thuilleadh (de réir rogha X). 3. Tá gach íocaíocht do Sheirbhísí Íoctha críochnaitheach. Tá gach íocaíocht do Sheirbhísí Íoctha críochnaitheach agus níl siad inaisíoctha ná inmhalartaithe, ach amháin mar a cheanglaítear faoin dlí is infheidhme. Ní thugann muid aon ráthaíocht maidir le cineál, cáilíocht nó luach Seirbhíse Íoctha nó maidir le hinfhaighteacht nó soláthar di. Ní chuirtear aisíocaíochtaí ná creidmheasanna ar fáil d'aon Seirbhís Íoctha neamhúsáidte nó páirtúsáidte (mar shampla, tréimhse síntiúis a úsáidtear go páirteach). 4. Tá Seirbhísí Íoctha Neamh-aistrithe idir Cuntais X. Baineann gach ceannachán de Sheirbhís Íoctha le cuntas X amháin, rud a chiallaíonn nach mbainfidh do cheannachán ach leis an gcuntas a bhí in úsáid agat nuair a cheannaigh tú an tSeirbhís Íoctha agus ní bheidh feidhm aige maidir le cuntais eile a bhféadfadh rochtain a bheith agat orthu nó a bhfuil smacht agat orthu. Má tá cuntais iolracha agat nó má rialaíonn tú iad agus más mian leat rochtain a fháil ar Sheirbhísí Íoctha ar gach cuntas, ní mór duit an tSeirbhís Íoctha a cheannach ar gach cuntas ina n-aonar. 5. Srianta agus Oibleagáidí. a. Ní féidir leat Seirbhís Íoctha a cheannach agus a úsáid ach amháin má tá cead dlíthiúil agat an tSeirbhís Íoctha a úsáid i do thír agus má tá cónaí ort i dtír a fhaigheann tacaíocht ó X don tSeirbhís Íoctha is infheidhme. Féadfaidh X, dá rogha féin, srian a chur ar an gcumas chun Seirbhís Íoctha a rochtain nó a cheannach i dtíortha áirithe. Forchoimeádann X an ceart liosta na dtíortha a fhaigheann tacaíocht a mhodhnú ó am go chéile. b. Coimeádaimid an ceart chun idirbhearta Seirbhísí Íoctha a dhiúltú nó díolachán nó úsáid Seirbhíse Íoctha a chealú nó a scor dár rogha féin amháin. c. Ní fhéadfaidh tú cead a thabhairt do dhaoine eile do chuntas X a úsáid chun rochtain a fháil ar aon tSeirbhís Íoctha nár ordaigh an duine sin. d. Ní fhéadfaidh tú Seirbhís Íoctha a cheannach nó a úsáid más duine tú nach bhfuil cead ag daoine SAM déileáil leo de bhun smachtbhannaí eacnamaíocha, lena n-áirítear, gan t | 2026-01-13T08:48:38 |
https://docs.python.org/ja/3/ | 3.14.2 Documentation テーマ 自動 ライト ダーク ダウンロード これらのドキュメントのダウンロード バージョンごとのドキュメント Python 3.15 (in development) Python 3.14 (stable) Python 3.13 (stable) Python 3.12 (security-fixes) Python 3.11 (security-fixes) Python 3.10 (security-fixes) Python 3.9 (EOL) Python 3.8 (EOL) Python 3.7 (EOL) Python 3.6 (EOL) Python 3.5 (EOL) Python 3.4 (EOL) Python 3.3 (EOL) Python 3.2 (EOL) Python 3.1 (EOL) Python 3.0 (EOL) Python 2.7 (EOL) Python 2.6 (EOL) 全てのバージョン その他のリソース PEP Index Beginner's Guide Book List Audio/Visual Talks Python Developer’s Guide ナビゲーション 索引 モジュール | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » | テーマ 自動 ライト ダーク | Python 3.14.2 ドキュメント ようこそ! Python 3.14.2 公式ドキュメントへ。 ドキュメント： What's new in Python 3.14? または Python 2.0 以降の全ての "What's new" ドキュメント チュートリアル ここから始めましょう: Python構文と機能のツアー ライブラリ リファレンス 標準ライブラリとビルトイン 言語リファレンス 構文と言語要素 Pythonのセットアップと使い方 Pythonのインストール方法、configure方法、使い方 Python HOWTO トピックのより深いマニュアル Python モジュールのインストール サードパーティモジュールと PyPI.org Python モジュールの配布 他の人が使えるようにモジュールを公開する 拡張と埋め込み C/C++ プログラマ向け Python の C API C API リファレンス FAQ よくある質問（解答つき！） 非推奨 非推奨となった機能 索引、用語集、検索： 全モジュール索引 全てのモジュールとライブラリ 総合索引 全ての関数、クラス、用語 用語集 用語の説明 検索 このドキュメントから検索する 全体の目次 章／節一覧 プロジェクト情報： 問題の報告 ドキュメントへの貢献 ドキュメントのダウンロード Python の歴史とライセンス Copyright このドキュメントについて ダウンロード これらのドキュメントのダウンロード バージョンごとのドキュメント Python 3.15 (in development) Python 3.14 (stable) Python 3.13 (stable) Python 3.12 (security-fixes) Python 3.11 (security-fixes) Python 3.10 (security-fixes) Python 3.9 (EOL) Python 3.8 (EOL) Python 3.7 (EOL) Python 3.6 (EOL) Python 3.5 (EOL) Python 3.4 (EOL) Python 3.3 (EOL) Python 3.2 (EOL) Python 3.1 (EOL) Python 3.0 (EOL) Python 2.7 (EOL) Python 2.6 (EOL) 全てのバージョン その他のリソース PEP Index Beginner's Guide Book List Audio/Visual Talks Python Developer’s Guide « ナビゲーション 索引 モジュール | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » | テーマ 自動 ライト ダーク | © Copyright 2001 Python Software Foundation. このページはPython Software Foundation License Version 2でライセンスされています。 ドキュメント内のサンプル、レシピ等のコードは、Zero Clause BSDライセンスの下で追加的にライセンスされています。 詳しくは 歴史とライセンス を参照してください。 Pythonソフトウェア財団は非営利法人です。 寄付をするには 最終更新日: 1月 13, 2026 (06:47 UTC) バグを報告する Sphinx 8.2.3を使って構築されています。 | 2026-01-13T08:48:38 |
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In the event of any failure of the Paid Services to conform to any applicable warranty, then you may notify Apple and Apple will refund any applicable purchase price for the Paid Services to you; and, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, Apple has no other warranty obligation whatsoever with respect to the Paid Services. Apple is not responsible for addressing any claims by you or any third-party relating to the Paid Services or your possession and/or use of the Paid Services, including, but not limited to: (i) product liability claims; (ii) any claim that the Paid Services fail to conform to any applicable legal or regulatory requirement; and (iii) claims arising under consumer protection or similar legislation. Apple is not responsible for the investigation, defense, settlement and discharge of any third-party claim that the Paid Services and/or your possession and use of the mobile application infringe that third-party’s intellectual property rights. You agree to comply with any applicable third-party terms when using the Paid Services. Apple, and Apple’s subsidiaries, are third-party beneficiaries of the Terms, and upon your acceptance of the Terms, Apple will have the right (and will be deemed to have accepted the right) to enforce the Terms against you as a third-party beneficiary of the Terms. You hereby represent and warrant that (i) you are not located in a country that is subject to a U.S. Government embargo, or that has been designated by the U.S. Government as a "terrorist supporting" country; and (ii) you are not listed on any U.S. Government list of prohibited or restricted parties. 5. Conflict. In the event of a conflict between the provisions of this X Purchaser Terms of Service and those of the X User Agreement, the provisions of this X Purchaser Terms of Service take precedence solely with respect to your use of a Paid Service. 6. DISPUTE RESOLUTION AND CLASS ACTION WAIVER a. Initial Dispute Resolution . Most disputes between you and X can be resolved informally. You may contact us by writing to Paid Support here . When you contact us, please provide a brief description of the nature and bases for your concerns, your contact information, and the specific relief you seek. The parties shall use their best efforts through this support process to settle disputes, claims, or controversies arising out of or relating to these Terms and/or your participation in the Program (individually a “ Dispute ,” or more than one, “ Disputes ”). You and we agree that good faith participation in this informal process is required and must be completed as set forth above before either party can initiate litigation regarding any Dispute, except with respect to requests for emergency injunctive relief (“ Exempted Dispute ”). If we cannot reach an agreed upon resolution with you regarding a Dispute (other than an Exempted Dispute) within a period of thirty (30) days from the time informal dispute resolution commences under the Initial Dispute Resolution provision above, then either you or we may initiate litigation. b. Choice of Law and Forum Selection . PLEASE READ THIS SECTION CAREFULLY – IT MAY SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECT YOUR LEGAL RIGHTS, INCLUDING YOUR RIGHT TO FILE A LAWSUIT IN COURT. The laws of the State of Texas, excluding its choice of law provisions, will govern these Terms and any dispute that arises between you and us, notwithstanding any other agreement between you and us to the contrary. All disputes related to these Terms, including any disputes, claims, or controversies arising out of or relating to these Terms, will be brought exclusively in the federal or state courts located in Tarrant County, Texas, United States, and you consent to personal jurisdiction in those forums and waive any objection as to inconvenient forum. Without prejudice to the foregoing, you agree that, in its sole discretion, X may bring any claim, cause of action, or dispute we have against you in any competent court in the country in which you reside that has jurisdiction and venue over the claim. If you are a federal, state, or local government entity in the United States in your official capacity and legally unable to accept the controlling law, jurisdiction or venue clauses above, then those clauses do not apply to you. For such U.S. federal government entities, this Agreement and any action related thereto will be governed by the laws of the United States of America (without reference to conflict of laws) and, in the absence of federal law and to the extent permitted under federal law, the laws of the State of Texas (excluding choice of law). c. YOU HAVE TWO YEARS TO BRING A CLAIM AGAINST X . You must bring any claim against X arising out of or related to these Terms within two (2) years after the date of the occurrence of the event or facts giving rise to the dispute, unless applicable law provides that the normal statute of limitations for that claim may not be shortened by agreement. If you do not bring a claim within this period, you forever waive the right to pursue any claim or cause of action, of any kind or character, based on such events or facts, and such claims or causes of action are permanently banned, and X will have no liability with respect to such claim. d. Class Action Waiver . To the extent permitted by law, you also waive the right to participate as a plaintiff or class member in any purported class action, collective action or representative action proceeding. X Purchaser Terms of Service If you live in the European Union, EFTA States, or the United Kingdom X allows you to access certain features in exchange for payment of a one-time or recurring fee, as applicable to the relevant features (each a “ Paid Service ” and collectively the " Paid Services "). For example, X Premium (as defined below) and Subscriptions would each be considered a “Paid Service.” To the extent that you sign up for and/or use a Paid Service, your use of the Paid Services and any corresponding transactions are subject to: (i) the terms and conditions set forth herein, including the applicable terms and conditions for each Paid Service you purchase, each as listed below (collectively, the “ X Purchaser Terms of Service ”), and (ii) the applicable X Terms of Service , X Privacy Policy , X Rules and Policies , and all policies incorporated therein (collectively, the “ X User Agreement ”). This X Purchaser Terms of Service and the aforementioned X User Agreement shall be collectively referred to in this document as the “ Terms ”. “ X ” refers to the X entity that provides the Paid Services to you. Please read these X Purchaser Terms of Service carefully to make sure you understand the applicable terms, conditions and exceptions. IF YOU LIVE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION, EFTA STATES, OR THE UNITED KINGDOM, THESE TERMS CONTAIN IMPORTANT INFORMATION THAT APPLY TO YOU ABOUT RESOLUTION OF DISPUTES, INCLUDING A WAIVER OF YOUR RIGHT TO BRING CLAIMS AS CLASS ACTIONS, AND A LIMITATION ON YOUR RIGHT TO BRING CLAIMS AGAINST X MORE THAN 1 YEAR AFTER THE RELEVANT EVENTS OCCURRED, WHICH IMPACT YOUR RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS IF ANY DISPUTE WITH X ARISES. SEE SECTION 6 UNDER GENERAL TERMS FOR DETAILS ON THESE PROVISIONS. Acceptance . By using or accessing a Paid Service(s) from X, submitting payment thereunder and/or clicking on a button to make a one-time purchase or recurring subscription payments for the Paid Service provided by X, you agree to be bound by the Terms. If you do not understand the Terms, or do not accept any part of them, then you may not use or access any Paid Services. To purchase and use a Paid Service you must: (i) be at least 18 years old or the age of majority as determined by the laws of the jurisdiction in which you live or (ii) have the express consent of your parent or guardian to purchase and use that Paid Service. If you are a parent or legal guardian and you allow your child (or a child that you are a guardian of) to purchase or use a Paid Service, you agree that the Terms apply to you, that you will abide by the Terms, and that you are responsible for the child’s activity on the Paid Services and for ensuring that the child also abides by the Terms. In any case, as stated in the Who May Use the Services section of the X Terms of Service, you must be at least 13 years old to use the X Service. If you are accepting these X Purchaser Terms of Service and using the Paid Services on behalf of a company, organization, government, or other legal entity, you represent and warrant that you are authorized to do so and have the authority to bind such entity to these X Purchaser Terms of Service, in which case the words “you” and “your” as used in these X Purchaser Terms of Service shall refer to such entity. X Contracting Entity . You enter into these X Purchaser Terms of Service with the entity that corresponds to where you live, as listed below. This entity will provide the Paid Services to you. No other entity is bound to any obligations to you under these Purchaser Terms of Service. Your Location The European Union, EFTA States, or the United Kingdom Contracting Entity X Internet Unlimited Company, with its registered office at One Cumberland Place, Fenian Street, Dublin 2, D02 AX07 Ireland Changes to Terms, Paid Services and Pricing 1. Changes to Terms. X may revise these X Purchaser Terms of Service for a valid and reasonable basis from time to time. A valid and reasonable basis may include, (i) a change in our services, for example due to technical, security-related or operational developments, (ii) the elimination of technical errors, (iii) a change in our business, for example due to policy, financial or other directional changes, (iv) a change in the legal situation, for example due to a change in the law, a request from an official agency, or a decision by a court, and (v) the optimization of the user experience through the implementation of new features. The changes will not be retroactive, and the most current version of the X Purchaser Terms of Service, available at legal.x.com/purchaser-terms , will govern your use of Paid Services and any corresponding transactions. If we modify or revise these Terms after you have agreed to them (for example, if these terms are modified after you have purchased a subscription), we undertake to notify you up to 30 days (depending on the specific changes) in advance of the entry into force of material revisions to these terms while setting a reasonable deadline for the user with respect to the changes and notifying you of the consequences of continued use after the deadline has expired. Such notification may be provided electronically, including (and without limitation to) via a service notification or an email to the email address associated with your account. In case you continue to use the Paid Services after the aforementioned deadline expires, you agree to be bound by the revised X Purchaser Terms of Service. If you do not agree to the changes to the X Purchaser Terms of Service, you will have to stop using or accessing (or continue to use or access) the Paid Services. The X Purchaser Terms of Service are written in English but are made available in multiple languages through translations. X strives to make the translations as accurate as possible to the original English version. However, in case of any discrepancies or inconsistencies, the English language version of the X Purchaser Terms of Service shall take precedence. You acknowledge that English shall be the language of reference for interpreting and constructing the terms of the X Purchaser Terms of Service. 2. Changes to Paid Services. Our Paid Services and our products and services evolve constantly. X may change the Paid Services for a reasonable and valid basis. Such a valid and reasonable basis may include (i) technical, security-related or operational developments, (ii) the elimination of technical errors, (iii) compliance with a changed legal situation, for example due to a change in the law, a request from an official agency, or a decision by a court, (iv) the optimization of the user experience through the implementation of new features, and (v) a change in our business, for example due to policy, financial circumstances or other directional changes. We will notify you of any changes to the Paid Services up to 30 days before they take effect, for example by means of a service notification or an email sent to the email address linked to your account, specifying the characteristics and effective date of the changes and informing you of your eventual right to terminate the subscription. The deadline may be shortened in the event of safety-related changes. The following shall not be considered as changes to the Paid Services within the meaning of this provision: (i) changes that affect the fundamental nature of the Paid Services and the essential characteristics of the service to be provided by X, and (ii) the permanent discontinuation of services. X is not liable to you for any modification, suspension or discontinuance of the Paid Services. Where legally required, the aforementioned limitation of liability does not apply (i) to the compensation for foreseeable damage in cases of slightly negligent breach of duties, insofar as their fulfillment is essential for the proper execution of the contract and users can rely on their fulfillment (essential contractual obligations), by X or its legal representatives or vicarious agents, and (ii) the liability of X for (a) a damage resulting from harm to life, body or health as well as for damages caused by intent or gross negligence on the part of X, its legal representatives, or vicarious agents, and (b) a damage due to non-compliance with a guarantee or warranted characteristic or as a result of a fraudulently concealed defect. The specific terms and conditions (included below) for the specific Paid Service specify how you can cancel a subscription or, when applicable, seek a refund. 3. Changes to Pricing. Prices for Paid Services, including recurring subscription fees, are subject to change from time to time due to change in the costs relating to operation, maintenance, technical provision, business considerations, and fees charged by third parties or statutory fees, at our reasonable discretion. In the event of an increase in costs, X reserves the right to adjust the prices for chargeable services. X will notify you of any price changes in writing up to 30 days before they take effect, for example by means of a service notification or an email to the email address linked to your account, stating your rights and the consequences of not exercising them. In the event of a price change, you may terminate the subscription to the applicable Paid Service or the user agreement up to 24 hours before the start of your next billing cycle, provided the cancellation is made within 30 days of receiving the notification. Otherwise, the price change will take effect at the time specified in the notification. For subscription services, price changes will take effect at the start of the next subscription period following the date of the effectiveness of the price change. Payment Terms . X offers various payment options that may vary by Paid Service, your device and/or operating system, your geographic location, or other factors. To the extent available (as X may make various purchase methods available from time to time), these payment options may include the ability to use “In app payment” functionality offered by Google or Apple, or to make a web payment using X's third party payment processor, Stripe ( www.stripe.com - hereafter “ Stripe ”). When you make a payment, you explicitly agree: (i) to pay the price listed for the Paid Service, along with any additional amounts relating to applicable taxes, credit card fees, bank fees, foreign transaction fees, foreign exchange fees, and currency fluctuations; and (ii) to abide by any relevant terms of service, privacy policies, or other legal agreements or restrictions (including additional age restrictions) imposed by Google, Apple, or Stripe (as X's third party payment processor) in connection with your use of a given payment method (for example only, if you choose to make your payment via Apple’s in-app purchasing functionality, you agree to abide by any relevant terms, requirements, and/or restrictions imposed by Apple). Any private personal data that you provide in connection with your use of the Paid Services including, without limitation, any data provided in connection with payment, will be processed in accordance with the X Privacy Policy. X may share your payment information with payment services providers to process payments; prevent, detect, and investigate fraud or other prohibited activities; facilitate dispute resolution such as chargebacks or refunds; and for other purposes associated with the acceptance of credit cards, debit cards, or ACH. It is your responsibility to make sure your banking, credit card, debit card, and/or other payment information is up to date, complete and accurate at all times. If you make a payment for a Paid Service, we may receive information about your transaction such as when it was made, when a subscription is set to expire or auto- renew, what platform you made the purchase on, and other information. X will not be responsible or liable for any errors made or delays by a payment processor, Apple’s App Store or the Google Play Store, your bank, your credit card company, and/or any payment network. Please refer to each specific Paid Service Terms and Conditions below for payment terms applicable to that specific Paid Service, including how subscription renewals are handled and other important terms. Application of X User Agreement, Termination, No Refunds, Multiple X Accounts, and Restrictions 1. The X User Agreement Applies to You . YOU MUST ALWAYS FOLLOW AND COMPLY WITH THE X USER AGREEMENT. The X User Agreement always applies to your use of the X Service, including the Paid Services and features. Your failure to follow and comply with the X User Agreement, or X's belief that you have failed to follow and comply with the X User Agreement, may result in the cancellation of your Paid Services. Any such cancellation will be in addition to, and without limitation of, any enforcement action that X may take against you pursuant to the X User Agreement. In such instances you may lose the benefits of your Paid Services and you will not be eligible for a refund for any amounts you have paid (or pre-paid) for Paid Services. 2. Why X Might Terminate Your Access to Paid Services. X may suspend or terminate your access to Paid Service(s), cease providing you with all or part of the Paid Services, or take any other action it deems appropriate, including, for example, suspend your account, (without any liability) at any time for any or no reason, including, but not limited to any of the following reasonable grounds: a. X believes, in its sole discretion, that you have violated the Terms or your use of the Paid Service(s) would violate any applicable laws; b. X is requested or directed to do so by any competent court of law, regulatory authority, or law enforcement agency; c. X has unexpected technical or security issues; d. X believes, in its sole reasonable discretion, you have violated the X User Agreement; e. X believes for valid reasons such as if you are engaging in manipulation, gaming, or other disruptive or prohibited conduct in connection with the Paid Services; f. You create risk or possible legal exposure for X; g. Your account should be removed due to unlawful conduct; h. Your account should be removed due to prolonged inactivity; or i. Our provision of the Paid Services (in whole or in part) to you is no longer commercially viable (in X's sole discretion). 3. All Transactions Are Final. All payments for Paid Services are final and not refundable or exchangeable, except as required by applicable law. We make no guarantee as to the nature, quality, or value of a Paid Service or the availability or supply thereof. Refunds or credits are not provided for any unused or partially used Paid Service (for example, a partially used subscription period). 4. Paid Services Are Non-Transferable between X Accounts. Each purchase of a Paid Service applies to a single X account, meaning that your purchase will apply solely to the account you were using when you purchased the Paid Service and will not apply to other accounts that you may have access to, or control over. If you have or control multiple accounts and you want access to Paid Services on each account, you must purchase the Paid Service on each account individually. 5. Restrictions and Obligations. a. You may only purchase and use a Paid Service if you are legally allowed to use the Paid Service in your country and you live in a country supported by X for the applicable Paid Service. X may, in its discretion, restrict the ability to access or purchase a Paid Service in certain countries. X reserves the right to modify the list of supported countries from time to time. b. We reserve the right to refuse Paid Services transactions or to cancel or discontinue the sale or use of a Paid Service in our sole discretion. c. You may not allow others to use your X account to access any Paid Service that such person did not order. d. You may not purchase or use a Paid Service if you are a person with whom U.S. persons are not permitted to have dealings pursuant to economic sanctions, including, without limitation, sanctions administered by the United States Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control or any other applicable sanctions authority (" Prohibited Person "). This includes, without limitation, persons located in, or ordinarily resident in, the following countries and regions: Cuba, Iran, the Ukraine regions of Crimea, North Korea and Syria. You represent and warrant that you are not a Prohibited Person. e. YOU REPRESENT THAT YOU WILL USE THE PAID SERVICES ONLY FOR LAWFUL PURPOSES AND ONLY IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE TERMS. Taxes and fees . You are responsible for and agree to pay any applicable taxes, duties, tariffs, and fees related to the purchase of Paid Services, including those required to be paid to either X or a third-party payment processor. These taxes may include, but are not limited to, VAT, GST, sales tax, withholding tax, and any other applicable taxes. Depending on your location, X may be responsible for collecting and reporting information related to transaction taxes arising from your purchase of Paid Services. You grant X permission to provide your account and personal information to relevant tax authorities to fulfill our tax collection and reporting obligations. General Terms 1. Contact Information. If you have any questions about the Paid Services or these Terms, you can check out the X Paid Services Help Center for more details. If you’ve already purchased a Paid Service, you can also contact us via the support link available in the navigation menu of your X account under the payment or subscription settings. If you have additional questions, then you can contact us here by using the “Help with paid features” form. 2. DISCLAIMERS. TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, YOUR ACCESS TO AND USE OF THE PAID SERVICES IS AT YOUR OWN RISK. YOU UNDERSTAND AND AGREE THAT THE PAID SERVICES ARE PROVIDED TO YOU ON AN “AS IS” AND “AS AVAILABLE” BASIS. X DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES AND CONDITIONS, WHETHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR NON-INFRINGEMENT. X MAKES NO WARRANTY OR REPRESENTATION AND DISCLAIMS ALL RESPONSIBILITY AND LIABILITY FOR: (I) THE COMPLETENESS, ACCURACY, AVAILABILITY, TIMELINESS, SECURITY OR RELIABILITY OF THE PAID SERVICES; AND (II) WHETHER THE PAID SERVICES WILL MEET YOUR REQUIREMENTS OR BE AVAILABLE ON AN UNINTERRUPTED, SECURE, OR ERROR-FREE BASIS. YOU ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR YOUR USE OF THE X SERVICE, INCLUDING THE PAID SERVICES, AND ANY CONTENT YOU PROVIDE. 3. LIMITATION OF LIABILITY. TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, THE X ENTITIES SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL OR PUNITIVE DAMAGES, OR ANY LOSS OF PROFITS OR REVENUES, WHETHER INCURRED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY, OR ANY LOSS OF DATA, USE, GOODWILL, OR OTHER INTANGIBLE LOSSES, RESULTING FROM (i) YOUR ACCESS TO OR USE OF OR INABILITY TO ACCESS OR USE THE PAID SERVICES; (ii) ANY CONDUCT OR CONTENT OF ANY THIRD PARTY POSTED THROUGH THE PAID SERVICES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY DEFAMATORY, OFFENSIVE OR ILLEGAL CONDUCT OF OTHER USERS OR THIRD PARTIES; (iii) ANY CONTENT OBTAINED FROM THE PAID SERVICES; OR (iv) UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS, USE OR ALTERATION OF YOUR TRANSMISSIONS OR CONTENT. FOR THE AVOIDANCE OF DOUBT, THE DEFINITION OF PAID SERVICES IS LIMITED TO THE FEATURES OFFERED BY X AND DOES NOT INCLUDE ANY CONTENT YOU ACCESS AND/OR INTERACT WITH IN USING THOSE FEATURES. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AGGREGATE LIABILITY OF THE X ENTITIES EXCEED THE GREATER OF ONE HUNDRED EUROS (€100.00) OR THE AMOUNT YOU PAID X, IF ANY, IN THE PAST SIX MONTHS FOR THE PAID SERVICES GIVING RISE TO THE CLAIM. THE LIMITATIONS OF THIS SUBSECTION SHALL APPLY TO ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER BASED ON WARRANTY, CONTRACT, STATUTE, TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE, AND WHETHER OR NOT THE X ENTITIES HAVE BEEN INFORMED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF ANY SUCH DAMAGE, AND EVEN IF A REMEDY SET FORTH HEREIN IS FOUND TO HAVE FAILED OF ITS ESSENTIAL PURPOSE. THE “X ENTITIES” REFERS TO X, ITS PARENTS, AFFILIATES, RELATED COMPANIES, OFFICERS, DIRECTORS, EMPLOYEES, AGENTS, REPRESENTATIVES, PARTNERS, AND LICENSORS. APPLICABLE LAW IN YOUR JURISDICTION MAY NOT ALLOW FOR CERTAIN LIMITATIONS OF LIABILITY. TO THE EXTENT REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW IN YOUR JURISDICTION, THE ABOVE DOES NOT LIMIT THE X ENTITIES’ LIABILITY FOR FRAUD, FRAUDULENT MISREPRESENTATION, DEATH OR PERSONAL INJURY CAUSED BY OUR NEGLIGENCE, GROSS NEGLIGENCE, AND/OR INTENTIONAL CONDUCT. TO THE FULLEST EXTENT ALLOWED UNDER APPLICABLE LAW, THE X ENTITIES’ MAXIMUM AGGREGATE LIABILITY FOR ANY NON-EXCLUDABLE WARRANTIES IS LIMITED TO ONE HUNDRED EUROS (€100.00). 4. Notice Regarding Apple. To the extent that you purchased the Paid Services or are using or accessing the Paid Services on an iOS device, you further acknowledge and agree to the terms of this Section. You acknowledge that the Terms are between you and us only, not with Apple, and Apple is not responsible for the Paid Services and the content thereof. Apple has no obligation whatsoever to furnish any maintenance and support service with respect to the Paid Services. In the event of any failure of the Paid Services to conform to any applicable warranty, then you may notify Apple and Apple will refund any applicable purchase price for the Paid Services to you; and, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, Apple has no other warranty obligation whatsoever with respect to the Paid Services. Apple is not responsible for addressing any claims by you or any third-party relating to the Paid Services or your possession and/or use of the Paid Services, including, but not limited to: (i) product liability claims; (ii) any claim that the Paid Services fail to conform to any applicable legal or regulatory requirement; and (iii) claims arising under consumer protection or similar legislation. Apple is not responsible for the investigation, defense, settlement and discharge of any third-party claim that the Paid Services and/or your possession and use of the mobile application infringe that third-party’s intellectual property rights. You agree to comply with any applicable third-party terms when using the Paid Services. Apple, and Apple’s subsidiaries, are third-party beneficiaries of the Terms, and upon your acceptance of the Terms, Apple will have the right (and will be deemed to have accepted the right) to enforce the Terms against you as a third-party beneficiary of the Terms. You hereby represent and warrant that (i) you are not located in a country that is subject to a U.S. Government embargo, or that has been designated by the U.S. Government as a "terrorist supporting" country; and (ii) you are not listed on any U.S. Government list of prohibited or restricted parties. 5. Conflict. In the event of a conflict between the provisions of this X Purchaser Terms of Service and those of the X User Agreement, the provisions of this X Purchaser Terms of Service take precedence solely with respect to your use of a Paid Service. 6. DISPUTE RESOLUTION AND CLASS ACTION WAIVER a. Initial Dispute Resolution . Most disputes between you and X can be resolved informally. You may contact us by writing to Paid Support here . When you contact us, please provide a brief description of the nature and bases for your concerns, your contact information, and the specific relief you seek. The parties shall use their best efforts through this support process to settle disputes, claims, or controversies arising out of or relating to these Terms and/or your participation in the Program (individually a “ Dispute ,” or more than one, “ Disputes ”). You and we agree that good faith participation in this informal process is required and must be completed as set forth above before either party can initiate litigation regarding any Dispute, except with respect to requests for emergency injunctive relief (“ Exempted Dispute ”). If we cannot reach an agreed upon resolution with you regarding a Dispute (other than an Exempted Dispute) within a period of thirty (30) days from the time informal dispute resolution commences under the Initial Dispute Resolution provision above, then either you or we may initiate litigation. b. Choice of Law and Forum Selection . PLEASE READ THIS SECTION CAREFULLY – IT MAY SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECT YOUR LEGAL RIGHTS, INCLUDING YOUR RIGHT TO FILE A LAWSUIT IN COURT. To the extent permitted by law, all disputes related to these Terms, including any disputes, claims, or controversies arising out of or relating to these Terms will be brought exclusively before a competent court in Ireland without regard to conflict of law provisions a | 2026-01-13T08:48:38 |
https://devblogs.microsoft.com/dotnet/net-framework-february-2020-security-and-quality-rollup/#microsoft-update-catalog | .NET Framework February 2020 Security and Quality Rollup - .NET Blog Skip to main content Microsoft Dev Blogs Dev Blogs Dev Blogs Home Developer Microsoft for Developers Visual Studio Visual Studio Code Develop from the cloud All things Azure Xcode DevOps Windows Developer ISE Developer Azure SDK Command Line Aspire Technology DirectX Semantic Kernel Languages C++ C# F# TypeScript PowerShell Team Python Java Java Blog in Chinese Go .NET All .NET posts .NET Aspire .NET MAUI AI ASP.NET Core Blazor Entity Framework NuGet Servicing .NET Blog in Chinese Platform Development #ifdef Windows Microsoft Foundry Azure Government Azure VM Runtime Team Bing Dev Center Microsoft Edge Dev Microsoft Azure Microsoft 365 Developer Microsoft Entra Identity Developer Old New Thing Power Platform Data Development Azure Cosmos DB Azure Data Studio Azure SQL OData Revolutions R Unified Data Model (IDEAs) Microsoft Entra PowerShell More Search Search No results Cancel Dev Blogs .NET Blog .NET Framework February 2020 Security and Quality Rollup .NET 10 is here! .NET 10 is now available: the most productive, modern, secure, intelligent, and performant release of .NET yet. Learn More Download Now February 11th, 2020 0 reactions .NET Framework February 2020 Security and Quality Rollup Tara Overfield Senior Software Engineer Show more Today, we are releasing the February 2020 Security and Quality Rollup Updates for .NET Framework. Security The February Security and Quality Rollup Update does not contain any new security fixes. See January 2020 Security and Quality Rollup for the latest security updates. Quality and Reliability This release contains the following quality and reliability improvements. Some improvements included in the Security and Quality Rollup and were previously released in the Security and Quality Rollup that was dated January 23, 2020. Acquistion & Deployment Addresses an issue where the installation of .NET 4.8 on Windows machines prior to 1809 build prevents .NET-specific settings to be migrated during Windows upgrade to build 1809. Note: to prevent this issue, this update must be applied before the upgrade to a newer version of Windows. CLR 1 A change in .NET Framework 4.8 regressed certain EnterpriseServices scenarios where an single-thread apartment object may be treated as an multi-thread apartment and lead to a blocking failure. This change now correctly identifies single-thread apartment objects as such and avoids this failure. There is a race condition in the portable PDB metadata provider cache that leaked providers and caused crashes in the diagnostic StackTrace API. To fix the race, detect the cause where the provider wasn’t being disposed and dispose it. Addresses an issue when in Server GC, if you are truly out of memory when doing SOH allocations (ie, there has been a full blocking GC and still no space to accommodate your SOH allocation), you will see full blocking GCs getting triggered over and over again with the trigger reason OutOfSpaceSOH. This fix is to throw OOM when we have detected this situation instead of triggering GCs in a loop. Addresses an issue caused by changing process affinity from 1 to N cores. Net Libraries Strengthens UdpClient against incorrect usage in network configurations with an exceptionally large MTU. SQL Addresses an issue with SqlClient Bid traces where information wasn’t being printed due to incorrectly formatted strings. WCF 2 There’s a race condition when listening paths are being closed down because of an IIS worker process crash and the same endpoints being reconfigured as listening but pending activation. When a conflict is found, this change allows for retrying with the assumption the conflict was transient due to this race condition. The retry count and wait duration are configurable via app settings. Added opt-in retry mechanism when configuring listening endpoints on the WCF Activation service to address potential race condition when rapidly restarting an IIS application multiple times while under high CPU load which resulted in an endpoint being inaccessible. Customers can opt in to the fix by adding the following AppSetting to SMSvcHost.exe.config under the %windir%\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319 and %windir%\Microsoft.NET\Framework64\v4.0.30319 folders as appropriate. This will retry registering an endpoint 10 times with a 1 second delay between each attempt before placing the endpoint in a failure state. <appsettings> <add key=”wcf:SMSvcHost:listenerRegistrationRetryCount” value=”10″> <add key=”wcf:SMSvcHost:listenerRegistrationRetryDelayms” value=”1000″> </add></appsettings> Windows Forms Addresses an issue in System.Windows.Forms.TextBox controls with ImeMode property set to NoControl. These controls now retain IME setting consistent with the OS setting regardles of the order of navigation on the page. Fix applies to CHS with pinyin keyboard. Addresses an issue with System.Windows.Forms.ComboBox control with ImeMode set to ImeMode.NoControl on CHS with Pinyin keyboard to retain input mode of the parent container control instead of switching to disabled IME when navigating using mouse clicks and when focus moves from a control with disabled IME to this ComboBox control. An accessibility change in .NET Framework 4.8 regressed editing IP address UI in the DataGridView in Create Cluster Wizard in Failover Cluster Services: users can’t enter the IP value after control UIA tree restructuring related to editing control movement to another editing cell. Such custom DataGridView cells (IP address cell) and their inner controls are currently not processed in default UIA tree restructuring to prevent this issue. WPF 3 Addresses an issue where under some circumstances, Popup’s in high-DPI WPF applications are not shown, are shown at the top-left corner of the screen, or are shown/rendered incompletely. Addresses an issue when creating an XPS document in WPF, font subsetting may result in a FileFormatException of the process of subsetting would grow the font. Addresses incorrect width of the text-insertion caret in TextBox et al., when the system DPI exceeds 96. In particular, the caret rendered nothing on a monitor with lower DPI than the primary, in some DPI-aware situations. Addresses a hang arising during layout of Grids with columns belonging to a SharedSizeGroup. Addresses a hang and eventual StackOverflowException arising when opening a RibbonSplitButton, if the app programmatically disables the button and replaces its menu items before the user releases the mouse button. Addresses certain hangs that can arise while scrolling a TreeView. 1 Common Language Runtime (CLR) 2 Windows Communication Foundation (WCF) 3 Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) Getting the Update The Security and Quality Rollup is available via Windows Update, Windows Server Update Services, and Microsoft Update Catalog. Microsoft Update Catalog You can get the update via the Microsoft Update Catalog. For Windows 10, NET Framework 4.8 updates are available via Windows Update, Windows Server Update Services, Microsoft Update Catalog. Updates for other versions of .NET Framework are part of the Windows 10 Monthly Cumulative Update. Note : Customers that rely on Windows Update and Windows Server Update Services will automatically receive the .NET Framework version-specific updates. Advanced system administrators can also take use of the below direct Microsoft Update Catalog download links to .NET Framework-specific updates. Before applying these updates, please ensure that you carefully review the .NET Framework version applicability, to ensure that you only install updates on systems where they apply. The following table is for Windows 10 and Windows Server 2016+ versions. Product Version Cumulative Update Windows 10 1909 and Windows Server, version 1909 .NET Framework 3.5, 4.8 Catalog 4534132 Windows 10 1903 and Windows Server, version 1903 .NET Framework 3.5, 4.8 Catalog 4534132 Windows 10 1809 (October 2018 Update) and Windows Server 2019 4538122 .NET Framework 3.5, 4.7.2 Catalog 4534119 .NET Framework 3.5, 4.8 Catalog 4534131 Windows 10 1803 (April 2018 Update) .NET Framework 3.5, 4.7.2 Catalog 4537762 .NET Framework 4.8 Catalog 4534130 Windows 10 1709 (Fall Creators Update) .NET Framework 3.5, 4.7.1, 4.7.2 Catalog 4537789 .NET Framework 4.8 Catalog 4534129 Windows 10 1703 (Creators Update) .NET Framework 3.5, 4.7, 4.7.1, 4.7.2 Catalog 4537765 .NET Framework 4.8 Catalog 4537557 Windows 10 1607 (Anniversary Update) and Windows Server 2016 .NET Framework 3.5, 4.6.2, 4.7, 4.7.1, 4.7.2 Catalog 4537764 .NET Framework 4.8 Catalog 4534126 Windows 10 1507 .NET Framework 3.5, 4.6, 4.6.1, 4.6.2 Catalog 4537776 The following table is for earlier Windows and Windows Server versions. Product Version Security and Quality Rollup Windows 8.1, Windows RT 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2 4538124 .NET Framework 3.5 Catalog 4532946 .NET Framework 4.5.2 Catalog 4534120 .NET Framework 4.6, 4.6.1, 4.6.2, 4.7, 4.7.1, 4.7.2 Catalog 4534117 .NET Framework 4.8 Catalog 4534134 Windows Server 2012 4538123 .NET Framework 3.5 Catalog 4532943 .NET Framework 4.5.2 Catalog 4534121 .NET Framework 4.6, 4.6.1, 4.6.2, 4.7, 4.7.1, 4.7.2 Catalog 4534116 .NET Framework 4.8 Catalog 4534133 Note: Windows 7 support ended on January 14, 2020 Previous Monthly Rollups The last few .NET Framework Monthly updates are listed below for your convenience: January 2020 Preview of Quality Rollup January 2020 Security and Quality Rollup December 2019 Security and Quality Rollup November 2019 Preview of Quality Rollup 0 3 0 Share on Facebook Share on X Share on Linkedin Copy Link --> Category .NET .NET Framework WPF Share Author Tara Overfield Senior Software Engineer Tara is a Software Engineer on the .NET team. She works on releasing .NET Framework updates. 3 comments Discussion is closed. Login to edit/delete existing comments. Code of Conduct Sort by : Newest Newest Popular Oldest Krejčí Pavel --> Krejčí Pavel --> February 19, 2020 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> Hi, Are from now on for Windows 7SP1 ESU .NET 4.8 updates part of Security-only update or Monthly Rollup one? Or there is another way? Reg., Paul Terence Teng --> Terence Teng --> March 15, 2020 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> Same question. @Tara SuperCocoLoco . --> SuperCocoLoco . --> February 14, 2020 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> No .NET framework updates for Windows 7 and Windows 10 is an ugly (very ugly) mobile OS unuseable on a desktop computer. I prefer an unsupported Windows 7 than a bad supported Windows 10 (Mobile Only, Cloud Only, Touch Only and local On-Premises Desktop never again). Read next February 12, 2020 Deprecating TLS 1.0 and 1.1 on NuGet.org – Stage 1 The NuGet Team February 18, 2020 .NET Core February 2020 Updates – 2.1.16, 3.0.3, and 3.1.2 Rahul Bhandari (MSFT) Stay informed Get notified when new posts are published. Email * Country/Region * Select... 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https://docs.sui.io/guides | Guides and Tutorials | Sui Documentation Skip to main content Sui Documentation Guides Concepts Standards References Search Overview Getting Started Install Sui Install from Source Install from Binaries Configure a Sui Client Create a Sui Address Get SUI from Faucet Hello, World! Connect a Frontend Next Steps Sui Essentials Objects Packages Currencies and Tokens NFTs Cryptography Nautilus Advanced App Examples Dev Cheat Sheet Operator Guides SuiPlay0X1 🗳️ Book Office Hours → 💬 Join Discord → Overview On this page Guides and Tutorials This section provides practical, implementation-focused examples designed to accelerate your journey developing on Sui. Whether you are new to blockchain development or an experienced Sui developer, these resources offer structured guidance for building applications, creating assets, and leveraging Sui's unique technical features effectively. Get started developing on Sui Install tooling, setup your environment, and deploy a "Hello, World!" Move package to start your Sui developer experience. 1. Install Sui Install the Sui framework and its required prerequisites on your system. 2. Configure a Sui Client The Sui client configuration specifies which network to connect to and which address to send transactions. 3. Create a Sui Address You need an address on the Sui network before you can build packages and own objects. 4. Get SUI from Faucet Use the Sui faucet to obtain free SUI tokens for use on the Sui Devnet and Testnet networks. 5. Hello, World! Create and publish your first Move package using a basic 'Hello, World!' example. 6. Next Steps To continue your journey building on Sui, you can review other documentation, join the community of other Sui builders, or check out the Awesome Sui repo. Sui essentials Follow these guides to learn about essential Sui concepts. Object Ownership On Sui, object ownership can be represented in different ways. Weigh the benefits of each to decide the best approach for your project. Using Events Use events to notify on-chain assets of activity your smart contracts initiate and query events from other packages to trigger logic based on emitted events. Access Sui Data Overview of the types of data access mechanisms available in Sui. Access On-Chain Time Access network-based time for your transactions. Sui provides a Clock module to capture near-real time or epoch time in your Sui packages. Signing and sending transactions Learn about signing and sending transactions. Sponsored Transactions Sponsored transactions are a primitive on the Sui blockchain that enable the execution of a transaction where you pay the gas fee for your users transactions. Avoid Equivocation Epochs define time periods on Sui where the validator set remains unchanged. Equivocation occurs when objects are used incorrectly across transactions. Reconfiguration adjusts network parameters at epoch boundaries. Building PTBs Using the Sui TypeScript SDK, you can create programmable transaction blocks to perform multiple commands in a single transaction. Coin Management Because Sui uses coins as owned objects for transactions, you need to explicitly manage them in your programmable transaction block development. Simulating References Use the borrow module in the Sui framework to include objects by reference in your programmable transaction blocks. Coins, tokens, and NFTs Learn how to mint coins and tokens on Sui. Create Currencies and Tokens Learn how to create currencies and mint coins and tokens on the Sui network using the Coin Registry system. Regulated Currency and Deny List You can create regulated currencies on Sui using the Coin Registry system. These coins include the ability to control access using a deny list. In-Game Currency Use the Sui Closed-Loop Token standard to create tokens that you can use as currency within a game application. Loyalty Token Use the Sui Closed-Loop Token standard to create tokens that are only valid within specific workflows and services. One example of Closed-Loop Tokens is a loyalty token. Create an NFT On Sui, everything is an object. Moreover, everything is a non-fungible token (NFT) as its objects are unique, non-fungible, and owned. Soulbound NFT An example using Sui Move struct abilities and the Sui Framework's `transfer` module to make a NFT soulbound (non-transferable). NFT Rental Example An example using the Kiosk Apps standard that provides the ability for users to rent NFTs according to the rules of a provided policy instead of outright owning them. This approach closely aligns with the ERC-4907 renting standard, making it a suitable choice for Solidity-based use cases intended for implementation on Sui. Asset Tokenization Learn how to tokenize assets on the Sui blockchain. Asset tokenization refers to the process of representing real-world assets, such as real estate, art, commodities, stocks, or other valuable assets, as digital tokens on the blockchain network. Cryptography Learn about on-chain signatures, multisig authentication, and zkLogin. Sui On-Chain Signatures Verification in Move Sui supports verification within Move smart contracts through several signature schemes. Signature schemes include Ed25519, Secp256k1 recoverable, Secp256k1 non-recoverable, Secp256r1 non-recoverable, Secp256r1 recoverable, BLS G1, and BLS G2. Groth16 Zero-knowledge proofs are used to validate statements without revealing information about the proof's inputs. Hashing Sui supports SHA2-256, SHA3-256, Keccak256, and Blake2b-256 cryptographic hash functions. ECVRF Elliptic curve verifiable random function is a cryptographic algorithm that enables you to generate a random number and provide proof that the number used a secret key for generation. Multisig Authentication Guide on how to create a multisig transaction and then submit it against a local network using the Sui CLI. Configure OpenID Providers zkLogin can be integrated with an application using an OpenID provider's OAuth Client ID and redirect URI. zkLogin Example An example that breaks down the logic behind each step of zkLogin. Indexers Build your own custom indexer, integrate it with your application, and benchmark its performance. Build Your First Custom Indexer Build a custom indexer using the `sui-indexer-alt-framework` module. The example indexer demonstrates a sequential pipeline that extracts transaction digests from Sui checkpoints and stores them in a local PostgreSQL. Custom Indexer and Walrus Walrus is a content-addressable storage protocol, where data is retrieved using a unique identifier derived from the content itself, rather than from a file path or location. Integrating a custom Sui Indexer with Walrus can provide novel user experiences. Indexer Data and Integration Learn how to integrate custom data sources and storage systems with Sui indexers. Covers checkpoint data sources, custom store implementations, and Move event deserialization for building flexible indexing solutions. Indexer Runtime and Performance Learn how to optimize Sui custom indexer performance through runtime configuration, resource monitoring, and debugging tools. Covers ingestion settings, database tuning, Tokio console debugging, Prometheus metrics, and data pruning strategies. Example applications Try out these example applications to learn more about Sui. End-to-End Counter An app that allows users to create counters that anyone can increment, but only the owner can reset. Trustless Swap An app that performs atomic swaps on Sui. Atomic swaps are similar to escrows but without requiring a trusted third party. Coin Flip Learn Sui through a coin flip dApp that covers the full end-to-end flow of building a Sui Move module and connecting it to a React Sui dApp. Review Rating This example app creates a food rating service that stores all review data and algorithms on-chain. Blackjack Learn Sui using an example implementation of the popular casino game Blackjack. Plinko Learn Sui through an example implementation of the popular casino game, Plinko. Tic-Tac-Toe This example demonstrates how to create three variations of a tic-tac-toe app on Sui. Weather oracle Write a module (smart contract) in Move that fetches the weather data from the OpenWeather API every 10 minutes and updates the weather conditions for over 1,000 locations around the world. Validating and operating nodes on Sui Processes and guides for validators and node operators on the Sui network. Validator Configuration Learn how to set up, configure, and manage a Sui validator node. Run a Sui Full Node Operate a Sui full node to validate blockchain activities, like transactions, checkpoints, and epoch changes. Full Node Data Management A high-level description of data management on the Sui network that you can use to optimize your Sui full node configuration. Sui Bridge Node Configuration Correct configuration of your node ensures optimal performance and valid metrics data. Edit this page Next Getting Started Get started developing on Sui Sui essentials Signing and sending transactions Coins, tokens, and NFTs Cryptography Indexers Example applications Validating and operating nodes on Sui © 2026 Sui Foundation | Documentation distributed under CC BY 4.0 | 2026-01-13T08:48:38 |
https://docs.python.org/zh-tw/3/ | 3.14.2 Documentation 主題 自動 淺色模式 深色模式 下載 下載這些說明文件 各版本說明文件 Python 3.15 (in development) Python 3.14 (stable) Python 3.13 (stable) Python 3.12 (security-fixes) Python 3.11 (security-fixes) Python 3.10 (security-fixes) Python 3.9 (EOL) Python 3.8 (EOL) Python 3.7 (EOL) Python 3.6 (EOL) Python 3.5 (EOL) Python 3.4 (EOL) Python 3.3 (EOL) Python 3.2 (EOL) Python 3.1 (EOL) Python 3.0 (EOL) Python 2.7 (EOL) Python 2.6 (EOL) 所有版本 其他資源 PEP Index Beginner's Guide Book List Audio/Visual Talks Python Developer’s Guide 導航 索引 模組 | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » | 主題 自動 淺色模式 深色模式 | Python 3.14.2 說明文件 歡迎！這是 Python 3.14.2 的官方說明文件。 文件章節： Python 3.14 有什麼新功能？ 或 自 2.0 起的所有「有什麼新功能？」文件 Python 教學 從這裡開始：Python 的語法與特性導覽 函式庫參考手冊 標準函式庫與內建函式 語言參考手冊 語法及語言要素 Python 的設置與使用 如何安裝、設定與使用 Python Python 如何達成任務 深度主題說明手冊 安裝 Python 模組 第三方模組與 PyPI.org 發布 Python 模組 發佈模組讓其他人可以使用 擴充和嵌入 給 C/C++ 程式設計師 Python 的 C 應用程式介面 (API) C API 參考手冊 常見問答集 常被提出的問題（還有答案！） 棄用功能 已棄用的功能 索引、術語表與搜尋： 全域模組索引 所有模組與函式庫 總索引 全部函式、類別和術語 術語表 術語解釋 搜尋頁 搜尋這份說明文件 完整內容列表 列出所有章節與小節 專案資訊： 回報問題 貢獻說明文件 下載說明文件 Python 的沿革與授權 版權所有 關於說明文件 下載 下載這些說明文件 各版本說明文件 Python 3.15 (in development) Python 3.14 (stable) Python 3.13 (stable) Python 3.12 (security-fixes) Python 3.11 (security-fixes) Python 3.10 (security-fixes) Python 3.9 (EOL) Python 3.8 (EOL) Python 3.7 (EOL) Python 3.6 (EOL) Python 3.5 (EOL) Python 3.4 (EOL) Python 3.3 (EOL) Python 3.2 (EOL) Python 3.1 (EOL) Python 3.0 (EOL) Python 2.7 (EOL) Python 2.6 (EOL) 所有版本 其他資源 PEP Index Beginner's Guide Book List Audio/Visual Talks Python Developer’s Guide « 導航 索引 模組 | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » | 主題 自動 淺色模式 深色模式 | © 版權所有 2001 Python Software Foundation. 此頁面採用 Python 軟體基金會授權條款第 2 版。 文件中的範例、應用技巧與其他程式碼額外採用了 Zero Clause BSD 授權條款。 更多訊息請見 歷史與授權條款 。 Python 軟體基金會是一家非營利法人。 敬請捐贈。 最後更新於 1月 13, 2026 (07:45 UTC)。 發現 bug ？ 以 Sphinx 8.2.3建立。 | 2026-01-13T08:48:38 |
https://share.transistor.fm/s/8f8b74c8#copya | APIs You Won't Hate | Maybe GraphQL isn't so terrible? A conversation with Marc-Andre Giroux APIs You Won't Hate 40 ? 30 : 10)" @keyup.document.left="seekBySeconds(-10)" @keyup.document.m="toggleMute" @keyup.document.s="toggleSpeed" @play="play(false, true)" @loadedmetadata="handleLoadedMetadata" @pause="pause(true)" preload="none" @timejump.window="seekToSeconds($event.detail.timestamp); shareTimeFormatted = formatTime($event.detail.timestamp)" > Trailer Bonus 10 40 ? 30 : 10)" class="seek-seconds-button" > 40 ? 30 : 10"> Subscribe Share More Info Download More episodes Subscribe newValue ? setTimeout(() => copied = false, 2500) : null)" @click="copied = copyFeedUrl()" class="form-input-group" > Copied to clipboard Apple Podcasts Spotify Pocket Casts Overcast Castro YouTube Goodpods Goodpods Metacast Amazon Music Pandora CastBox Anghami Anghami Fountain JioSaavn Gaana iHeartRadio TuneIn TuneIn Player FM SoundCloud SoundCloud Deezer Podcast Addict Share newValue ? setTimeout(() => copied = false, 2500) : null)" @click="copied = copyShareUrl()" class="form-input-group" > Share Copied to clipboard newValue ? setTimeout(() => copied = false, 2500) : null)" @click="copied = copyEmbedHtml()" class="form-input-group" > Embed Copied to clipboard Start at Trailer Bonus Full Transcript View the website updateDescriptionLinks($el))" class="episode-description" > Chapters June 12, 2020 by APIs You Won't Hate View the website Listen On Apple Podcasts Listen On Spotify Listen On YouTube RSS Feed Subscribe RSS Feed RSS Feed URL Copied! Follow Episode Details Phil and Matt talk with Marc-Andre Giroux, a developer working at Github who helps maintain their REST and GraphQL APIs. Show Notes A quick note before we get started: We recorded this episode back in April of 2020 when everyone was quarantining and making bread to post on instagram. Fast forward to now, in June, American cities, and cities around the world are joining in, protesting the systemic racism that has long been an issue in our societies. While our energy and focus turned to current events, editing this episode took a seat on the backburner. That said, we have it ready… but it couldn’t be released at a worse time. Three white dudes talking about APIs while our friends in other communities are fighting injustices that have long kept them down seems to be a bit tone deaf, and we know that, recognize that and commit ourselves to being involved. There are a lot of conversations we want to have around this topic both in the API world, and outside of it. We don’t want this episode to take away from the discussions going on around such important and heavy topics, but we hope this can serve as a way for you to take a break while you travel to and from a protest. If you are going to protest please be safe, drink as much water as you can to stay hydrated in the heat and know that things are changing for the better. To all the Black API developers out there: we see you, we're fighting with you, and we want you to know that we're listening. From all of us at APIs You Won't Hate: Black lives matter. Recorded back in April, Matt and Phil are joined by Marc-Andre Giroux to talk about the APIs he works on at Github and his fascination of GraphQL. Marc-Andre recently released a book titled " Production Ready GraphQL " where he talks about schema design, tooling, architecture and more. We take a dive into knowing when GraphQL is the right tool for the job, versus when to use REST and talk a little about the whole quarantine thing that was happening. Sponsors: Stoplight makes it possible for us to bring you this podcast while we nerd out about APIs. Check them out for their tooling around documentation with Studio, an app that makes API documentation an absolute joy to work with. Twitter: https://twitter.com/__xuorig__ Book: Production Ready GraphQL APIs You Wont Hate Jobs Board: https://apisyouwonthate.com/jobs APIs You Wont Hate Slack: https://apisyouwonthate.com/community Creators and Guests Host Mike Bifulco Cofounder and host of APIs You Won't Hate. Blogs at https://mikebifulco.com Into 🚴♀️, espresso ☕, looking after 🌍. ex @Stripe @Google @Microsoft What is APIs You Won't Hate? A no-nonsense (well, some-nonsense) podcast about API design & development, new features in the world of HTTP, service-orientated architecture, microservices, and probably bikes. All audio, artwork, episode descriptions and notes are property of APIs You Won't Hate, for APIs You Won't Hate, and published with permission by Transistor, Inc. Broadcast by | 2026-01-13T08:48:38 |
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iCPa_Rws_iA | "I Switched a Map" | Pete Darwin, Shai Reznik, Mike Brocchi | ng-conf 2018 Minified - YouTube 정보 보도자료 저작권 문의하기 크리에이터 광고 개발자 약관 개인정보처리방침 정책 및 안전 YouTube 작동의 원리 새로운 기능 테스트하기 © 2026 Google LLC, Sundar Pichai, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View CA 94043, USA, 0807-882-594 (무료), yt-support-solutions-kr@google.com, 호스팅: Google LLC, 사업자정보 , 불법촬영물 신고 크리에이터들이 유튜브 상에 게시, 태그 또는 추천한 상품들은 판매자들의 약관에 따라 판매됩니다. 유튜브는 이러한 제품들을 판매하지 않으며, 그에 대한 책임을 지지 않습니다. var ytInitialData = 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https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/interpreter.html | 2. Using the Python Interpreter — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents 2. Using the Python Interpreter 2.1. Invoking the Interpreter 2.1.1. Argument Passing 2.1.2. Interactive Mode 2.2. The Interpreter and Its Environment 2.2.1. Source Code Encoding Previous topic 1. Whetting Your Appetite Next topic 3. An Informal Introduction to Python This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial » 2. Using the Python Interpreter | Theme Auto Light Dark | 2. Using the Python Interpreter ¶ 2.1. Invoking the Interpreter ¶ The Python interpreter is usually installed as /usr/local/bin/python3.14 on those machines where it is available; putting /usr/local/bin in your Unix shell’s search path makes it possible to start it by typing the command: python3.14 to the shell. [ 1 ] Since the choice of the directory where the interpreter lives is an installation option, other places are possible; check with your local Python guru or system administrator. (E.g., /usr/local/python is a popular alternative location.) On Windows machines where you have installed Python from the Microsoft Store , the python3.14 command will be available. If you have the py.exe launcher installed, you can use the py command. See Python install manager for other ways to launch Python. Typing an end-of-file character ( Control - D on Unix, Control - Z on Windows) at the primary prompt causes the interpreter to exit with a zero exit status. If that doesn’t work, you can exit the interpreter by typing the following command: quit() . The interpreter’s line-editing features include interactive editing, history substitution and code completion on systems that support the GNU Readline library. Perhaps the quickest check to see whether command line editing is supported is typing Control - P to the first Python prompt you get. If it beeps, you have command line editing; see Appendix Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution for an introduction to the keys. If nothing appears to happen, or if ^P is echoed, command line editing isn’t available; you’ll only be able to use backspace to remove characters from the current line. The interpreter operates somewhat like the Unix shell: when called with standard input connected to a tty device, it reads and executes commands interactively; when called with a file name argument or with a file as standard input, it reads and executes a script from that file. A second way of starting the interpreter is python -c command [arg] ... , which executes the statement(s) in command , analogous to the shell’s -c option. Since Python statements often contain spaces or other characters that are special to the shell, it is usually advised to quote command in its entirety. Some Python modules are also useful as scripts. These can be invoked using python -m module [arg] ... , which executes the source file for module as if you had spelled out its full name on the command line. When a script file is used, it is sometimes useful to be able to run the script and enter interactive mode afterwards. This can be done by passing -i before the script. All command line options are described in Command line and environment . 2.1.1. Argument Passing ¶ When known to the interpreter, the script name and additional arguments thereafter are turned into a list of strings and assigned to the argv variable in the sys module. You can access this list by executing import sys . The length of the list is at least one; when no script and no arguments are given, sys.argv[0] is an empty string. When the script name is given as '-' (meaning standard input), sys.argv[0] is set to '-' . When -c command is used, sys.argv[0] is set to '-c' . When -m module is used, sys.argv[0] is set to the full name of the located module. Options found after -c command or -m module are not consumed by the Python interpreter’s option processing but left in sys.argv for the command or module to handle. 2.1.2. Interactive Mode ¶ When commands are read from a tty, the interpreter is said to be in interactive mode . In this mode it prompts for the next command with the primary prompt , usually three greater-than signs ( >>> ); for continuation lines it prompts with the secondary prompt , by default three dots ( ... ). The interpreter prints a welcome message stating its version number and a copyright notice before printing the first prompt: $ python3.14 Python 3.14 (default, April 4 2024, 09:25:04) [GCC 10.2.0] on linux Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> Continuation lines are needed when entering a multi-line construct. As an example, take a look at this if statement: >>> the_world_is_flat = True >>> if the_world_is_flat : ... print ( "Be careful not to fall off!" ) ... Be careful not to fall off! For more on interactive mode, see Interactive Mode . 2.2. The Interpreter and Its Environment ¶ 2.2.1. Source Code Encoding ¶ By default, Python source files are treated as encoded in UTF-8. In that encoding, characters of most languages in the world can be used simultaneously in string literals, identifiers and comments — although the standard library only uses ASCII characters for identifiers, a convention that any portable code should follow. To display all these characters properly, your editor must recognize that the file is UTF-8, and it must use a font that supports all the characters in the file. To declare an encoding other than the default one, a special comment line should be added as the first line of the file. The syntax is as follows: # -*- coding: encoding -*- where encoding is one of the valid codecs supported by Python. For example, to declare that Windows-1252 encoding is to be used, the first line of your source code file should be: # -*- coding: cp1252 -*- One exception to the first line rule is when the source code starts with a UNIX “shebang” line . In this case, the encoding declaration should be added as the second line of the file. For example: #!/usr/bin/env python3 # -*- coding: cp1252 -*- Footnotes [ 1 ] On Unix, the Python 3.x interpreter is by default not installed with the executable named python , so that it does not conflict with a simultaneously installed Python 2.x executable. Table of Contents 2. Using the Python Interpreter 2.1. Invoking the Interpreter 2.1.1. Argument Passing 2.1.2. Interactive Mode 2.2. The Interpreter and Its Environment 2.2.1. Source Code Encoding Previous topic 1. Whetting Your Appetite Next topic 3. An Informal Introduction to Python This page Report a bug Show source « Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial » 2. Using the Python Interpreter | Theme Auto Light Dark | © Copyright 2001 Python Software Foundation. This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License. See History and License for more information. The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. Please donate. Last updated on Jan 13, 2026 (06:19 UTC). Found a bug ? Created using Sphinx 8.2.3. | 2026-01-13T08:48:38 |
https://docs.python.org/fr/3/ | 3.14.2 Documentation Thème Auto Clair Sombre Téléchargement Téléchargement de ces documentations Docs par version Python 3.15 (in development) Python 3.14 (stable) Python 3.13 (stable) Python 3.12 (security-fixes) Python 3.11 (security-fixes) Python 3.10 (security-fixes) Python 3.9 (EOL) Python 3.8 (EOL) Python 3.7 (EOL) Python 3.6 (EOL) Python 3.5 (EOL) Python 3.4 (EOL) Python 3.3 (EOL) Python 3.2 (EOL) Python 3.1 (EOL) Python 3.0 (EOL) Python 2.7 (EOL) Python 2.6 (EOL) Toutes les versions Autres ressources PEP Index Beginner's Guide Book List Audio/Visual Talks Python Developer’s Guide Navigation index modules | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » | Thème Auto Clair Sombre | Documentation Python 3.14.2 Bienvenue sur la documentation officielle de Python 3.14.2. Rubriques : Quoi de neuf dans Python 3.14 ? Ou toutes les nouveautés depuis Python 2.0 Tutoriel Commencez par ici : une découverte de la syntaxe et des fonctionnalités de Python Référence de la bibliothèque Bibliothèque standard Référence du langage Syntaxe et les éléments du langage Installer et utiliser Python Comment installer, configurer, et utiliser Python Les HOWTOs de Python Manuels spécialisés Installer des modules Python Modules tiers et PyPI.org Distribuer des modules Python Publier des modules pour que d'autres puissent les installer Extension et intégration Pour les développeurs C/C++ L'API C de Python Référence de l'API en C FAQs Foire aux questions (avec les réponses !) Obsolescence Fonctionnalité obsolètes Index, glossaire, et recherche : Index global des modules Tous les modules et bibliothèques Index général Toutes les fonctions, classes et termes Glossaire Jargon expliqué Page de recherche Recherche dans cette documentation Table des matières complète Liste complète des rubriques et sous-rubriques Autour du projet : Signalement de bogue Contribuer à la documentation Télécharger cette documentation Histoire et licence de Python Copyright À propos de la documentation Téléchargement Téléchargement de ces documentations Docs par version Python 3.15 (in development) Python 3.14 (stable) Python 3.13 (stable) Python 3.12 (security-fixes) Python 3.11 (security-fixes) Python 3.10 (security-fixes) Python 3.9 (EOL) Python 3.8 (EOL) Python 3.7 (EOL) Python 3.6 (EOL) Python 3.5 (EOL) Python 3.4 (EOL) Python 3.3 (EOL) Python 3.2 (EOL) Python 3.1 (EOL) Python 3.0 (EOL) Python 2.7 (EOL) Python 2.6 (EOL) Toutes les versions Autres ressources PEP Index Beginner's Guide Book List Audio/Visual Talks Python Developer’s Guide « Navigation index modules | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » | Thème Auto Clair Sombre | © Copyright 2001 Python Software Foundation. La licence de cette page est la Python Software Foundation License Version 2. La licence des exemples, recettes, et autres morceaux de code se trouvant dans la documentation est la Zero Clause BSD License. Pour plus d'informations, consultez Histoire et licence . La Python Software Foundation est une association à but non lucratif. Elle vit de vos dons. Dernière mise à jour : janv. 13, 2026 (06:30 UTC). Un bogue ? Crée par Sphinx 8.2.3. | 2026-01-13T08:48:38 |
https://docs.python.org/el/3/ | 3.14.2 Documentation Θέμα Αυτόματα Φωτεινό Σκούρο Κατεβάστε Κατεβάστε αυτά τα έγγραφα Έγγραφα ανά έκδοση Python 3.15 (in development) Python 3.14 (stable) Python 3.13 (stable) Python 3.12 (security-fixes) Python 3.11 (security-fixes) Python 3.10 (security-fixes) Python 3.9 (EOL) Python 3.8 (EOL) Python 3.7 (EOL) Python 3.6 (EOL) Python 3.5 (EOL) Python 3.4 (EOL) Python 3.3 (EOL) Python 3.2 (EOL) Python 3.1 (EOL) Python 3.0 (EOL) Python 2.7 (EOL) Python 2.6 (EOL) Όλες οι εκδόσεις Άλλες πηγές PEP Index Beginner's Guide Book List Audio/Visual Talks Python Developer’s Guide Πλοήγηση ευρετήριο μονάδες | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » | Θέμα Αυτόματα Φωτεινό Σκούρο | Τεκμηρίωση του Python - 3.14.2 Καλώς ήρθατε! Αυτό είναι η επίσημη τεκμηρίωση για την Python 3.14.2. Ενότητες Τεκμηρίωσης: Τι νέο υπάρχει στην Python 3.14; Ή όλα "Τι νέο υπάρχει" έγγραφα από την Python 2.0 Tutorial Ξεκινήστε εδώ, μια περιήγηση στη σύνταξη και τις δυνατότητες της Python Αναφορά βιβλιοθήκης Τυπική Βιβλιοθήκη και builtins Γλωσσική αναφορά Συντακτικά και γλωσσικά στοιχεία Ρύθμιση και χρήση της Python Πως να εγκαταστήσετε, ρυθμίσετε, και χρησιμοποιήσετε την Python Python HOWTOs Σε βάθος εγχειρίδια θεμάτων Εγκατάσταση Python modules Modules τρίτων και PyPI.org Διανομή Python modules Δημοσίευση modules για χρήση από άλλους Επέκταση και ενσωμάτωση Για προγραμματιστές C/C++ Το C API της Python Αναφορά C API FAQs Συχνές ερωτήσεις (με απαντήσεις!) Απαρχαιωμένες δυνατότητες Απαρχαιωμένη λειτουργικότητα Ευρετήρια, Γλωσσάριο, και αναζήτηση: Global module Index Όλα τα modules και οι βιβλιοθήκες Γενικό ευρετήριο Όλες οι συναρτήσεις, οι κλάσεις, οι όροι Γλωσσάριο Οι όροι εξηγούνται Αναζήτηση σελίδας Αναζητήστε αυτήν την τεκμηρίωση Ολοκληρωμένος πίνακας περιεχομένων Παραθέτει όλες τις ενότητες και τις υποενότητες Πληροφορίες έργου: Αναφορά ζητημάτων Συμβολή στην τεκμηρίωση Κατεβάστε την τεκμηρίωση Ιστορία και άδεια της Python Πνευματικά δικαιώματα Σχετικά με την τεκμηρίωση Κατεβάστε Κατεβάστε αυτά τα έγγραφα Έγγραφα ανά έκδοση Python 3.15 (in development) Python 3.14 (stable) Python 3.13 (stable) Python 3.12 (security-fixes) Python 3.11 (security-fixes) Python 3.10 (security-fixes) Python 3.9 (EOL) Python 3.8 (EOL) Python 3.7 (EOL) Python 3.6 (EOL) Python 3.5 (EOL) Python 3.4 (EOL) Python 3.3 (EOL) Python 3.2 (EOL) Python 3.1 (EOL) Python 3.0 (EOL) Python 2.7 (EOL) Python 2.6 (EOL) Όλες οι εκδόσεις Άλλες πηγές PEP Index Beginner's Guide Book List Audio/Visual Talks Python Developer’s Guide « Πλοήγηση ευρετήριο μονάδες | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » | Θέμα Αυτόματα Φωτεινό Σκούρο | © Πνευματικά δικαιώματα 2001 Python Software Foundation. Η σελίδα αυτή διατίθεται υπό την άδεια χρήσης του Python Software Foundation, 2η έκδοση. Παραδείγματα, οδηγοί και λοιπά κομμάτια κώδικα στην τεκμηρίωση διατίθενται επιπλέον υπό την άδεια χρήσης Zero Clause BSD. Δες την Ιστορία και Άδεια χρήσης για περισσότερες πληροφορίες. Το Python Software Foundation είναι ένας μη κερδοσκοπικός οργανισμός. Παρακαλώ κάντε μια δωρεά. Τελευταία ενημέρωση στις Ιαν 13, 2026 (06:16 UTC). Βρήκες ένα bug ? Δημιουργήθηκε με την χρήση του Sphinx 8.2.3. | 2026-01-13T08:48:38 |
https://www.hackatom.org/ | HackAtom VI 2021 By using this website, you agree to our Cookie Policy . Cosmos Virtual Hackathon Hackatom Platinum Sponsor Starport Platinum - Starport 2021 2021 00:00:00 Competition ended 7 pm Nov 11 – 7 PM Dec 08 2021 The competition The biggest HackAtom in Cosmos history! Participants 1958 Submissions 103 Prize pool $1M+ The wait is over! We received many high-quality submissions over the 25 challenges and our judges have finally decided on the winning projects! A big thank you to everyone who took part in making this our biggest HackAtom yet, with over $1,000,000 in prizes in ATOM! We'll return with HackAtom VII in 2022. Stay tuned! Platinum Sponsor The first complete developer environment for blockchain, Starport comes with all the tools you need to build, launch, and run your crypto application or product. Accelerate blockchain development so you can focus on writing business logic. Discover ↗ Gold sponsors Built on Cosmos, Pylons is a fast and interoperable system for brands and creators to build engaging products with meaningful NFT experiences. The ixo Protocol is establishing the new standard for making verifiable claims about changes in the state of the world, and to tokenize verified outcome states as NFT Impact Tokens. Silver Sponsors Other Sponsors Media Sponsors Winners Hall of fame Grand Prize The Grand Prix Prize went to the projects that successfully combined at least two different challenges. Project Geospatial Data Oracle for Cosmos Reward $25,000 Project Arbiter DAO Reward $25,000 Community Award Prize The Community Choice award went to the project with the most hearts on DevPost. Project Bookverse Reward $10,000 Ethereum on Cosmos Bitsong Bitsong Challenge Bitsong's HackAtom VI challenge proposes the migration of smart contracts on the popular OpenSea NFT marketplace to Cosmos SDK. Submissions for this challenge did not meet the minimum viable judging criteria Evmos Evmos Challenge Evmos aims to be the EVM Hub of Cosmos, making it easy for smart contracts to deploy and communicate within the Cosmos ecosystem. 1st Evmos.me $35,000 2nd Evmos Balancer $15,000 Starport Starport Code Scaffolding Challenge Currently, Starport depends on string placeholders being present in modules’ files. Placeholders work, but if another solution (likely, based on code analysis) is found, this could improve Starport's reliability even further. 1st (AST)Walking Around Starport $35,000 2nd Code Scaffolding in Starportwith AST Analysis and Mutation $15,000 Starport Local Testnet Challenge Starport chain serve is the most convenient way to start a blockchain node for development purposes. Currently, this command sets up a single node testnet with automatic code reloading. Enhance this functionality of Starport, for example, to support multi-node local testnets. Submissions for this challenge did not meet the minimum viable judging criteria Starport Build Process and Configuration Challenge Starport uses an advanced build process to compile the source code of a chain into a binary. It’s both sophisticated and easy to use, but there is always room for improvement. To win this challenge, enhance the build process so that it’s more flexible, yet can be used even by beginner developers. Submissions for this challenge did not meet the minimum viable judging criteria Starport A Plugin System Challenge A program like Starport can definitely benefit from a flexible plugin system that will allow developers to add functionality to Starport on the fly. Your challenge is to build one! 1st Starport Plugin System $35,000 The Challenge did not have a 2nd winning submission Starport Kickstater Prize Starport Plugin System $3,000 Starport Plugin Service $3,000 Starport - Code Scaffolding Challenge $3,000 Interoperability Akash Akash Challenge Akash's HackAtom VI challenge asks participants to develop the container images, SDL files, and readme.dm documentation needed to run chain nodes from Cosmos chains that are not currently in the repository. 1st Cosmos Omnibus: Akash Interoperability $35,000 2nd Akash Cosmos Omnibus Evolution $15,000 Sentinel Sentinel Challenge Sentinel's IBC challenge is a tough one to tackle but could help to solve an important problem in the wider Cosmos ecosystem. Participants must build a fast, reliable, and unbiased randomness generator which could ideally be used for validator selection. Submissions for this challenge did not meet the minimum viable judging criteria Sifchain Sifchain Challenge Developers will need to create new, innovative ways to highlight the possibilities of blockchain interoperability using the IBC protocol such as viable implementations, use cases, data formats or others. Submissions for this challenge did not meet the minimum viable judging criteria Pylons Pylons Challenge For this challenge, Pylons wants you to build new, innovative ways to highlight the possibilities of blockchain interoperability using the IBC protocol—such as viable implementation, use cases, and data formats—using the Cosmos SDK. Submissions for this challenge did not meet the minimum viable judging criteria Agoric Cross Chain Liquidity Mining Challenge Agoric's hackathon challenge is to build a set of Agoric smart contracts on Agoric that provide flexible liquidity mining options to Cosmos projects based on an Osmosis LP token. Submissions for this challenge did not meet the minimum viable judging criteria End-User Apps Nym NYM Challenge The challenge is to create a Nym service provider (application) which offers cloud file storage, and a GUI where users interact with the service provider, all via the Nym mixnet. 1st NymDrive $35,000 2nd Nym, The Eternity Service 2.0 $15,000 Injective Injective Challenge Injective's HackAtom VI challenge is to build a new simple single-page application trading interface for trading spot and perpetual markets. The purpose of this is to provide mass market users (not pro traders) an accessible, user-friendly interface for trading (Like Matcha on Ethereum, for example). The Challenge did not have a 1st winning submission 2nd Magnetar $15,000 LikeCoin Likecoin Challenge In this challenge, LikeCoin is seeking developers who can develop a wallet interface to allow users to manage their ISCN records. 1st ISCN wallet $35,000 2nd SnappBlock $15,000 Archway Archway Challenge Archway's HackAtom VI challenge is to create a base NFT marketplace on Archway’s testnet. This entails the marketplace smart contracts as well as front-end that will allow users to buy, sell, and trade CW721 tokens in exchange for CW20 tokens. 1st Flea (Archway NFT Market) $35,000 2nd NFText $15,000 DeFi Kava Kava Challenge Kava's HackAtom VI challenge asks you to build a fully autonomous options protocol as a Cosmos SDK module. You can assume that you have access to a price oracle. Submissions for this challenge did not meet the minimum viable judging criteria Tendermint Tendermint Challenge Build a general tool for Loan or Insurance modules using the gravity dex. Submissions for this challenge did not meet the minimum viable judging criteria Ki Foundation Ki Foundation Challenge Ki Foundation's challenge was to enable cross-chain interoperability with features like delegating, undelegating, sending coins, or operating an application-based action. Submissions for this challenge did not meet the minimum viable judging criteria Osmosis Osmosis Challenge Build something cool with Osmosis. Bonus points if you incorporate ION. 1st Osmosis (Semi-) Auto Compound $35,000 2nd Classic Trading $15,000 Gaming Pylons Pylons Challenge Build a game with meaningful gameplay behavior mediated through state changes using the Cosmos SDK blockchain framework, or build a decentralized virtual world with Cosmos network — utilizing the Cosmos SDK + Pylons SDK. 1st CrowdControl NFT Arena $35,000 2nd GetCrypto Game $15,000 Secret Network Secret Network Challenge Secret’s challenge is to build a game on Secret Network using CosmWasm, Secret NFTs, and on-chain randomness. 1st prisnr.games $35,000 2nd Poker Joker DAO $15,000 Earth Regen Regen Network Challenge Regen Network's challenge for HackAtom VI under the EARTH category is to bridge ecocredits into the interchain ecosystem—by implementing an IBC application that allows users to move these new types of ecological assets across different blockchains. 1st Geospatial Data Oracle for Cosmos $35,000 2nd Allocation Engine / opt.in $15,000 Pylons Grant.fish and Juno For this important challenge, Juno and grant.fish are teaming up to ask you to change the state of the planet by building modules, accessible apps, and integrations for local currencies, self-sovereign identity, non-fungible impact tokens, verification oracles, decentralized impact exchanges, and earth intelligence data. 1st Wynd $35,000 The Challenge did not have a 2nd winning submission ixo Foundation The Earth Crisis Challenge Your challenge is to build and demonstrate applications using the Internet of Impact, or software components that add capabilities to The Impact Stack, for preventing and responding to specific types of real-world Earth Crisis events. 1st IXO Assistant Playground $35,000 2nd Unremarkable Project $15,000 IXO The Earth Tokens Challenge For this challenge “Earth Tokens” are defined as classes of tokens that are created and used for the purpose of sustainable socio-economic development, climate action, and ecological regeneration. 1st Arbiter DAO $35,000 2nd Boli Network $15,000 Incoming Transmissions Be the first to know We'll be returning in 2022 with HackAtom VII. Be sure not to miss our updates and be the first to know what's coming next time. Stay up to date → You can unsubscribe at any time. Privacy policy Confirmation email sent. Open it and click ‘Confirm your email’ so we can keep you updated. Don’t see the confirmation email yet? It might be in your spam folder. If so, make sure to mark it as “not spam”. Something went wrong Uh oh! Refresh the page and try again. Hackatom HackAtom Participate FAQ Regulations Help Developer Chat Build on Cosmos Starport Cosmos SDK IBC Protocol Privacy Policy † This website is maintained by Tendermint. The contents and opinions of this website are those of Tendermint. Tendermint provides links to cryptocurrency exchanges as a service to the public. Tendermint does not warrant that the information provided by these websites is correct, complete, and up-to-date. Tendermint is not responsible for their content and expressly rejects any liability for damages of any kind resulting from the use, reference to, or reliance on any information contained within these websites. Brought to you by Tendermint and Interchain Foundation | 2026-01-13T08:48:38 |
https://legal.x.com/nl/purchaser-terms.html | Algemene aankoopvoorwaarden van X Algemene aankoopvoorwaarden van X Download Algemene aankoopvoorwaarden van X Voorwaarden voor betaalde diensten Aanvullende voorwaarden van X Premium Aanvullende voorwaarden voor abonnementen Download Algemene aankoopvoorwaarden van X Algemene aankoopvoorwaarden van X goglobalwithtwitterbanner Voorwaarden voor betaalde diensten Aanvullende voorwaarden van X Premium Aanvullende voorwaarden voor Maker-abonnementen Aanvullende Voorwaarden Premium Business en Premium Organisaties Voorwaarden voor betaalde diensten Aanvullende voorwaarden van X Premium Aanvullende voorwaarden voor Maker-abonnementen Aanvullende Voorwaarden Premium Business en Premium Organisaties Algemene aankoopvoorwaarden van X Inwerkingtreding: 1 augustus 2025 Als je buiten de Europese Unie, de EVA-landen of het Verenigd Koninkrijk woont, ook als je in de Verenigde Staten woont, zijn de volgende Algemene aankoopvoorwaarden van X op jou van toepassing. Als je in de Europese Unie, de EVA-landen of het Verenigd Koninkrijk woont, zijn deze Algemene aankoopvoorwaarden van X op jou van toepassing. Algemene aankoopvoorwaarden van X Als je buiten de Europese Unie, de EFTA-landen of het Verenigd Koninkrijk woont, ook als je in de Verenigde Staten woont X geeft je toegang tot bepaalde functies in ruil voor betaling van een eenmalige of terugkerende vergoeding, zoals van toepassing op de relevante functies (elk een ' Betaalde dienst ' en gezamenlijk de " Betaalde diensten "). Zo worden X Premium (zoals hieronder gedefinieerd) en Abonnementen elk beschouwd als een 'Betaalde dienst'. Voor zover jij je inschrijft voor een Betaalde dienst en/of deze gebruikt, zijn je gebruik van de Betaalde diensten en alle overeenkomstige transacties onderworpen aan: (i) de hierin beschreven voorwaarden, waaronder de toepasselijke voorwaarden voor elke Betaalde dienst die je koopt, elk zoals hieronder vermeld (gezamenlijk de ' Algemene aankoopvoorwaarden van X ) en (ii) de toepasselijke Algemene voorwaarden van X , het Privacybeleid van X , de Regels en het beleid van X en alle daarin opgenomen beleidsregels (gezamenlijk de ' X-gebruikersovereenkomst '). Deze Algemene aankoopvoorwaarden van X en de bovengenoemde X-gebruikersovereenkomst worden in dit document gezamenlijk de ' Voorwaarden ' genoemd. " X " verwijst naar de X-entiteit die de Betaalde Diensten aan u levert. Lees deze Algemene aankoopvoorwaarden van X goed door, zodat je de voorwaarden en uitzonderingen begrijpt. ALS JE IN DE VERENIGDE STATEN WOONT, BEVATTEN DEZE VOORWAARDEN BELANGRIJKE INFO DIE VOOR JOU VAN TOEPASSING IS OP HET OPLOSSEN VAN GESCHILLEN, WAARONDER EEN AFSTAND VAN JE RECHT OM EEN COLLECTIEVE CLAIM IN TE DIENEN EN EEN BEPERKING VAN JE RECHT OM EEN CLAIM IN TE DIENEN TEGEN X MEER DAN 2 JAAR NA DE RELEVANTE GEBEURTENISSEN, WAT INVLOED HEEFT OP JE RECHTEN EN VERPLICHTINGEN ALS ER EEN GESCHIL MET X ONTSTAAT. ZIE ARTIKEL 6 ONDER ALGEMENE VOORWAARDEN VOOR NADERE INFORMATIE OVER DEZE BEPALINGEN. Aanvaarding . Door gebruik te maken van of toegang te krijgen tot een Betaalde dienst van X, een bedrag daarvoor te betalen en/of op een knop te klikken om een eenmalige aankoop of terugkerende abonnementsbetalingen te doen voor de Betaalde dienst geleverd door X, ga je ermee akkoord gebonden te zijn aan de Voorwaarden. Als je de Voorwaarden niet begrijpt of een deel ervan niet accepteert, mag je geen Betaalde diensten gebruiken of openen. Om een Betaalde dienst te kopen en te gebruiken, moet je: (i) minimaal 18 jaar oud of meerderjarig zijn, zoals bepaald door de wetten van het rechtsgebied waar je woont, of (ii) de uitdrukkelijke toestemming hebben van je ouder of voogd om die Betaalde dienst te mogen kopen en gebruiken. Als je een ouder of wettelijke voogd bent en je staat toe dat je kind (of een kind waarvan je een voogd bent) een Betaalde dienst koopt of gebruikt, ga je ermee akkoord dat de Voorwaarden op jou van toepassing zijn, dat jij je aan de Voorwaarden zult houden, dat je verantwoordelijk bent voor het reilen en zeilen van het kind op de Betaalde diensten en dat je erop toeziet dat het kind zich ook aan de Voorwaarden houdt. In ieder geval, zoals vermeld onder Wie mag de diensten gebruiken in de Algemene voorwaarden van X, moet je minimaal 13 jaar oud zijn om de X-dienst te mogen gebruiken. Als je deze Algemene aankoopvoorwaarden van X accepteert en de Betaalde diensten gebruikt namens een bedrijf, organisatie, overheid of andere rechtspersoon, verklaar en garandeer je dat je bevoegd bent om dit te doen en de bevoegdheid hebt om een dergelijke entiteit te binden aan deze Algemene aankoopvoorwaarden van X, in welk geval de woorden 'jij/je' en 'je' zoals gebruikt in deze Algemene aankoopvoorwaarden van X verwijzen naar een dergelijke entiteit. X Contracterende entiteit . Je gaat deze Algemene aankoopvoorwaarden van X aan met de entiteit die overeenkomt met je woonplaats, zoals hieronder vermeld. Deze entiteit zal de Betaalde diensten aan jou leveren. Geen enkele andere partij heeft verplichtingen jegens jou op grond van deze Algemene aankoopvoorwaarden. Je locatie De continenten van Noord-Amerika (inclusief Hawaï) of Zuid-Amerika Entiteit waarmee je deze overeenkomst afsluit X Corp., met een kantoor gevestigd op 865 FM 1209, Building 2, Bastrop, TX 78602, USA Je locatie Elk land dat niet onder de bovenstaande twee locaties valt, inclusief de regio's Azië-Oceanië, het Midden-Oosten, Afrika of Europa (exclusief de EU-landen, EFTA-landen en het Verenigd Koninkrijk) Entiteit waarmee je deze overeenkomst afsluit X Global LLC, met maatschappelijke zetel te 701 S. Carson St., Suite 200, Carson City, NV 89701, USA Wijzigingen in voorwaarden, betaalde diensten en prijzen 1. Wijzigingen in voorwaarden. X kan deze Algemene aankoopvoorwaarden van X van tijd tot tijd aanpassen, bijvoorbeeld om zakelijke, financiële of juridische redenen. De wijzigingen werken niet met terugwerkende kracht en de meest recente versie van de Algemene aankoopvoorwaarden van X, beschikbaar op legal.x.com/purchaser-terms , is van toepassing op je gebruik van Betaalde diensten en alle bijbehorende transacties. Als we deze Voorwaarden wijzigen of herzien nadat je ermee hebt ingestemd (bijvoorbeeld als deze Voorwaarden worden gewijzigd nadat je een abonnement hebt gekocht), zullen we jou van tevoren op de hoogte brengen van de wezenlijke aanpassingen in deze Voorwaarden. Een dergelijke kennisgeving kan elektronisch worden verstrekt, inclusief (en niet beperkt tot) via een servicemelding of een e-mail naar het e-mailadres dat aan je account is gekoppeld. Als je na deze aanpassingen doorgaat met toegang krijgen tot of gebruiken van de Betaalde diensten, ga je akkoord met de herziene Algemene aankoopvoorwaarden van X. Als je niet akkoord gaat met deze of enige toekomstige Algemene aankoopvoorwaarden van X, mag je de Betaalde diensten niet gebruiken of toegang daartoe krijgen (of dit blijven doen). De Algemene aankoopvoorwaarden van X zijn in het Engels opgesteld, maar worden in meerdere talen vertaald. X streeft ernaar de originele Engelse versie zo nauwkeurig mogelijk te vertalen. Bij afwijkingen of inconsistenties heeft de Engelstalige versie van de Algemene aankoopvoorwaarden van X echter voorrang. Je erkent dat Engels de referentietaal zal zijn voor het interpreteren en opstellen van de voorwaarden van de Algemene aankoopvoorwaarden van X. 2. Wijzigingen in Betaalde diensten. Wij blijven onze Betaalde diensten ontwikkelen. Als zodanig kunnen de Betaalde Services van tijd tot tijd naar eigen goeddunken worden gewijzigd, onder meer om zakelijke, financiële of juridische redenen. We kunnen in het algemeen en met of zonder kennisgeving (permanent of tijdelijk) stoppen met het aan jou of aan gebruikers leveren van de Betaalde diensten of functies binnen de Betaalde diensten. X is niet aansprakelijk ten opzichte van jou of een derde voor enige wijziging, opschorting of stopzetting van de Betaalde diensten. In de specifieke voorwaarden (zie hieronder) voor de specifieke Betaalde dienst wordt beschreven hoe je een abonnement kan opzeggen of, indien van toepassing, een terugbetaling kan aanvragen. 3. Prijswijzigingen. De prijzen voor Betaalde Services, inclusief terugkerende abonnementskosten, kunnen van tijd tot tijd worden gewijzigd, onder meer om zakelijke, financiële of juridische redenen. X zal je redelijkerwijs van tevoren informeren over elke materiële wijziging van de prijs van Betaalde diensten. Voor abonnementsdiensten gaan prijswijzigingen in aan het begin van de eerstvolgende abonnementsperiode volgend op de datum van de prijswijziging. Als je het niet eens bent met een prijswijziging, heb je het recht om de wijziging af te wijzen door je abonnement op de betreffende Betaalde dienst op te zeggen voordat de prijswijziging ingaat. Betaalvoorwaarden . X biedt verschillende betalingsopties die kunnen verschillen per Betaalde dienst, je apparaat en/of besturingssysteem, je geografische locatie of andere factoren. Voor zover beschikbaar (aangezien X van tijd tot tijd verschillende aankoopmethoden beschikbaar kan stellen), kunnen deze betalingsopties de mogelijkheid omvatten om de functie 'In app-betaling' te gebruiken die wordt aangeboden door Google of Apple, of om een webbetaling te doen via Stripe, de externe betalingsverwerker van X ( www.stripe.com - hierna ' Stripe '). Wanneer je een betaling doet, stem je er uitdrukkelijk mee in: (i) om de vermelde prijs voor de Betaalde dienst te betalen, samen met eventuele extra bedragen met betrekking tot toepasselijke belastingen, creditcardkosten, bankkosten, kosten voor buitenlandse transacties, kosten voor vreemde valuta en valutafluctuaties; en (ii) om je te houden aan relevante algemene voorwaarden, privacybeleid of andere wettelijke overeenkomsten of beperkingen (inclusief aanvullende leeftijdsbeperkingen) opgelegd door Google, Apple of Stripe (als externe betalingsverwerker van X) in verband met je gebruik van een bepaalde betalingsmethode (alleen als je ervoor kiest om je betaling te doen via de functionaliteit voor in-app-aankopen van Apple, ga je ermee akkoord je te houden aan alle relevante voorwaarden, vereisten en/of beperkingen opgelegd door Apple). Alle persoonlijke privégegevens die je verstrekt in verband met je gebruik van de Betaalde diensten, inclusief maar niet beperkt tot alle gegevens die worden verstrekt in verband met betalingen, zullen worden verwerkt in overeenstemming met het Privacybeleid van X. X kan jouw betalingsgegevens delen met betalingsdienstproviders om betalingen te verwerken; fraude of andere verboden activiteiten te voorkomen, op te sporen en te onderzoeken; beslechten van geschillen, zoals terugvorderingen of terugbetalingen, te vergemakkelijken; en voor andere doeleinden die verband houden met de acceptatie van creditcards, betaalkaarten of ACH. Het is je verantwoordelijkheid om ervoor te zorgen dat je bank-, creditcard-, betaalpas- en/of andere betalingsgegevens te allen tijde up-to-date, volledig en nauwkeurig zijn. Als je een betaling doet voor een Betaalde dienst, kunnen wij informatie over je transactie ontvangen, zoals wanneer deze is uitgevoerd, wanneer een abonnement afloopt of automatisch wordt verlengd, op welk platform je de aankoop hebt gedaan en andere informatie. X is niet verantwoordelijk of aansprakelijk voor eventuele fouten of vertragingen door een betalingsverwerker, de App Store van Apple of Google Play Store, je bank, je creditcardmaatschappij en/of een betalingsnetwerk. Raadpleeg de onderstaande Algemene voorwaarden voor elke specifieke Betaalde dienst voor de betalingsvoorwaarden die van toepassing zijn op die specifieke Betaalde dienst, inclusief hoe abonnementsverlengingen worden afgehandeld en andere belangrijke voorwaarden. Toepassing van de X-gebruikersovereenkomst, beëindiging, geen restituties, meerdere X-accounts en beperkingen 1. De X-Gebruikersovereenkomst is op u van toepassing . JE MOET JE ALTIJD HOUDEN AAN DE GEBRUIKERSOVEREENKOMST VAN X EN DIE NALEVEN. De X-gebruikersovereenkomst is altijd van toepassing op je gebruik van de X-dienst, inclusief de Betaalde diensten en functies. Als je de X-gebruikersovereenkomst niet opvolgt en naleeft, of als X van mening is dat je de X-gebruikersovereenkomst niet opvolgt en naleeft, kan dit leiden tot de annulering van je Betaalde diensten. Een dergelijke annulering is een aanvulling op, en zonder enige beperking, van eventuele handhavingsmaatregelen die X tegen jou kan nemen op grond van de X-gebruikersovereenkomst. In dergelijke gevallen kun je de voordelen van je Betaalde diensten verliezen en kom je niet in aanmerking voor restitutie van eventuele gelden die je hebt betaald (of vooruitbetaald) voor Betaalde diensten. 2. Waarom X je toegang tot betaalde diensten kan beëindigen. X mag je toegang tot Betaalde diensten opschorten of beëindigen, je niet langer alle of een deel van de Betaalde diensten leveren, of elke andere actie ondernemen die zij passend acht, inclusief bijvoorbeeld het opschorten van je account, (zonder enige aansprakelijkheid) op elk moment om welke reden dan ook of om geen enkele reden, inclusief, maar niet beperkt tot een van de volgende redenen: a. X meent, naar eigen goeddunken, dat je de Voorwaarden hebt geschonden of dat jouw gebruik van de Betaalde diensten in strijd zou zijn met toepasselijke wetten; b. X hiertoe wordt verzocht of opgedragen door een bevoegde rechtbank, toezichthoudende autoriteit of wetshandhavingsinstantie; c. X heeft onverwachte technische of beveiligingsproblemen; d. X is naar eigen goeddunken van mening dat u de X Gebruikersovereenkomst heeft geschonden; e. X van mening is, naar eigen goeddunken, dat u zich bezighoudt met manipulatie of ander storend of verboden gedrag in het algemeen of in verband met de Betaalde Services; f. Je veroorzaakt een risico voor X of stelt X mogelijk bloot aan juridische procedures; g. Je account moet worden verwijderd vanwege onrechtmatig gedrag; h. Je account zou moeten worden verwijderd omdat je je account lange tijd niet hebt gebruikt; of i. Onze levering van de Betaalde Diensten (geheel of gedeeltelijk) aan u is niet langer commercieel levensvatbaar (naar eigen goeddunken van X). 3. Alle transacties zijn definitief. Alle betalingen voor betaalde services zijn definitief en kunnen niet worden terugbetaald of geruild, behalve indien vereist door de toepasselijke wetgeving. We geven geen garantie voor de aard, kwaliteit of waarde van een Betaalde dienst of de beschikbaarheid of levering daarvan. Restituties of tegoeden worden niet verstrekt voor ongebruikte of gedeeltelijk gebruikte Betaalde diensten (bijvoorbeeld een gedeeltelijk gebruikte abonnementsperiode). 4. Betaalde diensten zijn niet overdraagbaar tussen X-accounts. Elke aankoop van een Betaalde dienst is van toepassing op één X-account, wat betekent dat je aankoop alleen van toepassing is op het account dat je gebruikte toen je de Betaalde dienst kocht, en niet van toepassing is op andere accounts waartoe je mogelijk toegang hebt of die je beheert. Als je meerdere accounts hebt of beheert en je wilt toegang tot de Betaalde diensten voor elk account, moet je de Betaalde dienst voor elk account afzonderlijk kopen. 5. Beperkingen en verplichtingen. a. Je mag een Betaalde dienst alleen kopen en gebruiken als je wettelijk toestemming hebt om die Betaalde dienst te gebruiken in je land en je woont in een land dat door X voor de betreffende Betaalde dienst wordt erkend. X kan naar eigen goeddunken de mogelijkheid beperken om in bepaalde landen toegang te krijgen tot een Betaalde dienst of om in die landen een Betaalde dienst te kopen. X behoudt zich het recht voor om de lijst met ondersteunde landen van tijd tot tijd te wijzigen. b. Wij behouden ons het recht voor om naar eigen goeddunken transacties met Betaalde diensten te weigeren of de verkoop of het gebruik van een Betaalde dienst te annuleren of stop te zetten. c. Je mag anderen geen toestemming geven om je X-account te gebruiken voor toegang tot een Betaalde dienst die deze persoon niet heeft gekocht. d. Je mag geen Betaalde dienst kopen of gebruiken als je een persoon bent met wie Amerikaanse personen niet mogen handelen vanwege economische sancties, inclusief maar niet beperkt tot sancties die zijn opgelegd door het Office of Foreign Assets Control van het Amerikaanse Department of the Treasury of door een andere toepasselijke autoriteit die sancties heeft opgelegd (" Verboden persoon) ". Daartoe behoren onder andere personen die wonen in, of een staatsburger zijn van, of een reguliere inwoner zijn van, de volgende landen of regio's: Cuba, Iran, de Oekraïense regio's de Krim, Noord-Korea en Syrië. Je verklaart en garandeert dat je geen Verboden persoon bent. e. JIJ VERKLAART DAT JE DE BETAALDE DIENSTEN ALLEEN VOOR LEGITIEME DOELEINDEN ZULT GEBRUIKEN EN ALLEEN IN OVEREENSTEMMING MET DE VOORWAARDEN. Belastingen en vergoedingen . Jij bent verantwoordelijk voor en stemt ermee in alle van toepassing zijnde belastingen, heffingen, tarieven en vergoedingen te betalen met betrekking tot de aankoop van Betaalde diensten, inclusief die welke moeten worden betaald aan X of aan een externe betalingsverwerker. Deze belastingen kunnen omvatten maar zijn niet beperkt tot btw, GST, omzetbelasting, bronbelasting en alle andere van toepassing zijnde belastingen. Afhankelijk van je locatie kan X verantwoordelijk zijn voor het verzamelen en rapporteren van informatie met betrekking tot transactiebelastingen die voortvloeien uit je aankoop van Betaalde diensten. Je verleent X toestemming om je account en persoonlijke gegevens te verstrekken aan de relevante belastingdiensten om te voldoen aan onze verplichtingen om belastingen te innen en te rapporteren. Algemene Voorwaarden 1. Contactinformatie. Als je vragen hebt over de Betaalde diensten of deze Voorwaarden, kan je het Helpcentrum van X voor Betaalde diensten raadplegen. Als je al een Betaalde dienst hebt gekocht, kun je ook contact met ons opnemen via de ondersteuningslink in het navigatiemenu van je X-account onder de betalings- of abonnementsinstellingen. Mocht je nog vragen hebben, dan kun je hier contact met ons opnemen via het formulier voor 'Hulp bij betaalde functies'. 2. DISCLAIMERS. VOOR ZOVER MAXIMAAL TOEGESTAAN DOOR DE TOEPASSELIJKE WETGEVING IS JOUW TOEGANG TOT EN GEBRUIK VAN DE BETAALDE DIENSTEN OP EIGEN RISICO. JE BEGRIJPT EN STEMT ERMEE IN DAT DE DIENSTEN ALS ZODANIG EN VOOR ZOVER BESCHIKBAAR AAN JOU WORDEN AANGEBODEN. X WIJST ALLE GARANTIES EN VOORWAARDEN AF, EXPLICIET OF IMPLICIET, VAN VERKOOPBAARHEID, GESCHIKTHEID VOOR EEN BEPAALD DOEL OF NIET-INBREUK. X GEEFT GEEN GARANTIES OF VERKLARINGEN AF EN WIJST ELKE VERANTWOORDELIJKHEID EN AANSPRAKELIJKHEID AF VOOR: (I) DE VOLLEDIGHEID, JUISTHEID, BESCHIKBAARHEID, ACTUALITEIT, BEVEILIGING OF BETROUWBAARHEID VAN DE BETAALDE DIENSTEN, EN (II) OF DE BETAALDE DIENSTEN ZULLEN VOLDOEN AAN DE EISEN OF ONONDERBROKEN, VEILIG EN ZONDER FOUTEN BESCHIKBAAR ZULLEN ZIJN. JIJ BENT VERANTWOORDELIJK VOOR JOUW GEBRUIK VAN DE X-DIENST, INCLUSIEF DE BETAALDE DIENSTEN, EN ALLE CONTENT DIE JE VERSTREKT. 3. BEPERKING VAN AANSPRAKELIJKHEID. IN DE MAXIMALE WETTELIJKE TOEGESTANE MATE ZIJN X-ENTITEITEN NIET AANSPRAKELIJK VOOR ENIGE INDIRECTE, INCIDENTELE, SPECIALE OF GEVOLGSCHADE OF ALS STRAF BEDOELDE SCHADEVERGOEDING, OF ENIG VERLIES VAN WINSTEN OF INKOMSTEN, ZOWEL DIRECT ALS INDIRECT, OF ENIG VERLIES VAN GEGEVENS, GEBRUIK, GOODWILL OF ANDERE IMMATERIËLE VERLIEZEN DIE VOORTVLOEIEN UIT (i) JOUW TOEGANG TOT OF GEBRUIK VAN OF GEEN TOEGANG TOT OF GEEN GEBRUIK VAN DE BETAALDE DIENSTEN; (ii) ELK GEDRAG OF ELKE CONTENT VAN EEN DERDE DIE IS GEPOST VIA DE BETAALDE DIENSTEN, INCLUSIEF MAAR NIET BEPERKT TOT ELK LASTERLIJK, BELEDIGEND OF ONWETTIG GEDRAG VAN ANDERE GEBRUIKERS OF DERDEN; (iii) ELKE CONTENT DIE AFKOMSTIG IS VAN DE TWITTER-DIENSTEN OF (iv) ONGEOORLOOFDE TOEGANG TOT OF ONGEOORLOOFD GEBRUIK OF WIJZIGING VAN JOUW OVERDRACHTEN OF CONTENT. VOOR ALLE DUIDELIJKHEID: DE DEFINITIE VAN BETAALDE DIENSTEN IS BEPERKT TOT DE FUNCTIES DIE DOOR X WORDEN AANGEBODEN, EN OMVAT GEEN ENKELE CONTENT DIE JE OPENT EN/OF WAARMEE JE INTERACTIE HEBT DOOR DEZE FUNCTIES TE GEBRUIKEN. IN GEEN ENKEL GEVAL ZAL DE TOTALE AANSPRAKELIJKHEID VAN DE X-ENTITEITEN GROTER ZIJN DAN HONDERD AMERIKAANSE DOLLARS (US $100,00) OF HET BEDRAG DAT JE IN DE AFGELOPEN ZES MAANDEN AAN ONS HEBT BETAALD, INDIEN VAN TOEPASSING, VOOR DE BETAALDE DIENSTEN WAAROP DE CLAIM IS GEBASEERD. DE BEPERKINGEN VAN DEZE PARAGRAAF ZIJN VAN TOEPASSING OP ELKE THEORIE BETREFFENDE AANSPRAKELIJKHEID, ONGEACHT OF DEZE IS GEBASEERD OP GARANTIE, CONTRACT, STATUUT, ONRECHTMATIGE DAAD (INCLUSIEF NALATIGHEID) OF ANDERSZINS, EN ONGEACHT OF DE X-ENTITEITEN ZIJN INGELICHT OVER DE MOGELIJKHEID VAN DERGELIJKE SCHADE, EN ZELFS ALS EEN HIERIN BESCHREVEN VERHAAL IN ESSENTIE NIET IS GESLAAGD. 'X-ENTITEITEN' BETEKENT X, ZIJN MOEDERMAATSCHAPPIJEN, GELIEERDE ONDERNEMINGEN, GERELATEERDE BEDRIJVEN, BESTUURDERS, DIRECTEUREN, WERKNEMERS, AGENTEN, VERTEGENWOORDIGERS, PARTNERS EN LICENTIEGEVERS. BEPAALDE BEPERKINGEN VAN AANSPRAKELIJKHEID ZIJN VOLGENS DE TOEPASSELIJKE WETGEVING IN JOUW JURISDICTIE MOGELIJK NIET TOEGESTAAN. IN DE DOOR DE TOEPASSELIJKE WETGEVING IN JOUW JURISDICTIE TOEGESTANE MATE BEPERKT HET BOVENSTAANDE NIET DE AANSPRAKELIJKHEID VAN X-ENTITEITEN VOOR FRAUDE, FRAUDULEUZE VERKEERDE VOORSTELLING VAN ZAKEN, OVERLIJDEN OF LICHAMELIJK LETSEL VEROORZAAKT DOOR ONZE NALATIGHEID, GROVE NALATIGHEID EN/OF OPZETTELIJK GEDRAG. VOOR ZOVER MAXIMAAL TOEGESTAAN DOOR DE TOEPASSELIJKE WETGEVING IS DE MAXIMALE GEZAMENLIJKE AANSPRAKELIJKHEID VAN DE X-ENTITEITEN VOOR ALLE NIET-UITSLUITBARE GARANTIES BEPERKT TOT ÉÉN HONDERD AMERIKAANSE DOLLARS (USD 100,00). 4. Kennisgeving met betrekking tot Apple. Voor zover u de Betaalde Diensten hebt aangeschaft of de Betaalde Diensten gebruikt of opent op een iOS-apparaat, erkent u de voorwaarden van dit artikel en gaat u ermee akkoord. Je erkent dat de Voorwaarden alleen geldig zijn tussen jou en ons en niet met Apple, en dat Apple niet verantwoordelijk is voor de Betaalde diensten en de content daarvan. Apple heeft geen enkele verplichting om onderhoud en ondersteuning te verlenen met betrekking tot de Betaalde diensten. In het geval dat de Betaalde diensten niet voldoen aan een van toepassing zijnde garantie, kun je Apple hiervan op de hoogte brengen en zal Apple de toepasselijke aankoopprijs voor de Betaalde diensten aan jou terugbetalen; en heeft Apple voor zover maximaal is toegestaan door de toepasselijke wetgeving, geen enkele andere garantieverplichting met betrekking tot de Betaalde diensten. Apple is niet verantwoordelijk voor het afhandelen van eventuele vorderingen van jou of een derde partij met betrekking tot de Betaalde diensten of je bezit en/of gebruik van de Betaalde diensten, met inbegrip van maar niet beperkt tot: (i) aansprakelijkheidsvorderingen over producten; (ii) elke vordering waarin wordt aangegeven dat de Betaalde diensten niet voldoen aan enige van toepassing zijnde wettelijke of reglementaire vereiste; en (iii) vorderingen die voortvloeien uit consumentenbescherming of vergelijkbare wetgeving. Apple is niet verantwoordelijk voor het onderzoek, de verdediging, de schikking en de kwijting van vorderingen van derden dat de Betaalde diensten en/of je bezit en gebruik van de mobiele applicatie inbreuk maken op de intellectuele eigendomsrechten van die derden. Je stemt ermee in om te voldoen aan alle toepasselijke voorwaarden van derden bij het gebruik van de Betaalde diensten. Apple en de dochterondernemingen van Apple zijn derde begunstigden van de Voorwaarden, en na je aanvaarding van de Voorwaarden heeft Apple het recht (en wordt geacht het recht te hebben aanvaard) om als begunstigde derde partij van de Voorwaarden die Voorwaarden ten opzichte van jou af te dwingen. Je verklaart en garandeert hierbij dat (i) jij je niet bevindt in een land dat is onderworpen aan een embargo van de Amerikaanse overheid, of dat door de Amerikaanse overheid is aangemerkt als een land dat "terrorisme ondersteunt"; en (ii) je niet op een lijst van verboden of beperkte partijen van de Amerikaanse overheid staat. 5. Conflict. In het geval van een conflict tussen de bepalingen van deze Algemene aankoopvoorwaarden van X en die van de X-gebruikersovereenkomst, hebben de bepalingen van deze Algemene aankoopvoorwaarden van X uitsluitend voorrang met betrekking tot je gebruik van een Betaalde dienst. 6. GESCHILLENBESLECHTING EN AFSTAND VAN COLLECTIEVE VORDERINGEN a. Initiële geschillenbeslechting . De meeste geschillen tussen jou en X kunnen informeel worden opgelost. Je kan hier schriftelijk contact met ons opnemen door te schrijven naar Betaalde Ondersteuning. Geef als je contact met ons opneemt een korte beschrijving van de aard en redenen voor je zorgen, je contactgegevens en de specifieke oplossing die je wenst. De partijen zullen hun uiterste best doen om via dit ondersteuningsproces geschillen, claims of controverses te beslechten die voortvloeien uit of verband houden met deze Voorwaarden en/of uw deelname aan het Programma (afzonderlijk een " Geschil ," of meer dan één, " Geschillen "). Jij en wij komen overeen dat deelname te goeder trouw aan dit informele proces vereist is en moet worden voltooid zoals hierboven uiteengezet voordat een van beide partijen een rechtszaak kan beginnen met betrekking tot een Geschil, met uitzondering van verzoeken om een spoedeisende voorziening (" Uitgesloten Geschil "). Indien wij binnen een periode van dertig (30) dagen vanaf het moment dat de informele geschillenbeslechting begint op grond van de bovenstaande bepaling inzake de eerste geschillenbeslechting, geen overeengekomen oplossing met u kunnen bereiken met betrekking tot een Geschil (anders dan een Uitgezonderd Geschil), dan kunnen u of wij een rechtszaak starten. b. Rechtskeuze en forumkeuze . LEES DIT ARTIKEL AANDACHTIG DOOR – HET KAN AANZIENLIJKE GEVOLGEN VOOR JOUW WETTELIJKE RECHTEN HEBBEN, WAARONDER JOUW RECHT OM EEN RECHTSZAAK AAN TE SPANNEN. Deze Voorwaarden en geschillen die tussen jou en ons ontstaan, vallen onder de wetten van de staat Texas, met uitsluiting van de bepalingen ten aanzien van de keuze van de wet, niettegenstaande enige andere overeenkomst tussen jou en ons van het tegendeel. Alle geschillen met betrekking tot deze Voorwaarden, inclusief alle geschillen, claims of controverses die voortvloeien uit of verband houden met deze Voorwaarden, zullen uitsluitend worden voorgelegd aan de federale of staatsrechtbanken in Tarrant County, Texas, Verenigde Staten, en je stemt in met de persoonlijke jurisdictie van die rechtbanken en ziet af van elk bezwaar met betrekking tot een onverenigbaar forum. Zonder afbreuk te doen aan het voorgaande, ga je ermee akkoord dat X, naar eigen goeddunken, elke claim, rechtsvordering of geschil dat we tegen je hebben, mag voorleggen aan elke bevoegde rechtbank in het land waar je woont die jurisdictie en rechtsgebied heeft over de claim. Als je een federale, staats- of lokale overheidsinstantie in de Verenigde Staten bent in je officiële hoedanigheid en juridisch niet in staat bent om de bovenstaande clausules met betrekking tot toepasselijk recht, jurisdictie of rechtsgebied te accepteren, dan zijn deze clausules niet op jou van toepassing. Voor dergelijke entiteiten van de federale overheid van de VS zijn deze Overeenkomst en alle daarmee verband houdende handelingen onderworpen aan de wetten van de Verenigde Staten van Amerika (zonder verwijzing naar conflictenrecht) en, bij afwezigheid van federale wetgeving en voor zover toegestaan onder federale wetgeving, de wetten van de staat Texas (met uitzondering van rechtskeuze). c. U HEBT TWEE JAAR VOOR HET INDIENEN VAN EEN VORDERING TEGEN X . U dient een vordering tegen X die voortvloeit uit of verband houdt met deze Voorwaarden in te dienen binnen twee (2) jaar na de datum van het voorval of de feiten die aanleiding geven tot het geschil, tenzij de toepasselijke wetgeving bepaalt dat de normale verjaringstermijn voor die vordering niet bij overeenkomst mag worden verkort. Als je geen claim indient binnen deze periode, doe je voor altijd afstand van het recht om een claim of rechtsvordering, van welke aard dan ook, in te dienen op basis van dergelijke gebeurtenissen of feiten, en worden dergelijke claims of rechtsvorderingen permanent verboden en is X niet aansprakelijk met betrekking tot een dergelijke claim. d. Afstandsverklaring voor groepsvordering . Voor zover wettelijk toegestaan doe je ook afstand van het recht om als eiser of groepslid deel te nemen aan een vermeende groepsvordering, collectieve vordering of vertegenwoordigersvordering. Algemene aankoopvoorwaarden van X Als je in de Europese Unie, de EFTA-landen of het Verenigd Koninkrijk woont X geeft je toegang tot bepaalde functies in ruil voor betaling van een eenmalige of terugkerende vergoeding, zoals van toepassing op de relevante functies (elk een ' Betaalde dienst ' en gezamenlijk de " Betaalde diensten "). Zo worden X Premium (zoals hieronder gedefinieerd) en Abonnementen elk beschouwd als een 'Betaalde dienst'. Voor zover jij je registreert voor een Betaalde dienst en/of deze gebruikt, zijn je gebruik van de Betaalde diensten en alle overeenkomstige transacties onderworpen aan: (i) de hierin beschreven voorwaarden, waaronder de toepasselijke voorwaarden voor elke Betaalde dienst die je koopt, elk zoals hieronder vermeld (gezamenlijk de ' Algemene aankoopvoorwaarden van X ') en (ii) de toepasselijke Algemene voorwaarden van X , het Privacybeleid van X , onze regels en het beleid van X en alle daarin opgenomen beleidsregels (gezamenlijk de ' X-gebruikersovereenkomst '). Deze Algemene aankoopvoorwaarden van X en de bovengenoemde X-gebruikersovereenkomst worden in dit document gezamenlijk de ' Voorwaarden ' genoemd. " X " verwijst naar de X-entiteit die de Betaalde Diensten aan u levert. Lees deze Algemene aankoopvoorwaarden van X aandachtig door zodat je de toepasselijke voorwaarden en uitzonderingen begrijpt. ALS JE IN DE EUROPESE UNIE, EER-LANDEN OF HET VERENIGD KONINKRIJK WOONT, BEVATTEN DEZE VOORWAARDEN BELANGRIJKE INFO DIE OP JOU VAN TOEPASSING IS MET BETREKKING TOT GESCHILLENBESLECHTING, WAARONDER EEN AFSTAND VAN JE RECHT OM EEN COLLECTIEVE CLAIM IN TE STELLEN EN EEN BEPERKING VAN JE RECHT OM EEN CLAIM IN TE STELLEN TEGEN X MEER DAN 1 JAAR NA DE RELEVANTE GEBEURTENISSEN, WAT INVLOED HEEFT OP JOUW RECHTEN EN VERPLICHTINGEN ALS ER EEN GESCHIL MET X ONTSTAAT. ZIE ARTIKEL 6 ONDER ALGEMENE VOORWAARDEN VOOR NADERE INFORMATIE OVER DEZE BEPALINGEN. Acceptatie . Door gebruik te maken van of toegang te krijgen tot een Betaalde dienst van X, een bedrag daarvoor te betalen en/of op een knop te klikken om een eenmalige aankoop of terugkerende abonnementsbetalingen te doen voor de Betaalde dienst geleverd door X, ga je ermee akkoord gebonden te zijn aan de Voorwaarden. Als je de Voorwaarden niet begrijpt of een deel ervan niet accepteert, mag je geen Betaalde diensten gebruiken of openen. Om een Betaalde dienst te kopen en te gebruiken, moet je: (i) minimaal 18 jaar oud of meerderjarig zijn, zoals bepaald door de wetten van het rechtsgebied waar je woont, of (ii) de uitdrukkelijke toestemming hebben van je ouder of voogd om die Betaalde dienst te mogen kopen en gebruiken. Als je een ouder of wettelijke voogd bent en je staat toe dat je kind (of een kind waarvan je een voogd bent) een Betaalde dienst koopt of gebruikt, ga je ermee akkoord dat de Voorwaarden op jou van toepassing zijn, dat jij je aan de Voorwaarden zult houden, dat je verantwoordelijk bent voor het reilen en zeilen van het kind op de Betaalde diensten en dat je erop toeziet dat het kind zich ook aan de Voorwaarden houdt. In ieder geval, zoals vermeld onder Wie mag de diensten gebruiken in de Algemene voorwaarden van X, moet je minimaal 13 jaar oud zijn om de X-dienst te mogen gebruiken. Als je deze Algemene aankoopvoorwaarden van X accepteert en de Betaalde diensten gebruikt namens een bedrijf, organisatie, overheid of andere rechtspersoon, verklaar en garandeer je dat je bevoegd bent om dit te doen en de bevoegdheid hebt om een dergelijke entiteit te binden aan deze Algemene aankoopvoorwaarden van X, in welk geval de woorden 'jij/je' en 'je' zoals gebruikt in deze Algemene aankoopvoorwaarden van X verwijzen naar een dergelijke entiteit. X contracterende entiteit . Je gaat deze Algemene aankoopvoorwaarden van X aan met de entiteit die overeenkomt met je woonplaats, zoals hieronder vermeld. Deze entiteit zal de Betaalde diensten aan jou leveren. Geen enkele andere partij heeft verplichtingen jegens jou op grond van deze Algemene aankoopvoorwaarden. Je locatie De Europese Unie, de EFTA-landen of het Verenigd Koninkrijk Entiteit waarmee je deze overeenkomst afsluit X Internet Unlimited Company, gevestigd te One Cumberland Place, Fenian Street, Dublin 2, D02 AX07 Ireland. Wijzigingen in voorwaarden, betaalde diensten en prijzen 1. Wijzigingen in de voorwaarden. X kan deze Algemene aankoopvoorwaarden van X van tijd tot tijd aanpassen als daar een goede reden voor is. Een geldige en redelijke reden kan zijn: (i) een verandering in onze diensten, bijvoorbeeld door technische, veiligheidsgerelateerde of operationele ontwikkelingen, (ii) het oplossen van technische fouten, (iii) een verandering in ons bedrijf, bijvoorbeeld door beleids-, financiële of andere koerswijzigingen, (iv) een verandering in de juridische situatie, bijvoorbeeld door een wetswijziging, een verzoek van een officiële instantie of een beslissing van een rechtbank, en (v) het verbeteren van de gebruikerservaring door nieuwe functies toe te voegen. De wijzigingen werken niet met terugwerkende kracht en de meest recente versie van de Algemene aankoopvoorwaarden van X, beschikbaar op legal.x.com/purchaser-terms , is van toepassing op je gebruik van Betaalde diensten en alle bijbehorende transacties. Als we deze Voorwaarden aanpassen of herzien nadat je ermee akkoord bent gegaan (bijvoorbeeld als deze voorwaarden worden aangepast nadat je een abonnement hebt gekocht), zullen we je tot 30 dagen (afhankelijk van de specifieke wijzigingen) vooraf op de hoogte stellen van de inwerkingtreding van belangrijke wijzigingen in deze Voorwaarden, waarbij we een redelijke termijn vaststellen voor de gebruiker met betrekking tot de wijzigingen en je op de hoogte stellen van de gevolgen van voortgezet gebruik na het verstrijken van de termijn. Een dergelijke kennisgeving kan elektronisch worden verstrekt, inclusief (en niet beperkt tot) via een servicemelding of een e-mail naar het e-mailadres dat aan je account is gekoppeld. Als je na het verstrijken van de bovengenoemde termijn gebruik blijft maken van de betaalde diensten, ga je akkoord met de herziene Algemene aankoopvoorwaarden van X. Als je niet akkoord gaat met de wijzigingen in de Algemene aankoopvoorwaarden van X, moet je het gebruik van of de toegang tot de betaalde diensten stopzetten (of het gebruik ervan voortzetten). De Algemene aankoopvoorwaarden van X zijn in het Engels opgesteld, maar worden in meerdere talen vertaald. X streeft ernaar de originele Engelse versie zo nauwkeurig mogelijk te vertalen. Bij afwijkingen of inconsistenties heeft de Engelstalige versie van de Algemene aankoopvoorwaarden van X echter voorrang. Je erkent dat Engels de referentietaal zal zijn voor het interpreteren en opstellen van de voorwaarden van de Algemene aankoopvoorwaarden van X. 2. Wijzigingen in Betaalde diensten. Onze Betaalde diensten en onze producten en diensten ontwikkelen zich voortdurend. X mag de Betaalde diensten wijzigen op redelijke en geldige gronden. Een dergelijke geldige en redelijke grondslag kan bestaan uit (i) technische, beveiligingsgerelateerde of operationele ontwikkelingen, (ii) de verwijdering van technische fouten, (iii) naleving van een gewijzigde juridische situatie, bijvoorbeeld door een wetswijziging, een verzoek van een officiële instantie of een beslissing van een rechtbank, (iv) de optimalisatie van de gebruikerservaring door de implementatie van nieuwe functies, en (v) een wijziging in ons bedrijf, bijvoorbeeld door beleid, financiële omstandigheden of andere koerswijzigingen. We stellen u op de hoogte van wijzigingen aan de Betaalde Services tot 30 dagen voordat deze van kracht worden, bijvoorbeeld door middel van een servicemelding of een e-mail naar het e-mailadres dat is gekoppeld aan uw account, waarin de kenmerken en de ingangsdatum van de wijzigingen worden gespecificeerd en u wordt geïnformeerd over uw eventuele recht om het abonnement te beëindigen. De deadline kan worden verkort in het geval van veiligheidsgerelateerde wijzigingen. Het volgende wordt niet gezien als veranderingen aan de Betaalde diensten zoals bedoeld in deze bepaling: (i) veranderingen die de basis van de Betaalde diensten en de belangrijkste kenmerken van de dienst die X levert, veranderen, en (ii) het voorgoed stoppen van diensten. X is niet aansprakelijk jegens u voor enige wijziging, opschorting of stopzetting van de Betaalde diensten. Waar wettelijk vereist, geldt de bovenstaande beperking van aansprakelijkheid niet (i) voor vergoeding van voorzienbare schade in geval van licht nalatige plichtsverzuim, voor zover de nakoming ervan essentieel is voor de goede uitvoering van de overeenkomst en gebruikers op de nakoming ervan kunnen vertrouwen (essentiële contractuele verplichtingen), door X of haar wettelijke vertegenwoordigers of plaatsvervangende agenten, en (ii) de aansprakelijkheid van X voor (a) schade als gevolg van letsel aan leven, lichaam of gezondheid, alsmede voor schade veroorzaakt door opzet of grove nalatigheid van X, haar wettelijke vertegenwoordigers of plaatsvervangende agenten, en (b) schade als gevolg van het niet nakomen van een garantie of gewaarborgde eigenschap of als gevolg van een frauduleus verborgen gebrek. In de specifieke voorwaarden (hieronder opgenomen) voor de specifieke Betaalde dienst wordt gespecificeerd hoe je een abonnement kan annuleren of, indien van toepassing, restitutie kan aanvragen. 3. Prijswijzigingen. De prijzen voor Betaalde Services, inclusief terugkerende abonnementskosten, kunnen van tijd tot tijd worden gewijzigd als gevolg van wijzigingen in de kosten met betrekking tot werking, onderhoud, technische voorziening, zakelijke overwegingen en vergoedingen die door derden in rekening worden gebracht of wettelijke vergoedingen, naar ons redelijk oordeel. Als de kosten stijgen, mag X de prijzen voor betaalde diensten aanpassen. X zal u schriftelijk op de hoogte stellen van prijswijzigingen tot 30 dagen voordat deze van kracht worden, bijvoorbeeld door middel van een servicemelding of een e-mail naar het e-mailadres dat is gekoppeld aan uw account, met vermelding van uw rechten en de gevolgen van het niet uitoefenen daarvan. In het geval van een prijswijziging kan je het abonnement op de van toepassing zijnde Betaalde Service of de gebruikersovereenkomst beëindigen tot 24 uur voor het begin van uw volgende factureringscyclus, op voorwaarde dat de annulering binnen 30 dagen na ontvangst van de kennisgeving plaatsvindt. Anders wordt de prijswijziging van kracht op het in de kennisgeving vermelde tijdstip. Voor abonnementsdiensten worden prijswijzigingen van kracht aan het begin van de volgende abonnementsperiode na de datum waarop de prijswijziging van kracht wordt. Betaalvoorwaarden . X biedt verschillende betalingsopties die kunnen verschillen per Betaalde dienst, je apparaat en/of besturingssysteem, je geografische locatie of andere factoren. Voor zover beschikbaar (aangezien X van tijd tot tijd verschillende aankoopmethoden beschikbaar kan stellen), kunnen deze betalingsopties de mogelijkheid omvatten om de functie 'In app-betaling' te gebruiken die wordt aangeboden door Google of Apple, of om een webbetaling te doen via Stripe, de externe betalingsverwerker van X ( www.stripe.com - hierna ' Stripe '). Wanneer je een betaling doet, stem je er uitdrukkelijk mee in: (i) om de vermelde prijs voor de Betaalde dienst te betalen, samen met eventuele extra bedragen met betrekking tot toepasselijke belastingen, creditcardkosten, bankkosten, kosten voor buitenlandse transacties, kosten voor vreemde valuta en valutafluctuaties; en (ii) om je te houden aan relevante algemene voorwaarden, privacybeleid of andere wettelijke overeenkomsten of beperkingen (inclusief aanvullende leeftijdsbeperkingen) opgelegd door Google, Apple of Stripe (als externe betalingsverwerker van X) in verband met je gebruik van een bepaalde betalingsmethode (alleen als je ervoor kiest om je betaling te doen via de functionaliteit voor in-app-aankopen van Apple, ga je ermee akkoord je te houden aan alle relevante voorwaarden, vereisten en/of beperkingen opgelegd door Apple). Alle persoonlijke privégegevens die je verstrekt in verband met je gebruik van de Betaalde diensten, inclusief maar niet beperkt tot alle gegevens die worden verstrekt in verband met betalingen, zullen worden verwerkt in overeenstemming met het Privacybeleid van X. X kan jouw betalingsgegevens delen met betalingsdienstproviders om betalingen te verwerken; fraude of andere verboden activiteiten te voorkomen, op te sporen en te onderzoeken; beslechten van geschillen, zoals terugvorderingen of terugbetalingen, te vergemakkelijken; en voor andere doeleinden die verband houden met de acceptatie van creditcards, betaalkaarten of ACH. Het is je verantwoordelijkheid om ervoor te zorgen dat je bank-, creditcard-, betaalpas- en/of andere betalingsgegevens te allen tijde up-to-date, volledig en nauwkeurig zijn. Als je een betaling doet voor een Betaalde dienst, kunnen wij informatie over je transactie ontvangen, zoals wanneer deze is uitgevoerd, wanneer een abonnement afloopt of automatisch wordt verlengd, op welk platform je de aankoop hebt gedaan en andere informatie. X is niet verantwoordelijk of aansprakelijk voor eventuele fouten of vertragingen door een betalingsverwerker, de App Store van Apple of Google Play Store, je bank, je creditcardmaatschappij en/of een betalingsnetwerk. Raadpleeg de onderstaande Algemene voorwaarden voor elke specifieke Betaalde dienst voor de betalingsvoorwaarden die van toepassing zijn op die specifieke Betaalde dienst, inclusief hoe abonnementsverlengingen worden afgehandeld en andere belangrijke voorwaarden. Toepassing van de X-gebruikersovereenkomst, beëindiging, geen restituties, meerdere X-accounts en beperkingen 1. De X-Gebruikersovereenkomst is op u van toepassing . JE MOET JE ALTIJD HOUDEN AAN DE GEBRUIKERSOVEREENKOMST VAN X EN DIE NALEVEN. De X-gebruikersovereenkomst is altijd van toepassing op je gebruik van de X-dienst, inclusief de Betaalde diensten en functies. Als je de X-gebruikersovereenkomst niet opvolgt en naleeft, of als X van mening is dat je de X-gebruikersovereenkomst niet opvolgt en naleeft, kan dit leiden tot de annulering van je Betaalde diensten. Een dergelijke annulering is een aanvulling op, en zonder enige beperking, van eventuele handhavingsmaatregelen die X tegen jou kan nemen op grond van de X-gebruikersovereenkomst. In dergelijke gevallen kun je de voordelen van je Betaalde diensten verliezen en kom je niet in aanmerking voor restitutie van eventuele gelden die je hebt betaald (of vooruitbetaald) voor Betaalde diensten. 2. Waarom X je toegang tot betaalde diensten kan beëindigen. X mag je toegang tot Betaalde diensten opschorten of beëindigen, je niet langer alle of een deel van de Betaalde diensten leveren, of elke andere actie ondernemen die zij passend acht, inclusief bijvoorbeeld het opschorten van je account, (zonder enige aansprakelijkheid) op elk moment om welke reden dan ook of om geen enkele reden, inclusief, maar niet beperkt tot een van de volgende redelijke redenen: a. X meent, naar eigen goeddunken, dat je de Voorwaarden hebt geschonden of dat jouw gebruik van de Betaalde diensten in strijd zou zijn met toepasselijke wetten; b. X hiertoe wordt verzocht of opgedragen door een bevoegde rechtbank, toezichthoudende autoriteit of wetshandhavingsinstantie; c. X heeft onverwachte technische of beveiligingsproblemen; d. X denkt, naar eigen goeddunken, dat je de Gebruikersovereenkomst van X hebt geschonden; e. X denkt dat er een goede reden is, bijvoorbeeld als je bezig bent met manipulatie, gokken of ander storend of verboden gedrag in verband met de Betaalde diensten; f. Je veroorzaakt een risico voor X of stelt X mogelijk bloot aan juridische procedures; g. Je account moet worden verwijderd vanwege onrechtmatig gedrag; h. Je account zou moeten worden verwijderd omdat je je account lange tijd niet hebt gebruikt; of i. Onze levering van de Betaalde Diensten (geheel of gedeeltelijk) aan u is niet langer commercieel levensvatbaar (naar eigen goeddunken van X). 3. Alle transacties zijn definitief. Alle betalingen voor betaalde services zijn definitief en kunnen niet worden terugbetaald of geruild, behalve indien vereist door de toepasselijke wetgeving. We geven geen garantie voor de aard, kwaliteit of waarde van een Betaalde dienst of de beschikbaarheid of levering daarvan. Restituties of tegoeden worden niet verstrekt voor ongebruikte of gedeeltelijk gebruikte Betaalde diensten (bijvoorbeeld een gedeeltelijk gebruikte abonnementsperiode). 4. Betaalde diensten zijn niet overdraagbaar tussen X-accounts. Elke aankoop van een Betaalde dienst is van toepassing op één X-account, wat betekent dat je aankoop alleen van toepassing is op het account dat je gebruikte toen je de Betaalde dienst kocht, en niet van toepassing is op andere accounts waartoe je mogelijk toegang hebt of die je beheert. Als je meerdere accounts hebt of beheert en je wilt toegang tot de Betaalde diensten voor elk account, moet je de Betaalde dienst voor elk account afzonderlijk kopen. 5. Beperkingen en verplichtingen. a. Je mag een Betaalde dienst alleen kopen en gebruiken als je wettelijk toestemming hebt om die Betaalde dienst te gebruiken in je land en je woont in een land dat door X voor de betreffende Betaalde dienst wordt erkend. X kan naar eigen goeddunken de mogelijkheid beperken om in bepaalde landen toegang te krijgen tot een Betaalde dienst of om in die landen een Betaalde dienst te kopen. X behoudt zich het recht voor om de lijst met ondersteunde landen van tijd tot tijd te wijzigen. b. Wij behouden ons het recht voor om naar eigen goeddunken transacties met Betaalde diensten te weigeren of de verkoop of het gebruik van een Betaalde dienst te annuleren of stop te zetten. c. Je mag anderen geen toestemming geven om je X-account te gebruiken voor toegang tot een Betaalde dienst die deze persoon niet heeft gekocht. d. Je mag geen Betaalde dienst kopen of gebruiken als je een persoon bent met wie Amerikaanse personen niet mogen handelen vanwege economische sancties, inclusief maar niet beperkt tot sancties die zijn opgelegd door het Office of Foreign Assets Control van het Amerikaanse Department of the Treasury of door een andere toepasselijke autoriteit die sancties heeft opgelegd (" Verboden persoon) ". Daartoe behoren onder andere personen die wonen in, of een staatsburger zijn van, of een reguliere inwoner zijn van, de volgende landen of regio's: Cuba, Iran, de Oekraïense regio's de Krim, Noord-Korea en Syrië. Je verklaart en garandeert dat je geen Verboden persoon bent. e. JIJ VERKLAART DAT JE DE BETAALDE DIENSTEN ALLEEN VOOR LEGITIEME DOELEINDEN ZULT GEBRUIKEN EN ALLEEN IN OVEREENSTEMMING MET DE VOORWAARDEN. Belastingen en vergoedingen . Jij bent verantwoordelijk voor en stemt ermee in alle van toepassing zijnde belastingen, heffingen, tarieven en vergoedingen te betalen met betrekking tot de aankoop van Betaalde diensten, inclusief die welke moeten worden betaald aan X of aan een externe betalingsverwerker. Deze belastingen kunnen omvatten maar zijn niet beperkt tot btw, GST, omzetbelasting, bronbelasting en alle andere van toepassing zijnde belastingen. Afhankelijk van je locatie kan X verantwoordelijk zijn voor het verzamelen en rapporteren van informatie met betrekking tot transactiebelastingen die voortvloeien uit je aankoop van Betaalde diensten. Je verleent X toestemming om je account en persoonlijke gegevens te verstrekken aan de relevante belastingdiensten om te voldoen aan onze verplichtingen om belastingen te innen en te rapporteren. Algemene Voorwaarden 1. Contactinformatie. Als je vragen hebt over de Betaalde diensten of deze Voorwaarden, kan je het Helpcentrum van X voor Betaalde diensten raadplegen. Als je al een Betaalde dienst hebt gekocht, kun je ook contact met ons opnemen via de ondersteuningslink in het navigatiemenu van je X-account onder de betalings- of abonnementsinstellingen. Mocht je nog vragen hebben, dan kun je hier contact met ons opnemen via het formulier voor 'Hulp bij betaalde functies'. 2. DISCLAIMERS. VOOR ZOVER MAXIMAAL TOEGESTAAN DOOR DE TOEPASSELIJKE WETGEVING IS JOUW TOEGANG TOT EN GEBRUIK VAN DE BETAALDE DIENSTEN OP EIGEN RISICO. JE BEGRIJPT EN STEMT ERMEE IN DAT DE DIENSTEN ALS ZODANIG EN VOOR ZOVER BESCHIKBAAR AAN JOU WORDEN AANGEBODEN. X WIJST ALLE GARANTIES EN VOORWAARDEN AF, EXPLICIET OF IMPLICIET, VAN VERKOOPBAARHEID, GESCHIKTHEID VOOR EEN BEPAALD DOEL OF NIET-INBREUK. X GEEFT GEEN GARANTIES OF VERKLARINGEN AF EN WIJST ELKE VERANTWOORDELIJKHEID EN AANSPRAKELIJKHEID AF VOOR: (I) DE VOLLEDIGHEID, JUISTHEID, BESCHIKBAARHEID, ACTUALITEIT, BEVEILIGING OF BETROUWBAARHEID VAN DE BETAALDE DIENSTEN, EN (II) OF DE BETAALDE DIENSTEN ZULLEN VOLDOEN AAN DE EISEN OF ONONDERBROKEN, VEILIG EN ZONDER FOUTEN BESCHIKBAAR ZULLEN ZIJN. JIJ BENT VERANTWOORDELIJK VOOR JOUW GEBRUIK VAN DE X-DIENST, INCLUSIEF | 2026-01-13T08:48:38 |
https://docs.suprsend.com/reference/get-category-translation | Get Category Translation - SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams Skip to main content SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Community Trust Center Platform Status Postman Collection API Reference Overview Authentication Errors WORKFLOWS POST Create/Update Workflow PATCH Commit Workflow GET Get Workflow GET List Workflows PATCH Enable/Disable Workflow DEL Delete Workflow SCHEMAS POST Create/Update Schema PATCH Commit Schema GET List Schemas GET Get Schema EVENTS POST Create Event PATCH Update Event GET List Events GET Get Event Details GET Get Linked Workflows PATCH Delink Schema from Event CATEGORIES GET Get Category POST Create/Update Category PATCH Commit Category GET List Translation GET Get Translation POST Add Translation DEL Delete Translation TRANSLATIONS POST Add Translation PATCH Commit Translation GET Get Translation GET List Translations GET Get Translation History POST Rollback Translation DEL Delete Translation Contact Us Get Started SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Ask AI Contact Us Get Started Get Started Search... Navigation CATEGORIES Get Category Translation Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog CATEGORIES Get Category Translation OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Fetch translation content for a given locale for preference categories and sections. OpenAI Open in ChatGPT GET / v1 / {workspace} / preference_category / translation / content / {locale} Try it Get Translation cURL Copy Ask AI curl -X GET "https://management-api.suprsend.com/v1/{workspace}/preference_category/translation/content/{locale}/" \ --header "Authorization: ServiceToken {token}" \ --header "Content-Type: application/json" 200 400 401 404 Copy Ask AI { "sections" : { "new-5" : { "name" : "nouveau 5" , "description" : null }, "nik-section-for-transactional" : { "name" : "Section Nik pour transactionnel" , "description" : "Description de la section Nik pour transactionnel" } }, "categories" : { "nik-sub-category" : { "name" : "Sous-catégorie Nik" , "description" : "Sous-catégorie Nik 1" }, "amount-refunded" : { "name" : "Montant remboursé" , "description" : null } } } Authorizations ServiceToken <token> string header required You can get Service Token from SuprSend dashboard -> Account Settings -> Service Tokens section. Path Parameters workspace string required Workspace slug (staging, production, etc.) locale string required Locale code (e.g., es, fr, de, ja) Response 200 application/json Successfully retrieved translation content sections object Translations for sections, keyed by section slug Show child attributes categories object Translations for categories, keyed by category slug Show child attributes Was this page helpful? Yes No Suggest edits Raise issue Previous Add Translation Add or update translation content for a given locale for preference categories and sections. Next ⌘ I x github linkedin youtube Powered by Get Translation cURL Copy Ask AI curl -X GET "https://management-api.suprsend.com/v1/{workspace}/preference_category/translation/content/{locale}/" \ --header "Authorization: ServiceToken {token}" \ --header "Content-Type: application/json" 200 400 401 404 Copy Ask AI { "sections" : { "new-5" : { "name" : "nouveau 5" , "description" : null }, "nik-section-for-transactional" : { "name" : "Section Nik pour transactionnel" , "description" : "Description de la section Nik pour transactionnel" } }, "categories" : { "nik-sub-category" : { "name" : "Sous-catégorie Nik" , "description" : "Sous-catégorie Nik 1" }, "amount-refunded" : { "name" : "Montant remboursé" , "description" : null } } } | 2026-01-13T08:48:38 |
https://docs.suprsend.com/docs/broadcast-java | Broadcast - SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams Skip to main content SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Community Trust Center Platform Status Postman Collection Developer Resources Overview Updates and Versioning Versioning and Support Policy SDK Changelog Authentication API Keys and Secrets Service Token Best Practices for Key & Token Management MCP Overview BETA Quickstart Tool List Building with LLMs Security Security SDKs and APIs SDKs SDK Overview SuprSend Backend SDK Python SDK Node.js SDK Java SDK Integrate Java SDK Manage Users Objects Send and Track Events Trigger Workflow from API Tenants Lists Broadcast Go SDK SuprSend Client SDK Management API REST API Postman Collection Features Validate Trigger Payload Type Safety Testing Testing the Template Test Mode Monitoring and Logging Logs Data Out Contact Us Get Started SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Ask AI Contact Us Get Started Get Started Search... Navigation Java SDK Broadcast Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Java SDK Broadcast OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Trigger broadcast notifications to a list of users with Java SDK. OpenAI Open in ChatGPT You can use this method to send instant notifications to a list of users. Pre-requisites Create a list of users Triggering Broadcast You can trigger broadcast using suprClient.subscriberLists.broadcast() method. Request Sample Response Copy Ask AI import org.json.JSONObject; import suprsend.Suprsend; import suprsend.SuprsendAPIException; import suprsend.SubscriberListBroadcast; import suprsend.SuprsendValidationError; public class Lists { public static void main ( String [] args ) throws Exception { broadcast (); } private static Subscriber broadcast () throws SuprsendException { Suprsend suprsendClient = new Suprsend ( "_workspace_key_" , "_workspace_secret_" ); // Create broadcast body String listId = "_list_id_" ; String templateSlug = "_template_slug_" ; String notifCategory = "_preference_category_" ; //Optional Fields //String delay = "30"; //String triggerAt = "2023-03-06T18:56:51.643Z"; //ArrayList<String> channels = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList("androidpush","email")); //String idempKey = "__unique_id_of_the_request__"; //String tenantId = "__tenant_id__"; JSONObject body = new JSONObject (). put ( "list_id" ,listId) . put ( "template" ,templateSlug) . put ( "notification_category" ,notifCategory) . put ( "data" , new JSONObject () . put ( "link_suffix" , "https://s3.amazonaws.com/unroll-images-production/projects%2F22692%2F1630591176038-322170" ) . put ( "first_name" , "Joe" )) SubscriberListBroadcast broadcastIns = new SubscriberListBroadcast (body); // Broadcast with idempotency key and brand id // SubscriberListBroadcast broadcastIns = new SubscriberListBroadcast(body, idempKey, tenantId); JSONObject res = suprClient . subscriberLists . broadcast (broadcastIns); System . out . println (res); } Broadcast body field description: Parameter Description list_id list of users that you want to send broadcast messages to. template Add template slug here. You can get this slug by clicking on the clipboard icon next to the Template name on SuprSend templates page. It is the same for all channels. notification_category Preference Category to apply user preference settings while sending. Root categories - system / transactional / promotional data variable data defined in templates or workflow. channels Specify channels if you don’t want to send notification of all live channels in the template. Available channel keys - email, sms, whatsapp, androidpush, iospush, ms_teams, slack, webpush delay Broadcast will be halted for the time mentioned in delay, and become active once the delay period is over. trigger_at Trigger broadcast on a specific date-time. Pass in ISO 8601 timestamp (e.g. “2021-08-27T20:14:51.643Z”) tenant_id id of the custom tenant to send broadcast for a specific tenant , used for applying tenant level customizations in notifications. idempotency_key unique identifier of the request. We’ll be returning idempotency_key in our outbound webhook response. You can use it to map notification statuses and replies in your system. Was this page helpful? Yes No Suggest edits Raise issue Previous Integrate Go SDK Install & Initialize SuprSend Go SDK using your workspace credentials for sending notifications. Next ⌘ I x github linkedin youtube Powered by On this page Pre-requisites Triggering Broadcast | 2026-01-13T08:48:38 |
https://apisyouwonthate.com/?utm_source=openapi-tools&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=&utm_content= | APIs You Won't Hate - the largest online community of API devs Newsletter Articles Books Podcast Membership Sign in Subscribe The largest community for API Devs on the web. Subscribe Featured Stream GeoJSON in a HTTP/REST API Once you've learned the basics of JSON Streaming in APIs, it starts to become a whole lot more interesting for a whole lot more use-cases. By Phil Sturgeon 05 Oct 2025 Streaming Data with REST APIs Are you forcing API clients to wait for every single byte of massive JSON collections to be sent from the server before letting them render data that's ready already? By Phil Sturgeon 12 Sep 2025 JSON Streaming in OpenAPI v3.2 Learn how OpenAPI v3.2 helps describe JSON Streaming, and in the process find out more about what the heck JSON streaming even is. By Phil Sturgeon 08 Sep 2025 Goodbye Apiary.io, You'll Be Missed Today we say farewell to a legend in the API documentation space as O.G. API design-first solution Apiary.io shuts its doors. By Phil Sturgeon 04 Aug 2025 Latest Design First, AI Never In the age of vibe-coding, how can we convince teams to invest in design before building APIs? Also in this newsletter: OpenAPI 3.3, Reddit's microservices architecture, an update to Speakeasy for OpenApi 3.2.0, and more! By Alexander Karan 15 Dec 2025 Zero-Downtime Migration from Laravel Vapor to Laravel Cloud Move your Laravel API from Vapor to Cloud in phases, without making a complete hash of it and wishing you never bothered. By Phil Sturgeon 08 Dec 2025 NestJS: Bad, or Really Bad? 😉 In this newsletter: the Resty library for APIs in Golang, a new Bruno release, an interview with Kin Lane, and API Schema Automation for devs By Alexander Karan 01 Dec 2025 Building a Sustainable Future in APIs with Kin Lane Kin Lane drops by to talk to Phil Sturgeon about his new startup, the changing landscape of API tech, why REST fundamentals are still important, and building sustainable API tools. By Mike Bifulco 01 Dec 2025 TanStack DB: No More Broken APIs A fresh database framework with thoughtful developer experience, forms + JSON Schema, Open API 3.2.0 in .net, and more! By Alexander Karan 17 Nov 2025 Postman was Offline? Should an HTTP client require a cloud connection to work? Also in this edition: JSONRiver, http caching, Jentic OpenAPI tools, Node 25, and GraphQLConf videos. By Alexander Karan 03 Nov 2025 Goodbye Stoplight? Like saying farewell to a dear old friend, we reflect on our time with Stoplight. Also in this newsletter: Upgrading to OpenAPI 3.2, OpenAPI Format, Fibre for Go, and more! By Alexander Karan 16 Oct 2025 Automatically Upgrade to OpenAPI v3.2 Upgrade old OpenAPI/Swagger documents to the latest and greatest OAS 3.2 with ease. By Phil Sturgeon 13 Oct 2025 OpenAPI Format: A GUI for Overlays Overlays can be tricky to wrap your head around, but this handy GUI can help it all make sense. By Phil Sturgeon 10 Oct 2025 Stream GeoJSON in a HTTP/REST API Once you've learned the basics of JSON Streaming in APIs, it starts to become a whole lot more interesting for a whole lot more use-cases. By Phil Sturgeon 05 Oct 2025 OpenAPI 3.2... Finally! The long-awaited launch of the newest version of the OpenAPI standard, plus JSON Streaming, Scaling API Workflows, a new RPC protocol, and a peek at Bluesky's AT Protocol. By Alexander Karan 01 Oct 2025 Is Your API Secure? API Security is one of those things that isn't a problem until it is. Also in this newsletter: an http client for Go, JSON streaming in OpenAPI3.2, API Days London, HTTP Golden Girls, and Node HTTP Servers on CloudFlare workers. By Alexander Karan 20 Sep 2025 APIs You Won't Hate The largest community for API Devs on the web. Subscribe Recommendations Alexander Karan’s Blog blog.alexanderkaran.com Senior Software Engineer at Atlassian. JavaScript dev, TedX speaker and blogger with a passion for software architecture. Alex is APIs You Won't Hate's resident newsletter-writer-in-chief. OpenAPI.Tools - an Open Source list of great tools for OpenAPI. openapi.tools OpenAPI.tools is a comprehensive and open source list of resources for developers working with OpenAPI. Protect Earth | Planting trees to save the earth protect.earth Our purpose is simple: we aim to plant, and help people plant, as many trees as possible in the UK to help mitigate the climate crisis. Phil Sturgeon's Blog philsturgeon.com The personal blog of Phil Sturgeon, founder of APIs You Won't Hate. A Digital nomad, writing about APIs, van life, and trying to save the planet through reforestation and green tech. 💌 Tiny Improvements, from Mike Bifulco mikebifulco.com A weekly newsletter for product builders. It's a single, tiny idea to help you build better products, written by CTO of a YC company (and one of the founders of APIs You Won't Hate) See all Sign up About Powered by Ghost Are you ready to build APIs You Won't Hate? Join now to subscribe to our twice-monthly newsletter, access to our Slack Channel, and other subscriber benefits. Unsubscribe any time. Subscribe | 2026-01-13T08:48:38 |
https://docs.sui.io/guides/developer/first-app/write-package#__docusaurus_skipToContent_fallback | Hello, World! | Sui Documentation Skip to main content Sui Documentation Guides Concepts Standards References Search Overview Getting Started Install Sui Install from Source Install from Binaries Configure a Sui Client Create a Sui Address Get SUI from Faucet Hello, World! Connect a Frontend Next Steps Sui Essentials Objects Packages Currencies and Tokens NFTs Cryptography Nautilus Advanced App Examples Dev Cheat Sheet Operator Guides SuiPlay0X1 🗳️ Book Office Hours → 💬 Join Discord → Getting Started Hello, World! On this page Hello, World! You'll build a "Hello, World!" program to learn the fundamentals of programming on Sui. You create programs on Sui by writing and deploying smart contracts to the network. The most basic unit of storage on Sui is an object . Other blockchains typically structure storage using key-value stores. Sui centers storage around objects with unique ID addresses on-chain. Every Sui smart contract is an object that manipulates other objects. Objects can be immutable or mutable: Immutable objects cannot be transferred, changed, or deleted. No one owns them and anyone can access them publicly. Mutable objects can be transferred, changed, and deleted. A Sui address can own them, or they can be shared for public access. Every object's unique ID and version number references it on-chain. Every transaction on the network takes objects as input, then reads, writes, and mutates the inputs to produce new or altered objects as output. Every object knows the hash of the transaction that produced it. When an object is modified by a transaction, the transaction's output writes the object's mutated contents to the same object ID but with a new version number. Sui has limits on the maximum transaction size (128KB) and number of objects (2,048) used in a transaction. For more information on limits, see Building Against Limits in The Move Book. What is Move? Move is the programming language Sui uses to create smart contracts. It is platform agnostic and enables common libraries, tooling, and developer communities across blockchains with vastly different data and execution models. There are three ways to use Move in the context of Sui: Move packages, Move modules, and Move objects. A Sui Move package is also referred to as a Move smart contract. It is a set of Move bytecode published to the Sui network. It is immutable and cannot be changed or removed, however you can upgrade it. Upgrading creates a new version of the package object on-chain, leaving the original intact. All prior versions of a package still exist on-chain. Once you publish it, other packages can import and use the modules it provides. Anyone can view a package's contents and use a Sui Explorer to see how its logic manipulates other objects. Every Move package on Sui includes one or more Sui Move modules that define the package's interaction with on-chain objects. A module's name is always unique within the package that contains it. A Sui Move module governs a Sui Move object , which is typed data from a Sui Move package. Each Move object value is a struct with fields that can contain primitive types, such as integers and addresses, other objects, and non-object structs. Clone "Hello, World!" Prerequisites Install the latest version of Sui . Configure the Sui client . Create a Sui address . Get SUI Testnet tokens . Download and install an IDE. The following are recommended, as they offer Move extensions: VSCode , corresponding Move extension Emacs , corresponding Move extension Vim , corresponding Move extension Zed , corresponding Move extension Alternatively, you can use the Move web IDE , which does not require a download. It does not support all functions necessary for this guide, however. Download and install Git . To demonstrate creating objects, packages, and how to build your first Sui application, start by cloning the "Hello, World!" example: $ git clone \ https://github.com/MystenLabs/sui-stack-hello-world.git $ cd sui-stack-hello-world/move/hello-world In this project, there are two important files that define the package's logic, information, and its dependencies: move/hello-world/sources/greeting.move : Defines the package's logic. In this example, it defines a basic shared greeting object and public functions to interact with it. move/hello-world/Move.toml : The package's configuration file that defines the package name, dependencies, and addresses. Click to open move/hello-world/Move.toml File not found in manifest: move/hello-world/Move.toml . You probably need to run `pnpm prebuild` and restart the site. View the smart contract code Open the greeting.move file in your IDE of choice. You can see the following Move code: File not found in manifest: move/hello-world/sources/greeting.move . You probably need to run `pnpm prebuild` and restart the site. Code explanation First, this code defines a module called greeting : module hello_world :: greeting { use std :: string ; ... } Then, it defines a public struct called Greeting that contains a unique object ID and text. A struct is a type of resource : File not found in manifest: move/hello-world/sources/greeting.move . You probably need to run `pnpm prebuild` and restart the site. Then, it defines the function new that makes an API call to the Greeting struct and initializes it with the text "Hello world!" , storing it in a new shared object: File not found in manifest: move/hello-world/sources/greeting.move . You probably need to run `pnpm prebuild` and restart the site. Lastly, the package defines a function called update_text that can be called to update the text stored in Greeting : File not found in manifest: move/hello-world/sources/greeting.move . You probably need to run `pnpm prebuild` and restart the site. Resource safety A unique aspect of programming applications on Sui is the resource safety enforced by the Move Bytecode Verifier. Move packages must satisfy the following resource safety parameters: All resources must be either moved into global storage or destroyed by the end of a transaction. Resources cannot be copied. In the "Hello, World!" example, the struct Greeting is a resource type. To satisfy the requirement that all resources must be moved or destroyed by the end of a transaction, Greeting is assigned to new_greeting , which the call to transfer::share_object(new_greeting) then moves into global storage. To mutate Greeting , the function update_text takes the input (&mut Greeting) rather than the resource itself. This function satisfies resource safety as the function does not copy the resource and mutates it via a reference. Learn more about the Move Bytecode Verifier. How does this differ from EVM applications? The Ethereum Virtual Machine adopts a gas-based resource safety strategy. Every opcode on an EVM chain has an associated gas price that makes transactions costly, preventing the network from running a single transaction indefinitely. Build the Move package Before you can publish a Move package to the network, you must first build it. Building your package is necessary because the .move source file is a human-readable piece of code, while the network can only understand bytecode. To build your "Hello, World!" package, first confirm your working directory is ~/sui-stack-hello-world/move/hello-world , then run the following command: $ sui move build The build process fetches and compiles the dependencies defined in the Move.toml file. The Move compiler checks your .move code for type errors, syntax errors, and enforces resource safety , then translates your .move code into bytecode that Sui can execute. info You must build your package before you can publish it, but also before you test it. You cannot run tests ( sui move test ) on your code until it has been built. Publish the Move package Now that your package has been built, you need to publish it. After you publish it, other packages and users can use the package's modules and functions by making calls to the package ID. First, confirm your client is configured to use Testnet as the active environment: $ sui client active-env This should return testnet . If it does not return testnet , follow the client configuration instructions before continuing. Then, check your balance of SUI tokens to confirm you have enough to publish to Testnet: $ sui client balance You should have a balance of SUI tokens: ╭────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ Balance of coins owned by this address │ ├────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ ╭────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ │ │ coin balance (raw) balance │ │ │ ├────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ │ │ Sui 56804696124 0.50 SUI │ │ │ ╰────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ ╰────────────────────────────────────────────╯ If you do not have a balance, follow the SUI faucet instructions . Now, publish the package to Testnet with the command: $ sui client publish Click to open Output Transaction Digest: 8R39iKKLGPDG3QkW2SrRW3QX71csRP2BLhK9H7oz9SwW ╭──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ Transaction Data │ ├──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ Sender: 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 │ │ Gas Owner: 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 │ │ Gas Budget: 9843200 MIST │ │ Gas Price: 1000 MIST │ │ Gas Payment: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ID: 0x816e5ec6ff457f18232498b57af8a0e1e219307a3a43fb5df5a4c2198296510c │ │ │ Version: 591332925 │ │ │ Digest: FLC4NXntT7WiHcqCkpDuBUq14DFTfi3EFeUiJcSNHdPu │ │ └── │ │ │ │ Transaction Kind: Programmable │ │ ╭─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ───────────────────────╮ │ │ │ Input Objects │ │ │ ├──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ │ │ 0 Pure Arg: Type: address, Value: "0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803" │ │ │ ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ │ ╭─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ │ │ Commands │ │ │ ├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ │ │ 0 Publish: │ │ │ │ ┌ │ │ │ │ │ Dependencies: │ │ │ │ │ 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 │ │ │ │ │ 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002 │ │ │ │ └ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 1 TransferObjects: │ │ │ │ ┌ │ │ │ │ │ Arguments: │ │ │ │ │ Result 0 │ │ │ │ │ Address: Input 0 │ │ │ │ └ │ │ │ ╰─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ │ │ │ Signatures: │ │ mUxqMIofPq+yIzPxxYM+2mSIPTFneDxhWGGxJ7tM02hnRBRy5/FosnnWKxd4OSAjmaw6FNylwVdqUoUlJSxWCQ== │ │ │ ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ ╭───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ Transaction Effects │ ├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ Digest: 8R39iKKLGPDG3QkW2SrRW3QX71csRP2BLhK9H7oz9SwW │ │ Status: Success │ │ Executed Epoch: 875 │ │ │ │ Created Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ID: 0x136e41f505888066f189fb823d710ec96ab4fd75144b3d8008b91d58de85fd12 │ │ │ Owner: Account Address ( 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 ) │ │ │ Version: 591332926 │ │ │ Digest: BGfc1tihsYPTLLozrj58HmRkDeQ1DWZfqeaR4SZDb1cX │ │ └── │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ID: 0xa7ed855d30500c485a94c0849f70b508d6b6adf6b0767ab93cc0756c075ecbb1 │ │ │ Owner: Immutable │ │ │ Version: 1 │ │ │ Digest: EtGAG9RHHCsguX4iuX1cbRDvW4QAkJXgDCMJjiufHtxB │ │ └── │ │ Mutated Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ID: 0x816e5ec6ff457f18232498b57af8a0e1e219307a3a43fb5df5a4c2198296510c │ │ │ Owner: Account Address ( 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 ) │ │ │ Version: 591332926 │ │ │ Digest: CiU5KNZALUmuckc2YUFmJq5YXgbB8oG3rs4cnh2rdDXd │ │ └── │ │ Gas Object: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ID: 0x816e5ec6ff457f18232498b57af8a0e1e219307a3a43fb5df5a4c2198296510c │ │ │ Owner: Account Address ( 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 ) │ │ │ Version: 591332926 │ │ │ Digest: CiU5KNZALUmuckc2YUFmJq5YXgbB8oG3rs4cnh2rdDXd │ │ └── │ │ Gas Cost Summary: │ │ Storage Cost: 7843200 MIST │ │ Computation Cost: 1000000 MIST │ │ Storage Rebate: 978120 MIST │ │ Non-refundable Storage Fee: 9880 MIST │ │ │ │ Transaction Dependencies: │ │ 2dkJtqsoQcyCZJvjZnskNVPQeynwVtwCcA9goAru6tTi │ │ 7PStztXyh92keJmrDD1aghHaKVdgCoVkVx4ZmLUfmQeK │ │ Dd9pn1zFcSJjinxQewFd2gQdR4XKsHxFioD5MYnwLZQz │ ╰───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ ╭─────────────────────── ──────╮ │ No transaction block events │ ╰─────────────────────────────╯ ╭──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ Object Changes │ ├──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ Created Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ObjectID: 0x136e41f505888066f189fb823d710ec96ab4fd75144b3d8008b91d58de85fd12 │ │ │ Sender: 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 │ │ │ Owner: Account Address ( 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 ) │ │ │ ObjectType: 0x2::package::UpgradeCap │ │ │ Version: 591332926 │ │ │ Digest: BGfc1tihsYPTLLozrj58HmRkDeQ1DWZfqeaR4SZDb1cX │ │ └── │ │ Mutated Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ObjectID: 0x816e5ec6ff457f18232498b57af8a0e1e219307a3a43fb5df5a4c2198296510c │ │ │ Sender: 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 │ │ │ Owner: Account Address ( 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 ) │ │ │ ObjectType: 0x2::coin::Coin<0x2::sui::SUI> │ │ │ Version: 591332926 │ │ │ Digest: CiU5KNZALUmuckc2YUFmJq5YXgbB8oG3rs4cnh2rdDXd │ │ └── │ │ Published Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ PackageID: 0xa7ed855d30500c485a94c0849f70b508d6b6adf6b0767ab93cc0756c075ecbb1 │ │ │ Version: 1 │ │ │ Digest: EtGAG9RHHCsguX4iuX1cbRDvW4QAkJXgDCMJjiufHtxB │ │ │ Modules: greeting │ │ └── │ ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ ╭───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ Balance Changes │ ├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ ┌── │ │ │ Owner: Account Address ( 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 ) │ │ │ CoinType: 0x2::sui::SUI │ │ │ Amount: -7865080 │ │ └── │ ╰───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ When you publish a Move package to the network, the network uploads and stores the bytecode as a Move package with a unique package ID and version number. The network consumes SUI tokens as gas and processes the transaction on-chain. After successfully executing, the output provides details about the transaction used to publish the package, including the gas cost, transaction digest, dependencies, owner, and sender. For this guide, the most important section is Published Objects , which includes the package's ID, version, and its modules: │ Published Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ PackageID: 0xa7ed855d30500c485a94c0849f70b508d6b6adf6b0767ab93cc0756c075ecbb1 │ │ │ Version: 1 │ │ │ Digest: EtGAG9RHHCsguX4iuX1cbRDvW4QAkJXgDCMJjiufHtxB │ │ │ Modules: greeting │ │ └── Both the package ID and module are required to interact with the package from the command line. Take note of both values for future use in the Connecting a Frontend guide. Interact with the Move package Interact with the newly published package by first making a call to the new function that creates a new Greeting object and initialize it with the text "Hello world!" : $ sui client call --package <PACKAGE_ID> --module greeting --function new Replace <PACKAGE_ID> with the package ID the output of the sui client publish command returned. You must include the --package , --module , and --function flags. The output of this call includes a newly created object: ╭───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ Transaction Effects │ ├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ Digest: 6xB9Foy5vyhXG99xppaCxrNvpPTV3UZsH39zqUKNoGsD │ │ Status: Success │ │ Executed Epoch: 875 │ │ │ │ Created Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ID: 0x2834aa3d2ed1b5060f4e5d400092544fa9c95430fd894b139b7dfb0312501594 │ │ │ Owner: Shared( 591332927 ) │ │ │ Version: 591332927 │ │ │ Digest: 8xJRijHHp3gNXLExTG98KX5jYAQDVKqsBD8ATFMJXCbA │ │ └── ... To verify that the object contains the text "Hello world!" , make a call to query the object's information: $ sui client object <OBJECT_ID> Replace <OBJECT_ID> with the value under Created Objects, ID: . You should see the object's details, including a value of text: Hello world! : ╭───────────────┬──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ objectId │ 0x2834aa3d2ed1b5060f4e5d400092544fa9c95430fd894b139b7dfb0312501594 │ │ version │ 591332927 │ │ digest │ 8xJRijHHp3gNXLExTG98KX5jYAQDVKqsBD8ATFMJXCbA │ │ objType │ 0xa7ed855d30500c485a94c0849f70b508d6b6adf6b0767ab93cc0756c075ecbb1::greeting::Greeting │ │ owner │ ╭────────┬──────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ │ │ │ Shared │ ╭────────────────────────┬─────────────╮ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ initial_shared_version │ 591332927 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ╰────────────────────────┴─────────────╯ │ │ │ │ ╰────────┴──────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ │ prevTx │ 6xB9Foy5vyhXG99xppaCxrNvpPTV3UZsH39zqUKNoGsD │ │ storageRebate │ 1413600 │ │ content │ ╭───────────────────┬──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ │ │ │ dataType │ moveObject │ │ │ │ │ type │ 0xa7ed855d30500c485a94c0849f70b508d6b6adf6b0767ab93cc0756c075ecbb1::greeting::Greeting │ │ │ │ │ hasPublicTransfer │ false │ │ │ │ │ fields │ ╭──────┬───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ id │ ╭────┬──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ id │ 0x2834aa3d2ed1b5060f4e5d400092544fa9c95430fd894b139b7dfb0312501594 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ╰────┴──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ text │ Hello world! │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ╰──────┴───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ │ │ │ ╰───────────────────┴──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ ╰───────────────┴──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ Important transaction considerations You cannot send 2 or more transactions simultaneously, otherwise you encounter an error such as: Failed to sign transaction by a quorum of validators because one or more of its objects is reserved for another transaction. If you receive this error, you must wait until the current epoch is over before submitting your transaction again. You can see how long is left in the current epoch using Sui Explorer or another network explorer like SuiScan . To prevent the same object from being modified by multiple transactions at once, your address 'locks' the object to prevent conflicting modifications. If you'd like to batch multiple transaction commands together, you can use programmable transaction blocks . Transactions also have limitations regarding total size, number of objects, and number of inputs. Learn more about limitations in Building Against Limits in The Move Book. Next steps Create a Full Stack dApp Connect a frontend interface to your "Hello, World!" smart contract. Access Sui Data Learn more about accessing data on Sui. Join the Community Join the Sui developer community, try out other example projects, or read more documentation. Edit this page What is Move? Clone "Hello, World!" View the smart contract code Code explanation Resource safety Build the Move package Publish the Move package Interact with the Move package Important transaction considerations © 2026 Sui Foundation | Documentation distributed under CC BY 4.0 | 2026-01-13T08:48:38 |
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pJamhW2xPYw | GraphQL Schema Design @ Scale (Marc-André Giroux) - YouTube 정보 보도자료 저작권 문의하기 크리에이터 광고 개발자 약관 개인정보처리방침 정책 및 안전 YouTube 작동의 원리 새로운 기능 테스트하기 © 2026 Google LLC, Sundar Pichai, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View CA 94043, USA, 0807-882-594 (무료), yt-support-solutions-kr@google.com, 호스팅: Google LLC, 사업자정보 , 불법촬영물 신고 크리에이터들이 유튜브 상에 게시, 태그 또는 추천한 상품들은 판매자들의 약관에 따라 판매됩니다. 유튜브는 이러한 제품들을 판매하지 않으며, 그에 대한 책임을 지지 않습니다. var ytInitialData = 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| 2026-01-13T08:48:38 |
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IrdaeTtmYrY | 🗺️ Charting a New Course: Transitioning to Agile - YouTube 정보 보도자료 저작권 문의하기 크리에이터 광고 개발자 약관 개인정보처리방침 정책 및 안전 YouTube 작동의 원리 새로운 기능 테스트하기 © 2026 Google LLC, Sundar Pichai, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View CA 94043, USA, 0807-882-594 (무료), yt-support-solutions-kr@google.com, 호스팅: Google LLC, 사업자정보 , 불법촬영물 신고 크리에이터들이 유튜브 상에 게시, 태그 또는 추천한 상품들은 판매자들의 약관에 따라 판매됩니다. 유튜브는 이러한 제품들을 판매하지 않으며, 그에 대한 책임을 지지 않습니다. var ytInitialData = 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| 2026-01-13T08:48:38 |
https://docs.suprsend.com/reference/get-schema | Get Schema - SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams Skip to main content SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Community Trust Center Platform Status Postman Collection API Reference Overview Authentication Errors WORKFLOWS POST Create/Update Workflow PATCH Commit Workflow GET Get Workflow GET List Workflows PATCH Enable/Disable Workflow DEL Delete Workflow SCHEMAS POST Create/Update Schema PATCH Commit Schema GET List Schemas GET Get Schema EVENTS POST Create Event PATCH Update Event GET List Events GET Get Event Details GET Get Linked Workflows PATCH Delink Schema from Event CATEGORIES GET Get Category POST Create/Update Category PATCH Commit Category GET List Translation GET Get Translation POST Add Translation DEL Delete Translation TRANSLATIONS POST Add Translation PATCH Commit Translation GET Get Translation GET List Translations GET Get Translation History POST Rollback Translation DEL Delete Translation Contact Us Get Started SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Ask AI Contact Us Get Started Get Started Search... Navigation SCHEMAS Get Schema Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog SCHEMAS Get Schema OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Fetch the JSON schema corresponding to a slug. OpenAI Open in ChatGPT GET / v1 / {workspace} / schema / {schema_slug} Try it Get Schema cURL Copy Ask AI curl -X GET "https://management-api.suprsend.com/v1/{workspace}/schema/{schema_slug}/" \ --header 'Authorization: ServiceToken <token>' \ --header 'Content-Type: application/json' 200 401 404 Copy Ask AI { "slug" : "new-order-placed" , "name" : "Order Placed Event" , "description" : "Schema for order placement action" , "status" : "draft" , "hash" : "382b707d4b1f8999a1xxxxxxxx" , "json_schema" : { "type" : "object" , "$schema" : "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema" , "required" : [ "order_id" , "amount" ], "properties" : { "order_id" : { "type" : "string" }, "amount" : { "type" : "string" } }, "additionalProperties" : true }, "created_at" : "2025-08-27T09:30:57.945326Z" , "updated_at" : "2025-08-29T15:37:37.650177Z" , "committed_at" : null , "commit_message" : null } Authorizations ServiceToken <token> string header required You can get Service Token from SuprSend dashboard -> Account Settings -> Service Tokens section. Path Parameters workspace string required Workspace slug (staging, production, etc.) schema_slug string required Unique identifier of the schema Query Parameters mode enum<string> default: draft Mode to fetch schema (draft or live). By default, draft schema is returned. Available options : draft , live Response 200 application/json Successfully retrieved schema object slug string Unique identifier for the schema Example : "new-order-placed" name string Human-readable name of the schema Example : "Order Placed Event" description string | null Description of the schema Example : "Schema for order placement action" status enum<string> Status of returned schema. By default, draft version is returned. You can set mode=live to fetch the live schema. Available options : draft , live Example : "draft" hash string Git-like hash for version tracking Example : "382b707d4b1f8999a1xxxxxxxx" json_schema object Structure of the workflow or event payload. Follows standard json schema specification . You can link this schema to a workflow or event to validate their input payload in API response. Same schema can be linked to multiple workflows and events. Example : { "type" : "object" , "$schema" : "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema" , "required" : [ "order_id" , "amount" ], "properties" : { "order_id" : { "type" : "string" }, "amount" : { "type" : "string" } }, "additionalProperties" : true } created_at string<date-time> When the schema was created Example : "2025-08-27T09:30:57.945326Z" updated_at string<date-time> When the schema was last updated Example : "2025-08-29T15:37:37.650177Z" committed_at string<date-time> | null When the schema was last committed. Only available for live schema. Example : null commit_message string | null Last commit message. Only available for live schema. Example : null Was this page helpful? Yes No Suggest edits Raise issue Previous Create Event Add events and their linked schemas in SuprSend Next ⌘ I x github linkedin youtube Powered by Get Schema cURL Copy Ask AI curl -X GET "https://management-api.suprsend.com/v1/{workspace}/schema/{schema_slug}/" \ --header 'Authorization: ServiceToken <token>' \ --header 'Content-Type: application/json' 200 401 404 Copy Ask AI { "slug" : "new-order-placed" , "name" : "Order Placed Event" , "description" : "Schema for order placement action" , "status" : "draft" , "hash" : "382b707d4b1f8999a1xxxxxxxx" , "json_schema" : { "type" : "object" , "$schema" : "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema" , "required" : [ "order_id" , "amount" ], "properties" : { "order_id" : { "type" : "string" }, "amount" : { "type" : "string" } }, "additionalProperties" : true }, "created_at" : "2025-08-27T09:30:57.945326Z" , "updated_at" : "2025-08-29T15:37:37.650177Z" , "committed_at" : null , "commit_message" : null } | 2026-01-13T08:48:38 |
https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/introduction.html#an-informal-introduction-to-python | 3. An Informal Introduction to Python — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents 3. An Informal Introduction to Python 3.1. Using Python as a Calculator 3.1.1. Numbers 3.1.2. Text 3.1.3. Lists 3.2. First Steps Towards Programming Previous topic 2. Using the Python Interpreter Next topic 4. More Control Flow Tools This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial » 3. An Informal Introduction to Python | Theme Auto Light Dark | 3. An Informal Introduction to Python ¶ In the following examples, input and output are distinguished by the presence or absence of prompts ( >>> and … ): to repeat the example, you must type everything after the prompt, when the prompt appears; lines that do not begin with a prompt are output from the interpreter. Note that a secondary prompt on a line by itself in an example means you must type a blank line; this is used to end a multi-line command. You can use the “Copy” button (it appears in the upper-right corner when hovering over or tapping a code example), which strips prompts and omits output, to copy and paste the input lines into your interpreter. Many of the examples in this manual, even those entered at the interactive prompt, include comments. Comments in Python start with the hash character, # , and extend to the end of the physical line. A comment may appear at the start of a line or following whitespace or code, but not within a string literal. A hash character within a string literal is just a hash character. Since comments are to clarify code and are not interpreted by Python, they may be omitted when typing in examples. Some examples: # this is the first comment spam = 1 # and this is the second comment # ... and now a third! text = "# This is not a comment because it's inside quotes." 3.1. Using Python as a Calculator ¶ Let’s try some simple Python commands. Start the interpreter and wait for the primary prompt, >>> . (It shouldn’t take long.) 3.1.1. Numbers ¶ The interpreter acts as a simple calculator: you can type an expression into it and it will write the value. Expression syntax is straightforward: the operators + , - , * and / can be used to perform arithmetic; parentheses ( () ) can be used for grouping. For example: >>> 2 + 2 4 >>> 50 - 5 * 6 20 >>> ( 50 - 5 * 6 ) / 4 5.0 >>> 8 / 5 # division always returns a floating-point number 1.6 The integer numbers (e.g. 2 , 4 , 20 ) have type int , the ones with a fractional part (e.g. 5.0 , 1.6 ) have type float . We will see more about numeric types later in the tutorial. Division ( / ) always returns a float. To do floor division and get an integer result you can use the // operator; to calculate the remainder you can use % : >>> 17 / 3 # classic division returns a float 5.666666666666667 >>> >>> 17 // 3 # floor division discards the fractional part 5 >>> 17 % 3 # the % operator returns the remainder of the division 2 >>> 5 * 3 + 2 # floored quotient * divisor + remainder 17 With Python, it is possible to use the ** operator to calculate powers [ 1 ] : >>> 5 ** 2 # 5 squared 25 >>> 2 ** 7 # 2 to the power of 7 128 The equal sign ( = ) is used to assign a value to a variable. Afterwards, no result is displayed before the next interactive prompt: >>> width = 20 >>> height = 5 * 9 >>> width * height 900 If a variable is not “defined” (assigned a value), trying to use it will give you an error: >>> n # try to access an undefined variable Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> NameError : name 'n' is not defined There is full support for floating point; operators with mixed type operands convert the integer operand to floating point: >>> 4 * 3.75 - 1 14.0 In interactive mode, the last printed expression is assigned to the variable _ . This means that when you are using Python as a desk calculator, it is somewhat easier to continue calculations, for example: >>> tax = 12.5 / 100 >>> price = 100.50 >>> price * tax 12.5625 >>> price + _ 113.0625 >>> round ( _ , 2 ) 113.06 This variable should be treated as read-only by the user. Don’t explicitly assign a value to it — you would create an independent local variable with the same name masking the built-in variable with its magic behavior. In addition to int and float , Python supports other types of numbers, such as Decimal and Fraction . Python also has built-in support for complex numbers , and uses the j or J suffix to indicate the imaginary part (e.g. 3+5j ). 3.1.2. Text ¶ Python can manipulate text (represented by type str , so-called “strings”) as well as numbers. This includes characters “ ! ”, words “ rabbit ”, names “ Paris ”, sentences “ Got your back. ”, etc. “ Yay! :) ”. They can be enclosed in single quotes ( '...' ) or double quotes ( "..." ) with the same result [ 2 ] . >>> 'spam eggs' # single quotes 'spam eggs' >>> "Paris rabbit got your back :)! Yay!" # double quotes 'Paris rabbit got your back :)! Yay!' >>> '1975' # digits and numerals enclosed in quotes are also strings '1975' To quote a quote, we need to “escape” it, by preceding it with \ . Alternatively, we can use the other type of quotation marks: >>> 'doesn \' t' # use \' to escape the single quote... "doesn't" >>> "doesn't" # ...or use double quotes instead "doesn't" >>> '"Yes," they said.' '"Yes," they said.' >>> " \" Yes, \" they said." '"Yes," they said.' >>> '"Isn \' t," they said.' '"Isn\'t," they said.' In the Python shell, the string definition and output string can look different. The print() function produces a more readable output, by omitting the enclosing quotes and by printing escaped and special characters: >>> s = 'First line. \n Second line.' # \n means newline >>> s # without print(), special characters are included in the string 'First line.\nSecond line.' >>> print ( s ) # with print(), special characters are interpreted, so \n produces new line First line. Second line. If you don’t want characters prefaced by \ to be interpreted as special characters, you can use raw strings by adding an r before the first quote: >>> print ( 'C:\some \n ame' ) # here \n means newline! C:\some ame >>> print ( r 'C:\some\name' ) # note the r before the quote C:\some\name There is one subtle aspect to raw strings: a raw string may not end in an odd number of \ characters; see the FAQ entry for more information and workarounds. String literals can span multiple lines. One way is using triple-quotes: """...""" or '''...''' . End-of-line characters are automatically included in the string, but it’s possible to prevent this by adding a \ at the end of the line. In the following example, the initial newline is not included: >>> print ( """ \ ... Usage: thingy [OPTIONS] ... -h Display this usage message ... -H hostname Hostname to connect to ... """ ) Usage: thingy [OPTIONS] -h Display this usage message -H hostname Hostname to connect to >>> Strings can be concatenated (glued together) with the + operator, and repeated with * : >>> # 3 times 'un', followed by 'ium' >>> 3 * 'un' + 'ium' 'unununium' Two or more string literals (i.e. the ones enclosed between quotes) next to each other are automatically concatenated. >>> 'Py' 'thon' 'Python' This feature is particularly useful when you want to break long strings: >>> text = ( 'Put several strings within parentheses ' ... 'to have them joined together.' ) >>> text 'Put several strings within parentheses to have them joined together.' This only works with two literals though, not with variables or expressions: >>> prefix = 'Py' >>> prefix 'thon' # can't concatenate a variable and a string literal File "<stdin>" , line 1 prefix 'thon' ^^^^^^ SyntaxError : invalid syntax >>> ( 'un' * 3 ) 'ium' File "<stdin>" , line 1 ( 'un' * 3 ) 'ium' ^^^^^ SyntaxError : invalid syntax If you want to concatenate variables or a variable and a literal, use + : >>> prefix + 'thon' 'Python' Strings can be indexed (subscripted), with the first character having index 0. There is no separate character type; a character is simply a string of size one: >>> word = 'Python' >>> word [ 0 ] # character in position 0 'P' >>> word [ 5 ] # character in position 5 'n' Indices may also be negative numbers, to start counting from the right: >>> word [ - 1 ] # last character 'n' >>> word [ - 2 ] # second-last character 'o' >>> word [ - 6 ] 'P' Note that since -0 is the same as 0, negative indices start from -1. In addition to indexing, slicing is also supported. While indexing is used to obtain individual characters, slicing allows you to obtain a substring: >>> word [ 0 : 2 ] # characters from position 0 (included) to 2 (excluded) 'Py' >>> word [ 2 : 5 ] # characters from position 2 (included) to 5 (excluded) 'tho' Slice indices have useful defaults; an omitted first index defaults to zero, an omitted second index defaults to the size of the string being sliced. >>> word [: 2 ] # character from the beginning to position 2 (excluded) 'Py' >>> word [ 4 :] # characters from position 4 (included) to the end 'on' >>> word [ - 2 :] # characters from the second-last (included) to the end 'on' Note how the start is always included, and the end always excluded. This makes sure that s[:i] + s[i:] is always equal to s : >>> word [: 2 ] + word [ 2 :] 'Python' >>> word [: 4 ] + word [ 4 :] 'Python' One way to remember how slices work is to think of the indices as pointing between characters, with the left edge of the first character numbered 0. Then the right edge of the last character of a string of n characters has index n , for example: +---+---+---+---+---+---+ | P | y | t | h | o | n | +---+---+---+---+---+---+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 - 6 - 5 - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 The first row of numbers gives the position of the indices 0…6 in the string; the second row gives the corresponding negative indices. The slice from i to j consists of all characters between the edges labeled i and j , respectively. For non-negative indices, the length of a slice is the difference of the indices, if both are within bounds. For example, the length of word[1:3] is 2. Attempting to use an index that is too large will result in an error: >>> word [ 42 ] # the word only has 6 characters Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> IndexError : string index out of range However, out of range slice indexes are handled gracefully when used for slicing: >>> word [ 4 : 42 ] 'on' >>> word [ 42 :] '' Python strings cannot be changed — they are immutable . Therefore, assigning to an indexed position in the string results in an error: >>> word [ 0 ] = 'J' Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : 'str' object does not support item assignment >>> word [ 2 :] = 'py' Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : 'str' object does not support item assignment If you need a different string, you should create a new one: >>> 'J' + word [ 1 :] 'Jython' >>> word [: 2 ] + 'py' 'Pypy' The built-in function len() returns the length of a string: >>> s = 'supercalifragilisticexpialidocious' >>> len ( s ) 34 See also Text Sequence Type — str Strings are examples of sequence types , and support the common operations supported by such types. String Methods Strings support a large number of methods for basic transformations and searching. f-strings String literals that have embedded expressions. Format String Syntax Information about string formatting with str.format() . printf-style String Formatting The old formatting operations invoked when strings are the left operand of the % operator are described in more detail here. 3.1.3. Lists ¶ Python knows a number of compound data types, used to group together other values. The most versatile is the list , which can be written as a list of comma-separated values (items) between square brackets. Lists might contain items of different types, but usually the items all have the same type. >>> squares = [ 1 , 4 , 9 , 16 , 25 ] >>> squares [1, 4, 9, 16, 25] Like strings (and all other built-in sequence types), lists can be indexed and sliced: >>> squares [ 0 ] # indexing returns the item 1 >>> squares [ - 1 ] 25 >>> squares [ - 3 :] # slicing returns a new list [9, 16, 25] Lists also support operations like concatenation: >>> squares + [ 36 , 49 , 64 , 81 , 100 ] [1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100] Unlike strings, which are immutable , lists are a mutable type, i.e. it is possible to change their content: >>> cubes = [ 1 , 8 , 27 , 65 , 125 ] # something's wrong here >>> 4 ** 3 # the cube of 4 is 64, not 65! 64 >>> cubes [ 3 ] = 64 # replace the wrong value >>> cubes [1, 8, 27, 64, 125] You can also add new items at the end of the list, by using the list.append() method (we will see more about methods later): >>> cubes . append ( 216 ) # add the cube of 6 >>> cubes . append ( 7 ** 3 ) # and the cube of 7 >>> cubes [1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343] Simple assignment in Python never copies data. When you assign a list to a variable, the variable refers to the existing list . Any changes you make to the list through one variable will be seen through all other variables that refer to it.: >>> rgb = [ "Red" , "Green" , "Blue" ] >>> rgba = rgb >>> id ( rgb ) == id ( rgba ) # they reference the same object True >>> rgba . append ( "Alph" ) >>> rgb ["Red", "Green", "Blue", "Alph"] All slice operations return a new list containing the requested elements. This means that the following slice returns a shallow copy of the list: >>> correct_rgba = rgba [:] >>> correct_rgba [ - 1 ] = "Alpha" >>> correct_rgba ["Red", "Green", "Blue", "Alpha"] >>> rgba ["Red", "Green", "Blue", "Alph"] Assignment to slices is also possible, and this can even change the size of the list or clear it entirely: >>> letters = [ 'a' , 'b' , 'c' , 'd' , 'e' , 'f' , 'g' ] >>> letters ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g'] >>> # replace some values >>> letters [ 2 : 5 ] = [ 'C' , 'D' , 'E' ] >>> letters ['a', 'b', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'f', 'g'] >>> # now remove them >>> letters [ 2 : 5 ] = [] >>> letters ['a', 'b', 'f', 'g'] >>> # clear the list by replacing all the elements with an empty list >>> letters [:] = [] >>> letters [] The built-in function len() also applies to lists: >>> letters = [ 'a' , 'b' , 'c' , 'd' ] >>> len ( letters ) 4 It is possible to nest lists (create lists containing other lists), for example: >>> a = [ 'a' , 'b' , 'c' ] >>> n = [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] >>> x = [ a , n ] >>> x [['a', 'b', 'c'], [1, 2, 3]] >>> x [ 0 ] ['a', 'b', 'c'] >>> x [ 0 ][ 1 ] 'b' 3.2. First Steps Towards Programming ¶ Of course, we can use Python for more complicated tasks than adding two and two together. For instance, we can write an initial sub-sequence of the Fibonacci series as follows: >>> # Fibonacci series: >>> # the sum of two elements defines the next >>> a , b = 0 , 1 >>> while a < 10 : ... print ( a ) ... a , b = b , a + b ... 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 This example introduces several new features. The first line contains a multiple assignment : the variables a and b simultaneously get the new values 0 and 1. On the last line this is used again, demonstrating that the expressions on the right-hand side are all evaluated first before any of the assignments take place. The right-hand side expressions are evaluated from the left to the right. The while loop executes as long as the condition (here: a < 10 ) remains true. In Python, like in C, any non-zero integer value is true; zero is false. The condition may also be a string or list value, in fact any sequence; anything with a non-zero length is true, empty sequences are false. The test used in the example is a simple comparison. The standard comparison operators are written the same as in C: < (less than), > (greater than), == (equal to), <= (less than or equal to), >= (greater than or equal to) and != (not equal to). The body of the loop is indented : indentation is Python’s way of grouping statements. At the interactive prompt, you have to type a tab or space(s) for each indented line. In practice you will prepare more complicated input for Python with a text editor; all decent text editors have an auto-indent facility. When a compound statement is entered interactively, it must be followed by a blank line to indicate completion (since the parser cannot guess when you have typed the last line). Note that each line within a basic block must be indented by the same amount. The print() function writes the value of the argument(s) it is given. It differs from just writing the expression you want to write (as we did earlier in the calculator examples) in the way it handles multiple arguments, floating-point quantities, and strings. Strings are printed without quotes, and a space is inserted between items, so you can format things nicely, like this: >>> i = 256 * 256 >>> print ( 'The value of i is' , i ) The value of i is 65536 The keyword argument end can be used to avoid the newline after the output, or end the output with a different string: >>> a , b = 0 , 1 >>> while a < 1000 : ... print ( a , end = ',' ) ... a , b = b , a + b ... 0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55,89,144,233,377,610,987, Footnotes [ 1 ] Since ** has higher precedence than - , -3**2 will be interpreted as -(3**2) and thus result in -9 . To avoid this and get 9 , you can use (-3)**2 . [ 2 ] Unlike other languages, special characters such as \n have the same meaning with both single ( '...' ) and double ( "..." ) quotes. The only difference between the two is that within single quotes you don’t need to escape " (but you have to escape \' ) and vice versa. Table of Contents 3. An Informal Introduction to Python 3.1. Using Python as a Calculator 3.1.1. Numbers 3.1.2. Text 3.1.3. Lists 3.2. First Steps Towards Programming Previous topic 2. Using the Python Interpreter Next topic 4. More Control Flow Tools This page Report a bug Show source « Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial » 3. An Informal Introduction to Python | Theme Auto Light Dark | © Copyright 2001 Python Software Foundation. This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License. See History and License for more information. The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. Please donate. Last updated on Jan 13, 2026 (06:19 UTC). Found a bug ? Created using Sphinx 8.2.3. | 2026-01-13T08:48:38 |
https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/introduction.html#numbers | 3. An Informal Introduction to Python — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents 3. An Informal Introduction to Python 3.1. Using Python as a Calculator 3.1.1. Numbers 3.1.2. Text 3.1.3. Lists 3.2. First Steps Towards Programming Previous topic 2. Using the Python Interpreter Next topic 4. More Control Flow Tools This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial » 3. An Informal Introduction to Python | Theme Auto Light Dark | 3. An Informal Introduction to Python ¶ In the following examples, input and output are distinguished by the presence or absence of prompts ( >>> and … ): to repeat the example, you must type everything after the prompt, when the prompt appears; lines that do not begin with a prompt are output from the interpreter. Note that a secondary prompt on a line by itself in an example means you must type a blank line; this is used to end a multi-line command. You can use the “Copy” button (it appears in the upper-right corner when hovering over or tapping a code example), which strips prompts and omits output, to copy and paste the input lines into your interpreter. Many of the examples in this manual, even those entered at the interactive prompt, include comments. Comments in Python start with the hash character, # , and extend to the end of the physical line. A comment may appear at the start of a line or following whitespace or code, but not within a string literal. A hash character within a string literal is just a hash character. Since comments are to clarify code and are not interpreted by Python, they may be omitted when typing in examples. Some examples: # this is the first comment spam = 1 # and this is the second comment # ... and now a third! text = "# This is not a comment because it's inside quotes." 3.1. Using Python as a Calculator ¶ Let’s try some simple Python commands. Start the interpreter and wait for the primary prompt, >>> . (It shouldn’t take long.) 3.1.1. Numbers ¶ The interpreter acts as a simple calculator: you can type an expression into it and it will write the value. Expression syntax is straightforward: the operators + , - , * and / can be used to perform arithmetic; parentheses ( () ) can be used for grouping. For example: >>> 2 + 2 4 >>> 50 - 5 * 6 20 >>> ( 50 - 5 * 6 ) / 4 5.0 >>> 8 / 5 # division always returns a floating-point number 1.6 The integer numbers (e.g. 2 , 4 , 20 ) have type int , the ones with a fractional part (e.g. 5.0 , 1.6 ) have type float . We will see more about numeric types later in the tutorial. Division ( / ) always returns a float. To do floor division and get an integer result you can use the // operator; to calculate the remainder you can use % : >>> 17 / 3 # classic division returns a float 5.666666666666667 >>> >>> 17 // 3 # floor division discards the fractional part 5 >>> 17 % 3 # the % operator returns the remainder of the division 2 >>> 5 * 3 + 2 # floored quotient * divisor + remainder 17 With Python, it is possible to use the ** operator to calculate powers [ 1 ] : >>> 5 ** 2 # 5 squared 25 >>> 2 ** 7 # 2 to the power of 7 128 The equal sign ( = ) is used to assign a value to a variable. Afterwards, no result is displayed before the next interactive prompt: >>> width = 20 >>> height = 5 * 9 >>> width * height 900 If a variable is not “defined” (assigned a value), trying to use it will give you an error: >>> n # try to access an undefined variable Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> NameError : name 'n' is not defined There is full support for floating point; operators with mixed type operands convert the integer operand to floating point: >>> 4 * 3.75 - 1 14.0 In interactive mode, the last printed expression is assigned to the variable _ . This means that when you are using Python as a desk calculator, it is somewhat easier to continue calculations, for example: >>> tax = 12.5 / 100 >>> price = 100.50 >>> price * tax 12.5625 >>> price + _ 113.0625 >>> round ( _ , 2 ) 113.06 This variable should be treated as read-only by the user. Don’t explicitly assign a value to it — you would create an independent local variable with the same name masking the built-in variable with its magic behavior. In addition to int and float , Python supports other types of numbers, such as Decimal and Fraction . Python also has built-in support for complex numbers , and uses the j or J suffix to indicate the imaginary part (e.g. 3+5j ). 3.1.2. Text ¶ Python can manipulate text (represented by type str , so-called “strings”) as well as numbers. This includes characters “ ! ”, words “ rabbit ”, names “ Paris ”, sentences “ Got your back. ”, etc. “ Yay! :) ”. They can be enclosed in single quotes ( '...' ) or double quotes ( "..." ) with the same result [ 2 ] . >>> 'spam eggs' # single quotes 'spam eggs' >>> "Paris rabbit got your back :)! Yay!" # double quotes 'Paris rabbit got your back :)! Yay!' >>> '1975' # digits and numerals enclosed in quotes are also strings '1975' To quote a quote, we need to “escape” it, by preceding it with \ . Alternatively, we can use the other type of quotation marks: >>> 'doesn \' t' # use \' to escape the single quote... "doesn't" >>> "doesn't" # ...or use double quotes instead "doesn't" >>> '"Yes," they said.' '"Yes," they said.' >>> " \" Yes, \" they said." '"Yes," they said.' >>> '"Isn \' t," they said.' '"Isn\'t," they said.' In the Python shell, the string definition and output string can look different. The print() function produces a more readable output, by omitting the enclosing quotes and by printing escaped and special characters: >>> s = 'First line. \n Second line.' # \n means newline >>> s # without print(), special characters are included in the string 'First line.\nSecond line.' >>> print ( s ) # with print(), special characters are interpreted, so \n produces new line First line. Second line. If you don’t want characters prefaced by \ to be interpreted as special characters, you can use raw strings by adding an r before the first quote: >>> print ( 'C:\some \n ame' ) # here \n means newline! C:\some ame >>> print ( r 'C:\some\name' ) # note the r before the quote C:\some\name There is one subtle aspect to raw strings: a raw string may not end in an odd number of \ characters; see the FAQ entry for more information and workarounds. String literals can span multiple lines. One way is using triple-quotes: """...""" or '''...''' . End-of-line characters are automatically included in the string, but it’s possible to prevent this by adding a \ at the end of the line. In the following example, the initial newline is not included: >>> print ( """ \ ... Usage: thingy [OPTIONS] ... -h Display this usage message ... -H hostname Hostname to connect to ... """ ) Usage: thingy [OPTIONS] -h Display this usage message -H hostname Hostname to connect to >>> Strings can be concatenated (glued together) with the + operator, and repeated with * : >>> # 3 times 'un', followed by 'ium' >>> 3 * 'un' + 'ium' 'unununium' Two or more string literals (i.e. the ones enclosed between quotes) next to each other are automatically concatenated. >>> 'Py' 'thon' 'Python' This feature is particularly useful when you want to break long strings: >>> text = ( 'Put several strings within parentheses ' ... 'to have them joined together.' ) >>> text 'Put several strings within parentheses to have them joined together.' This only works with two literals though, not with variables or expressions: >>> prefix = 'Py' >>> prefix 'thon' # can't concatenate a variable and a string literal File "<stdin>" , line 1 prefix 'thon' ^^^^^^ SyntaxError : invalid syntax >>> ( 'un' * 3 ) 'ium' File "<stdin>" , line 1 ( 'un' * 3 ) 'ium' ^^^^^ SyntaxError : invalid syntax If you want to concatenate variables or a variable and a literal, use + : >>> prefix + 'thon' 'Python' Strings can be indexed (subscripted), with the first character having index 0. There is no separate character type; a character is simply a string of size one: >>> word = 'Python' >>> word [ 0 ] # character in position 0 'P' >>> word [ 5 ] # character in position 5 'n' Indices may also be negative numbers, to start counting from the right: >>> word [ - 1 ] # last character 'n' >>> word [ - 2 ] # second-last character 'o' >>> word [ - 6 ] 'P' Note that since -0 is the same as 0, negative indices start from -1. In addition to indexing, slicing is also supported. While indexing is used to obtain individual characters, slicing allows you to obtain a substring: >>> word [ 0 : 2 ] # characters from position 0 (included) to 2 (excluded) 'Py' >>> word [ 2 : 5 ] # characters from position 2 (included) to 5 (excluded) 'tho' Slice indices have useful defaults; an omitted first index defaults to zero, an omitted second index defaults to the size of the string being sliced. >>> word [: 2 ] # character from the beginning to position 2 (excluded) 'Py' >>> word [ 4 :] # characters from position 4 (included) to the end 'on' >>> word [ - 2 :] # characters from the second-last (included) to the end 'on' Note how the start is always included, and the end always excluded. This makes sure that s[:i] + s[i:] is always equal to s : >>> word [: 2 ] + word [ 2 :] 'Python' >>> word [: 4 ] + word [ 4 :] 'Python' One way to remember how slices work is to think of the indices as pointing between characters, with the left edge of the first character numbered 0. Then the right edge of the last character of a string of n characters has index n , for example: +---+---+---+---+---+---+ | P | y | t | h | o | n | +---+---+---+---+---+---+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 - 6 - 5 - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 The first row of numbers gives the position of the indices 0…6 in the string; the second row gives the corresponding negative indices. The slice from i to j consists of all characters between the edges labeled i and j , respectively. For non-negative indices, the length of a slice is the difference of the indices, if both are within bounds. For example, the length of word[1:3] is 2. Attempting to use an index that is too large will result in an error: >>> word [ 42 ] # the word only has 6 characters Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> IndexError : string index out of range However, out of range slice indexes are handled gracefully when used for slicing: >>> word [ 4 : 42 ] 'on' >>> word [ 42 :] '' Python strings cannot be changed — they are immutable . Therefore, assigning to an indexed position in the string results in an error: >>> word [ 0 ] = 'J' Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : 'str' object does not support item assignment >>> word [ 2 :] = 'py' Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : 'str' object does not support item assignment If you need a different string, you should create a new one: >>> 'J' + word [ 1 :] 'Jython' >>> word [: 2 ] + 'py' 'Pypy' The built-in function len() returns the length of a string: >>> s = 'supercalifragilisticexpialidocious' >>> len ( s ) 34 See also Text Sequence Type — str Strings are examples of sequence types , and support the common operations supported by such types. String Methods Strings support a large number of methods for basic transformations and searching. f-strings String literals that have embedded expressions. Format String Syntax Information about string formatting with str.format() . printf-style String Formatting The old formatting operations invoked when strings are the left operand of the % operator are described in more detail here. 3.1.3. Lists ¶ Python knows a number of compound data types, used to group together other values. The most versatile is the list , which can be written as a list of comma-separated values (items) between square brackets. Lists might contain items of different types, but usually the items all have the same type. >>> squares = [ 1 , 4 , 9 , 16 , 25 ] >>> squares [1, 4, 9, 16, 25] Like strings (and all other built-in sequence types), lists can be indexed and sliced: >>> squares [ 0 ] # indexing returns the item 1 >>> squares [ - 1 ] 25 >>> squares [ - 3 :] # slicing returns a new list [9, 16, 25] Lists also support operations like concatenation: >>> squares + [ 36 , 49 , 64 , 81 , 100 ] [1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100] Unlike strings, which are immutable , lists are a mutable type, i.e. it is possible to change their content: >>> cubes = [ 1 , 8 , 27 , 65 , 125 ] # something's wrong here >>> 4 ** 3 # the cube of 4 is 64, not 65! 64 >>> cubes [ 3 ] = 64 # replace the wrong value >>> cubes [1, 8, 27, 64, 125] You can also add new items at the end of the list, by using the list.append() method (we will see more about methods later): >>> cubes . append ( 216 ) # add the cube of 6 >>> cubes . append ( 7 ** 3 ) # and the cube of 7 >>> cubes [1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343] Simple assignment in Python never copies data. When you assign a list to a variable, the variable refers to the existing list . Any changes you make to the list through one variable will be seen through all other variables that refer to it.: >>> rgb = [ "Red" , "Green" , "Blue" ] >>> rgba = rgb >>> id ( rgb ) == id ( rgba ) # they reference the same object True >>> rgba . append ( "Alph" ) >>> rgb ["Red", "Green", "Blue", "Alph"] All slice operations return a new list containing the requested elements. This means that the following slice returns a shallow copy of the list: >>> correct_rgba = rgba [:] >>> correct_rgba [ - 1 ] = "Alpha" >>> correct_rgba ["Red", "Green", "Blue", "Alpha"] >>> rgba ["Red", "Green", "Blue", "Alph"] Assignment to slices is also possible, and this can even change the size of the list or clear it entirely: >>> letters = [ 'a' , 'b' , 'c' , 'd' , 'e' , 'f' , 'g' ] >>> letters ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g'] >>> # replace some values >>> letters [ 2 : 5 ] = [ 'C' , 'D' , 'E' ] >>> letters ['a', 'b', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'f', 'g'] >>> # now remove them >>> letters [ 2 : 5 ] = [] >>> letters ['a', 'b', 'f', 'g'] >>> # clear the list by replacing all the elements with an empty list >>> letters [:] = [] >>> letters [] The built-in function len() also applies to lists: >>> letters = [ 'a' , 'b' , 'c' , 'd' ] >>> len ( letters ) 4 It is possible to nest lists (create lists containing other lists), for example: >>> a = [ 'a' , 'b' , 'c' ] >>> n = [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] >>> x = [ a , n ] >>> x [['a', 'b', 'c'], [1, 2, 3]] >>> x [ 0 ] ['a', 'b', 'c'] >>> x [ 0 ][ 1 ] 'b' 3.2. First Steps Towards Programming ¶ Of course, we can use Python for more complicated tasks than adding two and two together. For instance, we can write an initial sub-sequence of the Fibonacci series as follows: >>> # Fibonacci series: >>> # the sum of two elements defines the next >>> a , b = 0 , 1 >>> while a < 10 : ... print ( a ) ... a , b = b , a + b ... 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 This example introduces several new features. The first line contains a multiple assignment : the variables a and b simultaneously get the new values 0 and 1. On the last line this is used again, demonstrating that the expressions on the right-hand side are all evaluated first before any of the assignments take place. The right-hand side expressions are evaluated from the left to the right. The while loop executes as long as the condition (here: a < 10 ) remains true. In Python, like in C, any non-zero integer value is true; zero is false. The condition may also be a string or list value, in fact any sequence; anything with a non-zero length is true, empty sequences are false. The test used in the example is a simple comparison. The standard comparison operators are written the same as in C: < (less than), > (greater than), == (equal to), <= (less than or equal to), >= (greater than or equal to) and != (not equal to). The body of the loop is indented : indentation is Python’s way of grouping statements. At the interactive prompt, you have to type a tab or space(s) for each indented line. In practice you will prepare more complicated input for Python with a text editor; all decent text editors have an auto-indent facility. When a compound statement is entered interactively, it must be followed by a blank line to indicate completion (since the parser cannot guess when you have typed the last line). Note that each line within a basic block must be indented by the same amount. The print() function writes the value of the argument(s) it is given. It differs from just writing the expression you want to write (as we did earlier in the calculator examples) in the way it handles multiple arguments, floating-point quantities, and strings. Strings are printed without quotes, and a space is inserted between items, so you can format things nicely, like this: >>> i = 256 * 256 >>> print ( 'The value of i is' , i ) The value of i is 65536 The keyword argument end can be used to avoid the newline after the output, or end the output with a different string: >>> a , b = 0 , 1 >>> while a < 1000 : ... print ( a , end = ',' ) ... a , b = b , a + b ... 0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55,89,144,233,377,610,987, Footnotes [ 1 ] Since ** has higher precedence than - , -3**2 will be interpreted as -(3**2) and thus result in -9 . To avoid this and get 9 , you can use (-3)**2 . [ 2 ] Unlike other languages, special characters such as \n have the same meaning with both single ( '...' ) and double ( "..." ) quotes. The only difference between the two is that within single quotes you don’t need to escape " (but you have to escape \' ) and vice versa. Table of Contents 3. An Informal Introduction to Python 3.1. Using Python as a Calculator 3.1.1. Numbers 3.1.2. Text 3.1.3. Lists 3.2. First Steps Towards Programming Previous topic 2. Using the Python Interpreter Next topic 4. More Control Flow Tools This page Report a bug Show source « Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial » 3. An Informal Introduction to Python | Theme Auto Light Dark | © Copyright 2001 Python Software Foundation. This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License. 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https://docs.suprsend.com/docs/java-send-event-data | Send and Track Events - SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams Skip to main content SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Community Trust Center Platform Status Postman Collection Developer Resources Overview Updates and Versioning Versioning and Support Policy SDK Changelog Authentication API Keys and Secrets Service Token Best Practices for Key & Token Management MCP Overview BETA Quickstart Tool List Building with LLMs Security Security SDKs and APIs SDKs SDK Overview SuprSend Backend SDK Python SDK Node.js SDK Java SDK Integrate Java SDK Manage Users Objects Send and Track Events Trigger Workflow from API Tenants Lists Broadcast Go SDK SuprSend Client SDK Management API REST API Postman Collection Features Validate Trigger Payload Type Safety Testing Testing the Template Test Mode Monitoring and Logging Logs Data Out Contact Us Get Started SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Ask AI Contact Us Get Started Get Started Search... Navigation Java SDK Send and Track Events Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Java SDK Send and Track Events OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Learn how to send events to trigger workflows, with code snippets and examples. OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Send Event You can send event to Suprsend platform by using the suprClient.trackEvent method. When you call suprClient.trackEvent , the SDK internally makes an HTTP call to SuprSend Platform to register this request, and you’ll immediately receive a response indicating the acceptance status. The actual processing/execution of event happens asynchronously. Request Sample Code Response Copy Ask AI package suprsend; import org.json.JSONObject; import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException; import suprsend.Suprsend; import suprsend.SuprsendException; import suprsend.Event; public class Event { public static void main ( String [] args ) throws Exception { trackEvent (); } private static void trackEvent () throws SuprsendException , UnsupportedEncodingException { // Initialize SDK Suprsend suprClient = new Suprsend ( "_workspace_key_" , "_workspace_secret_" ); String distinctId = "_distinct_id_" ; String eventName = "__event_name__" ; // dynamic data to render template and workflow variables JSONObject eventProps = new JSONObject () . put ( "key1" , "value1" ) . put ( "key2" , "value2" ); Event e = new Event (distinctId, eventName, eventProps); JSONObject response = suprClient . trackEvent (e); System . out . println (response); } } Parameter Description Format Obligation distinct_id distinct_id of subscriber performing the event int, bigint, string, UUID mandatory event_name string identifier for the event like product_purchased string mandatory properties a dictionary representing event attributes like first_name Event properties can be used to pass template variables in case of event based trigger Dictionary optional Event naming guidelines: When you create an Event or a property, please ensure that the Event Name or Property Name does not start with or , as we have reserved these symbols for our internal events and property names. Trigger events for a brand/tenant If you handle communications to end users on behalf of your customers and want to send custom notifications for each brand/tenant, you can do that with the help of brands (now called tenants) . Just pass the brand_id of your customer brand as the fifth parameter in your event instance like shown below and the properties of that brand will be used to replace brand variables in your template. Request Copy Ask AI Event e = new Event (distinctId, eventName, eventProps, , brandId); Idempotent requests SuprSend supports idempotency to ensure that requests can be retried safely without duplicate processing. If Suprsend receives and processes a request with an idempotency_key, it will skip processing requests with same idempotency_key for next 24 hours. You can use this key to track webhooks related to workflow notifications. To make an idempotent request, pass idempotency_key as the fourth parameter in your event instance like shown below. Idempotency key should be unique that you generate for each request. You may use any string up to 255 characters in length as an idempotency key. Ensure that you don’t add any space in start and end of the key as it will be trimmed. Request Copy Ask AI Event e = new Event (distinctId, eventName, eventProps, idempotencyKey); Here are some common approaches for assigning idempotency keys: Generate a random UUID for each request. Construct the idempotency key by combining relevant information about the request . This can include parameters, identifiers, or specific contextual details that are meaningful within your application. e.g., you could concatenate the user ID, action, and timestamp to form an idempotency key like user147-new-comment-1687437670 Request-specific Identifier : If your request already contains a unique identifier, such as an order ID or a job ID, you can use that identifier directly as the idempotency key. Add file attachment (for email) You can add file attachment by appending the attachment filepath to each event instance. Call event.addAttachment() for each file with an accessible URL. Ensure that file_path is a publicly accessible URL. Since event API size can’t be > 100 KB, local file paths can’t be passed in event attachment. Request Copy Ask AI ... Event e1 = new Event (distinctId1, eventName1, eventProps1); //Event 1 // this snippet can be used to add attachment to event String filePath1 = "https://www.africau.edu/images/default/sample.pdf" ; e1 . addAttachment (filePath1); ... Please add public accessible URL only as attachment file otherwise it will throw an error 404 not found and workflow will not be triggered Bulk event trigger You can use Bulk API to send multiple events. Use .append() on bulk_events instance to add however-many-records to call in bulk. java Copy Ask AI ... BulkEvents bulkIns = suprClient . bulkEvents . newInstance (); Event e1 = new Event (distinctId1, eventName1, eventProps1); //Event 1 Event e2 = new Event (distinctId2, eventName2, eventProps2); //Event 2 // --- use .append on bulk instance to add one or more records bulkIns . append (e1) bulkIns . append (e2) // OR bulkIns . append (e1, e2) // Track event JSONObject response = bulkIns . trigger (); System . out . println (response); Bulk API is supported in SuprSend java-sdk version 0.5.0 and above. If you are using an older version, please upgrade to the latest SDK version. Was this page helpful? Yes No Suggest edits Raise issue Previous Trigger Workflow from API Learn how to trigger workflows using direct workflow API, with code snippets and examples. Next ⌘ I x github linkedin youtube Powered by On this page Send Event Trigger events for a brand/tenant Idempotent requests Add file attachment (for email) Bulk event trigger | 2026-01-13T08:48:38 |
https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/introduction.html | 3. An Informal Introduction to Python — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents 3. An Informal Introduction to Python 3.1. Using Python as a Calculator 3.1.1. Numbers 3.1.2. Text 3.1.3. Lists 3.2. First Steps Towards Programming Previous topic 2. Using the Python Interpreter Next topic 4. More Control Flow Tools This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial » 3. An Informal Introduction to Python | Theme Auto Light Dark | 3. An Informal Introduction to Python ¶ In the following examples, input and output are distinguished by the presence or absence of prompts ( >>> and … ): to repeat the example, you must type everything after the prompt, when the prompt appears; lines that do not begin with a prompt are output from the interpreter. Note that a secondary prompt on a line by itself in an example means you must type a blank line; this is used to end a multi-line command. You can use the “Copy” button (it appears in the upper-right corner when hovering over or tapping a code example), which strips prompts and omits output, to copy and paste the input lines into your interpreter. Many of the examples in this manual, even those entered at the interactive prompt, include comments. Comments in Python start with the hash character, # , and extend to the end of the physical line. A comment may appear at the start of a line or following whitespace or code, but not within a string literal. A hash character within a string literal is just a hash character. Since comments are to clarify code and are not interpreted by Python, they may be omitted when typing in examples. Some examples: # this is the first comment spam = 1 # and this is the second comment # ... and now a third! text = "# This is not a comment because it's inside quotes." 3.1. Using Python as a Calculator ¶ Let’s try some simple Python commands. Start the interpreter and wait for the primary prompt, >>> . (It shouldn’t take long.) 3.1.1. Numbers ¶ The interpreter acts as a simple calculator: you can type an expression into it and it will write the value. Expression syntax is straightforward: the operators + , - , * and / can be used to perform arithmetic; parentheses ( () ) can be used for grouping. For example: >>> 2 + 2 4 >>> 50 - 5 * 6 20 >>> ( 50 - 5 * 6 ) / 4 5.0 >>> 8 / 5 # division always returns a floating-point number 1.6 The integer numbers (e.g. 2 , 4 , 20 ) have type int , the ones with a fractional part (e.g. 5.0 , 1.6 ) have type float . We will see more about numeric types later in the tutorial. Division ( / ) always returns a float. To do floor division and get an integer result you can use the // operator; to calculate the remainder you can use % : >>> 17 / 3 # classic division returns a float 5.666666666666667 >>> >>> 17 // 3 # floor division discards the fractional part 5 >>> 17 % 3 # the % operator returns the remainder of the division 2 >>> 5 * 3 + 2 # floored quotient * divisor + remainder 17 With Python, it is possible to use the ** operator to calculate powers [ 1 ] : >>> 5 ** 2 # 5 squared 25 >>> 2 ** 7 # 2 to the power of 7 128 The equal sign ( = ) is used to assign a value to a variable. Afterwards, no result is displayed before the next interactive prompt: >>> width = 20 >>> height = 5 * 9 >>> width * height 900 If a variable is not “defined” (assigned a value), trying to use it will give you an error: >>> n # try to access an undefined variable Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> NameError : name 'n' is not defined There is full support for floating point; operators with mixed type operands convert the integer operand to floating point: >>> 4 * 3.75 - 1 14.0 In interactive mode, the last printed expression is assigned to the variable _ . This means that when you are using Python as a desk calculator, it is somewhat easier to continue calculations, for example: >>> tax = 12.5 / 100 >>> price = 100.50 >>> price * tax 12.5625 >>> price + _ 113.0625 >>> round ( _ , 2 ) 113.06 This variable should be treated as read-only by the user. Don’t explicitly assign a value to it — you would create an independent local variable with the same name masking the built-in variable with its magic behavior. In addition to int and float , Python supports other types of numbers, such as Decimal and Fraction . Python also has built-in support for complex numbers , and uses the j or J suffix to indicate the imaginary part (e.g. 3+5j ). 3.1.2. Text ¶ Python can manipulate text (represented by type str , so-called “strings”) as well as numbers. This includes characters “ ! ”, words “ rabbit ”, names “ Paris ”, sentences “ Got your back. ”, etc. “ Yay! :) ”. They can be enclosed in single quotes ( '...' ) or double quotes ( "..." ) with the same result [ 2 ] . >>> 'spam eggs' # single quotes 'spam eggs' >>> "Paris rabbit got your back :)! Yay!" # double quotes 'Paris rabbit got your back :)! Yay!' >>> '1975' # digits and numerals enclosed in quotes are also strings '1975' To quote a quote, we need to “escape” it, by preceding it with \ . Alternatively, we can use the other type of quotation marks: >>> 'doesn \' t' # use \' to escape the single quote... "doesn't" >>> "doesn't" # ...or use double quotes instead "doesn't" >>> '"Yes," they said.' '"Yes," they said.' >>> " \" Yes, \" they said." '"Yes," they said.' >>> '"Isn \' t," they said.' '"Isn\'t," they said.' In the Python shell, the string definition and output string can look different. The print() function produces a more readable output, by omitting the enclosing quotes and by printing escaped and special characters: >>> s = 'First line. \n Second line.' # \n means newline >>> s # without print(), special characters are included in the string 'First line.\nSecond line.' >>> print ( s ) # with print(), special characters are interpreted, so \n produces new line First line. Second line. If you don’t want characters prefaced by \ to be interpreted as special characters, you can use raw strings by adding an r before the first quote: >>> print ( 'C:\some \n ame' ) # here \n means newline! C:\some ame >>> print ( r 'C:\some\name' ) # note the r before the quote C:\some\name There is one subtle aspect to raw strings: a raw string may not end in an odd number of \ characters; see the FAQ entry for more information and workarounds. String literals can span multiple lines. One way is using triple-quotes: """...""" or '''...''' . End-of-line characters are automatically included in the string, but it’s possible to prevent this by adding a \ at the end of the line. In the following example, the initial newline is not included: >>> print ( """ \ ... Usage: thingy [OPTIONS] ... -h Display this usage message ... -H hostname Hostname to connect to ... """ ) Usage: thingy [OPTIONS] -h Display this usage message -H hostname Hostname to connect to >>> Strings can be concatenated (glued together) with the + operator, and repeated with * : >>> # 3 times 'un', followed by 'ium' >>> 3 * 'un' + 'ium' 'unununium' Two or more string literals (i.e. the ones enclosed between quotes) next to each other are automatically concatenated. >>> 'Py' 'thon' 'Python' This feature is particularly useful when you want to break long strings: >>> text = ( 'Put several strings within parentheses ' ... 'to have them joined together.' ) >>> text 'Put several strings within parentheses to have them joined together.' This only works with two literals though, not with variables or expressions: >>> prefix = 'Py' >>> prefix 'thon' # can't concatenate a variable and a string literal File "<stdin>" , line 1 prefix 'thon' ^^^^^^ SyntaxError : invalid syntax >>> ( 'un' * 3 ) 'ium' File "<stdin>" , line 1 ( 'un' * 3 ) 'ium' ^^^^^ SyntaxError : invalid syntax If you want to concatenate variables or a variable and a literal, use + : >>> prefix + 'thon' 'Python' Strings can be indexed (subscripted), with the first character having index 0. There is no separate character type; a character is simply a string of size one: >>> word = 'Python' >>> word [ 0 ] # character in position 0 'P' >>> word [ 5 ] # character in position 5 'n' Indices may also be negative numbers, to start counting from the right: >>> word [ - 1 ] # last character 'n' >>> word [ - 2 ] # second-last character 'o' >>> word [ - 6 ] 'P' Note that since -0 is the same as 0, negative indices start from -1. In addition to indexing, slicing is also supported. While indexing is used to obtain individual characters, slicing allows you to obtain a substring: >>> word [ 0 : 2 ] # characters from position 0 (included) to 2 (excluded) 'Py' >>> word [ 2 : 5 ] # characters from position 2 (included) to 5 (excluded) 'tho' Slice indices have useful defaults; an omitted first index defaults to zero, an omitted second index defaults to the size of the string being sliced. >>> word [: 2 ] # character from the beginning to position 2 (excluded) 'Py' >>> word [ 4 :] # characters from position 4 (included) to the end 'on' >>> word [ - 2 :] # characters from the second-last (included) to the end 'on' Note how the start is always included, and the end always excluded. This makes sure that s[:i] + s[i:] is always equal to s : >>> word [: 2 ] + word [ 2 :] 'Python' >>> word [: 4 ] + word [ 4 :] 'Python' One way to remember how slices work is to think of the indices as pointing between characters, with the left edge of the first character numbered 0. Then the right edge of the last character of a string of n characters has index n , for example: +---+---+---+---+---+---+ | P | y | t | h | o | n | +---+---+---+---+---+---+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 - 6 - 5 - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 The first row of numbers gives the position of the indices 0…6 in the string; the second row gives the corresponding negative indices. The slice from i to j consists of all characters between the edges labeled i and j , respectively. For non-negative indices, the length of a slice is the difference of the indices, if both are within bounds. For example, the length of word[1:3] is 2. Attempting to use an index that is too large will result in an error: >>> word [ 42 ] # the word only has 6 characters Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> IndexError : string index out of range However, out of range slice indexes are handled gracefully when used for slicing: >>> word [ 4 : 42 ] 'on' >>> word [ 42 :] '' Python strings cannot be changed — they are immutable . Therefore, assigning to an indexed position in the string results in an error: >>> word [ 0 ] = 'J' Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : 'str' object does not support item assignment >>> word [ 2 :] = 'py' Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : 'str' object does not support item assignment If you need a different string, you should create a new one: >>> 'J' + word [ 1 :] 'Jython' >>> word [: 2 ] + 'py' 'Pypy' The built-in function len() returns the length of a string: >>> s = 'supercalifragilisticexpialidocious' >>> len ( s ) 34 See also Text Sequence Type — str Strings are examples of sequence types , and support the common operations supported by such types. String Methods Strings support a large number of methods for basic transformations and searching. f-strings String literals that have embedded expressions. Format String Syntax Information about string formatting with str.format() . printf-style String Formatting The old formatting operations invoked when strings are the left operand of the % operator are described in more detail here. 3.1.3. Lists ¶ Python knows a number of compound data types, used to group together other values. The most versatile is the list , which can be written as a list of comma-separated values (items) between square brackets. Lists might contain items of different types, but usually the items all have the same type. >>> squares = [ 1 , 4 , 9 , 16 , 25 ] >>> squares [1, 4, 9, 16, 25] Like strings (and all other built-in sequence types), lists can be indexed and sliced: >>> squares [ 0 ] # indexing returns the item 1 >>> squares [ - 1 ] 25 >>> squares [ - 3 :] # slicing returns a new list [9, 16, 25] Lists also support operations like concatenation: >>> squares + [ 36 , 49 , 64 , 81 , 100 ] [1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100] Unlike strings, which are immutable , lists are a mutable type, i.e. it is possible to change their content: >>> cubes = [ 1 , 8 , 27 , 65 , 125 ] # something's wrong here >>> 4 ** 3 # the cube of 4 is 64, not 65! 64 >>> cubes [ 3 ] = 64 # replace the wrong value >>> cubes [1, 8, 27, 64, 125] You can also add new items at the end of the list, by using the list.append() method (we will see more about methods later): >>> cubes . append ( 216 ) # add the cube of 6 >>> cubes . append ( 7 ** 3 ) # and the cube of 7 >>> cubes [1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343] Simple assignment in Python never copies data. When you assign a list to a variable, the variable refers to the existing list . Any changes you make to the list through one variable will be seen through all other variables that refer to it.: >>> rgb = [ "Red" , "Green" , "Blue" ] >>> rgba = rgb >>> id ( rgb ) == id ( rgba ) # they reference the same object True >>> rgba . append ( "Alph" ) >>> rgb ["Red", "Green", "Blue", "Alph"] All slice operations return a new list containing the requested elements. This means that the following slice returns a shallow copy of the list: >>> correct_rgba = rgba [:] >>> correct_rgba [ - 1 ] = "Alpha" >>> correct_rgba ["Red", "Green", "Blue", "Alpha"] >>> rgba ["Red", "Green", "Blue", "Alph"] Assignment to slices is also possible, and this can even change the size of the list or clear it entirely: >>> letters = [ 'a' , 'b' , 'c' , 'd' , 'e' , 'f' , 'g' ] >>> letters ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g'] >>> # replace some values >>> letters [ 2 : 5 ] = [ 'C' , 'D' , 'E' ] >>> letters ['a', 'b', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'f', 'g'] >>> # now remove them >>> letters [ 2 : 5 ] = [] >>> letters ['a', 'b', 'f', 'g'] >>> # clear the list by replacing all the elements with an empty list >>> letters [:] = [] >>> letters [] The built-in function len() also applies to lists: >>> letters = [ 'a' , 'b' , 'c' , 'd' ] >>> len ( letters ) 4 It is possible to nest lists (create lists containing other lists), for example: >>> a = [ 'a' , 'b' , 'c' ] >>> n = [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] >>> x = [ a , n ] >>> x [['a', 'b', 'c'], [1, 2, 3]] >>> x [ 0 ] ['a', 'b', 'c'] >>> x [ 0 ][ 1 ] 'b' 3.2. First Steps Towards Programming ¶ Of course, we can use Python for more complicated tasks than adding two and two together. For instance, we can write an initial sub-sequence of the Fibonacci series as follows: >>> # Fibonacci series: >>> # the sum of two elements defines the next >>> a , b = 0 , 1 >>> while a < 10 : ... print ( a ) ... a , b = b , a + b ... 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 This example introduces several new features. The first line contains a multiple assignment : the variables a and b simultaneously get the new values 0 and 1. On the last line this is used again, demonstrating that the expressions on the right-hand side are all evaluated first before any of the assignments take place. The right-hand side expressions are evaluated from the left to the right. The while loop executes as long as the condition (here: a < 10 ) remains true. In Python, like in C, any non-zero integer value is true; zero is false. The condition may also be a string or list value, in fact any sequence; anything with a non-zero length is true, empty sequences are false. The test used in the example is a simple comparison. The standard comparison operators are written the same as in C: < (less than), > (greater than), == (equal to), <= (less than or equal to), >= (greater than or equal to) and != (not equal to). The body of the loop is indented : indentation is Python’s way of grouping statements. At the interactive prompt, you have to type a tab or space(s) for each indented line. In practice you will prepare more complicated input for Python with a text editor; all decent text editors have an auto-indent facility. When a compound statement is entered interactively, it must be followed by a blank line to indicate completion (since the parser cannot guess when you have typed the last line). Note that each line within a basic block must be indented by the same amount. The print() function writes the value of the argument(s) it is given. It differs from just writing the expression you want to write (as we did earlier in the calculator examples) in the way it handles multiple arguments, floating-point quantities, and strings. Strings are printed without quotes, and a space is inserted between items, so you can format things nicely, like this: >>> i = 256 * 256 >>> print ( 'The value of i is' , i ) The value of i is 65536 The keyword argument end can be used to avoid the newline after the output, or end the output with a different string: >>> a , b = 0 , 1 >>> while a < 1000 : ... print ( a , end = ',' ) ... a , b = b , a + b ... 0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55,89,144,233,377,610,987, Footnotes [ 1 ] Since ** has higher precedence than - , -3**2 will be interpreted as -(3**2) and thus result in -9 . To avoid this and get 9 , you can use (-3)**2 . [ 2 ] Unlike other languages, special characters such as \n have the same meaning with both single ( '...' ) and double ( "..." ) quotes. The only difference between the two is that within single quotes you don’t need to escape " (but you have to escape \' ) and vice versa. Table of Contents 3. An Informal Introduction to Python 3.1. Using Python as a Calculator 3.1.1. Numbers 3.1.2. Text 3.1.3. Lists 3.2. First Steps Towards Programming Previous topic 2. Using the Python Interpreter Next topic 4. More Control Flow Tools This page Report a bug Show source « Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial » 3. An Informal Introduction to Python | Theme Auto Light Dark | © Copyright 2001 Python Software Foundation. This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License. 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https://docs.sui.io/guides/developer/getting-started/connect#code-explanation | Hello, World! | Sui Documentation Skip to main content Sui Documentation Guides Concepts Standards References Search Overview Getting Started Install Sui Install from Source Install from Binaries Configure a Sui Client Create a Sui Address Get SUI from Faucet Hello, World! Connect a Frontend Next Steps Sui Essentials Objects Packages Currencies and Tokens NFTs Cryptography Nautilus Advanced App Examples Dev Cheat Sheet Operator Guides SuiPlay0X1 🗳️ Book Office Hours → 💬 Join Discord → Getting Started Hello, World! On this page Hello, World! You'll build a "Hello, World!" program to learn the fundamentals of programming on Sui. You create programs on Sui by writing and deploying smart contracts to the network. The most basic unit of storage on Sui is an object . Other blockchains typically structure storage using key-value stores. Sui centers storage around objects with unique ID addresses on-chain. Every Sui smart contract is an object that manipulates other objects. Objects can be immutable or mutable: Immutable objects cannot be transferred, changed, or deleted. No one owns them and anyone can access them publicly. Mutable objects can be transferred, changed, and deleted. A Sui address can own them, or they can be shared for public access. Every object's unique ID and version number references it on-chain. Every transaction on the network takes objects as input, then reads, writes, and mutates the inputs to produce new or altered objects as output. Every object knows the hash of the transaction that produced it. When an object is modified by a transaction, the transaction's output writes the object's mutated contents to the same object ID but with a new version number. Sui has limits on the maximum transaction size (128KB) and number of objects (2,048) used in a transaction. For more information on limits, see Building Against Limits in The Move Book. What is Move? Move is the programming language Sui uses to create smart contracts. It is platform agnostic and enables common libraries, tooling, and developer communities across blockchains with vastly different data and execution models. There are three ways to use Move in the context of Sui: Move packages, Move modules, and Move objects. A Sui Move package is also referred to as a Move smart contract. It is a set of Move bytecode published to the Sui network. It is immutable and cannot be changed or removed, however you can upgrade it. Upgrading creates a new version of the package object on-chain, leaving the original intact. All prior versions of a package still exist on-chain. Once you publish it, other packages can import and use the modules it provides. Anyone can view a package's contents and use a Sui Explorer to see how its logic manipulates other objects. Every Move package on Sui includes one or more Sui Move modules that define the package's interaction with on-chain objects. A module's name is always unique within the package that contains it. A Sui Move module governs a Sui Move object , which is typed data from a Sui Move package. Each Move object value is a struct with fields that can contain primitive types, such as integers and addresses, other objects, and non-object structs. Clone "Hello, World!" Prerequisites Install the latest version of Sui . Configure the Sui client . Create a Sui address . Get SUI Testnet tokens . Download and install an IDE. The following are recommended, as they offer Move extensions: VSCode , corresponding Move extension Emacs , corresponding Move extension Vim , corresponding Move extension Zed , corresponding Move extension Alternatively, you can use the Move web IDE , which does not require a download. It does not support all functions necessary for this guide, however. Download and install Git . To demonstrate creating objects, packages, and how to build your first Sui application, start by cloning the "Hello, World!" example: $ git clone \ https://github.com/MystenLabs/sui-stack-hello-world.git $ cd sui-stack-hello-world/move/hello-world In this project, there are two important files that define the package's logic, information, and its dependencies: move/hello-world/sources/greeting.move : Defines the package's logic. In this example, it defines a basic shared greeting object and public functions to interact with it. move/hello-world/Move.toml : The package's configuration file that defines the package name, dependencies, and addresses. Click to open move/hello-world/Move.toml File not found in manifest: move/hello-world/Move.toml . You probably need to run `pnpm prebuild` and restart the site. View the smart contract code Open the greeting.move file in your IDE of choice. You can see the following Move code: File not found in manifest: move/hello-world/sources/greeting.move . You probably need to run `pnpm prebuild` and restart the site. Code explanation First, this code defines a module called greeting : module hello_world :: greeting { use std :: string ; ... } Then, it defines a public struct called Greeting that contains a unique object ID and text. A struct is a type of resource : File not found in manifest: move/hello-world/sources/greeting.move . You probably need to run `pnpm prebuild` and restart the site. Then, it defines the function new that makes an API call to the Greeting struct and initializes it with the text "Hello world!" , storing it in a new shared object: File not found in manifest: move/hello-world/sources/greeting.move . You probably need to run `pnpm prebuild` and restart the site. Lastly, the package defines a function called update_text that can be called to update the text stored in Greeting : File not found in manifest: move/hello-world/sources/greeting.move . You probably need to run `pnpm prebuild` and restart the site. Resource safety A unique aspect of programming applications on Sui is the resource safety enforced by the Move Bytecode Verifier. Move packages must satisfy the following resource safety parameters: All resources must be either moved into global storage or destroyed by the end of a transaction. Resources cannot be copied. In the "Hello, World!" example, the struct Greeting is a resource type. To satisfy the requirement that all resources must be moved or destroyed by the end of a transaction, Greeting is assigned to new_greeting , which the call to transfer::share_object(new_greeting) then moves into global storage. To mutate Greeting , the function update_text takes the input (&mut Greeting) rather than the resource itself. This function satisfies resource safety as the function does not copy the resource and mutates it via a reference. Learn more about the Move Bytecode Verifier. How does this differ from EVM applications? The Ethereum Virtual Machine adopts a gas-based resource safety strategy. Every opcode on an EVM chain has an associated gas price that makes transactions costly, preventing the network from running a single transaction indefinitely. Build the Move package Before you can publish a Move package to the network, you must first build it. Building your package is necessary because the .move source file is a human-readable piece of code, while the network can only understand bytecode. To build your "Hello, World!" package, first confirm your working directory is ~/sui-stack-hello-world/move/hello-world , then run the following command: $ sui move build The build process fetches and compiles the dependencies defined in the Move.toml file. The Move compiler checks your .move code for type errors, syntax errors, and enforces resource safety , then translates your .move code into bytecode that Sui can execute. info You must build your package before you can publish it, but also before you test it. You cannot run tests ( sui move test ) on your code until it has been built. Publish the Move package Now that your package has been built, you need to publish it. After you publish it, other packages and users can use the package's modules and functions by making calls to the package ID. First, confirm your client is configured to use Testnet as the active environment: $ sui client active-env This should return testnet . If it does not return testnet , follow the client configuration instructions before continuing. Then, check your balance of SUI tokens to confirm you have enough to publish to Testnet: $ sui client balance You should have a balance of SUI tokens: ╭────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ Balance of coins owned by this address │ ├────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ ╭────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ │ │ coin balance (raw) balance │ │ │ ├────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ │ │ Sui 56804696124 0.50 SUI │ │ │ ╰────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ ╰────────────────────────────────────────────╯ If you do not have a balance, follow the SUI faucet instructions . Now, publish the package to Testnet with the command: $ sui client publish Click to open Output Transaction Digest: 8R39iKKLGPDG3QkW2SrRW3QX71csRP2BLhK9H7oz9SwW ╭──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ Transaction Data │ ├──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ Sender: 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 │ │ Gas Owner: 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 │ │ Gas Budget: 9843200 MIST │ │ Gas Price: 1000 MIST │ │ Gas Payment: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ID: 0x816e5ec6ff457f18232498b57af8a0e1e219307a3a43fb5df5a4c2198296510c │ │ │ Version: 591332925 │ │ │ Digest: FLC4NXntT7WiHcqCkpDuBUq14DFTfi3EFeUiJcSNHdPu │ │ └── │ │ │ │ Transaction Kind: Programmable │ │ ╭─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ───────────────────────╮ │ │ │ Input Objects │ │ │ ├──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ │ │ 0 Pure Arg: Type: address, Value: "0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803" │ │ │ ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ │ ╭─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ │ │ Commands │ │ │ ├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ │ │ 0 Publish: │ │ │ │ ┌ │ │ │ │ │ Dependencies: │ │ │ │ │ 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 │ │ │ │ │ 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002 │ │ │ │ └ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 1 TransferObjects: │ │ │ │ ┌ │ │ │ │ │ Arguments: │ │ │ │ │ Result 0 │ │ │ │ │ Address: Input 0 │ │ │ │ └ │ │ │ ╰─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ │ │ │ Signatures: │ │ mUxqMIofPq+yIzPxxYM+2mSIPTFneDxhWGGxJ7tM02hnRBRy5/FosnnWKxd4OSAjmaw6FNylwVdqUoUlJSxWCQ== │ │ │ ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ ╭───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ Transaction Effects │ ├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ Digest: 8R39iKKLGPDG3QkW2SrRW3QX71csRP2BLhK9H7oz9SwW │ │ Status: Success │ │ Executed Epoch: 875 │ │ │ │ Created Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ID: 0x136e41f505888066f189fb823d710ec96ab4fd75144b3d8008b91d58de85fd12 │ │ │ Owner: Account Address ( 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 ) │ │ │ Version: 591332926 │ │ │ Digest: BGfc1tihsYPTLLozrj58HmRkDeQ1DWZfqeaR4SZDb1cX │ │ └── │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ID: 0xa7ed855d30500c485a94c0849f70b508d6b6adf6b0767ab93cc0756c075ecbb1 │ │ │ Owner: Immutable │ │ │ Version: 1 │ │ │ Digest: EtGAG9RHHCsguX4iuX1cbRDvW4QAkJXgDCMJjiufHtxB │ │ └── │ │ Mutated Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ID: 0x816e5ec6ff457f18232498b57af8a0e1e219307a3a43fb5df5a4c2198296510c │ │ │ Owner: Account Address ( 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 ) │ │ │ Version: 591332926 │ │ │ Digest: CiU5KNZALUmuckc2YUFmJq5YXgbB8oG3rs4cnh2rdDXd │ │ └── │ │ Gas Object: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ID: 0x816e5ec6ff457f18232498b57af8a0e1e219307a3a43fb5df5a4c2198296510c │ │ │ Owner: Account Address ( 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 ) │ │ │ Version: 591332926 │ │ │ Digest: CiU5KNZALUmuckc2YUFmJq5YXgbB8oG3rs4cnh2rdDXd │ │ └── │ │ Gas Cost Summary: │ │ Storage Cost: 7843200 MIST │ │ Computation Cost: 1000000 MIST │ │ Storage Rebate: 978120 MIST │ │ Non-refundable Storage Fee: 9880 MIST │ │ │ │ Transaction Dependencies: │ │ 2dkJtqsoQcyCZJvjZnskNVPQeynwVtwCcA9goAru6tTi │ │ 7PStztXyh92keJmrDD1aghHaKVdgCoVkVx4ZmLUfmQeK │ │ Dd9pn1zFcSJjinxQewFd2gQdR4XKsHxFioD5MYnwLZQz │ ╰───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ ╭─────────────────────── ──────╮ │ No transaction block events │ ╰─────────────────────────────╯ ╭──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ Object Changes │ ├──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ Created Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ObjectID: 0x136e41f505888066f189fb823d710ec96ab4fd75144b3d8008b91d58de85fd12 │ │ │ Sender: 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 │ │ │ Owner: Account Address ( 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 ) │ │ │ ObjectType: 0x2::package::UpgradeCap │ │ │ Version: 591332926 │ │ │ Digest: BGfc1tihsYPTLLozrj58HmRkDeQ1DWZfqeaR4SZDb1cX │ │ └── │ │ Mutated Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ObjectID: 0x816e5ec6ff457f18232498b57af8a0e1e219307a3a43fb5df5a4c2198296510c │ │ │ Sender: 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 │ │ │ Owner: Account Address ( 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 ) │ │ │ ObjectType: 0x2::coin::Coin<0x2::sui::SUI> │ │ │ Version: 591332926 │ │ │ Digest: CiU5KNZALUmuckc2YUFmJq5YXgbB8oG3rs4cnh2rdDXd │ │ └── │ │ Published Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ PackageID: 0xa7ed855d30500c485a94c0849f70b508d6b6adf6b0767ab93cc0756c075ecbb1 │ │ │ Version: 1 │ │ │ Digest: EtGAG9RHHCsguX4iuX1cbRDvW4QAkJXgDCMJjiufHtxB │ │ │ Modules: greeting │ │ └── │ ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ ╭───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ Balance Changes │ ├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ ┌── │ │ │ Owner: Account Address ( 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 ) │ │ │ CoinType: 0x2::sui::SUI │ │ │ Amount: -7865080 │ │ └── │ ╰───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ When you publish a Move package to the network, the network uploads and stores the bytecode as a Move package with a unique package ID and version number. The network consumes SUI tokens as gas and processes the transaction on-chain. After successfully executing, the output provides details about the transaction used to publish the package, including the gas cost, transaction digest, dependencies, owner, and sender. For this guide, the most important section is Published Objects , which includes the package's ID, version, and its modules: │ Published Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ PackageID: 0xa7ed855d30500c485a94c0849f70b508d6b6adf6b0767ab93cc0756c075ecbb1 │ │ │ Version: 1 │ │ │ Digest: EtGAG9RHHCsguX4iuX1cbRDvW4QAkJXgDCMJjiufHtxB │ │ │ Modules: greeting │ │ └── Both the package ID and module are required to interact with the package from the command line. Take note of both values for future use in the Connecting a Frontend guide. Interact with the Move package Interact with the newly published package by first making a call to the new function that creates a new Greeting object and initialize it with the text "Hello world!" : $ sui client call --package <PACKAGE_ID> --module greeting --function new Replace <PACKAGE_ID> with the package ID the output of the sui client publish command returned. You must include the --package , --module , and --function flags. The output of this call includes a newly created object: ╭───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ Transaction Effects │ ├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ Digest: 6xB9Foy5vyhXG99xppaCxrNvpPTV3UZsH39zqUKNoGsD │ │ Status: Success │ │ Executed Epoch: 875 │ │ │ │ Created Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ID: 0x2834aa3d2ed1b5060f4e5d400092544fa9c95430fd894b139b7dfb0312501594 │ │ │ Owner: Shared( 591332927 ) │ │ │ Version: 591332927 │ │ │ Digest: 8xJRijHHp3gNXLExTG98KX5jYAQDVKqsBD8ATFMJXCbA │ │ └── ... To verify that the object contains the text "Hello world!" , make a call to query the object's information: $ sui client object <OBJECT_ID> Replace <OBJECT_ID> with the value under Created Objects, ID: . You should see the object's details, including a value of text: Hello world! : ╭───────────────┬──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ objectId │ 0x2834aa3d2ed1b5060f4e5d400092544fa9c95430fd894b139b7dfb0312501594 │ │ version │ 591332927 │ │ digest │ 8xJRijHHp3gNXLExTG98KX5jYAQDVKqsBD8ATFMJXCbA │ │ objType │ 0xa7ed855d30500c485a94c0849f70b508d6b6adf6b0767ab93cc0756c075ecbb1::greeting::Greeting │ │ owner │ ╭────────┬──────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ │ │ │ Shared │ ╭────────────────────────┬─────────────╮ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ initial_shared_version │ 591332927 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ╰────────────────────────┴─────────────╯ │ │ │ │ ╰────────┴──────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ │ prevTx │ 6xB9Foy5vyhXG99xppaCxrNvpPTV3UZsH39zqUKNoGsD │ │ storageRebate │ 1413600 │ │ content │ ╭───────────────────┬──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ │ │ │ dataType │ moveObject │ │ │ │ │ type │ 0xa7ed855d30500c485a94c0849f70b508d6b6adf6b0767ab93cc0756c075ecbb1::greeting::Greeting │ │ │ │ │ hasPublicTransfer │ false │ │ │ │ │ fields │ ╭──────┬───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ id │ ╭────┬──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ id │ 0x2834aa3d2ed1b5060f4e5d400092544fa9c95430fd894b139b7dfb0312501594 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ╰────┴──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ text │ Hello world! │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ╰──────┴───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ │ │ │ ╰───────────────────┴──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ ╰───────────────┴──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ Important transaction considerations You cannot send 2 or more transactions simultaneously, otherwise you encounter an error such as: Failed to sign transaction by a quorum of validators because one or more of its objects is reserved for another transaction. If you receive this error, you must wait until the current epoch is over before submitting your transaction again. You can see how long is left in the current epoch using Sui Explorer or another network explorer like SuiScan . To prevent the same object from being modified by multiple transactions at once, your address 'locks' the object to prevent conflicting modifications. If you'd like to batch multiple transaction commands together, you can use programmable transaction blocks . Transactions also have limitations regarding total size, number of objects, and number of inputs. Learn more about limitations in Building Against Limits in The Move Book. Next steps Create a Full Stack dApp Connect a frontend interface to your "Hello, World!" smart contract. Access Sui Data Learn more about accessing data on Sui. Join the Community Join the Sui developer community, try out other example projects, or read more documentation. Edit this page What is Move? Clone "Hello, World!" View the smart contract code Code explanation Resource safety Build the Move package Publish the Move package Interact with the Move package Important transaction considerations © 2026 Sui Foundation | Documentation distributed under CC BY 4.0 | 2026-01-13T08:48:38 |
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yp8OTXf4BAc | "ng-wat" | Shai Reznik | Minified - YouTube 정보 보도자료 저작권 문의하기 크리에이터 광고 개발자 약관 개인정보처리방침 정책 및 안전 YouTube 작동의 원리 새로운 기능 테스트하기 © 2026 Google LLC, Sundar Pichai, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View CA 94043, USA, 0807-882-594 (무료), yt-support-solutions-kr@google.com, 호스팅: Google LLC, 사업자정보 , 불법촬영물 신고 크리에이터들이 유튜브 상에 게시, 태그 또는 추천한 상품들은 판매자들의 약관에 따라 판매됩니다. 유튜브는 이러한 제품들을 판매하지 않으며, 그에 대한 책임을 지지 않습니다. var ytInitialData = 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https://docs.suprsend.com/reference/upsert-schema | Create/Update Schema - SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams Skip to main content SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Community Trust Center Platform Status Postman Collection API Reference Overview Authentication Errors WORKFLOWS POST Create/Update Workflow PATCH Commit Workflow GET Get Workflow GET List Workflows PATCH Enable/Disable Workflow DEL Delete Workflow SCHEMAS POST Create/Update Schema PATCH Commit Schema GET List Schemas GET Get Schema EVENTS POST Create Event PATCH Update Event GET List Events GET Get Event Details GET Get Linked Workflows PATCH Delink Schema from Event CATEGORIES GET Get Category POST Create/Update Category PATCH Commit Category GET List Translation GET Get Translation POST Add Translation DEL Delete Translation TRANSLATIONS POST Add Translation PATCH Commit Translation GET Get Translation GET List Translations GET Get Translation History POST Rollback Translation DEL Delete Translation Contact Us Get Started SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Ask AI Contact Us Get Started Get Started Search... Navigation SCHEMAS Create/Update Schema Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog SCHEMAS Create/Update Schema OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Upset draft version of a JSON schema. Creates a new schema if it doesn’t exist. OpenAI Open in ChatGPT POST / v1 / {workspace} / schema / {schema_slug} Try it Upsert Schema cURL Copy Ask AI curl -X POST "https://management-api.suprsend.com/v1/{workspace}/schema/{schema_slug}/?commit=true&commit_message=Initial%20schema%20creation" \ --header 'Authorization: ServiceToken <token>' \ --header 'Content-Type: application/json' \ --data '{ "name": "Order Placed Event", "description": "Schema for order placement action", "json_schema": { "type": "object", "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema", "required": ["order_id", "amount"], "properties": { "order_id": { "type": "string" }, "amount": { "type": "string" } }, "additionalProperties": true } }' 200 400 401 404 Copy Ask AI { "slug" : "new-order-placed" , "name" : "Order Placed Event" , "description" : "Schema for order placement action" , "status" : "draft" , "hash" : "382b707d4b1f8999a1xxxxxxxx" , "json_schema" : { "type" : "object" , "$schema" : "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema" , "required" : [ "order_id" , "amount" ], "properties" : { "order_id" : { "type" : "string" }, "amount" : { "type" : "string" } }, "additionalProperties" : true }, "created_at" : "2025-08-27T09:30:57.945326Z" , "updated_at" : "2025-08-29T15:37:37.650177Z" , "commit_result" : { "is_committed" : false , "errors" : [ "hash: no uncommitted changes found" ] } } Authorizations ServiceToken <token> string header required You can get Service Token from SuprSend dashboard -> Account Settings -> Service Tokens section. Path Parameters workspace string required Workspace slug (staging, production, etc.) schema_slug string required Unique identifier of the schema Query Parameters commit boolean default: false Set to true to commit the schema immediately after creation/update commit_message string Commit message describing the changes (required when commit=true) Body application/json name string required Human-readable name of the schema Example : "Order Placed Event" json_schema object required Structure of the workflow or event payload. Follows standard json schema specification . You can link this schema to a workflow or event to validate their input payload in API response. Same schema can be linked to multiple workflows and events. Example : { "type" : "object" , "$schema" : "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema" , "required" : [ "order_id" , "amount" ], "properties" : { "order_id" : { "type" : "string" }, "amount" : { "type" : "string" } }, "additionalProperties" : true } description string | null Description of the schema. Can be used to describe which action this schema is linked to. Example : "Schema for order placement action" Response 200 application/json Successfully retrieved schema object slug string Unique identifier for the schema Example : "new-order-placed" name string Human-readable name of the schema Example : "Order Placed Event" description string | null Description of the schema Example : "Schema for order placement action" status enum<string> Status of returned schema. By default, draft version is returned. You can set mode=live to fetch the live schema. Available options : draft , live Example : "draft" hash string Git-like hash for version tracking Example : "382b707d4b1f8999a1xxxxxxxx" json_schema object JSON schema passed in the request body. created_at string<date-time> When the schema was created Example : "2025-08-27T09:30:57.945326Z" updated_at string<date-time> When the schema was last updated Example : "2025-08-29T15:37:37.650177Z" commit_result object Commit result when commit=true is passed in query parameter Show child attributes Example : { "is_committed" : false , "errors" : [ "hash: no uncommitted changes found" ] } Was this page helpful? Yes No Suggest edits Raise issue Previous Commit Schema Commit a draft schema to make it live. Changes will start to take effect as soon as it's live. Next ⌘ I x github linkedin youtube Powered by Upsert Schema cURL Copy Ask AI curl -X POST "https://management-api.suprsend.com/v1/{workspace}/schema/{schema_slug}/?commit=true&commit_message=Initial%20schema%20creation" \ --header 'Authorization: ServiceToken <token>' \ --header 'Content-Type: application/json' \ --data '{ "name": "Order Placed Event", "description": "Schema for order placement action", "json_schema": { "type": "object", "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema", "required": ["order_id", "amount"], "properties": { "order_id": { "type": "string" }, "amount": { "type": "string" } }, "additionalProperties": true } }' 200 400 401 404 Copy Ask AI { "slug" : "new-order-placed" , "name" : "Order Placed Event" , "description" : "Schema for order placement action" , "status" : "draft" , "hash" : "382b707d4b1f8999a1xxxxxxxx" , "json_schema" : { "type" : "object" , "$schema" : "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema" , "required" : [ "order_id" , "amount" ], "properties" : { "order_id" : { "type" : "string" }, "amount" : { "type" : "string" } }, "additionalProperties" : true }, "created_at" : "2025-08-27T09:30:57.945326Z" , "updated_at" : "2025-08-29T15:37:37.650177Z" , "commit_result" : { "is_committed" : false , "errors" : [ "hash: no uncommitted changes found" ] } } | 2026-01-13T08:48:38 |
https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/introduction.html#numbers | 3. An Informal Introduction to Python — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents 3. An Informal Introduction to Python 3.1. Using Python as a Calculator 3.1.1. Numbers 3.1.2. Text 3.1.3. Lists 3.2. First Steps Towards Programming Previous topic 2. Using the Python Interpreter Next topic 4. More Control Flow Tools This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial » 3. An Informal Introduction to Python | Theme Auto Light Dark | 3. An Informal Introduction to Python ¶ In the following examples, input and output are distinguished by the presence or absence of prompts ( >>> and … ): to repeat the example, you must type everything after the prompt, when the prompt appears; lines that do not begin with a prompt are output from the interpreter. Note that a secondary prompt on a line by itself in an example means you must type a blank line; this is used to end a multi-line command. You can use the “Copy” button (it appears in the upper-right corner when hovering over or tapping a code example), which strips prompts and omits output, to copy and paste the input lines into your interpreter. Many of the examples in this manual, even those entered at the interactive prompt, include comments. Comments in Python start with the hash character, # , and extend to the end of the physical line. A comment may appear at the start of a line or following whitespace or code, but not within a string literal. A hash character within a string literal is just a hash character. Since comments are to clarify code and are not interpreted by Python, they may be omitted when typing in examples. Some examples: # this is the first comment spam = 1 # and this is the second comment # ... and now a third! text = "# This is not a comment because it's inside quotes." 3.1. Using Python as a Calculator ¶ Let’s try some simple Python commands. Start the interpreter and wait for the primary prompt, >>> . (It shouldn’t take long.) 3.1.1. Numbers ¶ The interpreter acts as a simple calculator: you can type an expression into it and it will write the value. Expression syntax is straightforward: the operators + , - , * and / can be used to perform arithmetic; parentheses ( () ) can be used for grouping. For example: >>> 2 + 2 4 >>> 50 - 5 * 6 20 >>> ( 50 - 5 * 6 ) / 4 5.0 >>> 8 / 5 # division always returns a floating-point number 1.6 The integer numbers (e.g. 2 , 4 , 20 ) have type int , the ones with a fractional part (e.g. 5.0 , 1.6 ) have type float . We will see more about numeric types later in the tutorial. Division ( / ) always returns a float. To do floor division and get an integer result you can use the // operator; to calculate the remainder you can use % : >>> 17 / 3 # classic division returns a float 5.666666666666667 >>> >>> 17 // 3 # floor division discards the fractional part 5 >>> 17 % 3 # the % operator returns the remainder of the division 2 >>> 5 * 3 + 2 # floored quotient * divisor + remainder 17 With Python, it is possible to use the ** operator to calculate powers [ 1 ] : >>> 5 ** 2 # 5 squared 25 >>> 2 ** 7 # 2 to the power of 7 128 The equal sign ( = ) is used to assign a value to a variable. Afterwards, no result is displayed before the next interactive prompt: >>> width = 20 >>> height = 5 * 9 >>> width * height 900 If a variable is not “defined” (assigned a value), trying to use it will give you an error: >>> n # try to access an undefined variable Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> NameError : name 'n' is not defined There is full support for floating point; operators with mixed type operands convert the integer operand to floating point: >>> 4 * 3.75 - 1 14.0 In interactive mode, the last printed expression is assigned to the variable _ . This means that when you are using Python as a desk calculator, it is somewhat easier to continue calculations, for example: >>> tax = 12.5 / 100 >>> price = 100.50 >>> price * tax 12.5625 >>> price + _ 113.0625 >>> round ( _ , 2 ) 113.06 This variable should be treated as read-only by the user. Don’t explicitly assign a value to it — you would create an independent local variable with the same name masking the built-in variable with its magic behavior. In addition to int and float , Python supports other types of numbers, such as Decimal and Fraction . Python also has built-in support for complex numbers , and uses the j or J suffix to indicate the imaginary part (e.g. 3+5j ). 3.1.2. Text ¶ Python can manipulate text (represented by type str , so-called “strings”) as well as numbers. This includes characters “ ! ”, words “ rabbit ”, names “ Paris ”, sentences “ Got your back. ”, etc. “ Yay! :) ”. They can be enclosed in single quotes ( '...' ) or double quotes ( "..." ) with the same result [ 2 ] . >>> 'spam eggs' # single quotes 'spam eggs' >>> "Paris rabbit got your back :)! Yay!" # double quotes 'Paris rabbit got your back :)! Yay!' >>> '1975' # digits and numerals enclosed in quotes are also strings '1975' To quote a quote, we need to “escape” it, by preceding it with \ . Alternatively, we can use the other type of quotation marks: >>> 'doesn \' t' # use \' to escape the single quote... "doesn't" >>> "doesn't" # ...or use double quotes instead "doesn't" >>> '"Yes," they said.' '"Yes," they said.' >>> " \" Yes, \" they said." '"Yes," they said.' >>> '"Isn \' t," they said.' '"Isn\'t," they said.' In the Python shell, the string definition and output string can look different. The print() function produces a more readable output, by omitting the enclosing quotes and by printing escaped and special characters: >>> s = 'First line. \n Second line.' # \n means newline >>> s # without print(), special characters are included in the string 'First line.\nSecond line.' >>> print ( s ) # with print(), special characters are interpreted, so \n produces new line First line. Second line. If you don’t want characters prefaced by \ to be interpreted as special characters, you can use raw strings by adding an r before the first quote: >>> print ( 'C:\some \n ame' ) # here \n means newline! C:\some ame >>> print ( r 'C:\some\name' ) # note the r before the quote C:\some\name There is one subtle aspect to raw strings: a raw string may not end in an odd number of \ characters; see the FAQ entry for more information and workarounds. String literals can span multiple lines. One way is using triple-quotes: """...""" or '''...''' . End-of-line characters are automatically included in the string, but it’s possible to prevent this by adding a \ at the end of the line. In the following example, the initial newline is not included: >>> print ( """ \ ... Usage: thingy [OPTIONS] ... -h Display this usage message ... -H hostname Hostname to connect to ... """ ) Usage: thingy [OPTIONS] -h Display this usage message -H hostname Hostname to connect to >>> Strings can be concatenated (glued together) with the + operator, and repeated with * : >>> # 3 times 'un', followed by 'ium' >>> 3 * 'un' + 'ium' 'unununium' Two or more string literals (i.e. the ones enclosed between quotes) next to each other are automatically concatenated. >>> 'Py' 'thon' 'Python' This feature is particularly useful when you want to break long strings: >>> text = ( 'Put several strings within parentheses ' ... 'to have them joined together.' ) >>> text 'Put several strings within parentheses to have them joined together.' This only works with two literals though, not with variables or expressions: >>> prefix = 'Py' >>> prefix 'thon' # can't concatenate a variable and a string literal File "<stdin>" , line 1 prefix 'thon' ^^^^^^ SyntaxError : invalid syntax >>> ( 'un' * 3 ) 'ium' File "<stdin>" , line 1 ( 'un' * 3 ) 'ium' ^^^^^ SyntaxError : invalid syntax If you want to concatenate variables or a variable and a literal, use + : >>> prefix + 'thon' 'Python' Strings can be indexed (subscripted), with the first character having index 0. There is no separate character type; a character is simply a string of size one: >>> word = 'Python' >>> word [ 0 ] # character in position 0 'P' >>> word [ 5 ] # character in position 5 'n' Indices may also be negative numbers, to start counting from the right: >>> word [ - 1 ] # last character 'n' >>> word [ - 2 ] # second-last character 'o' >>> word [ - 6 ] 'P' Note that since -0 is the same as 0, negative indices start from -1. In addition to indexing, slicing is also supported. While indexing is used to obtain individual characters, slicing allows you to obtain a substring: >>> word [ 0 : 2 ] # characters from position 0 (included) to 2 (excluded) 'Py' >>> word [ 2 : 5 ] # characters from position 2 (included) to 5 (excluded) 'tho' Slice indices have useful defaults; an omitted first index defaults to zero, an omitted second index defaults to the size of the string being sliced. >>> word [: 2 ] # character from the beginning to position 2 (excluded) 'Py' >>> word [ 4 :] # characters from position 4 (included) to the end 'on' >>> word [ - 2 :] # characters from the second-last (included) to the end 'on' Note how the start is always included, and the end always excluded. This makes sure that s[:i] + s[i:] is always equal to s : >>> word [: 2 ] + word [ 2 :] 'Python' >>> word [: 4 ] + word [ 4 :] 'Python' One way to remember how slices work is to think of the indices as pointing between characters, with the left edge of the first character numbered 0. Then the right edge of the last character of a string of n characters has index n , for example: +---+---+---+---+---+---+ | P | y | t | h | o | n | +---+---+---+---+---+---+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 - 6 - 5 - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 The first row of numbers gives the position of the indices 0…6 in the string; the second row gives the corresponding negative indices. The slice from i to j consists of all characters between the edges labeled i and j , respectively. For non-negative indices, the length of a slice is the difference of the indices, if both are within bounds. For example, the length of word[1:3] is 2. Attempting to use an index that is too large will result in an error: >>> word [ 42 ] # the word only has 6 characters Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> IndexError : string index out of range However, out of range slice indexes are handled gracefully when used for slicing: >>> word [ 4 : 42 ] 'on' >>> word [ 42 :] '' Python strings cannot be changed — they are immutable . Therefore, assigning to an indexed position in the string results in an error: >>> word [ 0 ] = 'J' Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : 'str' object does not support item assignment >>> word [ 2 :] = 'py' Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : 'str' object does not support item assignment If you need a different string, you should create a new one: >>> 'J' + word [ 1 :] 'Jython' >>> word [: 2 ] + 'py' 'Pypy' The built-in function len() returns the length of a string: >>> s = 'supercalifragilisticexpialidocious' >>> len ( s ) 34 See also Text Sequence Type — str Strings are examples of sequence types , and support the common operations supported by such types. String Methods Strings support a large number of methods for basic transformations and searching. f-strings String literals that have embedded expressions. Format String Syntax Information about string formatting with str.format() . printf-style String Formatting The old formatting operations invoked when strings are the left operand of the % operator are described in more detail here. 3.1.3. Lists ¶ Python knows a number of compound data types, used to group together other values. The most versatile is the list , which can be written as a list of comma-separated values (items) between square brackets. Lists might contain items of different types, but usually the items all have the same type. >>> squares = [ 1 , 4 , 9 , 16 , 25 ] >>> squares [1, 4, 9, 16, 25] Like strings (and all other built-in sequence types), lists can be indexed and sliced: >>> squares [ 0 ] # indexing returns the item 1 >>> squares [ - 1 ] 25 >>> squares [ - 3 :] # slicing returns a new list [9, 16, 25] Lists also support operations like concatenation: >>> squares + [ 36 , 49 , 64 , 81 , 100 ] [1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100] Unlike strings, which are immutable , lists are a mutable type, i.e. it is possible to change their content: >>> cubes = [ 1 , 8 , 27 , 65 , 125 ] # something's wrong here >>> 4 ** 3 # the cube of 4 is 64, not 65! 64 >>> cubes [ 3 ] = 64 # replace the wrong value >>> cubes [1, 8, 27, 64, 125] You can also add new items at the end of the list, by using the list.append() method (we will see more about methods later): >>> cubes . append ( 216 ) # add the cube of 6 >>> cubes . append ( 7 ** 3 ) # and the cube of 7 >>> cubes [1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343] Simple assignment in Python never copies data. When you assign a list to a variable, the variable refers to the existing list . Any changes you make to the list through one variable will be seen through all other variables that refer to it.: >>> rgb = [ "Red" , "Green" , "Blue" ] >>> rgba = rgb >>> id ( rgb ) == id ( rgba ) # they reference the same object True >>> rgba . append ( "Alph" ) >>> rgb ["Red", "Green", "Blue", "Alph"] All slice operations return a new list containing the requested elements. This means that the following slice returns a shallow copy of the list: >>> correct_rgba = rgba [:] >>> correct_rgba [ - 1 ] = "Alpha" >>> correct_rgba ["Red", "Green", "Blue", "Alpha"] >>> rgba ["Red", "Green", "Blue", "Alph"] Assignment to slices is also possible, and this can even change the size of the list or clear it entirely: >>> letters = [ 'a' , 'b' , 'c' , 'd' , 'e' , 'f' , 'g' ] >>> letters ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g'] >>> # replace some values >>> letters [ 2 : 5 ] = [ 'C' , 'D' , 'E' ] >>> letters ['a', 'b', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'f', 'g'] >>> # now remove them >>> letters [ 2 : 5 ] = [] >>> letters ['a', 'b', 'f', 'g'] >>> # clear the list by replacing all the elements with an empty list >>> letters [:] = [] >>> letters [] The built-in function len() also applies to lists: >>> letters = [ 'a' , 'b' , 'c' , 'd' ] >>> len ( letters ) 4 It is possible to nest lists (create lists containing other lists), for example: >>> a = [ 'a' , 'b' , 'c' ] >>> n = [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] >>> x = [ a , n ] >>> x [['a', 'b', 'c'], [1, 2, 3]] >>> x [ 0 ] ['a', 'b', 'c'] >>> x [ 0 ][ 1 ] 'b' 3.2. First Steps Towards Programming ¶ Of course, we can use Python for more complicated tasks than adding two and two together. For instance, we can write an initial sub-sequence of the Fibonacci series as follows: >>> # Fibonacci series: >>> # the sum of two elements defines the next >>> a , b = 0 , 1 >>> while a < 10 : ... print ( a ) ... a , b = b , a + b ... 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 This example introduces several new features. The first line contains a multiple assignment : the variables a and b simultaneously get the new values 0 and 1. On the last line this is used again, demonstrating that the expressions on the right-hand side are all evaluated first before any of the assignments take place. The right-hand side expressions are evaluated from the left to the right. The while loop executes as long as the condition (here: a < 10 ) remains true. In Python, like in C, any non-zero integer value is true; zero is false. The condition may also be a string or list value, in fact any sequence; anything with a non-zero length is true, empty sequences are false. The test used in the example is a simple comparison. The standard comparison operators are written the same as in C: < (less than), > (greater than), == (equal to), <= (less than or equal to), >= (greater than or equal to) and != (not equal to). The body of the loop is indented : indentation is Python’s way of grouping statements. At the interactive prompt, you have to type a tab or space(s) for each indented line. In practice you will prepare more complicated input for Python with a text editor; all decent text editors have an auto-indent facility. When a compound statement is entered interactively, it must be followed by a blank line to indicate completion (since the parser cannot guess when you have typed the last line). Note that each line within a basic block must be indented by the same amount. The print() function writes the value of the argument(s) it is given. It differs from just writing the expression you want to write (as we did earlier in the calculator examples) in the way it handles multiple arguments, floating-point quantities, and strings. Strings are printed without quotes, and a space is inserted between items, so you can format things nicely, like this: >>> i = 256 * 256 >>> print ( 'The value of i is' , i ) The value of i is 65536 The keyword argument end can be used to avoid the newline after the output, or end the output with a different string: >>> a , b = 0 , 1 >>> while a < 1000 : ... print ( a , end = ',' ) ... a , b = b , a + b ... 0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55,89,144,233,377,610,987, Footnotes [ 1 ] Since ** has higher precedence than - , -3**2 will be interpreted as -(3**2) and thus result in -9 . To avoid this and get 9 , you can use (-3)**2 . [ 2 ] Unlike other languages, special characters such as \n have the same meaning with both single ( '...' ) and double ( "..." ) quotes. The only difference between the two is that within single quotes you don’t need to escape " (but you have to escape \' ) and vice versa. Table of Contents 3. An Informal Introduction to Python 3.1. Using Python as a Calculator 3.1.1. Numbers 3.1.2. Text 3.1.3. Lists 3.2. First Steps Towards Programming Previous topic 2. Using the Python Interpreter Next topic 4. More Control Flow Tools This page Report a bug Show source « Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial » 3. An Informal Introduction to Python | Theme Auto Light Dark | © Copyright 2001 Python Software Foundation. This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License. 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https://legal.x.com/it/purchaser-terms.html | Termini di Servizio per gli acquirenti su X Termini di Servizio per gli acquirenti su X Scarica i Termini di Servizio per gli acquirenti su X Termini per Servizi a pagamento Termini aggiuntivi per X Premium Termini aggiuntivi per Abbonamenti Scarica i Termini di Servizio per gli acquirenti su X Termini di Servizio per gli acquirenti su X goglobalwithtwitterbanner Termini per Servizi a pagamento Termini aggiuntivi per X Premium Termini aggiuntivi per Abbonamenti ai Creator Termini aggiuntivi per Premium Business e Premium Organization Termini per Servizi a pagamento Termini aggiuntivi per X Premium Termini aggiuntivi per Abbonamenti ai Creator Termini aggiuntivi per Premium Business e Premium Organization Termini di Servizio per gli acquirenti su X In vigore da: 1 agosto 2025 Se non risiedi nell'Unione europea, negli Stati EFTA o nel Regno Unito e se risiedi negli Stati Uniti, i Termini di Servizio per gli acquirenti su X che seguono si applicano alla tua situazione. Se risiedi nell'Unione europea, negli Stati EFTA o nel Regno Unito, i presenti Termini di Servizio per gli acquirenti su X si applicano alla tua situazione. Termini di Servizio per gli acquirenti su X Se vivi al di fuori dell'Unione europea, degli stati EFTA o del Regno Unito, compreso se vivi negli Stati Uniti X ti consente di accedere a determinate funzionalità in cambio del pagamento di una quota una tantum o ricorrente, a seconda dei casi, in base alle funzionalità in questione (ciascuno un " Servizio a pagamento " e collettivamente i " Servizi a pagamento "). Ad esempio, X Premium (come definito di seguito) e Abbonamenti sarebbero entrambi considerati un "Servizio a pagamento". Nella misura in cui sottoscrivi e/o utilizzi un Servizio a pagamento, il tuo utilizzo dei Servizi a pagamento e qualsiasi transazione corrispondente sono soggetti a: (i) i termini e le condizioni stabiliti nel presente documento, inclusi i termini e le condizioni applicabili per ciascun Servizio a pagamento che acquisti, secondo quanto indicato sotto (collettivamente, i " Termini di servizio per gli acquirenti su X ") e (ii) i Termini di servizio di X applicabili, l' Informativa sulla Privacy di X , le Regole e norme di X e tutte le norme ivi incorporate (collettivamente, il " Consenso dell'utente di X "). I presenti Termini di Servizio per gli acquirenti su X e il suddetto Consenso dell'utente di X saranno collettivamente indicati in questo documento come i " Termini ". " X " si riferisce all'entità X che ti fornisce i Servizi a pagamento. Leggi con attenzione i presenti Termini di Servizio per gli acquirenti su X e assicurati di aver compreso i termini, le condizioni e le eccezioni applicabili. SE RISIEDI NEGLI STATI UNITI, I PRESENTI TERMINI CONTENGONO INFORMAZIONI IMPORTANTI CHE SI APPLICANO ALLA TUA SITUAZIONE IN MATERIA DI RISOLUZIONE DELLE CONTROVERSIE, TRA CUI UNA RINUNCIA AL TUO DIRITTO DI INTRAPRENDERE UN'AZIONE COLLETTIVA E UNA LIMITAZIONE DEL TUO DIRITTO DI AGIRE CONTRO X PIÙ DI 2 ANNI DOPO CHE SI SONO VERIFICATI GLI EVENTI RILEVANTI, CON EFFETTI DIRETTI SUI TUOI DIRITTI E OBBLIGHI IN CASO INSORGANO CONTROVERSIE CON X. CONSULTA LA SEZIONE 6 SOTTO TERMINI GENERALI PER I DETTAGLI SU QUESTE DISPOSIZIONI. Accettazione . Utilizzando un Servizio a pagamento di X o accedendovi, inviando il relativo pagamento e/o cliccando su un pulsante per effettuare un acquisto una tantum o pagamenti di abbonamento periodici per il Servizio a pagamento fornito da X, accetti i Termini e ti impegni a rispettarli. Se non comprendi i Termini o non accetti una qualsiasi parte di essi, non potrai utilizzare o accedere a qualsiasi Servizio a pagamento. Per acquistare e utilizzare un Servizio a pagamento è necessario: (i) avere almeno 18 anni o la maggiore età come stabilito dalle leggi della giurisdizione in cui si vive o (ii) avere il consenso esplicito del genitore o del tutore per acquistare e utilizzare tale Servizio a pagamento. Se sei un genitore o un tutore legale e consenti a tuo figlio (o a un bambino di cui sei tutore) di acquistare o utilizzare un Servizio a pagamento, accetti che i Termini si applichino a te, ti impegni a rispettare i Termini e accetti di essere responsabile dell'attività del bambino nell'ambito dei Servizi a pagamento garantendo che anche il bambino rispetti i suddetti Termini. In ogni caso, come indicato nella sezione Chi può utilizzare i Servizi dei Termini di Servizio di X, devi avere almeno 13 anni per utilizzare il Servizio X. Se accetti i presenti Termini di Servizio per gli acquirenti su X e utilizzi i Servizi a pagamento per conto di una società, organizzazione, istituzione o altra entità giuridica, dichiari e garantisci di avere l'autorizzazione a farlo e di avere l'autorità per vincolare tale entità giuridica ai presenti Termini di Servizio per gli acquirenti su X, nel qual caso i vocaboli "tu", "te", "ti" e "tuo" (qualsiasi genere e numero) utilizzati nei suddetti Termini di Servizio per gli acquirenti su X si intendono riferiti a tale entità giuridica. X Ente contraente . Accetti questi Termini di Servizio per gli acquirenti su X con l'entità che corrisponde a dove vivi, come elencato di seguito. Questa entità ti fornirà i Servizi a pagamento. Nessun'altra entità è vincolata ad alcun obbligo nei tuoi confronti ai sensi dei presenti Termini di Servizio per gli acquirenti. La tua posizione I territori del Nord America (comprese le Hawaii) o del Sud America Entità contraente X Corp., con ufficio situato in 865 FM 1209, Building 2, Bastrop, TX 78602, USA La tua posizione Qualsiasi Paese non coperto dalle due località di cui sopra, inclusa la regione Asia-Pacifico, Medio Oriente, Africa o Europa (esclusi gli Stati dell'UE, gli Stati EFTA e il Regno Unito) Entità contraente X Global LLC, con sede legale in 701 S. Carson St., Suite 200, Carson City, NV 89701, Stati Uniti. Modifica di termini, servizi a pagamento e prezzi 1. Modifiche ai Termini. Periodicamente, X potrebbe modificare i presenti Termini di Servizio per gli acquirenti su X, anche per motivi commerciali, finanziari o legali. Le modifiche non avranno carattere retroattivo e l'utilizzo dei servizi a pagamento e di eventuali relative transazioni sarà disciplinato dalla versione più recente dei Termini di servizio per gli acquirenti su X, disponibile all'indirizzo legal.x.com/purchaser-terms . Qualora modifichiamo o rivediamo i presenti Termini dopo che li hai accettati, ad esempio dopo che hai acquistato un abbonamento, te lo notificheremo prima di effettuare le effettive revisioni agli stessi. Tali notifiche possono essere trasmesse mediante un mezzo elettronico, inclusi, a titolo esemplificativo ma non esaustivo, un servizio di notifica o un'email inviata all'indirizzo email associato al tuo account. Continuando ad accedere o a utilizzare i Servizi a pagamento dopo l'applicazione di tali modifiche, accetti di essere soggetto ai Termini di Servizio aggiornati per gli acquirenti su X. Se non accetti di aderire ai presenti o a eventuali futuri Termini di servizio per gli acquirenti su X, ti preghiamo di non usufruire di o non accedere ai Servizi a pagamento o di non continuare a farlo. I Termini di Servizio per gli acquirenti su X sono scritti in inglese ma sono resi disponibili in più lingue attraverso le traduzioni. X si impegna a rendere le traduzioni le più accurate possibili rispetto alla versione inglese originale. Tuttavia, in caso di discrepanze o incongruenze, la versione in lingua inglese dei Termini di servizio per gli acquirenti su X avrà la precedenza. Riconosci che l'inglese sarà la lingua di riferimento per l'interpretazione e l'elaborazione dei termini contenuti nei Termini di Servizio per gli acquirenti su X. 2. Modifiche ai Servizi a Pagamento. I nostri Servizi a Pagamento sono in continua evoluzione. Pertanto, i Servizi a pagamento possono cambiare di volta in volta, a nostra discrezione, anche per motivi commerciali, finanziari o legali. Possiamo smettere, in via permanente o provvisoria, di fornire a te o agli utenti in generale i servizi a pagamento o qualsiasi funzione a essi correlata, con o senza previo avviso. X non è responsabile verso di te né verso terze parti per eventuali modifiche, sospensioni o cessazioni dei Servizi a pagamento. Gli specifici termini (riportati sotto) per lo specifico servizio a pagamento indicano in che modo è possibile annullare un abbonamento oppure, laddove applicabile, richiedere un rimborso. 3. Modifiche ai prezzi. I prezzi dei Servizi a pagamento, compresi i canoni di abbonamento ricorrenti, sono soggetti a modifiche periodiche, anche per motivi commerciali, finanziari o legali. X fornirà un ragionevole preavviso in merito a eventuali modifiche effettive ai prezzi dei Servizi a pagamento. Per i servizi con abbonamento, le modifiche dei prezzi entreranno in vigore all'inizio del periodo di abbonamento successivo dopo la data della modifica. Se non acconsenti alla modifica dei prezzi, hai il diritto di rifiutarla annullando il tuo abbonamento al servizio a pagamento applicabile prima che la suddetta modifica entri in vigore. Condizioni di pagamento . X offre diverse opzioni di pagamento che possono variare in base al Servizio a pagamento, al dispositivo e/o al sistema operativo, alla posizione geografica o ad altri fattori. A seconda della disponibilità (nel corso del tempo X potrebbe rendere disponibili vari metodi di acquisto), tali opzioni di pagamento potrebbero includere la possibilità di utilizzare la funzione di "pagamento in-app" offerta da Google o Apple o di effettuare un pagamento Web tramite il servizio di terze parti per l'elaborazione di pagamenti di X, Stripe ( www.stripe.com , di seguito denominato " Stripe "). Quando effettui un pagamento, accetti esplicitamente di: (i) pagare il prezzo indicato per i Servizi a pagamento, nonché eventuali importi aggiuntivi associati a tasse applicabili, commissioni per carte di credito, commissioni per transazioni internazionali, commissioni per cambio valuta e oscillazioni di valuta; (ii) rispettare tutti i termini di servizio, le informative sulla privacy o altri contratti legali o restrizioni applicabili, ivi incluse ulteriori limitazioni di età, imposti da Google, Apple o Stripe (quest'ultimo, in qualità di servizio di terze parti per l'elaborazione dei pagamenti di X) e correlati all'utilizzo, da parte tua, di un determinato metodo di pagamento (ad esempio, se scegli di effettuare il pagamento tramite la funzione di acquisto in-app di Apple, accetti di rispettare tutti i termini, i requisiti e/o le restrizioni applicabili imposte da Apple). Tutti i dati personali forniti in relazione al tuo utilizzo dei Servizi a pagamento, inclusi, a titolo esemplificativo ma non esaustivo, i dati forniti nell'ambito del pagamento, saranno trattati in conformità all'Informativa sulla Privacy di X. X può condividere i tuoi dati di pagamento con fornitori di servizi di pagamento per elaborare i pagamenti, per prevenire, individuare e investigare frodi e altre attività illecite, per facilitare la risoluzione di controversie come storni o rimborsi, nonché per altri scopi legati all'accettazione di carte di credito, carte di debito o pagamenti ACH. È tua responsabilità accertarti che i tuoi dati bancari, della tua carta di credito o di debito e/o altri dati di pagamento siano sempre aggiornati, completi e precisi. Se effettui un pagamento per un servizio a pagamento, potremmo ricevere informazioni relative alla transazione, ad esempio quando è stata effettuata, la data di scadenza o rinnovo automatico di un abbonamento, su quale piattaforma hai effettuato l'acquisto e altre informazioni. X non è responsabile per eventuali errori o ritardi da parte dell'elaboratore dei pagamenti, dell'App Store di Apple o del Google Play Store, nonché della tua banca, della società emittente della carta di credito e/o di altre reti di pagamento. Per i termini di pagamento applicabili a uno specifico servizio a pagamento, inclusi quelli che disciplinano la gestione del rinnovo degli abbonamenti e altri termini importanti, consulta i termini e le condizioni dei servizi a pagamento, riportati di seguito. Applicazione del Consenso dell'utente di X, recesso, nessun rimborso, più account X e restrizioni 1. Il Consenso dell'utente di X si applica a te . DEVI SEMPRE SEGUIRE E RISPETTARE IL CONSENSO DELL'UTENTE DI X. Il Consenso dell'utente di X si applica sempre all'utilizzo del Servizio X, inclusi i Servizi a pagamento e le funzionalità. Il mancato rispetto del Consenso dell'utente di X o la convinzione da parte di X che tu non abbia seguito e rispettato il Consenso dell'utente di X, può comportare l'annullamento dei tuoi Servizi a pagamento. Qualsiasi annullamento di questo tipo sarà in aggiunta, e senza limitazione alcuna, a qualsiasi azione esecutiva che X potrebbe intraprendere nei tuoi confronti ai sensi del Consenso dell'utente di X. In tali casi potresti perdere i vantaggi dei tuoi Servizi a pagamento e non avrai diritto a un rimborso per gli importi pagati (o prepagati) per i Servizi a pagamento. 2. Perché X potrebbe interrompere il tuo accesso ai Servizi a Pagamento. X può sospendere o interrompere il tuo accesso ai Servizi a Pagamento, cessare di fornirti tutti o parte dei Servizi a Pagamento o intraprendere qualsiasi altra azione che ritenga appropriata, inclusa ad esempio la sospensione del tuo account (senza alcuna responsabilità) in qualsiasi momento e a sua totale discrezione, per uno qualunque dei seguenti motivi (l'elenco è meramente esemplificativo): a. X ritiene, a sua esclusiva discrezione, che tu abbia violato i Termini o che il tuo utilizzo dei Servizi a pagamento violerebbe una qualsiasi legge applicabile; b. X è tenuto a farlo o gli viene richiesto da qualsiasi tribunale competente, autorità di regolamentazione o agenzia di forze dell'ordine; c. X ha problemi tecnici o di sicurezza imprevisti; d. X ritiene, a sua esclusiva discrezione, che l'utente abbia violato l'Accordo per gli utenti X; e. X ritiene, a sua esclusiva discrezione, che l'utente si stia impegnando in manipolazioni o in altri comportamenti dirompenti o vietati in generale o in relazione ai Servizi a pagamento; f. rappresenti per X un rischio o una possibile esposizione di carattere legale; g. il tuo account deve essere rimosso a causa di comportamenti illeciti; h. il tuo account deve essere rimosso a causa di una prolungata inattività; o i. La nostra fornitura dei Servizi a pagamento (in tutto o in parte) all'utente non è più commercialmente redditizia (a esclusiva discrezione di X). 3. Tutte le transazioni sono definitive. Tutti i pagamenti per i Servizi a pagamento sono definitivi e non rimborsabili o scambiabili, a meno che non lo imponga la legge applicabile. Non garantiamo in alcun modo la natura, la qualità o il valore di un Servizio a pagamento o la sua disponibilità o fornitura. Non sono previsti rimborsi o crediti per qualsiasi Servizio a pagamento inutilizzato o parzialmente utilizzato (ad esempio, un periodo di abbonamento utilizzato solo parzialmente). 4. I Servizi a pagamento non sono trasferibili tra account X. Ogni acquisto di un Servizio a pagamento si applica a un singolo account X, il che significa che il tuo acquisto si applicherà esclusivamente all'account che stavi utilizzando quando hai acquistato il Servizio a pagamento e non si applicherà ad altri account a cui potresti avere accesso o controllo. Se possiedi o controlli più account e desideri accedere ai Servizi a pagamento su ciascun account, devi acquistare il Servizio a pagamento su ciascun account singolarmente. 5. Restrizioni e obblighi. a. Puoi acquistare e utilizzare un Servizio a pagamento solo se sei legalmente autorizzato a utilizzare il Servizio a pagamento nel tuo Paese e se vivi in un Paese supportato da X per il Servizio a pagamento applicabile. X può, a sua discrezione, limitare la possibilità di accedere o acquistare un Servizio a pagamento in alcuni Paesi. X si riserva il diritto di modificare periodicamente l'elenco dei Paesi supportati. b. Ci riserviamo il diritto di rifiutare transazioni per i Servizi a pagamento o di annullare o interrompere la vendita o l'utilizzo di un Servizio a pagamento a nostra esclusiva discrezione. c. Non puoi consentire ad altri di utilizzare il tuo account X per accedere a qualsiasi Servizio a pagamento non ordinato da tale persona. d. Non puoi acquistare o utilizzare un Servizio a pagamento se sei un soggetto con cui gli individui statunitensi non sono autorizzati a intrattenere rapporti ai sensi di sanzioni economiche, incluse, a titolo esemplificativo, sanzioni somministrate dall'Office of Foreign Assets Control del Dipartimento del Tesoro degli Stati Uniti o da qualsiasi altra autorità sanzionatoria applicabile. (" Soggetto interdetto "). Ciò include, senza limitazioni, coloro che si trovano o risiedono abitualmente a Cuba, in Iran, in Crimea (regione dell'Ucraina), in Corea del Nord o in Siria. Dichiari e garantisci di non essere un Soggetto interdetto. e. DICHIARI CHE UTILIZZERAI I SERVIZI A PAGAMENTO SOLO PER SCOPI LEGALI E SOLO IN CONFORMITÀ CON I TERMINI. Imposte e commissioni . Sei responsabile e accetti di pagare ogni imposta, tassa e commissione applicabile inerente all'acquisto di Servizi a pagamento, comprese quelle che devono essere pagate a X o a un servizio di terze parti per l'elaborazione dei pagamenti. Queste tasse possono includere, a titolo esemplificativo, IVA, GST, imposta sulle vendite, ritenuta d'acconto e qualsiasi altra imposta applicabile. A seconda della tua posizione, X potrebbe essere responsabile della raccolta e della comunicazione delle informazioni relative alle imposte sulle transazioni derivanti dall'acquisto dei Servizi a pagamento. Concedi a X l'autorizzazione a fornire il tuo account e le informazioni personali alle autorità fiscali competenti per adempiere ai nostri obblighi di riscossione e rendicontazione delle imposte. Termini generali 1. Informazioni di contatto. In caso di domande sui Servizi a pagamento o sui presenti Termini, è possibile consultare il Centro assistenza dei Servizi a pagamento X per maggiori dettagli. Se hai già acquistato un Servizio a pagamento, puoi anche contattarci tramite il link di supporto disponibile nel menu di navigazione del tuo account X sotto le impostazioni di pagamento o abbonamento. Se hai ulteriori domande, puoi contattarci qui utilizzando il modulo "Assistenza per le funzioni a pagamento". 2. DICHIARAZIONE DI ESCLUSIONE DI RESPONSABILITÀ. NELLA MISURA MASSIMA CONSENTITA DALLA LEGGE APPLICABILE, L'ACCESSO E L'UTILIZZO DEI SERVIZI A PAGAMENTO SONO A PROPRIO RISCHIO. COMPRENDI E ACCETTI CHE I SERVIZI A PAGAMENTO VENGANO FORNITI "COSÌ COME SONO" E "COME DISPONIBILI". X NON RICONOSCE ALCUNA GARANZIA E CONDIZIONE, ESPLICITA O IMPLICITA, DI COMMERCIABILITÀ, IDONEITÀ A UNO SCOPO PARTICOLARE O NON VIOLAZIONE. X NON FORNISCE ALCUNA GARANZIA O DICHIARAZIONE E DECLINA OGNI RESPONSABILITÀ: (I) PER LA COMPLETEZZA, LA CORRETTEZZA, LA DISPONIBILITÀ, LA TEMPESTIVITÀ, LA SICUREZZA O L'AFFIDABILITÀ DEI SERVIZI A PAGAMENTO E (II) IN MERITO AL FATTO CHE I SERVIZI A PAGAMENTO SODDISFERANNO I TUOI REQUISITI O SARANNO DISPONIBILI SU BASE ININTERROTTA, SICURI O PRIVI DI ERRORI. SEI RESPONSABILE DEL TUO UTILIZZO DEL SERVIZIO X, IVI INCLUSI I SERVIZI A PAGAMENTO, E DI QUALSIASI CONTENUTO FORNITO. 3. LIMITAZIONE DI RESPONSABILITÀ. NELLA MISURA MASSIMA CONSENTITA DALLA LEGGE APPLICABILE, LE ENTITÀ X NON SARANNO RESPONSABILI DI QUALSIASI DANNO INDIRETTO, INCIDENTALE, SPECIALE, CONSEQUENZIALE O PUNITIVO OPPURE DI QUALSIASI PERDITA DI PROFITTI O RICAVI, SIA DIRETTI CHE INDIRETTI, O DI QUALSIASI PERDITA DI DATI, UTILIZZO, AVVIAMENTO O ALTRE PERDITE IMMATERIALI, RISULTANTI (i) DALL'ACCESSO O USO O DALL'IMPOSSIBILITÀ DI ACCESSO O USO DEI SERVIZI A PAGAMENTO; (ii) DA QUALSIASI CONDOTTA O CONTENUTO DI QUALSIASI TERZA PARTE POSTATI TRAMITE I SERVIZI PAGATI, COMPRESA, SENZA LIMITAZIONE, QUALSIASI CONDOTTA DIFFAMATORIA, OFFENSIVA O ILLEGALE DI ALTRI UTENTI O TERZI; (iii) DAI CONTENUTI OTTENUTI DAI SERVIZI A PAGAMENTO; OPPURE (iv) DALL'ACCESSO, DALL'UTILIZZO O DALL'ALTERAZIONE NON AUTORIZZATI DELLE TUE TRASMISSIONI O DEI TUOI CONTENUTI. A SCANSO DI EQUIVOCI, LA DEFINIZIONE DI SERVIZI A PAGAMENTO È LIMITATA ALLE FUNZIONI OFFERTE DA X E NON INCLUDE ALCUN CONTENUTO A CUI ACCEDI E/O CON CUI INTERAGISCI NELL'UTILIZZO DI QUESTE FUNZIONI. IN NESSUN CASO LA RESPONSABILITÀ AGGREGATA DELLE ENTITÀ X SUPERA IL MAGGIORE TRA CENTO DOLLARI STATUNITENSI (100,00 $) E L'EVENTUALE IMPORTO CHE POTRESTI AVER PAGATO A NOI NEGLI ULTIMI SEI MESI PER I SERVIZI A PAGAMENTO CHE HANNO DATO LUOGO AL RECLAMO. LE LIMITAZIONI DI QUESTA SOTTOSEZIONE SONO APPLICABILI A QUALSIASI PRINCIPIO SULLA RESPONSABILITÀ, BASATO SU GARANZIA, RESPONSABILITÀ CONTRATTUALE, DI LEGGE, EXTRACONTRATTUALE (INCLUSO A TITOLO DI COLPA) O ALTRO, A PRESCINDERE DALL'AVVENUTA INFORMAZIONE DELLE ENTITÀ X PER CIASCUNO DI QUESTI DANNI E ANCHE SE UN RIMEDIO STABILITO NEI PRESENTI TERMINI NON HA RAGGIUNTO IL SUO SCOPO ESSENZIALE. PER "ENTITÀ X" SI INTENDONO X, LE SUE CONTROLLANTI, AFFILIATE E SOCIETÀ COLLEGATE, NONCHÉ I SUOI FUNZIONARI, AMMINISTRATORI, DIPENDENTI, AGENTI, RAPPRESENTANTI, PARTNER E LICENZIANTI. LA LEGGE APPLICABILE NELLA TUA GIURISDIZIONE POTREBBE NON CONSENTIRE DETERMINATE LIMITAZIONI DI RESPONSABILITÀ. NELLA MISURA RICHIESTA DALLA LEGGE APPLICABILE NELLA TUA GIURISDIZIONE, QUANTO SOPRA NON LIMITA LA RESPONSABILITÀ DELLE ENTITÀ X PER FRODE, FALSA DICHIARAZIONE FRAUDOLENTA, MORTE O LESIONI PERSONALI CAUSATE DA NEGLIGENZA, COLPA GRAVE E/O CONDOTTA INTENZIONALE DA PARTE NOSTRA. NELLA MISURA MASSIMA CONSENTITA DALLA LEGGE APPLICABILE, LA RESPONSABILITÀ COMPLESSIVA MASSIMA DELLE ENTITÀ X PER QUALSIASI GARANZIA NON ESCLUDIBILE È LIMITATA A CENTO DOLLARI STATUNITENSI (100,00 USD). 4. Avviso relativo ad Apple. Nella misura in cui hai acquistato i Servizi a pagamento oppure stai utilizzando i Servizi a pagamento o vi stai accedendo su un dispositivo iOS, riconosci e accetti inoltre i termini della presente Sezione. Riconosci che i Termini sono solo tra te e noi, non con Apple, e Apple non è responsabile dei Servizi a pagamento e del relativo contenuto. Apple non ha alcun obbligo di fornire alcun servizio di manutenzione e supporto in relazione ai Servizi a pagamento. In caso di mancata conformità dei Servizi a pagamento a qualsiasi garanzia applicabile, puoi informare Apple e Apple ti rimborserà qualsiasi prezzo di acquisto applicabile per i Servizi a pagamento e, nella misura massima consentita dalla legge applicabile, Apple non ha alcun altro obbligo di garanzia in relazione ai Servizi a pagamento. Apple non è responsabile per la risoluzione di eventuali reclami da parte tua o di terze parti relativi ai Servizi a pagamento o al tuo possesso e/o utilizzo dei Servizi a pagamento, inclusi, a titolo esemplificativo: (i) reclami per responsabilità del prodotto; (ii) qualsiasi pretesa che i Servizi a pagamento non siano conformi a qualsiasi requisito legale o normativo applicabile; e (iii) rivendicazioni derivanti dalla tutela dei consumatori o da leggi simili. Apple non è responsabile per l'indagine, la difesa, la risoluzione e l'esonero da qualsiasi pretesa di terze parti secondo cui i Servizi a pagamento e/o il tuo possesso e utilizzo dell'applicazione mobile violano i diritti di proprietà intellettuale di tali terze parti. Accetti di rispettare tutti i termini di terze parti applicabili quando utilizzi i Servizi a pagamento. Apple e le sussidiarie di Apple sono terze parti beneficiarie dei Termini e, previa accettazione dei Termini da parte dell'utente, Apple avrà il diritto (e si riterrà che abbia accettato il diritto) di far valere i Termini nei confronti dell'utente in qualità di terza parte beneficiario dei Termini. Con la presente dichiari e garantisci che (i) non ti trovi in un Paese soggetto a embargo del governo degli Stati Uniti o designato dal governo degli Stati Uniti come "sostegno al terrorismo" e (ii) non sei presente in alcun elenco del governo degli Stati Uniti di parti proibite o soggette a restrizioni. 5. Conflitto. In caso di conflitto tra le disposizioni dei presenti Termini di servizio per gli acquirenti su X e quelle del Consenso dell'utente di X, le disposizioni dei presenti Termini di servizio per gli acquirenti su X hanno la precedenza esclusivamente in relazione all'utilizzo di un Servizio a pagamento. 6. RISOLUZIONE DELLE CONTROVERSIE E RINUNCIA ALL'AZIONE COLLETTIVA a. Risoluzione iniziale delle controversie . La maggior parte delle controversie tra te e X può essere risolta in modo informale. Puoi contattarci scrivendo al Supporto a pagamento qui . Quando ci contatti, fornisci una breve descrizione della natura e delle ragioni della questione, le tue informazioni di contatto e la specifica azione risolutiva che vorresti si verificasse. Le parti faranno del loro meglio attraverso questo processo di supporto per risolvere controversie, richieste di risarcimento o dispute derivanti da o relative ai presenti Termini e/o alla tua partecipazione al Programma (individualmente una " Controversia " o più di una, " Controversie "). Tu e X concordate che la partecipazione in buona fede a questo processo informale è richiesta e deve essere completata come stabilito sopra prima che una delle parti possa avviare un contenzioso in merito a una controversia, fatta eccezione per le richieste di decreti ingiuntivi urgenti (" Controversia non arbitrabile "). Se non riusciamo a raggiungere insieme una risoluzione concordata riguardo a una controversia (diversa da una Controversia non arbitrabile) entro un periodo di trenta (30) giorni dal momento in cui inizia la risoluzione informale della controversia ai sensi della disposizione sulla risoluzione iniziale della controversia di cui sopra, allora tu o noi potremo avviare un contenzioso. b. Scelta della legge e selezione del foro . TI INVITIAMO A LEGGERE ATTENTAMENTE QUESTA SEZIONE IN QUANTO POTREBBE AVERE EFFETTI SIGNIFICATIVI SUI TUOI DIRITTI, INCLUSO IL DIRITTO DI AGIRE IN GIUDIZIO. Le leggi dello Stato del Texas, escluse le disposizioni sulla scelta della legge applicabile, regoleranno i presenti Termini e qualsiasi controversia che dovesse sorgere tra te e noi, in deroga a eventuali accordi contrari tra te e noi. Tutte le controversie relative ai presenti Termini, comprese eventuali controversie, reclami o liti derivanti da o relative ai presenti Termini, saranno sottoposte esclusivamente ai tribunali federali o statali situati nella contea di Tarrant, Texas, Stati Uniti, e acconsenti alla giurisdizione personale in tali fori e rinunci a qualsiasi obiezione relativa al foro inopportuno. Fatto salvo quanto sopra, l'utente accetta che, a sua esclusiva discrezione, X possa presentare qualsiasi reclamo, causa di azione o controversia nei confronti dell'utente in qualsiasi tribunale competente del paese in cui l'utente risiede che abbia giurisdizione e sede per il reclamo. Tali clausole non si applicano in caso di entità governativa federale, statale o locale negli Stati Uniti in veste ufficiale che non può legalmente accettare la legge applicabile, la giurisdizione o la competenza territoriale di cui sopra. Per tali entità del governo federale degli Stati Uniti, questo Accordo e qualsiasi azione correlata saranno disciplinati dalle leggi degli Stati Uniti d'America (senza riferimento a conflitti di legge) e, in assenza di legge federale e nella misura consentita dalla legge federale, dalle leggi dello Stato del Texas (esclusa la scelta della legge). c. L'UTENTE HA DUE ANNI DI TEMPO PER PORRE UNA RICHIESTA DI RISARCIMENTO CONTRO X . L'utente deve presentare qualsiasi richiesta di risarcimento contro X derivante da o correlata ai presenti Termini entro due (2) anni dalla data in cui si è verificato l'evento o i fatti che hanno dato origine alla controversia, a meno che la legge applicabile non preveda che il normale termine di prescrizione per tale richiesta di risarcimento non possa essere abbreviato per accordo. Se non intraprendi un'azione legale entro questo periodo, rinunci per sempre al diritto di intentare qualsiasi azione o causa legale, di qualsiasi tipo o natura, basata su tali eventi o fatti, e riconosci che tali azioni o cause legali siano definitivamente bandite e che X non avrà alcuna responsabilità rispetto a esse. d. Rinuncia ad azioni collettive . Nella misura consentita dalla legge, rinunci anche al diritto di partecipare come ricorrente o aderente a qualsiasi azione collettiva, azione rappresentativa o class action risarcitoria. Termini di Servizio per gli acquirenti su X Se vivi nell'Unione europea, negli stati EFTA o nel Regno Unito X ti consente di accedere a determinate funzionalità in cambio del pagamento di una quota una tantum o ricorrente, a seconda dei casi, in base alle funzionalità in questione (ciascuno un " Servizio a pagamento " e collettivamente i " Servizi a pagamento "). Ad esempio, X Premium (come definito di seguito) e Abbonamenti sarebbero entrambi considerati un "Servizio a pagamento". Nella misura in cui sottoscrivi e/o utilizzi un Servizio a pagamento, il tuo utilizzo dei Servizi a pagamento e qualsiasi transazione corrispondente sono soggetti a: (i) i termini e le condizioni stabiliti nel presente documento, inclusi i termini e le condizioni applicabili per ciascun Servizio a pagamento che acquisti, secondo quanto indicato sotto (collettivamente, i " Termini di servizio per gli acquirenti su X ") e (ii) i Termini di servizio di X applicabili , l' Informativa sulla Privacy di X , le Regole e norme di X e tutte le norme ivi incorporate (collettivamente, il " Consenso dell'utente di X "). I presenti Termini di Servizio per gli acquirenti su X e il suddetto Consenso dell'utente di X saranno collettivamente indicati in questo documento come i " Termini ". " X " si riferisce all'entità X che ti fornisce i Servizi a pagamento. Leggi attentamente i presenti Termini di Servizio per gli acquirenti su X così da assicurarti di comprendere le condizioni, le eccezioni e i termini che si applicano. SE L'UTENTE VIVE NELL'UNIONE EUROPEA, NEGLI STATI AELS (EFTA) O NEL REGNO UNITO, QUESTI TERMINI CONTENGONO INFORMAZIONI IMPORTANTI CHE SI APPLICANO ALL'UTENTE IN MATERIA DI RISOLUZIONE DELLE CONTROVERSIE, COMPRESA LA RINUNCIA AL DIRITTO DI PROCEDERE A RECLAMI COME AZIONI DI CLASSE, E UNA LIMITAZIONE DEL DIRITTO DELL'UTENTE DI PRESENTARE RECLAMI CONTRO X OLTRE 1 ANNO DOPO IL VERIFICARSI DEGLI EVENTI IN QUESTIONE, CHE HANNO UN IMPATTO SUI DIRITTI E GLI OBBLIGHI DELL'UTENTE IN CASO DI CONTROVERSIE CON X. CONSULTA LA SEZIONE 6 SOTTO TERMINI GENERALI PER I DETTAGLI SU QUESTE DISPOSIZIONI. Accettazione . Utilizzando o accedendo a un Servizio a pagamento di X, effettuando il pagamento e/o cliccando su un pulsante per effettuare un acquisto una tantum o pagamenti di abbonamenti ricorrenti per il Servizio a pagamento fornito da X, l'utente accetta di essere vincolato dai Termini. Se non comprendi i Termini o non accetti una qualsiasi parte di essi, non potrai utilizzare o accedere a qualsiasi Servizio a pagamento. Per acquistare e utilizzare un Servizio a pagamento è necessario: (i) avere almeno 18 anni o la maggiore età come stabilito dalle leggi della giurisdizione in cui si vive o (ii) avere il consenso esplicito del genitore o del tutore per acquistare e utilizzare tale Servizio a pagamento. Se sei un genitore o un tutore legale e consenti a tuo figlio (o a un bambino di cui sei tutore) di acquistare o utilizzare un Servizio a pagamento, accetti che i Termini si applichino a te, ti impegni a rispettare i Termini e accetti di essere responsabile dell'attività del bambino nell'ambito dei Servizi a pagamento garantendo che anche il bambino rispetti i suddetti Termini. In ogni caso, come indicato nella sezione Chi può utilizzare i Servizi dei Termini di Servizio di X, devi avere almeno 13 anni per utilizzare il Servizio X. Se accetti i presenti Termini di Servizio per gli acquirenti su X e utilizzi i Servizi a pagamento per conto di una società, organizzazione, istituzione o altra entità giuridica, dichiari e garantisci di avere l'autorizzazione a farlo e di avere l'autorità per vincolare tale entità giuridica ai presenti Termini di Servizio per gli acquirenti su X, nel qual caso i vocaboli "tu", "te", "ti" e "tuo" (qualsiasi genere e numero) utilizzati nei suddetti Termini di Servizio per gli acquirenti su X si intendono riferiti a tale entità giuridica. Ente contraente di X . Accetti questi Termini di Servizio per gli acquirenti su X con l'entità che corrisponde a dove vivi, come elencato di seguito. Questa entità ti fornirà i Servizi a pagamento. Nessun'altra entità è vincolata ad alcun obbligo nei tuoi confronti ai sensi dei presenti Termini di Servizio per gli acquirenti. La tua posizione L'Unione europea, gli Stati EFTA o il Regno Unito Entità contraente X Internet Unlimited Company, con sede legale in One Cumberland Place, Fenian Street, Dublino 2, D02 AX07 Ireland Modifica di termini, servizi a pagamento e prezzi 1. Modifiche ai Termini. Periodicamente, X potrebbe modificare i presenti Termini di Servizio per gli acquirenti su X, anche per motivi commerciali, finanziari o legali. Una base valida e ragionevole può includere: (i) una modifica dei nostri servizi, ad esempio a causa di sviluppi tecnici, di sicurezza o operativi, (ii) l'eliminazione di errori tecnici, (iii) una modifica della nostra attività, ad esempio a causa di cambiamenti politici, finanziari o di altre direzioni, (iv) una modifica della situazione legale, ad esempio a causa di una modifica della legge, di una richiesta da parte di un'agenzia ufficiale o di una decisione da parte di un tribunale, e (v) l'ottimizzazione dell'esperienza dell'utente attraverso l'implementazione di nuove funzionalità. Le modifiche non avranno carattere retroattivo e l'utilizzo dei servizi a pagamento e di eventuali relative transazioni sarà disciplinato dalla versione più recente dei Termini di servizio per gli acquirenti su X, disponibile all'indirizzo legal.x.com/purchaser-terms . Se modifichiamo o rivediamo i presenti Termini dopo che l'utente li ha accettati (ad esempio, se i presenti Termini vengono modificati dopo che l'utente ha acquistato un abbonamento), ci impegniamo a notificare all'utente fino a 30 giorni (a seconda delle modifiche specifiche) prima dell'entrata in vigore delle revisioni materiali dei presenti Termini, fissando un termine ragionevole per l'utente rispetto alle modifiche e notificando all'utente le conseguenze dell'uso continuato dopo la scadenza del termine. Tali notifiche possono essere trasmesse mediante un mezzo elettronico, inclusi, a titolo esemplificativo ma non esaustivo, un servizio di notifica o un'email inviata all'indirizzo email associato al tuo account. Se continui a utilizzare i servizi a pagamento dopo la scadenza del suddetto termine, confermi di accettare i Termini di Servizio per gli acquirenti su X aggiornati. Se non accetti le modifiche ai Termini di Servizio per gli acquirenti su X, dovrai interrompere l'utilizzo o l'accesso ai servizi a pagamento. I Termini di Servizio per gli acquirenti su X sono scritti in inglese ma sono resi disponibili in più lingue attraverso le traduzioni. X si impegna a rendere le traduzioni le più accurate possibili rispetto alla versione inglese originale. Tuttavia, in caso di discrepanze o incongruenze, la versione in lingua inglese dei Termini di servizio per gli acquirenti su X avrà la precedenza. Riconosci che l'inglese sarà la lingua di riferimento per l'interpretazione e l'elaborazione dei termini contenuti nei Termini di Servizio per gli acquirenti su X. 2. Modifiche ai Servizi a pagamento. I nostri Servizi a pagamento e i nostri prodotti e servizi si evolvono costantemente. X può modificare i Servizi a pagamento su basi ragionevoli e valide. Tale base valida e ragionevole può includere (i) sviluppi tecnici, di sicurezza o operativi, (ii) l'eliminazione di errori tecnici, (iii) la conformità a una situazione legale mutata, ad esempio a causa di una modifica della legge, di una richiesta da parte di un'agenzia ufficiale o di una decisione da parte di un tribunale, (iv) l'ottimizzazione dell'esperienza dell'utente attraverso l'implementazione di nuove funzionalità e (v) un cambiamento nella nostra attività, ad esempio a causa di politiche, circostanze finanziarie o altri cambiamenti direzionali. Ti informeremo in merito a eventuali modifiche ai servizi a pagamento fino a 30 giorni prima della loro entrata in vigore, ad esempio tramite una notifica di servizio o un'email inviata all'indirizzo email collegato al tuo account, specificando le caratteristiche e la data di entrata in vigore delle modifiche e informandoti del tuo eventuale diritto di cessare l'abbonamento. Il termine può essere ridotto in caso di modifiche alla sicurezza. Quanto segue non è da considerare come modifiche ai servizi a pagamento nell'accezione di questa disposizione: (i) modifiche che riguardano la natura fondamentale dei servizi a pagamento e le caratteristiche essenziali del servizio che X deve fornire e (ii) l'interruzione definitiva dei servizi. X non è responsabile nei confronti dell'utente per qualsiasi modifica, sospensione o interruzione dei Servizi a pagamento. Ove richiesto dalla legge, la suddetta limitazione di responsabilità non si applica (i) al risarcimento dei danni prevedibili in caso di violazione lievemente negligente degli obblighi, nella misura in cui il loro adempimento è essenziale per la corretta esecuzione del contratto e gli utenti possono fare affidamento sul loro adempimento (obblighi contrattuali essenziali), da parte di X o dei suoi rappresentanti legali o agenti vicari, e (ii) la responsabilità di X per (a) un danno derivante da un danno alla vita, al corpo o alla salute, nonché per i danni causati da dolo o colpa grave da parte di X, dei suoi rappresentanti legali o agenti vicari, e (b) un danno dovuto al mancato rispetto di una garanzia o di una caratteristica garantita o come risultato di un difetto nascosto in modo fraudolento. I termini e le condizioni specifici (inclusi di seguito) per lo specifico Servizio a pagamento specificano le modalità di annullamento dell'abbonamento o, se del caso, di richiesta di rimborso. 3. Modifiche ai prezzi. I prezzi per i Servizi a pagamento, compresi i canoni di abbonamento ricorrenti, sono soggetti a modifiche periodiche a causa di cambiamenti nei costi relativi al funzionamento, alla manutenzione, alla fornitura tecnica, a considerazioni commerciali e a commissioni addebitate da terze parti o imposte dalla legge, a nostra ragionevole discrezione. In caso di aumento dei costi, X si riserva il diritto di adeguare i prezzi dei servizi a pagamento. X ti informerà per iscritto in merito a eventuali modifiche dei prezzi fino a 30 giorni prima della loro entrata in vigore, ad esempio tramite una notifica di servizio o un'email all'indirizzo email collegato al tuo account, indicandoti i tuoi diritti e le conseguenze del mancato esercizio degli stessi. In caso di modifica dei prezzi, l'utente può disdire l'abbonamento al Servizio a pagamento applicabile o l'accordo con l'utente fino a 24 ore prima dell'inizio del ciclo di fatturazione successivo, a condizione che la cancellazione avvenga entro 30 giorni dalla ricezione della notifica. In caso contrario, la modifica del prezzo entrerà in vigore al momento specificato nella notifica. Per i servizi in abbonamento, le modifiche di prezzo entreranno in vigore all'inizio del periodo di abbonamento successivo alla data di efficacia della modifica di prezzo. Condizioni di pagamento . X offre diverse opzioni di pagamento che possono variare in base al Servizio a pagamento, al dispositivo e/o al sistema operativo, alla posizione geografica o ad altri fattori. A seconda della disponibilità (nel corso del tempo X potrebbe rendere disponibili vari metodi di acquisto), tali opzioni di pagamento potrebbero includere la possibilità di utilizzare la funzione di "pagamento in-app" offerta da Google o Apple o di effettuare un pagamento Web tramite il servizio di terze parti per l'elaborazione di pagamenti di X, Stripe ( www.stripe.com , di seguito denominato " Stripe "). Quando effettui un pagamento, accetti esplicitamente di: (i) pagare il prezzo indicato per i Servizi a pagamento, nonché eventuali importi aggiuntivi associati a tasse applicabili, commissioni per carte di credito, commissioni per transazioni internazionali, commissioni per cambio valuta e oscillazioni di valuta; (ii) rispettare tutti i termini di servizio, le informative sulla privacy o altri contratti legali o restrizioni applicabili, ivi incluse ulteriori limitazioni di età, imposti da Google, Apple o Stripe (quest'ultimo, in qualità di servizio di terze parti per l'elaborazione dei pagamenti di X) e correlati all'utilizzo, da parte tua, di un determinato metodo di pagamento (ad esempio, se scegli di effettuare il pagamento tramite la funzione di acquisto in-app di Apple, accetti di rispettare tutti i termini, i requisiti e/o le restrizioni applicabili imposte da Apple). Tutti i dati personali forniti in relazione al tuo utilizzo dei Servizi a pagamento, inclusi, a titolo esemplificativo ma non esaustivo, i dati forniti nell'ambito del pagamento, saranno trattati in conformità all'Informativa sulla Privacy di X. X può condividere i tuoi dati di pagamento con fornitori di servizi di pagamento per elaborare i pagamenti, per prevenire, individuare e investigare frodi e altre attività illecite, per facilitare la risoluzione di controversie come storni o rimborsi, nonché per altri scopi legati all'accettazione di carte di credito, carte di debito o pagamenti ACH. È tua responsabilità accertarti che i tuoi dati bancari, della tua carta di credito o di debito e/o altri dati di pagamento siano sempre aggiornati, completi e precisi. Se effettui un pagamento per un servizio a pagamento, potremmo ricevere informazioni relative alla transazione, ad esempio quando è stata effettuata, la data di scadenza o rinnovo automatico di un abbonamento, su quale piattaforma hai effettuato l'acquisto e altre informazioni. X non è responsabile per eventuali errori o ritardi da parte dell'elaboratore dei pagamenti, dell'App Store di Apple o del Google Play Store, nonché della tua banca, della società emittente della carta di credito e/o di altre reti di pagamento. Per i termini di pagamento applicabili a uno specifico servizio a pagamento, inclusi quelli che disciplinano la gestione del rinnovo degli abbonamenti e altri termini importanti, consulta i termini e le condizioni dei servizi a pagamento, riportati di seguito. Applicazione del Consenso dell'utente di X, recesso, nessun rimborso, più account X e restrizioni 1. Il Consenso dell'utente di X si applica a te . DEVI SEMPRE SEGUIRE E RISPETTARE IL CONSENSO DELL'UTENTE DI X. Il Consenso dell'utente di X si applica sempre all'utilizzo del Servizio X, inclusi i Servizi a pagamento e le funzionalità. Il mancato rispetto del Consenso dell'utente di X o la convinzione da parte di X che tu non abbia seguito e rispettato il Consenso dell'utente di X, può comportare l'annullamento dei tuoi Servizi a pagamento. Qualsiasi annullamento di questo tipo sarà in aggiunta, e senza limitazione alcuna, a qualsiasi azione esecutiva che X potrebbe intraprendere nei tuoi confronti ai sensi del Consenso dell'utente di X. In tali casi potresti perdere i vantaggi dei tuoi Servizi a pagamento e non avrai diritto a un rimborso per gli importi pagati (o prepagati) per i Servizi a pagamento. 2. Perché X potrebbe interrompere l'accesso dell'utente ai Servizi a pagamento. X può sospendere o interrompere l'accesso dell'utente ai Servizi a pagamento, cessare di fornire all'utente tutti o parte dei Servizi a pagamento, o intraprendere qualsiasi altra azione che ritenga appropriata, tra cui, ad esempio, sospendere l'account dell'utente, (senza alcuna responsabilità) in qualsiasi momento per qualsiasi motivo o senza motivo, tra cui, a titolo esemplificativo ma non esaustivo, uno dei seguenti ragionevoli motivi: a. X ritiene, a sua esclusiva discrezione, che tu abbia violato i Termini o che il tuo utilizzo dei Servizi a pagamento violerebbe una qualsiasi legge applicabile; b. X è tenuto a farlo o gli viene richiesto da qualsiasi tribunale competente, autorità di regolamentazione o agenzia di forze dell'ordine; c. X ha problemi tecnici o di sicurezza imprevisti; d. X ritiene, a sua esclusiva e ragionevole discrezione, che l'utente abbia violato l'Accordo con l'utente X; e. X crede per motivi validi, come nel caso in cui l'utente sia impegnato in manipolazioni, giochi d'azzardo o altri comportamenti di disturbo o proibiti in relazione ai Servizi a pagamento; f. rappresenti per X un rischio o una possibile esposizione di carattere legale; g. il tuo account deve essere rimosso a causa di comportamenti illeciti; h. il tuo account deve essere rimosso a causa di una prolungata inattività; o i. La nostra fornitura dei Servizi a pagamento (in tutto o in parte) all'utente non è più commercialmente redditizia (a esclusiva discrezione di X). 3. Tutte le transazioni sono definitive. Tutti i pagamenti per i Servizi a pagamento sono definitivi e non rimborsabili o scambiabili, a meno che non lo imponga la legge applicabile. Non garantiamo in alcun modo la natura, la qualità o il valore di un Servizio a pagamento o la sua disponibilità o fornitura. Non sono previsti rimborsi o crediti per qualsiasi Servizio a pagamento inutilizzato o parzialmente utilizzato (ad esempio, un periodo di abbonamento utilizzato solo parzialmente). 4. I Servizi a pagamento non sono trasferibili tra account X. Ogni acquisto di un Servizio a pagamento si applica a un singolo account X, il che significa che il tuo acquisto si applicherà esclusivamente all'account che stavi utilizzando quando hai acquistato il Servizio a pagamento e non si applicherà ad altri account a cui potresti avere accesso o controllo. Se possiedi o controlli più account e desideri accedere ai Servizi a pagamento su ciascun account, devi acquistare il Servizio a pagamento su ciascun account singolarmente. 5. Restrizioni e obblighi. a. Puoi acquistare e utilizzare un Servizio a pagamento solo se sei legalmente autorizzato a utilizzare il Servizio a pagamento nel tuo Paese e se vivi in un Paese supportato da X per il Servizio a pagamento applicabile. X può, a sua discrezione, limitare la possibilità di accedere o acquistare un Servizio a pagamento in alcuni Paesi. X si riserva il diritto di modificare periodicamente l'elenco dei Paesi supportati. b. Ci riserviamo il diritto di rifiutare transazioni per i Servizi a pagamento o di annullare o interrompere la vendita o l'utilizzo di un Servizio a pagamento a nostra esclusiva discrezione. c. Non puoi consentire ad altri di utilizzare il tuo account X per accedere a qualsiasi Servizio a pagamento non ordinato da tale persona. d. Non puoi acquistare o utilizzare un Servizio a pagamento se sei un soggetto con cui gli individui statunitensi non sono autorizzati a intrattenere rapporti ai sensi di sanzioni economiche, incluse, a titolo esemplificativo, sanzioni somministrate dall'Office of Foreign Assets Control del Dipartimento del Tesoro degli Stati Uniti o da qualsiasi altra autorità sanzionatoria applicabile. (" Soggetto interdetto "). Ciò include, senza limitazioni, coloro che si trovano o risiedono abitualmente a Cuba, in Iran, in Crimea (regione dell'Ucraina), in Corea del Nord o in Siria. Dichiari e garantisci di non essere un Soggetto interdetto. e. DICHIARI CHE UTILIZZERAI I SERVIZI A PAGAMENTO SOLO PER SCOPI LEGALI E SOLO IN CONFORMITÀ CON I TERMINI. Imposte e commissioni . Sei responsabile e accetti di pagare ogni imposta, tassa e commissione applicabile inerente all'acquisto di Servizi a pagamento, comprese quelle che devono essere pagate a X o a un servizio di terze parti per l'elaborazione dei pagamenti. Queste tasse possono includere, a titolo esemplificativo, IVA, GST, imposta sulle vendite, ritenuta d'acconto e qualsiasi altra imposta applicabile. A seconda della tua posizione, X potrebbe essere responsabile della raccolta e della comunicazione delle informazioni relative alle imposte sulle transazioni derivanti dall'acquisto dei Servizi a pagamento. Concedi a X l'autorizzazione a fornire il tuo account e le informazioni personali alle autorità fiscali competenti per adempiere ai nostri obblighi di riscossione e rendicontazione delle imposte. Termini generali 1. Informazioni di contatto. In caso di domande sui Servizi a pagamento o sui presenti Termini, è possibile consultare il Centro assist | 2026-01-13T08:48:38 |
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https://docs.sui.io/guides/developer/getting-started/connect#how-does-this-differ-from-evm-applications | Hello, World! | Sui Documentation Skip to main content Sui Documentation Guides Concepts Standards References Search Overview Getting Started Install Sui Install from Source Install from Binaries Configure a Sui Client Create a Sui Address Get SUI from Faucet Hello, World! Connect a Frontend Next Steps Sui Essentials Objects Packages Currencies and Tokens NFTs Cryptography Nautilus Advanced App Examples Dev Cheat Sheet Operator Guides SuiPlay0X1 🗳️ Book Office Hours → 💬 Join Discord → Getting Started Hello, World! On this page Hello, World! You'll build a "Hello, World!" program to learn the fundamentals of programming on Sui. You create programs on Sui by writing and deploying smart contracts to the network. The most basic unit of storage on Sui is an object . Other blockchains typically structure storage using key-value stores. Sui centers storage around objects with unique ID addresses on-chain. Every Sui smart contract is an object that manipulates other objects. Objects can be immutable or mutable: Immutable objects cannot be transferred, changed, or deleted. No one owns them and anyone can access them publicly. Mutable objects can be transferred, changed, and deleted. A Sui address can own them, or they can be shared for public access. Every object's unique ID and version number references it on-chain. Every transaction on the network takes objects as input, then reads, writes, and mutates the inputs to produce new or altered objects as output. Every object knows the hash of the transaction that produced it. When an object is modified by a transaction, the transaction's output writes the object's mutated contents to the same object ID but with a new version number. Sui has limits on the maximum transaction size (128KB) and number of objects (2,048) used in a transaction. For more information on limits, see Building Against Limits in The Move Book. What is Move? Move is the programming language Sui uses to create smart contracts. It is platform agnostic and enables common libraries, tooling, and developer communities across blockchains with vastly different data and execution models. There are three ways to use Move in the context of Sui: Move packages, Move modules, and Move objects. A Sui Move package is also referred to as a Move smart contract. It is a set of Move bytecode published to the Sui network. It is immutable and cannot be changed or removed, however you can upgrade it. Upgrading creates a new version of the package object on-chain, leaving the original intact. All prior versions of a package still exist on-chain. Once you publish it, other packages can import and use the modules it provides. Anyone can view a package's contents and use a Sui Explorer to see how its logic manipulates other objects. Every Move package on Sui includes one or more Sui Move modules that define the package's interaction with on-chain objects. A module's name is always unique within the package that contains it. A Sui Move module governs a Sui Move object , which is typed data from a Sui Move package. Each Move object value is a struct with fields that can contain primitive types, such as integers and addresses, other objects, and non-object structs. Clone "Hello, World!" Prerequisites Install the latest version of Sui . Configure the Sui client . Create a Sui address . Get SUI Testnet tokens . Download and install an IDE. The following are recommended, as they offer Move extensions: VSCode , corresponding Move extension Emacs , corresponding Move extension Vim , corresponding Move extension Zed , corresponding Move extension Alternatively, you can use the Move web IDE , which does not require a download. It does not support all functions necessary for this guide, however. Download and install Git . To demonstrate creating objects, packages, and how to build your first Sui application, start by cloning the "Hello, World!" example: $ git clone \ https://github.com/MystenLabs/sui-stack-hello-world.git $ cd sui-stack-hello-world/move/hello-world In this project, there are two important files that define the package's logic, information, and its dependencies: move/hello-world/sources/greeting.move : Defines the package's logic. In this example, it defines a basic shared greeting object and public functions to interact with it. move/hello-world/Move.toml : The package's configuration file that defines the package name, dependencies, and addresses. Click to open move/hello-world/Move.toml File not found in manifest: move/hello-world/Move.toml . You probably need to run `pnpm prebuild` and restart the site. View the smart contract code Open the greeting.move file in your IDE of choice. You can see the following Move code: File not found in manifest: move/hello-world/sources/greeting.move . You probably need to run `pnpm prebuild` and restart the site. Code explanation First, this code defines a module called greeting : module hello_world :: greeting { use std :: string ; ... } Then, it defines a public struct called Greeting that contains a unique object ID and text. A struct is a type of resource : File not found in manifest: move/hello-world/sources/greeting.move . You probably need to run `pnpm prebuild` and restart the site. Then, it defines the function new that makes an API call to the Greeting struct and initializes it with the text "Hello world!" , storing it in a new shared object: File not found in manifest: move/hello-world/sources/greeting.move . You probably need to run `pnpm prebuild` and restart the site. Lastly, the package defines a function called update_text that can be called to update the text stored in Greeting : File not found in manifest: move/hello-world/sources/greeting.move . You probably need to run `pnpm prebuild` and restart the site. Resource safety A unique aspect of programming applications on Sui is the resource safety enforced by the Move Bytecode Verifier. Move packages must satisfy the following resource safety parameters: All resources must be either moved into global storage or destroyed by the end of a transaction. Resources cannot be copied. In the "Hello, World!" example, the struct Greeting is a resource type. To satisfy the requirement that all resources must be moved or destroyed by the end of a transaction, Greeting is assigned to new_greeting , which the call to transfer::share_object(new_greeting) then moves into global storage. To mutate Greeting , the function update_text takes the input (&mut Greeting) rather than the resource itself. This function satisfies resource safety as the function does not copy the resource and mutates it via a reference. Learn more about the Move Bytecode Verifier. How does this differ from EVM applications? The Ethereum Virtual Machine adopts a gas-based resource safety strategy. Every opcode on an EVM chain has an associated gas price that makes transactions costly, preventing the network from running a single transaction indefinitely. Build the Move package Before you can publish a Move package to the network, you must first build it. Building your package is necessary because the .move source file is a human-readable piece of code, while the network can only understand bytecode. To build your "Hello, World!" package, first confirm your working directory is ~/sui-stack-hello-world/move/hello-world , then run the following command: $ sui move build The build process fetches and compiles the dependencies defined in the Move.toml file. The Move compiler checks your .move code for type errors, syntax errors, and enforces resource safety , then translates your .move code into bytecode that Sui can execute. info You must build your package before you can publish it, but also before you test it. You cannot run tests ( sui move test ) on your code until it has been built. Publish the Move package Now that your package has been built, you need to publish it. After you publish it, other packages and users can use the package's modules and functions by making calls to the package ID. First, confirm your client is configured to use Testnet as the active environment: $ sui client active-env This should return testnet . If it does not return testnet , follow the client configuration instructions before continuing. Then, check your balance of SUI tokens to confirm you have enough to publish to Testnet: $ sui client balance You should have a balance of SUI tokens: ╭────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ Balance of coins owned by this address │ ├────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ ╭────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ │ │ coin balance (raw) balance │ │ │ ├────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ │ │ Sui 56804696124 0.50 SUI │ │ │ ╰────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ ╰────────────────────────────────────────────╯ If you do not have a balance, follow the SUI faucet instructions . Now, publish the package to Testnet with the command: $ sui client publish Click to open Output Transaction Digest: 8R39iKKLGPDG3QkW2SrRW3QX71csRP2BLhK9H7oz9SwW ╭──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ Transaction Data │ ├──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ Sender: 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 │ │ Gas Owner: 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 │ │ Gas Budget: 9843200 MIST │ │ Gas Price: 1000 MIST │ │ Gas Payment: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ID: 0x816e5ec6ff457f18232498b57af8a0e1e219307a3a43fb5df5a4c2198296510c │ │ │ Version: 591332925 │ │ │ Digest: FLC4NXntT7WiHcqCkpDuBUq14DFTfi3EFeUiJcSNHdPu │ │ └── │ │ │ │ Transaction Kind: Programmable │ │ ╭─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ───────────────────────╮ │ │ │ Input Objects │ │ │ ├──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ │ │ 0 Pure Arg: Type: address, Value: "0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803" │ │ │ ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ │ ╭─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ │ │ Commands │ │ │ ├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ │ │ 0 Publish: │ │ │ │ ┌ │ │ │ │ │ Dependencies: │ │ │ │ │ 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 │ │ │ │ │ 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002 │ │ │ │ └ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 1 TransferObjects: │ │ │ │ ┌ │ │ │ │ │ Arguments: │ │ │ │ │ Result 0 │ │ │ │ │ Address: Input 0 │ │ │ │ └ │ │ │ ╰─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ │ │ │ Signatures: │ │ mUxqMIofPq+yIzPxxYM+2mSIPTFneDxhWGGxJ7tM02hnRBRy5/FosnnWKxd4OSAjmaw6FNylwVdqUoUlJSxWCQ== │ │ │ ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ ╭───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ Transaction Effects │ ├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ Digest: 8R39iKKLGPDG3QkW2SrRW3QX71csRP2BLhK9H7oz9SwW │ │ Status: Success │ │ Executed Epoch: 875 │ │ │ │ Created Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ID: 0x136e41f505888066f189fb823d710ec96ab4fd75144b3d8008b91d58de85fd12 │ │ │ Owner: Account Address ( 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 ) │ │ │ Version: 591332926 │ │ │ Digest: BGfc1tihsYPTLLozrj58HmRkDeQ1DWZfqeaR4SZDb1cX │ │ └── │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ID: 0xa7ed855d30500c485a94c0849f70b508d6b6adf6b0767ab93cc0756c075ecbb1 │ │ │ Owner: Immutable │ │ │ Version: 1 │ │ │ Digest: EtGAG9RHHCsguX4iuX1cbRDvW4QAkJXgDCMJjiufHtxB │ │ └── │ │ Mutated Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ID: 0x816e5ec6ff457f18232498b57af8a0e1e219307a3a43fb5df5a4c2198296510c │ │ │ Owner: Account Address ( 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 ) │ │ │ Version: 591332926 │ │ │ Digest: CiU5KNZALUmuckc2YUFmJq5YXgbB8oG3rs4cnh2rdDXd │ │ └── │ │ Gas Object: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ID: 0x816e5ec6ff457f18232498b57af8a0e1e219307a3a43fb5df5a4c2198296510c │ │ │ Owner: Account Address ( 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 ) │ │ │ Version: 591332926 │ │ │ Digest: CiU5KNZALUmuckc2YUFmJq5YXgbB8oG3rs4cnh2rdDXd │ │ └── │ │ Gas Cost Summary: │ │ Storage Cost: 7843200 MIST │ │ Computation Cost: 1000000 MIST │ │ Storage Rebate: 978120 MIST │ │ Non-refundable Storage Fee: 9880 MIST │ │ │ │ Transaction Dependencies: │ │ 2dkJtqsoQcyCZJvjZnskNVPQeynwVtwCcA9goAru6tTi │ │ 7PStztXyh92keJmrDD1aghHaKVdgCoVkVx4ZmLUfmQeK │ │ Dd9pn1zFcSJjinxQewFd2gQdR4XKsHxFioD5MYnwLZQz │ ╰───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ ╭─────────────────────── ──────╮ │ No transaction block events │ ╰─────────────────────────────╯ ╭──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ Object Changes │ ├──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ Created Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ObjectID: 0x136e41f505888066f189fb823d710ec96ab4fd75144b3d8008b91d58de85fd12 │ │ │ Sender: 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 │ │ │ Owner: Account Address ( 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 ) │ │ │ ObjectType: 0x2::package::UpgradeCap │ │ │ Version: 591332926 │ │ │ Digest: BGfc1tihsYPTLLozrj58HmRkDeQ1DWZfqeaR4SZDb1cX │ │ └── │ │ Mutated Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ObjectID: 0x816e5ec6ff457f18232498b57af8a0e1e219307a3a43fb5df5a4c2198296510c │ │ │ Sender: 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 │ │ │ Owner: Account Address ( 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 ) │ │ │ ObjectType: 0x2::coin::Coin<0x2::sui::SUI> │ │ │ Version: 591332926 │ │ │ Digest: CiU5KNZALUmuckc2YUFmJq5YXgbB8oG3rs4cnh2rdDXd │ │ └── │ │ Published Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ PackageID: 0xa7ed855d30500c485a94c0849f70b508d6b6adf6b0767ab93cc0756c075ecbb1 │ │ │ Version: 1 │ │ │ Digest: EtGAG9RHHCsguX4iuX1cbRDvW4QAkJXgDCMJjiufHtxB │ │ │ Modules: greeting │ │ └── │ ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ ╭───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ Balance Changes │ ├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ ┌── │ │ │ Owner: Account Address ( 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 ) │ │ │ CoinType: 0x2::sui::SUI │ │ │ Amount: -7865080 │ │ └── │ ╰───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ When you publish a Move package to the network, the network uploads and stores the bytecode as a Move package with a unique package ID and version number. The network consumes SUI tokens as gas and processes the transaction on-chain. After successfully executing, the output provides details about the transaction used to publish the package, including the gas cost, transaction digest, dependencies, owner, and sender. For this guide, the most important section is Published Objects , which includes the package's ID, version, and its modules: │ Published Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ PackageID: 0xa7ed855d30500c485a94c0849f70b508d6b6adf6b0767ab93cc0756c075ecbb1 │ │ │ Version: 1 │ │ │ Digest: EtGAG9RHHCsguX4iuX1cbRDvW4QAkJXgDCMJjiufHtxB │ │ │ Modules: greeting │ │ └── Both the package ID and module are required to interact with the package from the command line. Take note of both values for future use in the Connecting a Frontend guide. Interact with the Move package Interact with the newly published package by first making a call to the new function that creates a new Greeting object and initialize it with the text "Hello world!" : $ sui client call --package <PACKAGE_ID> --module greeting --function new Replace <PACKAGE_ID> with the package ID the output of the sui client publish command returned. You must include the --package , --module , and --function flags. The output of this call includes a newly created object: ╭───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ Transaction Effects │ ├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ Digest: 6xB9Foy5vyhXG99xppaCxrNvpPTV3UZsH39zqUKNoGsD │ │ Status: Success │ │ Executed Epoch: 875 │ │ │ │ Created Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ID: 0x2834aa3d2ed1b5060f4e5d400092544fa9c95430fd894b139b7dfb0312501594 │ │ │ Owner: Shared( 591332927 ) │ │ │ Version: 591332927 │ │ │ Digest: 8xJRijHHp3gNXLExTG98KX5jYAQDVKqsBD8ATFMJXCbA │ │ └── ... To verify that the object contains the text "Hello world!" , make a call to query the object's information: $ sui client object <OBJECT_ID> Replace <OBJECT_ID> with the value under Created Objects, ID: . You should see the object's details, including a value of text: Hello world! : ╭───────────────┬──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ objectId │ 0x2834aa3d2ed1b5060f4e5d400092544fa9c95430fd894b139b7dfb0312501594 │ │ version │ 591332927 │ │ digest │ 8xJRijHHp3gNXLExTG98KX5jYAQDVKqsBD8ATFMJXCbA │ │ objType │ 0xa7ed855d30500c485a94c0849f70b508d6b6adf6b0767ab93cc0756c075ecbb1::greeting::Greeting │ │ owner │ ╭────────┬──────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ │ │ │ Shared │ ╭────────────────────────┬─────────────╮ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ initial_shared_version │ 591332927 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ╰────────────────────────┴─────────────╯ │ │ │ │ ╰────────┴──────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ │ prevTx │ 6xB9Foy5vyhXG99xppaCxrNvpPTV3UZsH39zqUKNoGsD │ │ storageRebate │ 1413600 │ │ content │ ╭───────────────────┬──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ │ │ │ dataType │ moveObject │ │ │ │ │ type │ 0xa7ed855d30500c485a94c0849f70b508d6b6adf6b0767ab93cc0756c075ecbb1::greeting::Greeting │ │ │ │ │ hasPublicTransfer │ false │ │ │ │ │ fields │ ╭──────┬───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ id │ ╭────┬──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ id │ 0x2834aa3d2ed1b5060f4e5d400092544fa9c95430fd894b139b7dfb0312501594 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ╰────┴──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ text │ Hello world! │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ╰──────┴───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ │ │ │ ╰───────────────────┴──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ ╰───────────────┴──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ Important transaction considerations You cannot send 2 or more transactions simultaneously, otherwise you encounter an error such as: Failed to sign transaction by a quorum of validators because one or more of its objects is reserved for another transaction. If you receive this error, you must wait until the current epoch is over before submitting your transaction again. You can see how long is left in the current epoch using Sui Explorer or another network explorer like SuiScan . To prevent the same object from being modified by multiple transactions at once, your address 'locks' the object to prevent conflicting modifications. If you'd like to batch multiple transaction commands together, you can use programmable transaction blocks . Transactions also have limitations regarding total size, number of objects, and number of inputs. Learn more about limitations in Building Against Limits in The Move Book. Next steps Create a Full Stack dApp Connect a frontend interface to your "Hello, World!" smart contract. Access Sui Data Learn more about accessing data on Sui. Join the Community Join the Sui developer community, try out other example projects, or read more documentation. Edit this page What is Move? Clone "Hello, World!" View the smart contract code Code explanation Resource safety Build the Move package Publish the Move package Interact with the Move package Important transaction considerations © 2026 Sui Foundation | Documentation distributed under CC BY 4.0 | 2026-01-13T08:48:38 |
https://devblogs.microsoft.com/dotnet/net-framework-february-2020-security-and-quality-rollup/#mainContent | .NET Framework February 2020 Security and Quality Rollup - .NET Blog Skip to main content Microsoft Dev Blogs Dev Blogs Dev Blogs Home Developer Microsoft for Developers Visual Studio Visual Studio Code Develop from the cloud All things Azure Xcode DevOps Windows Developer ISE Developer Azure SDK Command Line Aspire Technology DirectX Semantic Kernel Languages C++ C# F# TypeScript PowerShell Team Python Java Java Blog in Chinese Go .NET All .NET posts .NET Aspire .NET MAUI AI ASP.NET Core Blazor Entity Framework NuGet Servicing .NET Blog in Chinese Platform Development #ifdef Windows Microsoft Foundry Azure Government Azure VM Runtime Team Bing Dev Center Microsoft Edge Dev Microsoft Azure Microsoft 365 Developer Microsoft Entra Identity Developer Old New Thing Power Platform Data Development Azure Cosmos DB Azure Data Studio Azure SQL OData Revolutions R Unified Data Model (IDEAs) Microsoft Entra PowerShell More Search Search No results Cancel Dev Blogs .NET Blog .NET Framework February 2020 Security and Quality Rollup .NET 10 is here! .NET 10 is now available: the most productive, modern, secure, intelligent, and performant release of .NET yet. Learn More Download Now February 11th, 2020 0 reactions .NET Framework February 2020 Security and Quality Rollup Tara Overfield Senior Software Engineer Show more Today, we are releasing the February 2020 Security and Quality Rollup Updates for .NET Framework. Security The February Security and Quality Rollup Update does not contain any new security fixes. See January 2020 Security and Quality Rollup for the latest security updates. Quality and Reliability This release contains the following quality and reliability improvements. Some improvements included in the Security and Quality Rollup and were previously released in the Security and Quality Rollup that was dated January 23, 2020. Acquistion & Deployment Addresses an issue where the installation of .NET 4.8 on Windows machines prior to 1809 build prevents .NET-specific settings to be migrated during Windows upgrade to build 1809. Note: to prevent this issue, this update must be applied before the upgrade to a newer version of Windows. CLR 1 A change in .NET Framework 4.8 regressed certain EnterpriseServices scenarios where an single-thread apartment object may be treated as an multi-thread apartment and lead to a blocking failure. This change now correctly identifies single-thread apartment objects as such and avoids this failure. There is a race condition in the portable PDB metadata provider cache that leaked providers and caused crashes in the diagnostic StackTrace API. To fix the race, detect the cause where the provider wasn’t being disposed and dispose it. Addresses an issue when in Server GC, if you are truly out of memory when doing SOH allocations (ie, there has been a full blocking GC and still no space to accommodate your SOH allocation), you will see full blocking GCs getting triggered over and over again with the trigger reason OutOfSpaceSOH. This fix is to throw OOM when we have detected this situation instead of triggering GCs in a loop. Addresses an issue caused by changing process affinity from 1 to N cores. Net Libraries Strengthens UdpClient against incorrect usage in network configurations with an exceptionally large MTU. SQL Addresses an issue with SqlClient Bid traces where information wasn’t being printed due to incorrectly formatted strings. WCF 2 There’s a race condition when listening paths are being closed down because of an IIS worker process crash and the same endpoints being reconfigured as listening but pending activation. When a conflict is found, this change allows for retrying with the assumption the conflict was transient due to this race condition. The retry count and wait duration are configurable via app settings. Added opt-in retry mechanism when configuring listening endpoints on the WCF Activation service to address potential race condition when rapidly restarting an IIS application multiple times while under high CPU load which resulted in an endpoint being inaccessible. Customers can opt in to the fix by adding the following AppSetting to SMSvcHost.exe.config under the %windir%\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319 and %windir%\Microsoft.NET\Framework64\v4.0.30319 folders as appropriate. This will retry registering an endpoint 10 times with a 1 second delay between each attempt before placing the endpoint in a failure state. <appsettings> <add key=”wcf:SMSvcHost:listenerRegistrationRetryCount” value=”10″> <add key=”wcf:SMSvcHost:listenerRegistrationRetryDelayms” value=”1000″> </add></appsettings> Windows Forms Addresses an issue in System.Windows.Forms.TextBox controls with ImeMode property set to NoControl. These controls now retain IME setting consistent with the OS setting regardles of the order of navigation on the page. Fix applies to CHS with pinyin keyboard. Addresses an issue with System.Windows.Forms.ComboBox control with ImeMode set to ImeMode.NoControl on CHS with Pinyin keyboard to retain input mode of the parent container control instead of switching to disabled IME when navigating using mouse clicks and when focus moves from a control with disabled IME to this ComboBox control. An accessibility change in .NET Framework 4.8 regressed editing IP address UI in the DataGridView in Create Cluster Wizard in Failover Cluster Services: users can’t enter the IP value after control UIA tree restructuring related to editing control movement to another editing cell. Such custom DataGridView cells (IP address cell) and their inner controls are currently not processed in default UIA tree restructuring to prevent this issue. WPF 3 Addresses an issue where under some circumstances, Popup’s in high-DPI WPF applications are not shown, are shown at the top-left corner of the screen, or are shown/rendered incompletely. Addresses an issue when creating an XPS document in WPF, font subsetting may result in a FileFormatException of the process of subsetting would grow the font. Addresses incorrect width of the text-insertion caret in TextBox et al., when the system DPI exceeds 96. In particular, the caret rendered nothing on a monitor with lower DPI than the primary, in some DPI-aware situations. Addresses a hang arising during layout of Grids with columns belonging to a SharedSizeGroup. Addresses a hang and eventual StackOverflowException arising when opening a RibbonSplitButton, if the app programmatically disables the button and replaces its menu items before the user releases the mouse button. Addresses certain hangs that can arise while scrolling a TreeView. 1 Common Language Runtime (CLR) 2 Windows Communication Foundation (WCF) 3 Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) Getting the Update The Security and Quality Rollup is available via Windows Update, Windows Server Update Services, and Microsoft Update Catalog. Microsoft Update Catalog You can get the update via the Microsoft Update Catalog. For Windows 10, NET Framework 4.8 updates are available via Windows Update, Windows Server Update Services, Microsoft Update Catalog. Updates for other versions of .NET Framework are part of the Windows 10 Monthly Cumulative Update. Note : Customers that rely on Windows Update and Windows Server Update Services will automatically receive the .NET Framework version-specific updates. Advanced system administrators can also take use of the below direct Microsoft Update Catalog download links to .NET Framework-specific updates. Before applying these updates, please ensure that you carefully review the .NET Framework version applicability, to ensure that you only install updates on systems where they apply. The following table is for Windows 10 and Windows Server 2016+ versions. Product Version Cumulative Update Windows 10 1909 and Windows Server, version 1909 .NET Framework 3.5, 4.8 Catalog 4534132 Windows 10 1903 and Windows Server, version 1903 .NET Framework 3.5, 4.8 Catalog 4534132 Windows 10 1809 (October 2018 Update) and Windows Server 2019 4538122 .NET Framework 3.5, 4.7.2 Catalog 4534119 .NET Framework 3.5, 4.8 Catalog 4534131 Windows 10 1803 (April 2018 Update) .NET Framework 3.5, 4.7.2 Catalog 4537762 .NET Framework 4.8 Catalog 4534130 Windows 10 1709 (Fall Creators Update) .NET Framework 3.5, 4.7.1, 4.7.2 Catalog 4537789 .NET Framework 4.8 Catalog 4534129 Windows 10 1703 (Creators Update) .NET Framework 3.5, 4.7, 4.7.1, 4.7.2 Catalog 4537765 .NET Framework 4.8 Catalog 4537557 Windows 10 1607 (Anniversary Update) and Windows Server 2016 .NET Framework 3.5, 4.6.2, 4.7, 4.7.1, 4.7.2 Catalog 4537764 .NET Framework 4.8 Catalog 4534126 Windows 10 1507 .NET Framework 3.5, 4.6, 4.6.1, 4.6.2 Catalog 4537776 The following table is for earlier Windows and Windows Server versions. Product Version Security and Quality Rollup Windows 8.1, Windows RT 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2 4538124 .NET Framework 3.5 Catalog 4532946 .NET Framework 4.5.2 Catalog 4534120 .NET Framework 4.6, 4.6.1, 4.6.2, 4.7, 4.7.1, 4.7.2 Catalog 4534117 .NET Framework 4.8 Catalog 4534134 Windows Server 2012 4538123 .NET Framework 3.5 Catalog 4532943 .NET Framework 4.5.2 Catalog 4534121 .NET Framework 4.6, 4.6.1, 4.6.2, 4.7, 4.7.1, 4.7.2 Catalog 4534116 .NET Framework 4.8 Catalog 4534133 Note: Windows 7 support ended on January 14, 2020 Previous Monthly Rollups The last few .NET Framework Monthly updates are listed below for your convenience: January 2020 Preview of Quality Rollup January 2020 Security and Quality Rollup December 2019 Security and Quality Rollup November 2019 Preview of Quality Rollup 0 3 0 Share on Facebook Share on X Share on Linkedin Copy Link --> Category .NET .NET Framework WPF Share Author Tara Overfield Senior Software Engineer Tara is a Software Engineer on the .NET team. She works on releasing .NET Framework updates. 3 comments Discussion is closed. Login to edit/delete existing comments. Code of Conduct Sort by : Newest Newest Popular Oldest Krejčí Pavel --> Krejčí Pavel --> February 19, 2020 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> Hi, Are from now on for Windows 7SP1 ESU .NET 4.8 updates part of Security-only update or Monthly Rollup one? Or there is another way? Reg., Paul Terence Teng --> Terence Teng --> March 15, 2020 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> Same question. @Tara SuperCocoLoco . --> SuperCocoLoco . --> February 14, 2020 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> No .NET framework updates for Windows 7 and Windows 10 is an ugly (very ugly) mobile OS unuseable on a desktop computer. I prefer an unsupported Windows 7 than a bad supported Windows 10 (Mobile Only, Cloud Only, Touch Only and local On-Premises Desktop never again). Read next February 12, 2020 Deprecating TLS 1.0 and 1.1 on NuGet.org – Stage 1 The NuGet Team February 18, 2020 .NET Core February 2020 Updates – 2.1.16, 3.0.3, and 3.1.2 Rahul Bhandari (MSFT) Stay informed Get notified when new posts are published. Email * Country/Region * Select... 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https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/index.html | The Python Tutorial — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Previous topic Changelog Next topic 1. Whetting Your Appetite This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial | Theme Auto Light Dark | The Python Tutorial ¶ Tip This tutorial is designed for programmers that are new to the Python language, not beginners who are new to programming. Python is an easy to learn, powerful programming language. It has efficient high-level data structures and a simple but effective approach to object-oriented programming. Python’s elegant syntax and dynamic typing, together with its interpreted nature, make it an ideal language for scripting and rapid application development in many areas on most platforms. The Python interpreter and the extensive standard library are freely available in source or binary form for all major platforms from the Python website, https://www.python.org/ , and may be freely distributed. The same site also contains distributions of and pointers to many free third party Python modules, programs and tools, and additional documentation. The Python interpreter is easily extended with new functions and data types implemented in C or C++ (or other languages callable from C). Python is also suitable as an extension language for customizable applications. This tutorial introduces the reader informally to the basic concepts and features of the Python language and system. Be aware that it expects you to have a basic understanding of programming in general. It helps to have a Python interpreter handy for hands-on experience, but all examples are self-contained, so the tutorial can be read off-line as well. For a description of standard objects and modules, see The Python Standard Library . The Python Language Reference gives a more formal definition of the language. To write extensions in C or C++, read Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter and Python/C API Reference Manual . There are also several books covering Python in depth. This tutorial does not attempt to be comprehensive and cover every single feature, or even every commonly used feature. Instead, it introduces many of Python’s most noteworthy features, and will give you a good idea of the language’s flavor and style. After reading it, you will be able to read and write Python modules and programs, and you will be ready to learn more about the various Python library modules described in The Python Standard Library . The Glossary is also worth going through. 1. Whetting Your Appetite 2. Using the Python Interpreter 2.1. Invoking the Interpreter 2.1.1. Argument Passing 2.1.2. Interactive Mode 2.2. The Interpreter and Its Environment 2.2.1. Source Code Encoding 3. An Informal Introduction to Python 3.1. Using Python as a Calculator 3.1.1. Numbers 3.1.2. Text 3.1.3. Lists 3.2. First Steps Towards Programming 4. More Control Flow Tools 4.1. if Statements 4.2. for Statements 4.3. The range() Function 4.4. break and continue Statements 4.5. else Clauses on Loops 4.6. pass Statements 4.7. match Statements 4.8. Defining Functions 4.9. More on Defining Functions 4.9.1. Default Argument Values 4.9.2. Keyword Arguments 4.9.3. Special parameters 4.9.3.1. Positional-or-Keyword Arguments 4.9.3.2. Positional-Only Parameters 4.9.3.3. Keyword-Only Arguments 4.9.3.4. Function Examples 4.9.3.5. Recap 4.9.4. Arbitrary Argument Lists 4.9.5. Unpacking Argument Lists 4.9.6. Lambda Expressions 4.9.7. Documentation Strings 4.9.8. Function Annotations 4.10. Intermezzo: Coding Style 5. Data Structures 5.1. More on Lists 5.1.1. Using Lists as Stacks 5.1.2. Using Lists as Queues 5.1.3. List Comprehensions 5.1.4. Nested List Comprehensions 5.2. The del statement 5.3. Tuples and Sequences 5.4. Sets 5.5. Dictionaries 5.6. Looping Techniques 5.7. More on Conditions 5.8. Comparing Sequences and Other Types 6. Modules 6.1. More on Modules 6.1.1. Executing modules as scripts 6.1.2. The Module Search Path 6.1.3. “Compiled” Python files 6.2. Standard Modules 6.3. The dir() Function 6.4. Packages 6.4.1. Importing * From a Package 6.4.2. Intra-package References 6.4.3. Packages in Multiple Directories 7. Input and Output 7.1. Fancier Output Formatting 7.1.1. Formatted String Literals 7.1.2. The String format() Method 7.1.3. Manual String Formatting 7.1.4. Old string formatting 7.2. Reading and Writing Files 7.2.1. Methods of File Objects 7.2.2. Saving structured data with json 8. Errors and Exceptions 8.1. Syntax Errors 8.2. Exceptions 8.3. Handling Exceptions 8.4. Raising Exceptions 8.5. Exception Chaining 8.6. User-defined Exceptions 8.7. Defining Clean-up Actions 8.8. Predefined Clean-up Actions 8.9. Raising and Handling Multiple Unrelated Exceptions 8.10. Enriching Exceptions with Notes 9. Classes 9.1. A Word About Names and Objects 9.2. Python Scopes and Namespaces 9.2.1. Scopes and Namespaces Example 9.3. A First Look at Classes 9.3.1. Class Definition Syntax 9.3.2. Class Objects 9.3.3. Instance Objects 9.3.4. Method Objects 9.3.5. Class and Instance Variables 9.4. Random Remarks 9.5. Inheritance 9.5.1. Multiple Inheritance 9.6. Private Variables 9.7. Odds and Ends 9.8. Iterators 9.9. Generators 9.10. Generator Expressions 10. Brief Tour of the Standard Library 10.1. Operating System Interface 10.2. File Wildcards 10.3. Command Line Arguments 10.4. Error Output Redirection and Program Termination 10.5. String Pattern Matching 10.6. Mathematics 10.7. Internet Access 10.8. Dates and Times 10.9. Data Compression 10.10. Performance Measurement 10.11. Quality Control 10.12. Batteries Included 11. Brief Tour of the Standard Library — Part II 11.1. Output Formatting 11.2. Templating 11.3. Working with Binary Data Record Layouts 11.4. Multi-threading 11.5. Logging 11.6. Weak References 11.7. Tools for Working with Lists 11.8. Decimal Floating-Point Arithmetic 12. Virtual Environments and Packages 12.1. Introduction 12.2. Creating Virtual Environments 12.3. Managing Packages with pip 13. What Now? 14. Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution 14.1. Tab Completion and History Editing 14.2. Alternatives to the Interactive Interpreter 15. Floating-Point Arithmetic: Issues and Limitations 15.1. Representation Error 16. Appendix 16.1. Interactive Mode 16.1.1. Error Handling 16.1.2. Executable Python Scripts 16.1.3. The Interactive Startup File 16.1.4. The Customization Modules Previous topic Changelog Next topic 1. Whetting Your Appetite This page Report a bug Show source « Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial | Theme Auto Light Dark | © Copyright 2001 Python Software Foundation. This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License. See History and License for more information. The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. Please donate. Last updated on Jan 13, 2026 (06:19 UTC). Found a bug ? Created using Sphinx 8.2.3. | 2026-01-13T08:48:38 |
https://docs.python.org/3/library/copy.html#shallow-vs-deep-copy | copy — Shallow and deep copy operations — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Previous topic types — Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types Next topic pprint — Data pretty printer This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Standard Library » Data Types » copy — Shallow and deep copy operations | Theme Auto Light Dark | copy — Shallow and deep copy operations ¶ Source code: Lib/copy.py Assignment statements in Python do not copy objects, they create bindings between a target and an object. For collections that are mutable or contain mutable items, a copy is sometimes needed so one can change one copy without changing the other. This module provides generic shallow and deep copy operations (explained below). Interface summary: copy. copy ( obj ) ¶ Return a shallow copy of obj . copy. deepcopy ( obj [ , memo ] ) ¶ Return a deep copy of obj . copy. replace ( obj , / , ** changes ) ¶ Creates a new object of the same type as obj , replacing fields with values from changes . Added in version 3.13. exception copy. Error ¶ Raised for module specific errors. The difference between shallow and deep copying is only relevant for compound objects (objects that contain other objects, like lists or class instances): A shallow copy constructs a new compound object and then (to the extent possible) inserts references into it to the objects found in the original. A deep copy constructs a new compound object and then, recursively, inserts copies into it of the objects found in the original. Two problems often exist with deep copy operations that don’t exist with shallow copy operations: Recursive objects (compound objects that, directly or indirectly, contain a reference to themselves) may cause a recursive loop. Because deep copy copies everything it may copy too much, such as data which is intended to be shared between copies. The deepcopy() function avoids these problems by: keeping a memo dictionary of objects already copied during the current copying pass; and letting user-defined classes override the copying operation or the set of components copied. This module does not copy types like module, method, stack trace, stack frame, file, socket, window, or any similar types. It does “copy” functions and classes (shallow and deeply), by returning the original object unchanged; this is compatible with the way these are treated by the pickle module. Shallow copies of dictionaries can be made using dict.copy() , and of lists by assigning a slice of the entire list, for example, copied_list = original_list[:] . Classes can use the same interfaces to control copying that they use to control pickling. See the description of module pickle for information on these methods. In fact, the copy module uses the registered pickle functions from the copyreg module. In order for a class to define its own copy implementation, it can define special methods __copy__() and __deepcopy__() . object. __copy__ ( self ) ¶ Called to implement the shallow copy operation; no additional arguments are passed. object. __deepcopy__ ( self , memo ) ¶ Called to implement the deep copy operation; it is passed one argument, the memo dictionary. If the __deepcopy__ implementation needs to make a deep copy of a component, it should call the deepcopy() function with the component as first argument and the memo dictionary as second argument. The memo dictionary should be treated as an opaque object. Function copy.replace() is more limited than copy() and deepcopy() , and only supports named tuples created by namedtuple() , dataclasses , and other classes which define method __replace__() . object. __replace__ ( self , / , ** changes ) ¶ This method should create a new object of the same type, replacing fields with values from changes . Added in version 3.13. See also Module pickle Discussion of the special methods used to support object state retrieval and restoration. Previous topic types — Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types Next topic pprint — Data pretty printer This page Report a bug Show source « Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Standard Library » Data Types » copy — Shallow and deep copy operations | Theme Auto Light Dark | © Copyright 2001 Python Software Foundation. This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License. See History and License for more information. The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. Please donate. Last updated on Jan 13, 2026 (06:19 UTC). Found a bug ? Created using Sphinx 8.2.3. | 2026-01-13T08:48:38 |
https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/index.html | The Python Tutorial — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Previous topic Changelog Next topic 1. Whetting Your Appetite This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial | Theme Auto Light Dark | The Python Tutorial ¶ Tip This tutorial is designed for programmers that are new to the Python language, not beginners who are new to programming. Python is an easy to learn, powerful programming language. It has efficient high-level data structures and a simple but effective approach to object-oriented programming. Python’s elegant syntax and dynamic typing, together with its interpreted nature, make it an ideal language for scripting and rapid application development in many areas on most platforms. The Python interpreter and the extensive standard library are freely available in source or binary form for all major platforms from the Python website, https://www.python.org/ , and may be freely distributed. The same site also contains distributions of and pointers to many free third party Python modules, programs and tools, and additional documentation. The Python interpreter is easily extended with new functions and data types implemented in C or C++ (or other languages callable from C). Python is also suitable as an extension language for customizable applications. This tutorial introduces the reader informally to the basic concepts and features of the Python language and system. Be aware that it expects you to have a basic understanding of programming in general. It helps to have a Python interpreter handy for hands-on experience, but all examples are self-contained, so the tutorial can be read off-line as well. For a description of standard objects and modules, see The Python Standard Library . The Python Language Reference gives a more formal definition of the language. To write extensions in C or C++, read Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter and Python/C API Reference Manual . There are also several books covering Python in depth. This tutorial does not attempt to be comprehensive and cover every single feature, or even every commonly used feature. Instead, it introduces many of Python’s most noteworthy features, and will give you a good idea of the language’s flavor and style. After reading it, you will be able to read and write Python modules and programs, and you will be ready to learn more about the various Python library modules described in The Python Standard Library . The Glossary is also worth going through. 1. Whetting Your Appetite 2. Using the Python Interpreter 2.1. Invoking the Interpreter 2.1.1. Argument Passing 2.1.2. Interactive Mode 2.2. The Interpreter and Its Environment 2.2.1. Source Code Encoding 3. An Informal Introduction to Python 3.1. Using Python as a Calculator 3.1.1. Numbers 3.1.2. Text 3.1.3. Lists 3.2. First Steps Towards Programming 4. More Control Flow Tools 4.1. if Statements 4.2. for Statements 4.3. The range() Function 4.4. break and continue Statements 4.5. else Clauses on Loops 4.6. pass Statements 4.7. match Statements 4.8. Defining Functions 4.9. More on Defining Functions 4.9.1. Default Argument Values 4.9.2. Keyword Arguments 4.9.3. Special parameters 4.9.3.1. Positional-or-Keyword Arguments 4.9.3.2. Positional-Only Parameters 4.9.3.3. Keyword-Only Arguments 4.9.3.4. Function Examples 4.9.3.5. Recap 4.9.4. Arbitrary Argument Lists 4.9.5. Unpacking Argument Lists 4.9.6. Lambda Expressions 4.9.7. Documentation Strings 4.9.8. Function Annotations 4.10. Intermezzo: Coding Style 5. Data Structures 5.1. More on Lists 5.1.1. Using Lists as Stacks 5.1.2. Using Lists as Queues 5.1.3. List Comprehensions 5.1.4. Nested List Comprehensions 5.2. The del statement 5.3. Tuples and Sequences 5.4. Sets 5.5. Dictionaries 5.6. Looping Techniques 5.7. More on Conditions 5.8. Comparing Sequences and Other Types 6. Modules 6.1. More on Modules 6.1.1. Executing modules as scripts 6.1.2. The Module Search Path 6.1.3. “Compiled” Python files 6.2. Standard Modules 6.3. The dir() Function 6.4. Packages 6.4.1. Importing * From a Package 6.4.2. Intra-package References 6.4.3. Packages in Multiple Directories 7. Input and Output 7.1. Fancier Output Formatting 7.1.1. Formatted String Literals 7.1.2. The String format() Method 7.1.3. Manual String Formatting 7.1.4. Old string formatting 7.2. Reading and Writing Files 7.2.1. Methods of File Objects 7.2.2. Saving structured data with json 8. Errors and Exceptions 8.1. Syntax Errors 8.2. Exceptions 8.3. Handling Exceptions 8.4. Raising Exceptions 8.5. Exception Chaining 8.6. User-defined Exceptions 8.7. Defining Clean-up Actions 8.8. Predefined Clean-up Actions 8.9. Raising and Handling Multiple Unrelated Exceptions 8.10. Enriching Exceptions with Notes 9. Classes 9.1. A Word About Names and Objects 9.2. Python Scopes and Namespaces 9.2.1. Scopes and Namespaces Example 9.3. A First Look at Classes 9.3.1. Class Definition Syntax 9.3.2. Class Objects 9.3.3. Instance Objects 9.3.4. Method Objects 9.3.5. Class and Instance Variables 9.4. Random Remarks 9.5. Inheritance 9.5.1. Multiple Inheritance 9.6. Private Variables 9.7. Odds and Ends 9.8. Iterators 9.9. Generators 9.10. Generator Expressions 10. Brief Tour of the Standard Library 10.1. Operating System Interface 10.2. File Wildcards 10.3. Command Line Arguments 10.4. Error Output Redirection and Program Termination 10.5. String Pattern Matching 10.6. Mathematics 10.7. Internet Access 10.8. Dates and Times 10.9. Data Compression 10.10. Performance Measurement 10.11. Quality Control 10.12. Batteries Included 11. Brief Tour of the Standard Library — Part II 11.1. Output Formatting 11.2. Templating 11.3. Working with Binary Data Record Layouts 11.4. Multi-threading 11.5. Logging 11.6. Weak References 11.7. Tools for Working with Lists 11.8. Decimal Floating-Point Arithmetic 12. Virtual Environments and Packages 12.1. Introduction 12.2. Creating Virtual Environments 12.3. Managing Packages with pip 13. What Now? 14. Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution 14.1. Tab Completion and History Editing 14.2. Alternatives to the Interactive Interpreter 15. Floating-Point Arithmetic: Issues and Limitations 15.1. Representation Error 16. Appendix 16.1. Interactive Mode 16.1.1. Error Handling 16.1.2. Executable Python Scripts 16.1.3. The Interactive Startup File 16.1.4. The Customization Modules Previous topic Changelog Next topic 1. Whetting Your Appetite This page Report a bug Show source « Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial | Theme Auto Light Dark | © Copyright 2001 Python Software Foundation. This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License. See History and License for more information. The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. Please donate. Last updated on Jan 13, 2026 (06:19 UTC). Found a bug ? Created using Sphinx 8.2.3. | 2026-01-13T08:48:38 |
https://docs.python.org/3.4/ | Overview — Python 3.4.10 documentation This document is for an old version of Python that is no longer supported. You should upgrade, and read the Python documentation for the current stable release . Navigation index modules | Python » 3.4.10 Documentation » Python 3.4.10 documentation Welcome! This is the documentation for Python 3.4.10, last updated Jun 16, 2019. Parts of the documentation: What's new in Python 3.4? or all "What's new" documents since 2.0 Tutorial start here Library Reference keep this under your pillow Language Reference describes syntax and language elements Python Setup and Usage how to use Python on different platforms Python HOWTOs in-depth documents on specific topics Installing Python Modules installing from the Python Package Index & other sources Distributing Python Modules publishing modules for installation by others Extending and Embedding tutorial for C/C++ programmers Python/C API reference for C/C++ programmers FAQs frequently asked questions (with answers!) Indices and tables: Global Module Index quick access to all modules General Index all functions, classes, terms Glossary the most important terms explained Search page search this documentation Complete Table of Contents lists all sections and subsections Meta information: Reporting bugs About the documentation History and License of Python Copyright Download Download these documents Docs for other versions Python 2.7 (stable) Python 3.6 (stable) Python 3.7 (in development) Old versions Other resources PEP Index Beginner's Guide Book List Audio/Visual Talks Quick search Enter search terms or a module, class or function name. Navigation index modules | Python » 3.4.10 Documentation » © Copyright 1990-2019, Python Software Foundation. The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. Please donate. Last updated on Jun 16, 2019. Found a bug ? Created using Sphinx 1.2.3. | 2026-01-13T08:48:38 |
https://docs.sui.io/guides/developer/getting-started/connect#important-transaction-considerations | Hello, World! | Sui Documentation Skip to main content Sui Documentation Guides Concepts Standards References Search Overview Getting Started Install Sui Install from Source Install from Binaries Configure a Sui Client Create a Sui Address Get SUI from Faucet Hello, World! Connect a Frontend Next Steps Sui Essentials Objects Packages Currencies and Tokens NFTs Cryptography Nautilus Advanced App Examples Dev Cheat Sheet Operator Guides SuiPlay0X1 🗳️ Book Office Hours → 💬 Join Discord → Getting Started Hello, World! On this page Hello, World! You'll build a "Hello, World!" program to learn the fundamentals of programming on Sui. You create programs on Sui by writing and deploying smart contracts to the network. The most basic unit of storage on Sui is an object . Other blockchains typically structure storage using key-value stores. Sui centers storage around objects with unique ID addresses on-chain. Every Sui smart contract is an object that manipulates other objects. Objects can be immutable or mutable: Immutable objects cannot be transferred, changed, or deleted. No one owns them and anyone can access them publicly. Mutable objects can be transferred, changed, and deleted. A Sui address can own them, or they can be shared for public access. Every object's unique ID and version number references it on-chain. Every transaction on the network takes objects as input, then reads, writes, and mutates the inputs to produce new or altered objects as output. Every object knows the hash of the transaction that produced it. When an object is modified by a transaction, the transaction's output writes the object's mutated contents to the same object ID but with a new version number. Sui has limits on the maximum transaction size (128KB) and number of objects (2,048) used in a transaction. For more information on limits, see Building Against Limits in The Move Book. What is Move? Move is the programming language Sui uses to create smart contracts. It is platform agnostic and enables common libraries, tooling, and developer communities across blockchains with vastly different data and execution models. There are three ways to use Move in the context of Sui: Move packages, Move modules, and Move objects. A Sui Move package is also referred to as a Move smart contract. It is a set of Move bytecode published to the Sui network. It is immutable and cannot be changed or removed, however you can upgrade it. Upgrading creates a new version of the package object on-chain, leaving the original intact. All prior versions of a package still exist on-chain. Once you publish it, other packages can import and use the modules it provides. Anyone can view a package's contents and use a Sui Explorer to see how its logic manipulates other objects. Every Move package on Sui includes one or more Sui Move modules that define the package's interaction with on-chain objects. A module's name is always unique within the package that contains it. A Sui Move module governs a Sui Move object , which is typed data from a Sui Move package. Each Move object value is a struct with fields that can contain primitive types, such as integers and addresses, other objects, and non-object structs. Clone "Hello, World!" Prerequisites Install the latest version of Sui . Configure the Sui client . Create a Sui address . Get SUI Testnet tokens . Download and install an IDE. The following are recommended, as they offer Move extensions: VSCode , corresponding Move extension Emacs , corresponding Move extension Vim , corresponding Move extension Zed , corresponding Move extension Alternatively, you can use the Move web IDE , which does not require a download. It does not support all functions necessary for this guide, however. Download and install Git . To demonstrate creating objects, packages, and how to build your first Sui application, start by cloning the "Hello, World!" example: $ git clone \ https://github.com/MystenLabs/sui-stack-hello-world.git $ cd sui-stack-hello-world/move/hello-world In this project, there are two important files that define the package's logic, information, and its dependencies: move/hello-world/sources/greeting.move : Defines the package's logic. In this example, it defines a basic shared greeting object and public functions to interact with it. move/hello-world/Move.toml : The package's configuration file that defines the package name, dependencies, and addresses. Click to open move/hello-world/Move.toml File not found in manifest: move/hello-world/Move.toml . You probably need to run `pnpm prebuild` and restart the site. View the smart contract code Open the greeting.move file in your IDE of choice. You can see the following Move code: File not found in manifest: move/hello-world/sources/greeting.move . You probably need to run `pnpm prebuild` and restart the site. Code explanation First, this code defines a module called greeting : module hello_world :: greeting { use std :: string ; ... } Then, it defines a public struct called Greeting that contains a unique object ID and text. A struct is a type of resource : File not found in manifest: move/hello-world/sources/greeting.move . You probably need to run `pnpm prebuild` and restart the site. Then, it defines the function new that makes an API call to the Greeting struct and initializes it with the text "Hello world!" , storing it in a new shared object: File not found in manifest: move/hello-world/sources/greeting.move . You probably need to run `pnpm prebuild` and restart the site. Lastly, the package defines a function called update_text that can be called to update the text stored in Greeting : File not found in manifest: move/hello-world/sources/greeting.move . You probably need to run `pnpm prebuild` and restart the site. Resource safety A unique aspect of programming applications on Sui is the resource safety enforced by the Move Bytecode Verifier. Move packages must satisfy the following resource safety parameters: All resources must be either moved into global storage or destroyed by the end of a transaction. Resources cannot be copied. In the "Hello, World!" example, the struct Greeting is a resource type. To satisfy the requirement that all resources must be moved or destroyed by the end of a transaction, Greeting is assigned to new_greeting , which the call to transfer::share_object(new_greeting) then moves into global storage. To mutate Greeting , the function update_text takes the input (&mut Greeting) rather than the resource itself. This function satisfies resource safety as the function does not copy the resource and mutates it via a reference. Learn more about the Move Bytecode Verifier. How does this differ from EVM applications? The Ethereum Virtual Machine adopts a gas-based resource safety strategy. Every opcode on an EVM chain has an associated gas price that makes transactions costly, preventing the network from running a single transaction indefinitely. Build the Move package Before you can publish a Move package to the network, you must first build it. Building your package is necessary because the .move source file is a human-readable piece of code, while the network can only understand bytecode. To build your "Hello, World!" package, first confirm your working directory is ~/sui-stack-hello-world/move/hello-world , then run the following command: $ sui move build The build process fetches and compiles the dependencies defined in the Move.toml file. The Move compiler checks your .move code for type errors, syntax errors, and enforces resource safety , then translates your .move code into bytecode that Sui can execute. info You must build your package before you can publish it, but also before you test it. You cannot run tests ( sui move test ) on your code until it has been built. Publish the Move package Now that your package has been built, you need to publish it. After you publish it, other packages and users can use the package's modules and functions by making calls to the package ID. First, confirm your client is configured to use Testnet as the active environment: $ sui client active-env This should return testnet . If it does not return testnet , follow the client configuration instructions before continuing. Then, check your balance of SUI tokens to confirm you have enough to publish to Testnet: $ sui client balance You should have a balance of SUI tokens: ╭────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ Balance of coins owned by this address │ ├────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ ╭────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ │ │ coin balance (raw) balance │ │ │ ├────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ │ │ Sui 56804696124 0.50 SUI │ │ │ ╰────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ ╰────────────────────────────────────────────╯ If you do not have a balance, follow the SUI faucet instructions . Now, publish the package to Testnet with the command: $ sui client publish Click to open Output Transaction Digest: 8R39iKKLGPDG3QkW2SrRW3QX71csRP2BLhK9H7oz9SwW ╭──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ Transaction Data │ ├──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ Sender: 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 │ │ Gas Owner: 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 │ │ Gas Budget: 9843200 MIST │ │ Gas Price: 1000 MIST │ │ Gas Payment: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ID: 0x816e5ec6ff457f18232498b57af8a0e1e219307a3a43fb5df5a4c2198296510c │ │ │ Version: 591332925 │ │ │ Digest: FLC4NXntT7WiHcqCkpDuBUq14DFTfi3EFeUiJcSNHdPu │ │ └── │ │ │ │ Transaction Kind: Programmable │ │ ╭─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ───────────────────────╮ │ │ │ Input Objects │ │ │ ├──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ │ │ 0 Pure Arg: Type: address, Value: "0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803" │ │ │ ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ │ ╭─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ │ │ Commands │ │ │ ├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ │ │ 0 Publish: │ │ │ │ ┌ │ │ │ │ │ Dependencies: │ │ │ │ │ 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 │ │ │ │ │ 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002 │ │ │ │ └ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 1 TransferObjects: │ │ │ │ ┌ │ │ │ │ │ Arguments: │ │ │ │ │ Result 0 │ │ │ │ │ Address: Input 0 │ │ │ │ └ │ │ │ ╰─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ │ │ │ Signatures: │ │ mUxqMIofPq+yIzPxxYM+2mSIPTFneDxhWGGxJ7tM02hnRBRy5/FosnnWKxd4OSAjmaw6FNylwVdqUoUlJSxWCQ== │ │ │ ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ ╭───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ Transaction Effects │ ├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ Digest: 8R39iKKLGPDG3QkW2SrRW3QX71csRP2BLhK9H7oz9SwW │ │ Status: Success │ │ Executed Epoch: 875 │ │ │ │ Created Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ID: 0x136e41f505888066f189fb823d710ec96ab4fd75144b3d8008b91d58de85fd12 │ │ │ Owner: Account Address ( 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 ) │ │ │ Version: 591332926 │ │ │ Digest: BGfc1tihsYPTLLozrj58HmRkDeQ1DWZfqeaR4SZDb1cX │ │ └── │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ID: 0xa7ed855d30500c485a94c0849f70b508d6b6adf6b0767ab93cc0756c075ecbb1 │ │ │ Owner: Immutable │ │ │ Version: 1 │ │ │ Digest: EtGAG9RHHCsguX4iuX1cbRDvW4QAkJXgDCMJjiufHtxB │ │ └── │ │ Mutated Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ID: 0x816e5ec6ff457f18232498b57af8a0e1e219307a3a43fb5df5a4c2198296510c │ │ │ Owner: Account Address ( 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 ) │ │ │ Version: 591332926 │ │ │ Digest: CiU5KNZALUmuckc2YUFmJq5YXgbB8oG3rs4cnh2rdDXd │ │ └── │ │ Gas Object: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ID: 0x816e5ec6ff457f18232498b57af8a0e1e219307a3a43fb5df5a4c2198296510c │ │ │ Owner: Account Address ( 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 ) │ │ │ Version: 591332926 │ │ │ Digest: CiU5KNZALUmuckc2YUFmJq5YXgbB8oG3rs4cnh2rdDXd │ │ └── │ │ Gas Cost Summary: │ │ Storage Cost: 7843200 MIST │ │ Computation Cost: 1000000 MIST │ │ Storage Rebate: 978120 MIST │ │ Non-refundable Storage Fee: 9880 MIST │ │ │ │ Transaction Dependencies: │ │ 2dkJtqsoQcyCZJvjZnskNVPQeynwVtwCcA9goAru6tTi │ │ 7PStztXyh92keJmrDD1aghHaKVdgCoVkVx4ZmLUfmQeK │ │ Dd9pn1zFcSJjinxQewFd2gQdR4XKsHxFioD5MYnwLZQz │ ╰───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ ╭─────────────────────── ──────╮ │ No transaction block events │ ╰─────────────────────────────╯ ╭──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ Object Changes │ ├──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ Created Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ObjectID: 0x136e41f505888066f189fb823d710ec96ab4fd75144b3d8008b91d58de85fd12 │ │ │ Sender: 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 │ │ │ Owner: Account Address ( 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 ) │ │ │ ObjectType: 0x2::package::UpgradeCap │ │ │ Version: 591332926 │ │ │ Digest: BGfc1tihsYPTLLozrj58HmRkDeQ1DWZfqeaR4SZDb1cX │ │ └── │ │ Mutated Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ObjectID: 0x816e5ec6ff457f18232498b57af8a0e1e219307a3a43fb5df5a4c2198296510c │ │ │ Sender: 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 │ │ │ Owner: Account Address ( 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 ) │ │ │ ObjectType: 0x2::coin::Coin<0x2::sui::SUI> │ │ │ Version: 591332926 │ │ │ Digest: CiU5KNZALUmuckc2YUFmJq5YXgbB8oG3rs4cnh2rdDXd │ │ └── │ │ Published Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ PackageID: 0xa7ed855d30500c485a94c0849f70b508d6b6adf6b0767ab93cc0756c075ecbb1 │ │ │ Version: 1 │ │ │ Digest: EtGAG9RHHCsguX4iuX1cbRDvW4QAkJXgDCMJjiufHtxB │ │ │ Modules: greeting │ │ └── │ ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ ╭───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ Balance Changes │ ├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ ┌── │ │ │ Owner: Account Address ( 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 ) │ │ │ CoinType: 0x2::sui::SUI │ │ │ Amount: -7865080 │ │ └── │ ╰───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ When you publish a Move package to the network, the network uploads and stores the bytecode as a Move package with a unique package ID and version number. The network consumes SUI tokens as gas and processes the transaction on-chain. After successfully executing, the output provides details about the transaction used to publish the package, including the gas cost, transaction digest, dependencies, owner, and sender. For this guide, the most important section is Published Objects , which includes the package's ID, version, and its modules: │ Published Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ PackageID: 0xa7ed855d30500c485a94c0849f70b508d6b6adf6b0767ab93cc0756c075ecbb1 │ │ │ Version: 1 │ │ │ Digest: EtGAG9RHHCsguX4iuX1cbRDvW4QAkJXgDCMJjiufHtxB │ │ │ Modules: greeting │ │ └── Both the package ID and module are required to interact with the package from the command line. Take note of both values for future use in the Connecting a Frontend guide. Interact with the Move package Interact with the newly published package by first making a call to the new function that creates a new Greeting object and initialize it with the text "Hello world!" : $ sui client call --package <PACKAGE_ID> --module greeting --function new Replace <PACKAGE_ID> with the package ID the output of the sui client publish command returned. You must include the --package , --module , and --function flags. The output of this call includes a newly created object: ╭───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ Transaction Effects │ ├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ Digest: 6xB9Foy5vyhXG99xppaCxrNvpPTV3UZsH39zqUKNoGsD │ │ Status: Success │ │ Executed Epoch: 875 │ │ │ │ Created Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ID: 0x2834aa3d2ed1b5060f4e5d400092544fa9c95430fd894b139b7dfb0312501594 │ │ │ Owner: Shared( 591332927 ) │ │ │ Version: 591332927 │ │ │ Digest: 8xJRijHHp3gNXLExTG98KX5jYAQDVKqsBD8ATFMJXCbA │ │ └── ... To verify that the object contains the text "Hello world!" , make a call to query the object's information: $ sui client object <OBJECT_ID> Replace <OBJECT_ID> with the value under Created Objects, ID: . You should see the object's details, including a value of text: Hello world! : ╭───────────────┬──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ objectId │ 0x2834aa3d2ed1b5060f4e5d400092544fa9c95430fd894b139b7dfb0312501594 │ │ version │ 591332927 │ │ digest │ 8xJRijHHp3gNXLExTG98KX5jYAQDVKqsBD8ATFMJXCbA │ │ objType │ 0xa7ed855d30500c485a94c0849f70b508d6b6adf6b0767ab93cc0756c075ecbb1::greeting::Greeting │ │ owner │ ╭────────┬──────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ │ │ │ Shared │ ╭────────────────────────┬─────────────╮ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ initial_shared_version │ 591332927 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ╰────────────────────────┴─────────────╯ │ │ │ │ ╰────────┴──────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ │ prevTx │ 6xB9Foy5vyhXG99xppaCxrNvpPTV3UZsH39zqUKNoGsD │ │ storageRebate │ 1413600 │ │ content │ ╭───────────────────┬──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ │ │ │ dataType │ moveObject │ │ │ │ │ type │ 0xa7ed855d30500c485a94c0849f70b508d6b6adf6b0767ab93cc0756c075ecbb1::greeting::Greeting │ │ │ │ │ hasPublicTransfer │ false │ │ │ │ │ fields │ ╭──────┬───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ id │ ╭────┬──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ id │ 0x2834aa3d2ed1b5060f4e5d400092544fa9c95430fd894b139b7dfb0312501594 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ╰────┴──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ text │ Hello world! │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ╰──────┴───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ │ │ │ ╰───────────────────┴──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ ╰───────────────┴──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ Important transaction considerations You cannot send 2 or more transactions simultaneously, otherwise you encounter an error such as: Failed to sign transaction by a quorum of validators because one or more of its objects is reserved for another transaction. If you receive this error, you must wait until the current epoch is over before submitting your transaction again. You can see how long is left in the current epoch using Sui Explorer or another network explorer like SuiScan . To prevent the same object from being modified by multiple transactions at once, your address 'locks' the object to prevent conflicting modifications. If you'd like to batch multiple transaction commands together, you can use programmable transaction blocks . Transactions also have limitations regarding total size, number of objects, and number of inputs. Learn more about limitations in Building Against Limits in The Move Book. Next steps Create a Full Stack dApp Connect a frontend interface to your "Hello, World!" smart contract. Access Sui Data Learn more about accessing data on Sui. Join the Community Join the Sui developer community, try out other example projects, or read more documentation. Edit this page What is Move? Clone "Hello, World!" View the smart contract code Code explanation Resource safety Build the Move package Publish the Move package Interact with the Move package Important transaction considerations © 2026 Sui Foundation | Documentation distributed under CC BY 4.0 | 2026-01-13T08:48:38 |
https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/interpreter.html | 2. Using the Python Interpreter — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents 2. Using the Python Interpreter 2.1. Invoking the Interpreter 2.1.1. Argument Passing 2.1.2. Interactive Mode 2.2. The Interpreter and Its Environment 2.2.1. Source Code Encoding Previous topic 1. Whetting Your Appetite Next topic 3. An Informal Introduction to Python This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial » 2. Using the Python Interpreter | Theme Auto Light Dark | 2. Using the Python Interpreter ¶ 2.1. Invoking the Interpreter ¶ The Python interpreter is usually installed as /usr/local/bin/python3.14 on those machines where it is available; putting /usr/local/bin in your Unix shell’s search path makes it possible to start it by typing the command: python3.14 to the shell. [ 1 ] Since the choice of the directory where the interpreter lives is an installation option, other places are possible; check with your local Python guru or system administrator. (E.g., /usr/local/python is a popular alternative location.) On Windows machines where you have installed Python from the Microsoft Store , the python3.14 command will be available. If you have the py.exe launcher installed, you can use the py command. See Python install manager for other ways to launch Python. Typing an end-of-file character ( Control - D on Unix, Control - Z on Windows) at the primary prompt causes the interpreter to exit with a zero exit status. If that doesn’t work, you can exit the interpreter by typing the following command: quit() . The interpreter’s line-editing features include interactive editing, history substitution and code completion on systems that support the GNU Readline library. Perhaps the quickest check to see whether command line editing is supported is typing Control - P to the first Python prompt you get. If it beeps, you have command line editing; see Appendix Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution for an introduction to the keys. If nothing appears to happen, or if ^P is echoed, command line editing isn’t available; you’ll only be able to use backspace to remove characters from the current line. The interpreter operates somewhat like the Unix shell: when called with standard input connected to a tty device, it reads and executes commands interactively; when called with a file name argument or with a file as standard input, it reads and executes a script from that file. A second way of starting the interpreter is python -c command [arg] ... , which executes the statement(s) in command , analogous to the shell’s -c option. Since Python statements often contain spaces or other characters that are special to the shell, it is usually advised to quote command in its entirety. Some Python modules are also useful as scripts. These can be invoked using python -m module [arg] ... , which executes the source file for module as if you had spelled out its full name on the command line. When a script file is used, it is sometimes useful to be able to run the script and enter interactive mode afterwards. This can be done by passing -i before the script. All command line options are described in Command line and environment . 2.1.1. Argument Passing ¶ When known to the interpreter, the script name and additional arguments thereafter are turned into a list of strings and assigned to the argv variable in the sys module. You can access this list by executing import sys . The length of the list is at least one; when no script and no arguments are given, sys.argv[0] is an empty string. When the script name is given as '-' (meaning standard input), sys.argv[0] is set to '-' . When -c command is used, sys.argv[0] is set to '-c' . When -m module is used, sys.argv[0] is set to the full name of the located module. Options found after -c command or -m module are not consumed by the Python interpreter’s option processing but left in sys.argv for the command or module to handle. 2.1.2. Interactive Mode ¶ When commands are read from a tty, the interpreter is said to be in interactive mode . In this mode it prompts for the next command with the primary prompt , usually three greater-than signs ( >>> ); for continuation lines it prompts with the secondary prompt , by default three dots ( ... ). The interpreter prints a welcome message stating its version number and a copyright notice before printing the first prompt: $ python3.14 Python 3.14 (default, April 4 2024, 09:25:04) [GCC 10.2.0] on linux Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> Continuation lines are needed when entering a multi-line construct. As an example, take a look at this if statement: >>> the_world_is_flat = True >>> if the_world_is_flat : ... print ( "Be careful not to fall off!" ) ... Be careful not to fall off! For more on interactive mode, see Interactive Mode . 2.2. The Interpreter and Its Environment ¶ 2.2.1. Source Code Encoding ¶ By default, Python source files are treated as encoded in UTF-8. In that encoding, characters of most languages in the world can be used simultaneously in string literals, identifiers and comments — although the standard library only uses ASCII characters for identifiers, a convention that any portable code should follow. To display all these characters properly, your editor must recognize that the file is UTF-8, and it must use a font that supports all the characters in the file. To declare an encoding other than the default one, a special comment line should be added as the first line of the file. The syntax is as follows: # -*- coding: encoding -*- where encoding is one of the valid codecs supported by Python. For example, to declare that Windows-1252 encoding is to be used, the first line of your source code file should be: # -*- coding: cp1252 -*- One exception to the first line rule is when the source code starts with a UNIX “shebang” line . In this case, the encoding declaration should be added as the second line of the file. For example: #!/usr/bin/env python3 # -*- coding: cp1252 -*- Footnotes [ 1 ] On Unix, the Python 3.x interpreter is by default not installed with the executable named python , so that it does not conflict with a simultaneously installed Python 2.x executable. Table of Contents 2. Using the Python Interpreter 2.1. Invoking the Interpreter 2.1.1. Argument Passing 2.1.2. Interactive Mode 2.2. The Interpreter and Its Environment 2.2.1. Source Code Encoding Previous topic 1. Whetting Your Appetite Next topic 3. An Informal Introduction to Python This page Report a bug Show source « Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial » 2. Using the Python Interpreter | Theme Auto Light Dark | © Copyright 2001 Python Software Foundation. This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License. See History and License for more information. The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. Please donate. Last updated on Jan 13, 2026 (06:19 UTC). Found a bug ? Created using Sphinx 8.2.3. | 2026-01-13T08:48:38 |
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https://docs.python.org/3.9/ | 3.9.24 Documentation Download Download these documents Docs by version Stable In development All versions Other resources PEP Index Beginner's Guide Book List Audio/Visual Talks Python Developer’s Guide This document is for an old version of Python that is no longer supported. You should upgrade, and read the Python documentation for the current stable release . Navigation index modules | Python » 3.9.24 Documentation » | Python 3.9.24 documentation Welcome! This is the official documentation for Python 3.9.24. Parts of the documentation: What's new in Python 3.9? or all "What's new" documents since 2.0 Tutorial start here Library Reference keep this under your pillow Language Reference describes syntax and language elements Python Setup and Usage how to use Python on different platforms Python HOWTOs in-depth documents on specific topics Installing Python Modules installing from the Python Package Index & other sources Distributing Python Modules publishing modules for installation by others Extending and Embedding tutorial for C/C++ programmers Python/C API reference for C/C++ programmers FAQs frequently asked questions (with answers!) Indices and tables: Global Module Index quick access to all modules General Index all functions, classes, terms Glossary the most important terms explained Search page search this documentation Complete Table of Contents lists all sections and subsections Meta information: Reporting bugs Contributing to Docs About the documentation History and License of Python Copyright Download Download these documents Docs by version Stable In development All versions Other resources PEP Index Beginner's Guide Book List Audio/Visual Talks Python Developer’s Guide Navigation index modules | Python » 3.9.24 Documentation » | © Copyright 2001-2025, Python Software Foundation. This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License. See History and License for more information. The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. Please donate. Last updated on Nov 01, 2025. Found a bug ? Created using Sphinx 2.4.4. | 2026-01-13T08:48:38 |
https://docs.python.org/3.8/ | 3.8.20 Documentation Download Download these documents Docs by version Stable In development All versions Other resources PEP Index Beginner's Guide Book List Audio/Visual Talks Python Developer’s Guide This document is for an old version of Python that is no longer supported. You should upgrade, and read the Python documentation for the current stable release . Navigation index modules | Python » 3.8.20 Documentation » | Python 3.8.20 documentation Welcome! This is the documentation for Python 3.8.20. Parts of the documentation: What's new in Python 3.8? or all "What's new" documents since 2.0 Tutorial start here Library Reference keep this under your pillow Language Reference describes syntax and language elements Python Setup and Usage how to use Python on different platforms Python HOWTOs in-depth documents on specific topics Installing Python Modules installing from the Python Package Index & other sources Distributing Python Modules publishing modules for installation by others Extending and Embedding tutorial for C/C++ programmers Python/C API reference for C/C++ programmers FAQs frequently asked questions (with answers!) Indices and tables: Global Module Index quick access to all modules General Index all functions, classes, terms Glossary the most important terms explained Search page search this documentation Complete Table of Contents lists all sections and subsections Meta information: Reporting bugs Contributing to Docs About the documentation History and License of Python Copyright Download Download these documents Docs by version Stable In development All versions Other resources PEP Index Beginner's Guide Book List Audio/Visual Talks Python Developer’s Guide Navigation index modules | Python » 3.8.20 Documentation » | © Copyright 2001-2025, Python Software Foundation. This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License. The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. Please donate. Last updated on Apr 16, 2025. Found a bug ? Created using Sphinx 2.4.4. | 2026-01-13T08:48:38 |
https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/interpreter.html | 2. Using the Python Interpreter — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents 2. Using the Python Interpreter 2.1. Invoking the Interpreter 2.1.1. Argument Passing 2.1.2. Interactive Mode 2.2. The Interpreter and Its Environment 2.2.1. Source Code Encoding Previous topic 1. Whetting Your Appetite Next topic 3. An Informal Introduction to Python This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial » 2. Using the Python Interpreter | Theme Auto Light Dark | 2. Using the Python Interpreter ¶ 2.1. Invoking the Interpreter ¶ The Python interpreter is usually installed as /usr/local/bin/python3.14 on those machines where it is available; putting /usr/local/bin in your Unix shell’s search path makes it possible to start it by typing the command: python3.14 to the shell. [ 1 ] Since the choice of the directory where the interpreter lives is an installation option, other places are possible; check with your local Python guru or system administrator. (E.g., /usr/local/python is a popular alternative location.) On Windows machines where you have installed Python from the Microsoft Store , the python3.14 command will be available. If you have the py.exe launcher installed, you can use the py command. See Python install manager for other ways to launch Python. Typing an end-of-file character ( Control - D on Unix, Control - Z on Windows) at the primary prompt causes the interpreter to exit with a zero exit status. If that doesn’t work, you can exit the interpreter by typing the following command: quit() . The interpreter’s line-editing features include interactive editing, history substitution and code completion on systems that support the GNU Readline library. Perhaps the quickest check to see whether command line editing is supported is typing Control - P to the first Python prompt you get. If it beeps, you have command line editing; see Appendix Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution for an introduction to the keys. If nothing appears to happen, or if ^P is echoed, command line editing isn’t available; you’ll only be able to use backspace to remove characters from the current line. The interpreter operates somewhat like the Unix shell: when called with standard input connected to a tty device, it reads and executes commands interactively; when called with a file name argument or with a file as standard input, it reads and executes a script from that file. A second way of starting the interpreter is python -c command [arg] ... , which executes the statement(s) in command , analogous to the shell’s -c option. Since Python statements often contain spaces or other characters that are special to the shell, it is usually advised to quote command in its entirety. Some Python modules are also useful as scripts. These can be invoked using python -m module [arg] ... , which executes the source file for module as if you had spelled out its full name on the command line. When a script file is used, it is sometimes useful to be able to run the script and enter interactive mode afterwards. This can be done by passing -i before the script. All command line options are described in Command line and environment . 2.1.1. Argument Passing ¶ When known to the interpreter, the script name and additional arguments thereafter are turned into a list of strings and assigned to the argv variable in the sys module. You can access this list by executing import sys . The length of the list is at least one; when no script and no arguments are given, sys.argv[0] is an empty string. When the script name is given as '-' (meaning standard input), sys.argv[0] is set to '-' . When -c command is used, sys.argv[0] is set to '-c' . When -m module is used, sys.argv[0] is set to the full name of the located module. Options found after -c command or -m module are not consumed by the Python interpreter’s option processing but left in sys.argv for the command or module to handle. 2.1.2. Interactive Mode ¶ When commands are read from a tty, the interpreter is said to be in interactive mode . In this mode it prompts for the next command with the primary prompt , usually three greater-than signs ( >>> ); for continuation lines it prompts with the secondary prompt , by default three dots ( ... ). The interpreter prints a welcome message stating its version number and a copyright notice before printing the first prompt: $ python3.14 Python 3.14 (default, April 4 2024, 09:25:04) [GCC 10.2.0] on linux Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> Continuation lines are needed when entering a multi-line construct. As an example, take a look at this if statement: >>> the_world_is_flat = True >>> if the_world_is_flat : ... print ( "Be careful not to fall off!" ) ... Be careful not to fall off! For more on interactive mode, see Interactive Mode . 2.2. The Interpreter and Its Environment ¶ 2.2.1. Source Code Encoding ¶ By default, Python source files are treated as encoded in UTF-8. In that encoding, characters of most languages in the world can be used simultaneously in string literals, identifiers and comments — although the standard library only uses ASCII characters for identifiers, a convention that any portable code should follow. To display all these characters properly, your editor must recognize that the file is UTF-8, and it must use a font that supports all the characters in the file. To declare an encoding other than the default one, a special comment line should be added as the first line of the file. The syntax is as follows: # -*- coding: encoding -*- where encoding is one of the valid codecs supported by Python. For example, to declare that Windows-1252 encoding is to be used, the first line of your source code file should be: # -*- coding: cp1252 -*- One exception to the first line rule is when the source code starts with a UNIX “shebang” line . In this case, the encoding declaration should be added as the second line of the file. For example: #!/usr/bin/env python3 # -*- coding: cp1252 -*- Footnotes [ 1 ] On Unix, the Python 3.x interpreter is by default not installed with the executable named python , so that it does not conflict with a simultaneously installed Python 2.x executable. Table of Contents 2. Using the Python Interpreter 2.1. Invoking the Interpreter 2.1.1. Argument Passing 2.1.2. Interactive Mode 2.2. The Interpreter and Its Environment 2.2.1. Source Code Encoding Previous topic 1. Whetting Your Appetite Next topic 3. An Informal Introduction to Python This page Report a bug Show source « Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial » 2. Using the Python Interpreter | Theme Auto Light Dark | © Copyright 2001 Python Software Foundation. This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License. See History and License for more information. The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. Please donate. Last updated on Jan 13, 2026 (06:19 UTC). Found a bug ? Created using Sphinx 8.2.3. | 2026-01-13T08:48:38 |
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https://www.dataprotection.ie/ga/contact/teagmhail-dheanamh-linn | Conas teagmháil a dhéanamh linn | Data Protection Commission Ceisteanna Coitianta Déan Teagmháil Linn Leanaí Gaeilge English Cuardaigh English Site Search Cuardaigh Header Menu Do Chuid Sonraí D'Eagraíochtaí Acmhainní Cé Muid Féin Nuacht agus na Meáin Oifigigh Cosanta Sonraí Ceisteanna Coitianta Déan Teagmháil Linn Leanaí Teagmháil Conas teagmháil a dhéanamh linn Déan teagmháil linn ar line Déan teagmháil leis an bhfoireann cumarsáide Déan teagmháil lenár OCS Rochtain do Dhaoine a Theastaíonn Cúnamh Faoi Leith Uathu Breadcrumb Home contact Conas teagmháil a dhéanamh linn Más duine den phobal nó eagraíocht thú a bhfuil ag iarraidh labhairt leis an DPC maidir le ceist cosanta sonraí, bain úsáid as an gcnaipe “DÉAN TEAGMHÁIL LINN AR LÍNE” thíos. Déan teagmháil linn ar líne Tá sé tábhachtach tabhairt faoi deara nach bhfuil cuntar poiblí ag an gCoimisiún um Chosaint Sonraí agus, mar sin de, nílimid in ann cruinnithe aghaidh ar aghaidh ar chur ar fáil. Mura féidir leat dul i dteagmháil linn ar na bealaí thuasluaite, áfach, téigh i dteagmháil lenár n-Oifigeach Inrochtaineachta le do thoil. De rogha air sin, is féidir glaoigh orainn ag: Uaireanta na Deisce Cabhrach don Nollaig 2025 Dé Céadaoin 17 Nollaig – 09:30am go 1pm Déardaoin 18 Nollaig – dúnta Dé Céadaoin 24 Nollaig – 09:30am go 12pm Déardaoin 25 Nollaig – dúnta Dé hAoine 26 Nollaig – dúnta Dé Luain 29 Nollaig go dtí Dé hAoine 2 Eanáir – dúnta Uaireanta na Deisce Chabhrach 9.30am - 1pm (Luan - Aoine) 2pm - 5pm (Luan - Aoine) Theileafóin 01 765 0100 1800 437 737 Tabhair faoi deara, le do thoil, nach dtabharfar ach faisnéis ghinearálta faoi chearta cosanta sonraí duit agus tú i dteagmháil leis an Deasc Chabhrach. Níl an Coimisiún in ann glacadh le gearáin ar an teileafón. Caithfear iad a chur isteach i scríbhinn agus b’fhearr iad a chur isteach trí fhoirm Ghréasáin (atá ar fáil ar an suíomh Gréasáin). Ní feidir leis an gCoimisiún aon fhaisnéis a thabhairt duit faoi stádas aon ghearáin atá taiscthe agat nó faoi stádas aon Fhiosrúcháin a bhfuil an Coimisiún ag tabhairt faoi. Seoladh Poist An Coimisiún um Chosaint Sonraí 6 Rae Pheambróg BÁC 2 D02 X963 Éire Oifigí Oifig Baile Atha Cliath An Coimisiún um Chosaint Sonraí 6 Rae Pheambróg BÁC 2 D02 X963 Éire Oifig Cúil an tSudaire Teach na Canálach Bóthar an Stáisiúin Cúil an tSúdaire Co. Laoise Éire Do Chuid Sonraí Cosaint Sonraí: Na Bunchlocha Do chearta faoin GDPR Ag Feidhmiú do Chearta D'Eagraíochtaí Cosaint Sonraí: Na Bunchlocha Bí ar an eolas faoi do oibleagáidí Cóid Iompair Deimhniúchán GDPR Acmhainní d'Eagraíochtaí Rialacha le haghaidh margaíocht leictreonach agus dhíreach Aistriú Idirnáisiúnta An Chomhdháil um Shonraí Spóirt 2025 Grafaicí Faisnéise maidir leis an Spórt Feasacht FBM ARC Comhdháil ARC d’Fhiontair Bheaga agus Mheánmhéide (FBManna) Ceardlanna Tionscadail ARC ARC Grafaicí Eolais Déan teagmháil linn An Coimisiún um Chosaint Sonraí 6 Rae Pheambróg BÁC 2 D02 X963 Éire Ráiteas Inrochtaineachta Ráiteas Cosanta Sonraí Polasaí Fianáin Dearadh & Forbairt ag FUSIO | 2026-01-13T08:48:38 |
https://www.trylad.com/download-lad | LAD Downloads & Installation Guide | Lotas LAD Download Pricing Contact Refer a friend and earn free months of LAD Pro for both of you. Get your referral link Download LAD Download for Windows ⤓ Setup instructions Download LAD using the download button above. Windows Security Warnings: When you download the file, you may see security warnings from Microsoft Defender SmartScreen or your browser. This is normal for new software that hasn't been widely distributed yet. If your browser shows a warning, click "Keep" or "Keep anyway" to proceed. You may need to right-click on the download warning to see these options. If Windows Defender SmartScreen appears, click "More info" and then "Run anyway" to continue. If you see "Windows protected your PC", click "Run anyway" (you may need to click the dropdown arrow next to "Don't run" to see this option). User Account Control: When you run the installer, Windows may ask "Do you want to allow this app from an unknown publisher to make changes to your device?" Click "Yes" to proceed with the installation. Data Collection Policy: During installation, you'll see the data collection policy screen. Read through the policy and click the "Acknowledged" button once you've reviewed it. Follow the remaining installer prompts to complete the installation. Launch SolidWorks and open any part or assembly file. In SolidWorks, locate the LAD add-in. You may need to enable it by going to Tools → Add-Ins and checking "LAD" if it's not already visible. The LAD icon (labeled "AI") should appear in the right-side pane in SolidWorks once it's enabled. Click the icon to open the LAD pane and begin using the AI assistant. Sign in or sign up when prompted. If needed, you can use an API key from your account page . Type your design requests in the LAD conversation pane. © 2026 Lotas. All rights reserved. LAD Pricing Contact Account SolidWorks is a registered trademark of Dassault Systèmes SolidWorks Corporation. Lotas is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Dassault Systèmes or SolidWorks. This AI assistant add-in is not made by, sponsored by, or endorsed by SolidWorks or Dassault Systèmes. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. | 2026-01-13T08:48:38 |
https://docs.sui.io/guides/developer/getting-started/connect#what-is-move | Hello, World! | Sui Documentation Skip to main content Sui Documentation Guides Concepts Standards References Search Overview Getting Started Install Sui Install from Source Install from Binaries Configure a Sui Client Create a Sui Address Get SUI from Faucet Hello, World! Connect a Frontend Next Steps Sui Essentials Objects Packages Currencies and Tokens NFTs Cryptography Nautilus Advanced App Examples Dev Cheat Sheet Operator Guides SuiPlay0X1 🗳️ Book Office Hours → 💬 Join Discord → Getting Started Hello, World! On this page Hello, World! You'll build a "Hello, World!" program to learn the fundamentals of programming on Sui. You create programs on Sui by writing and deploying smart contracts to the network. The most basic unit of storage on Sui is an object . Other blockchains typically structure storage using key-value stores. Sui centers storage around objects with unique ID addresses on-chain. Every Sui smart contract is an object that manipulates other objects. Objects can be immutable or mutable: Immutable objects cannot be transferred, changed, or deleted. No one owns them and anyone can access them publicly. Mutable objects can be transferred, changed, and deleted. A Sui address can own them, or they can be shared for public access. Every object's unique ID and version number references it on-chain. Every transaction on the network takes objects as input, then reads, writes, and mutates the inputs to produce new or altered objects as output. Every object knows the hash of the transaction that produced it. When an object is modified by a transaction, the transaction's output writes the object's mutated contents to the same object ID but with a new version number. Sui has limits on the maximum transaction size (128KB) and number of objects (2,048) used in a transaction. For more information on limits, see Building Against Limits in The Move Book. What is Move? Move is the programming language Sui uses to create smart contracts. It is platform agnostic and enables common libraries, tooling, and developer communities across blockchains with vastly different data and execution models. There are three ways to use Move in the context of Sui: Move packages, Move modules, and Move objects. A Sui Move package is also referred to as a Move smart contract. It is a set of Move bytecode published to the Sui network. It is immutable and cannot be changed or removed, however you can upgrade it. Upgrading creates a new version of the package object on-chain, leaving the original intact. All prior versions of a package still exist on-chain. Once you publish it, other packages can import and use the modules it provides. Anyone can view a package's contents and use a Sui Explorer to see how its logic manipulates other objects. Every Move package on Sui includes one or more Sui Move modules that define the package's interaction with on-chain objects. A module's name is always unique within the package that contains it. A Sui Move module governs a Sui Move object , which is typed data from a Sui Move package. Each Move object value is a struct with fields that can contain primitive types, such as integers and addresses, other objects, and non-object structs. Clone "Hello, World!" Prerequisites Install the latest version of Sui . Configure the Sui client . Create a Sui address . Get SUI Testnet tokens . Download and install an IDE. The following are recommended, as they offer Move extensions: VSCode , corresponding Move extension Emacs , corresponding Move extension Vim , corresponding Move extension Zed , corresponding Move extension Alternatively, you can use the Move web IDE , which does not require a download. It does not support all functions necessary for this guide, however. Download and install Git . To demonstrate creating objects, packages, and how to build your first Sui application, start by cloning the "Hello, World!" example: $ git clone \ https://github.com/MystenLabs/sui-stack-hello-world.git $ cd sui-stack-hello-world/move/hello-world In this project, there are two important files that define the package's logic, information, and its dependencies: move/hello-world/sources/greeting.move : Defines the package's logic. In this example, it defines a basic shared greeting object and public functions to interact with it. move/hello-world/Move.toml : The package's configuration file that defines the package name, dependencies, and addresses. Click to open move/hello-world/Move.toml File not found in manifest: move/hello-world/Move.toml . You probably need to run `pnpm prebuild` and restart the site. View the smart contract code Open the greeting.move file in your IDE of choice. You can see the following Move code: File not found in manifest: move/hello-world/sources/greeting.move . You probably need to run `pnpm prebuild` and restart the site. Code explanation First, this code defines a module called greeting : module hello_world :: greeting { use std :: string ; ... } Then, it defines a public struct called Greeting that contains a unique object ID and text. A struct is a type of resource : File not found in manifest: move/hello-world/sources/greeting.move . You probably need to run `pnpm prebuild` and restart the site. Then, it defines the function new that makes an API call to the Greeting struct and initializes it with the text "Hello world!" , storing it in a new shared object: File not found in manifest: move/hello-world/sources/greeting.move . You probably need to run `pnpm prebuild` and restart the site. Lastly, the package defines a function called update_text that can be called to update the text stored in Greeting : File not found in manifest: move/hello-world/sources/greeting.move . You probably need to run `pnpm prebuild` and restart the site. Resource safety A unique aspect of programming applications on Sui is the resource safety enforced by the Move Bytecode Verifier. Move packages must satisfy the following resource safety parameters: All resources must be either moved into global storage or destroyed by the end of a transaction. Resources cannot be copied. In the "Hello, World!" example, the struct Greeting is a resource type. To satisfy the requirement that all resources must be moved or destroyed by the end of a transaction, Greeting is assigned to new_greeting , which the call to transfer::share_object(new_greeting) then moves into global storage. To mutate Greeting , the function update_text takes the input (&mut Greeting) rather than the resource itself. This function satisfies resource safety as the function does not copy the resource and mutates it via a reference. Learn more about the Move Bytecode Verifier. How does this differ from EVM applications? The Ethereum Virtual Machine adopts a gas-based resource safety strategy. Every opcode on an EVM chain has an associated gas price that makes transactions costly, preventing the network from running a single transaction indefinitely. Build the Move package Before you can publish a Move package to the network, you must first build it. Building your package is necessary because the .move source file is a human-readable piece of code, while the network can only understand bytecode. To build your "Hello, World!" package, first confirm your working directory is ~/sui-stack-hello-world/move/hello-world , then run the following command: $ sui move build The build process fetches and compiles the dependencies defined in the Move.toml file. The Move compiler checks your .move code for type errors, syntax errors, and enforces resource safety , then translates your .move code into bytecode that Sui can execute. info You must build your package before you can publish it, but also before you test it. You cannot run tests ( sui move test ) on your code until it has been built. Publish the Move package Now that your package has been built, you need to publish it. After you publish it, other packages and users can use the package's modules and functions by making calls to the package ID. First, confirm your client is configured to use Testnet as the active environment: $ sui client active-env This should return testnet . If it does not return testnet , follow the client configuration instructions before continuing. Then, check your balance of SUI tokens to confirm you have enough to publish to Testnet: $ sui client balance You should have a balance of SUI tokens: ╭────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ Balance of coins owned by this address │ ├────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ ╭────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ │ │ coin balance (raw) balance │ │ │ ├────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ │ │ Sui 56804696124 0.50 SUI │ │ │ ╰────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ ╰────────────────────────────────────────────╯ If you do not have a balance, follow the SUI faucet instructions . Now, publish the package to Testnet with the command: $ sui client publish Click to open Output Transaction Digest: 8R39iKKLGPDG3QkW2SrRW3QX71csRP2BLhK9H7oz9SwW ╭──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ Transaction Data │ ├──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ Sender: 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 │ │ Gas Owner: 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 │ │ Gas Budget: 9843200 MIST │ │ Gas Price: 1000 MIST │ │ Gas Payment: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ID: 0x816e5ec6ff457f18232498b57af8a0e1e219307a3a43fb5df5a4c2198296510c │ │ │ Version: 591332925 │ │ │ Digest: FLC4NXntT7WiHcqCkpDuBUq14DFTfi3EFeUiJcSNHdPu │ │ └── │ │ │ │ Transaction Kind: Programmable │ │ ╭─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ───────────────────────╮ │ │ │ Input Objects │ │ │ ├──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ │ │ 0 Pure Arg: Type: address, Value: "0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803" │ │ │ ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ │ ╭─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ │ │ Commands │ │ │ ├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ │ │ 0 Publish: │ │ │ │ ┌ │ │ │ │ │ Dependencies: │ │ │ │ │ 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 │ │ │ │ │ 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002 │ │ │ │ └ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 1 TransferObjects: │ │ │ │ ┌ │ │ │ │ │ Arguments: │ │ │ │ │ Result 0 │ │ │ │ │ Address: Input 0 │ │ │ │ └ │ │ │ ╰─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ │ │ │ Signatures: │ │ mUxqMIofPq+yIzPxxYM+2mSIPTFneDxhWGGxJ7tM02hnRBRy5/FosnnWKxd4OSAjmaw6FNylwVdqUoUlJSxWCQ== │ │ │ ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ ╭───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ Transaction Effects │ ├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ Digest: 8R39iKKLGPDG3QkW2SrRW3QX71csRP2BLhK9H7oz9SwW │ │ Status: Success │ │ Executed Epoch: 875 │ │ │ │ Created Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ID: 0x136e41f505888066f189fb823d710ec96ab4fd75144b3d8008b91d58de85fd12 │ │ │ Owner: Account Address ( 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 ) │ │ │ Version: 591332926 │ │ │ Digest: BGfc1tihsYPTLLozrj58HmRkDeQ1DWZfqeaR4SZDb1cX │ │ └── │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ID: 0xa7ed855d30500c485a94c0849f70b508d6b6adf6b0767ab93cc0756c075ecbb1 │ │ │ Owner: Immutable │ │ │ Version: 1 │ │ │ Digest: EtGAG9RHHCsguX4iuX1cbRDvW4QAkJXgDCMJjiufHtxB │ │ └── │ │ Mutated Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ID: 0x816e5ec6ff457f18232498b57af8a0e1e219307a3a43fb5df5a4c2198296510c │ │ │ Owner: Account Address ( 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 ) │ │ │ Version: 591332926 │ │ │ Digest: CiU5KNZALUmuckc2YUFmJq5YXgbB8oG3rs4cnh2rdDXd │ │ └── │ │ Gas Object: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ID: 0x816e5ec6ff457f18232498b57af8a0e1e219307a3a43fb5df5a4c2198296510c │ │ │ Owner: Account Address ( 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 ) │ │ │ Version: 591332926 │ │ │ Digest: CiU5KNZALUmuckc2YUFmJq5YXgbB8oG3rs4cnh2rdDXd │ │ └── │ │ Gas Cost Summary: │ │ Storage Cost: 7843200 MIST │ │ Computation Cost: 1000000 MIST │ │ Storage Rebate: 978120 MIST │ │ Non-refundable Storage Fee: 9880 MIST │ │ │ │ Transaction Dependencies: │ │ 2dkJtqsoQcyCZJvjZnskNVPQeynwVtwCcA9goAru6tTi │ │ 7PStztXyh92keJmrDD1aghHaKVdgCoVkVx4ZmLUfmQeK │ │ Dd9pn1zFcSJjinxQewFd2gQdR4XKsHxFioD5MYnwLZQz │ ╰───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ ╭─────────────────────── ──────╮ │ No transaction block events │ ╰─────────────────────────────╯ ╭──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ Object Changes │ ├──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ Created Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ObjectID: 0x136e41f505888066f189fb823d710ec96ab4fd75144b3d8008b91d58de85fd12 │ │ │ Sender: 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 │ │ │ Owner: Account Address ( 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 ) │ │ │ ObjectType: 0x2::package::UpgradeCap │ │ │ Version: 591332926 │ │ │ Digest: BGfc1tihsYPTLLozrj58HmRkDeQ1DWZfqeaR4SZDb1cX │ │ └── │ │ Mutated Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ObjectID: 0x816e5ec6ff457f18232498b57af8a0e1e219307a3a43fb5df5a4c2198296510c │ │ │ Sender: 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 │ │ │ Owner: Account Address ( 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 ) │ │ │ ObjectType: 0x2::coin::Coin<0x2::sui::SUI> │ │ │ Version: 591332926 │ │ │ Digest: CiU5KNZALUmuckc2YUFmJq5YXgbB8oG3rs4cnh2rdDXd │ │ └── │ │ Published Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ PackageID: 0xa7ed855d30500c485a94c0849f70b508d6b6adf6b0767ab93cc0756c075ecbb1 │ │ │ Version: 1 │ │ │ Digest: EtGAG9RHHCsguX4iuX1cbRDvW4QAkJXgDCMJjiufHtxB │ │ │ Modules: greeting │ │ └── │ ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ ╭───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ Balance Changes │ ├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ ┌── │ │ │ Owner: Account Address ( 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 ) │ │ │ CoinType: 0x2::sui::SUI │ │ │ Amount: -7865080 │ │ └── │ ╰───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ When you publish a Move package to the network, the network uploads and stores the bytecode as a Move package with a unique package ID and version number. The network consumes SUI tokens as gas and processes the transaction on-chain. After successfully executing, the output provides details about the transaction used to publish the package, including the gas cost, transaction digest, dependencies, owner, and sender. For this guide, the most important section is Published Objects , which includes the package's ID, version, and its modules: │ Published Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ PackageID: 0xa7ed855d30500c485a94c0849f70b508d6b6adf6b0767ab93cc0756c075ecbb1 │ │ │ Version: 1 │ │ │ Digest: EtGAG9RHHCsguX4iuX1cbRDvW4QAkJXgDCMJjiufHtxB │ │ │ Modules: greeting │ │ └── Both the package ID and module are required to interact with the package from the command line. Take note of both values for future use in the Connecting a Frontend guide. Interact with the Move package Interact with the newly published package by first making a call to the new function that creates a new Greeting object and initialize it with the text "Hello world!" : $ sui client call --package <PACKAGE_ID> --module greeting --function new Replace <PACKAGE_ID> with the package ID the output of the sui client publish command returned. You must include the --package , --module , and --function flags. The output of this call includes a newly created object: ╭───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ Transaction Effects │ ├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ Digest: 6xB9Foy5vyhXG99xppaCxrNvpPTV3UZsH39zqUKNoGsD │ │ Status: Success │ │ Executed Epoch: 875 │ │ │ │ Created Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ID: 0x2834aa3d2ed1b5060f4e5d400092544fa9c95430fd894b139b7dfb0312501594 │ │ │ Owner: Shared( 591332927 ) │ │ │ Version: 591332927 │ │ │ Digest: 8xJRijHHp3gNXLExTG98KX5jYAQDVKqsBD8ATFMJXCbA │ │ └── ... To verify that the object contains the text "Hello world!" , make a call to query the object's information: $ sui client object <OBJECT_ID> Replace <OBJECT_ID> with the value under Created Objects, ID: . You should see the object's details, including a value of text: Hello world! : ╭───────────────┬──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ objectId │ 0x2834aa3d2ed1b5060f4e5d400092544fa9c95430fd894b139b7dfb0312501594 │ │ version │ 591332927 │ │ digest │ 8xJRijHHp3gNXLExTG98KX5jYAQDVKqsBD8ATFMJXCbA │ │ objType │ 0xa7ed855d30500c485a94c0849f70b508d6b6adf6b0767ab93cc0756c075ecbb1::greeting::Greeting │ │ owner │ ╭────────┬──────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ │ │ │ Shared │ ╭────────────────────────┬─────────────╮ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ initial_shared_version │ 591332927 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ╰────────────────────────┴─────────────╯ │ │ │ │ ╰────────┴──────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ │ prevTx │ 6xB9Foy5vyhXG99xppaCxrNvpPTV3UZsH39zqUKNoGsD │ │ storageRebate │ 1413600 │ │ content │ ╭───────────────────┬──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ │ │ │ dataType │ moveObject │ │ │ │ │ type │ 0xa7ed855d30500c485a94c0849f70b508d6b6adf6b0767ab93cc0756c075ecbb1::greeting::Greeting │ │ │ │ │ hasPublicTransfer │ false │ │ │ │ │ fields │ ╭──────┬───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ id │ ╭────┬──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ id │ 0x2834aa3d2ed1b5060f4e5d400092544fa9c95430fd894b139b7dfb0312501594 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ╰────┴──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ text │ Hello world! │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ╰──────┴───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ │ │ │ ╰───────────────────┴──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ ╰───────────────┴──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ Important transaction considerations You cannot send 2 or more transactions simultaneously, otherwise you encounter an error such as: Failed to sign transaction by a quorum of validators because one or more of its objects is reserved for another transaction. If you receive this error, you must wait until the current epoch is over before submitting your transaction again. You can see how long is left in the current epoch using Sui Explorer or another network explorer like SuiScan . To prevent the same object from being modified by multiple transactions at once, your address 'locks' the object to prevent conflicting modifications. If you'd like to batch multiple transaction commands together, you can use programmable transaction blocks . Transactions also have limitations regarding total size, number of objects, and number of inputs. Learn more about limitations in Building Against Limits in The Move Book. Next steps Create a Full Stack dApp Connect a frontend interface to your "Hello, World!" smart contract. Access Sui Data Learn more about accessing data on Sui. Join the Community Join the Sui developer community, try out other example projects, or read more documentation. Edit this page What is Move? Clone "Hello, World!" View the smart contract code Code explanation Resource safety Build the Move package Publish the Move package Interact with the Move package Important transaction considerations © 2026 Sui Foundation | Documentation distributed under CC BY 4.0 | 2026-01-13T08:48:38 |
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https://docs.sui.io/guides/developer/first-app/write-package#view-the-smart-contract-code | Hello, World! | Sui Documentation Skip to main content Sui Documentation Guides Concepts Standards References Search Overview Getting Started Install Sui Install from Source Install from Binaries Configure a Sui Client Create a Sui Address Get SUI from Faucet Hello, World! Connect a Frontend Next Steps Sui Essentials Objects Packages Currencies and Tokens NFTs Cryptography Nautilus Advanced App Examples Dev Cheat Sheet Operator Guides SuiPlay0X1 🗳️ Book Office Hours → 💬 Join Discord → Getting Started Hello, World! On this page Hello, World! You'll build a "Hello, World!" program to learn the fundamentals of programming on Sui. You create programs on Sui by writing and deploying smart contracts to the network. The most basic unit of storage on Sui is an object . Other blockchains typically structure storage using key-value stores. Sui centers storage around objects with unique ID addresses on-chain. Every Sui smart contract is an object that manipulates other objects. Objects can be immutable or mutable: Immutable objects cannot be transferred, changed, or deleted. No one owns them and anyone can access them publicly. Mutable objects can be transferred, changed, and deleted. A Sui address can own them, or they can be shared for public access. Every object's unique ID and version number references it on-chain. Every transaction on the network takes objects as input, then reads, writes, and mutates the inputs to produce new or altered objects as output. Every object knows the hash of the transaction that produced it. When an object is modified by a transaction, the transaction's output writes the object's mutated contents to the same object ID but with a new version number. Sui has limits on the maximum transaction size (128KB) and number of objects (2,048) used in a transaction. For more information on limits, see Building Against Limits in The Move Book. What is Move? Move is the programming language Sui uses to create smart contracts. It is platform agnostic and enables common libraries, tooling, and developer communities across blockchains with vastly different data and execution models. There are three ways to use Move in the context of Sui: Move packages, Move modules, and Move objects. A Sui Move package is also referred to as a Move smart contract. It is a set of Move bytecode published to the Sui network. It is immutable and cannot be changed or removed, however you can upgrade it. Upgrading creates a new version of the package object on-chain, leaving the original intact. All prior versions of a package still exist on-chain. Once you publish it, other packages can import and use the modules it provides. Anyone can view a package's contents and use a Sui Explorer to see how its logic manipulates other objects. Every Move package on Sui includes one or more Sui Move modules that define the package's interaction with on-chain objects. A module's name is always unique within the package that contains it. A Sui Move module governs a Sui Move object , which is typed data from a Sui Move package. Each Move object value is a struct with fields that can contain primitive types, such as integers and addresses, other objects, and non-object structs. Clone "Hello, World!" Prerequisites Install the latest version of Sui . Configure the Sui client . Create a Sui address . Get SUI Testnet tokens . Download and install an IDE. The following are recommended, as they offer Move extensions: VSCode , corresponding Move extension Emacs , corresponding Move extension Vim , corresponding Move extension Zed , corresponding Move extension Alternatively, you can use the Move web IDE , which does not require a download. It does not support all functions necessary for this guide, however. Download and install Git . To demonstrate creating objects, packages, and how to build your first Sui application, start by cloning the "Hello, World!" example: $ git clone \ https://github.com/MystenLabs/sui-stack-hello-world.git $ cd sui-stack-hello-world/move/hello-world In this project, there are two important files that define the package's logic, information, and its dependencies: move/hello-world/sources/greeting.move : Defines the package's logic. In this example, it defines a basic shared greeting object and public functions to interact with it. move/hello-world/Move.toml : The package's configuration file that defines the package name, dependencies, and addresses. Click to open move/hello-world/Move.toml File not found in manifest: move/hello-world/Move.toml . You probably need to run `pnpm prebuild` and restart the site. View the smart contract code Open the greeting.move file in your IDE of choice. You can see the following Move code: File not found in manifest: move/hello-world/sources/greeting.move . You probably need to run `pnpm prebuild` and restart the site. Code explanation First, this code defines a module called greeting : module hello_world :: greeting { use std :: string ; ... } Then, it defines a public struct called Greeting that contains a unique object ID and text. A struct is a type of resource : File not found in manifest: move/hello-world/sources/greeting.move . You probably need to run `pnpm prebuild` and restart the site. Then, it defines the function new that makes an API call to the Greeting struct and initializes it with the text "Hello world!" , storing it in a new shared object: File not found in manifest: move/hello-world/sources/greeting.move . You probably need to run `pnpm prebuild` and restart the site. Lastly, the package defines a function called update_text that can be called to update the text stored in Greeting : File not found in manifest: move/hello-world/sources/greeting.move . You probably need to run `pnpm prebuild` and restart the site. Resource safety A unique aspect of programming applications on Sui is the resource safety enforced by the Move Bytecode Verifier. Move packages must satisfy the following resource safety parameters: All resources must be either moved into global storage or destroyed by the end of a transaction. Resources cannot be copied. In the "Hello, World!" example, the struct Greeting is a resource type. To satisfy the requirement that all resources must be moved or destroyed by the end of a transaction, Greeting is assigned to new_greeting , which the call to transfer::share_object(new_greeting) then moves into global storage. To mutate Greeting , the function update_text takes the input (&mut Greeting) rather than the resource itself. This function satisfies resource safety as the function does not copy the resource and mutates it via a reference. Learn more about the Move Bytecode Verifier. How does this differ from EVM applications? The Ethereum Virtual Machine adopts a gas-based resource safety strategy. Every opcode on an EVM chain has an associated gas price that makes transactions costly, preventing the network from running a single transaction indefinitely. Build the Move package Before you can publish a Move package to the network, you must first build it. Building your package is necessary because the .move source file is a human-readable piece of code, while the network can only understand bytecode. To build your "Hello, World!" package, first confirm your working directory is ~/sui-stack-hello-world/move/hello-world , then run the following command: $ sui move build The build process fetches and compiles the dependencies defined in the Move.toml file. The Move compiler checks your .move code for type errors, syntax errors, and enforces resource safety , then translates your .move code into bytecode that Sui can execute. info You must build your package before you can publish it, but also before you test it. You cannot run tests ( sui move test ) on your code until it has been built. Publish the Move package Now that your package has been built, you need to publish it. After you publish it, other packages and users can use the package's modules and functions by making calls to the package ID. First, confirm your client is configured to use Testnet as the active environment: $ sui client active-env This should return testnet . If it does not return testnet , follow the client configuration instructions before continuing. Then, check your balance of SUI tokens to confirm you have enough to publish to Testnet: $ sui client balance You should have a balance of SUI tokens: ╭────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ Balance of coins owned by this address │ ├────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ ╭────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ │ │ coin balance (raw) balance │ │ │ ├────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ │ │ Sui 56804696124 0.50 SUI │ │ │ ╰────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ ╰────────────────────────────────────────────╯ If you do not have a balance, follow the SUI faucet instructions . Now, publish the package to Testnet with the command: $ sui client publish Click to open Output Transaction Digest: 8R39iKKLGPDG3QkW2SrRW3QX71csRP2BLhK9H7oz9SwW ╭──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ Transaction Data │ ├──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ Sender: 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 │ │ Gas Owner: 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 │ │ Gas Budget: 9843200 MIST │ │ Gas Price: 1000 MIST │ │ Gas Payment: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ID: 0x816e5ec6ff457f18232498b57af8a0e1e219307a3a43fb5df5a4c2198296510c │ │ │ Version: 591332925 │ │ │ Digest: FLC4NXntT7WiHcqCkpDuBUq14DFTfi3EFeUiJcSNHdPu │ │ └── │ │ │ │ Transaction Kind: Programmable │ │ ╭─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ───────────────────────╮ │ │ │ Input Objects │ │ │ ├──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ │ │ 0 Pure Arg: Type: address, Value: "0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803" │ │ │ ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ │ ╭─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ │ │ Commands │ │ │ ├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ │ │ 0 Publish: │ │ │ │ ┌ │ │ │ │ │ Dependencies: │ │ │ │ │ 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 │ │ │ │ │ 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002 │ │ │ │ └ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 1 TransferObjects: │ │ │ │ ┌ │ │ │ │ │ Arguments: │ │ │ │ │ Result 0 │ │ │ │ │ Address: Input 0 │ │ │ │ └ │ │ │ ╰─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ │ │ │ Signatures: │ │ mUxqMIofPq+yIzPxxYM+2mSIPTFneDxhWGGxJ7tM02hnRBRy5/FosnnWKxd4OSAjmaw6FNylwVdqUoUlJSxWCQ== │ │ │ ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ ╭───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ Transaction Effects │ ├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ Digest: 8R39iKKLGPDG3QkW2SrRW3QX71csRP2BLhK9H7oz9SwW │ │ Status: Success │ │ Executed Epoch: 875 │ │ │ │ Created Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ID: 0x136e41f505888066f189fb823d710ec96ab4fd75144b3d8008b91d58de85fd12 │ │ │ Owner: Account Address ( 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 ) │ │ │ Version: 591332926 │ │ │ Digest: BGfc1tihsYPTLLozrj58HmRkDeQ1DWZfqeaR4SZDb1cX │ │ └── │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ID: 0xa7ed855d30500c485a94c0849f70b508d6b6adf6b0767ab93cc0756c075ecbb1 │ │ │ Owner: Immutable │ │ │ Version: 1 │ │ │ Digest: EtGAG9RHHCsguX4iuX1cbRDvW4QAkJXgDCMJjiufHtxB │ │ └── │ │ Mutated Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ID: 0x816e5ec6ff457f18232498b57af8a0e1e219307a3a43fb5df5a4c2198296510c │ │ │ Owner: Account Address ( 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 ) │ │ │ Version: 591332926 │ │ │ Digest: CiU5KNZALUmuckc2YUFmJq5YXgbB8oG3rs4cnh2rdDXd │ │ └── │ │ Gas Object: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ID: 0x816e5ec6ff457f18232498b57af8a0e1e219307a3a43fb5df5a4c2198296510c │ │ │ Owner: Account Address ( 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 ) │ │ │ Version: 591332926 │ │ │ Digest: CiU5KNZALUmuckc2YUFmJq5YXgbB8oG3rs4cnh2rdDXd │ │ └── │ │ Gas Cost Summary: │ │ Storage Cost: 7843200 MIST │ │ Computation Cost: 1000000 MIST │ │ Storage Rebate: 978120 MIST │ │ Non-refundable Storage Fee: 9880 MIST │ │ │ │ Transaction Dependencies: │ │ 2dkJtqsoQcyCZJvjZnskNVPQeynwVtwCcA9goAru6tTi │ │ 7PStztXyh92keJmrDD1aghHaKVdgCoVkVx4ZmLUfmQeK │ │ Dd9pn1zFcSJjinxQewFd2gQdR4XKsHxFioD5MYnwLZQz │ ╰───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ ╭─────────────────────── ──────╮ │ No transaction block events │ ╰─────────────────────────────╯ ╭──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ Object Changes │ ├──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ Created Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ObjectID: 0x136e41f505888066f189fb823d710ec96ab4fd75144b3d8008b91d58de85fd12 │ │ │ Sender: 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 │ │ │ Owner: Account Address ( 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 ) │ │ │ ObjectType: 0x2::package::UpgradeCap │ │ │ Version: 591332926 │ │ │ Digest: BGfc1tihsYPTLLozrj58HmRkDeQ1DWZfqeaR4SZDb1cX │ │ └── │ │ Mutated Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ObjectID: 0x816e5ec6ff457f18232498b57af8a0e1e219307a3a43fb5df5a4c2198296510c │ │ │ Sender: 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 │ │ │ Owner: Account Address ( 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 ) │ │ │ ObjectType: 0x2::coin::Coin<0x2::sui::SUI> │ │ │ Version: 591332926 │ │ │ Digest: CiU5KNZALUmuckc2YUFmJq5YXgbB8oG3rs4cnh2rdDXd │ │ └── │ │ Published Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ PackageID: 0xa7ed855d30500c485a94c0849f70b508d6b6adf6b0767ab93cc0756c075ecbb1 │ │ │ Version: 1 │ │ │ Digest: EtGAG9RHHCsguX4iuX1cbRDvW4QAkJXgDCMJjiufHtxB │ │ │ Modules: greeting │ │ └── │ ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ ╭───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ Balance Changes │ ├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ ┌── │ │ │ Owner: Account Address ( 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 ) │ │ │ CoinType: 0x2::sui::SUI │ │ │ Amount: -7865080 │ │ └── │ ╰───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ When you publish a Move package to the network, the network uploads and stores the bytecode as a Move package with a unique package ID and version number. The network consumes SUI tokens as gas and processes the transaction on-chain. After successfully executing, the output provides details about the transaction used to publish the package, including the gas cost, transaction digest, dependencies, owner, and sender. For this guide, the most important section is Published Objects , which includes the package's ID, version, and its modules: │ Published Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ PackageID: 0xa7ed855d30500c485a94c0849f70b508d6b6adf6b0767ab93cc0756c075ecbb1 │ │ │ Version: 1 │ │ │ Digest: EtGAG9RHHCsguX4iuX1cbRDvW4QAkJXgDCMJjiufHtxB │ │ │ Modules: greeting │ │ └── Both the package ID and module are required to interact with the package from the command line. Take note of both values for future use in the Connecting a Frontend guide. Interact with the Move package Interact with the newly published package by first making a call to the new function that creates a new Greeting object and initialize it with the text "Hello world!" : $ sui client call --package <PACKAGE_ID> --module greeting --function new Replace <PACKAGE_ID> with the package ID the output of the sui client publish command returned. You must include the --package , --module , and --function flags. The output of this call includes a newly created object: ╭───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ Transaction Effects │ ├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ Digest: 6xB9Foy5vyhXG99xppaCxrNvpPTV3UZsH39zqUKNoGsD │ │ Status: Success │ │ Executed Epoch: 875 │ │ │ │ Created Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ID: 0x2834aa3d2ed1b5060f4e5d400092544fa9c95430fd894b139b7dfb0312501594 │ │ │ Owner: Shared( 591332927 ) │ │ │ Version: 591332927 │ │ │ Digest: 8xJRijHHp3gNXLExTG98KX5jYAQDVKqsBD8ATFMJXCbA │ │ └── ... To verify that the object contains the text "Hello world!" , make a call to query the object's information: $ sui client object <OBJECT_ID> Replace <OBJECT_ID> with the value under Created Objects, ID: . You should see the object's details, including a value of text: Hello world! : ╭───────────────┬──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ objectId │ 0x2834aa3d2ed1b5060f4e5d400092544fa9c95430fd894b139b7dfb0312501594 │ │ version │ 591332927 │ │ digest │ 8xJRijHHp3gNXLExTG98KX5jYAQDVKqsBD8ATFMJXCbA │ │ objType │ 0xa7ed855d30500c485a94c0849f70b508d6b6adf6b0767ab93cc0756c075ecbb1::greeting::Greeting │ │ owner │ ╭────────┬──────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ │ │ │ Shared │ ╭────────────────────────┬─────────────╮ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ initial_shared_version │ 591332927 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ╰────────────────────────┴─────────────╯ │ │ │ │ ╰────────┴──────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ │ prevTx │ 6xB9Foy5vyhXG99xppaCxrNvpPTV3UZsH39zqUKNoGsD │ │ storageRebate │ 1413600 │ │ content │ ╭───────────────────┬──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ │ │ │ dataType │ moveObject │ │ │ │ │ type │ 0xa7ed855d30500c485a94c0849f70b508d6b6adf6b0767ab93cc0756c075ecbb1::greeting::Greeting │ │ │ │ │ hasPublicTransfer │ false │ │ │ │ │ fields │ ╭──────┬───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ id │ ╭────┬──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ id │ 0x2834aa3d2ed1b5060f4e5d400092544fa9c95430fd894b139b7dfb0312501594 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ╰────┴──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ text │ Hello world! │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ╰──────┴───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ │ │ │ ╰───────────────────┴──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ ╰───────────────┴──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ Important transaction considerations You cannot send 2 or more transactions simultaneously, otherwise you encounter an error such as: Failed to sign transaction by a quorum of validators because one or more of its objects is reserved for another transaction. If you receive this error, you must wait until the current epoch is over before submitting your transaction again. You can see how long is left in the current epoch using Sui Explorer or another network explorer like SuiScan . To prevent the same object from being modified by multiple transactions at once, your address 'locks' the object to prevent conflicting modifications. If you'd like to batch multiple transaction commands together, you can use programmable transaction blocks . Transactions also have limitations regarding total size, number of objects, and number of inputs. Learn more about limitations in Building Against Limits in The Move Book. Next steps Create a Full Stack dApp Connect a frontend interface to your "Hello, World!" smart contract. Access Sui Data Learn more about accessing data on Sui. Join the Community Join the Sui developer community, try out other example projects, or read more documentation. Edit this page What is Move? Clone "Hello, World!" View the smart contract code Code explanation Resource safety Build the Move package Publish the Move package Interact with the Move package Important transaction considerations © 2026 Sui Foundation | Documentation distributed under CC BY 4.0 | 2026-01-13T08:48:38 |
https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/introduction.html#using-python-as-a-calculator | 3. An Informal Introduction to Python — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents 3. An Informal Introduction to Python 3.1. Using Python as a Calculator 3.1.1. Numbers 3.1.2. Text 3.1.3. Lists 3.2. First Steps Towards Programming Previous topic 2. Using the Python Interpreter Next topic 4. More Control Flow Tools This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial » 3. An Informal Introduction to Python | Theme Auto Light Dark | 3. An Informal Introduction to Python ¶ In the following examples, input and output are distinguished by the presence or absence of prompts ( >>> and … ): to repeat the example, you must type everything after the prompt, when the prompt appears; lines that do not begin with a prompt are output from the interpreter. Note that a secondary prompt on a line by itself in an example means you must type a blank line; this is used to end a multi-line command. You can use the “Copy” button (it appears in the upper-right corner when hovering over or tapping a code example), which strips prompts and omits output, to copy and paste the input lines into your interpreter. Many of the examples in this manual, even those entered at the interactive prompt, include comments. Comments in Python start with the hash character, # , and extend to the end of the physical line. A comment may appear at the start of a line or following whitespace or code, but not within a string literal. A hash character within a string literal is just a hash character. Since comments are to clarify code and are not interpreted by Python, they may be omitted when typing in examples. Some examples: # this is the first comment spam = 1 # and this is the second comment # ... and now a third! text = "# This is not a comment because it's inside quotes." 3.1. Using Python as a Calculator ¶ Let’s try some simple Python commands. Start the interpreter and wait for the primary prompt, >>> . (It shouldn’t take long.) 3.1.1. Numbers ¶ The interpreter acts as a simple calculator: you can type an expression into it and it will write the value. Expression syntax is straightforward: the operators + , - , * and / can be used to perform arithmetic; parentheses ( () ) can be used for grouping. For example: >>> 2 + 2 4 >>> 50 - 5 * 6 20 >>> ( 50 - 5 * 6 ) / 4 5.0 >>> 8 / 5 # division always returns a floating-point number 1.6 The integer numbers (e.g. 2 , 4 , 20 ) have type int , the ones with a fractional part (e.g. 5.0 , 1.6 ) have type float . We will see more about numeric types later in the tutorial. Division ( / ) always returns a float. To do floor division and get an integer result you can use the // operator; to calculate the remainder you can use % : >>> 17 / 3 # classic division returns a float 5.666666666666667 >>> >>> 17 // 3 # floor division discards the fractional part 5 >>> 17 % 3 # the % operator returns the remainder of the division 2 >>> 5 * 3 + 2 # floored quotient * divisor + remainder 17 With Python, it is possible to use the ** operator to calculate powers [ 1 ] : >>> 5 ** 2 # 5 squared 25 >>> 2 ** 7 # 2 to the power of 7 128 The equal sign ( = ) is used to assign a value to a variable. Afterwards, no result is displayed before the next interactive prompt: >>> width = 20 >>> height = 5 * 9 >>> width * height 900 If a variable is not “defined” (assigned a value), trying to use it will give you an error: >>> n # try to access an undefined variable Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> NameError : name 'n' is not defined There is full support for floating point; operators with mixed type operands convert the integer operand to floating point: >>> 4 * 3.75 - 1 14.0 In interactive mode, the last printed expression is assigned to the variable _ . This means that when you are using Python as a desk calculator, it is somewhat easier to continue calculations, for example: >>> tax = 12.5 / 100 >>> price = 100.50 >>> price * tax 12.5625 >>> price + _ 113.0625 >>> round ( _ , 2 ) 113.06 This variable should be treated as read-only by the user. Don’t explicitly assign a value to it — you would create an independent local variable with the same name masking the built-in variable with its magic behavior. In addition to int and float , Python supports other types of numbers, such as Decimal and Fraction . Python also has built-in support for complex numbers , and uses the j or J suffix to indicate the imaginary part (e.g. 3+5j ). 3.1.2. Text ¶ Python can manipulate text (represented by type str , so-called “strings”) as well as numbers. This includes characters “ ! ”, words “ rabbit ”, names “ Paris ”, sentences “ Got your back. ”, etc. “ Yay! :) ”. They can be enclosed in single quotes ( '...' ) or double quotes ( "..." ) with the same result [ 2 ] . >>> 'spam eggs' # single quotes 'spam eggs' >>> "Paris rabbit got your back :)! Yay!" # double quotes 'Paris rabbit got your back :)! Yay!' >>> '1975' # digits and numerals enclosed in quotes are also strings '1975' To quote a quote, we need to “escape” it, by preceding it with \ . Alternatively, we can use the other type of quotation marks: >>> 'doesn \' t' # use \' to escape the single quote... "doesn't" >>> "doesn't" # ...or use double quotes instead "doesn't" >>> '"Yes," they said.' '"Yes," they said.' >>> " \" Yes, \" they said." '"Yes," they said.' >>> '"Isn \' t," they said.' '"Isn\'t," they said.' In the Python shell, the string definition and output string can look different. The print() function produces a more readable output, by omitting the enclosing quotes and by printing escaped and special characters: >>> s = 'First line. \n Second line.' # \n means newline >>> s # without print(), special characters are included in the string 'First line.\nSecond line.' >>> print ( s ) # with print(), special characters are interpreted, so \n produces new line First line. Second line. If you don’t want characters prefaced by \ to be interpreted as special characters, you can use raw strings by adding an r before the first quote: >>> print ( 'C:\some \n ame' ) # here \n means newline! C:\some ame >>> print ( r 'C:\some\name' ) # note the r before the quote C:\some\name There is one subtle aspect to raw strings: a raw string may not end in an odd number of \ characters; see the FAQ entry for more information and workarounds. String literals can span multiple lines. One way is using triple-quotes: """...""" or '''...''' . End-of-line characters are automatically included in the string, but it’s possible to prevent this by adding a \ at the end of the line. In the following example, the initial newline is not included: >>> print ( """ \ ... Usage: thingy [OPTIONS] ... -h Display this usage message ... -H hostname Hostname to connect to ... """ ) Usage: thingy [OPTIONS] -h Display this usage message -H hostname Hostname to connect to >>> Strings can be concatenated (glued together) with the + operator, and repeated with * : >>> # 3 times 'un', followed by 'ium' >>> 3 * 'un' + 'ium' 'unununium' Two or more string literals (i.e. the ones enclosed between quotes) next to each other are automatically concatenated. >>> 'Py' 'thon' 'Python' This feature is particularly useful when you want to break long strings: >>> text = ( 'Put several strings within parentheses ' ... 'to have them joined together.' ) >>> text 'Put several strings within parentheses to have them joined together.' This only works with two literals though, not with variables or expressions: >>> prefix = 'Py' >>> prefix 'thon' # can't concatenate a variable and a string literal File "<stdin>" , line 1 prefix 'thon' ^^^^^^ SyntaxError : invalid syntax >>> ( 'un' * 3 ) 'ium' File "<stdin>" , line 1 ( 'un' * 3 ) 'ium' ^^^^^ SyntaxError : invalid syntax If you want to concatenate variables or a variable and a literal, use + : >>> prefix + 'thon' 'Python' Strings can be indexed (subscripted), with the first character having index 0. There is no separate character type; a character is simply a string of size one: >>> word = 'Python' >>> word [ 0 ] # character in position 0 'P' >>> word [ 5 ] # character in position 5 'n' Indices may also be negative numbers, to start counting from the right: >>> word [ - 1 ] # last character 'n' >>> word [ - 2 ] # second-last character 'o' >>> word [ - 6 ] 'P' Note that since -0 is the same as 0, negative indices start from -1. In addition to indexing, slicing is also supported. While indexing is used to obtain individual characters, slicing allows you to obtain a substring: >>> word [ 0 : 2 ] # characters from position 0 (included) to 2 (excluded) 'Py' >>> word [ 2 : 5 ] # characters from position 2 (included) to 5 (excluded) 'tho' Slice indices have useful defaults; an omitted first index defaults to zero, an omitted second index defaults to the size of the string being sliced. >>> word [: 2 ] # character from the beginning to position 2 (excluded) 'Py' >>> word [ 4 :] # characters from position 4 (included) to the end 'on' >>> word [ - 2 :] # characters from the second-last (included) to the end 'on' Note how the start is always included, and the end always excluded. This makes sure that s[:i] + s[i:] is always equal to s : >>> word [: 2 ] + word [ 2 :] 'Python' >>> word [: 4 ] + word [ 4 :] 'Python' One way to remember how slices work is to think of the indices as pointing between characters, with the left edge of the first character numbered 0. Then the right edge of the last character of a string of n characters has index n , for example: +---+---+---+---+---+---+ | P | y | t | h | o | n | +---+---+---+---+---+---+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 - 6 - 5 - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 The first row of numbers gives the position of the indices 0…6 in the string; the second row gives the corresponding negative indices. The slice from i to j consists of all characters between the edges labeled i and j , respectively. For non-negative indices, the length of a slice is the difference of the indices, if both are within bounds. For example, the length of word[1:3] is 2. Attempting to use an index that is too large will result in an error: >>> word [ 42 ] # the word only has 6 characters Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> IndexError : string index out of range However, out of range slice indexes are handled gracefully when used for slicing: >>> word [ 4 : 42 ] 'on' >>> word [ 42 :] '' Python strings cannot be changed — they are immutable . Therefore, assigning to an indexed position in the string results in an error: >>> word [ 0 ] = 'J' Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : 'str' object does not support item assignment >>> word [ 2 :] = 'py' Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : 'str' object does not support item assignment If you need a different string, you should create a new one: >>> 'J' + word [ 1 :] 'Jython' >>> word [: 2 ] + 'py' 'Pypy' The built-in function len() returns the length of a string: >>> s = 'supercalifragilisticexpialidocious' >>> len ( s ) 34 See also Text Sequence Type — str Strings are examples of sequence types , and support the common operations supported by such types. String Methods Strings support a large number of methods for basic transformations and searching. f-strings String literals that have embedded expressions. Format String Syntax Information about string formatting with str.format() . printf-style String Formatting The old formatting operations invoked when strings are the left operand of the % operator are described in more detail here. 3.1.3. Lists ¶ Python knows a number of compound data types, used to group together other values. The most versatile is the list , which can be written as a list of comma-separated values (items) between square brackets. Lists might contain items of different types, but usually the items all have the same type. >>> squares = [ 1 , 4 , 9 , 16 , 25 ] >>> squares [1, 4, 9, 16, 25] Like strings (and all other built-in sequence types), lists can be indexed and sliced: >>> squares [ 0 ] # indexing returns the item 1 >>> squares [ - 1 ] 25 >>> squares [ - 3 :] # slicing returns a new list [9, 16, 25] Lists also support operations like concatenation: >>> squares + [ 36 , 49 , 64 , 81 , 100 ] [1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100] Unlike strings, which are immutable , lists are a mutable type, i.e. it is possible to change their content: >>> cubes = [ 1 , 8 , 27 , 65 , 125 ] # something's wrong here >>> 4 ** 3 # the cube of 4 is 64, not 65! 64 >>> cubes [ 3 ] = 64 # replace the wrong value >>> cubes [1, 8, 27, 64, 125] You can also add new items at the end of the list, by using the list.append() method (we will see more about methods later): >>> cubes . append ( 216 ) # add the cube of 6 >>> cubes . append ( 7 ** 3 ) # and the cube of 7 >>> cubes [1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343] Simple assignment in Python never copies data. When you assign a list to a variable, the variable refers to the existing list . Any changes you make to the list through one variable will be seen through all other variables that refer to it.: >>> rgb = [ "Red" , "Green" , "Blue" ] >>> rgba = rgb >>> id ( rgb ) == id ( rgba ) # they reference the same object True >>> rgba . append ( "Alph" ) >>> rgb ["Red", "Green", "Blue", "Alph"] All slice operations return a new list containing the requested elements. This means that the following slice returns a shallow copy of the list: >>> correct_rgba = rgba [:] >>> correct_rgba [ - 1 ] = "Alpha" >>> correct_rgba ["Red", "Green", "Blue", "Alpha"] >>> rgba ["Red", "Green", "Blue", "Alph"] Assignment to slices is also possible, and this can even change the size of the list or clear it entirely: >>> letters = [ 'a' , 'b' , 'c' , 'd' , 'e' , 'f' , 'g' ] >>> letters ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g'] >>> # replace some values >>> letters [ 2 : 5 ] = [ 'C' , 'D' , 'E' ] >>> letters ['a', 'b', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'f', 'g'] >>> # now remove them >>> letters [ 2 : 5 ] = [] >>> letters ['a', 'b', 'f', 'g'] >>> # clear the list by replacing all the elements with an empty list >>> letters [:] = [] >>> letters [] The built-in function len() also applies to lists: >>> letters = [ 'a' , 'b' , 'c' , 'd' ] >>> len ( letters ) 4 It is possible to nest lists (create lists containing other lists), for example: >>> a = [ 'a' , 'b' , 'c' ] >>> n = [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] >>> x = [ a , n ] >>> x [['a', 'b', 'c'], [1, 2, 3]] >>> x [ 0 ] ['a', 'b', 'c'] >>> x [ 0 ][ 1 ] 'b' 3.2. First Steps Towards Programming ¶ Of course, we can use Python for more complicated tasks than adding two and two together. For instance, we can write an initial sub-sequence of the Fibonacci series as follows: >>> # Fibonacci series: >>> # the sum of two elements defines the next >>> a , b = 0 , 1 >>> while a < 10 : ... print ( a ) ... a , b = b , a + b ... 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 This example introduces several new features. The first line contains a multiple assignment : the variables a and b simultaneously get the new values 0 and 1. On the last line this is used again, demonstrating that the expressions on the right-hand side are all evaluated first before any of the assignments take place. The right-hand side expressions are evaluated from the left to the right. The while loop executes as long as the condition (here: a < 10 ) remains true. In Python, like in C, any non-zero integer value is true; zero is false. The condition may also be a string or list value, in fact any sequence; anything with a non-zero length is true, empty sequences are false. The test used in the example is a simple comparison. The standard comparison operators are written the same as in C: < (less than), > (greater than), == (equal to), <= (less than or equal to), >= (greater than or equal to) and != (not equal to). The body of the loop is indented : indentation is Python’s way of grouping statements. At the interactive prompt, you have to type a tab or space(s) for each indented line. In practice you will prepare more complicated input for Python with a text editor; all decent text editors have an auto-indent facility. When a compound statement is entered interactively, it must be followed by a blank line to indicate completion (since the parser cannot guess when you have typed the last line). Note that each line within a basic block must be indented by the same amount. The print() function writes the value of the argument(s) it is given. It differs from just writing the expression you want to write (as we did earlier in the calculator examples) in the way it handles multiple arguments, floating-point quantities, and strings. Strings are printed without quotes, and a space is inserted between items, so you can format things nicely, like this: >>> i = 256 * 256 >>> print ( 'The value of i is' , i ) The value of i is 65536 The keyword argument end can be used to avoid the newline after the output, or end the output with a different string: >>> a , b = 0 , 1 >>> while a < 1000 : ... print ( a , end = ',' ) ... a , b = b , a + b ... 0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55,89,144,233,377,610,987, Footnotes [ 1 ] Since ** has higher precedence than - , -3**2 will be interpreted as -(3**2) and thus result in -9 . To avoid this and get 9 , you can use (-3)**2 . [ 2 ] Unlike other languages, special characters such as \n have the same meaning with both single ( '...' ) and double ( "..." ) quotes. The only difference between the two is that within single quotes you don’t need to escape " (but you have to escape \' ) and vice versa. Table of Contents 3. An Informal Introduction to Python 3.1. Using Python as a Calculator 3.1.1. Numbers 3.1.2. Text 3.1.3. Lists 3.2. First Steps Towards Programming Previous topic 2. Using the Python Interpreter Next topic 4. More Control Flow Tools This page Report a bug Show source « Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial » 3. An Informal Introduction to Python | Theme Auto Light Dark | © Copyright 2001 Python Software Foundation. This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License. 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https://legal.x.com/lt/purchaser-terms.html | X pirkėjo paslaugų teikimo sąlygos X pirkėjo paslaugų teikimo sąlygos Atsisiųsti X pirkėjo paslaugų teikimo sąlygas Mokamų paslaugų sąlygos „X Premium“ papildomos sąlygos Papildomos prenumeratų sąlygos Atsisiųsti X pirkėjo paslaugų teikimo sąlygas X pirkėjo paslaugų teikimo sąlygos goglobalwithtwitterbanner Mokamų paslaugų sąlygos „X Premium“ papildomos sąlygos Kūrėjų prenumeratos papildomos sąlygos „Premium Business“ ir „Premium Organizations“ papildomos sąlygos Mokamų paslaugų sąlygos „X Premium“ papildomos sąlygos Kūrėjų prenumeratos papildomos sąlygos „Premium Business“ ir „Premium Organizations“ papildomos sąlygos X pirkėjo paslaugų teikimo sąlygos Įsigalioja: 2025 m. rugpjūčio 1 d. Jei gyvenate ne Europos Sąjungoje, ELPA valstijose arba Jungtinėje Karalystėje, įskaitant atvejus, kai gyvenate Jungtinėse Amerikos Valstijose, jums taikomos šios X pirkėjo paslaugų teikimo sąlygos. Jei gyvenate Europos Sąjungoje, ELPA valstijose arba Jungtinėje Karalystėje, jums taikomos šios X pirkėjo paslaugų teikimo sąlygos. X pirkėjo paslaugų teikimo sąlygos Jei gyvenate ne Europos Sąjungoje, ELPA valstybėse arba Jungtinėje Karalystėje, bet gyvenate JAV X suteikia galimybę naudotis tam tikromis funkcijomis už vienkartinį arba pasikartojantį mokestį, taikomą atitinkamoms funkcijoms (kiekviena iš jų vadinama Mokama paslauga , o visos kartu – " Mokamomis paslaugomis "). Pavyzdžiui, „X Premium“ (kaip apibrėžta toliau) ir Prenumeratos būtų laikomos „Mokama paslauga“. Jei prisiregistruojate ir (arba) naudojatės Mokama paslauga, jūsų naudojimuisi Mokamomis paslaugomis ir bet kokiomis atitinkamomis operacijomis taikoma: i) čia išdėstytos sąlygos, įskaitant kiekvienai jūsų perkamai Mokamai paslaugai taikomos sąlygos, kaip nurodyta toliau (bendrai – X pirkėjo paslaugų teikimo sąlygos ), ir ii) taikomos X paslaugų teikimo sąlygos , X privatumo politika , X taisyklės ir politika bei visos į jas įtrauktos politikos nuostatos (bendrai – X naudotojo sutartis ). Šios X pirkėjo paslaugų teikimo sąlygos ir minėta X naudotojo sutartis šiame dokumente bendrai vadinamos „ Sąlygomis “. „ X “ reiškia X subjektą, teikiantį jums mokamas paslaugas. Atidžiai perskaitykite šias X pirkėjo paslaugų teikimo sąlygas, kad įsitikintumėte, jog suprantate taikomas sąlygas ir išimtis. JEI GYVENATE JUNGTINĖSE AMERIKOS VALSTIJOSE, ŠIOSE SĄLYGOSE YRA SVARBIOS JUMS TAIKOMOS INFORMACIJOS APIE GINČŲ SPRENDIMĄ, ĮSKAITANT JŪSŲ TEISĘ ATSISAKYTI PAREIKŠTI PRETENZIJAS KAIP KOLEKTYVINIUS IEŠKINIUS IR JŪSŲ TEISĘ PAREIKŠTI PRETENZIJAS PRIEŠ X APRIBOJIMĄ PRAĖJUS DAUGIAU NEI 2 METAMS PO ATITINKAMŲ ĮVYKIŲ, KURIE TURI ĮTAKOS JŪSŲ TEISĖMS IR PAREIGOMS, JEI KILTŲ GINČAS SU X. IŠSAMIĄ INFORMACIJĄ APIE ŠIAS NUOSTATAS ŽR. 6 SKYRIAUS SKILTYJE „BENDROSIOS SĄLYGOS“. Priėmimas . Naudodamiesi Mokama (-omis) paslauga (-omis) iš X ar pasiekdami ją (jas), pateikdami mokėjimą pagal ją ir (arba) spustelėdami mygtuką, kad atliktumėte vienkartinį pirkimą ar periodinius prenumeratos mokėjimus už X teikiamą Mokamą paslaugą, sutinkate laikytis Sąlygų. Jei nesuprantate Sąlygų arba nesutinkate su jokia jų dalimi, negalite naudotis jokiomis Mokamomis paslaugomis. Norėdami įsigyti ir naudoti mokamą paslaugą, turite: i) būti bent 18 metų amžiaus arba sulaukti pilnametystės, kaip nustatyta jurisdikcijos, kurioje gyvenate, įstatymuose, arba ii) turėti aiškų savo tėvų ar globėjų sutikimą pirkti ir naudoti tą Mokamą paslaugą. Jei esate vienas iš tėvų arba teisėtas globėjas ir leidžiate savo vaikui (arba vaikui, kurio globėjas esate) įsigyti Mokamą paslaugą arba ja naudotis, sutinkate, kad Sąlygos taikomos jums, kad laikysitės Sąlygų ir kad esate atsakingi už vaiko veiklą, susijusią su Mokamomis paslaugomis, ir už tai, kad vaikas taip pat laikytųsi Sąlygų. Bet kuriuo atveju, kaip nurodyta X paslaugų teikimo sąlygų skyriuje „Kas gali naudotis Paslaugomis“, turite būti bent 13 metų amžiaus, kad galėtumėte naudotis X paslauga. Jei sutinkate su šiomis X pirkėjo paslaugų teikimo sąlygomis ir naudojate Mokamas paslaugas įmonės, organizacijos, vyriausybės ar kito juridinio asmens vardu, patvirtinate ir garantuojate, kad esate įgalioti tai daryti ir turite įgaliojimus susieti tokį subjektą su šiomis X pirkėjo paslaugų teikimo sąlygomis – tokiu atveju žodžiai „jūs“ ir „jūsų“, kaip vartojami šiose X pirkėjo paslaugų teikimo sąlygose, reiškia tokį subjektą. X perkantysis subjektas . Jūs sudarote šias X Pirkėjo paslaugų teikimo sąlygas su subjektu, kuris atitinka jūsų gyvenamąją vietą, kaip nurodyta toliau. Šis subjektas jums teiks Mokamas paslaugas. Joks kitas subjektas nėra įpareigotas prisiimti jokių įsipareigojimų jums pagal šias Pirkėjo paslaugų teikimo sąlygas. Jūsų buvimo vieta Šiaurės Amerikos (įskaitant Havajus) arba Pietų Amerikos žemynai Perkantysis subjektas X Corp., kurios biuras yra 865 FM 1209, Building 2, Bastrop, TX 78602, USA Jūsų buvimo vieta Bet kuri šalis, kuri nėra pirmiau paminėtose dviejose vietovėse, įskaitant Azijos ir Ramiojo vandenyno regioną, Artimuosius Rytus, Afriką ar Europą (išskyrus ES šalis, ELPA valstybes ir Jungtinę Karalystę) Perkantysis subjektas „X Global LLC“, kurios registruota buveinė yra 701 S. Carson St., Suite 200, Carson City, NV 89701, JAV Sąlygų, Mokamų paslaugų ir kainodaros pakeitimai 1. Sąlygų pakeitimai. X gali retkarčiais peržiūrėti šias X Pirkėjo paslaugų teikimo sąlygas, taip pat ir dėl bet kokių verslo, finansinių ar teisinių priežasčių. Pakeitimai nebus taikomi atgaline data, o naujausia X pirkėjo paslaugų teikimo sąlygų versija, pasiekiama adresu legal.x.com/purchaser-terms , reglamentuos jūsų naudojimąsi Mokamomis paslaugomis ir visas atitinkamas operacijas. Jei šias Sąlygas pakeisime ar pataisysime po to, kai su jomis sutiksite (pvz., jei šios Sąlygos bus pakeistos po to, kai įsigysite prenumeratą), iš anksto informuosime jus apie esminius šių Sąlygų pakeitimus. Toks pranešimas gali būti pateiktas elektroniniu būdu, įskaitant, be kita ko, pranešimą apie paslaugą arba el. laišką su jūsų paskyra susietu el. pašto adresu. Tęsdami prieigą prie Mokamų paslaugų arba naudojimąsi jomis po to, kai įsigalioja šie pakeitimai, sutinkate laikytis peržiūrėtų X pirkėjo paslaugų teikimo sąlygų. Jei nesutinkate laikytis šių ar bet kokių būsimų X pirkėjo paslaugų teikimo sąlygų, nesinaudokite Mokamomis paslaugomis, prie jų neprisijunkite (arba toliau jomis nesinaudokite ar neprisijunkite). X pirkėjo paslaugų teikimo sąlygos parengtos anglų kalba, tačiau yra išverstos į kelias kalbas. X stengiasi, kad vertimai būtų kuo tikslesni atsižvelgiant į originalią versiją anglų kalba. Tačiau bet kokių neatitikimų ar nenuoseklumų atveju pirmenybė teikiama X Pirkėjo paslaugų teikimo sąlygų versijai anglų kalba. Pripažįstate, kad anglų kalba bus kalba, kuria bus remiamasi aiškinant ir rengiant X pirkėjo paslaugų teikimo sąlygas. 2. Mokamų paslaugų pakeitimai. Mūsų mokamos paslaugos nuolat tobulėja. Todėl mokamos paslaugos gali būti keičiamos laikui bėgant pagal mūsų nuožiūrą, įskaitant bet kokias verslo, finansines ar teisines priežastis. Galime nustoti (visam laikui arba laikinai) teikti Mokamas paslaugas arba bet kokias Mokamų paslaugų funkcijas jums arba naudotojams apskritai apie tai pranešę arba nepranešę. X neatsako nei jums, nei jokiai trečiajai šaliai už jokius Mokamų paslaugų pakeitimus, sustabdymą ar nutraukimą. Konkrečios mokamos paslaugos sąlygos (nurodytos toliau) nurodo, kaip galite atšaukti prenumeratą arba, jei taikoma, prašyti grąžinti pinigus. 3. Kainų pakeitimai. Mokamų paslaugų kainos, įskaitant pasikartojančius prenumeratos mokesčius, gali būti keičiamos laikui bėgant, įskaitant bet kokias verslo, finansines ar teisines priežastis. X pateiks pagrįstą išankstinį pranešimą apie bet kokį esminį Mokamų paslaugų kainos pasikeitimą. Prenumeratos paslaugų kainos pakeitimai įsigalios kito prenumeratos laikotarpio, einančio po kainos pakeitimo datos, pradžioje. Jei nesutinkate su kainos pakeitimu, turite teisę atmesti pakeitimą atšaukdami atitinkamos Mokamos paslaugos prenumeratą prieš įsigaliojant kainos pakeitimui. Mokėjimo sąlygos . X siūlo įvairias mokėjimo parinktis, kurios gali skirtis priklausomai nuo Mokamos paslaugos, įrenginio ir (arba) operacinės sistemos, geografinės vietos ar kitų veiksnių. Tais atvejais, kai įmanoma (nes X kartais gali pasiūlyti įvairius pirkimo būdus), šios mokėjimo galimybės gali apimti galimybę naudoti „Google“ ar „Apple“ siūlomą „Mokėjimo programėlėje“ funkciją arba atlikti mokėjimą internetu naudojant X trečiosios šalies mokėjimų tvarkytoją „Stripe“ ( www.stripe.com – toliau – „ Stripe “). Atlikdami mokėjimą aiškiai sutinkate: i) sumokėti nurodytą Mokamos paslaugos kainą kartu su bet kokiomis papildomomis sumomis, susijusiomis su taikomais mokesčiais, kredito kortelių mokesčiais, banko mokesčiais, operacijų užsienio valiuta mokesčiais, užsienio valiutos keitimo mokesčiais ir valiutų kursų svyravimais; ii) laikytis visų atitinkamų paslaugų teikimo sąlygų, privatumo politikos ar kitų teisinių sutarčių ar apribojimų (įskaitant papildomus amžiaus apribojimus), kuriuos nustatė „Google“, „Apple“ arba „Stripe“ (kaip X trečiosios šalies mokėjimų tvarkytojas), susijusių su jūsų naudojimusi tam tikru mokėjimo būdu (pavyzdžiui, tik tuo atveju, jei nuspręsite atlikti mokėjimą naudodamiesi „Apple“ programėlės pirkimo funkcija, sutinkate laikytis visų atitinkamų „Apple“ nustatytų sąlygų, reikalavimų ir (arba) apribojimų). Bet kokie privatūs asmens duomenys, kuriuos pateikiate naudodamiesi Mokamomis paslaugomis, įskaitant, be kita ko, bet kokius duomenis, susijusius su mokėjimu, bus tvarkomi pagal X privatumo politiką. „X“ gali bendrinti jūsų mokėjimo informaciją su mokėjimo paslaugų teikėjais, kad apdorotų mokėjimus; užkirstų kelią sukčiavimui ar kitai draudžiamai veiklai, ją aptiktų ir ištirtų; palengvintų ginčų sprendimą, pvz., grąžintų lėšų ar mokesčių grąžinimą; ir kitais tikslais, susijusiais su kredito kortelių, debeto kortelių arba ACH priėmimu. Jūs privalote užtikrinti, kad jūsų banko, kredito kortelės, debeto kortelės ir (arba) kita mokėjimo informacija visada būtų atnaujinta, išsami ir tiksli. Jei atliksite mokėjimą už Mokamą paslaugą, galime gauti informacijos apie jūsų operaciją, pvz., kada ji buvo atlikta, kada prenumerata nustos galioti arba bus automatiškai pratęsta, kokioje platformoje pirkote ir kitos informacijos. X nebus atsakinga už jokias mokėjimų tvarkytojo, „Apple App Store“ ar „Google Play“ parduotuvės, jūsų banko, jūsų kredito kortelės įmonės ir (arba) bet kokio mokėjimo tinklo padarytas klaidas ar vėlavimus. Informacijos apie mokėjimo sąlygas, taikomas konkrečiai Mokamai paslaugai, įskaitant tai, kaip tvarkomas prenumeratos pratęsimas, ir kitas svarbias sąlygas ieškokite kiekvienos konkrečios Mokamos paslaugos sąlygose. X naudotojo sutarties taikymas, nutraukimas, pinigų negrąžinimas, kelios X paskyros ir apribojimai 1. Jums taikoma X naudotojo sutartis . VISADA PRIVALOTE LAIKYTIS „X“ NAUDOTOJO SUTARTIES IR JA VADOVAUTIS. X naudotojo sutartis visada taikoma jūsų naudojimuisi X paslauga, įskaitant Mokamas paslaugas ir funkcijas. Jei nesilaikysite X naudotojo sutarties arba X manys, kad nesilaikėte X naudotojo sutarties, jūsų Mokamos paslaugos gali būti atšauktos. Bet koks toks atšaukimas papildys bet kokius vykdymo užtikrinimo veiksmus, kurių X gali imtis prieš jus pagal X naudotojo sutartį, ir jais neapsiribos. Tokiais atvejais galite prarasti Mokamų paslaugų privalumus ir negalėsite susigrąžinti jokių sumų, kurias sumokėjote (arba iš anksto sumokėjote) už Mokamas paslaugas. 2. Kodėl X gali sustabdyti jūsų prieigą prie mokamų paslaugų. X gali sustabdyti arba nutraukti jūsų prieigą prie mokamų paslaugų, nebeteikti jums visų ar dalies mokamų paslaugų, arba imtis bet kokių kitų veiksmų, kuriuos ji laiko tinkamais, įskaitant, pavyzdžiui, laikiną paskyros veikimo nutraukimą (be jokios atsakomybės) bet kuriuo metu dėl bet kokios priežasties arba be priežasties, įskaitant, bet neapsiribojant, bet kurią iš šių priežasčių: a. „X“ savo nuožiūra mano, kad pažeidėte Sąlygas arba tai, kad naudojatės Mokama (-omis) paslauga (-omis), pažeistų bet kokius galiojančius įstatymus; b. X to prašo arba nurodo bet kuris kompetentingas teismas, reguliavimo institucija arba teisėsaugos agentūra; c. X iškilo nenumatytų techninių ar saugumo problemų; d. X, remdamasis savo vienpusiška nuožiūra, mano, kad jūs pažeidėte X naudotojo sutartį; e. X, remdamasis savo vienpusiška nuožiūra, mano, kad jūs vykdote manipuliacijas ar kitokį trikdantį arba draudžiamą elgesį apskritai arba susijusį su mokamomis paslaugomis; f. Jūs keliate riziką arba X dėl jūsų gali patirti teisinių pasekmių; g. jūsų paskyra turėtų būti pašalinta dėl neteisėtų veiksmų; h. jūsų paskyra turėtų būti pašalinta dėl užsitęsusio neaktyvumo; i. mūsų Mokamų paslaugų (visų ar dalies) teikimas jums nebėra komerciškai perspektyvus (tik X nuožiūra). 3. Visi mokėjimai yra galutiniai. Visi mokėjimai už Mokamas paslaugas yra galutiniai ir negrąžinami arba nekeičiami, išskyrus atvejus, kai to reikalaujama pagal taikomus įstatymus. Nesuteikiame jokių garantijų dėl Mokamos paslaugos pobūdžio, kokybės ar vertės arba jos prieinamumo ar teikimo. Pinigų grąžinimas ar kreditai nesuteikiami už nepanaudotą ar iš dalies panaudotą Mokamą paslaugą (pavyzdžiui, panaudotą prenumeratos laikotarpio dalį). 4. Mokamos paslaugos neperduodamos iš vienos X paskyros į kitą. Kiekvienas mokamos paslaugos pirkimas taikomas vienai X paskyrai. Tai reiškia, kad pirkimas bus taikomas tik tai paskyrai, kuria naudojotės pirkdami Mokamą paslaugą, ir nebus taikomas kitoms paskyroms, prie kurių galite turėti prieigą arba kurias galite valdyti. Jei turite arba valdote kelias paskyras ir norite pasiekti Mokamas paslaugas kiekvienoje paskyroje, turite įsigyti Mokamą paslaugą kiekvienoje paskyroje atskirai. 5. Apribojimai ir įsipareigojimai. a. Mokamą paslaugą galite įsigyti ir ja naudotis tik tuo atveju, jei jums teisiškai leidžiama naudotis Mokama paslauga jūsų šalyje ir gyvenate šalyje, kurioje X teikia atitinkamą Mokamą paslaugą. X savo gali nuožiūra apriboti prieigą prie Mokamos paslaugos arba jos įsigijimą tam tikrose šalyse. X pasilieka teisę kartais keisti šalių, kuriose jos paslaugos prieinamos, sąrašą. b. Pasiliekame teisę savo nuožiūra atsisakyti Mokamų paslaugų operacijų arba atšaukti ar nutraukti Mokamų paslaugų pardavimą ar naudojimąsi jomis. c. Negalite leisti kitiems naudotis jūsų X paskyra, norint pasiekti bet kokią Mokamą paslaugą, kurios toks asmuo neužsisakė. d. Negalite įsigyti Mokamos paslaugos ar ja naudotis, jei esate asmuo, su kuriuo JAV asmenims neleidžiama turėti reikalų pagal ekonomines sankcijas, įskaitant, be kita ko, sankcijas, kurias administruoja Jungtinių Valstijų Iždo departamento Užsienio turto kontrolės biuras ar bet kuri kita taikoma sankcijų institucija ( Draudžiamas asmuo ). Tai, be kita ko, apima asmenis, esančius šiose šalyse ir regionuose, arba įprastus gyventojus šiose šalyse ir regionuose: Kuba, Iranas, Krymo Ukrainos regionas, Šiaurės Korėja ir Sirija. Jūs pareiškiate ir garantuojate, kad nesate Draudžiamas asmuo. e. JŪS PAREIŠKIATE, KAD NAUDOSITĖS MOKAMOMIS PASLAUGOMIS TIK TEISĖTAIS TIKSLAIS IR TIK PAGAL SĄLYGAS. Mokesčiai ir rinkliavos . Esate atsakingi ir sutinkate mokėti visus taikomus mokesčius, muitus, tarifus ir rinkliavas, susijusias su mokamų paslaugų pirkimu, įskaitant tuos, kuriuos reikia mokėti X arba trečiosios šalies mokėjimų tvarkytojui. Šie mokesčiai gali apimti, be kita ko, PVM, GST, apyvartos mokestį, išskaičiuojamąjį mokestį ir kitus taikomus mokesčius. Atsižvelgiant į jūsų buvimo vietą, X gali būti atsakinga už informacijos, susijusios su operacijų mokesčiais, atsirandančiais perkant Mokamas paslaugas, rinkimą ir pateikimą. Suteikiate X leidimą pateikti savo paskyros ir asmeninę informaciją atitinkamoms mokesčių institucijoms, kad galėtume vykdyti savo mokesčių rinkimo ir ataskaitų teikimo įsipareigojimus. Bendrosios sąlygos 1. Kontaktinė informacija. Jei turite klausimų apie mokamas paslaugas arba šias sąlygas, daugiau informacijos galite rasti X mokamų paslaugų pagalbos centre . Jei jau įsigijote Mokamą paslaugą, taip pat galite susisiekti su mumis naudodami X paskyros naršymo meniu esančią pagalbos nuorodą, kuri yra mokėjimo arba prenumeratos nustatymuose. Jei turite papildomų klausimų, galite susisiekti su mumis čia , naudodami formą „Pagalba dėl mokamų funkcijų“. 2. ATSAKOMYBĖS APRIBOJIMAS. KIEK LEIDŽIAMA PAGAL TAIKOMUS ĮSTATYMUS, JŪSŲ PRIEIGA PRIE MOKAMŲ PASLAUGŲ IR NAUDOJIMASIS JOMIS YRA JŪSŲ PAČIŲ RIZIKA. JŪS SUPRANTATE IR SUTINKATE, KAD MOKAMOS PASLAUGOS JUMS TEIKIAMOS TOKIOS, KOKIOS YRA, IR KAI PASIEKIAMOS. „X“ NEPRISIIMA ATSAKOMYBĖS UŽ VISAS AIŠKIAS AR NUMANOMAS GARANTIJAS IR SĄLYGAS, SUSIJUSIAS SU TINKAMUMU PARDUOTI, TINKAMUMU KONKREČIAM TIKSLUI AR PAŽEIDIMO NEBUVIMU. „X“ NESUTEIKIA JOKIŲ GARANTIJŲ AR PAREIŠKIMŲ IR NEPRISIIMA JOKIOS ATSAKOMYBĖS UŽ: I) MOKAMŲ PASLAUGŲ IŠSAMUMĄ, TIKSLUMĄ, PRIEINAMUMĄ, TEIKIMĄ LAIKU, SAUGUMĄ AR PATIKIMUMĄ IR II) AR MOKAMOS PASLAUGOS ATITIKS JŪSŲ REIKALAVIMUS AR BUS PRIEINAMOS NEPERTRAUKIAMAI, SAUGIAI IR BE KLAIDŲ. ESATE ATSAKINGI UŽ TAI, KAD NAUDOJATĖS x PASLAUGA, ĮSKAITANT MOKAMAS PASLAUGAS, IR BET KOKĮ JŪSŲ TEIKIAMĄ TURINĮ. 3. ATSAKOMYBĖS APRIBOJIMAS. TIEK, KIEK MAKSIMALIAI LEIDŽIAMA PAGAL TAIKOMUS ĮSTATYMUS, „X“ SUBJEKTAI NEATSAKO UŽ JOKIUS NETIESIOGINIUS, ATSITIKTINIUS, SPECIALIUOSIUS, PASEKMINIUS AR BAUDŽIAMUOSIUS NUOSTOLIUS ARBA BET KOKĮ PELNO AR PAJAMŲ PRARADIMĄ, PATIRTĄ TIESIOGIAI AR NETIESIOGIAI, ARBA BET KOKĮ DUOMENŲ PRARADIMĄ, NAUDOJIMĄ, PRESTIŽĄ AR KITUS NEMATERIALIUS NUOSTOLIUS, ATSIRANDANČIUS DĖL i) JŪSŲ PRIEIGOS PRIE MOKAMŲ PASLAUGŲ AR JŲ NAUDOJIMO ARBA NEGALĖJIMO PRIEITI ARBA NAUDOTIS MOKAMOMIS PASLAUGOMIS; ii) BET KOKIO TREČIOSIOS ŠALIES ELGESIO AR TURINIO, PASKELBTO NAUDOJANTIS MOKAMOMIS PASLAUGOMIS, ĮSKAITANT, BE KITA KO, BET KOKĮ KITŲ NAUDOTOJŲ AR TREČIŲJŲ ŠALIŲ ŠMEIŽIKIŠKĄ, ĮŽEIDŽIANTĮ AR NETEISĖTĄ ELGESĮ; iii) BET KOKIO TURINIO, GAUTO IŠ MOKAMŲ PASLAUGŲ; iv) NETEISĖTOS PRIEIGOS PRIE JŪSŲ PERDUODAMŲ DUOMENŲ AR TURINIO, JŲ NAUDOJIMO AR PAKEITIMO. SIEKIANT IŠVENGTI ABEJONIŲ, MOKAMŲ PASLAUGŲ APIBRĖŽIMAS APSIRIBOJA „X“ SIŪLOMOMIS FUNKCIJOMIS IR NEAPIMA JOKIO TURINIO, KURĮ PASIEKIATE IR (ARBA) SU KURIUO SĄVEIKAUJATE NAUDODAMI ŠIAS FUNKCIJAS. BENDRA „X“ SUBJEKTŲ ATSAKOMYBĖ JOKIU BŪDU NEGALI VIRŠYTI DIDESNĖS ŠIMTO JAV DOLERIŲ (100,00 USD) SUMOS DALIES ARBA SUMOS, KURIĄ SUMOKĖJOTE „X“ PER PASTARUOSIUS ŠEŠIS MĖNESIUS UŽ MOKAMAS PASLAUGAS, DĖL KURIŲ PAREIKŠTA PRETENZIJA. ŠIO POSKIRSNIO APRIBOJIMAI TAIKOMI BET KOKIAI ATSAKOMYBĖS TEORIJAI, NEATSIŽVELGIANT Į TAI, AR JI PAGRĮSTA GARANTIJA, SUTARTIMI, ĮSTATYMU, DELIKTU (ĮSKAITANT APLAIDUMĄ) AR KITU PAGRINDU, IR AR „X“ SUBJEKTAI BUVO INFORMUOTI APIE TOKIOS ŽALOS GALIMYBĘ, IR NET JEI NUSTATOMA, KAD ŠIAME DOKUMENTE NURODYTA TEISIŲ GYNIMO PRIEMONĖ NEATITIKO JOS ESMINĖS PASKIRTIES. „X“ SUBJEKTAI REIŠKIA „X“, JOS PATRONUOJANČIĄSIAS ĮMONES, FILIALUS, SUSIJUSIAS ĮMONES, PAREIGŪNUS, DIREKTORIUS, DARBUOTOJUS, AGENTUS, ATSTOVUS, PARTNERIUS IR LICENCIJŲ IŠDAVĖJUS. PAGAL JŪSŲ JURISDIKCIJOJE TAIKOMUS ĮSTATYMAI GALI BŪTI NELEIDŽIAMA TAIKYTI TAM TIKRŲ ATSAKOMYBĖS APRIBOJIMŲ. TIEK, KIEK REIKALAUJAMA PAGAL JŪSŲ JURISDIKCIJOJE TAIKOMUS ĮSTATYMUS, PIRMIAU IŠDĖSTYTOMIS NUOSTATOMIS NEAPRIBOJAMA „X“ SUBJEKTŲ ATSAKOMYBĖ UŽ SUKČIAVIMĄ, APGAULINGĄ KLAIDINGĄ FAKTŲ PATEIKIMĄ, MIRTĮ AR KŪNO SUŽALOJIMĄ, KURĮ SUKĖLĖ MŪSŲ APLAIDUMAS, DIDELIS APLAIDUMAS IR (ARBA) TYČINIS ELGESYS. KIEK MAKSIMALIAI LEIDŽIAMA PAGAL TAIKOMUS ĮSTATYMUS, DIDŽIAUSIA BENDRA „X“ SUBJEKTŲ ATSAKOMYBĖ UŽ BET KOKIAS NEIŠDUODAMAS GARANTIJAS NEVIRŠIJA VIENO ŠIMTO JAV DOLERIŲ (100,00 JAV DOLERIŲ). 4. Įspėjimas dėl „Apple“. Jei įsigijote Mokamas paslaugas arba naudojatės Mokamomis paslaugomis arba naudojatės jomis „iOS“ įrenginyje, taip pat pripažįstate šios skilties sąlygas ir su jomis sutinkate. Pripažįstate, kad Sąlygos taikomos tik jums ir mums, o ne „Apple“, ir „Apple“ neatsako už Mokamas paslaugas bei jų turinį. „Apple“ neprivalo teikti jokių su Mokamomis paslaugomis susijusių techninės priežiūros ir palaikymo paslaugų. Jei Mokamos paslaugos neatitinka galiojančios garantijos, galite pranešti „Apple“, o „Apple“ grąžins jums bet kokią taikomą Mokamų paslaugų pirkimo kainą; ir, kiek tai leidžiama pagal taikomus įstatymus, „Apple“ neturi jokių kitų su Mokamomis paslaugomis susijusių garantijos įsipareigojimų. „Apple“ neatsako už jokias jūsų ar bet kurios trečiosios šalies pretenzijas, susijusias su Mokamomis paslaugomis ar jūsų turimomis ir (arba) naudojamomis Mokamomis paslaugomis, įskaitant, be kita ko: i) pretenzijas dėl atsakomybės už produktą; ii) bet kokias pretenzijas, kad Mokamos paslaugos neatitinka bet kokių taikomų teisinių ar norminių reikalavimų; iii) pretenzijas pagal vartotojų apsaugos ar panašius teisės aktus. „Apple“ neatsako už bet kokios trečiosios šalies pretenzijos, kad Mokamos paslaugos ir (arba) jūsų turima bei naudojama mobilioji programa pažeidžia tos trečiosios šalies intelektinės nuosavybės teises, tyrimą, sprendimą, įvykdymą ar gynybą jos atveju. Naudodamiesi Mokamomis paslaugomis sutinkate laikytis visų taikomų trečiųjų šalių sąlygų. „Apple“ ir „Apple“ patronuojamosios įmonės yra trečiųjų šalių naudos iš Sąlygų gavėjos, o jums sutikus su Sąlygomis, „Apple“ turės teisę (ir bus laikoma, kad ji sutiko su teise) taikyti Sąlygas prieš jus, kaip trečiosios šalies naudos iš Sąlygų gavėją. Patvirtinate ir garantuojate, kad i) nesate šalyje, kuriai taikomas JAV vyriausybės embargas arba kurią JAV vyriausybė nurodė kaip terorizmą remiančią šalį, ir ii) nesate įtraukti į jokį JAV vyriausybės draudžiamų ar ribojamų šalių sąrašą. 5. Konfliktas. Esant prieštaravimui tarp šių X pirkėjo paslaugų teikimo sąlygų ir X naudotojo sutarties nuostatų, šios X pirkėjo paslaugų teikimo sąlygos yra viršesnės tik jūsų naudojimosi Mokama paslauga atžvilgiu. 6. GINČŲ SPRENDIMAS IR KLASĖS VEIKSMŲ ATSISAKYMAS a. Pradinis ginčų sprendimas . Dauguma ginčų tarp jūsų ir X gali būti išspręsti neoficialiai. Susisiekti su mumis galite parašę Mokamai pagalbai čia . Kreipdamiesi į mus, trumpai apibūdinkite savo problemų pobūdį ir priežastis, savo kontaktinę informaciją ir konkrečią siekiamą pagalbą. Šalys turi dėti visas pastangas, kad išspręstų ginčus, pretenzijas ar nesutarimus, kylančius dėl šių Sąlygų ir (arba) jūsų dalyvavimo Programoje (atskirai – „ Ginčas “ arba daugiau nei vienas iš jų – „ Ginčai “). Jūs ir mes sutinkame, kad šiame neoficialiame procese būtina sąžiningai dalyvauti ir jis turi būti baigtas, kaip nurodyta pirmiau, kad kuri nors šalis galėtų pradėti bylinėjimąsi dėl bet kokio Ginčo, išskyrus prašymus dėl neatidėliotino teismo įsakymo („ Ginčas, kuriam taikoma išimtis “) Jei negalime su jumis pasiekti sutarto sprendimo dėl ginčo (išskyrus ginčą, kuriam taikoma išimtis) per trisdešimt (30) dienų nuo neoficialaus ginčo sprendimo pradžios pagal pirmiau nurodytą pirminio ginčo sprendimo nuostatą, tada jūs arba mes galime pradėti bylinėjimąsi. b. Galiojanti teisė ir teismas . ATIDŽIAI PERSKAITYKITE ŠĮ SKYRIŲ – JIS GALI LABAI PAVEIKTI JŪSŲ JURIDINES TEISES, ĮSKAITANT JŪSŲ TEISĘ PATEIKTI IEŠKINĮ TEISME. Teksaso valstijos įstatymai, išskyrus jurisdikcijos pasirinkimo nuostatas, reglamentuos šias Sąlygas ir bet kokius ginčus, kylančius tarp jūsų ir mūsų, nepaisant bet kokių kitų susitarimų tarp jūsų ir mūsų prieštaraujančių. Visi ginčai, susiję su šiomis Sąlygomis, įskaitant bet kokius ginčus, pretenzijas ar nesutarimus, kylančius iš šių Sąlygų ar su jomis susijusius, bus keliami tik federaliniuose ar valstijos teismuose, esančiuose Tarranto apygardoje, Teksase, JAV, ir jūs sutinkate su asmenine jurisdikcija tuose forumuose ir atsisakote bet kokių prieštaravimų dėl nepatogaus forumo. Nepažeisdami to, kas išdėstyta pirmiau, jūs sutinkate, kad savo nuožiūra X gali pareikšti bet kokią pretenziją, ieškinio pagrindą ar ginčą, kurį mes turime prieš jus bet kuriame kompetentingame šalies, kurioje gyvenate, teisme, kuris turi jurisdikciją ir vietą ieškinio atžvilgiu. Jei esate federalinis, valstijos ar vietinės valdžios subjektas Jungtinėse Amerikos Valstijose, vykdantis oficialias pareigas ir teisiškai negalite sutikti su aukščiau nurodytais kontroliuojančio įstatymo, jurisdikcijos ar vietos straipsniais, šios sąlygos jums netaikomos. Tokiems JAV federalinės vyriausybės subjektams šis Susitarimas ir bet kokie su juo susiję veiksmai bus reglamentuojami Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų įstatymų (be nuorodos į įstatymų konliktą) ir, jei nėra federalinio įstatymo, ir tiek, kiek leidžiama pagal federalinius įstatymus, Teksaso valstijos įstatymus (išskyrus teisės pasirinkimą). c. TURITE DVEJUS METUS IEŠKINIUI X pareikšti. Bet kokią pretenziją X, kylančią iš šių Sąlygų ar su jomis susijusią, turite pareikšti per dvejus (2) metus nuo įvykio ar faktų, dėl kurių kilo ginčas, atsiradimo dienos, nebent taikytinuose įstatymuose numatyta, kad įprastas tos pretenzijos senaties terminas negali būti sutrumpintas sutartimi. Jei nepareiškiate ieškinio per šį laikotarpį, visam laikui atsisakote teisės pareikšti bet kokio pobūdžio pretenziją ar ieškinį dėl tokių įvykių ar faktų ir tokios pretenzijos ar ieškinių pateikti nebegalite, o X neprisiima jokios atsakomybės dėl tokių pretenzijų. d. Kolektyvinio ieškinio atsisakymas . Tiek, kiek leidžia įstatymai, jūs taip pat atsisakote teisės dalyvauti kaip ieškovas ar grupės narys bet kuriame tariamoje grupės ieškinio, kolektyvinio ieškinio ar atstovavimo procese. X pirkėjo paslaugų teikimo sąlygos Jei gyvenate Europos Sąjungoje, ELPA valstybėse arba Jungtinėje Karalystėje X suteikia galimybę naudotis tam tikromis funkcijomis už vienkartinį arba pasikartojantį mokestį, taikomą atitinkamoms funkcijoms (kiekviena iš jų vadinama Mokama paslauga , o visos kartu – Mokamomis paslaugomis ). Pavyzdžiui, „X Premium“ (kaip apibrėžta toliau) ir Prenumeratos būtų laikomos „Mokama paslauga“. Jei prisiregistruojate ir (arba) naudojatės mokamomis paslaugomis, jūsų mokamų paslaugų naudojimas ir atitinkamos operacijos yra reglamentuojamos: i) čia išdėstytų sąlygų, įskaitant taikomas sąlygas kiekvienai įsigytai mokamai paslaugai, kiekviena iš jų nurodyta žemiau (kartu – „ X pirkėjų paslaugų teikimo sąlygos “), ir ii) taikomų X paslaugų teikimo sąlygų X privatumo politikos , X taisyklių ir sąlygų bei visų jose įtrauktų politikų (kartu – „ X naudotojo sutartis “). Šios X pirkėjo paslaugų teikimo sąlygos ir minėta X naudotojo sutartis šiame dokumente bendrai vadinamos „ Sąlygomis “. „ X “ reiškia X subjektą, teikiantį jums mokamas paslaugas. Atidžiai perskaitykite šias X pirkėjo paslaugų teikimo sąlygas, kad įsitikintumėte, jog suprantate taikomas sąlygas ir išimtis. JEI GYVENATE EUROPOS SĄJUNGOJE, EFTA VALSTIJOSE ARBA JUNGTINĖJE KARALYSTĖJE, ŠIOSE SĄLYGOSE PATEIKIAMA SVARBI INFORMACIJA, TAIKOMA JUMS, APIE GINČŲ SPRENDIMĄ, ĮSKAITANT JŪSŲ TEISĖS PAREIKŠTI IEŠKINIUS KAIP KOLEKTYVINIUS IEŠKINIUS ATSISAKYMĄ IR JŪSŲ TEISĖS PAREIKŠTI IEŠKINIUS „X“ APRIBOJIMĄ PRAĖJUS DAUGIAU NEI 1 METAMS NUO ATITINKAMŲ ĮVYKIŲ, KURIE TURI ĮTAKOS JŪSŲ TEISĖMS IR PAREIGOMS, JEI KILTŲ GINČAS SU „X“. IŠSAMIĄ INFORMACIJĄ APIE ŠIAS NUOSTATAS ŽR. 6 SKYRIAUS SKILTYJE „BENDROSIOS SĄLYGOS“. Patvirtinimas . Naudodamiesi Mokama (-omis) paslauga (-omis) iš X ar pasiekdami ją (jas), pateikdami mokėjimą pagal ją ir (arba) spustelėdami mygtuką, kad atliktumėte vienkartinį pirkimą ar periodinius prenumeratos mokėjimus už X teikiamą Mokamą paslaugą, sutinkate laikytis Sąlygų. Jei nesuprantate Sąlygų arba nesutinkate su jokia jų dalimi, negalite naudotis jokiomis Mokamomis paslaugomis. Norėdami įsigyti ir naudoti mokamą paslaugą, turite: i) būti bent 18 metų amžiaus arba sulaukti pilnametystės, kaip nustatyta jurisdikcijos, kurioje gyvenate, įstatymuose, arba ii) turėti aiškų savo tėvų ar globėjų sutikimą pirkti ir naudoti tą Mokamą paslaugą. Jei esate vienas iš tėvų arba teisėtas globėjas ir leidžiate savo vaikui (arba vaikui, kurio globėjas esate) įsigyti Mokamą paslaugą arba ja naudotis, sutinkate, kad Sąlygos taikomos jums, kad laikysitės Sąlygų ir kad esate atsakingi už vaiko veiklą, susijusią su Mokamomis paslaugomis, ir už tai, kad vaikas taip pat laikytųsi Sąlygų. Bet kuriuo atveju, kaip nurodyta X paslaugų teikimo sąlygų skyriuje „Kas gali naudotis Paslaugomis“, turite būti bent 13 metų amžiaus, kad galėtumėte naudotis X paslauga. Jei sutinkate su šiomis X pirkėjo paslaugų teikimo sąlygomis ir naudojate Mokamas paslaugas įmonės, organizacijos, vyriausybės ar kito juridinio asmens vardu, patvirtinate ir garantuojate, kad esate įgalioti tai daryti ir turite įgaliojimus susieti tokį subjektą su šiomis X pirkėjo paslaugų teikimo sąlygomis – tokiu atveju žodžiai „jūs“ ir „jūsų“, kaip vartojami šiose X pirkėjo paslaugų teikimo sąlygose, reiškia tokį subjektą. X sutarties subjektas . Į šias X pirkėjo paslaugų teikimo sąlygas įtraukiate subjektą, atitinkantį jūsų gyvenamąją vietą, kaip nurodyta toliau. Šis subjektas jums teiks Mokamas paslaugas. Joks kitas subjektas nėra įpareigotas prisiimti jokių įsipareigojimų jums pagal šias Pirkėjo paslaugų teikimo sąlygas. Jūsų buvimo vieta Europos Sąjunga, ELPA valstybės arba Jungtinė Karalystė Perkantysis subjektas „X Internet Unlimited Company“, kurios registruota buveinė yra adresu One Cumberland Place, Fenian Street, Dublin 2, D02 AX07 Ireland Sąlygų, Mokamų paslaugų ir kainodaros pakeitimai 1. Sąlygų pakeitimai. X gali iš naujo peržiūrėti šias X pirkėjų paslaugų teikimo sąlygas, kai tam yra pagrįsta ir svarbi priežastis, laikui bėgant. Tinkamas ir pagrįstas pagrindas gali būti: (i) mūsų paslaugų pakeitimas, pavyzdžiui, dėl techninių, su saugumu susijusių ar operacinių pokyčių, (ii) techninių klaidų pašalinimas, (iii) mūsų verslo pakeitimas, pavyzdžiui, dėl politikos, finansinių ar kitų krypčių pokyčių, (iv) teisinės padėties pasikeitimas, pavyzdžiui, dėl įstatymų pasikeitimo, oficialios agentūros prašymas arba teismo sprendimas ir (v) vartotojo patirties optimizavimas diegiant naujas funkcijas. Pakeitimai nebus taikomi atgaline data, o naujausia X pirkėjo paslaugų teikimo sąlygų versija, pasiekiama adresu legal.x.com/purchaser-terms , reglamentuos jūsų naudojimąsi Mokamomis paslaugomis ir visas atitinkamas operacijas. Jei mes pakeisime arba peržiūrėsime šias Sąlygas po to, kai jūs jas priėmėte (pavyzdžiui, jei šios sąlygos bus pakeistos po to, kai įsigijote prenumeratą), įsipareigojame apie esminius šių sąlygų pakeitimus jus informuoti iki 30 dienų iš anksto (priklausomai nuo konkrečių pakeitimų), nustatyti pagrįstą naudotojo terminą dėl pakeitimų ir informuoti jus apie tolesnio naudojimo pasekmes pasibaigus šiam terminui. Toks pranešimas gali būti pateiktas elektroniniu būdu, įskaitant, be kita ko, pranešimą apie paslaugą arba el. laišką su jūsų paskyra susietu el. pašto adresu. Jei ir toliau naudositės Mokamomis Paslaugomis pasibaigus minėtam terminui, jūs sutinkate laikytis peržiūrėtų X Pirkėjo paslaugų teikimo sąlygų. Jei nesutinkate su X pirkėjų paslaugų teikimo sąlygų pakeitimais, turėsite nustoti naudotis arba pasiekti mokamas paslaugas (arba tęsti jų naudojimą ar pasiekiamumą). X pirkėjo paslaugų teikimo sąlygos parengtos anglų kalba, tačiau yra išverstos į kelias kalbas. X stengiasi, kad vertimai būtų kuo tikslesni atsižvelgiant į originalią versiją anglų kalba. Tačiau bet kokių neatitikimų ar nenuoseklumų atveju pirmenybė teikiama X Pirkėjo paslaugų teikimo sąlygų versijai anglų kalba. Pripažįstate, kad anglų kalba bus kalba, kuria bus remiamasi aiškinant ir rengiant X pirkėjo paslaugų teikimo sąlygas. 2. Mokamų paslaugų pakeitimai. Mūsų mokamos paslaugos ir mūsų produktai bei paslaugos nuolat tobulėja. X gali keisti Mokamas Paslaugas dėl pagrįstų ir galiojančių priežasčių. Tokia pagrįsta ir svarbi priežastis gali apimti (i) techninius, su saugumu susijusius ar veiklos pokyčius, (ii) techninių klaidų pašalinimą, (iii) atitiktį pasikeitusiai teisinei situacijai, pavyzdžiui, įstatymo pakeitimui, oficialios institucijos prašymui arba teismo sprendimui, (iv) naudotojo patirties optimizavimą įdiegiant naujas funkcijas, ir (v) mūsų verslo pokyčius, pavyzdžiui, dėl politikos, finansinių aplinkybių ar kitų krypties pokyčių. Mes informuosime jus apie bet kokius Mokamų Paslaugų pakeitimus likus ne daugiau kaip 30 dienų iki jų įsigaliojimo, pavyzdžiui, pateikdami pranešimą apie paslaugą arba el. laišką, išsiųstą el. pašto adresu, susietu su jūsų paskyra, nurodydami pakeitimų charakteristikas ir įsigaliojimo datą bei informuodami jus apie galimą teisę nutraukti prenumeratą. Su sauga susijusiais pakeitimais terminas gali būti sutrumpintas. Šie atvejai nebus laikomi mokamų paslaugų pakeitimais pagal šią nuostatą: (i) pakeitimai, kurie paveikia mokamų paslaugų pagrindinę prigimtį ir esmines X teikiamos paslaugos savybes, ir (ii) paslaugų nuolatinis nutraukimas. X neatsako už jokius Mokamų Paslaugų pakeitimus, sustabdymą ar nutraukimą. Ten, kur tai yra teisiškai privaloma, minėtas atsakomybės apribojimas netaikomas: (i) atlyginimui už numatomą žalą lengvo neatsargumo atvejais, jei pareigų vykdymas yra esminis tinkamam sutarties įvykdymui ir naudotojai gali pasikliauti jų vykdymu (esminės sutartinės pareigos), kurias pažeidė X arba jos įgalioti atstovai ar atstovaujantieji agentai, ir (ii) X atsakomybei už (a) žalą, kilusią dėl gyvybės, kūno ar sveikatos sužalojimo, taip pat už žalą, padarytą tyčia arba dėl didelio neatsargumo iš X, jos įgaliotų atstovų ar atstovaujančių agentų pusės, bei (b) žalą dėl garantijos ar užtikrintos savybės nesilaikymo arba dėl apgaulės būdu slėpto defekto. Konkrečios mokamos paslaugos sąlygos (nurodytos toliau) nurodo, kaip galite atšaukti prenumeratą arba, jei taikoma, prašyti grąžinti pinigus. 3. Kainų pokyčiai. Mokamų paslaugų kainos, įskaitant pasikartojančius prenumeratos mokesčius, gali keistis laikas nuo laiko, atsižvelgiant į veiklos, priežiūros, techninio užtikrinimo, verslo aplinkybių, trečiųjų šalių taikomų ar įstatymais nustatytų mokesčių pokyčius, mūsų pagrįstu nuožiūra. Padidėjus sąnaudoms, X pasilieka teisę koreguoti apmokestinamų paslaugų kainas. X praneš jums apie bet kokius kainų pakeitimus raštu likus ne daugiau kaip 30 dienų iki jų įsigaliojimo, pavyzdžiui, pateikdamas pranešimą apie paslaugą arba el. laišką el. pašto adresu, susietu su jūsų paskyra, nurodydamas jūsų teises ir nepasinaudojimo jomis pasekmes. Pasikeitus kainai, galite nutraukti taikomos Mokamos paslaugos prenumeratą arba vartotojo sutartį likus ne mažiau kaip 24 valandoms iki kito atsiskaitymo ciklo pradžios, su sąlyga, kad atšaukimas atliekamas per 30 dienų nuo pranešimo gavimo. Priešingu atveju kainos pakeitimas įsigalios pranešime nurodytu laiku. Prenumeratos paslaugoms kainų pokyčiai įsigalios nuo kito prenumeratos laikotarpio pradžios po kainų pokyčio įsigaliojimo datos. Mokėjimo sąlygos . X siūlo įvairias mokėjimo parinktis, kurios gali skirtis priklausomai nuo Mokamos paslaugos, įrenginio ir (arba) operacinės sistemos, geografinės vietos ar kitų veiksnių. Tais atvejais, kai įmanoma (nes X kartais gali pasiūlyti įvairius pirkimo būdus), šios mokėjimo galimybės gali apimti galimybę naudoti „Google“ ar „Apple“ siūlomą „Mokėjimo programėlėje“ funkciją arba atlikti mokėjimą internetu naudojant X trečiosios šalies mokėjimų tvarkytoją „Stripe“ ( www.stripe.com – toliau – „ Stripe “). Atlikdami mokėjimą aiškiai sutinkate: i) sumokėti nurodytą Mokamos paslaugos kainą kartu su bet kokiomis papildomomis sumomis, susijusiomis su taikomais mokesčiais, kredito kortelių mokesčiais, banko mokesčiais, operacijų užsienio valiuta mokesčiais, užsienio valiutos keitimo mokesčiais ir valiutų kursų svyravimais; ii) laikytis visų atitinkamų paslaugų teikimo sąlygų, privatumo politikos ar kitų teisinių sutarčių ar apribojimų (įskaitant papildomus amžiaus apribojimus), kuriuos nustatė „Google“, „Apple“ arba „Stripe“ (kaip X trečiosios šalies mokėjimų tvarkytojas), susijusių su jūsų naudojimusi tam tikru mokėjimo būdu (pavyzdžiui, tik tuo atveju, jei nuspręsite atlikti mokėjimą naudodamiesi „Apple“ programėlės pirkimo funkcija, sutinkate laikytis visų atitinkamų „Apple“ nustatytų sąlygų, reikalavimų ir (arba) apribojimų). Bet kokie privatūs asmens duomenys, kuriuos pateikiate naudodamiesi Mokamomis paslaugomis, įskaitant, be kita ko, bet kokius duomenis, susijusius su mokėjimu, bus tvarkomi pagal X privatumo politiką. „X“ gali bendrinti jūsų mokėjimo informaciją su mokėjimo paslaugų teikėjais, kad apdorotų mokėjimus; užkirstų kelią sukčiavimui ar kitai draudžiamai veiklai, ją aptiktų ir ištirtų; palengvintų ginčų sprendimą, pvz., grąžintų lėšų ar mokesčių grąžinimą; ir kitais tikslais, susijusiais su kredito kortelių, debeto kortelių arba ACH priėmimu. Jūs privalote užtikrinti, kad jūsų banko, kredito kortelės, debeto kortelės ir (arba) kita mokėjimo informacija visada būtų atnaujinta, išsami ir tiksli. Jei atliksite mokėjimą už Mokamą paslaugą, galime gauti informacijos apie jūsų operaciją, pvz., kada ji buvo atlikta, kada prenumerata nustos galioti arba bus automatiškai pratęsta, kokioje platformoje pirkote ir kitos informacijos. X nebus atsakinga už jokias mokėjimų tvarkytojo, „Apple App Store“ ar „Google Play“ parduotuvės, jūsų banko, jūsų kredito kortelės įmonės ir (arba) bet kokio mokėjimo tinklo padarytas klaidas ar vėlavimus. Informacijos apie mokėjimo sąlygas, taikomas konkrečiai Mokamai paslaugai, įskaitant tai, kaip tvarkomas prenumeratos pratęsimas, ir kitas svarbias sąlygas ieškokite kiekvienos konkrečios Mokamos paslaugos sąlygose. X naudotojo sutarties taikymas, nutraukimas, pinigų negrąžinimas, kelios X paskyros ir apribojimai 1. Jums taikoma X naudotojo sutartis . VISADA PRIVALOTE LAIKYTIS „X“ NAUDOTOJO SUTARTIES IR JA VADOVAUTIS. X naudotojo sutartis visada taikoma jūsų naudojimuisi X paslauga, įskaitant Mokamas paslaugas ir funkcijas. Jei nesilaikysite X naudotojo sutarties arba X manys, kad nesilaikėte X naudotojo sutarties, jūsų Mokamos paslaugos gali būti atšauktos. Bet koks toks atšaukimas papildys bet kokius vykdymo užtikrinimo veiksmus, kurių X gali imtis prieš jus pagal X naudotojo sutartį, ir jais neapsiribos. Tokiais atvejais galite prarasti Mokamų paslaugų privalumus ir negalėsite susigrąžinti jokių sumų, kurias sumokėjote (arba iš anksto sumokėjote) už Mokamas paslaugas. 2. Kodėl X gali sustabdyti jūsų prieigą prie mokamų paslaugų. X gali bet kuriuo metu, bet kokiu pagrindu arba be jo, sustabdyti arba nutraukti jūsų prieigą prie mokamų paslaugų, nutraukti dalinį arba visą mokamų paslaugų teikimą arba imtis kitų jai tinkamų veiksmų, įskaitant, pavyzdžiui, jūsų paskyros sustabdymą (be jokios atsakomybės), įskaitant, bet neapsiribojant šiais pagrįstais pagrindais: a. „X“ savo nuožiūra mano, kad pažeidėte Sąlygas arba tai, kad naudojatės Mokama (-omis) paslauga (-omis), pažeistų bet kokius galiojančius įstatymus; b. X to prašo arba nurodo bet kuris kompetentingas teismas, reguliavimo institucija arba teisėsaugos agentūra; c. X iškilo nenumatytų techninių ar saugumo problemų; d.X savo nuožiūra mano, kad jūs pažeidėte X naudotojo sutartį; e. X mano, kad dėl pagrįstų priežasčių, pvz., jei manipuliuojate, žaidžiate žaidimus ar užsiimate kitu trikdančiu ar draudžiamu elgesiu, susijusiu su Mokamomis Paslaugomis; f. Jūs keliate riziką arba X dėl jūsų gali patirti teisinių pasekmių; g. jūsų paskyra turėtų būti pašalinta dėl neteisėtų veiksmų; h. jūsų paskyra turėtų būti pašalinta dėl užsitęsusio neaktyvumo; i. mūsų Mokamų paslaugų (visų ar dalies) teikimas jums nebėra komerciškai perspektyvus (tik X nuožiūra). 3. Visi mokėjimai yra galutiniai. Visi mokėjimai už Mokamas paslaugas yra galutiniai ir negrąžinami arba nekeičiami, išskyrus atvejus, kai to reikalaujama pagal taikomus įstatymus. Nesuteikiame jokių garantijų dėl Mokamos paslaugos pobūdžio, kokybės ar vertės arba jos prieinamumo ar teikimo. Pinigų grąžinimas ar kreditai nesuteikiami už nepanaudotą ar iš dalies panaudotą Mokamą paslaugą (pavyzdžiui, panaudotą prenumeratos laikotarpio dalį). 4. Mokamos paslaugos neperduodamos iš vienos X paskyros į kitą. Kiekvienas mokamos paslaugos pirkimas taikomas vienai X paskyrai. Tai reiškia, kad pirkimas bus taikomas tik tai paskyrai, kuria naudojotės pirkdami Mokamą paslaugą, ir nebus taikomas kitoms paskyroms, prie kurių galite turėti prieigą arba kurias galite valdyti. Jei turite arba valdote kelias paskyras ir norite pasiekti Mokamas paslaugas kiekvienoje paskyroje, turite įsigyti Mokamą paslaugą kiekvienoje paskyroje atskirai. 5. Apribojimai ir įsipareigojimai. a. Mokamą paslaugą galite įsigyti ir ja naudotis tik tuo atveju, jei jums teisiškai leidžiama naudotis Mokama paslauga jūsų šalyje ir gyvenate šalyje, kurioje X teikia atitinkamą Mokamą paslaugą. X savo gali nuožiūra apriboti prieigą prie Mokamos paslaugos arba jos įsigijimą tam tikrose šalyse. X pasilieka teisę kartais keisti šalių, kuriose jos paslaugos prieinamos, sąrašą. b. Pasiliekame teisę savo nuožiūra atsisakyti Mokamų paslaugų operacijų arba atšaukti ar nutraukti Mokamų paslaugų pardavimą ar naudojimąsi jomis. c. Negalite leisti kitiems naudotis jūsų X paskyra, norint pasiekti bet kokią Mokamą paslaugą, kurios toks asmuo neužsisakė. d. Negalite įsigyti Mokamos paslaugos ar ja naudotis, jei esate asmuo, su kuriuo JAV asmenims neleidžiama turėti reikalų pagal ekonomines sankcijas, įskaitant, be kita ko, sankcijas, kurias administruoja Jungtinių Valstijų Iždo departamento Užsienio turto kontrolės biuras ar bet kuri kita taikoma sankcijų institucija ( Draudžiamas asmuo ). Tai, be kita ko, apima asmenis, esančius šiose šalyse ir regionuose, arba įprastus gyventojus šiose šalyse ir regionuose: Kuba, Iranas, Krymo Ukrainos regionas, Šiaurės Korėja ir Sirija. Jūs pareiškiate ir garantuojate, kad nesate Draudžiamas asmuo. e. JŪS PAREIŠKIATE, KAD NAUDOSITĖS MOKAMOMIS PASLAUGOMIS TIK TEISĖTAIS TIKSLAIS IR TIK PAGAL SĄLYGAS. Mokesčiai ir rinkliavos . Esate atsakingi ir sutinkate mokėti visus taikomus mokesčius, muitus, tarifus ir rinkliavas, susijusias su mokamų paslaugų pirkimu, įskaitant tuos, kuriuos reikia mokėti X arba trečiosios šalies mokėjimų tvarkytojui. Šie mokesčiai gali apimti, be kita ko, PVM, GST, apyvartos mokestį, išskaičiuojamąjį mokestį ir kitus taikomus mokesčius. Atsižvelgiant į jūsų buvimo vietą, X gali būti atsakinga už informacijos, susijusios su operacijų mokesčiais, atsirandančiais perkant Mokamas paslaugas, rinkimą ir pateikimą. Suteikiate X leidimą pateikti savo paskyros ir asmeninę informaciją atitinkamoms mokesčių institucijoms, kad galėtume vykdyti savo mokesčių rinkimo ir ataskaitų teikimo įsipareigojimus. Bendrosios sąlygos 1. Kontaktinė informacija. Jei turite klausimų apie mokamas paslaugas arba šias sąlygas, daugiau informacijos galite rasti X mokamų paslaugų pagalbos centre . Jei jau įsigijote Mokamą paslaugą, taip pat galite susisiekti su mumis naudodami X paskyros naršymo meniu esančią pagalbos nuorodą, kuri yra mokėjimo arba prenumeratos nustatymuose. Jei turite papildomų klausimų, galite susisiekti su mumis čia , naudodami formą „Pagalba dėl mokamų funkcijų“. 2. ATSAKOMYBĖS APRIBOJIMAS. KIEK LEIDŽIAMA PAGAL TAIKOMUS ĮSTATYMUS, JŪSŲ PRIEIGA PRIE MOKAMŲ PASLAUGŲ IR NAUDOJIMASIS JOMIS YRA JŪSŲ PAČIŲ RIZIKA. JŪS SUPRANTATE IR SUTINKATE, KAD MOKAMOS PASLAUGOS JUMS TEIKIAMOS TOKIOS, KOKIOS YRA, IR KAI PASIEKIAMOS. „X“ NEPRISIIMA ATSAKOMYBĖS UŽ VISAS AIŠKIAS AR NUMANOMAS GARANTIJAS IR SĄLYGAS, SUSIJUSIAS SU TINKAMUMU PARDUOTI, TINKAMUMU KONKREČIAM TIKSLUI AR PAŽEIDIMO NEBUVIMU. „X“ NESUTEIKIA JOKIŲ GARANTIJŲ AR PAREIŠKIMŲ IR NEPRISIIMA JOKIOS ATSAKOMYBĖS UŽ: I) MOKAMŲ PASLAUGŲ IŠSAMUMĄ, TIKSLUMĄ, PRIEINAMUMĄ, TEIKIMĄ LAIKU, SAUGUMĄ AR PATIKIMUMĄ IR II) AR MOKAMOS PASLAUGOS ATITIKS JŪSŲ REIKALAVIMUS AR BUS PRIEINAMOS NEPERTRAUKIAMAI, SAUGIAI IR BE KLAIDŲ. ESATE ATSAKINGI UŽ TAI, KAD NAUDOJATĖS x PASLAUGA, ĮSKAITANT MOKAMAS PASLAUGAS, IR BET KOKĮ JŪSŲ TEIKIAMĄ TURINĮ. 3. ATSAKOMYBĖS APRIBOJIMAS. TIEK, KIEK MAKSIMALIAI LEIDŽIAMA PAGAL TAIKOMUS ĮSTATYMUS, „X“ SUBJEKTAI NEATSAKO UŽ JOKIUS NETIESIOGINIUS, ATSITIKTINIUS, SPECIALIUOSIUS, PASEKMINIUS AR BAUDŽIAMUOSIUS NUOSTOLIUS ARBA BET KOKĮ PELNO AR PAJAMŲ PRARADIMĄ, PATIRTĄ TIESIOGIAI AR NETIESIOGIAI, ARBA BET KOKĮ DUOMENŲ PRARADIMĄ, NAUDOJIMĄ, PRESTIŽĄ AR KITUS NEMATERIALIUS NUOSTOLIUS, ATSIRANDANČIUS DĖL i) JŪSŲ PRIEIGOS PRIE MOKAMŲ PASLAUGŲ AR JŲ NAUDOJIMO ARBA NEGALĖJIMO PRIEITI ARBA NAUDOTIS MOKAMOMIS PASLAUGOMIS; ii) BET KOKIO TREČIOSIOS ŠALIES ELGESIO AR TURINIO, PASKELBTO NAUDOJANTIS MOKAMOMIS PASLAUGOMIS, ĮSKAITANT, BE KITA KO, BET KOKĮ KITŲ NAUDOTOJŲ AR TREČIŲJŲ ŠALIŲ ŠMEIŽIKIŠKĄ, ĮŽEIDŽIANTĮ AR NETEISĖTĄ ELGESĮ; iii) BET KOKIO TURINIO, GAUTO IŠ MOKAMŲ PASLAUGŲ; iv) NETEISĖTOS PRIEIGOS PRIE JŪSŲ PERDUODAMŲ DUOMENŲ AR TURINIO, JŲ NAUDOJIMO AR PAKEITIMO. SIEKIANT IŠVENGTI ABEJONIŲ, MOKAMŲ PASLAUGŲ APIBRĖŽIMAS APSIRIBOJA „X“ SIŪLOMOMIS FUNKCIJOMIS IR NEAPIMA JOKIO TURINIO, KURĮ PASIEKIATE IR (ARBA) SU KURIUO SĄVEIKAUJATE NAUDODAMI ŠIAS FUNKCIJAS. BENDRA „X“ SUBJEKTŲ ATSAKOMYBĖ JOKIU BŪDU NEGALI VIRŠYTI DIDESNĖS ŠIMTO EURŲ (100,00 EUR) SUMOS DALIES ARBA SUMOS, KURIĄ SUMOKĖJOTE „X“ PER PASTARUOSIUS ŠEŠIS MĖNESIUS UŽ MOKAMAS PASLAUGAS, DĖL KURIŲ PAREIKŠTA PRETENZIJA. ŠIO POSKIRSNIO APRIBOJIMAI TAIKOMI BET KOKIAI ATSAKOMYBĖS TEORIJAI, NEATSIŽVELGIANT Į TAI, AR JI PAGRĮSTA GARANTIJA, SUTARTIMI, ĮSTATYMU, DELIKTU (ĮSKAITANT APLAIDUMĄ) AR KITU PAGRINDU, IR AR „X“ SUBJEKTAI BUVO INFORMUOTI APIE TOKIOS ŽALOS GALIMYBĘ, IR NET JEI NUSTATOMA, KAD ŠIAME DOKUMENTE NURODYTA TEISIŲ GYNIMO PRIEMONĖ NEATITIKO JOS ESMINĖS PASKIRTIES. „X“ SUBJEKTAI REIŠKIA „X“, JOS PATRONUOJANČIĄSIAS ĮMONES, FILIALUS, SUSIJUSIAS ĮMONES, PAREIGŪNUS, DIREKTORIUS, DARBUOTOJUS, AGENTUS, ATSTOVUS, PARTNERIUS IR LICENCIJŲ IŠDAVĖJUS. PAGAL JŪSŲ JURISDIKCIJOJE TAIKOMUS ĮSTATYMAI GALI BŪTI NELEIDŽIAMA TAIKYTI TAM TIKRŲ ATSAKOMYBĖS APRIBOJIMŲ. TIEK, KIEK REIKALAUJAMA PAGAL JŪSŲ JURISDIKCIJOJE TAIKOMUS ĮSTATYMUS, PIRMIAU IŠDĖSTYTOMIS NUOSTATOMIS NEAPRIBOJAMA „X“ SUBJEKTŲ ATSAKOMYBĖ UŽ SUKČIAVIMĄ, APGAULINGĄ KLAIDINGĄ FAKTŲ PATEIKIMĄ, MIRTĮ AR KŪNO SUŽALOJIMĄ, KURĮ SUKĖLĖ MŪSŲ APLAIDUMAS, DIDELIS APLAIDUMAS IR (ARBA) TYČINIS ELGESYS. KIEK MAKSIMALIAI LEIDŽIAMA PAGAL TAIKOMUS ĮSTATYMUS, DIDŽIAUSIA BENDRA „X“ SUBJEKTŲ ATSAKOMYBĖ UŽ BET KOKIAS NEIŠDUODAMAS GARANTIJAS NEVIRŠIJA VIENO ŠIMTO EURŲ (€100,00). 4. Įspėjimas dėl „Apple“. Jei įsigijote Mokamas paslaugas arba naudojatės Mokamomis paslaugomis arba naudojatės jomis „iOS“ įrenginyje, taip pat pripažįstate šios skilties sąlygas ir su jomis sutinkate. Pripažįstate, kad Sąlygos taikomos tik jums ir mums, o ne „Apple“, ir „Apple“ neatsako už Mokamas paslaugas bei jų turinį. „Apple“ neprivalo teikti jokių su Mokamomis paslaugomis susijusių techninės priežiūros ir palaikymo paslaugų. Jei Mokamos paslaugos neatitinka galiojančios garantijos, galite pranešti „Apple“, o „Apple“ grąžins jums bet koki | 2026-01-13T08:48:38 |
https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/introduction.html#first-steps-towards-programming | 3. An Informal Introduction to Python — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents 3. An Informal Introduction to Python 3.1. Using Python as a Calculator 3.1.1. Numbers 3.1.2. Text 3.1.3. Lists 3.2. First Steps Towards Programming Previous topic 2. Using the Python Interpreter Next topic 4. More Control Flow Tools This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial » 3. An Informal Introduction to Python | Theme Auto Light Dark | 3. An Informal Introduction to Python ¶ In the following examples, input and output are distinguished by the presence or absence of prompts ( >>> and … ): to repeat the example, you must type everything after the prompt, when the prompt appears; lines that do not begin with a prompt are output from the interpreter. Note that a secondary prompt on a line by itself in an example means you must type a blank line; this is used to end a multi-line command. You can use the “Copy” button (it appears in the upper-right corner when hovering over or tapping a code example), which strips prompts and omits output, to copy and paste the input lines into your interpreter. Many of the examples in this manual, even those entered at the interactive prompt, include comments. Comments in Python start with the hash character, # , and extend to the end of the physical line. A comment may appear at the start of a line or following whitespace or code, but not within a string literal. A hash character within a string literal is just a hash character. Since comments are to clarify code and are not interpreted by Python, they may be omitted when typing in examples. Some examples: # this is the first comment spam = 1 # and this is the second comment # ... and now a third! text = "# This is not a comment because it's inside quotes." 3.1. Using Python as a Calculator ¶ Let’s try some simple Python commands. Start the interpreter and wait for the primary prompt, >>> . (It shouldn’t take long.) 3.1.1. Numbers ¶ The interpreter acts as a simple calculator: you can type an expression into it and it will write the value. Expression syntax is straightforward: the operators + , - , * and / can be used to perform arithmetic; parentheses ( () ) can be used for grouping. For example: >>> 2 + 2 4 >>> 50 - 5 * 6 20 >>> ( 50 - 5 * 6 ) / 4 5.0 >>> 8 / 5 # division always returns a floating-point number 1.6 The integer numbers (e.g. 2 , 4 , 20 ) have type int , the ones with a fractional part (e.g. 5.0 , 1.6 ) have type float . We will see more about numeric types later in the tutorial. Division ( / ) always returns a float. To do floor division and get an integer result you can use the // operator; to calculate the remainder you can use % : >>> 17 / 3 # classic division returns a float 5.666666666666667 >>> >>> 17 // 3 # floor division discards the fractional part 5 >>> 17 % 3 # the % operator returns the remainder of the division 2 >>> 5 * 3 + 2 # floored quotient * divisor + remainder 17 With Python, it is possible to use the ** operator to calculate powers [ 1 ] : >>> 5 ** 2 # 5 squared 25 >>> 2 ** 7 # 2 to the power of 7 128 The equal sign ( = ) is used to assign a value to a variable. Afterwards, no result is displayed before the next interactive prompt: >>> width = 20 >>> height = 5 * 9 >>> width * height 900 If a variable is not “defined” (assigned a value), trying to use it will give you an error: >>> n # try to access an undefined variable Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> NameError : name 'n' is not defined There is full support for floating point; operators with mixed type operands convert the integer operand to floating point: >>> 4 * 3.75 - 1 14.0 In interactive mode, the last printed expression is assigned to the variable _ . This means that when you are using Python as a desk calculator, it is somewhat easier to continue calculations, for example: >>> tax = 12.5 / 100 >>> price = 100.50 >>> price * tax 12.5625 >>> price + _ 113.0625 >>> round ( _ , 2 ) 113.06 This variable should be treated as read-only by the user. Don’t explicitly assign a value to it — you would create an independent local variable with the same name masking the built-in variable with its magic behavior. In addition to int and float , Python supports other types of numbers, such as Decimal and Fraction . Python also has built-in support for complex numbers , and uses the j or J suffix to indicate the imaginary part (e.g. 3+5j ). 3.1.2. Text ¶ Python can manipulate text (represented by type str , so-called “strings”) as well as numbers. This includes characters “ ! ”, words “ rabbit ”, names “ Paris ”, sentences “ Got your back. ”, etc. “ Yay! :) ”. They can be enclosed in single quotes ( '...' ) or double quotes ( "..." ) with the same result [ 2 ] . >>> 'spam eggs' # single quotes 'spam eggs' >>> "Paris rabbit got your back :)! Yay!" # double quotes 'Paris rabbit got your back :)! Yay!' >>> '1975' # digits and numerals enclosed in quotes are also strings '1975' To quote a quote, we need to “escape” it, by preceding it with \ . Alternatively, we can use the other type of quotation marks: >>> 'doesn \' t' # use \' to escape the single quote... "doesn't" >>> "doesn't" # ...or use double quotes instead "doesn't" >>> '"Yes," they said.' '"Yes," they said.' >>> " \" Yes, \" they said." '"Yes," they said.' >>> '"Isn \' t," they said.' '"Isn\'t," they said.' In the Python shell, the string definition and output string can look different. The print() function produces a more readable output, by omitting the enclosing quotes and by printing escaped and special characters: >>> s = 'First line. \n Second line.' # \n means newline >>> s # without print(), special characters are included in the string 'First line.\nSecond line.' >>> print ( s ) # with print(), special characters are interpreted, so \n produces new line First line. Second line. If you don’t want characters prefaced by \ to be interpreted as special characters, you can use raw strings by adding an r before the first quote: >>> print ( 'C:\some \n ame' ) # here \n means newline! C:\some ame >>> print ( r 'C:\some\name' ) # note the r before the quote C:\some\name There is one subtle aspect to raw strings: a raw string may not end in an odd number of \ characters; see the FAQ entry for more information and workarounds. String literals can span multiple lines. One way is using triple-quotes: """...""" or '''...''' . End-of-line characters are automatically included in the string, but it’s possible to prevent this by adding a \ at the end of the line. In the following example, the initial newline is not included: >>> print ( """ \ ... Usage: thingy [OPTIONS] ... -h Display this usage message ... -H hostname Hostname to connect to ... """ ) Usage: thingy [OPTIONS] -h Display this usage message -H hostname Hostname to connect to >>> Strings can be concatenated (glued together) with the + operator, and repeated with * : >>> # 3 times 'un', followed by 'ium' >>> 3 * 'un' + 'ium' 'unununium' Two or more string literals (i.e. the ones enclosed between quotes) next to each other are automatically concatenated. >>> 'Py' 'thon' 'Python' This feature is particularly useful when you want to break long strings: >>> text = ( 'Put several strings within parentheses ' ... 'to have them joined together.' ) >>> text 'Put several strings within parentheses to have them joined together.' This only works with two literals though, not with variables or expressions: >>> prefix = 'Py' >>> prefix 'thon' # can't concatenate a variable and a string literal File "<stdin>" , line 1 prefix 'thon' ^^^^^^ SyntaxError : invalid syntax >>> ( 'un' * 3 ) 'ium' File "<stdin>" , line 1 ( 'un' * 3 ) 'ium' ^^^^^ SyntaxError : invalid syntax If you want to concatenate variables or a variable and a literal, use + : >>> prefix + 'thon' 'Python' Strings can be indexed (subscripted), with the first character having index 0. There is no separate character type; a character is simply a string of size one: >>> word = 'Python' >>> word [ 0 ] # character in position 0 'P' >>> word [ 5 ] # character in position 5 'n' Indices may also be negative numbers, to start counting from the right: >>> word [ - 1 ] # last character 'n' >>> word [ - 2 ] # second-last character 'o' >>> word [ - 6 ] 'P' Note that since -0 is the same as 0, negative indices start from -1. In addition to indexing, slicing is also supported. While indexing is used to obtain individual characters, slicing allows you to obtain a substring: >>> word [ 0 : 2 ] # characters from position 0 (included) to 2 (excluded) 'Py' >>> word [ 2 : 5 ] # characters from position 2 (included) to 5 (excluded) 'tho' Slice indices have useful defaults; an omitted first index defaults to zero, an omitted second index defaults to the size of the string being sliced. >>> word [: 2 ] # character from the beginning to position 2 (excluded) 'Py' >>> word [ 4 :] # characters from position 4 (included) to the end 'on' >>> word [ - 2 :] # characters from the second-last (included) to the end 'on' Note how the start is always included, and the end always excluded. This makes sure that s[:i] + s[i:] is always equal to s : >>> word [: 2 ] + word [ 2 :] 'Python' >>> word [: 4 ] + word [ 4 :] 'Python' One way to remember how slices work is to think of the indices as pointing between characters, with the left edge of the first character numbered 0. Then the right edge of the last character of a string of n characters has index n , for example: +---+---+---+---+---+---+ | P | y | t | h | o | n | +---+---+---+---+---+---+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 - 6 - 5 - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 The first row of numbers gives the position of the indices 0…6 in the string; the second row gives the corresponding negative indices. The slice from i to j consists of all characters between the edges labeled i and j , respectively. For non-negative indices, the length of a slice is the difference of the indices, if both are within bounds. For example, the length of word[1:3] is 2. Attempting to use an index that is too large will result in an error: >>> word [ 42 ] # the word only has 6 characters Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> IndexError : string index out of range However, out of range slice indexes are handled gracefully when used for slicing: >>> word [ 4 : 42 ] 'on' >>> word [ 42 :] '' Python strings cannot be changed — they are immutable . Therefore, assigning to an indexed position in the string results in an error: >>> word [ 0 ] = 'J' Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : 'str' object does not support item assignment >>> word [ 2 :] = 'py' Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : 'str' object does not support item assignment If you need a different string, you should create a new one: >>> 'J' + word [ 1 :] 'Jython' >>> word [: 2 ] + 'py' 'Pypy' The built-in function len() returns the length of a string: >>> s = 'supercalifragilisticexpialidocious' >>> len ( s ) 34 See also Text Sequence Type — str Strings are examples of sequence types , and support the common operations supported by such types. String Methods Strings support a large number of methods for basic transformations and searching. f-strings String literals that have embedded expressions. Format String Syntax Information about string formatting with str.format() . printf-style String Formatting The old formatting operations invoked when strings are the left operand of the % operator are described in more detail here. 3.1.3. Lists ¶ Python knows a number of compound data types, used to group together other values. The most versatile is the list , which can be written as a list of comma-separated values (items) between square brackets. Lists might contain items of different types, but usually the items all have the same type. >>> squares = [ 1 , 4 , 9 , 16 , 25 ] >>> squares [1, 4, 9, 16, 25] Like strings (and all other built-in sequence types), lists can be indexed and sliced: >>> squares [ 0 ] # indexing returns the item 1 >>> squares [ - 1 ] 25 >>> squares [ - 3 :] # slicing returns a new list [9, 16, 25] Lists also support operations like concatenation: >>> squares + [ 36 , 49 , 64 , 81 , 100 ] [1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100] Unlike strings, which are immutable , lists are a mutable type, i.e. it is possible to change their content: >>> cubes = [ 1 , 8 , 27 , 65 , 125 ] # something's wrong here >>> 4 ** 3 # the cube of 4 is 64, not 65! 64 >>> cubes [ 3 ] = 64 # replace the wrong value >>> cubes [1, 8, 27, 64, 125] You can also add new items at the end of the list, by using the list.append() method (we will see more about methods later): >>> cubes . append ( 216 ) # add the cube of 6 >>> cubes . append ( 7 ** 3 ) # and the cube of 7 >>> cubes [1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343] Simple assignment in Python never copies data. When you assign a list to a variable, the variable refers to the existing list . Any changes you make to the list through one variable will be seen through all other variables that refer to it.: >>> rgb = [ "Red" , "Green" , "Blue" ] >>> rgba = rgb >>> id ( rgb ) == id ( rgba ) # they reference the same object True >>> rgba . append ( "Alph" ) >>> rgb ["Red", "Green", "Blue", "Alph"] All slice operations return a new list containing the requested elements. This means that the following slice returns a shallow copy of the list: >>> correct_rgba = rgba [:] >>> correct_rgba [ - 1 ] = "Alpha" >>> correct_rgba ["Red", "Green", "Blue", "Alpha"] >>> rgba ["Red", "Green", "Blue", "Alph"] Assignment to slices is also possible, and this can even change the size of the list or clear it entirely: >>> letters = [ 'a' , 'b' , 'c' , 'd' , 'e' , 'f' , 'g' ] >>> letters ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g'] >>> # replace some values >>> letters [ 2 : 5 ] = [ 'C' , 'D' , 'E' ] >>> letters ['a', 'b', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'f', 'g'] >>> # now remove them >>> letters [ 2 : 5 ] = [] >>> letters ['a', 'b', 'f', 'g'] >>> # clear the list by replacing all the elements with an empty list >>> letters [:] = [] >>> letters [] The built-in function len() also applies to lists: >>> letters = [ 'a' , 'b' , 'c' , 'd' ] >>> len ( letters ) 4 It is possible to nest lists (create lists containing other lists), for example: >>> a = [ 'a' , 'b' , 'c' ] >>> n = [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] >>> x = [ a , n ] >>> x [['a', 'b', 'c'], [1, 2, 3]] >>> x [ 0 ] ['a', 'b', 'c'] >>> x [ 0 ][ 1 ] 'b' 3.2. First Steps Towards Programming ¶ Of course, we can use Python for more complicated tasks than adding two and two together. For instance, we can write an initial sub-sequence of the Fibonacci series as follows: >>> # Fibonacci series: >>> # the sum of two elements defines the next >>> a , b = 0 , 1 >>> while a < 10 : ... print ( a ) ... a , b = b , a + b ... 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 This example introduces several new features. The first line contains a multiple assignment : the variables a and b simultaneously get the new values 0 and 1. On the last line this is used again, demonstrating that the expressions on the right-hand side are all evaluated first before any of the assignments take place. The right-hand side expressions are evaluated from the left to the right. The while loop executes as long as the condition (here: a < 10 ) remains true. In Python, like in C, any non-zero integer value is true; zero is false. The condition may also be a string or list value, in fact any sequence; anything with a non-zero length is true, empty sequences are false. The test used in the example is a simple comparison. The standard comparison operators are written the same as in C: < (less than), > (greater than), == (equal to), <= (less than or equal to), >= (greater than or equal to) and != (not equal to). The body of the loop is indented : indentation is Python’s way of grouping statements. At the interactive prompt, you have to type a tab or space(s) for each indented line. In practice you will prepare more complicated input for Python with a text editor; all decent text editors have an auto-indent facility. When a compound statement is entered interactively, it must be followed by a blank line to indicate completion (since the parser cannot guess when you have typed the last line). Note that each line within a basic block must be indented by the same amount. The print() function writes the value of the argument(s) it is given. It differs from just writing the expression you want to write (as we did earlier in the calculator examples) in the way it handles multiple arguments, floating-point quantities, and strings. Strings are printed without quotes, and a space is inserted between items, so you can format things nicely, like this: >>> i = 256 * 256 >>> print ( 'The value of i is' , i ) The value of i is 65536 The keyword argument end can be used to avoid the newline after the output, or end the output with a different string: >>> a , b = 0 , 1 >>> while a < 1000 : ... print ( a , end = ',' ) ... a , b = b , a + b ... 0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55,89,144,233,377,610,987, Footnotes [ 1 ] Since ** has higher precedence than - , -3**2 will be interpreted as -(3**2) and thus result in -9 . To avoid this and get 9 , you can use (-3)**2 . [ 2 ] Unlike other languages, special characters such as \n have the same meaning with both single ( '...' ) and double ( "..." ) quotes. The only difference between the two is that within single quotes you don’t need to escape " (but you have to escape \' ) and vice versa. Table of Contents 3. An Informal Introduction to Python 3.1. Using Python as a Calculator 3.1.1. Numbers 3.1.2. Text 3.1.3. Lists 3.2. First Steps Towards Programming Previous topic 2. Using the Python Interpreter Next topic 4. More Control Flow Tools This page Report a bug Show source « Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial » 3. An Informal Introduction to Python | Theme Auto Light Dark | © Copyright 2001 Python Software Foundation. This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License. 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https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/introduction.html#using-python-as-a-calculator | 3. An Informal Introduction to Python — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents 3. An Informal Introduction to Python 3.1. Using Python as a Calculator 3.1.1. Numbers 3.1.2. Text 3.1.3. Lists 3.2. First Steps Towards Programming Previous topic 2. Using the Python Interpreter Next topic 4. More Control Flow Tools This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial » 3. An Informal Introduction to Python | Theme Auto Light Dark | 3. An Informal Introduction to Python ¶ In the following examples, input and output are distinguished by the presence or absence of prompts ( >>> and … ): to repeat the example, you must type everything after the prompt, when the prompt appears; lines that do not begin with a prompt are output from the interpreter. Note that a secondary prompt on a line by itself in an example means you must type a blank line; this is used to end a multi-line command. You can use the “Copy” button (it appears in the upper-right corner when hovering over or tapping a code example), which strips prompts and omits output, to copy and paste the input lines into your interpreter. Many of the examples in this manual, even those entered at the interactive prompt, include comments. Comments in Python start with the hash character, # , and extend to the end of the physical line. A comment may appear at the start of a line or following whitespace or code, but not within a string literal. A hash character within a string literal is just a hash character. Since comments are to clarify code and are not interpreted by Python, they may be omitted when typing in examples. Some examples: # this is the first comment spam = 1 # and this is the second comment # ... and now a third! text = "# This is not a comment because it's inside quotes." 3.1. Using Python as a Calculator ¶ Let’s try some simple Python commands. Start the interpreter and wait for the primary prompt, >>> . (It shouldn’t take long.) 3.1.1. Numbers ¶ The interpreter acts as a simple calculator: you can type an expression into it and it will write the value. Expression syntax is straightforward: the operators + , - , * and / can be used to perform arithmetic; parentheses ( () ) can be used for grouping. For example: >>> 2 + 2 4 >>> 50 - 5 * 6 20 >>> ( 50 - 5 * 6 ) / 4 5.0 >>> 8 / 5 # division always returns a floating-point number 1.6 The integer numbers (e.g. 2 , 4 , 20 ) have type int , the ones with a fractional part (e.g. 5.0 , 1.6 ) have type float . We will see more about numeric types later in the tutorial. Division ( / ) always returns a float. To do floor division and get an integer result you can use the // operator; to calculate the remainder you can use % : >>> 17 / 3 # classic division returns a float 5.666666666666667 >>> >>> 17 // 3 # floor division discards the fractional part 5 >>> 17 % 3 # the % operator returns the remainder of the division 2 >>> 5 * 3 + 2 # floored quotient * divisor + remainder 17 With Python, it is possible to use the ** operator to calculate powers [ 1 ] : >>> 5 ** 2 # 5 squared 25 >>> 2 ** 7 # 2 to the power of 7 128 The equal sign ( = ) is used to assign a value to a variable. Afterwards, no result is displayed before the next interactive prompt: >>> width = 20 >>> height = 5 * 9 >>> width * height 900 If a variable is not “defined” (assigned a value), trying to use it will give you an error: >>> n # try to access an undefined variable Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> NameError : name 'n' is not defined There is full support for floating point; operators with mixed type operands convert the integer operand to floating point: >>> 4 * 3.75 - 1 14.0 In interactive mode, the last printed expression is assigned to the variable _ . This means that when you are using Python as a desk calculator, it is somewhat easier to continue calculations, for example: >>> tax = 12.5 / 100 >>> price = 100.50 >>> price * tax 12.5625 >>> price + _ 113.0625 >>> round ( _ , 2 ) 113.06 This variable should be treated as read-only by the user. Don’t explicitly assign a value to it — you would create an independent local variable with the same name masking the built-in variable with its magic behavior. In addition to int and float , Python supports other types of numbers, such as Decimal and Fraction . Python also has built-in support for complex numbers , and uses the j or J suffix to indicate the imaginary part (e.g. 3+5j ). 3.1.2. Text ¶ Python can manipulate text (represented by type str , so-called “strings”) as well as numbers. This includes characters “ ! ”, words “ rabbit ”, names “ Paris ”, sentences “ Got your back. ”, etc. “ Yay! :) ”. They can be enclosed in single quotes ( '...' ) or double quotes ( "..." ) with the same result [ 2 ] . >>> 'spam eggs' # single quotes 'spam eggs' >>> "Paris rabbit got your back :)! Yay!" # double quotes 'Paris rabbit got your back :)! Yay!' >>> '1975' # digits and numerals enclosed in quotes are also strings '1975' To quote a quote, we need to “escape” it, by preceding it with \ . Alternatively, we can use the other type of quotation marks: >>> 'doesn \' t' # use \' to escape the single quote... "doesn't" >>> "doesn't" # ...or use double quotes instead "doesn't" >>> '"Yes," they said.' '"Yes," they said.' >>> " \" Yes, \" they said." '"Yes," they said.' >>> '"Isn \' t," they said.' '"Isn\'t," they said.' In the Python shell, the string definition and output string can look different. The print() function produces a more readable output, by omitting the enclosing quotes and by printing escaped and special characters: >>> s = 'First line. \n Second line.' # \n means newline >>> s # without print(), special characters are included in the string 'First line.\nSecond line.' >>> print ( s ) # with print(), special characters are interpreted, so \n produces new line First line. Second line. If you don’t want characters prefaced by \ to be interpreted as special characters, you can use raw strings by adding an r before the first quote: >>> print ( 'C:\some \n ame' ) # here \n means newline! C:\some ame >>> print ( r 'C:\some\name' ) # note the r before the quote C:\some\name There is one subtle aspect to raw strings: a raw string may not end in an odd number of \ characters; see the FAQ entry for more information and workarounds. String literals can span multiple lines. One way is using triple-quotes: """...""" or '''...''' . End-of-line characters are automatically included in the string, but it’s possible to prevent this by adding a \ at the end of the line. In the following example, the initial newline is not included: >>> print ( """ \ ... Usage: thingy [OPTIONS] ... -h Display this usage message ... -H hostname Hostname to connect to ... """ ) Usage: thingy [OPTIONS] -h Display this usage message -H hostname Hostname to connect to >>> Strings can be concatenated (glued together) with the + operator, and repeated with * : >>> # 3 times 'un', followed by 'ium' >>> 3 * 'un' + 'ium' 'unununium' Two or more string literals (i.e. the ones enclosed between quotes) next to each other are automatically concatenated. >>> 'Py' 'thon' 'Python' This feature is particularly useful when you want to break long strings: >>> text = ( 'Put several strings within parentheses ' ... 'to have them joined together.' ) >>> text 'Put several strings within parentheses to have them joined together.' This only works with two literals though, not with variables or expressions: >>> prefix = 'Py' >>> prefix 'thon' # can't concatenate a variable and a string literal File "<stdin>" , line 1 prefix 'thon' ^^^^^^ SyntaxError : invalid syntax >>> ( 'un' * 3 ) 'ium' File "<stdin>" , line 1 ( 'un' * 3 ) 'ium' ^^^^^ SyntaxError : invalid syntax If you want to concatenate variables or a variable and a literal, use + : >>> prefix + 'thon' 'Python' Strings can be indexed (subscripted), with the first character having index 0. There is no separate character type; a character is simply a string of size one: >>> word = 'Python' >>> word [ 0 ] # character in position 0 'P' >>> word [ 5 ] # character in position 5 'n' Indices may also be negative numbers, to start counting from the right: >>> word [ - 1 ] # last character 'n' >>> word [ - 2 ] # second-last character 'o' >>> word [ - 6 ] 'P' Note that since -0 is the same as 0, negative indices start from -1. In addition to indexing, slicing is also supported. While indexing is used to obtain individual characters, slicing allows you to obtain a substring: >>> word [ 0 : 2 ] # characters from position 0 (included) to 2 (excluded) 'Py' >>> word [ 2 : 5 ] # characters from position 2 (included) to 5 (excluded) 'tho' Slice indices have useful defaults; an omitted first index defaults to zero, an omitted second index defaults to the size of the string being sliced. >>> word [: 2 ] # character from the beginning to position 2 (excluded) 'Py' >>> word [ 4 :] # characters from position 4 (included) to the end 'on' >>> word [ - 2 :] # characters from the second-last (included) to the end 'on' Note how the start is always included, and the end always excluded. This makes sure that s[:i] + s[i:] is always equal to s : >>> word [: 2 ] + word [ 2 :] 'Python' >>> word [: 4 ] + word [ 4 :] 'Python' One way to remember how slices work is to think of the indices as pointing between characters, with the left edge of the first character numbered 0. Then the right edge of the last character of a string of n characters has index n , for example: +---+---+---+---+---+---+ | P | y | t | h | o | n | +---+---+---+---+---+---+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 - 6 - 5 - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 The first row of numbers gives the position of the indices 0…6 in the string; the second row gives the corresponding negative indices. The slice from i to j consists of all characters between the edges labeled i and j , respectively. For non-negative indices, the length of a slice is the difference of the indices, if both are within bounds. For example, the length of word[1:3] is 2. Attempting to use an index that is too large will result in an error: >>> word [ 42 ] # the word only has 6 characters Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> IndexError : string index out of range However, out of range slice indexes are handled gracefully when used for slicing: >>> word [ 4 : 42 ] 'on' >>> word [ 42 :] '' Python strings cannot be changed — they are immutable . Therefore, assigning to an indexed position in the string results in an error: >>> word [ 0 ] = 'J' Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : 'str' object does not support item assignment >>> word [ 2 :] = 'py' Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : 'str' object does not support item assignment If you need a different string, you should create a new one: >>> 'J' + word [ 1 :] 'Jython' >>> word [: 2 ] + 'py' 'Pypy' The built-in function len() returns the length of a string: >>> s = 'supercalifragilisticexpialidocious' >>> len ( s ) 34 See also Text Sequence Type — str Strings are examples of sequence types , and support the common operations supported by such types. String Methods Strings support a large number of methods for basic transformations and searching. f-strings String literals that have embedded expressions. Format String Syntax Information about string formatting with str.format() . printf-style String Formatting The old formatting operations invoked when strings are the left operand of the % operator are described in more detail here. 3.1.3. Lists ¶ Python knows a number of compound data types, used to group together other values. The most versatile is the list , which can be written as a list of comma-separated values (items) between square brackets. Lists might contain items of different types, but usually the items all have the same type. >>> squares = [ 1 , 4 , 9 , 16 , 25 ] >>> squares [1, 4, 9, 16, 25] Like strings (and all other built-in sequence types), lists can be indexed and sliced: >>> squares [ 0 ] # indexing returns the item 1 >>> squares [ - 1 ] 25 >>> squares [ - 3 :] # slicing returns a new list [9, 16, 25] Lists also support operations like concatenation: >>> squares + [ 36 , 49 , 64 , 81 , 100 ] [1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100] Unlike strings, which are immutable , lists are a mutable type, i.e. it is possible to change their content: >>> cubes = [ 1 , 8 , 27 , 65 , 125 ] # something's wrong here >>> 4 ** 3 # the cube of 4 is 64, not 65! 64 >>> cubes [ 3 ] = 64 # replace the wrong value >>> cubes [1, 8, 27, 64, 125] You can also add new items at the end of the list, by using the list.append() method (we will see more about methods later): >>> cubes . append ( 216 ) # add the cube of 6 >>> cubes . append ( 7 ** 3 ) # and the cube of 7 >>> cubes [1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343] Simple assignment in Python never copies data. When you assign a list to a variable, the variable refers to the existing list . Any changes you make to the list through one variable will be seen through all other variables that refer to it.: >>> rgb = [ "Red" , "Green" , "Blue" ] >>> rgba = rgb >>> id ( rgb ) == id ( rgba ) # they reference the same object True >>> rgba . append ( "Alph" ) >>> rgb ["Red", "Green", "Blue", "Alph"] All slice operations return a new list containing the requested elements. This means that the following slice returns a shallow copy of the list: >>> correct_rgba = rgba [:] >>> correct_rgba [ - 1 ] = "Alpha" >>> correct_rgba ["Red", "Green", "Blue", "Alpha"] >>> rgba ["Red", "Green", "Blue", "Alph"] Assignment to slices is also possible, and this can even change the size of the list or clear it entirely: >>> letters = [ 'a' , 'b' , 'c' , 'd' , 'e' , 'f' , 'g' ] >>> letters ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g'] >>> # replace some values >>> letters [ 2 : 5 ] = [ 'C' , 'D' , 'E' ] >>> letters ['a', 'b', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'f', 'g'] >>> # now remove them >>> letters [ 2 : 5 ] = [] >>> letters ['a', 'b', 'f', 'g'] >>> # clear the list by replacing all the elements with an empty list >>> letters [:] = [] >>> letters [] The built-in function len() also applies to lists: >>> letters = [ 'a' , 'b' , 'c' , 'd' ] >>> len ( letters ) 4 It is possible to nest lists (create lists containing other lists), for example: >>> a = [ 'a' , 'b' , 'c' ] >>> n = [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] >>> x = [ a , n ] >>> x [['a', 'b', 'c'], [1, 2, 3]] >>> x [ 0 ] ['a', 'b', 'c'] >>> x [ 0 ][ 1 ] 'b' 3.2. First Steps Towards Programming ¶ Of course, we can use Python for more complicated tasks than adding two and two together. For instance, we can write an initial sub-sequence of the Fibonacci series as follows: >>> # Fibonacci series: >>> # the sum of two elements defines the next >>> a , b = 0 , 1 >>> while a < 10 : ... print ( a ) ... a , b = b , a + b ... 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 This example introduces several new features. The first line contains a multiple assignment : the variables a and b simultaneously get the new values 0 and 1. On the last line this is used again, demonstrating that the expressions on the right-hand side are all evaluated first before any of the assignments take place. The right-hand side expressions are evaluated from the left to the right. The while loop executes as long as the condition (here: a < 10 ) remains true. In Python, like in C, any non-zero integer value is true; zero is false. The condition may also be a string or list value, in fact any sequence; anything with a non-zero length is true, empty sequences are false. The test used in the example is a simple comparison. The standard comparison operators are written the same as in C: < (less than), > (greater than), == (equal to), <= (less than or equal to), >= (greater than or equal to) and != (not equal to). The body of the loop is indented : indentation is Python’s way of grouping statements. At the interactive prompt, you have to type a tab or space(s) for each indented line. In practice you will prepare more complicated input for Python with a text editor; all decent text editors have an auto-indent facility. When a compound statement is entered interactively, it must be followed by a blank line to indicate completion (since the parser cannot guess when you have typed the last line). Note that each line within a basic block must be indented by the same amount. The print() function writes the value of the argument(s) it is given. It differs from just writing the expression you want to write (as we did earlier in the calculator examples) in the way it handles multiple arguments, floating-point quantities, and strings. Strings are printed without quotes, and a space is inserted between items, so you can format things nicely, like this: >>> i = 256 * 256 >>> print ( 'The value of i is' , i ) The value of i is 65536 The keyword argument end can be used to avoid the newline after the output, or end the output with a different string: >>> a , b = 0 , 1 >>> while a < 1000 : ... print ( a , end = ',' ) ... a , b = b , a + b ... 0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55,89,144,233,377,610,987, Footnotes [ 1 ] Since ** has higher precedence than - , -3**2 will be interpreted as -(3**2) and thus result in -9 . To avoid this and get 9 , you can use (-3)**2 . [ 2 ] Unlike other languages, special characters such as \n have the same meaning with both single ( '...' ) and double ( "..." ) quotes. The only difference between the two is that within single quotes you don’t need to escape " (but you have to escape \' ) and vice versa. Table of Contents 3. An Informal Introduction to Python 3.1. Using Python as a Calculator 3.1.1. Numbers 3.1.2. Text 3.1.3. Lists 3.2. First Steps Towards Programming Previous topic 2. Using the Python Interpreter Next topic 4. More Control Flow Tools This page Report a bug Show source « Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial » 3. An Informal Introduction to Python | Theme Auto Light Dark | © Copyright 2001 Python Software Foundation. This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License. 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https://docs.python.org/3/library/string.html#formatstrings | string — Common string operations — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents string — Common string operations String constants Custom String Formatting Format String Syntax Format Specification Mini-Language Format examples Template strings ($-strings) Helper functions Previous topic Text Processing Services Next topic string.templatelib — Support for template string literals This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Standard Library » Text Processing Services » string — Common string operations | Theme Auto Light Dark | string — Common string operations ¶ Source code: Lib/string/__init__.py See also Text Sequence Type — str String Methods String constants ¶ The constants defined in this module are: string. ascii_letters ¶ The concatenation of the ascii_lowercase and ascii_uppercase constants described below. This value is not locale-dependent. string. ascii_lowercase ¶ The lowercase letters 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz' . This value is not locale-dependent and will not change. string. ascii_uppercase ¶ The uppercase letters 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ' . This value is not locale-dependent and will not change. string. digits ¶ The string '0123456789' . string. hexdigits ¶ The string '0123456789abcdefABCDEF' . string. octdigits ¶ The string '01234567' . string. punctuation ¶ String of ASCII characters which are considered punctuation characters in the C locale: !"#$%&'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\]^_`{|}~ . string. printable ¶ String of ASCII characters which are considered printable by Python. This is a combination of digits , ascii_letters , punctuation , and whitespace . Note By design, string.printable.isprintable() returns False . In particular, string.printable is not printable in the POSIX sense (see LC_CTYPE ). string. whitespace ¶ A string containing all ASCII characters that are considered whitespace. This includes the characters space, tab, linefeed, return, formfeed, and vertical tab. Custom String Formatting ¶ The built-in string class provides the ability to do complex variable substitutions and value formatting via the format() method described in PEP 3101 . The Formatter class in the string module allows you to create and customize your own string formatting behaviors using the same implementation as the built-in format() method. class string. Formatter ¶ The Formatter class has the following public methods: format ( format_string , / , * args , ** kwargs ) ¶ The primary API method. It takes a format string and an arbitrary set of positional and keyword arguments. It is just a wrapper that calls vformat() . Changed in version 3.7: A format string argument is now positional-only . vformat ( format_string , args , kwargs ) ¶ This function does the actual work of formatting. It is exposed as a separate function for cases where you want to pass in a predefined dictionary of arguments, rather than unpacking and repacking the dictionary as individual arguments using the *args and **kwargs syntax. vformat() does the work of breaking up the format string into character data and replacement fields. It calls the various methods described below. In addition, the Formatter defines a number of methods that are intended to be replaced by subclasses: parse ( format_string ) ¶ Loop over the format_string and return an iterable of tuples ( literal_text , field_name , format_spec , conversion ). This is used by vformat() to break the string into either literal text, or replacement fields. The values in the tuple conceptually represent a span of literal text followed by a single replacement field. If there is no literal text (which can happen if two replacement fields occur consecutively), then literal_text will be a zero-length string. If there is no replacement field, then the values of field_name , format_spec and conversion will be None . The value of field_name is unmodified and auto-numbering of non-numbered positional fields is done by vformat() . get_field ( field_name , args , kwargs ) ¶ Given field_name , convert it to an object to be formatted. Auto-numbering of field_name returned from parse() is done by vformat() before calling this method. Returns a tuple (obj, used_key). The default version takes strings of the form defined in PEP 3101 , such as “0[name]” or “label.title”. args and kwargs are as passed in to vformat() . The return value used_key has the same meaning as the key parameter to get_value() . get_value ( key , args , kwargs ) ¶ Retrieve a given field value. The key argument will be either an integer or a string. If it is an integer, it represents the index of the positional argument in args ; if it is a string, then it represents a named argument in kwargs . The args parameter is set to the list of positional arguments to vformat() , and the kwargs parameter is set to the dictionary of keyword arguments. For compound field names, these functions are only called for the first component of the field name; subsequent components are handled through normal attribute and indexing operations. So for example, the field expression ‘0.name’ would cause get_value() to be called with a key argument of 0. The name attribute will be looked up after get_value() returns by calling the built-in getattr() function. If the index or keyword refers to an item that does not exist, then an IndexError or KeyError should be raised. check_unused_args ( used_args , args , kwargs ) ¶ Implement checking for unused arguments if desired. The arguments to this function is the set of all argument keys that were actually referred to in the format string (integers for positional arguments, and strings for named arguments), and a reference to the args and kwargs that was passed to vformat. The set of unused args can be calculated from these parameters. check_unused_args() is assumed to raise an exception if the check fails. format_field ( value , format_spec ) ¶ format_field() simply calls the global format() built-in. The method is provided so that subclasses can override it. convert_field ( value , conversion ) ¶ Converts the value (returned by get_field() ) given a conversion type (as in the tuple returned by the parse() method). The default version understands ‘s’ (str), ‘r’ (repr) and ‘a’ (ascii) conversion types. Format String Syntax ¶ The str.format() method and the Formatter class share the same syntax for format strings (although in the case of Formatter , subclasses can define their own format string syntax). The syntax is related to that of formatted string literals and template string literals , but it is less sophisticated and, in particular, does not support arbitrary expressions in interpolations. Format strings contain “replacement fields” surrounded by curly braces {} . Anything that is not contained in braces is considered literal text, which is copied unchanged to the output. If you need to include a brace character in the literal text, it can be escaped by doubling: {{ and }} . The grammar for a replacement field is as follows: replacement_field : "{" [ field_name ] [ "!" conversion ] [ ":" format_spec ] "}" field_name : arg_name ( "." attribute_name | "[" element_index "]" )* arg_name : [ identifier | digit +] attribute_name : identifier element_index : digit + | index_string index_string : <any source character except "]" > + conversion : "r" | "s" | "a" format_spec : format-spec:format_spec In less formal terms, the replacement field can start with a field_name that specifies the object whose value is to be formatted and inserted into the output instead of the replacement field. The field_name is optionally followed by a conversion field, which is preceded by an exclamation point '!' , and a format_spec , which is preceded by a colon ':' . These specify a non-default format for the replacement value. See also the Format Specification Mini-Language section. The field_name itself begins with an arg_name that is either a number or a keyword. If it’s a number, it refers to a positional argument, and if it’s a keyword, it refers to a named keyword argument. An arg_name is treated as a number if a call to str.isdecimal() on the string would return true. If the numerical arg_names in a format string are 0, 1, 2, … in sequence, they can all be omitted (not just some) and the numbers 0, 1, 2, … will be automatically inserted in that order. Because arg_name is not quote-delimited, it is not possible to specify arbitrary dictionary keys (e.g., the strings '10' or ':-]' ) within a format string. The arg_name can be followed by any number of index or attribute expressions. An expression of the form '.name' selects the named attribute using getattr() , while an expression of the form '[index]' does an index lookup using __getitem__() . Changed in version 3.1: The positional argument specifiers can be omitted for str.format() , so '{} {}'.format(a, b) is equivalent to '{0} {1}'.format(a, b) . Changed in version 3.4: The positional argument specifiers can be omitted for Formatter . Some simple format string examples: "First, thou shalt count to {0} " # References first positional argument "Bring me a {} " # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {} " # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name} " # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight} " # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]} " # First element of keyword argument 'players'. The conversion field causes a type coercion before formatting. Normally, the job of formatting a value is done by the __format__() method of the value itself. However, in some cases it is desirable to force a type to be formatted as a string, overriding its own definition of formatting. By converting the value to a string before calling __format__() , the normal formatting logic is bypassed. Three conversion flags are currently supported: '!s' which calls str() on the value, '!r' which calls repr() and '!a' which calls ascii() . Some examples: "Harold's a clever {0!s} " # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r} " # Calls repr() on the argument first "More {!a} " # Calls ascii() on the argument first The format_spec field contains a specification of how the value should be presented, including such details as field width, alignment, padding, decimal precision and so on. Each value type can define its own “formatting mini-language” or interpretation of the format_spec . Most built-in types support a common formatting mini-language, which is described in the next section. A format_spec field can also include nested replacement fields within it. These nested replacement fields may contain a field name, conversion flag and format specification, but deeper nesting is not allowed. The replacement fields within the format_spec are substituted before the format_spec string is interpreted. This allows the formatting of a value to be dynamically specified. See the Format examples section for some examples. Format Specification Mini-Language ¶ “Format specifications” are used within replacement fields contained within a format string to define how individual values are presented (see Format String Syntax , f-strings , and t-strings ). They can also be passed directly to the built-in format() function. Each formattable type may define how the format specification is to be interpreted. Most built-in types implement the following options for format specifications, although some of the formatting options are only supported by the numeric types. A general convention is that an empty format specification produces the same result as if you had called str() on the value. A non-empty format specification typically modifies the result. The general form of a standard format specifier is: format_spec : [ options ][ width_and_precision ][ type ] options : [[ fill ] align ][ sign ][ "z" ][ "#" ][ "0" ] fill : <any character> align : "<" | ">" | "=" | "^" sign : "+" | "-" | " " width_and_precision : [ width_with_grouping ][ precision_with_grouping ] width_with_grouping : [ width ][ grouping ] precision_with_grouping : "." [ precision ][ grouping ] | "." grouping width : digit + precision : digit + grouping : "," | "_" type : "b" | "c" | "d" | "e" | "E" | "f" | "F" | "g" | "G" | "n" | "o" | "s" | "x" | "X" | "%" If a valid align value is specified, it can be preceded by a fill character that can be any character and defaults to a space if omitted. It is not possible to use a literal curly brace (” { ” or “ } ”) as the fill character in a formatted string literal or when using the str.format() method. However, it is possible to insert a curly brace with a nested replacement field. This limitation doesn’t affect the format() function. The meaning of the various alignment options is as follows: Option Meaning '<' Forces the field to be left-aligned within the available space (this is the default for most objects). '>' Forces the field to be right-aligned within the available space (this is the default for numbers). '=' Forces the padding to be placed after the sign (if any) but before the digits. This is used for printing fields in the form ‘+000000120’. This alignment option is only valid for numeric types, excluding complex . It becomes the default for numbers when ‘0’ immediately precedes the field width. '^' Forces the field to be centered within the available space. Note that unless a minimum field width is defined, the field width will always be the same size as the data to fill it, so that the alignment option has no meaning in this case. The sign option is only valid for number types, and can be one of the following: Option Meaning '+' Indicates that a sign should be used for both positive as well as negative numbers. '-' Indicates that a sign should be used only for negative numbers (this is the default behavior). space Indicates that a leading space should be used on positive numbers, and a minus sign on negative numbers. The 'z' option coerces negative zero floating-point values to positive zero after rounding to the format precision. This option is only valid for floating-point presentation types. Changed in version 3.11: Added the 'z' option (see also PEP 682 ). The '#' option causes the “alternate form” to be used for the conversion. The alternate form is defined differently for different types. This option is only valid for integer, float and complex types. For integers, when binary, octal, or hexadecimal output is used, this option adds the respective prefix '0b' , '0o' , '0x' , or '0X' to the output value. For float and complex the alternate form causes the result of the conversion to always contain a decimal-point character, even if no digits follow it. Normally, a decimal-point character appears in the result of these conversions only if a digit follows it. In addition, for 'g' and 'G' conversions, trailing zeros are not removed from the result. The width is a decimal integer defining the minimum total field width, including any prefixes, separators, and other formatting characters. If not specified, then the field width will be determined by the content. When no explicit alignment is given, preceding the width field by a zero ( '0' ) character enables sign-aware zero-padding for numeric types, excluding complex . This is equivalent to a fill character of '0' with an alignment type of '=' . Changed in version 3.10: Preceding the width field by '0' no longer affects the default alignment for strings. The precision is a decimal integer indicating how many digits should be displayed after the decimal point for presentation types 'f' and 'F' , or before and after the decimal point for presentation types 'g' or 'G' . For string presentation types the field indicates the maximum field size - in other words, how many characters will be used from the field content. The precision is not allowed for integer presentation types. The grouping option after width and precision fields specifies a digit group separator for the integral and fractional parts of a number respectively. It can be one of the following: Option Meaning ',' Inserts a comma every 3 digits for integer presentation type 'd' and floating-point presentation types, excluding 'n' . For other presentation types, this option is not supported. '_' Inserts an underscore every 3 digits for integer presentation type 'd' and floating-point presentation types, excluding 'n' . For integer presentation types 'b' , 'o' , 'x' , and 'X' , underscores are inserted every 4 digits. For other presentation types, this option is not supported. For a locale aware separator, use the 'n' presentation type instead. Changed in version 3.1: Added the ',' option (see also PEP 378 ). Changed in version 3.6: Added the '_' option (see also PEP 515 ). Changed in version 3.14: Support the grouping option for the fractional part. Finally, the type determines how the data should be presented. The available string presentation types are: Type Meaning 's' String format. This is the default type for strings and may be omitted. None The same as 's' . The available integer presentation types are: Type Meaning 'b' Binary format. Outputs the number in base 2. 'c' Character. Converts the integer to the corresponding unicode character before printing. 'd' Decimal Integer. Outputs the number in base 10. 'o' Octal format. Outputs the number in base 8. 'x' Hex format. Outputs the number in base 16, using lower-case letters for the digits above 9. 'X' Hex format. Outputs the number in base 16, using upper-case letters for the digits above 9. In case '#' is specified, the prefix '0x' will be upper-cased to '0X' as well. 'n' Number. This is the same as 'd' , except that it uses the current locale setting to insert the appropriate digit group separators. None The same as 'd' . In addition to the above presentation types, integers can be formatted with the floating-point presentation types listed below (except 'n' and None ). When doing so, float() is used to convert the integer to a floating-point number before formatting. The available presentation types for float and Decimal values are: Type Meaning 'e' Scientific notation. For a given precision p , formats the number in scientific notation with the letter ‘e’ separating the coefficient from the exponent. The coefficient has one digit before and p digits after the decimal point, for a total of p + 1 significant digits. With no precision given, uses a precision of 6 digits after the decimal point for float , and shows all coefficient digits for Decimal . If p=0 , the decimal point is omitted unless the # option is used. For float , the exponent always contains at least two digits, and is zero if the value is zero. 'E' Scientific notation. Same as 'e' except it uses an upper case ‘E’ as the separator character. 'f' Fixed-point notation. For a given precision p , formats the number as a decimal number with exactly p digits following the decimal point. With no precision given, uses a precision of 6 digits after the decimal point for float , and uses a precision large enough to show all coefficient digits for Decimal . If p=0 , the decimal point is omitted unless the # option is used. 'F' Fixed-point notation. Same as 'f' , but converts nan to NAN and inf to INF . 'g' General format. For a given precision p >= 1 , this rounds the number to p significant digits and then formats the result in either fixed-point format or in scientific notation, depending on its magnitude. A precision of 0 is treated as equivalent to a precision of 1 . The precise rules are as follows: suppose that the result formatted with presentation type 'e' and precision p-1 would have exponent exp . Then, if m <= exp < p , where m is -4 for floats and -6 for Decimals , the number is formatted with presentation type 'f' and precision p-1-exp . Otherwise, the number is formatted with presentation type 'e' and precision p-1 . In both cases insignificant trailing zeros are removed from the significand, and the decimal point is also removed if there are no remaining digits following it, unless the '#' option is used. With no precision given, uses a precision of 6 significant digits for float . For Decimal , the coefficient of the result is formed from the coefficient digits of the value; scientific notation is used for values smaller than 1e-6 in absolute value and values where the place value of the least significant digit is larger than 1, and fixed-point notation is used otherwise. Positive and negative infinity, positive and negative zero, and nans, are formatted as inf , -inf , 0 , -0 and nan respectively, regardless of the precision. 'G' General format. Same as 'g' except switches to 'E' if the number gets too large. The representations of infinity and NaN are uppercased, too. 'n' Number. This is the same as 'g' , except that it uses the current locale setting to insert the appropriate digit group separators for the integral part of a number. '%' Percentage. Multiplies the number by 100 and displays in fixed ( 'f' ) format, followed by a percent sign. None For float this is like the 'g' type, except that when fixed-point notation is used to format the result, it always includes at least one digit past the decimal point, and switches to the scientific notation when exp >= p - 1 . When the precision is not specified, the latter will be as large as needed to represent the given value faithfully. For Decimal , this is the same as either 'g' or 'G' depending on the value of context.capitals for the current decimal context. The overall effect is to match the output of str() as altered by the other format modifiers. The result should be correctly rounded to a given precision p of digits after the decimal point. The rounding mode for float matches that of the round() builtin. For Decimal , the rounding mode of the current context will be used. The available presentation types for complex are the same as those for float ( '%' is not allowed). Both the real and imaginary components of a complex number are formatted as floating-point numbers, according to the specified presentation type. They are separated by the mandatory sign of the imaginary part, the latter being terminated by a j suffix. If the presentation type is missing, the result will match the output of str() (complex numbers with a non-zero real part are also surrounded by parentheses), possibly altered by other format modifiers. Format examples ¶ This section contains examples of the str.format() syntax and comparison with the old % -formatting. In most of the cases the syntax is similar to the old % -formatting, with the addition of the {} and with : used instead of % . For example, '%03.2f' can be translated to '{:03.2f}' . The new format syntax also supports new and different options, shown in the following examples. Accessing arguments by position: >>> ' {0} , {1} , {2} ' . format ( 'a' , 'b' , 'c' ) 'a, b, c' >>> ' {} , {} , {} ' . format ( 'a' , 'b' , 'c' ) # 3.1+ only 'a, b, c' >>> ' {2} , {1} , {0} ' . format ( 'a' , 'b' , 'c' ) 'c, b, a' >>> ' {2} , {1} , {0} ' . format ( * 'abc' ) # unpacking argument sequence 'c, b, a' >>> ' {0}{1}{0} ' . format ( 'abra' , 'cad' ) # arguments' indices can be repeated 'abracadabra' Accessing arguments by name: >>> 'Coordinates: {latitude} , {longitude} ' . format ( latitude = '37.24N' , longitude = '-115.81W' ) 'Coordinates: 37.24N, -115.81W' >>> coord = { 'latitude' : '37.24N' , 'longitude' : '-115.81W' } >>> 'Coordinates: {latitude} , {longitude} ' . format ( ** coord ) 'Coordinates: 37.24N, -115.81W' Accessing arguments’ attributes: >>> c = 3 - 5 j >>> ( 'The complex number {0} is formed from the real part {0.real} ' ... 'and the imaginary part {0.imag} .' ) . format ( c ) 'The complex number (3-5j) is formed from the real part 3.0 and the imaginary part -5.0.' >>> class Point : ... def __init__ ( self , x , y ): ... self . x , self . y = x , y ... def __str__ ( self ): ... return 'Point( {self.x} , {self.y} )' . format ( self = self ) ... >>> str ( Point ( 4 , 2 )) 'Point(4, 2)' Accessing arguments’ items: >>> coord = ( 3 , 5 ) >>> 'X: {0[0]} ; Y: {0[1]} ' . format ( coord ) 'X: 3; Y: 5' Replacing %s and %r : >>> "repr() shows quotes: {!r} ; str() doesn't: {!s} " . format ( 'test1' , 'test2' ) "repr() shows quotes: 'test1'; str() doesn't: test2" Aligning the text and specifying a width: >>> ' {:<30} ' . format ( 'left aligned' ) 'left aligned ' >>> ' {:>30} ' . format ( 'right aligned' ) ' right aligned' >>> ' {:^30} ' . format ( 'centered' ) ' centered ' >>> ' {:*^30} ' . format ( 'centered' ) # use '*' as a fill char '***********centered***********' Replacing %+f , %-f , and % f and specifying a sign: >>> ' {:+f} ; {:+f} ' . format ( 3.14 , - 3.14 ) # show it always '+3.140000; -3.140000' >>> ' {: f} ; {: f} ' . format ( 3.14 , - 3.14 ) # show a space for positive numbers ' 3.140000; -3.140000' >>> ' {:-f} ; {:-f} ' . format ( 3.14 , - 3.14 ) # show only the minus -- same as '{:f}; {:f}' '3.140000; -3.140000' Replacing %x and %o and converting the value to different bases: >>> # format also supports binary numbers >>> "int: {0:d} ; hex: {0:x} ; oct: {0:o} ; bin: {0:b} " . format ( 42 ) 'int: 42; hex: 2a; oct: 52; bin: 101010' >>> # with 0x, 0o, or 0b as prefix: >>> "int: {0:d} ; hex: {0:#x} ; oct: {0:#o} ; bin: {0:#b} " . format ( 42 ) 'int: 42; hex: 0x2a; oct: 0o52; bin: 0b101010' Using the comma or the underscore as a digit group separator: >>> ' {:,} ' . format ( 1234567890 ) '1,234,567,890' >>> '{:_}' . format ( 1234567890 ) '1_234_567_890' >>> '{:_b}' . format ( 1234567890 ) '100_1001_1001_0110_0000_0010_1101_0010' >>> '{:_x}' . format ( 1234567890 ) '4996_02d2' >>> '{:_}' . format ( 123456789.123456789 ) '123_456_789.12345679' >>> '{:.,}' . format ( 123456789.123456789 ) '123456789.123,456,79' >>> '{:,._}' . format ( 123456789.123456789 ) '123,456,789.123_456_79' Expressing a percentage: >>> points = 19 >>> total = 22 >>> 'Correct answers: {:.2%} ' . format ( points / total ) 'Correct answers: 86.36%' Using type-specific formatting: >>> import datetime >>> d = datetime . datetime ( 2010 , 7 , 4 , 12 , 15 , 58 ) >>> '{:%Y-%m- %d %H:%M:%S}' . format ( d ) '2010-07-04 12:15:58' Nesting arguments and more complex examples: >>> for align , text in zip ( '<^>' , [ 'left' , 'center' , 'right' ]): ... '{0: {fill}{align} 16}' . format ( text , fill = align , align = align ) ... 'left<<<<<<<<<<<<' '^^^^^center^^^^^' '>>>>>>>>>>>right' >>> >>> octets = [ 192 , 168 , 0 , 1 ] >>> ' {:02X}{:02X}{:02X}{:02X} ' . format ( * octets ) 'C0A80001' >>> int ( _ , 16 ) 3232235521 >>> >>> width = 5 >>> for num in range ( 5 , 12 ): ... for base in 'dXob' : ... print ( '{0: {width}{base} }' . format ( num , base = base , width = width ), end = ' ' ) ... print () ... 5 5 5 101 6 6 6 110 7 7 7 111 8 8 10 1000 9 9 11 1001 10 A 12 1010 11 B 13 1011 Template strings ($-strings) ¶ Note The feature described here was introduced in Python 2.4; a simple templating method based upon regular expressions. It predates str.format() , formatted string literals , and template string literals . It is unrelated to template string literals (t-strings), which were introduced in Python 3.14. These evaluate to string.templatelib.Template objects, found in the string.templatelib module. Template strings provide simpler string substitutions as described in PEP 292 . A primary use case for template strings is for internationalization (i18n) since in that context, the simpler syntax and functionality makes it easier to translate than other built-in string formatting facilities in Python. As an example of a library built on template strings for i18n, see the flufl.i18n package. Template strings support $ -based substitutions, using the following rules: $$ is an escape; it is replaced with a single $ . $identifier names a substitution placeholder matching a mapping key of "identifier" . By default, "identifier" is restricted to any case-insensitive ASCII alphanumeric string (including underscores) that starts with an underscore or ASCII letter. The first non-identifier character after the $ character terminates this placeholder specification. ${identifier} is equivalent to $identifier . It is required when valid identifier characters follow the placeholder but are not part of the placeholder, such as "${noun}ification" . Any other appearance of $ in the string will result in a ValueError being raised. The string module provides a Template class that implements these rules. The methods of Template are: class string. Template ( template ) ¶ The constructor takes a single argument which is the template string. substitute ( mapping = {} , / , ** kwds ) ¶ Performs the template substitution, returning a new string. mapping is any dictionary-like object with keys that match the placeholders in the template. Alternatively, you can provide keyword arguments, where the keywords are the placeholders. When both mapping and kwds are given and there are duplicates, the placeholders from kwds take precedence. safe_substitute ( mapping = {} , / , ** kwds ) ¶ Like substitute() , except that if placeholders are missing from mapping and kwds , instead of raising a KeyError exception, the original placeholder will appear in the resulting string intact. Also, unlike with substitute() , any other appearances of the $ will simply return $ instead of raising ValueError . While other exceptions may still occur, this method is called “safe” because it always tries to return a usable string instead of raising an exception. In another sense, safe_substitute() may be anything other than safe, since it will silently ignore malformed templates containing dangling delimiters, unmatched braces, or placeholders that are not valid Python identifiers. is_valid ( ) ¶ Returns False if the template has invalid placeholders that will cause substitute() to raise ValueError . Added in version 3.11. get_identifiers ( ) ¶ Returns a list of the valid identifiers in the template, in the order they first appear, ignoring any invalid identifiers. Added in version 3.11. Template instances also provide one public data attribute: template ¶ This is the object passed to the constructor’s template argument. In general, you shouldn’t change it, but read-only access is not enforced. Here is an example of how to use a Template: >>> from string import Template >>> s = Template ( '$who likes $what' ) >>> s . substitute ( who = 'tim' , what = 'kung pao' ) 'tim likes kung pao' >>> d = dict ( who = 'tim' ) >>> Template ( 'Give $who $100' ) . substitute ( d ) Traceback (most recent call last): ... ValueError : Invalid placeholder in string: line 1, col 11 >>> Template ( '$who likes $what' ) . substitute ( d ) Traceback (most recent call last): ... KeyError : 'what' >>> Template ( '$who likes $what' ) . safe_substitute ( d ) 'tim likes $what' Advanced usage: you can derive subclasses of Template to customize the placeholder syntax, delimiter character, or the entire regular expression used to parse template strings. To do this, you can override these class attributes: delimiter – This is the literal string describing a placeholder introducing delimiter. The default value is $ . Note that this should not be a regular expression, as the implementation will call re.escape() on this string as needed. Note further that you cannot change the delimiter after class creation (i.e. a different delimiter must be set in the subclass’s class namespace). idpattern – This is the regular expression describing the pattern for non-braced placeholders. The default value is the regular expression (?a:[_a-z][_a-z0-9]*) . If this is given and braceidpattern is None this pattern will also apply to braced placeholders. Note Since default flags is re.IGNORECASE , pattern [a-z] can match with some non-ASCII characters. That’s why we use the local a flag here. Changed in version 3.7: braceidpattern can be used to define separate patterns used inside and outside the braces. braceidpattern – This is like idpattern but describes the pattern for braced placeholders. Defaults to None which means to fall back to idpattern (i.e. the same pattern is used both inside and outside braces). If given, this allows you to define different patterns for braced and unbraced placeholders. Added in version 3.7. flags – The regular expression flags that will be applied when compiling the regular expression used for recognizing substitutions. The default value is re.IGNORECASE . Note that re.VERBOSE will always be added to the flags, so custom idpattern s must follow conventions for verbose regular expressions. Added in version 3.2. Alternatively, you can provide the entire regular expression pattern by overriding the class attribute pattern . If you do this, the value must be a regular expression object with four named capturing groups. The capturing groups correspond to the rules given above, along with the invalid placeholder rule: escaped – This group matches the escape sequence, e.g. $$ , in the default pattern. named – This group matches the unbraced placeholder name; it should not include the delimiter in capturing group. braced – This group matches the brace enclosed placeholder name; it should not include either the delimiter or braces in the capturing group. invalid – This group matches any other delimiter pattern (usually a single delimiter), and it should appear last in the regular expression. The methods on this class will raise ValueError if the pattern matches the template without one of these named groups matching. Helper functions ¶ string. capwords ( s , sep = None ) ¶ Split the argument into words using str.split() , capitalize each word using str.capitalize() , and join the capitalized words using str.join() . If the optional second argument sep is absent or None , runs of whitespace characters are replaced by a single space and leading and trailing whitespace are removed, otherwise sep is used to split and join the words. Table of Contents string — Common string operations String constants Custom String Formatting Format String Syntax Format Specification Mini-Language Format examples Template strings ($-strings) Helper functions Previous topic Text Processing Services Next topic string.templatelib — Support for template string literals This page Report a bug Show source « Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Standard Library » Text Processing Services » string — Common string operations | Theme Auto Light Dark | © Copyright 2001 Python Software Foundation. This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License. See History and License for more information. The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. Please donate. Last updated on Jan 13, 2026 (06:19 UTC). Found a bug ? 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https://www.dataprotection.ie/en/children | Children | Data Protection Commission FAQs Contact us Children Gaeilge English Search Gaeilge Site Search Search Header Menu Your Data For Organisations Resources Who We Are News and Media Data Protection Officers FAQs Contact us Children Resources Guidance Law Blogs Podcasts Publications Case Studies Breadcrumb Home Children “Pause Before You Post” Awareness Campaign "Sharenting" : The term ‘sharenting’ is a combination of the words ‘parenting’ and ‘sharing’ and is used to describe the practice of parents regularly sharing information, photos and videos about their children on social media and other online platforms. Risks of Sharenting The simple act of sharing information, photos, and videos of children online can lead to unintended oversharing of personal data, which, in the wrong hands, can have serious consequences. Our “Pause Before You Post” Awareness Campaign is designed to show how those risks can play out in real life, as we learn from the family’s interactions with the three “strangers”. From their social media posts, Éabha’s parents have inadvertently “shared with the world” her name, age, date of birth, photos of her friends, the name and location of her football club , her training schedule and the fact that her Dad is not always on time to collect her. We also show how easy it is for images to end up in the wrong hands, as we see our third stranger downloading one of the photos of Éabha and saving it to his phone. Sharenting can present a number of risks, including: Digital footprint: By sharing about their children online, parents are creating a digital footprint for their child from a very early age, and often without their knowledge or consent. This can include photos, videos, and other personal information that may be difficult to erase later on. In addition, if parents share images without talking to their child about it, they miss out on a chance to teach their child about consent and the value of their personal data. Misuse of images for harmful purposes: When we share online, we risk losing control of what we post. This can lead to risk of images/videos of children being used or repurposed in malicious ways that can cause serious harm, for example using images of a child to produce deep fakes and child sexual abuse material (CSAM). A recent study [1] conducted by Perspectus Global highlighted that only 20 images of a child are needed to create a deepfake video of them, and parents upload an average of 63 images to social media every month. Furthermore, according to a report carried out by French organisation “Foundation pour l’enfance” (Children’s Foundation), 50% of children’s photos and videos shared on paedo-criminal forums have been initially published online by their own parents [2] . Vulnerability to unwanted contact: Photos and videos often contain information about the location and time at which the image was taken (due to the metadata, particularly GPS data) which can then also reveal valuable information about your children, such as their point of interests or the places they frequently attend. This information, when placed in the hands of ill-intended individuals, can have serious consequences. Online reputation: Those delightful baby photos in silly outfits or toddler tantrum meltdown videos might not be so endearing to a thirteen-year-old. Embarrassing photos or videos can have a negative impact in the school setting (e.g. risk of bullying), or on the child’s personal and professional future, especially if they are shared widely and without the child's consent. Remember, what might seem like no big deal to share today, could be very problematic tomorrow. Identity theft and fraud: According to Barclays [3] , sharenting is the "weakest link" in risking online fraud and identity theft. Information that parents often post like their child's name, date of birth, the name of their school, or their favourite sports team, can be misused to hack passwords or for identity fraud scams. Barclays further estimated that by 2030, parents sharing images of their children online will account for two-thirds of identity fraud, with approx. 7 million incidents of identity theft and over £670 million in online fraud. [4] Remember: When you share their life online, you risk sharing their personal data with the world. Pause before you post. [1] . See report on RTE.ie for further information. [2] Source: Report by the Children's Foundation, Generative AI, the new weapon of paedophile crime, October 2024 ( Rapport de la Fondation pour l’enfance, l’IA generative, nouvelle arme de la pédocriminalité , oct. 2024) (as cited on www.cnil.fr ) [3] See report: 'Sharenting' puts young at risk of online fraud , May 2018. [4] Ibid Sharenting - Top Tips Read our blog post, which provides practical advice to limit these risks. Background to Sharenting project between DPC and CNIL In November 2025, the DPC launched its “Pause Before You Post” campaign to raise awareness of the potential risks and consequences of “sharenting” – the habitual sharing of personal information, photos and videos by parents of their children online. This initiative has been carried out in conjunction with our French counterparts, the CNIL. As two Data Protection Authorities (DPAs) who are committed to the protection of children online, supporting digital literacy and empowering parents, this campaign contributes to both organisations’ current strategic priorities. A digital parenting survey conducted in 2024 by the international Digital Education Working Group of the Global Privacy Assembly highlighted “sharenting” as an important emerging topic that is proving harmful to children’s rights and personal data. Both DPAs considered it important to raise awareness amongst parents about this practice, which is becoming more prevalent and can have negative consequences for children’s privacy, autonomy and emotional well-being. Objective of campaign The objective of this campaign is to raise awareness of the risks associated with parents posting their children’s personal data online. Personal data is any type of information that helps identify who someone is. This can include things like someone’s name, address, and age, but can also include things such as photos/videos, voice recordings, information about someone’s health and wellbeing, and their likes and dislikes. When all of this information is pieced together, it creates a digital footprint of someone’s online activity. By sharing images, videos and any kind of content featuring children, parents are (often unknowingly) creating a digital footprint for their child. This information can easily be pieced together by bad actors and lead to serious privacy and safety risks. Further guidance related to children and data protection: The Fundamentals for a Child-Oriented Approach to Data Processing Guidance for Children on their Data Protection Rights Children, Parents and Data Protection: Can I make a complaint on behalf of my child? My Child's Data Protection Rights Your Data Data Protection: The Basics Your rights under the GDPR Exercising your rights Organisations Data Protection: The Basics Know your obligations Codes of Conduct GDPR Certification Resources for Organisations Rules for direct electronic marketing International Transfers Sports Conference 2025 Sports Infographics ARC SME Awareness ARC Conference ARC Workshops ARC Infographics Contact us Data Protection Commission 6 Pembroke Row Dublin 2 D02 X963 Ireland Accessibility Statement Data Protection Statement Cookie Policy Website Development by FUSIO | 2026-01-13T08:48:39 |
https://www.dataprotection.ie/en/individuals | Your Data | Data Protection Commissioner FAQs Contact us Children Gaeilge English Search Gaeilge Site Search Search Header Menu Your Data For Organisations Resources Who We Are News and Media Data Protection Officers FAQs Contact us Children Your Data Data Protection: The Basics Your rights under the GDPR Exercising your rights Breadcrumb Home Your Data This section contains information about your rights under data protection legislation and how to exercise those rights. Data Protection- the Basics This section contains information about the basics of data protection, the principles of data protection, and a glossary of frequently used terms. Rights of Individuals under the General Data Protection Regulation This section contains information about your rights under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Exercising Your Rights This section contains information about how to exercise your rights under the GDPR and how to complain to the DPC. Your Data Data Protection: The Basics Your rights under the GDPR Exercising your rights Organisations Data Protection: The Basics Know your obligations Codes of Conduct GDPR Certification Resources for Organisations Rules for direct electronic marketing International Transfers Sports Conference 2025 Sports Infographics ARC SME Awareness ARC Conference ARC Workshops ARC Infographics Contact us Data Protection Commission 6 Pembroke Row Dublin 2 D02 X963 Ireland Accessibility Statement Data Protection Statement Cookie Policy Website Development by FUSIO | 2026-01-13T08:48:39 |
https://garage.sekrab.com/posts/rxjs-based-angular-state-management | RxJS based state management in Angular - Part I - Sekrab Garage --> Sekrab Garage light mode Angular state management simple solution RxJS based state management in Angular - Part I Angular Design February 15, 22 Subscribe to Sekrab Parts newsletter. Series: Simple State Management We are creating a class, that contains the minimum required, to handle Angular state management using RxJS, and testing few other methods as we go along. 3 years ago RxJS based state management in Angular - Part I 3 years ago RxJS based state management in Angular - Part II 3 years ago RxJS based state management in Angular - Part III 3 years ago RxJS based state management in Angular - Part IV 3 years ago RxJS based state management in Angular - Part V In this article The problem The solution Start here, and work backwards Example: list of transactions, add, edit, and delete Updating state Google it, Angular State Management, odds are, you will end up on an ngRx solution. Referring to this greate article Choosing the State Management Approach in Angular App , I am here to explore and implement the RxJS based solution. Project on stackblitz anchor The problem If you are here, you know the problem state management fixes, most probably! anchor The solution One of the approaches to design a solution, is working your way backwards. Given a template, that represents visual components, what do we need to get state organized? Here is a quick example, say we have a list of records, with basic delete, add and edit functionalities. Most often than not, the functionalities occur in sub routes, or child components. In this part, I want to explore the very basic RxJS state functionality. In future parts (I am hoping), will be adding extra functionalities, and some twist in scenarios. The idea is, stay simple, we do not want to run to NgRX, just yet. anchor Start here, and work backwards this.records$ = this.recordService.GetList().pipe( switchMap(rcs => this.recordState.doSomethingToInitializeState(rcs)) ); The component <ng-container *ngIf="records$ | async as records"> <ul> <li *ngFor="let record of records"> <a (click)="editRecord(record)">{{ record.prop }}</a> <a (click)="delete(record)">Delete</a> <li> </ul> </ng-container> For simplicity, let us assume that the components that handle creating and editing (the form components) are loaded on the same route, for example, in a dialog. Thus the main list of records does not get reloaded, nor the OnInit fired again. this.recordService.SaveRecord({...record}).subscribe({ next: (success) => this.recordState.editOneItemState(record) }); this.recordService.CreateRecord({...newRecord}).subscribe({ next: (successRecord) => this.recordState.addNewItemToState(successRecord) }); this.recordService.DeleteRecord({...record}).subscribe({ next: (success) => this.recordState.deleteItemFromState(record); }); The record service should take care of getting from server or API. So first step is to load the list into state, then to allow editing, deletion and appending of new items. Our state should look like this: class State { doSomethingToInitializeState(){ ... } editOneItemState(item) {...} addNewItemToState(item) {...} deleteItemFromState(item) {...} } What RxJs provides, is a BehaviorSubject exposed asObservable , this subject, is what gets updated (via next method). Let's name our objects properly from now on. The subject shall be named stateList , because it represents the list of the elements to be added to the state. // internal BehaviorSubject initiated with an empty array (safest solution) private stateList: BehaviorSubject<Record[]> = new BehaviorSubject([]); // exposed as an observable stateList$: Observable<Record[]> = this.stateList.asObservable(); // optionally pipe to shareReplay(1) Let's initiate, add, update, and delete, properly: SetList(items: Record[]): Observable<Record[]> { // first time, next items as is this.stateList.next(items); // return ready to use observable return this.stateList$; } One of the cool features of BehaviorSubject is the getValue() of the current subject, so let me define a getter for the current list: get currentList(): Record[] { return this.stateList.getValue(); } But before we carry on, let us build this class upon a generic, so we can make as many states as we wish later. export class StateService<T> { // private now is protected to give access to inheriting state services protected stateList: BehaviorSubject<T[]> = new BehaviorSubject([]); stateList$: Observable<T[]> = this.stateList.asObservable().pipe(shareReplay(1)); SetList(items: T[]): Observable<T[]> { this.stateList.next(items); return this.stateList$; } get currentList(): T[] { return this.stateList.getValue(); } // add item, by cloning the current list with the new item addItem(item: T): void { this.stateList.next([...this.currentList, item]); } // edit item, by finding the item by id, clone the list with the // updated item (see note below) editItem(item: T): void { const currentList = this.currentList; const index = currentList.findIndex(n => n.id === item.id); if (index > -1) { currentList[index] = clone(item); // use a proper cloner this.stateList.next([...currentList]); } } // find item by id then clone the list without it removeItem(item: T): void { this.stateList.next(this.currentList.filter(n => n.id !== item.id)); } } To make sure ID exists, we can extend T to a generic interface like this export interface IState { id: string; } export class StateService<T extends IState> { ... } As you figured, think state? think immutable. Always clone. In the above, you can use lodash clone function (install the clone function alone), or you can do as I always do, just copy over the code into your source code 😂! Happy, in control life. The stackblitz project has that clone ready in core/common.ts These basic members are good enough for our basic uses, one more thing to cover is allowing the list to grow by appending new items to it (think continuous pagination), thus the need to append new elements to state list. appendList(items: T[]) { // update current list const currentList = this.currentList.concat(items); this.stateList.next(currentList); } We might also need to prepend an item: prependItem(item: T): void { this.stateList.next([item, ...this.currentList]); } There are other functionalities to include but we will stop here to implement. anchor Example: list of transactions, add, edit, and delete Transaction Service First, the transaction service with the CRUD, assuming the HttpService is either the HttpClient or any other provider of your choice, for example Firestore. The stackblitz project works with a local json array in mock-data folder. The HttpService is where caching data and handling cache is supposed to go, this part is left out as it is not the scope of state management using RxJS. import { ITransaction, Transaction } from '../services/transaction.model'; import { HttpService } from '../core/http'; @Injectable({ providedIn: 'root' }) export class TransactionService { private _listUrl = '/transactions'; private _detailsUrl = '/transactions/:id'; private _createUrl = '/transactions'; private _saveUrl = '/transactions/:id'; private _deleteUrl = '/transactions/:id'; constructor(private _http: HttpService) {} GetTransactions(options: any = {}): Observable<ITransaction[]> { // we'll make use of options later const _url = this._listUrl; return this._http.get(_url).pipe( map((response) => { return Transaction.NewInstances(<any>response); }) ); } GetTransaction(id: string): Observable<ITransaction> { const _url = this._detailsUrl.replace(':id', id); return this._http.get(_url).pipe( map((response) => { return Transaction.NewInstance(response); }) ); } CreateTransaction(transaction: ITransaction): Observable<ITransaction> { const _url = this._createUrl; const data = Transaction.PrepCreate(transaction); return this._http.post(_url, data).pipe( map((response) => { return Transaction.NewInstance(<any>response); }) ); } SaveTransaction(transaction: ITransaction): Observable<ITransaction> { const _url = this._saveUrl.replace(':id', transaction.id); const data = Transaction.PrepSave(transaction); return this._http.put(_url, data).pipe( map((response) => { return transaction; }) ); } DeleteTransaction(transaction: ITransaction): Observable<boolean> { const _url = this._deleteUrl.replace(':id', transaction.id); return this._http.delete(_url).pipe( map((response) => { return true; }) ); } } Transaction Model, the basics import { makeDate } from '../core/common'; export interface ITransaction { id: string; // important to extend IState interface date: Date; amount: number; category: string; label: string; } export class Transaction implements ITransaction { id: string; date: Date; amount: number; category: string; label: string; public static NewInstance(transaction: any): ITransaction { return { id: transaction.id, date: makeDate(transaction.date), amount: transaction.amount, category: transaction.category, label: transaction.label, }; } public static NewInstances(transactions: any[]): ITransaction[] { return transactions.map(Transaction.NewInstance); } // prepare to POST public static PrepCreate(transaction: ITransaction): any { return { date: transaction.date, label: transaction.label, category: transaction.category, amount: transaction.amount, }; } // prepare to PUT public static PrepSave(transaction: ITransaction): any { return { date: transaction.date, label: transaction.label, category: transaction.category, amount: transaction.amount, }; } } The Transaction State Service: @Injectable({ providedIn: 'root' }) export class TransactionState extends StateService<ITransaction> { // one day, I will have a rich method that does something to state } } Now inside the list component, all we have to do, is get transactions, and load state. tx$: Observable<ITransaction[]>; constructor( private txState: TransactionState, private txService: TransactionService ) {} ngOnInit(): void { this.tx$ = this.txService .GetTransactions() .pipe(switchMap((txs) => this.txState.SetList(txs))); } In the template, subscribe to your tx$ <ul *ngIf="tx$ | async as txs"> <li *ngFor="let tx of txs;"> <div class="card"> <div class="small light">{{tx.date | date}}</div> {{tx.label }} <div class="smaller lighter">{{ tx.category }}</div> <strong>{{ tx.amount }}</strong> </div> </li> </ul> anchor Updating state To add an element, I am not going in details of the form that creates the new transaction, so we will create a random transaction upon clicking the button, but to make a point, in stackblitz project I will place these buttons in a child component. append(): void { // this functionality can be carried out anywhere in the app this.txService.CreateTransaction(newSample()).subscribe({ next: (newTx) => { // update state this.txState.addItem(newTx); }, error: (er) => { console.log(er); }, }); } prepend(): void { // prepend to list this.txService.CreateTransaction(newSample()).subscribe({ next: (newTx) => { // update state this.txState.prependItem(newTx); }, error: (er) => { console.log(er); }, }); } Delete, cute and simple delete(tx: ITransaction): void { // this also can be done from a child component this.txService.DeleteTransaction(tx).subscribe({ next: () => { this.txState.removeItem(tx); }, error: (er) => { console.log(er); }, }); } Edit edit() { // steer away from bad habits, always clone const newTx = { ...this.tx, date: new Date() }; this.txService.SaveTransaction(newTx).subscribe({ next: () => { this.txState.editItem(newTx); }, error: (er) => { console.log(er); }, }); } This was an example of a root service that gets loaded on a root component, but sometimes, there can be multiple individual instances, or a state of a single object. Coming up, I hope, I will dive a bit deeper with the pagination example. What do you think? your comments and feedback is most welcome. 3 years ago RxJS based state management in Angular - Part I 3 years ago RxJS based state management in Angular - Part II 3 years ago RxJS based state management in Angular - Part III 3 years ago RxJS based state management in Angular - Part IV 3 years ago RxJS based state management in Angular - Part V Resources Choosing the State Management Approach in Angular App StackBlitz source Related posts RxJS based state management in Angular Pagination with RxJS state, and Route Params Expanding on RxJS based state management , I will attempt to paginate a list through route parameter... | 2026-01-13T08:48:39 |
https://fr.react.dev/community | Communauté React – React React v 18.3.1 Recherche ⌘ Ctrl K Apprendre Référence Communauté Blog IMPLIQUEZ-VOUS Communauté Conférences Meetups React Vidéos React Rencontrez l’équipe Contributeurs aux docs Traductions Remerciements Politique de versions Cette page est utile ? Communauté Communauté React La communauté React compte des millions de développeur·se·s. Sur cette page, nous avons répertorié certaines communautés liées à React auxquelles vous pouvez participer ; consultez les autres pages de cette section pour obtenir d’autres ressources en personne ou en ligne. Code de Conduite Avant de participer aux communautés React, merci de lire notre Code de Conduite . Nous avons adopté le Contributor Covenant et attendons de tous les membres de nos communautés qu’ils·elles respectent les règles et recommandations qui y figurent. Stack Overflow Stack Overflow est un forum populaire pour poser des questions au niveau du code ou si vous êtes bloqué·e sur une erreur spécifique. Vérifiez les questions existantes étiquetées reactjs et éventuellement posez la vôtre ! Forums de discussion populaires Il existe de nombreux forums en ligne qui constituent d’excellents lieux de discussion sur les meilleures pratiques et l’architecture des applications, ainsi que sur l’avenir de React. Si vous avez une question qui peut être résolue au niveau du code, Stack Overflow est généralement un meilleur choix. Chaque communauté est composée de plusieurs milliers d’utilisateurs de React. Communauté React sur DEV Communauté React sur Hashnode Chat en ligne Reactiflux Communauté React sur Reddit Actualités Pour les dernières nouvelles sur React, suivez @reactjs sur Twitter et le blog officiel de React sur ce site. Suivant Conférences Copyright © Meta Platforms, Inc no uwu plz uwu? Logo by @sawaratsuki1004 Apprendre React Démarrage rapide Installation Décrire l’UI Ajouter de l’interactivité Gérer l’état Échappatoires Référence de l’API API React API React DOM Communauté Code de conduite L’équipe Contributeurs aux docs Remerciements Plus Blog React Native Politique de confidentialité Mentions légales Dans cette page Survol Code de Conduite Stack Overflow Forums de discussion populaires Actualités | 2026-01-13T08:48:39 |
https://anchor.fm/anand12/episodes/Top-10-Git-Commands-Every-Developer-Should-Know-e19aph3 | Top 10 Git Commands Every Developer Should Know by #WithAnand #WithAnand By Mr. Ånand Podcast of useful written blogs & Some original record ✨ Converting blogs into podcasts🎙️ ❤️Use #WithAnand on social media to share our work. 💌Want to Convert Blogs into podcast? Send me a voice message or DM on Social. Listen on Spotify Available on Report content on Spotify Top 10 Git Commands Every Developer Should Know #WithAnand Oct 26, 2021 Share 00:00 06:47 15 Recommended Books For Computer Science Students We are in the modern world where the digitization of education is already going on. Now lots of blogs, articles are there on the internet to learn from. But Book has its own value, the author puts his all knowledge experience and time to write one whole book. The knowledge and details you get from a book are very precious. Read Blog📖 Twitter💌 Voice Message🎙️ Buy Me a Coffee❤️ May 12, 2022 09:09 8 Lucrative Ways To Earn Money As A Writer No matter whether you're seeking extra pocket money or career advancement, writing for money is worth the effort. Here is a list of the eight best ways to make money by writing to help you maximize your skills. Read Blog📖 Twitter💌 Voice Message🎙️ Buy Me a Coffee❤️ Dec 30, 2021 03:48 25 Must-Visit Killer Websites For Developers 90% of developers don’t know about these websites. There are so many websites to make the work of developers easier. Everyone doesn't know all. In this podcast, we will see 25 Must-Visit Killer Websites For Developers. Read Blog📖 Twitter💌 Voice Message🎙️ Buy Me a Coffee❤️ Dec 07, 2021 07:02 Open Source Best Practices The open-source software industry is booming. Software developed by large corporations is built on open collaboration, thus enjoying the benefits of widespread adoption. In addition to bringing together many people from all over the world, free and open-source software brings people together by bringing their individual interests together. Read Blog📖 Twitter💌 Voice Message🎙️ Buy Me a Coffee❤️ Nov 20, 2021 05:18 10 Bad Coding Habits You Need to Put an End to Right Now Everyone isn’t perfect, and it’s the most honest of truths. It is the same with programmers as with any other field in life. There are a lot of good, great, and still-growing-up programmers, but they are often not the best. We all make mistakes and everyone is human. Apart from faults, bad habits can also cause a lot of trouble. These bad habits may seem innocent at first glance, but if not corrected, can cause a lot of problems. Read Blog📖 Twitter💌 Voice Message🎙️ Buy Me a Coffee❤️ Nov 12, 2021 04:56 Are You A Coder? Here Are 20 Top Tips From The Coding Community Learning to code is an amazing thing. How you can code something interesting and then view its fascinating outcomes. But Doing it in the right way is also very important. I am going to share 20 Top Tips From The Coding Community Read Blog📖 Twitter💌 Voice Message🎙️ Buy Me a Coffee❤️ Nov 10, 2021 07:23 Introduction to Web Development Web development is basically the creation of website pages — either a single page or many pages. There are several aspects to it, including web design, web publishing, web programming, and database management. It is the creation of an application that works over the internet i.e. websites. The word Web Development is made up of two words, that is: Web: It refers to websites, web pages, or anything that works over the internet. Development: Building the application from scratch. Read Blog📖 Twitter💌 Voice Message🎙️ Buy Me a Coffee❤️ Nov 09, 2021 09:04 Top 10 Technology Trends of 2021 The 21st century has been a century of technological change. Several highly commercial and prevalent technologies during the early 2000s have entirely vanished, and new ones have taken their place. Many completely new technologies have also come up in 2021, especially in the arena of computer science and engineering. Read Blog📖 Twitter💌 Voice Message🎙️ Buy Me a Coffee❤️ Nov 07, 2021 10:56 7 Things You Should Know Before You Try Coding If you're considering learning to code, you might want a little guidance in order to eradicate any self-doubt you may have. In addition, you might simply want a few pointers to get you even more excited about coding. This is a list of 7 things you should know before starting to program. Read Blog📖 Twitter💌 Voice Message🎙️ Buy Me a Coffee❤️ Nov 06, 2021 03:15 Top 10 Git Commands Every Developer Should Know Git is an important part of daily programming (especially if you're working with a team) and is widely used in the software industry. Since there are many various commands you can use, mastering Git takes time. https://muthuannamalai.tech/top-10-git-commands-every-developer-should-know. Read Blog📖 Twitter💌 Voice Message🎙️ Buy Me a Coffee❤️ Oct 26, 2021 06:47 How To Contribute To Open-Source Projects As A Beginner It's important to understand that contributing to open source projects is not all about coding you can contribute in other ways such as improving the documentation, organizing the project, designing stuff reviewing code, and so on. Read Blog📖 Twitter💌 Voice Message🎙️ Buy Me a Coffee❤️ Oct 14, 2021 06:56 Everything you need to know about Hackathons Hackathon is a word creation of the words hack(-ing) and marathon. In this context, hacking stands for the development of software- or hardware solution and the marathon describes the format, which is a 1–3 days lasting event. Usually, it takes place in a spacious venue, which fits sometimes several hundred hackers. Read Blog📖 Twitter💌 Voice Message🎙️ Buy Me a Coffee❤️ Oct 06, 2021 07:24 Cryptocurrency: The Future Cryptocurrency, the most famous currency in recent times, can be referred to as the future of transactions. Read blog: https://leap2live.wordpress.com/2021/05/29/cryptocurrency/ Sep 26, 2021 05:33 New World Of Unemployment: The Useless Class Since we all know that earlier, in past years, a society was divided into three classes upper class, middle class, and the lower class. But in these modern years, due to the increase in automation and artificial intelligence a new class will be introduced soon, which will be named “ The USELESS CLASS” . Read blog: https://leap2live.wordpress.com/2021/05/23/new-world-of-unemployment-the-useless-class/ Sep 16, 2021 01:50 Hustle Culture Hustle culture is all about constantly working. Those who believe in hustle culture try to devote as many hours as possible to working or hustling. Hustling is important but taking care of yourself is even more important. Read blog: https://leap2live.wordpress.com/2021/05/22/hustle-culture/ Sep 07, 2021 03:07 The Keyboard Warrior: Irfan Hafiz Nobody can defeat you if you are enough capable to face your problems. Today I am going to talk about an undefeatable person, the most courageous person in the entire world, a person who can definitely give you some courage and can change the meaning of disability for you. Yes, I am talking about the undefeatable man Irfan, from a small country Sri Lanka. Read Blog: https://ravimehta95112.medium.com/the-keyboard-warrior-irfan-hafiz-dcf4cc19126d Sep 06, 2021 02:22 What is Open Source Open source is a term that originally referred to open source software (OSS). Open source software is code that is designed to be publicly accessible—anyone can see, modify, and distribute the code as they see fit. Aug 22, 2021 02:23 The Invite-Only chat App: Clubhouse Clubhouse was launched back in April 2020 as an iOS app. It is a new social media platform based on audio. Jul 17, 2021 03:18 New update of Battlegrounds Mobile India Upcoming Update of BATTLEGROUNDS MOBILE INDIA: Update 1.5 of PUBG Mobile (Global). Jul 13, 2021 03:50 Filter Apps for yourself as Student Developer Having useful apps in phones is very important now-a-days. And as a student you must use apps useful for you. In this new world of technology, there are various apps coming time to time to ease the life and work of peoples. As a student, you must have to use some apps that helps in your study, learning and creating contents. Jul 10, 2021 03:06 © 2026 Spotify AB Careers Legal Help App Store Google Play | 2026-01-13T08:48:39 |
https://docs.suprsend.com/reference/list-workflows | List Workflows - SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams Skip to main content SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Community Trust Center Platform Status Postman Collection API Reference Overview Authentication Errors WORKFLOWS POST Create/Update Workflow PATCH Commit Workflow GET Get Workflow GET List Workflows PATCH Enable/Disable Workflow DEL Delete Workflow SCHEMAS POST Create/Update Schema PATCH Commit Schema GET List Schemas GET Get Schema EVENTS POST Create Event PATCH Update Event GET List Events GET Get Event Details GET Get Linked Workflows PATCH Delink Schema from Event CATEGORIES GET Get Category POST Create/Update Category PATCH Commit Category GET List Translation GET Get Translation POST Add Translation DEL Delete Translation TRANSLATIONS POST Add Translation PATCH Commit Translation GET Get Translation GET List Translations GET Get Translation History POST Rollback Translation DEL Delete Translation Contact Us Get Started SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Ask AI Contact Us Get Started Get Started Search... Navigation WORKFLOWS List Workflows Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog WORKFLOWS List Workflows OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Retrieve a list of workflows in a workspace. OpenAI Open in ChatGPT GET / v1 / {workspace} / workflow Try it List Workflows cURL Copy Ask AI curl -X GET "https://management-api.suprsend.com/v1/{workspace}/workflow/" \ --header 'Authorization: ServiceToken <token>' \ --header 'Content-Type: application/json' 200 401 404 Copy Ask AI { "meta" : { "count" : 92 , "limit" : 10 , "offset" : 0 }, "results" : [ { "$schema" : "https://schema.suprsend.com/workflow/v1/schema.json" , "slug" : "survey-reminder" , "is_enabled" : true , "created_at" : "2025-06-27T03:26:48.793551Z" , "last_executed_at" : "2025-06-27T04:48:20.653366Z" , "name" : "Survey Reminder" , "description" : null , "updated_at" : "2025-06-27T03:36:05.623939Z" , "commit_message" : "Survey completed" , "hash" : "ed3e630c1526170564c962db00dbfcfef997e995f62f67c068a8c9c1d5efbc13" , "status" : "active" , "category" : "transactional" , "tags" : [ "reminder" ], "ratelimit" : null , "conditions" : [], "trigger_type" : "api" , "trigger_events" : [], "override_recipients_type" : null , "override_recipients_user_expr" : null , "override_recipients_single_object_fields_expr" : null , "override_actor_user_expr" : null , "override_tenant_expr" : null , "active_at" : "2025-06-27T03:36:05.623845Z" , "updated_by" : { "name" : "Nikita" , "email" : " [email protected] " }, "tree" : { "nodes" : [ { "name" : "Multi-Channel" , "node_type" : "send_multi_channel" , "properties" : { "template" : "11-performance-review-session" , "channels" : [], "channels_expr" : null , "success" : "seen" , "success_is_event" : false }, "description" : "" , "schema_version" : "1" } ] }, "validation_result" : { "is_valid" : true } } ] } Authorizations ServiceToken <token> string header required You can get Service Token from SuprSend dashboard -> Account Settings -> Service Tokens section. Path Parameters workspace string required Workspace slug (staging, production, etc.) Query Parameters mode enum<string> default: draft Mode to filter workflows (draft or live). By default, draft workflows are returned. Available options : draft , live slugs string Comma-separated list of workflow slugs to filter. This can be used to filter workflows by slug. Response 200 application/json Successfully retrieved list of workflows meta object Metadata related to pagination information Show child attributes results object[] Array of workflows along with their node tree. Show child attributes Was this page helpful? Yes No Suggest edits Raise issue Previous Enable/Disable Workflow Enable or disable a workflow. Disabled workflows will not be executed when triggered. By default, workflows are enabled unless you explicitly disable them. Next ⌘ I x github linkedin youtube Powered by List Workflows cURL Copy Ask AI curl -X GET "https://management-api.suprsend.com/v1/{workspace}/workflow/" \ --header 'Authorization: ServiceToken <token>' \ --header 'Content-Type: application/json' 200 401 404 Copy Ask AI { "meta" : { "count" : 92 , "limit" : 10 , "offset" : 0 }, "results" : [ { "$schema" : "https://schema.suprsend.com/workflow/v1/schema.json" , "slug" : "survey-reminder" , "is_enabled" : true , "created_at" : "2025-06-27T03:26:48.793551Z" , "last_executed_at" : "2025-06-27T04:48:20.653366Z" , "name" : "Survey Reminder" , "description" : null , "updated_at" : "2025-06-27T03:36:05.623939Z" , "commit_message" : "Survey completed" , "hash" : "ed3e630c1526170564c962db00dbfcfef997e995f62f67c068a8c9c1d5efbc13" , "status" : "active" , "category" : "transactional" , "tags" : [ "reminder" ], "ratelimit" : null , "conditions" : [], "trigger_type" : "api" , "trigger_events" : [], "override_recipients_type" : null , "override_recipients_user_expr" : null , "override_recipients_single_object_fields_expr" : null , "override_actor_user_expr" : null , "override_tenant_expr" : null , "active_at" : "2025-06-27T03:36:05.623845Z" , "updated_by" : { "name" : "Nikita" , "email" : " [email protected] " }, "tree" : { "nodes" : [ { "name" : "Multi-Channel" , "node_type" : "send_multi_channel" , "properties" : { "template" : "11-performance-review-session" , "channels" : [], "channels_expr" : null , "success" : "seen" , "success_is_event" : false }, "description" : "" , "schema_version" : "1" } ] }, "validation_result" : { "is_valid" : true } } ] } | 2026-01-13T08:48:39 |
https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&title=AWS%20SDK%20for%20.NET%20v3.5%20Preview&source=Amazon%20Web%20Services&url=https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/developer/aws-sdk-for-net-v3-5-preview/ | LinkedIn Login, Sign in | LinkedIn Sign in Stay updated on your professional world. Email or phone Password Show Forgot password? Keep me logged in Sign in or By clicking Continue, you agree to LinkedIn’s User Agreement , Privacy Policy , and Cookie Policy . Sign in with Apple Sign in with a passkey We’ve emailed a one-time link to your primary email address Click on the link to sign in instantly to your LinkedIn account. If you don’t see the email in your inbox, check your spam folder. Resend email Back New to LinkedIn? Join now Agree & Join LinkedIn By clicking Continue, you agree to LinkedIn’s User Agreement , Privacy Policy , and Cookie Policy . LinkedIn © 2026 User Agreement Privacy Policy Community Guidelines Cookie Policy Copyright Policy Send Feedback Language العربية (Arabic) বাংলা (Bangla) Čeština (Czech) Dansk (Danish) Deutsch (German) Ελληνικά (Greek) English (English) Español (Spanish) فارسی (Persian) Suomi (Finnish) Français (French) हिंदी (Hindi) Magyar (Hungarian) Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian) Italiano (Italian) עברית (Hebrew) 日本語 (Japanese) 한국어 (Korean) मराठी (Marathi) Bahasa Malaysia (Malay) Nederlands (Dutch) Norsk (Norwegian) ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (Punjabi) Polski (Polish) Português (Portuguese) Română (Romanian) Русский (Russian) Svenska (Swedish) తెలుగు (Telugu) ภาษาไทย (Thai) Tagalog (Tagalog) Türkçe (Turkish) Українська (Ukrainian) Tiếng Việt (Vietnamese) 简体中文 (Chinese (Simplified)) 正體中文 (Chinese (Traditional)) | 2026-01-13T08:48:39 |
https://docs.suprsend.com/docs/tenants-java | Tenants - SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams Skip to main content SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Community Trust Center Platform Status Postman Collection Developer Resources Overview Updates and Versioning Versioning and Support Policy SDK Changelog Authentication API Keys and Secrets Service Token Best Practices for Key & Token Management MCP Overview BETA Quickstart Tool List Building with LLMs Security Security SDKs and APIs SDKs SDK Overview SuprSend Backend SDK Python SDK Node.js SDK Java SDK Integrate Java SDK Manage Users Objects Send and Track Events Trigger Workflow from API Tenants Lists Broadcast Go SDK SuprSend Client SDK Management API REST API Postman Collection Features Validate Trigger Payload Type Safety Testing Testing the Template Test Mode Monitoring and Logging Logs Data Out Contact Us Get Started SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Ask AI Contact Us Get Started Get Started Search... Navigation Java SDK Tenants Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Java SDK Tenants OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Learn how to create, update, fetch, & list tenants using Java SDK. OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Tenants (previously named as brands) are used for white labeling notifications, personalizing template content or capturing admin preferences for another entity/organization. Tenants are workspace-level entities and by default, a tenant with tenant_id="default" (representing your organization) is created your workspace. Read more about tenants here . Create / Update Tenant This method will create a new tenant or update an existing tenant. Request Copy Ask AI import org.json.JSONObject; import suprsend.Suprsend; import suprsend.SuprsendAPIException; public class Tenants { public static void main ( String [] args ) throws Exception { updateTenant (); } private static Subscriber updateTenant () throws SuprsendException { Suprsend suprsendClient = new Suprsend ( "_workspace_key_" , "_workspace_secret_" ); // Create Tenant data JSON String tenantId = "br-01" ; JSONObject payload = new JSONObject () . put ( "tenant_name" , "awesome tenant" ) . put ( "logo" , "https://ik.imagekit.io/l0quatz6utm/suprsend/staging/media/suprsend-only-logo_c8aa27faef118418e8c5bd7b31a1cafc74e09200.png" ) . put ( "primary_color" , "#ff0000" ) . put ( "secondary_color" , "#0000ff" ) . put ( "tertiary_color" , "#00ffff" ) . put ( "social_links" , new JSONObject () . put ( "website" , "https://www.company.com" ) . put ( "youtube" , "https://www.company.com/youtube" ) . put ( "x" , "https://www.company.com/x" ) . put ( "facebook" , "" ) . put ( "linkedin" , "" ) . put ( "instagram" , "" ) . put ( "discord" , "" ) . put ( "medium" , "" ) . put ( "telegram" , "" ) . put ( "tiktok" , "" ) ) . put ( "properties" , new JSONObject () . put ( "address" , "my company address" ) ) ; try { JSONObject res = suprClient . tenants . upsert (tenantId, payload); System . out . println (res); } catch ( SuprsendException e ) { System . out . println (e); } } } Field Description tenant_id (mandatory) max 64 characters and should contains alphanumeric characters(a-z, 0-9), hyphen (-) and underscode(_). tenant_id is case-insensitive. Suprsend will first converts tenant_id to lowercase before storing it or doing any sort of comparison on it. tenant_name (mandatory) name of the tenant. colors (primary, secondary, tertiary) colors settings are mainly used while designing templates. If you don’t provide any of the colors for the brand, SuprSend will assume you want to use the default values, so color settings will automatically be set to the color settings of default brand. social_links URLs of social media accounts of the tenant. While updating a social link, if you pass its value as null, then SuprSend will ignore it. If you really want to remove the value you must the value= " " (instead of null). e.g. If you want to remove social_link url for facebook , you must pass facebook= " " . Consider this code block for the same: { "social_links": {"facebook": " " } } properties Custom properties associated with the tenant. Update operation is upsert (new properties are added to existing one’s and if key is already present, value is overridden). All properties of the tenant can be referred as {{$tenant.prop}} (handlebars) or data["tenant"].prop in JSONNET format. Get tenant Request Response Copy Ask AI String tenantId = "_tenant_id_" ; JSONObject res = suprClient . tenants . get (tenantId); System . out . println (res); List tenants By default, limit=20 . The maximum value for limit is 1000 . Request Response Copy Ask AI JSONObject res = suprClient . tenants . list (); //Get list with offset = 10 and limit = 20 //JSONObject res = suprClient.tenants.list(20,10); System . out . println (res); Add tenant in Workflow Request Copy Ask AI WorkflowTriggerRequest wf = new WorkflowTriggerRequest (body, tenantId); Add tenant in Event Request Copy Ask AI Event e = new Event (distinctId, eventName, eventProps, , brandId); Was this page helpful? Yes No Suggest edits Raise issue Previous Lists Manage subscriber lists with Java SDK: create or update lists, and modify users in the list. Next ⌘ I x github linkedin youtube Powered by On this page Create / Update Tenant Get tenant List tenants Add tenant in Workflow Add tenant in Event | 2026-01-13T08:48:39 |
https://docs.python.org/3/license.html#execution-tracing | History and License — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents History and License History of the software Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python PYTHON SOFTWARE FOUNDATION LICENSE VERSION 2 BEOPEN.COM LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 2.0 CNRI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 1.6.1 CWI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 0.9.0 THROUGH 1.2 ZERO-CLAUSE BSD LICENSE FOR CODE IN THE PYTHON DOCUMENTATION Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software Mersenne Twister Sockets Asynchronous socket services Cookie management Execution tracing UUencode and UUdecode functions XML Remote Procedure Calls test_epoll Select kqueue SipHash24 strtod and dtoa OpenSSL expat libffi zlib cfuhash libmpdec W3C C14N test suite mimalloc asyncio Global Unbounded Sequences (GUS) Zstandard bindings Previous topic Copyright This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » History and License | Theme Auto Light Dark | History and License ¶ History of the software ¶ Python was created in the early 1990s by Guido van Rossum at Stichting Mathematisch Centrum (CWI, see https://www.cwi.nl ) in the Netherlands as a successor of a language called ABC. Guido remains Python’s principal author, although it includes many contributions from others. In 1995, Guido continued his work on Python at the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI, see https://www.cnri.reston.va.us ) in Reston, Virginia where he released several versions of the software. In May 2000, Guido and the Python core development team moved to BeOpen.com to form the BeOpen PythonLabs team. In October of the same year, the PythonLabs team moved to Digital Creations, which became Zope Corporation. In 2001, the Python Software Foundation (PSF, see https://www.python.org/psf/ ) was formed, a non-profit organization created specifically to own Python-related Intellectual Property. Zope Corporation was a sponsoring member of the PSF. All Python releases are Open Source (see https://opensource.org for the Open Source Definition). Historically, most, but not all, Python releases have also been GPL-compatible; the table below summarizes the various releases. Release Derived from Year Owner GPL-compatible? (1) 0.9.0 thru 1.2 n/a 1991-1995 CWI yes 1.3 thru 1.5.2 1.2 1995-1999 CNRI yes 1.6 1.5.2 2000 CNRI no 2.0 1.6 2000 BeOpen.com no 1.6.1 1.6 2001 CNRI yes (2) 2.1 2.0+1.6.1 2001 PSF no 2.0.1 2.0+1.6.1 2001 PSF yes 2.1.1 2.1+2.0.1 2001 PSF yes 2.1.2 2.1.1 2002 PSF yes 2.1.3 2.1.2 2002 PSF yes 2.2 and above 2.1.1 2001-now PSF yes Note GPL-compatible doesn’t mean that we’re distributing Python under the GPL. All Python licenses, unlike the GPL, let you distribute a modified version without making your changes open source. The GPL-compatible licenses make it possible to combine Python with other software that is released under the GPL; the others don’t. According to Richard Stallman, 1.6.1 is not GPL-compatible, because its license has a choice of law clause. According to CNRI, however, Stallman’s lawyer has told CNRI’s lawyer that 1.6.1 is “not incompatible” with the GPL. Thanks to the many outside volunteers who have worked under Guido’s direction to make these releases possible. Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python ¶ Python software and documentation are licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Starting with Python 3.8.6, examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are dual licensed under the PSF License Version 2 and the Zero-Clause BSD license . Some software incorporated into Python is under different licenses. The licenses are listed with code falling under that license. See Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software for an incomplete list of these licenses. PYTHON SOFTWARE FOUNDATION LICENSE VERSION 2 ¶ 1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Python Software Foundation ("PSF"), and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using this software ("Python") in source or binary form and its associated documentation. 2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, PSF hereby grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use Python alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that PSF's License Agreement and PSF's notice of copyright, i.e., "Copyright © 2001 Python Software Foundation; All Rights Reserved" are retained in Python alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee. 3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on or incorporates Python or any part thereof, and wants to make the derivative work available to others as provided herein, then Licensee hereby agrees to include in any such work a brief summary of the changes made to Python. 4. PSF is making Python available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis. PSF MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, PSF MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF PYTHON WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. 5. PSF SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON, OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF. 6. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of its terms and conditions. 7. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between PSF and Licensee. This License Agreement does not grant permission to use PSF trademarks or trade name in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any third party. 8. By copying, installing or otherwise using Python, Licensee agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement. BEOPEN.COM LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 2.0 ¶ BEOPEN PYTHON OPEN SOURCE LICENSE AGREEMENT VERSION 1 1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between BeOpen.com ("BeOpen"), having an office at 160 Saratoga Avenue, Santa Clara, CA 95051, and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using this software in source or binary form and its associated documentation ("the Software"). 2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this BeOpen Python License Agreement, BeOpen hereby grants Licensee a non-exclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use the Software alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that the BeOpen Python License is retained in the Software, alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee. 3. BeOpen is making the Software available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis. BEOPEN MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, BEOPEN MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF THE SOFTWARE WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. 4. BEOPEN SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF THE SOFTWARE FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF USING, MODIFYING OR DISTRIBUTING THE SOFTWARE, OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF. 5. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of its terms and conditions. 6. This License Agreement shall be governed by and interpreted in all respects by the law of the State of California, excluding conflict of law provisions. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between BeOpen and Licensee. This License Agreement does not grant permission to use BeOpen trademarks or trade names in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any third party. As an exception, the "BeOpen Python" logos available at http://www.pythonlabs.com/logos.html may be used according to the permissions granted on that web page. 7. By copying, installing or otherwise using the software, Licensee agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement. CNRI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 1.6.1 ¶ 1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Corporation for National Research Initiatives, having an office at 1895 Preston White Drive, Reston, VA 20191 ("CNRI"), and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using Python 1.6.1 software in source or binary form and its associated documentation. 2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, CNRI hereby grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use Python 1.6.1 alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that CNRI's License Agreement and CNRI's notice of copyright, i.e., "Copyright © 1995-2001 Corporation for National Research Initiatives; All Rights Reserved" are retained in Python 1.6.1 alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee. Alternately, in lieu of CNRI's License Agreement, Licensee may substitute the following text (omitting the quotes): "Python 1.6.1 is made available subject to the terms and conditions in CNRI's License Agreement. This Agreement together with Python 1.6.1 may be located on the internet using the following unique, persistent identifier (known as a handle): 1895.22/1013. This Agreement may also be obtained from a proxy server on the internet using the following URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1895.22/1013". 3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on or incorporates Python 1.6.1 or any part thereof, and wants to make the derivative work available to others as provided herein, then Licensee hereby agrees to include in any such work a brief summary of the changes made to Python 1.6.1. 4. CNRI is making Python 1.6.1 available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis. CNRI MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, CNRI MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF PYTHON 1.6.1 WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. 5. CNRI SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON 1.6.1 FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON 1.6.1, OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF. 6. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of its terms and conditions. 7. This License Agreement shall be governed by the federal intellectual property law of the United States, including without limitation the federal copyright law, and, to the extent such U.S. federal law does not apply, by the law of the Commonwealth of Virginia, excluding Virginia's conflict of law provisions. Notwithstanding the foregoing, with regard to derivative works based on Python 1.6.1 that incorporate non-separable material that was previously distributed under the GNU General Public License (GPL), the law of the Commonwealth of Virginia shall govern this License Agreement only as to issues arising under or with respect to Paragraphs 4, 5, and 7 of this License Agreement. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between CNRI and Licensee. This License Agreement does not grant permission to use CNRI trademarks or trade name in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any third party. 8. By clicking on the "ACCEPT" button where indicated, or by copying, installing or otherwise using Python 1.6.1, Licensee agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement. CWI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 0.9.0 THROUGH 1.2 ¶ Copyright © 1991 - 1995, Stichting Mathematisch Centrum Amsterdam, The Netherlands. All rights reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Stichting Mathematisch Centrum or CWI not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. ZERO-CLAUSE BSD LICENSE FOR CODE IN THE PYTHON DOCUMENTATION ¶ Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software ¶ This section is an incomplete, but growing list of licenses and acknowledgements for third-party software incorporated in the Python distribution. Mersenne Twister ¶ The _random C extension underlying the random module includes code based on a download from http://www.math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~m-mat/MT/MT2002/emt19937ar.html . The following are the verbatim comments from the original code: A C-program for MT19937, with initialization improved 2002/1/26. Coded by Takuji Nishimura and Makoto Matsumoto. Before using, initialize the state by using init_genrand(seed) or init_by_array(init_key, key_length). Copyright (C) 1997 - 2002, Makoto Matsumoto and Takuji Nishimura, All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 3. The names of its contributors may not be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. Any feedback is very welcome. http://www.math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~m-mat/MT/emt.html email: m-mat @ math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp (remove space) Sockets ¶ The socket module uses the functions, getaddrinfo() , and getnameinfo() , which are coded in separate source files from the WIDE Project, https://www.wide.ad.jp/ . Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, and 1998 WIDE Project. All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 3. Neither the name of the project nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE PROJECT AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE PROJECT OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. Asynchronous socket services ¶ The test.support.asynchat and test.support.asyncore modules contain the following notice: Copyright 1996 by Sam Rushing All Rights Reserved Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Sam Rushing not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. SAM RUSHING DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL SAM RUSHING BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Cookie management ¶ The http.cookies module contains the following notice: Copyright 2000 by Timothy O'Malley <timo@alum.mit.edu> All Rights Reserved Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Timothy O'Malley not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. Timothy O'Malley DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL Timothy O'Malley BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Execution tracing ¶ The trace module contains the following notice: portions copyright 2001, Autonomous Zones Industries, Inc., all rights... err... reserved and offered to the public under the terms of the Python 2.2 license. Author: Zooko O'Whielacronx http://zooko.com/ mailto:zooko@zooko.com Copyright 2000, Mojam Media, Inc., all rights reserved. Author: Skip Montanaro Copyright 1999, Bioreason, Inc., all rights reserved. Author: Andrew Dalke Copyright 1995-1997, Automatrix, Inc., all rights reserved. Author: Skip Montanaro Copyright 1991-1995, Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, all rights reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this Python software and its associated documentation for any purpose without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appears in all copies, and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of neither Automatrix, Bioreason or Mojam Media be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. UUencode and UUdecode functions ¶ The uu codec contains the following notice: Copyright 1994 by Lance Ellinghouse Cathedral City, California Republic, United States of America. All Rights Reserved Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Lance Ellinghouse not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. LANCE ELLINGHOUSE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL LANCE ELLINGHOUSE CENTRUM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Modified by Jack Jansen, CWI, July 1995: - Use binascii module to do the actual line-by-line conversion between ascii and binary. This results in a 1000-fold speedup. The C version is still 5 times faster, though. - Arguments more compliant with Python standard XML Remote Procedure Calls ¶ The xmlrpc.client module contains the following notice: The XML-RPC client interface is Copyright (c) 1999-2002 by Secret Labs AB Copyright (c) 1999-2002 by Fredrik Lundh By obtaining, using, and/or copying this software and/or its associated documentation, you agree that you have read, understood, and will comply with the following terms and conditions: Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its associated documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appears in all copies, and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Secret Labs AB or the author not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. SECRET LABS AB AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANT- ABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL SECRET LABS AB OR THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. test_epoll ¶ The test.test_epoll module contains the following notice: Copyright (c) 2001-2006 Twisted Matrix Laboratories. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. Select kqueue ¶ The select module contains the following notice for the kqueue interface: Copyright (c) 2000 Doug White, 2006 James Knight, 2007 Christian Heimes All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. SipHash24 ¶ The file Python/pyhash.c contains Marek Majkowski’ implementation of Dan Bernstein’s SipHash24 algorithm. It contains the following note: <MIT License> Copyright (c) 2013 Marek Majkowski <marek@popcount.org> Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. </MIT License> Original location: https://github.com/majek/csiphash/ Solution inspired by code from: Samuel Neves (supercop/crypto_auth/siphash24/little) djb (supercop/crypto_auth/siphash24/little2) Jean-Philippe Aumasson (https://131002.net/siphash/siphash24.c) strtod and dtoa ¶ The file Python/dtoa.c , which supplies C functions dtoa and strtod for conversion of C doubles to and from strings, is derived from the file of the same name by David M. Gay, currently available from https://web.archive.org/web/20220517033456/http://www.netlib.org/fp/dtoa.c . The original file, as retrieved on March 16, 2009, contains the following copyright and licensing notice: /**************************************************************** * * The author of this software is David M. Gay. * * Copyright (c) 1991, 2000, 2001 by Lucent Technologies. * * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any * purpose without fee is hereby granted, provided that this entire notice * is included in all copies of any software which is or includes a copy * or modification of this software and in all copies of the supporting * documentation for such software. * * THIS SOFTWARE IS BEING PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED * WARRANTY. IN PARTICULAR, NEITHER THE AUTHOR NOR LUCENT MAKES ANY * REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE MERCHANTABILITY * OF THIS SOFTWARE OR ITS FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE. * ***************************************************************/ OpenSSL ¶ The modules hashlib , posix and ssl use the OpenSSL library for added performance if made available by the operating system. Additionally, the Windows and macOS installers for Python may include a copy of the OpenSSL libraries, so we include a copy of the OpenSSL license here. For the OpenSSL 3.0 release, and later releases derived from that, the Apache License v2 applies: Apache License Version 2.0, January 2004 https://www.apache.org/licenses/ TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION 1. Definitions. "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction, and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document. 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END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS expat ¶ The pyexpat extension is built using an included copy of the expat sources unless the build is configured --with-system-expat : Copyright (c) 1998, 1999, 2000 Thai Open Source Software Center Ltd and Clark Cooper Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. libffi ¶ The _ctypes C extension underlying the ctypes module is built using an included copy of the libffi sources unless the build is configured --with-system-libffi : Copyright (c) 1996-2008 Red Hat, Inc and others. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. zlib ¶ The zlib extension is built using an included copy of the zlib sources if the zlib version found on the system is too old to be used for the build: Copyright (C) 1995-2011 Jean-loup Gailly and Mark Adler This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages arising from the use of this software. Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose, including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it freely, subject to the following restrictions: 1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be appreciated but is not required. 2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be misrepresented as being the original software. 3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution. Jean-loup Gailly Mark Adler jloup@gzip.org madler@alumni.caltech.edu cfuhash ¶ The implementation of the hash table used by the tracemalloc is based on the cfuhash project: Copyright (c) 2005 Don Owens All rights reserved. This code is released under the BSD license: Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. * Neither the name of the author nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. libmpdec ¶ The _decimal C extension underlying the decimal module is built using an included copy of the libmpdec library unless the build is configured --with-system-libmpdec : Copyright (c) 2008-2020 Stefan Krah. All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. W3C C14N test suite ¶ The C14N 2.0 test suite in the test package ( Lib/test/xmltestdata/c14n-20/ ) was retrieved from the W3C website at https://www.w3.org/TR/xml-c14n2-testcases/ and is distributed under the 3-clause BSD license: Copyright (c) 2013 W3C(R) (MIT, ERCIM, Keio, Beihang), All Rights Reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: * Redistributions of works must retain the original copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the original copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. * Neither the name of the W3C nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this work without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. mimalloc ¶ MIT License: Copyright (c) 2018-2021 Microsoft Corporation, Daan Leijen Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. asyncio ¶ Parts of the asyncio module are incorporated from uvloop 0.16 , which is distributed under the MIT license: Copyright (c) 2015-2021 MagicStack Inc. http://magic.io Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. Global Unbounded Sequences (GUS) ¶ The file Python/qsbr.c is adapted from FreeBSD’s “Global Unbounded Sequences” safe memory reclamation scheme in subr_smr.c . The file is distributed under the 2-Clause BSD License: Copyright (c) 2019,2020 Jeffrey Roberson <jeff@FreeBSD.org> Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following con | 2026-01-13T08:48:39 |
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https://docs.python.org/3/license.html#cookie-management | History and License — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents History and License History of the software Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python PYTHON SOFTWARE FOUNDATION LICENSE VERSION 2 BEOPEN.COM LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 2.0 CNRI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 1.6.1 CWI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 0.9.0 THROUGH 1.2 ZERO-CLAUSE BSD LICENSE FOR CODE IN THE PYTHON DOCUMENTATION Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software Mersenne Twister Sockets Asynchronous socket services Cookie management Execution tracing UUencode and UUdecode functions XML Remote Procedure Calls test_epoll Select kqueue SipHash24 strtod and dtoa OpenSSL expat libffi zlib cfuhash libmpdec W3C C14N test suite mimalloc asyncio Global Unbounded Sequences (GUS) Zstandard bindings Previous topic Copyright This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » History and License | Theme Auto Light Dark | History and License ¶ History of the software ¶ Python was created in the early 1990s by Guido van Rossum at Stichting Mathematisch Centrum (CWI, see https://www.cwi.nl ) in the Netherlands as a successor of a language called ABC. Guido remains Python’s principal author, although it includes many contributions from others. In 1995, Guido continued his work on Python at the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI, see https://www.cnri.reston.va.us ) in Reston, Virginia where he released several versions of the software. In May 2000, Guido and the Python core development team moved to BeOpen.com to form the BeOpen PythonLabs team. In October of the same year, the PythonLabs team moved to Digital Creations, which became Zope Corporation. In 2001, the Python Software Foundation (PSF, see https://www.python.org/psf/ ) was formed, a non-profit organization created specifically to own Python-related Intellectual Property. Zope Corporation was a sponsoring member of the PSF. All Python releases are Open Source (see https://opensource.org for the Open Source Definition). Historically, most, but not all, Python releases have also been GPL-compatible; the table below summarizes the various releases. Release Derived from Year Owner GPL-compatible? (1) 0.9.0 thru 1.2 n/a 1991-1995 CWI yes 1.3 thru 1.5.2 1.2 1995-1999 CNRI yes 1.6 1.5.2 2000 CNRI no 2.0 1.6 2000 BeOpen.com no 1.6.1 1.6 2001 CNRI yes (2) 2.1 2.0+1.6.1 2001 PSF no 2.0.1 2.0+1.6.1 2001 PSF yes 2.1.1 2.1+2.0.1 2001 PSF yes 2.1.2 2.1.1 2002 PSF yes 2.1.3 2.1.2 2002 PSF yes 2.2 and above 2.1.1 2001-now PSF yes Note GPL-compatible doesn’t mean that we’re distributing Python under the GPL. All Python licenses, unlike the GPL, let you distribute a modified version without making your changes open source. The GPL-compatible licenses make it possible to combine Python with other software that is released under the GPL; the others don’t. According to Richard Stallman, 1.6.1 is not GPL-compatible, because its license has a choice of law clause. According to CNRI, however, Stallman’s lawyer has told CNRI’s lawyer that 1.6.1 is “not incompatible” with the GPL. Thanks to the many outside volunteers who have worked under Guido’s direction to make these releases possible. Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python ¶ Python software and documentation are licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Starting with Python 3.8.6, examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are dual licensed under the PSF License Version 2 and the Zero-Clause BSD license . Some software incorporated into Python is under different licenses. The licenses are listed with code falling under that license. See Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software for an incomplete list of these licenses. PYTHON SOFTWARE FOUNDATION LICENSE VERSION 2 ¶ 1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Python Software Foundation ("PSF"), and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using this software ("Python") in source or binary form and its associated documentation. 2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, PSF hereby grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use Python alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that PSF's License Agreement and PSF's notice of copyright, i.e., "Copyright © 2001 Python Software Foundation; All Rights Reserved" are retained in Python alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee. 3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on or incorporates Python or any part thereof, and wants to make the derivative work available to others as provided herein, then Licensee hereby agrees to include in any such work a brief summary of the changes made to Python. 4. PSF is making Python available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis. PSF MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, PSF MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF PYTHON WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. 5. PSF SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON, OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF. 6. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of its terms and conditions. 7. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between PSF and Licensee. This License Agreement does not grant permission to use PSF trademarks or trade name in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any third party. 8. By copying, installing or otherwise using Python, Licensee agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement. BEOPEN.COM LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 2.0 ¶ BEOPEN PYTHON OPEN SOURCE LICENSE AGREEMENT VERSION 1 1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between BeOpen.com ("BeOpen"), having an office at 160 Saratoga Avenue, Santa Clara, CA 95051, and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using this software in source or binary form and its associated documentation ("the Software"). 2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this BeOpen Python License Agreement, BeOpen hereby grants Licensee a non-exclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use the Software alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that the BeOpen Python License is retained in the Software, alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee. 3. BeOpen is making the Software available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis. BEOPEN MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, BEOPEN MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF THE SOFTWARE WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. 4. BEOPEN SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF THE SOFTWARE FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF USING, MODIFYING OR DISTRIBUTING THE SOFTWARE, OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF. 5. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of its terms and conditions. 6. This License Agreement shall be governed by and interpreted in all respects by the law of the State of California, excluding conflict of law provisions. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between BeOpen and Licensee. This License Agreement does not grant permission to use BeOpen trademarks or trade names in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any third party. As an exception, the "BeOpen Python" logos available at http://www.pythonlabs.com/logos.html may be used according to the permissions granted on that web page. 7. By copying, installing or otherwise using the software, Licensee agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement. CNRI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 1.6.1 ¶ 1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Corporation for National Research Initiatives, having an office at 1895 Preston White Drive, Reston, VA 20191 ("CNRI"), and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using Python 1.6.1 software in source or binary form and its associated documentation. 2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, CNRI hereby grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use Python 1.6.1 alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that CNRI's License Agreement and CNRI's notice of copyright, i.e., "Copyright © 1995-2001 Corporation for National Research Initiatives; All Rights Reserved" are retained in Python 1.6.1 alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee. Alternately, in lieu of CNRI's License Agreement, Licensee may substitute the following text (omitting the quotes): "Python 1.6.1 is made available subject to the terms and conditions in CNRI's License Agreement. This Agreement together with Python 1.6.1 may be located on the internet using the following unique, persistent identifier (known as a handle): 1895.22/1013. This Agreement may also be obtained from a proxy server on the internet using the following URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1895.22/1013". 3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on or incorporates Python 1.6.1 or any part thereof, and wants to make the derivative work available to others as provided herein, then Licensee hereby agrees to include in any such work a brief summary of the changes made to Python 1.6.1. 4. CNRI is making Python 1.6.1 available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis. CNRI MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, CNRI MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF PYTHON 1.6.1 WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. 5. CNRI SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON 1.6.1 FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON 1.6.1, OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF. 6. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of its terms and conditions. 7. This License Agreement shall be governed by the federal intellectual property law of the United States, including without limitation the federal copyright law, and, to the extent such U.S. federal law does not apply, by the law of the Commonwealth of Virginia, excluding Virginia's conflict of law provisions. Notwithstanding the foregoing, with regard to derivative works based on Python 1.6.1 that incorporate non-separable material that was previously distributed under the GNU General Public License (GPL), the law of the Commonwealth of Virginia shall govern this License Agreement only as to issues arising under or with respect to Paragraphs 4, 5, and 7 of this License Agreement. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between CNRI and Licensee. This License Agreement does not grant permission to use CNRI trademarks or trade name in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any third party. 8. By clicking on the "ACCEPT" button where indicated, or by copying, installing or otherwise using Python 1.6.1, Licensee agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement. CWI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 0.9.0 THROUGH 1.2 ¶ Copyright © 1991 - 1995, Stichting Mathematisch Centrum Amsterdam, The Netherlands. All rights reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Stichting Mathematisch Centrum or CWI not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. ZERO-CLAUSE BSD LICENSE FOR CODE IN THE PYTHON DOCUMENTATION ¶ Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software ¶ This section is an incomplete, but growing list of licenses and acknowledgements for third-party software incorporated in the Python distribution. Mersenne Twister ¶ The _random C extension underlying the random module includes code based on a download from http://www.math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~m-mat/MT/MT2002/emt19937ar.html . The following are the verbatim comments from the original code: A C-program for MT19937, with initialization improved 2002/1/26. Coded by Takuji Nishimura and Makoto Matsumoto. Before using, initialize the state by using init_genrand(seed) or init_by_array(init_key, key_length). Copyright (C) 1997 - 2002, Makoto Matsumoto and Takuji Nishimura, All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 3. The names of its contributors may not be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. Any feedback is very welcome. http://www.math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~m-mat/MT/emt.html email: m-mat @ math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp (remove space) Sockets ¶ The socket module uses the functions, getaddrinfo() , and getnameinfo() , which are coded in separate source files from the WIDE Project, https://www.wide.ad.jp/ . Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, and 1998 WIDE Project. All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 3. Neither the name of the project nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE PROJECT AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE PROJECT OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. Asynchronous socket services ¶ The test.support.asynchat and test.support.asyncore modules contain the following notice: Copyright 1996 by Sam Rushing All Rights Reserved Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Sam Rushing not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. SAM RUSHING DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL SAM RUSHING BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Cookie management ¶ The http.cookies module contains the following notice: Copyright 2000 by Timothy O'Malley <timo@alum.mit.edu> All Rights Reserved Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Timothy O'Malley not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. Timothy O'Malley DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL Timothy O'Malley BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Execution tracing ¶ The trace module contains the following notice: portions copyright 2001, Autonomous Zones Industries, Inc., all rights... err... reserved and offered to the public under the terms of the Python 2.2 license. Author: Zooko O'Whielacronx http://zooko.com/ mailto:zooko@zooko.com Copyright 2000, Mojam Media, Inc., all rights reserved. Author: Skip Montanaro Copyright 1999, Bioreason, Inc., all rights reserved. Author: Andrew Dalke Copyright 1995-1997, Automatrix, Inc., all rights reserved. Author: Skip Montanaro Copyright 1991-1995, Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, all rights reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this Python software and its associated documentation for any purpose without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appears in all copies, and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of neither Automatrix, Bioreason or Mojam Media be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. UUencode and UUdecode functions ¶ The uu codec contains the following notice: Copyright 1994 by Lance Ellinghouse Cathedral City, California Republic, United States of America. All Rights Reserved Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Lance Ellinghouse not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. LANCE ELLINGHOUSE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL LANCE ELLINGHOUSE CENTRUM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Modified by Jack Jansen, CWI, July 1995: - Use binascii module to do the actual line-by-line conversion between ascii and binary. This results in a 1000-fold speedup. The C version is still 5 times faster, though. - Arguments more compliant with Python standard XML Remote Procedure Calls ¶ The xmlrpc.client module contains the following notice: The XML-RPC client interface is Copyright (c) 1999-2002 by Secret Labs AB Copyright (c) 1999-2002 by Fredrik Lundh By obtaining, using, and/or copying this software and/or its associated documentation, you agree that you have read, understood, and will comply with the following terms and conditions: Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its associated documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appears in all copies, and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Secret Labs AB or the author not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. SECRET LABS AB AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANT- ABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL SECRET LABS AB OR THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. test_epoll ¶ The test.test_epoll module contains the following notice: Copyright (c) 2001-2006 Twisted Matrix Laboratories. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. Select kqueue ¶ The select module contains the following notice for the kqueue interface: Copyright (c) 2000 Doug White, 2006 James Knight, 2007 Christian Heimes All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. SipHash24 ¶ The file Python/pyhash.c contains Marek Majkowski’ implementation of Dan Bernstein’s SipHash24 algorithm. It contains the following note: <MIT License> Copyright (c) 2013 Marek Majkowski <marek@popcount.org> Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. </MIT License> Original location: https://github.com/majek/csiphash/ Solution inspired by code from: Samuel Neves (supercop/crypto_auth/siphash24/little) djb (supercop/crypto_auth/siphash24/little2) Jean-Philippe Aumasson (https://131002.net/siphash/siphash24.c) strtod and dtoa ¶ The file Python/dtoa.c , which supplies C functions dtoa and strtod for conversion of C doubles to and from strings, is derived from the file of the same name by David M. Gay, currently available from https://web.archive.org/web/20220517033456/http://www.netlib.org/fp/dtoa.c . The original file, as retrieved on March 16, 2009, contains the following copyright and licensing notice: /**************************************************************** * * The author of this software is David M. Gay. * * Copyright (c) 1991, 2000, 2001 by Lucent Technologies. * * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any * purpose without fee is hereby granted, provided that this entire notice * is included in all copies of any software which is or includes a copy * or modification of this software and in all copies of the supporting * documentation for such software. * * THIS SOFTWARE IS BEING PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED * WARRANTY. IN PARTICULAR, NEITHER THE AUTHOR NOR LUCENT MAKES ANY * REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE MERCHANTABILITY * OF THIS SOFTWARE OR ITS FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE. * ***************************************************************/ OpenSSL ¶ The modules hashlib , posix and ssl use the OpenSSL library for added performance if made available by the operating system. Additionally, the Windows and macOS installers for Python may include a copy of the OpenSSL libraries, so we include a copy of the OpenSSL license here. For the OpenSSL 3.0 release, and later releases derived from that, the Apache License v2 applies: Apache License Version 2.0, January 2004 https://www.apache.org/licenses/ TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION 1. Definitions. "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction, and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document. 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END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS expat ¶ The pyexpat extension is built using an included copy of the expat sources unless the build is configured --with-system-expat : Copyright (c) 1998, 1999, 2000 Thai Open Source Software Center Ltd and Clark Cooper Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. libffi ¶ The _ctypes C extension underlying the ctypes module is built using an included copy of the libffi sources unless the build is configured --with-system-libffi : Copyright (c) 1996-2008 Red Hat, Inc and others. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. 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If you use this software in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be appreciated but is not required. 2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be misrepresented as being the original software. 3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution. Jean-loup Gailly Mark Adler jloup@gzip.org madler@alumni.caltech.edu cfuhash ¶ The implementation of the hash table used by the tracemalloc is based on the cfuhash project: Copyright (c) 2005 Don Owens All rights reserved. This code is released under the BSD license: Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. * Neither the name of the author nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. libmpdec ¶ The _decimal C extension underlying the decimal module is built using an included copy of the libmpdec library unless the build is configured --with-system-libmpdec : Copyright (c) 2008-2020 Stefan Krah. All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. W3C C14N test suite ¶ The C14N 2.0 test suite in the test package ( Lib/test/xmltestdata/c14n-20/ ) was retrieved from the W3C website at https://www.w3.org/TR/xml-c14n2-testcases/ and is distributed under the 3-clause BSD license: Copyright (c) 2013 W3C(R) (MIT, ERCIM, Keio, Beihang), All Rights Reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: * Redistributions of works must retain the original copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the original copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. * Neither the name of the W3C nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this work without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. mimalloc ¶ MIT License: Copyright (c) 2018-2021 Microsoft Corporation, Daan Leijen Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. asyncio ¶ Parts of the asyncio module are incorporated from uvloop 0.16 , which is distributed under the MIT license: Copyright (c) 2015-2021 MagicStack Inc. http://magic.io Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. 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https://docs.python.org/3/license.html#asynchronous-socket-services | History and License — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents History and License History of the software Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python PYTHON SOFTWARE FOUNDATION LICENSE VERSION 2 BEOPEN.COM LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 2.0 CNRI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 1.6.1 CWI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 0.9.0 THROUGH 1.2 ZERO-CLAUSE BSD LICENSE FOR CODE IN THE PYTHON DOCUMENTATION Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software Mersenne Twister Sockets Asynchronous socket services Cookie management Execution tracing UUencode and UUdecode functions XML Remote Procedure Calls test_epoll Select kqueue SipHash24 strtod and dtoa OpenSSL expat libffi zlib cfuhash libmpdec W3C C14N test suite mimalloc asyncio Global Unbounded Sequences (GUS) Zstandard bindings Previous topic Copyright This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » History and License | Theme Auto Light Dark | History and License ¶ History of the software ¶ Python was created in the early 1990s by Guido van Rossum at Stichting Mathematisch Centrum (CWI, see https://www.cwi.nl ) in the Netherlands as a successor of a language called ABC. Guido remains Python’s principal author, although it includes many contributions from others. In 1995, Guido continued his work on Python at the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI, see https://www.cnri.reston.va.us ) in Reston, Virginia where he released several versions of the software. In May 2000, Guido and the Python core development team moved to BeOpen.com to form the BeOpen PythonLabs team. In October of the same year, the PythonLabs team moved to Digital Creations, which became Zope Corporation. In 2001, the Python Software Foundation (PSF, see https://www.python.org/psf/ ) was formed, a non-profit organization created specifically to own Python-related Intellectual Property. Zope Corporation was a sponsoring member of the PSF. All Python releases are Open Source (see https://opensource.org for the Open Source Definition). Historically, most, but not all, Python releases have also been GPL-compatible; the table below summarizes the various releases. Release Derived from Year Owner GPL-compatible? (1) 0.9.0 thru 1.2 n/a 1991-1995 CWI yes 1.3 thru 1.5.2 1.2 1995-1999 CNRI yes 1.6 1.5.2 2000 CNRI no 2.0 1.6 2000 BeOpen.com no 1.6.1 1.6 2001 CNRI yes (2) 2.1 2.0+1.6.1 2001 PSF no 2.0.1 2.0+1.6.1 2001 PSF yes 2.1.1 2.1+2.0.1 2001 PSF yes 2.1.2 2.1.1 2002 PSF yes 2.1.3 2.1.2 2002 PSF yes 2.2 and above 2.1.1 2001-now PSF yes Note GPL-compatible doesn’t mean that we’re distributing Python under the GPL. All Python licenses, unlike the GPL, let you distribute a modified version without making your changes open source. The GPL-compatible licenses make it possible to combine Python with other software that is released under the GPL; the others don’t. According to Richard Stallman, 1.6.1 is not GPL-compatible, because its license has a choice of law clause. According to CNRI, however, Stallman’s lawyer has told CNRI’s lawyer that 1.6.1 is “not incompatible” with the GPL. Thanks to the many outside volunteers who have worked under Guido’s direction to make these releases possible. Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python ¶ Python software and documentation are licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Starting with Python 3.8.6, examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are dual licensed under the PSF License Version 2 and the Zero-Clause BSD license . Some software incorporated into Python is under different licenses. The licenses are listed with code falling under that license. See Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software for an incomplete list of these licenses. PYTHON SOFTWARE FOUNDATION LICENSE VERSION 2 ¶ 1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Python Software Foundation ("PSF"), and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using this software ("Python") in source or binary form and its associated documentation. 2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, PSF hereby grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use Python alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that PSF's License Agreement and PSF's notice of copyright, i.e., "Copyright © 2001 Python Software Foundation; All Rights Reserved" are retained in Python alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee. 3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on or incorporates Python or any part thereof, and wants to make the derivative work available to others as provided herein, then Licensee hereby agrees to include in any such work a brief summary of the changes made to Python. 4. PSF is making Python available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis. PSF MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, PSF MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF PYTHON WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. 5. PSF SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON, OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF. 6. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of its terms and conditions. 7. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between PSF and Licensee. This License Agreement does not grant permission to use PSF trademarks or trade name in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any third party. 8. By copying, installing or otherwise using Python, Licensee agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement. BEOPEN.COM LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 2.0 ¶ BEOPEN PYTHON OPEN SOURCE LICENSE AGREEMENT VERSION 1 1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between BeOpen.com ("BeOpen"), having an office at 160 Saratoga Avenue, Santa Clara, CA 95051, and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using this software in source or binary form and its associated documentation ("the Software"). 2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this BeOpen Python License Agreement, BeOpen hereby grants Licensee a non-exclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use the Software alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that the BeOpen Python License is retained in the Software, alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee. 3. BeOpen is making the Software available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis. BEOPEN MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, BEOPEN MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF THE SOFTWARE WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. 4. BEOPEN SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF THE SOFTWARE FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF USING, MODIFYING OR DISTRIBUTING THE SOFTWARE, OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF. 5. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of its terms and conditions. 6. This License Agreement shall be governed by and interpreted in all respects by the law of the State of California, excluding conflict of law provisions. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between BeOpen and Licensee. This License Agreement does not grant permission to use BeOpen trademarks or trade names in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any third party. As an exception, the "BeOpen Python" logos available at http://www.pythonlabs.com/logos.html may be used according to the permissions granted on that web page. 7. By copying, installing or otherwise using the software, Licensee agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement. CNRI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 1.6.1 ¶ 1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Corporation for National Research Initiatives, having an office at 1895 Preston White Drive, Reston, VA 20191 ("CNRI"), and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using Python 1.6.1 software in source or binary form and its associated documentation. 2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, CNRI hereby grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use Python 1.6.1 alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that CNRI's License Agreement and CNRI's notice of copyright, i.e., "Copyright © 1995-2001 Corporation for National Research Initiatives; All Rights Reserved" are retained in Python 1.6.1 alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee. Alternately, in lieu of CNRI's License Agreement, Licensee may substitute the following text (omitting the quotes): "Python 1.6.1 is made available subject to the terms and conditions in CNRI's License Agreement. This Agreement together with Python 1.6.1 may be located on the internet using the following unique, persistent identifier (known as a handle): 1895.22/1013. This Agreement may also be obtained from a proxy server on the internet using the following URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1895.22/1013". 3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on or incorporates Python 1.6.1 or any part thereof, and wants to make the derivative work available to others as provided herein, then Licensee hereby agrees to include in any such work a brief summary of the changes made to Python 1.6.1. 4. CNRI is making Python 1.6.1 available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis. CNRI MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, CNRI MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF PYTHON 1.6.1 WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. 5. CNRI SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON 1.6.1 FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON 1.6.1, OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF. 6. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of its terms and conditions. 7. This License Agreement shall be governed by the federal intellectual property law of the United States, including without limitation the federal copyright law, and, to the extent such U.S. federal law does not apply, by the law of the Commonwealth of Virginia, excluding Virginia's conflict of law provisions. Notwithstanding the foregoing, with regard to derivative works based on Python 1.6.1 that incorporate non-separable material that was previously distributed under the GNU General Public License (GPL), the law of the Commonwealth of Virginia shall govern this License Agreement only as to issues arising under or with respect to Paragraphs 4, 5, and 7 of this License Agreement. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between CNRI and Licensee. This License Agreement does not grant permission to use CNRI trademarks or trade name in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any third party. 8. By clicking on the "ACCEPT" button where indicated, or by copying, installing or otherwise using Python 1.6.1, Licensee agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement. CWI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 0.9.0 THROUGH 1.2 ¶ Copyright © 1991 - 1995, Stichting Mathematisch Centrum Amsterdam, The Netherlands. All rights reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Stichting Mathematisch Centrum or CWI not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. ZERO-CLAUSE BSD LICENSE FOR CODE IN THE PYTHON DOCUMENTATION ¶ Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software ¶ This section is an incomplete, but growing list of licenses and acknowledgements for third-party software incorporated in the Python distribution. Mersenne Twister ¶ The _random C extension underlying the random module includes code based on a download from http://www.math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~m-mat/MT/MT2002/emt19937ar.html . The following are the verbatim comments from the original code: A C-program for MT19937, with initialization improved 2002/1/26. Coded by Takuji Nishimura and Makoto Matsumoto. Before using, initialize the state by using init_genrand(seed) or init_by_array(init_key, key_length). Copyright (C) 1997 - 2002, Makoto Matsumoto and Takuji Nishimura, All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 3. The names of its contributors may not be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. Any feedback is very welcome. http://www.math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~m-mat/MT/emt.html email: m-mat @ math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp (remove space) Sockets ¶ The socket module uses the functions, getaddrinfo() , and getnameinfo() , which are coded in separate source files from the WIDE Project, https://www.wide.ad.jp/ . Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, and 1998 WIDE Project. All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 3. Neither the name of the project nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE PROJECT AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE PROJECT OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. Asynchronous socket services ¶ The test.support.asynchat and test.support.asyncore modules contain the following notice: Copyright 1996 by Sam Rushing All Rights Reserved Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Sam Rushing not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. SAM RUSHING DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL SAM RUSHING BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Cookie management ¶ The http.cookies module contains the following notice: Copyright 2000 by Timothy O'Malley <timo@alum.mit.edu> All Rights Reserved Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Timothy O'Malley not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. Timothy O'Malley DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL Timothy O'Malley BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Execution tracing ¶ The trace module contains the following notice: portions copyright 2001, Autonomous Zones Industries, Inc., all rights... err... reserved and offered to the public under the terms of the Python 2.2 license. Author: Zooko O'Whielacronx http://zooko.com/ mailto:zooko@zooko.com Copyright 2000, Mojam Media, Inc., all rights reserved. Author: Skip Montanaro Copyright 1999, Bioreason, Inc., all rights reserved. Author: Andrew Dalke Copyright 1995-1997, Automatrix, Inc., all rights reserved. Author: Skip Montanaro Copyright 1991-1995, Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, all rights reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this Python software and its associated documentation for any purpose without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appears in all copies, and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of neither Automatrix, Bioreason or Mojam Media be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. UUencode and UUdecode functions ¶ The uu codec contains the following notice: Copyright 1994 by Lance Ellinghouse Cathedral City, California Republic, United States of America. All Rights Reserved Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Lance Ellinghouse not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. LANCE ELLINGHOUSE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL LANCE ELLINGHOUSE CENTRUM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Modified by Jack Jansen, CWI, July 1995: - Use binascii module to do the actual line-by-line conversion between ascii and binary. This results in a 1000-fold speedup. The C version is still 5 times faster, though. - Arguments more compliant with Python standard XML Remote Procedure Calls ¶ The xmlrpc.client module contains the following notice: The XML-RPC client interface is Copyright (c) 1999-2002 by Secret Labs AB Copyright (c) 1999-2002 by Fredrik Lundh By obtaining, using, and/or copying this software and/or its associated documentation, you agree that you have read, understood, and will comply with the following terms and conditions: Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its associated documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appears in all copies, and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Secret Labs AB or the author not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. SECRET LABS AB AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANT- ABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL SECRET LABS AB OR THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. test_epoll ¶ The test.test_epoll module contains the following notice: Copyright (c) 2001-2006 Twisted Matrix Laboratories. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. Select kqueue ¶ The select module contains the following notice for the kqueue interface: Copyright (c) 2000 Doug White, 2006 James Knight, 2007 Christian Heimes All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. SipHash24 ¶ The file Python/pyhash.c contains Marek Majkowski’ implementation of Dan Bernstein’s SipHash24 algorithm. It contains the following note: <MIT License> Copyright (c) 2013 Marek Majkowski <marek@popcount.org> Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. </MIT License> Original location: https://github.com/majek/csiphash/ Solution inspired by code from: Samuel Neves (supercop/crypto_auth/siphash24/little) djb (supercop/crypto_auth/siphash24/little2) Jean-Philippe Aumasson (https://131002.net/siphash/siphash24.c) strtod and dtoa ¶ The file Python/dtoa.c , which supplies C functions dtoa and strtod for conversion of C doubles to and from strings, is derived from the file of the same name by David M. Gay, currently available from https://web.archive.org/web/20220517033456/http://www.netlib.org/fp/dtoa.c . The original file, as retrieved on March 16, 2009, contains the following copyright and licensing notice: /**************************************************************** * * The author of this software is David M. Gay. * * Copyright (c) 1991, 2000, 2001 by Lucent Technologies. * * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any * purpose without fee is hereby granted, provided that this entire notice * is included in all copies of any software which is or includes a copy * or modification of this software and in all copies of the supporting * documentation for such software. * * THIS SOFTWARE IS BEING PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED * WARRANTY. IN PARTICULAR, NEITHER THE AUTHOR NOR LUCENT MAKES ANY * REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE MERCHANTABILITY * OF THIS SOFTWARE OR ITS FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE. * ***************************************************************/ OpenSSL ¶ The modules hashlib , posix and ssl use the OpenSSL library for added performance if made available by the operating system. Additionally, the Windows and macOS installers for Python may include a copy of the OpenSSL libraries, so we include a copy of the OpenSSL license here. For the OpenSSL 3.0 release, and later releases derived from that, the Apache License v2 applies: Apache License Version 2.0, January 2004 https://www.apache.org/licenses/ TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION 1. Definitions. "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction, and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document. 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END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS expat ¶ The pyexpat extension is built using an included copy of the expat sources unless the build is configured --with-system-expat : Copyright (c) 1998, 1999, 2000 Thai Open Source Software Center Ltd and Clark Cooper Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. 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Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. 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This code is released under the BSD license: Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. * Neither the name of the author nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. 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Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. 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Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: * Redistributions of works must retain the original copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the original copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. * Neither the name of the W3C nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this work without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. mimalloc ¶ MIT License: Copyright (c) 2018-2021 Microsoft Corporation, Daan Leijen Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. 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IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. asyncio ¶ Parts of the asyncio module are incorporated from uvloop 0.16 , which is distributed under the MIT license: Copyright (c) 2015-2021 MagicStack Inc. http://magic.io Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. Global Unbounded Sequences (GUS) ¶ The file Python/qsbr.c is adapted from FreeBSD’s “Global Unbounded Sequences” safe memory reclamation scheme in subr_smr.c . The file is distributed under the 2-Clause BSD License: Copyright (c) 2019,2020 Jeffrey Roberson <jeff@FreeBSD.org> Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following con | 2026-01-13T08:48:39 |
https://docs.python.org/3/license.html#test-epoll | History and License — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents History and License History of the software Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python PYTHON SOFTWARE FOUNDATION LICENSE VERSION 2 BEOPEN.COM LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 2.0 CNRI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 1.6.1 CWI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 0.9.0 THROUGH 1.2 ZERO-CLAUSE BSD LICENSE FOR CODE IN THE PYTHON DOCUMENTATION Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software Mersenne Twister Sockets Asynchronous socket services Cookie management Execution tracing UUencode and UUdecode functions XML Remote Procedure Calls test_epoll Select kqueue SipHash24 strtod and dtoa OpenSSL expat libffi zlib cfuhash libmpdec W3C C14N test suite mimalloc asyncio Global Unbounded Sequences (GUS) Zstandard bindings Previous topic Copyright This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » History and License | Theme Auto Light Dark | History and License ¶ History of the software ¶ Python was created in the early 1990s by Guido van Rossum at Stichting Mathematisch Centrum (CWI, see https://www.cwi.nl ) in the Netherlands as a successor of a language called ABC. Guido remains Python’s principal author, although it includes many contributions from others. In 1995, Guido continued his work on Python at the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI, see https://www.cnri.reston.va.us ) in Reston, Virginia where he released several versions of the software. In May 2000, Guido and the Python core development team moved to BeOpen.com to form the BeOpen PythonLabs team. In October of the same year, the PythonLabs team moved to Digital Creations, which became Zope Corporation. In 2001, the Python Software Foundation (PSF, see https://www.python.org/psf/ ) was formed, a non-profit organization created specifically to own Python-related Intellectual Property. Zope Corporation was a sponsoring member of the PSF. All Python releases are Open Source (see https://opensource.org for the Open Source Definition). Historically, most, but not all, Python releases have also been GPL-compatible; the table below summarizes the various releases. Release Derived from Year Owner GPL-compatible? (1) 0.9.0 thru 1.2 n/a 1991-1995 CWI yes 1.3 thru 1.5.2 1.2 1995-1999 CNRI yes 1.6 1.5.2 2000 CNRI no 2.0 1.6 2000 BeOpen.com no 1.6.1 1.6 2001 CNRI yes (2) 2.1 2.0+1.6.1 2001 PSF no 2.0.1 2.0+1.6.1 2001 PSF yes 2.1.1 2.1+2.0.1 2001 PSF yes 2.1.2 2.1.1 2002 PSF yes 2.1.3 2.1.2 2002 PSF yes 2.2 and above 2.1.1 2001-now PSF yes Note GPL-compatible doesn’t mean that we’re distributing Python under the GPL. All Python licenses, unlike the GPL, let you distribute a modified version without making your changes open source. The GPL-compatible licenses make it possible to combine Python with other software that is released under the GPL; the others don’t. According to Richard Stallman, 1.6.1 is not GPL-compatible, because its license has a choice of law clause. According to CNRI, however, Stallman’s lawyer has told CNRI’s lawyer that 1.6.1 is “not incompatible” with the GPL. Thanks to the many outside volunteers who have worked under Guido’s direction to make these releases possible. Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python ¶ Python software and documentation are licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Starting with Python 3.8.6, examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are dual licensed under the PSF License Version 2 and the Zero-Clause BSD license . Some software incorporated into Python is under different licenses. The licenses are listed with code falling under that license. See Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software for an incomplete list of these licenses. PYTHON SOFTWARE FOUNDATION LICENSE VERSION 2 ¶ 1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Python Software Foundation ("PSF"), and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using this software ("Python") in source or binary form and its associated documentation. 2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, PSF hereby grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use Python alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that PSF's License Agreement and PSF's notice of copyright, i.e., "Copyright © 2001 Python Software Foundation; All Rights Reserved" are retained in Python alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee. 3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on or incorporates Python or any part thereof, and wants to make the derivative work available to others as provided herein, then Licensee hereby agrees to include in any such work a brief summary of the changes made to Python. 4. PSF is making Python available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis. PSF MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, PSF MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF PYTHON WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. 5. PSF SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON, OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF. 6. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of its terms and conditions. 7. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between PSF and Licensee. This License Agreement does not grant permission to use PSF trademarks or trade name in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any third party. 8. By copying, installing or otherwise using Python, Licensee agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement. BEOPEN.COM LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 2.0 ¶ BEOPEN PYTHON OPEN SOURCE LICENSE AGREEMENT VERSION 1 1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between BeOpen.com ("BeOpen"), having an office at 160 Saratoga Avenue, Santa Clara, CA 95051, and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using this software in source or binary form and its associated documentation ("the Software"). 2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this BeOpen Python License Agreement, BeOpen hereby grants Licensee a non-exclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use the Software alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that the BeOpen Python License is retained in the Software, alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee. 3. BeOpen is making the Software available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis. BEOPEN MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, BEOPEN MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF THE SOFTWARE WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. 4. BEOPEN SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF THE SOFTWARE FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF USING, MODIFYING OR DISTRIBUTING THE SOFTWARE, OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF. 5. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of its terms and conditions. 6. This License Agreement shall be governed by and interpreted in all respects by the law of the State of California, excluding conflict of law provisions. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between BeOpen and Licensee. This License Agreement does not grant permission to use BeOpen trademarks or trade names in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any third party. As an exception, the "BeOpen Python" logos available at http://www.pythonlabs.com/logos.html may be used according to the permissions granted on that web page. 7. By copying, installing or otherwise using the software, Licensee agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement. CNRI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 1.6.1 ¶ 1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Corporation for National Research Initiatives, having an office at 1895 Preston White Drive, Reston, VA 20191 ("CNRI"), and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using Python 1.6.1 software in source or binary form and its associated documentation. 2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, CNRI hereby grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use Python 1.6.1 alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that CNRI's License Agreement and CNRI's notice of copyright, i.e., "Copyright © 1995-2001 Corporation for National Research Initiatives; All Rights Reserved" are retained in Python 1.6.1 alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee. Alternately, in lieu of CNRI's License Agreement, Licensee may substitute the following text (omitting the quotes): "Python 1.6.1 is made available subject to the terms and conditions in CNRI's License Agreement. This Agreement together with Python 1.6.1 may be located on the internet using the following unique, persistent identifier (known as a handle): 1895.22/1013. This Agreement may also be obtained from a proxy server on the internet using the following URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1895.22/1013". 3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on or incorporates Python 1.6.1 or any part thereof, and wants to make the derivative work available to others as provided herein, then Licensee hereby agrees to include in any such work a brief summary of the changes made to Python 1.6.1. 4. CNRI is making Python 1.6.1 available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis. CNRI MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, CNRI MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF PYTHON 1.6.1 WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. 5. CNRI SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON 1.6.1 FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON 1.6.1, OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF. 6. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of its terms and conditions. 7. This License Agreement shall be governed by the federal intellectual property law of the United States, including without limitation the federal copyright law, and, to the extent such U.S. federal law does not apply, by the law of the Commonwealth of Virginia, excluding Virginia's conflict of law provisions. Notwithstanding the foregoing, with regard to derivative works based on Python 1.6.1 that incorporate non-separable material that was previously distributed under the GNU General Public License (GPL), the law of the Commonwealth of Virginia shall govern this License Agreement only as to issues arising under or with respect to Paragraphs 4, 5, and 7 of this License Agreement. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between CNRI and Licensee. This License Agreement does not grant permission to use CNRI trademarks or trade name in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any third party. 8. By clicking on the "ACCEPT" button where indicated, or by copying, installing or otherwise using Python 1.6.1, Licensee agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement. CWI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 0.9.0 THROUGH 1.2 ¶ Copyright © 1991 - 1995, Stichting Mathematisch Centrum Amsterdam, The Netherlands. All rights reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Stichting Mathematisch Centrum or CWI not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. ZERO-CLAUSE BSD LICENSE FOR CODE IN THE PYTHON DOCUMENTATION ¶ Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software ¶ This section is an incomplete, but growing list of licenses and acknowledgements for third-party software incorporated in the Python distribution. Mersenne Twister ¶ The _random C extension underlying the random module includes code based on a download from http://www.math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~m-mat/MT/MT2002/emt19937ar.html . The following are the verbatim comments from the original code: A C-program for MT19937, with initialization improved 2002/1/26. Coded by Takuji Nishimura and Makoto Matsumoto. Before using, initialize the state by using init_genrand(seed) or init_by_array(init_key, key_length). Copyright (C) 1997 - 2002, Makoto Matsumoto and Takuji Nishimura, All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 3. The names of its contributors may not be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. Any feedback is very welcome. http://www.math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~m-mat/MT/emt.html email: m-mat @ math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp (remove space) Sockets ¶ The socket module uses the functions, getaddrinfo() , and getnameinfo() , which are coded in separate source files from the WIDE Project, https://www.wide.ad.jp/ . Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, and 1998 WIDE Project. All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 3. Neither the name of the project nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE PROJECT AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE PROJECT OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. Asynchronous socket services ¶ The test.support.asynchat and test.support.asyncore modules contain the following notice: Copyright 1996 by Sam Rushing All Rights Reserved Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Sam Rushing not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. SAM RUSHING DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL SAM RUSHING BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Cookie management ¶ The http.cookies module contains the following notice: Copyright 2000 by Timothy O'Malley <timo@alum.mit.edu> All Rights Reserved Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Timothy O'Malley not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. Timothy O'Malley DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL Timothy O'Malley BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Execution tracing ¶ The trace module contains the following notice: portions copyright 2001, Autonomous Zones Industries, Inc., all rights... err... reserved and offered to the public under the terms of the Python 2.2 license. Author: Zooko O'Whielacronx http://zooko.com/ mailto:zooko@zooko.com Copyright 2000, Mojam Media, Inc., all rights reserved. Author: Skip Montanaro Copyright 1999, Bioreason, Inc., all rights reserved. Author: Andrew Dalke Copyright 1995-1997, Automatrix, Inc., all rights reserved. Author: Skip Montanaro Copyright 1991-1995, Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, all rights reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this Python software and its associated documentation for any purpose without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appears in all copies, and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of neither Automatrix, Bioreason or Mojam Media be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. UUencode and UUdecode functions ¶ The uu codec contains the following notice: Copyright 1994 by Lance Ellinghouse Cathedral City, California Republic, United States of America. All Rights Reserved Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Lance Ellinghouse not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. LANCE ELLINGHOUSE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL LANCE ELLINGHOUSE CENTRUM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Modified by Jack Jansen, CWI, July 1995: - Use binascii module to do the actual line-by-line conversion between ascii and binary. This results in a 1000-fold speedup. The C version is still 5 times faster, though. - Arguments more compliant with Python standard XML Remote Procedure Calls ¶ The xmlrpc.client module contains the following notice: The XML-RPC client interface is Copyright (c) 1999-2002 by Secret Labs AB Copyright (c) 1999-2002 by Fredrik Lundh By obtaining, using, and/or copying this software and/or its associated documentation, you agree that you have read, understood, and will comply with the following terms and conditions: Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its associated documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appears in all copies, and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Secret Labs AB or the author not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. SECRET LABS AB AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANT- ABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL SECRET LABS AB OR THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. test_epoll ¶ The test.test_epoll module contains the following notice: Copyright (c) 2001-2006 Twisted Matrix Laboratories. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. Select kqueue ¶ The select module contains the following notice for the kqueue interface: Copyright (c) 2000 Doug White, 2006 James Knight, 2007 Christian Heimes All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. SipHash24 ¶ The file Python/pyhash.c contains Marek Majkowski’ implementation of Dan Bernstein’s SipHash24 algorithm. It contains the following note: <MIT License> Copyright (c) 2013 Marek Majkowski <marek@popcount.org> Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. </MIT License> Original location: https://github.com/majek/csiphash/ Solution inspired by code from: Samuel Neves (supercop/crypto_auth/siphash24/little) djb (supercop/crypto_auth/siphash24/little2) Jean-Philippe Aumasson (https://131002.net/siphash/siphash24.c) strtod and dtoa ¶ The file Python/dtoa.c , which supplies C functions dtoa and strtod for conversion of C doubles to and from strings, is derived from the file of the same name by David M. Gay, currently available from https://web.archive.org/web/20220517033456/http://www.netlib.org/fp/dtoa.c . The original file, as retrieved on March 16, 2009, contains the following copyright and licensing notice: /**************************************************************** * * The author of this software is David M. Gay. * * Copyright (c) 1991, 2000, 2001 by Lucent Technologies. * * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any * purpose without fee is hereby granted, provided that this entire notice * is included in all copies of any software which is or includes a copy * or modification of this software and in all copies of the supporting * documentation for such software. * * THIS SOFTWARE IS BEING PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED * WARRANTY. IN PARTICULAR, NEITHER THE AUTHOR NOR LUCENT MAKES ANY * REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE MERCHANTABILITY * OF THIS SOFTWARE OR ITS FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE. * ***************************************************************/ OpenSSL ¶ The modules hashlib , posix and ssl use the OpenSSL library for added performance if made available by the operating system. Additionally, the Windows and macOS installers for Python may include a copy of the OpenSSL libraries, so we include a copy of the OpenSSL license here. For the OpenSSL 3.0 release, and later releases derived from that, the Apache License v2 applies: Apache License Version 2.0, January 2004 https://www.apache.org/licenses/ TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION 1. Definitions. "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction, and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document. 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END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS expat ¶ The pyexpat extension is built using an included copy of the expat sources unless the build is configured --with-system-expat : Copyright (c) 1998, 1999, 2000 Thai Open Source Software Center Ltd and Clark Cooper Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. libffi ¶ The _ctypes C extension underlying the ctypes module is built using an included copy of the libffi sources unless the build is configured --with-system-libffi : Copyright (c) 1996-2008 Red Hat, Inc and others. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. 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This code is released under the BSD license: Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. * Neither the name of the author nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. 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Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. 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IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. asyncio ¶ Parts of the asyncio module are incorporated from uvloop 0.16 , which is distributed under the MIT license: Copyright (c) 2015-2021 MagicStack Inc. http://magic.io Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. 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https://docs.python.org/3/license.html#libmpdec | History and License — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents History and License History of the software Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python PYTHON SOFTWARE FOUNDATION LICENSE VERSION 2 BEOPEN.COM LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 2.0 CNRI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 1.6.1 CWI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 0.9.0 THROUGH 1.2 ZERO-CLAUSE BSD LICENSE FOR CODE IN THE PYTHON DOCUMENTATION Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software Mersenne Twister Sockets Asynchronous socket services Cookie management Execution tracing UUencode and UUdecode functions XML Remote Procedure Calls test_epoll Select kqueue SipHash24 strtod and dtoa OpenSSL expat libffi zlib cfuhash libmpdec W3C C14N test suite mimalloc asyncio Global Unbounded Sequences (GUS) Zstandard bindings Previous topic Copyright This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » History and License | Theme Auto Light Dark | History and License ¶ History of the software ¶ Python was created in the early 1990s by Guido van Rossum at Stichting Mathematisch Centrum (CWI, see https://www.cwi.nl ) in the Netherlands as a successor of a language called ABC. Guido remains Python’s principal author, although it includes many contributions from others. In 1995, Guido continued his work on Python at the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI, see https://www.cnri.reston.va.us ) in Reston, Virginia where he released several versions of the software. In May 2000, Guido and the Python core development team moved to BeOpen.com to form the BeOpen PythonLabs team. In October of the same year, the PythonLabs team moved to Digital Creations, which became Zope Corporation. In 2001, the Python Software Foundation (PSF, see https://www.python.org/psf/ ) was formed, a non-profit organization created specifically to own Python-related Intellectual Property. Zope Corporation was a sponsoring member of the PSF. All Python releases are Open Source (see https://opensource.org for the Open Source Definition). Historically, most, but not all, Python releases have also been GPL-compatible; the table below summarizes the various releases. Release Derived from Year Owner GPL-compatible? (1) 0.9.0 thru 1.2 n/a 1991-1995 CWI yes 1.3 thru 1.5.2 1.2 1995-1999 CNRI yes 1.6 1.5.2 2000 CNRI no 2.0 1.6 2000 BeOpen.com no 1.6.1 1.6 2001 CNRI yes (2) 2.1 2.0+1.6.1 2001 PSF no 2.0.1 2.0+1.6.1 2001 PSF yes 2.1.1 2.1+2.0.1 2001 PSF yes 2.1.2 2.1.1 2002 PSF yes 2.1.3 2.1.2 2002 PSF yes 2.2 and above 2.1.1 2001-now PSF yes Note GPL-compatible doesn’t mean that we’re distributing Python under the GPL. All Python licenses, unlike the GPL, let you distribute a modified version without making your changes open source. The GPL-compatible licenses make it possible to combine Python with other software that is released under the GPL; the others don’t. According to Richard Stallman, 1.6.1 is not GPL-compatible, because its license has a choice of law clause. According to CNRI, however, Stallman’s lawyer has told CNRI’s lawyer that 1.6.1 is “not incompatible” with the GPL. Thanks to the many outside volunteers who have worked under Guido’s direction to make these releases possible. Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python ¶ Python software and documentation are licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Starting with Python 3.8.6, examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are dual licensed under the PSF License Version 2 and the Zero-Clause BSD license . Some software incorporated into Python is under different licenses. The licenses are listed with code falling under that license. See Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software for an incomplete list of these licenses. PYTHON SOFTWARE FOUNDATION LICENSE VERSION 2 ¶ 1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Python Software Foundation ("PSF"), and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using this software ("Python") in source or binary form and its associated documentation. 2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, PSF hereby grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use Python alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that PSF's License Agreement and PSF's notice of copyright, i.e., "Copyright © 2001 Python Software Foundation; All Rights Reserved" are retained in Python alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee. 3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on or incorporates Python or any part thereof, and wants to make the derivative work available to others as provided herein, then Licensee hereby agrees to include in any such work a brief summary of the changes made to Python. 4. PSF is making Python available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis. PSF MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, PSF MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF PYTHON WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. 5. PSF SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON, OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF. 6. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of its terms and conditions. 7. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between PSF and Licensee. This License Agreement does not grant permission to use PSF trademarks or trade name in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any third party. 8. By copying, installing or otherwise using Python, Licensee agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement. BEOPEN.COM LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 2.0 ¶ BEOPEN PYTHON OPEN SOURCE LICENSE AGREEMENT VERSION 1 1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between BeOpen.com ("BeOpen"), having an office at 160 Saratoga Avenue, Santa Clara, CA 95051, and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using this software in source or binary form and its associated documentation ("the Software"). 2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this BeOpen Python License Agreement, BeOpen hereby grants Licensee a non-exclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use the Software alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that the BeOpen Python License is retained in the Software, alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee. 3. BeOpen is making the Software available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis. BEOPEN MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, BEOPEN MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF THE SOFTWARE WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. 4. BEOPEN SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF THE SOFTWARE FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF USING, MODIFYING OR DISTRIBUTING THE SOFTWARE, OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF. 5. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of its terms and conditions. 6. This License Agreement shall be governed by and interpreted in all respects by the law of the State of California, excluding conflict of law provisions. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between BeOpen and Licensee. This License Agreement does not grant permission to use BeOpen trademarks or trade names in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any third party. As an exception, the "BeOpen Python" logos available at http://www.pythonlabs.com/logos.html may be used according to the permissions granted on that web page. 7. By copying, installing or otherwise using the software, Licensee agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement. CNRI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 1.6.1 ¶ 1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Corporation for National Research Initiatives, having an office at 1895 Preston White Drive, Reston, VA 20191 ("CNRI"), and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using Python 1.6.1 software in source or binary form and its associated documentation. 2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, CNRI hereby grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use Python 1.6.1 alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that CNRI's License Agreement and CNRI's notice of copyright, i.e., "Copyright © 1995-2001 Corporation for National Research Initiatives; All Rights Reserved" are retained in Python 1.6.1 alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee. Alternately, in lieu of CNRI's License Agreement, Licensee may substitute the following text (omitting the quotes): "Python 1.6.1 is made available subject to the terms and conditions in CNRI's License Agreement. This Agreement together with Python 1.6.1 may be located on the internet using the following unique, persistent identifier (known as a handle): 1895.22/1013. This Agreement may also be obtained from a proxy server on the internet using the following URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1895.22/1013". 3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on or incorporates Python 1.6.1 or any part thereof, and wants to make the derivative work available to others as provided herein, then Licensee hereby agrees to include in any such work a brief summary of the changes made to Python 1.6.1. 4. CNRI is making Python 1.6.1 available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis. CNRI MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, CNRI MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF PYTHON 1.6.1 WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. 5. CNRI SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON 1.6.1 FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON 1.6.1, OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF. 6. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of its terms and conditions. 7. This License Agreement shall be governed by the federal intellectual property law of the United States, including without limitation the federal copyright law, and, to the extent such U.S. federal law does not apply, by the law of the Commonwealth of Virginia, excluding Virginia's conflict of law provisions. Notwithstanding the foregoing, with regard to derivative works based on Python 1.6.1 that incorporate non-separable material that was previously distributed under the GNU General Public License (GPL), the law of the Commonwealth of Virginia shall govern this License Agreement only as to issues arising under or with respect to Paragraphs 4, 5, and 7 of this License Agreement. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between CNRI and Licensee. This License Agreement does not grant permission to use CNRI trademarks or trade name in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any third party. 8. By clicking on the "ACCEPT" button where indicated, or by copying, installing or otherwise using Python 1.6.1, Licensee agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement. CWI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 0.9.0 THROUGH 1.2 ¶ Copyright © 1991 - 1995, Stichting Mathematisch Centrum Amsterdam, The Netherlands. All rights reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Stichting Mathematisch Centrum or CWI not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. ZERO-CLAUSE BSD LICENSE FOR CODE IN THE PYTHON DOCUMENTATION ¶ Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software ¶ This section is an incomplete, but growing list of licenses and acknowledgements for third-party software incorporated in the Python distribution. Mersenne Twister ¶ The _random C extension underlying the random module includes code based on a download from http://www.math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~m-mat/MT/MT2002/emt19937ar.html . The following are the verbatim comments from the original code: A C-program for MT19937, with initialization improved 2002/1/26. Coded by Takuji Nishimura and Makoto Matsumoto. Before using, initialize the state by using init_genrand(seed) or init_by_array(init_key, key_length). Copyright (C) 1997 - 2002, Makoto Matsumoto and Takuji Nishimura, All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 3. The names of its contributors may not be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. Any feedback is very welcome. http://www.math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~m-mat/MT/emt.html email: m-mat @ math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp (remove space) Sockets ¶ The socket module uses the functions, getaddrinfo() , and getnameinfo() , which are coded in separate source files from the WIDE Project, https://www.wide.ad.jp/ . Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, and 1998 WIDE Project. All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 3. Neither the name of the project nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE PROJECT AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE PROJECT OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. Asynchronous socket services ¶ The test.support.asynchat and test.support.asyncore modules contain the following notice: Copyright 1996 by Sam Rushing All Rights Reserved Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Sam Rushing not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. SAM RUSHING DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL SAM RUSHING BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Cookie management ¶ The http.cookies module contains the following notice: Copyright 2000 by Timothy O'Malley <timo@alum.mit.edu> All Rights Reserved Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Timothy O'Malley not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. Timothy O'Malley DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL Timothy O'Malley BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Execution tracing ¶ The trace module contains the following notice: portions copyright 2001, Autonomous Zones Industries, Inc., all rights... err... reserved and offered to the public under the terms of the Python 2.2 license. Author: Zooko O'Whielacronx http://zooko.com/ mailto:zooko@zooko.com Copyright 2000, Mojam Media, Inc., all rights reserved. Author: Skip Montanaro Copyright 1999, Bioreason, Inc., all rights reserved. Author: Andrew Dalke Copyright 1995-1997, Automatrix, Inc., all rights reserved. Author: Skip Montanaro Copyright 1991-1995, Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, all rights reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this Python software and its associated documentation for any purpose without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appears in all copies, and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of neither Automatrix, Bioreason or Mojam Media be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. UUencode and UUdecode functions ¶ The uu codec contains the following notice: Copyright 1994 by Lance Ellinghouse Cathedral City, California Republic, United States of America. All Rights Reserved Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Lance Ellinghouse not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. LANCE ELLINGHOUSE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL LANCE ELLINGHOUSE CENTRUM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Modified by Jack Jansen, CWI, July 1995: - Use binascii module to do the actual line-by-line conversion between ascii and binary. This results in a 1000-fold speedup. The C version is still 5 times faster, though. - Arguments more compliant with Python standard XML Remote Procedure Calls ¶ The xmlrpc.client module contains the following notice: The XML-RPC client interface is Copyright (c) 1999-2002 by Secret Labs AB Copyright (c) 1999-2002 by Fredrik Lundh By obtaining, using, and/or copying this software and/or its associated documentation, you agree that you have read, understood, and will comply with the following terms and conditions: Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its associated documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appears in all copies, and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Secret Labs AB or the author not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. SECRET LABS AB AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANT- ABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL SECRET LABS AB OR THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. test_epoll ¶ The test.test_epoll module contains the following notice: Copyright (c) 2001-2006 Twisted Matrix Laboratories. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. Select kqueue ¶ The select module contains the following notice for the kqueue interface: Copyright (c) 2000 Doug White, 2006 James Knight, 2007 Christian Heimes All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. SipHash24 ¶ The file Python/pyhash.c contains Marek Majkowski’ implementation of Dan Bernstein’s SipHash24 algorithm. It contains the following note: <MIT License> Copyright (c) 2013 Marek Majkowski <marek@popcount.org> Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. </MIT License> Original location: https://github.com/majek/csiphash/ Solution inspired by code from: Samuel Neves (supercop/crypto_auth/siphash24/little) djb (supercop/crypto_auth/siphash24/little2) Jean-Philippe Aumasson (https://131002.net/siphash/siphash24.c) strtod and dtoa ¶ The file Python/dtoa.c , which supplies C functions dtoa and strtod for conversion of C doubles to and from strings, is derived from the file of the same name by David M. Gay, currently available from https://web.archive.org/web/20220517033456/http://www.netlib.org/fp/dtoa.c . The original file, as retrieved on March 16, 2009, contains the following copyright and licensing notice: /**************************************************************** * * The author of this software is David M. Gay. * * Copyright (c) 1991, 2000, 2001 by Lucent Technologies. * * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any * purpose without fee is hereby granted, provided that this entire notice * is included in all copies of any software which is or includes a copy * or modification of this software and in all copies of the supporting * documentation for such software. * * THIS SOFTWARE IS BEING PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED * WARRANTY. IN PARTICULAR, NEITHER THE AUTHOR NOR LUCENT MAKES ANY * REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE MERCHANTABILITY * OF THIS SOFTWARE OR ITS FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE. * ***************************************************************/ OpenSSL ¶ The modules hashlib , posix and ssl use the OpenSSL library for added performance if made available by the operating system. Additionally, the Windows and macOS installers for Python may include a copy of the OpenSSL libraries, so we include a copy of the OpenSSL license here. For the OpenSSL 3.0 release, and later releases derived from that, the Apache License v2 applies: Apache License Version 2.0, January 2004 https://www.apache.org/licenses/ TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION 1. Definitions. "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction, and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document. 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END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS expat ¶ The pyexpat extension is built using an included copy of the expat sources unless the build is configured --with-system-expat : Copyright (c) 1998, 1999, 2000 Thai Open Source Software Center Ltd and Clark Cooper Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. libffi ¶ The _ctypes C extension underlying the ctypes module is built using an included copy of the libffi sources unless the build is configured --with-system-libffi : Copyright (c) 1996-2008 Red Hat, Inc and others. 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This code is released under the BSD license: Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. * Neither the name of the author nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. 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Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. 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Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: * Redistributions of works must retain the original copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the original copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. * Neither the name of the W3C nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this work without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. mimalloc ¶ MIT License: Copyright (c) 2018-2021 Microsoft Corporation, Daan Leijen Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. asyncio ¶ Parts of the asyncio module are incorporated from uvloop 0.16 , which is distributed under the MIT license: Copyright (c) 2015-2021 MagicStack Inc. http://magic.io Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. Global Unbounded Sequences (GUS) ¶ The file Python/qsbr.c is adapted from FreeBSD’s “Global Unbounded Sequences” safe memory reclamation scheme in subr_smr.c . The file is distributed under the 2-Clause BSD License: Copyright (c) 2019,2020 Jeffrey Roberson <jeff@FreeBSD.org> Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following con | 2026-01-13T08:48:39 |
https://docs.python.org/3/license.html#mersenne-twister | History and License — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents History and License History of the software Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python PYTHON SOFTWARE FOUNDATION LICENSE VERSION 2 BEOPEN.COM LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 2.0 CNRI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 1.6.1 CWI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 0.9.0 THROUGH 1.2 ZERO-CLAUSE BSD LICENSE FOR CODE IN THE PYTHON DOCUMENTATION Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software Mersenne Twister Sockets Asynchronous socket services Cookie management Execution tracing UUencode and UUdecode functions XML Remote Procedure Calls test_epoll Select kqueue SipHash24 strtod and dtoa OpenSSL expat libffi zlib cfuhash libmpdec W3C C14N test suite mimalloc asyncio Global Unbounded Sequences (GUS) Zstandard bindings Previous topic Copyright This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » History and License | Theme Auto Light Dark | History and License ¶ History of the software ¶ Python was created in the early 1990s by Guido van Rossum at Stichting Mathematisch Centrum (CWI, see https://www.cwi.nl ) in the Netherlands as a successor of a language called ABC. Guido remains Python’s principal author, although it includes many contributions from others. In 1995, Guido continued his work on Python at the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI, see https://www.cnri.reston.va.us ) in Reston, Virginia where he released several versions of the software. In May 2000, Guido and the Python core development team moved to BeOpen.com to form the BeOpen PythonLabs team. In October of the same year, the PythonLabs team moved to Digital Creations, which became Zope Corporation. In 2001, the Python Software Foundation (PSF, see https://www.python.org/psf/ ) was formed, a non-profit organization created specifically to own Python-related Intellectual Property. Zope Corporation was a sponsoring member of the PSF. All Python releases are Open Source (see https://opensource.org for the Open Source Definition). Historically, most, but not all, Python releases have also been GPL-compatible; the table below summarizes the various releases. Release Derived from Year Owner GPL-compatible? (1) 0.9.0 thru 1.2 n/a 1991-1995 CWI yes 1.3 thru 1.5.2 1.2 1995-1999 CNRI yes 1.6 1.5.2 2000 CNRI no 2.0 1.6 2000 BeOpen.com no 1.6.1 1.6 2001 CNRI yes (2) 2.1 2.0+1.6.1 2001 PSF no 2.0.1 2.0+1.6.1 2001 PSF yes 2.1.1 2.1+2.0.1 2001 PSF yes 2.1.2 2.1.1 2002 PSF yes 2.1.3 2.1.2 2002 PSF yes 2.2 and above 2.1.1 2001-now PSF yes Note GPL-compatible doesn’t mean that we’re distributing Python under the GPL. All Python licenses, unlike the GPL, let you distribute a modified version without making your changes open source. The GPL-compatible licenses make it possible to combine Python with other software that is released under the GPL; the others don’t. According to Richard Stallman, 1.6.1 is not GPL-compatible, because its license has a choice of law clause. According to CNRI, however, Stallman’s lawyer has told CNRI’s lawyer that 1.6.1 is “not incompatible” with the GPL. Thanks to the many outside volunteers who have worked under Guido’s direction to make these releases possible. Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python ¶ Python software and documentation are licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Starting with Python 3.8.6, examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are dual licensed under the PSF License Version 2 and the Zero-Clause BSD license . Some software incorporated into Python is under different licenses. The licenses are listed with code falling under that license. See Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software for an incomplete list of these licenses. PYTHON SOFTWARE FOUNDATION LICENSE VERSION 2 ¶ 1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Python Software Foundation ("PSF"), and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using this software ("Python") in source or binary form and its associated documentation. 2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, PSF hereby grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use Python alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that PSF's License Agreement and PSF's notice of copyright, i.e., "Copyright © 2001 Python Software Foundation; All Rights Reserved" are retained in Python alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee. 3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on or incorporates Python or any part thereof, and wants to make the derivative work available to others as provided herein, then Licensee hereby agrees to include in any such work a brief summary of the changes made to Python. 4. PSF is making Python available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis. PSF MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, PSF MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF PYTHON WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. 5. PSF SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON, OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF. 6. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of its terms and conditions. 7. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between PSF and Licensee. This License Agreement does not grant permission to use PSF trademarks or trade name in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any third party. 8. By copying, installing or otherwise using Python, Licensee agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement. BEOPEN.COM LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 2.0 ¶ BEOPEN PYTHON OPEN SOURCE LICENSE AGREEMENT VERSION 1 1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between BeOpen.com ("BeOpen"), having an office at 160 Saratoga Avenue, Santa Clara, CA 95051, and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using this software in source or binary form and its associated documentation ("the Software"). 2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this BeOpen Python License Agreement, BeOpen hereby grants Licensee a non-exclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use the Software alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that the BeOpen Python License is retained in the Software, alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee. 3. BeOpen is making the Software available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis. BEOPEN MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, BEOPEN MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF THE SOFTWARE WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. 4. BEOPEN SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF THE SOFTWARE FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF USING, MODIFYING OR DISTRIBUTING THE SOFTWARE, OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF. 5. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of its terms and conditions. 6. This License Agreement shall be governed by and interpreted in all respects by the law of the State of California, excluding conflict of law provisions. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between BeOpen and Licensee. This License Agreement does not grant permission to use BeOpen trademarks or trade names in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any third party. As an exception, the "BeOpen Python" logos available at http://www.pythonlabs.com/logos.html may be used according to the permissions granted on that web page. 7. By copying, installing or otherwise using the software, Licensee agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement. CNRI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 1.6.1 ¶ 1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Corporation for National Research Initiatives, having an office at 1895 Preston White Drive, Reston, VA 20191 ("CNRI"), and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using Python 1.6.1 software in source or binary form and its associated documentation. 2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, CNRI hereby grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use Python 1.6.1 alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that CNRI's License Agreement and CNRI's notice of copyright, i.e., "Copyright © 1995-2001 Corporation for National Research Initiatives; All Rights Reserved" are retained in Python 1.6.1 alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee. Alternately, in lieu of CNRI's License Agreement, Licensee may substitute the following text (omitting the quotes): "Python 1.6.1 is made available subject to the terms and conditions in CNRI's License Agreement. This Agreement together with Python 1.6.1 may be located on the internet using the following unique, persistent identifier (known as a handle): 1895.22/1013. This Agreement may also be obtained from a proxy server on the internet using the following URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1895.22/1013". 3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on or incorporates Python 1.6.1 or any part thereof, and wants to make the derivative work available to others as provided herein, then Licensee hereby agrees to include in any such work a brief summary of the changes made to Python 1.6.1. 4. CNRI is making Python 1.6.1 available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis. CNRI MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, CNRI MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF PYTHON 1.6.1 WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. 5. 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CWI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 0.9.0 THROUGH 1.2 ¶ Copyright © 1991 - 1995, Stichting Mathematisch Centrum Amsterdam, The Netherlands. All rights reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Stichting Mathematisch Centrum or CWI not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. ZERO-CLAUSE BSD LICENSE FOR CODE IN THE PYTHON DOCUMENTATION ¶ Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software ¶ This section is an incomplete, but growing list of licenses and acknowledgements for third-party software incorporated in the Python distribution. Mersenne Twister ¶ The _random C extension underlying the random module includes code based on a download from http://www.math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~m-mat/MT/MT2002/emt19937ar.html . The following are the verbatim comments from the original code: A C-program for MT19937, with initialization improved 2002/1/26. Coded by Takuji Nishimura and Makoto Matsumoto. Before using, initialize the state by using init_genrand(seed) or init_by_array(init_key, key_length). Copyright (C) 1997 - 2002, Makoto Matsumoto and Takuji Nishimura, All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 3. The names of its contributors may not be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. Any feedback is very welcome. http://www.math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~m-mat/MT/emt.html email: m-mat @ math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp (remove space) Sockets ¶ The socket module uses the functions, getaddrinfo() , and getnameinfo() , which are coded in separate source files from the WIDE Project, https://www.wide.ad.jp/ . Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, and 1998 WIDE Project. All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 3. Neither the name of the project nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE PROJECT AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE PROJECT OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. Asynchronous socket services ¶ The test.support.asynchat and test.support.asyncore modules contain the following notice: Copyright 1996 by Sam Rushing All Rights Reserved Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Sam Rushing not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. SAM RUSHING DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL SAM RUSHING BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Cookie management ¶ The http.cookies module contains the following notice: Copyright 2000 by Timothy O'Malley <timo@alum.mit.edu> All Rights Reserved Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Timothy O'Malley not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. Timothy O'Malley DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL Timothy O'Malley BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Execution tracing ¶ The trace module contains the following notice: portions copyright 2001, Autonomous Zones Industries, Inc., all rights... err... reserved and offered to the public under the terms of the Python 2.2 license. Author: Zooko O'Whielacronx http://zooko.com/ mailto:zooko@zooko.com Copyright 2000, Mojam Media, Inc., all rights reserved. Author: Skip Montanaro Copyright 1999, Bioreason, Inc., all rights reserved. Author: Andrew Dalke Copyright 1995-1997, Automatrix, Inc., all rights reserved. Author: Skip Montanaro Copyright 1991-1995, Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, all rights reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this Python software and its associated documentation for any purpose without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appears in all copies, and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of neither Automatrix, Bioreason or Mojam Media be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. UUencode and UUdecode functions ¶ The uu codec contains the following notice: Copyright 1994 by Lance Ellinghouse Cathedral City, California Republic, United States of America. All Rights Reserved Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Lance Ellinghouse not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. LANCE ELLINGHOUSE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL LANCE ELLINGHOUSE CENTRUM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Modified by Jack Jansen, CWI, July 1995: - Use binascii module to do the actual line-by-line conversion between ascii and binary. This results in a 1000-fold speedup. The C version is still 5 times faster, though. - Arguments more compliant with Python standard XML Remote Procedure Calls ¶ The xmlrpc.client module contains the following notice: The XML-RPC client interface is Copyright (c) 1999-2002 by Secret Labs AB Copyright (c) 1999-2002 by Fredrik Lundh By obtaining, using, and/or copying this software and/or its associated documentation, you agree that you have read, understood, and will comply with the following terms and conditions: Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its associated documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appears in all copies, and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Secret Labs AB or the author not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. SECRET LABS AB AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANT- ABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL SECRET LABS AB OR THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. test_epoll ¶ The test.test_epoll module contains the following notice: Copyright (c) 2001-2006 Twisted Matrix Laboratories. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. Select kqueue ¶ The select module contains the following notice for the kqueue interface: Copyright (c) 2000 Doug White, 2006 James Knight, 2007 Christian Heimes All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. SipHash24 ¶ The file Python/pyhash.c contains Marek Majkowski’ implementation of Dan Bernstein’s SipHash24 algorithm. It contains the following note: <MIT License> Copyright (c) 2013 Marek Majkowski <marek@popcount.org> Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. </MIT License> Original location: https://github.com/majek/csiphash/ Solution inspired by code from: Samuel Neves (supercop/crypto_auth/siphash24/little) djb (supercop/crypto_auth/siphash24/little2) Jean-Philippe Aumasson (https://131002.net/siphash/siphash24.c) strtod and dtoa ¶ The file Python/dtoa.c , which supplies C functions dtoa and strtod for conversion of C doubles to and from strings, is derived from the file of the same name by David M. Gay, currently available from https://web.archive.org/web/20220517033456/http://www.netlib.org/fp/dtoa.c . The original file, as retrieved on March 16, 2009, contains the following copyright and licensing notice: /**************************************************************** * * The author of this software is David M. Gay. * * Copyright (c) 1991, 2000, 2001 by Lucent Technologies. * * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any * purpose without fee is hereby granted, provided that this entire notice * is included in all copies of any software which is or includes a copy * or modification of this software and in all copies of the supporting * documentation for such software. * * THIS SOFTWARE IS BEING PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED * WARRANTY. IN PARTICULAR, NEITHER THE AUTHOR NOR LUCENT MAKES ANY * REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE MERCHANTABILITY * OF THIS SOFTWARE OR ITS FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE. * ***************************************************************/ OpenSSL ¶ The modules hashlib , posix and ssl use the OpenSSL library for added performance if made available by the operating system. Additionally, the Windows and macOS installers for Python may include a copy of the OpenSSL libraries, so we include a copy of the OpenSSL license here. For the OpenSSL 3.0 release, and later releases derived from that, the Apache License v2 applies: Apache License Version 2.0, January 2004 https://www.apache.org/licenses/ TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION 1. Definitions. "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction, and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document. 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END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS expat ¶ The pyexpat extension is built using an included copy of the expat sources unless the build is configured --with-system-expat : Copyright (c) 1998, 1999, 2000 Thai Open Source Software Center Ltd and Clark Cooper Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. libffi ¶ The _ctypes C extension underlying the ctypes module is built using an included copy of the libffi sources unless the build is configured --with-system-libffi : Copyright (c) 1996-2008 Red Hat, Inc and others. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. 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If you use this software in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be appreciated but is not required. 2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be misrepresented as being the original software. 3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution. Jean-loup Gailly Mark Adler jloup@gzip.org madler@alumni.caltech.edu cfuhash ¶ The implementation of the hash table used by the tracemalloc is based on the cfuhash project: Copyright (c) 2005 Don Owens All rights reserved. This code is released under the BSD license: Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. * Neither the name of the author nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. libmpdec ¶ The _decimal C extension underlying the decimal module is built using an included copy of the libmpdec library unless the build is configured --with-system-libmpdec : Copyright (c) 2008-2020 Stefan Krah. All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. W3C C14N test suite ¶ The C14N 2.0 test suite in the test package ( Lib/test/xmltestdata/c14n-20/ ) was retrieved from the W3C website at https://www.w3.org/TR/xml-c14n2-testcases/ and is distributed under the 3-clause BSD license: Copyright (c) 2013 W3C(R) (MIT, ERCIM, Keio, Beihang), All Rights Reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: * Redistributions of works must retain the original copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the original copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. * Neither the name of the W3C nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this work without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. mimalloc ¶ MIT License: Copyright (c) 2018-2021 Microsoft Corporation, Daan Leijen Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. asyncio ¶ Parts of the asyncio module are incorporated from uvloop 0.16 , which is distributed under the MIT license: Copyright (c) 2015-2021 MagicStack Inc. http://magic.io Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. Global Unbounded Sequences (GUS) ¶ The file Python/qsbr.c is adapted from FreeBSD’s “Global Unbounded Sequences” safe memory reclamation scheme in subr_smr.c . The file is distributed under the 2-Clause BSD License: Copyright (c) 2019,2020 Jeffrey Roberson <jeff@FreeBSD.org> Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following con | 2026-01-13T08:48:39 |
https://devblogs.microsoft.com/dotnet/net-framework-january-security-and-quality-rollup/ | .NET Framework January Security and Quality Rollup - .NET Blog Skip to main content Microsoft Dev Blogs Dev Blogs Dev Blogs Home Developer Microsoft for Developers Visual Studio Visual Studio Code Develop from the cloud All things Azure Xcode DevOps Windows Developer ISE Developer Azure SDK Command Line Aspire Technology DirectX Semantic Kernel Languages C++ C# F# TypeScript PowerShell Team Python Java Java Blog in Chinese Go .NET All .NET posts .NET Aspire .NET MAUI AI ASP.NET Core Blazor Entity Framework NuGet Servicing .NET Blog in Chinese Platform Development #ifdef Windows Microsoft Foundry Azure Government Azure VM Runtime Team Bing Dev Center Microsoft Edge Dev Microsoft Azure Microsoft 365 Developer Microsoft Entra Identity Developer Old New Thing Power Platform Data Development Azure Cosmos DB Azure Data Studio Azure SQL OData Revolutions R Unified Data Model (IDEAs) Microsoft Entra PowerShell More Search Search No results Cancel Dev Blogs .NET Blog .NET Framework January Security and Quality Rollup .NET 10 is here! .NET 10 is now available: the most productive, modern, secure, intelligent, and performant release of .NET yet. Learn More Download Now January 14th, 2020 0 reactions .NET Framework January Security and Quality Rollup Tara Overfield Senior Software Engineer Show more Today, we are releasing the January 2020 Security and Quality Rollup Updates for .NET Framework. Security CVE-2020-0605, CVE-2020-0606, CVE-2020-0646 – .NET Framework Remote Code Execution A remote code execution vulnerability exists when the Microsoft .NET Framework fails to validate input properly. An attacker who successfully exploited this vulnerability could take control of an affected system. An attacker could then install programs; view, change, or delete data; or create new accounts with full user rights. Users whose accounts are configured to have fewer user rights on the system could be less impacted than users who operate with administrative user rights. To learn more about the vulnerabilities, go to the following Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE). CVE-2020-0605 CVE-2020-0606 CVE-2020-0646 Quality and Reliability This release contains no new quality and reliability improvements. The Security and Quality Rollup is available via Windows Update, Windows Server Update Services, and Microsoft Update Catalog. The Security Only Update is available via Windows Server Update Services and Microsoft Update Catalog. Microsoft Update Catalog You can get the update via the Microsoft Update Catalog. For Windows 10, NET Framework 4.8 updates are available via Windows Update, Windows Server Update Services, Microsoft Update Catalog. Updates for other versions of .NET Framework are part of the Windows 10 Monthly Cumulative Update. Note : Customers that rely on Windows Update and Windows Server Update Services will automatically receive the .NET Framework version-specific updates. Advanced system administrators can also take use of the below direct Microsoft Update Catalog download links to .NET Framework-specific updates. Before applying these updates, please ensure that you carefully review the .NET Framework version applicability, to ensure that you only install updates on systems where they apply. The following table is for Windows 10 and Windows Server 2016+ versions. Product Version Cumulative Update Windows 10 1909 and Windows Server, version 1909 .NET Framework 3.5, 4.8 Catalog 4532938 Windows 10 1903 and Windows Server, version 1903 .NET Framework 3.5, 4.8 Catalog 4532938 Windows 10 1809 (October 2018 Update) and Windows Server 2019 4535101 .NET Framework 3.5, 4.7.2 Catalog 4532947 .NET Framework 3.5, 4.8 Catalog 4532937 Windows 10 1803 (April 2018 Update) .NET Framework 3.5, 4.7.2 Catalog 4534293 .NET Framework 4.8 Catalog 4532936 Windows 10 1709 (Fall Creators Update) .NET Framework 3.5, 4.7.1, 4.7.2 Catalog 4534276 .NET Framework 4.8 Catalog 4532935 Windows 10 1703 (Creators Update) .NET Framework 3.5, 4.7, 4.7.1, 4.7.2 Catalog 4534296 .NET Framework 4.8 Catalog 4532934 Windows 10 1607 (Anniversary Update) and Windows Server 2016 .NET Framework 3.5, 4.6.2, 4.7, 4.7.1, 4.7.2 Catalog 4534271 .NET Framework 4.8 Catalog 4532933 Windows 10 1507 .NET Framework 3.5, 4.6, 4.6.1, 4.6.2 Catalog 4534306 The following table is for earlier Windows and Windows Server versions. Product Version Security and Quality Rollup Security Only Update Windows 8.1, Windows RT 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2 4535104 4534978 .NET Framework 3.5 Catalog 4532946 Catalog 4532961 .NET Framework 4.5.2 Catalog 4532927 Catalog 4532962 .NET Framework 4.6, 4.6.1, 4.6.2, 4.7, 4.7.1, 4.7.2 Catalog 4532931 Catalog 4532970 .NET Framework 4.8 Catalog 4532940 Catalog 4532951 Windows Server 2012 4535103 4534977 .NET Framework 3.5 Catalog 4532943 Catalog 4532958 .NET Framework 4.5.2 Catalog 4532928 Catalog 4532963 .NET Framework 4.6, 4.6.1, 4.6.2, 4.7, 4.7.1, 4.7.2 Catalog 4532930 Catalog 4532969 .NET Framework 4.8 Catalog 4532939 Catalog 4532950 Windows 7 SP1 and Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1 4535102 4534976 .NET Framework 3.5.1 Catalog 4532945 Catalog 4532960 .NET Framework 4.5.2 Catalog 4532929 Catalog 4532964 .NET Framework 4.6, 4.6.1, 4.6.2, 4.7, 4.7.1, 4.7.2 Catalog 4532932 Catalog 4532971 .NET Framework 4.8 Catalog 4532941 Catalog 4532952 Windows Server 2008 4535105 4534979 .NET Framework 2.0, 3.0 Catalog 4532944 Catalog 4532959 .NET Framework 4.5.2 Catalog 4532929 Catalog 4532964 .NET Framework 4.6 Catalog 4532932 Catalog 4532971 Previous Monthly Rollups The last few .NET Framework Monthly updates are listed below for your convenience: December 2019 Security and Quality Rollup November 2019 Preview of Quality Rollup October 2019 Preview of Quality Rollup October 2019 Security and Quality Rollup 0 0 0 Share on Facebook Share on X Share on Linkedin Copy Link --> Category .NET Share Author Tara Overfield Senior Software Engineer Tara is a Software Engineer on the .NET team. She works on releasing .NET Framework updates. 0 comments Discussion is closed. Code of Conduct Read next January 14, 2020 .NET Core January 2020 Updates – 2.1.15, 3.0.2, and 3.1.1 Rahul Bhandari (MSFT) January 23, 2020 .NET Framework January Preview of Quality Rollup Tara Overfield Stay informed Get notified when new posts are published. Email * Country/Region * Select... 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https://docs.suprsend.com/reference/cli-schema-pull | Pull Schemas - SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams Skip to main content SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Community Trust Center Platform Status Postman Collection Versioning Versioning and Support Policy CLI Changelog Getting Started with CLI CLI Overview BETA Quickstart Installation Authentication Enable Autocompletion Global Flags Profile Commands and Flags Add Profile Use Profile List Profile Modify Profile Remove Profile Sync Sync Assets Workflow Commands and Flags List Workflows Pull Workflows Push Workflows Enable Workflow Disable Workflow Schema Commands and Flags List Schemas Pull Schemas Push Schemas Commit Schema Generate Types Event Commands and Flags List Events Pull Events Push Events Preference Category Commands and Flags List Categories Pull Categories Push Categories Commit Categories List Category Translations Pull Category Translations Push Category Translations Translation Commands and Flags List Translations Pull Translations Push Translations Commit Translations Contact Us Get Started SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Ask AI Contact Us Get Started Get Started Search... Navigation Schema Pull Schemas Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Schema Pull Schemas OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Download schemas from a SuprSend workspace in your local directory or server OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Pull schemas from a SuprSend workspace into your local directory or server. This action does not delete existing schemas; instead, it overwrites schemas with the same slug or creates new ones. By default, pulled schemas are stored in the suprsend/schema/ directory, but you can change the destination using the -d flag. We recommend specifying a directory when working with multiple production or staging workspaces. Syntax Copy Ask AI suprsend schema pull [flags] Flags Flag Description Default -h, --help Show help for the command – -d, --dir string Directory to pull schemas suprsend/schema -m, --mode string Mode of schemas to pull (draft, live) live -g, --slug string Slug to pull individual schema – Example Copy Ask AI # Pull schemas from staging workspace (default) suprsend schema pull # Pull schemas from production workspace suprsend schema pull --workspace production # Pull individual schema by passing it's slug suprsend schema pull --slug my-schema # Pull schemas into custom directory path suprsend schema pull --dir schemas # Pull draft schemas from production suprsend schema pull --mode draft --workspace production Was this page helpful? Yes No Suggest edits Raise issue Previous Push Schemas Upload schema files from your local directory or server to SuprSend workspace. Next ⌘ I x github linkedin youtube Powered by On this page Syntax Flags Example | 2026-01-13T08:48:39 |
https://docs.python.org/3/license.html#cfuhash | History and License — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents History and License History of the software Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python PYTHON SOFTWARE FOUNDATION LICENSE VERSION 2 BEOPEN.COM LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 2.0 CNRI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 1.6.1 CWI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 0.9.0 THROUGH 1.2 ZERO-CLAUSE BSD LICENSE FOR CODE IN THE PYTHON DOCUMENTATION Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software Mersenne Twister Sockets Asynchronous socket services Cookie management Execution tracing UUencode and UUdecode functions XML Remote Procedure Calls test_epoll Select kqueue SipHash24 strtod and dtoa OpenSSL expat libffi zlib cfuhash libmpdec W3C C14N test suite mimalloc asyncio Global Unbounded Sequences (GUS) Zstandard bindings Previous topic Copyright This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » History and License | Theme Auto Light Dark | History and License ¶ History of the software ¶ Python was created in the early 1990s by Guido van Rossum at Stichting Mathematisch Centrum (CWI, see https://www.cwi.nl ) in the Netherlands as a successor of a language called ABC. Guido remains Python’s principal author, although it includes many contributions from others. In 1995, Guido continued his work on Python at the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI, see https://www.cnri.reston.va.us ) in Reston, Virginia where he released several versions of the software. In May 2000, Guido and the Python core development team moved to BeOpen.com to form the BeOpen PythonLabs team. In October of the same year, the PythonLabs team moved to Digital Creations, which became Zope Corporation. In 2001, the Python Software Foundation (PSF, see https://www.python.org/psf/ ) was formed, a non-profit organization created specifically to own Python-related Intellectual Property. Zope Corporation was a sponsoring member of the PSF. All Python releases are Open Source (see https://opensource.org for the Open Source Definition). Historically, most, but not all, Python releases have also been GPL-compatible; the table below summarizes the various releases. Release Derived from Year Owner GPL-compatible? (1) 0.9.0 thru 1.2 n/a 1991-1995 CWI yes 1.3 thru 1.5.2 1.2 1995-1999 CNRI yes 1.6 1.5.2 2000 CNRI no 2.0 1.6 2000 BeOpen.com no 1.6.1 1.6 2001 CNRI yes (2) 2.1 2.0+1.6.1 2001 PSF no 2.0.1 2.0+1.6.1 2001 PSF yes 2.1.1 2.1+2.0.1 2001 PSF yes 2.1.2 2.1.1 2002 PSF yes 2.1.3 2.1.2 2002 PSF yes 2.2 and above 2.1.1 2001-now PSF yes Note GPL-compatible doesn’t mean that we’re distributing Python under the GPL. All Python licenses, unlike the GPL, let you distribute a modified version without making your changes open source. The GPL-compatible licenses make it possible to combine Python with other software that is released under the GPL; the others don’t. According to Richard Stallman, 1.6.1 is not GPL-compatible, because its license has a choice of law clause. According to CNRI, however, Stallman’s lawyer has told CNRI’s lawyer that 1.6.1 is “not incompatible” with the GPL. Thanks to the many outside volunteers who have worked under Guido’s direction to make these releases possible. Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python ¶ Python software and documentation are licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Starting with Python 3.8.6, examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are dual licensed under the PSF License Version 2 and the Zero-Clause BSD license . Some software incorporated into Python is under different licenses. The licenses are listed with code falling under that license. See Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software for an incomplete list of these licenses. PYTHON SOFTWARE FOUNDATION LICENSE VERSION 2 ¶ 1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Python Software Foundation ("PSF"), and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using this software ("Python") in source or binary form and its associated documentation. 2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, PSF hereby grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use Python alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that PSF's License Agreement and PSF's notice of copyright, i.e., "Copyright © 2001 Python Software Foundation; All Rights Reserved" are retained in Python alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee. 3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on or incorporates Python or any part thereof, and wants to make the derivative work available to others as provided herein, then Licensee hereby agrees to include in any such work a brief summary of the changes made to Python. 4. PSF is making Python available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis. PSF MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, PSF MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF PYTHON WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. 5. PSF SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON, OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF. 6. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of its terms and conditions. 7. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between PSF and Licensee. This License Agreement does not grant permission to use PSF trademarks or trade name in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any third party. 8. By copying, installing or otherwise using Python, Licensee agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement. BEOPEN.COM LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 2.0 ¶ BEOPEN PYTHON OPEN SOURCE LICENSE AGREEMENT VERSION 1 1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between BeOpen.com ("BeOpen"), having an office at 160 Saratoga Avenue, Santa Clara, CA 95051, and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using this software in source or binary form and its associated documentation ("the Software"). 2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this BeOpen Python License Agreement, BeOpen hereby grants Licensee a non-exclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use the Software alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that the BeOpen Python License is retained in the Software, alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee. 3. BeOpen is making the Software available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis. BEOPEN MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, BEOPEN MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF THE SOFTWARE WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. 4. BEOPEN SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF THE SOFTWARE FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF USING, MODIFYING OR DISTRIBUTING THE SOFTWARE, OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF. 5. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of its terms and conditions. 6. This License Agreement shall be governed by and interpreted in all respects by the law of the State of California, excluding conflict of law provisions. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between BeOpen and Licensee. This License Agreement does not grant permission to use BeOpen trademarks or trade names in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any third party. As an exception, the "BeOpen Python" logos available at http://www.pythonlabs.com/logos.html may be used according to the permissions granted on that web page. 7. By copying, installing or otherwise using the software, Licensee agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement. CNRI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 1.6.1 ¶ 1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Corporation for National Research Initiatives, having an office at 1895 Preston White Drive, Reston, VA 20191 ("CNRI"), and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using Python 1.6.1 software in source or binary form and its associated documentation. 2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, CNRI hereby grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use Python 1.6.1 alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that CNRI's License Agreement and CNRI's notice of copyright, i.e., "Copyright © 1995-2001 Corporation for National Research Initiatives; All Rights Reserved" are retained in Python 1.6.1 alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee. Alternately, in lieu of CNRI's License Agreement, Licensee may substitute the following text (omitting the quotes): "Python 1.6.1 is made available subject to the terms and conditions in CNRI's License Agreement. This Agreement together with Python 1.6.1 may be located on the internet using the following unique, persistent identifier (known as a handle): 1895.22/1013. This Agreement may also be obtained from a proxy server on the internet using the following URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1895.22/1013". 3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on or incorporates Python 1.6.1 or any part thereof, and wants to make the derivative work available to others as provided herein, then Licensee hereby agrees to include in any such work a brief summary of the changes made to Python 1.6.1. 4. CNRI is making Python 1.6.1 available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis. CNRI MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, CNRI MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF PYTHON 1.6.1 WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. 5. CNRI SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON 1.6.1 FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON 1.6.1, OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF. 6. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of its terms and conditions. 7. This License Agreement shall be governed by the federal intellectual property law of the United States, including without limitation the federal copyright law, and, to the extent such U.S. federal law does not apply, by the law of the Commonwealth of Virginia, excluding Virginia's conflict of law provisions. Notwithstanding the foregoing, with regard to derivative works based on Python 1.6.1 that incorporate non-separable material that was previously distributed under the GNU General Public License (GPL), the law of the Commonwealth of Virginia shall govern this License Agreement only as to issues arising under or with respect to Paragraphs 4, 5, and 7 of this License Agreement. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between CNRI and Licensee. This License Agreement does not grant permission to use CNRI trademarks or trade name in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any third party. 8. By clicking on the "ACCEPT" button where indicated, or by copying, installing or otherwise using Python 1.6.1, Licensee agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement. CWI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 0.9.0 THROUGH 1.2 ¶ Copyright © 1991 - 1995, Stichting Mathematisch Centrum Amsterdam, The Netherlands. All rights reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Stichting Mathematisch Centrum or CWI not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. ZERO-CLAUSE BSD LICENSE FOR CODE IN THE PYTHON DOCUMENTATION ¶ Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software ¶ This section is an incomplete, but growing list of licenses and acknowledgements for third-party software incorporated in the Python distribution. Mersenne Twister ¶ The _random C extension underlying the random module includes code based on a download from http://www.math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~m-mat/MT/MT2002/emt19937ar.html . The following are the verbatim comments from the original code: A C-program for MT19937, with initialization improved 2002/1/26. Coded by Takuji Nishimura and Makoto Matsumoto. Before using, initialize the state by using init_genrand(seed) or init_by_array(init_key, key_length). Copyright (C) 1997 - 2002, Makoto Matsumoto and Takuji Nishimura, All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 3. The names of its contributors may not be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. Any feedback is very welcome. http://www.math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~m-mat/MT/emt.html email: m-mat @ math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp (remove space) Sockets ¶ The socket module uses the functions, getaddrinfo() , and getnameinfo() , which are coded in separate source files from the WIDE Project, https://www.wide.ad.jp/ . Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, and 1998 WIDE Project. All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 3. Neither the name of the project nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE PROJECT AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE PROJECT OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. Asynchronous socket services ¶ The test.support.asynchat and test.support.asyncore modules contain the following notice: Copyright 1996 by Sam Rushing All Rights Reserved Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Sam Rushing not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. SAM RUSHING DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL SAM RUSHING BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Cookie management ¶ The http.cookies module contains the following notice: Copyright 2000 by Timothy O'Malley <timo@alum.mit.edu> All Rights Reserved Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Timothy O'Malley not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. Timothy O'Malley DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL Timothy O'Malley BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Execution tracing ¶ The trace module contains the following notice: portions copyright 2001, Autonomous Zones Industries, Inc., all rights... err... reserved and offered to the public under the terms of the Python 2.2 license. Author: Zooko O'Whielacronx http://zooko.com/ mailto:zooko@zooko.com Copyright 2000, Mojam Media, Inc., all rights reserved. Author: Skip Montanaro Copyright 1999, Bioreason, Inc., all rights reserved. Author: Andrew Dalke Copyright 1995-1997, Automatrix, Inc., all rights reserved. Author: Skip Montanaro Copyright 1991-1995, Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, all rights reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this Python software and its associated documentation for any purpose without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appears in all copies, and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of neither Automatrix, Bioreason or Mojam Media be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. UUencode and UUdecode functions ¶ The uu codec contains the following notice: Copyright 1994 by Lance Ellinghouse Cathedral City, California Republic, United States of America. All Rights Reserved Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Lance Ellinghouse not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. LANCE ELLINGHOUSE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL LANCE ELLINGHOUSE CENTRUM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Modified by Jack Jansen, CWI, July 1995: - Use binascii module to do the actual line-by-line conversion between ascii and binary. This results in a 1000-fold speedup. The C version is still 5 times faster, though. - Arguments more compliant with Python standard XML Remote Procedure Calls ¶ The xmlrpc.client module contains the following notice: The XML-RPC client interface is Copyright (c) 1999-2002 by Secret Labs AB Copyright (c) 1999-2002 by Fredrik Lundh By obtaining, using, and/or copying this software and/or its associated documentation, you agree that you have read, understood, and will comply with the following terms and conditions: Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its associated documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appears in all copies, and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Secret Labs AB or the author not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. SECRET LABS AB AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANT- ABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL SECRET LABS AB OR THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. test_epoll ¶ The test.test_epoll module contains the following notice: Copyright (c) 2001-2006 Twisted Matrix Laboratories. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. Select kqueue ¶ The select module contains the following notice for the kqueue interface: Copyright (c) 2000 Doug White, 2006 James Knight, 2007 Christian Heimes All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. SipHash24 ¶ The file Python/pyhash.c contains Marek Majkowski’ implementation of Dan Bernstein’s SipHash24 algorithm. It contains the following note: <MIT License> Copyright (c) 2013 Marek Majkowski <marek@popcount.org> Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. </MIT License> Original location: https://github.com/majek/csiphash/ Solution inspired by code from: Samuel Neves (supercop/crypto_auth/siphash24/little) djb (supercop/crypto_auth/siphash24/little2) Jean-Philippe Aumasson (https://131002.net/siphash/siphash24.c) strtod and dtoa ¶ The file Python/dtoa.c , which supplies C functions dtoa and strtod for conversion of C doubles to and from strings, is derived from the file of the same name by David M. Gay, currently available from https://web.archive.org/web/20220517033456/http://www.netlib.org/fp/dtoa.c . The original file, as retrieved on March 16, 2009, contains the following copyright and licensing notice: /**************************************************************** * * The author of this software is David M. Gay. * * Copyright (c) 1991, 2000, 2001 by Lucent Technologies. * * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any * purpose without fee is hereby granted, provided that this entire notice * is included in all copies of any software which is or includes a copy * or modification of this software and in all copies of the supporting * documentation for such software. * * THIS SOFTWARE IS BEING PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED * WARRANTY. IN PARTICULAR, NEITHER THE AUTHOR NOR LUCENT MAKES ANY * REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE MERCHANTABILITY * OF THIS SOFTWARE OR ITS FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE. * ***************************************************************/ OpenSSL ¶ The modules hashlib , posix and ssl use the OpenSSL library for added performance if made available by the operating system. Additionally, the Windows and macOS installers for Python may include a copy of the OpenSSL libraries, so we include a copy of the OpenSSL license here. For the OpenSSL 3.0 release, and later releases derived from that, the Apache License v2 applies: Apache License Version 2.0, January 2004 https://www.apache.org/licenses/ TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION 1. Definitions. "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction, and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document. 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END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS expat ¶ The pyexpat extension is built using an included copy of the expat sources unless the build is configured --with-system-expat : Copyright (c) 1998, 1999, 2000 Thai Open Source Software Center Ltd and Clark Cooper Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. libffi ¶ The _ctypes C extension underlying the ctypes module is built using an included copy of the libffi sources unless the build is configured --with-system-libffi : Copyright (c) 1996-2008 Red Hat, Inc and others. 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This code is released under the BSD license: Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. * Neither the name of the author nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. 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Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. 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IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. mimalloc ¶ MIT License: Copyright (c) 2018-2021 Microsoft Corporation, Daan Leijen Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. 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IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. asyncio ¶ Parts of the asyncio module are incorporated from uvloop 0.16 , which is distributed under the MIT license: Copyright (c) 2015-2021 MagicStack Inc. http://magic.io Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. Global Unbounded Sequences (GUS) ¶ The file Python/qsbr.c is adapted from FreeBSD’s “Global Unbounded Sequences” safe memory reclamation scheme in subr_smr.c . The file is distributed under the 2-Clause BSD License: Copyright (c) 2019,2020 Jeffrey Roberson <jeff@FreeBSD.org> Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following con | 2026-01-13T08:48:39 |
https://docs.python.org/3/license.html#history-of-the-software | History and License — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents History and License History of the software Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python PYTHON SOFTWARE FOUNDATION LICENSE VERSION 2 BEOPEN.COM LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 2.0 CNRI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 1.6.1 CWI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 0.9.0 THROUGH 1.2 ZERO-CLAUSE BSD LICENSE FOR CODE IN THE PYTHON DOCUMENTATION Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software Mersenne Twister Sockets Asynchronous socket services Cookie management Execution tracing UUencode and UUdecode functions XML Remote Procedure Calls test_epoll Select kqueue SipHash24 strtod and dtoa OpenSSL expat libffi zlib cfuhash libmpdec W3C C14N test suite mimalloc asyncio Global Unbounded Sequences (GUS) Zstandard bindings Previous topic Copyright This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » History and License | Theme Auto Light Dark | History and License ¶ History of the software ¶ Python was created in the early 1990s by Guido van Rossum at Stichting Mathematisch Centrum (CWI, see https://www.cwi.nl ) in the Netherlands as a successor of a language called ABC. Guido remains Python’s principal author, although it includes many contributions from others. In 1995, Guido continued his work on Python at the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI, see https://www.cnri.reston.va.us ) in Reston, Virginia where he released several versions of the software. In May 2000, Guido and the Python core development team moved to BeOpen.com to form the BeOpen PythonLabs team. In October of the same year, the PythonLabs team moved to Digital Creations, which became Zope Corporation. In 2001, the Python Software Foundation (PSF, see https://www.python.org/psf/ ) was formed, a non-profit organization created specifically to own Python-related Intellectual Property. Zope Corporation was a sponsoring member of the PSF. All Python releases are Open Source (see https://opensource.org for the Open Source Definition). Historically, most, but not all, Python releases have also been GPL-compatible; the table below summarizes the various releases. Release Derived from Year Owner GPL-compatible? (1) 0.9.0 thru 1.2 n/a 1991-1995 CWI yes 1.3 thru 1.5.2 1.2 1995-1999 CNRI yes 1.6 1.5.2 2000 CNRI no 2.0 1.6 2000 BeOpen.com no 1.6.1 1.6 2001 CNRI yes (2) 2.1 2.0+1.6.1 2001 PSF no 2.0.1 2.0+1.6.1 2001 PSF yes 2.1.1 2.1+2.0.1 2001 PSF yes 2.1.2 2.1.1 2002 PSF yes 2.1.3 2.1.2 2002 PSF yes 2.2 and above 2.1.1 2001-now PSF yes Note GPL-compatible doesn’t mean that we’re distributing Python under the GPL. All Python licenses, unlike the GPL, let you distribute a modified version without making your changes open source. The GPL-compatible licenses make it possible to combine Python with other software that is released under the GPL; the others don’t. According to Richard Stallman, 1.6.1 is not GPL-compatible, because its license has a choice of law clause. According to CNRI, however, Stallman’s lawyer has told CNRI’s lawyer that 1.6.1 is “not incompatible” with the GPL. Thanks to the many outside volunteers who have worked under Guido’s direction to make these releases possible. Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python ¶ Python software and documentation are licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Starting with Python 3.8.6, examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are dual licensed under the PSF License Version 2 and the Zero-Clause BSD license . Some software incorporated into Python is under different licenses. The licenses are listed with code falling under that license. See Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software for an incomplete list of these licenses. PYTHON SOFTWARE FOUNDATION LICENSE VERSION 2 ¶ 1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Python Software Foundation ("PSF"), and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using this software ("Python") in source or binary form and its associated documentation. 2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, PSF hereby grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use Python alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that PSF's License Agreement and PSF's notice of copyright, i.e., "Copyright © 2001 Python Software Foundation; All Rights Reserved" are retained in Python alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee. 3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on or incorporates Python or any part thereof, and wants to make the derivative work available to others as provided herein, then Licensee hereby agrees to include in any such work a brief summary of the changes made to Python. 4. PSF is making Python available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis. PSF MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, PSF MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF PYTHON WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. 5. PSF SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON, OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF. 6. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of its terms and conditions. 7. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between PSF and Licensee. This License Agreement does not grant permission to use PSF trademarks or trade name in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any third party. 8. By copying, installing or otherwise using Python, Licensee agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement. BEOPEN.COM LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 2.0 ¶ BEOPEN PYTHON OPEN SOURCE LICENSE AGREEMENT VERSION 1 1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between BeOpen.com ("BeOpen"), having an office at 160 Saratoga Avenue, Santa Clara, CA 95051, and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using this software in source or binary form and its associated documentation ("the Software"). 2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this BeOpen Python License Agreement, BeOpen hereby grants Licensee a non-exclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use the Software alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that the BeOpen Python License is retained in the Software, alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee. 3. BeOpen is making the Software available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis. BEOPEN MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, BEOPEN MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF THE SOFTWARE WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. 4. BEOPEN SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF THE SOFTWARE FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF USING, MODIFYING OR DISTRIBUTING THE SOFTWARE, OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF. 5. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of its terms and conditions. 6. This License Agreement shall be governed by and interpreted in all respects by the law of the State of California, excluding conflict of law provisions. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between BeOpen and Licensee. This License Agreement does not grant permission to use BeOpen trademarks or trade names in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any third party. As an exception, the "BeOpen Python" logos available at http://www.pythonlabs.com/logos.html may be used according to the permissions granted on that web page. 7. By copying, installing or otherwise using the software, Licensee agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement. CNRI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 1.6.1 ¶ 1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Corporation for National Research Initiatives, having an office at 1895 Preston White Drive, Reston, VA 20191 ("CNRI"), and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using Python 1.6.1 software in source or binary form and its associated documentation. 2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, CNRI hereby grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use Python 1.6.1 alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that CNRI's License Agreement and CNRI's notice of copyright, i.e., "Copyright © 1995-2001 Corporation for National Research Initiatives; All Rights Reserved" are retained in Python 1.6.1 alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee. Alternately, in lieu of CNRI's License Agreement, Licensee may substitute the following text (omitting the quotes): "Python 1.6.1 is made available subject to the terms and conditions in CNRI's License Agreement. This Agreement together with Python 1.6.1 may be located on the internet using the following unique, persistent identifier (known as a handle): 1895.22/1013. This Agreement may also be obtained from a proxy server on the internet using the following URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1895.22/1013". 3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on or incorporates Python 1.6.1 or any part thereof, and wants to make the derivative work available to others as provided herein, then Licensee hereby agrees to include in any such work a brief summary of the changes made to Python 1.6.1. 4. CNRI is making Python 1.6.1 available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis. CNRI MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, CNRI MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF PYTHON 1.6.1 WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. 5. CNRI SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON 1.6.1 FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON 1.6.1, OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF. 6. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of its terms and conditions. 7. This License Agreement shall be governed by the federal intellectual property law of the United States, including without limitation the federal copyright law, and, to the extent such U.S. federal law does not apply, by the law of the Commonwealth of Virginia, excluding Virginia's conflict of law provisions. Notwithstanding the foregoing, with regard to derivative works based on Python 1.6.1 that incorporate non-separable material that was previously distributed under the GNU General Public License (GPL), the law of the Commonwealth of Virginia shall govern this License Agreement only as to issues arising under or with respect to Paragraphs 4, 5, and 7 of this License Agreement. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between CNRI and Licensee. This License Agreement does not grant permission to use CNRI trademarks or trade name in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any third party. 8. By clicking on the "ACCEPT" button where indicated, or by copying, installing or otherwise using Python 1.6.1, Licensee agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement. CWI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 0.9.0 THROUGH 1.2 ¶ Copyright © 1991 - 1995, Stichting Mathematisch Centrum Amsterdam, The Netherlands. All rights reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Stichting Mathematisch Centrum or CWI not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. ZERO-CLAUSE BSD LICENSE FOR CODE IN THE PYTHON DOCUMENTATION ¶ Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software ¶ This section is an incomplete, but growing list of licenses and acknowledgements for third-party software incorporated in the Python distribution. Mersenne Twister ¶ The _random C extension underlying the random module includes code based on a download from http://www.math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~m-mat/MT/MT2002/emt19937ar.html . The following are the verbatim comments from the original code: A C-program for MT19937, with initialization improved 2002/1/26. Coded by Takuji Nishimura and Makoto Matsumoto. Before using, initialize the state by using init_genrand(seed) or init_by_array(init_key, key_length). Copyright (C) 1997 - 2002, Makoto Matsumoto and Takuji Nishimura, All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 3. The names of its contributors may not be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. Any feedback is very welcome. http://www.math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~m-mat/MT/emt.html email: m-mat @ math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp (remove space) Sockets ¶ The socket module uses the functions, getaddrinfo() , and getnameinfo() , which are coded in separate source files from the WIDE Project, https://www.wide.ad.jp/ . Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, and 1998 WIDE Project. All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 3. Neither the name of the project nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE PROJECT AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE PROJECT OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. Asynchronous socket services ¶ The test.support.asynchat and test.support.asyncore modules contain the following notice: Copyright 1996 by Sam Rushing All Rights Reserved Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Sam Rushing not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. SAM RUSHING DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL SAM RUSHING BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Cookie management ¶ The http.cookies module contains the following notice: Copyright 2000 by Timothy O'Malley <timo@alum.mit.edu> All Rights Reserved Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Timothy O'Malley not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. Timothy O'Malley DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL Timothy O'Malley BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Execution tracing ¶ The trace module contains the following notice: portions copyright 2001, Autonomous Zones Industries, Inc., all rights... err... reserved and offered to the public under the terms of the Python 2.2 license. Author: Zooko O'Whielacronx http://zooko.com/ mailto:zooko@zooko.com Copyright 2000, Mojam Media, Inc., all rights reserved. Author: Skip Montanaro Copyright 1999, Bioreason, Inc., all rights reserved. Author: Andrew Dalke Copyright 1995-1997, Automatrix, Inc., all rights reserved. Author: Skip Montanaro Copyright 1991-1995, Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, all rights reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this Python software and its associated documentation for any purpose without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appears in all copies, and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of neither Automatrix, Bioreason or Mojam Media be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. UUencode and UUdecode functions ¶ The uu codec contains the following notice: Copyright 1994 by Lance Ellinghouse Cathedral City, California Republic, United States of America. All Rights Reserved Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Lance Ellinghouse not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. LANCE ELLINGHOUSE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL LANCE ELLINGHOUSE CENTRUM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Modified by Jack Jansen, CWI, July 1995: - Use binascii module to do the actual line-by-line conversion between ascii and binary. This results in a 1000-fold speedup. The C version is still 5 times faster, though. - Arguments more compliant with Python standard XML Remote Procedure Calls ¶ The xmlrpc.client module contains the following notice: The XML-RPC client interface is Copyright (c) 1999-2002 by Secret Labs AB Copyright (c) 1999-2002 by Fredrik Lundh By obtaining, using, and/or copying this software and/or its associated documentation, you agree that you have read, understood, and will comply with the following terms and conditions: Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its associated documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appears in all copies, and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Secret Labs AB or the author not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. SECRET LABS AB AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANT- ABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL SECRET LABS AB OR THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. test_epoll ¶ The test.test_epoll module contains the following notice: Copyright (c) 2001-2006 Twisted Matrix Laboratories. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. Select kqueue ¶ The select module contains the following notice for the kqueue interface: Copyright (c) 2000 Doug White, 2006 James Knight, 2007 Christian Heimes All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. SipHash24 ¶ The file Python/pyhash.c contains Marek Majkowski’ implementation of Dan Bernstein’s SipHash24 algorithm. It contains the following note: <MIT License> Copyright (c) 2013 Marek Majkowski <marek@popcount.org> Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. </MIT License> Original location: https://github.com/majek/csiphash/ Solution inspired by code from: Samuel Neves (supercop/crypto_auth/siphash24/little) djb (supercop/crypto_auth/siphash24/little2) Jean-Philippe Aumasson (https://131002.net/siphash/siphash24.c) strtod and dtoa ¶ The file Python/dtoa.c , which supplies C functions dtoa and strtod for conversion of C doubles to and from strings, is derived from the file of the same name by David M. Gay, currently available from https://web.archive.org/web/20220517033456/http://www.netlib.org/fp/dtoa.c . The original file, as retrieved on March 16, 2009, contains the following copyright and licensing notice: /**************************************************************** * * The author of this software is David M. Gay. * * Copyright (c) 1991, 2000, 2001 by Lucent Technologies. * * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any * purpose without fee is hereby granted, provided that this entire notice * is included in all copies of any software which is or includes a copy * or modification of this software and in all copies of the supporting * documentation for such software. * * THIS SOFTWARE IS BEING PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED * WARRANTY. IN PARTICULAR, NEITHER THE AUTHOR NOR LUCENT MAKES ANY * REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE MERCHANTABILITY * OF THIS SOFTWARE OR ITS FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE. * ***************************************************************/ OpenSSL ¶ The modules hashlib , posix and ssl use the OpenSSL library for added performance if made available by the operating system. Additionally, the Windows and macOS installers for Python may include a copy of the OpenSSL libraries, so we include a copy of the OpenSSL license here. For the OpenSSL 3.0 release, and later releases derived from that, the Apache License v2 applies: Apache License Version 2.0, January 2004 https://www.apache.org/licenses/ TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION 1. Definitions. "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction, and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document. 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END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS expat ¶ The pyexpat extension is built using an included copy of the expat sources unless the build is configured --with-system-expat : Copyright (c) 1998, 1999, 2000 Thai Open Source Software Center Ltd and Clark Cooper Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. 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Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. 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This code is released under the BSD license: Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. * Neither the name of the author nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. 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Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. 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Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: * Redistributions of works must retain the original copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the original copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. * Neither the name of the W3C nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this work without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. mimalloc ¶ MIT License: Copyright (c) 2018-2021 Microsoft Corporation, Daan Leijen Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. 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IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. asyncio ¶ Parts of the asyncio module are incorporated from uvloop 0.16 , which is distributed under the MIT license: Copyright (c) 2015-2021 MagicStack Inc. http://magic.io Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. Global Unbounded Sequences (GUS) ¶ The file Python/qsbr.c is adapted from FreeBSD’s “Global Unbounded Sequences” safe memory reclamation scheme in subr_smr.c . The file is distributed under the 2-Clause BSD License: Copyright (c) 2019,2020 Jeffrey Roberson <jeff@FreeBSD.org> Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following con | 2026-01-13T08:48:39 |
https://docs.python.org/3/license.html#siphash24 | History and License — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents History and License History of the software Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python PYTHON SOFTWARE FOUNDATION LICENSE VERSION 2 BEOPEN.COM LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 2.0 CNRI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 1.6.1 CWI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 0.9.0 THROUGH 1.2 ZERO-CLAUSE BSD LICENSE FOR CODE IN THE PYTHON DOCUMENTATION Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software Mersenne Twister Sockets Asynchronous socket services Cookie management Execution tracing UUencode and UUdecode functions XML Remote Procedure Calls test_epoll Select kqueue SipHash24 strtod and dtoa OpenSSL expat libffi zlib cfuhash libmpdec W3C C14N test suite mimalloc asyncio Global Unbounded Sequences (GUS) Zstandard bindings Previous topic Copyright This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » History and License | Theme Auto Light Dark | History and License ¶ History of the software ¶ Python was created in the early 1990s by Guido van Rossum at Stichting Mathematisch Centrum (CWI, see https://www.cwi.nl ) in the Netherlands as a successor of a language called ABC. Guido remains Python’s principal author, although it includes many contributions from others. In 1995, Guido continued his work on Python at the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI, see https://www.cnri.reston.va.us ) in Reston, Virginia where he released several versions of the software. In May 2000, Guido and the Python core development team moved to BeOpen.com to form the BeOpen PythonLabs team. In October of the same year, the PythonLabs team moved to Digital Creations, which became Zope Corporation. In 2001, the Python Software Foundation (PSF, see https://www.python.org/psf/ ) was formed, a non-profit organization created specifically to own Python-related Intellectual Property. Zope Corporation was a sponsoring member of the PSF. All Python releases are Open Source (see https://opensource.org for the Open Source Definition). Historically, most, but not all, Python releases have also been GPL-compatible; the table below summarizes the various releases. Release Derived from Year Owner GPL-compatible? (1) 0.9.0 thru 1.2 n/a 1991-1995 CWI yes 1.3 thru 1.5.2 1.2 1995-1999 CNRI yes 1.6 1.5.2 2000 CNRI no 2.0 1.6 2000 BeOpen.com no 1.6.1 1.6 2001 CNRI yes (2) 2.1 2.0+1.6.1 2001 PSF no 2.0.1 2.0+1.6.1 2001 PSF yes 2.1.1 2.1+2.0.1 2001 PSF yes 2.1.2 2.1.1 2002 PSF yes 2.1.3 2.1.2 2002 PSF yes 2.2 and above 2.1.1 2001-now PSF yes Note GPL-compatible doesn’t mean that we’re distributing Python under the GPL. All Python licenses, unlike the GPL, let you distribute a modified version without making your changes open source. The GPL-compatible licenses make it possible to combine Python with other software that is released under the GPL; the others don’t. According to Richard Stallman, 1.6.1 is not GPL-compatible, because its license has a choice of law clause. According to CNRI, however, Stallman’s lawyer has told CNRI’s lawyer that 1.6.1 is “not incompatible” with the GPL. Thanks to the many outside volunteers who have worked under Guido’s direction to make these releases possible. Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python ¶ Python software and documentation are licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Starting with Python 3.8.6, examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are dual licensed under the PSF License Version 2 and the Zero-Clause BSD license . Some software incorporated into Python is under different licenses. The licenses are listed with code falling under that license. See Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software for an incomplete list of these licenses. PYTHON SOFTWARE FOUNDATION LICENSE VERSION 2 ¶ 1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Python Software Foundation ("PSF"), and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using this software ("Python") in source or binary form and its associated documentation. 2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, PSF hereby grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use Python alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that PSF's License Agreement and PSF's notice of copyright, i.e., "Copyright © 2001 Python Software Foundation; All Rights Reserved" are retained in Python alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee. 3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on or incorporates Python or any part thereof, and wants to make the derivative work available to others as provided herein, then Licensee hereby agrees to include in any such work a brief summary of the changes made to Python. 4. PSF is making Python available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis. PSF MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, PSF MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF PYTHON WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. 5. PSF SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON, OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF. 6. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of its terms and conditions. 7. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between PSF and Licensee. This License Agreement does not grant permission to use PSF trademarks or trade name in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any third party. 8. By copying, installing or otherwise using Python, Licensee agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement. BEOPEN.COM LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 2.0 ¶ BEOPEN PYTHON OPEN SOURCE LICENSE AGREEMENT VERSION 1 1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between BeOpen.com ("BeOpen"), having an office at 160 Saratoga Avenue, Santa Clara, CA 95051, and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using this software in source or binary form and its associated documentation ("the Software"). 2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this BeOpen Python License Agreement, BeOpen hereby grants Licensee a non-exclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use the Software alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that the BeOpen Python License is retained in the Software, alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee. 3. BeOpen is making the Software available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis. BEOPEN MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, BEOPEN MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF THE SOFTWARE WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. 4. BEOPEN SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF THE SOFTWARE FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF USING, MODIFYING OR DISTRIBUTING THE SOFTWARE, OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF. 5. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of its terms and conditions. 6. This License Agreement shall be governed by and interpreted in all respects by the law of the State of California, excluding conflict of law provisions. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between BeOpen and Licensee. This License Agreement does not grant permission to use BeOpen trademarks or trade names in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any third party. As an exception, the "BeOpen Python" logos available at http://www.pythonlabs.com/logos.html may be used according to the permissions granted on that web page. 7. By copying, installing or otherwise using the software, Licensee agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement. CNRI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 1.6.1 ¶ 1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Corporation for National Research Initiatives, having an office at 1895 Preston White Drive, Reston, VA 20191 ("CNRI"), and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using Python 1.6.1 software in source or binary form and its associated documentation. 2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, CNRI hereby grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use Python 1.6.1 alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that CNRI's License Agreement and CNRI's notice of copyright, i.e., "Copyright © 1995-2001 Corporation for National Research Initiatives; All Rights Reserved" are retained in Python 1.6.1 alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee. Alternately, in lieu of CNRI's License Agreement, Licensee may substitute the following text (omitting the quotes): "Python 1.6.1 is made available subject to the terms and conditions in CNRI's License Agreement. This Agreement together with Python 1.6.1 may be located on the internet using the following unique, persistent identifier (known as a handle): 1895.22/1013. This Agreement may also be obtained from a proxy server on the internet using the following URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1895.22/1013". 3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on or incorporates Python 1.6.1 or any part thereof, and wants to make the derivative work available to others as provided herein, then Licensee hereby agrees to include in any such work a brief summary of the changes made to Python 1.6.1. 4. CNRI is making Python 1.6.1 available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis. CNRI MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, CNRI MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF PYTHON 1.6.1 WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. 5. CNRI SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON 1.6.1 FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON 1.6.1, OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF. 6. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of its terms and conditions. 7. This License Agreement shall be governed by the federal intellectual property law of the United States, including without limitation the federal copyright law, and, to the extent such U.S. federal law does not apply, by the law of the Commonwealth of Virginia, excluding Virginia's conflict of law provisions. Notwithstanding the foregoing, with regard to derivative works based on Python 1.6.1 that incorporate non-separable material that was previously distributed under the GNU General Public License (GPL), the law of the Commonwealth of Virginia shall govern this License Agreement only as to issues arising under or with respect to Paragraphs 4, 5, and 7 of this License Agreement. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between CNRI and Licensee. This License Agreement does not grant permission to use CNRI trademarks or trade name in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any third party. 8. By clicking on the "ACCEPT" button where indicated, or by copying, installing or otherwise using Python 1.6.1, Licensee agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement. CWI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 0.9.0 THROUGH 1.2 ¶ Copyright © 1991 - 1995, Stichting Mathematisch Centrum Amsterdam, The Netherlands. All rights reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Stichting Mathematisch Centrum or CWI not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. ZERO-CLAUSE BSD LICENSE FOR CODE IN THE PYTHON DOCUMENTATION ¶ Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software ¶ This section is an incomplete, but growing list of licenses and acknowledgements for third-party software incorporated in the Python distribution. Mersenne Twister ¶ The _random C extension underlying the random module includes code based on a download from http://www.math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~m-mat/MT/MT2002/emt19937ar.html . The following are the verbatim comments from the original code: A C-program for MT19937, with initialization improved 2002/1/26. Coded by Takuji Nishimura and Makoto Matsumoto. Before using, initialize the state by using init_genrand(seed) or init_by_array(init_key, key_length). Copyright (C) 1997 - 2002, Makoto Matsumoto and Takuji Nishimura, All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 3. The names of its contributors may not be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. Any feedback is very welcome. http://www.math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~m-mat/MT/emt.html email: m-mat @ math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp (remove space) Sockets ¶ The socket module uses the functions, getaddrinfo() , and getnameinfo() , which are coded in separate source files from the WIDE Project, https://www.wide.ad.jp/ . Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, and 1998 WIDE Project. All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 3. Neither the name of the project nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE PROJECT AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE PROJECT OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. Asynchronous socket services ¶ The test.support.asynchat and test.support.asyncore modules contain the following notice: Copyright 1996 by Sam Rushing All Rights Reserved Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Sam Rushing not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. SAM RUSHING DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL SAM RUSHING BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Cookie management ¶ The http.cookies module contains the following notice: Copyright 2000 by Timothy O'Malley <timo@alum.mit.edu> All Rights Reserved Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Timothy O'Malley not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. Timothy O'Malley DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL Timothy O'Malley BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Execution tracing ¶ The trace module contains the following notice: portions copyright 2001, Autonomous Zones Industries, Inc., all rights... err... reserved and offered to the public under the terms of the Python 2.2 license. Author: Zooko O'Whielacronx http://zooko.com/ mailto:zooko@zooko.com Copyright 2000, Mojam Media, Inc., all rights reserved. Author: Skip Montanaro Copyright 1999, Bioreason, Inc., all rights reserved. Author: Andrew Dalke Copyright 1995-1997, Automatrix, Inc., all rights reserved. Author: Skip Montanaro Copyright 1991-1995, Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, all rights reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this Python software and its associated documentation for any purpose without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appears in all copies, and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of neither Automatrix, Bioreason or Mojam Media be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. UUencode and UUdecode functions ¶ The uu codec contains the following notice: Copyright 1994 by Lance Ellinghouse Cathedral City, California Republic, United States of America. All Rights Reserved Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Lance Ellinghouse not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. LANCE ELLINGHOUSE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL LANCE ELLINGHOUSE CENTRUM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Modified by Jack Jansen, CWI, July 1995: - Use binascii module to do the actual line-by-line conversion between ascii and binary. This results in a 1000-fold speedup. The C version is still 5 times faster, though. - Arguments more compliant with Python standard XML Remote Procedure Calls ¶ The xmlrpc.client module contains the following notice: The XML-RPC client interface is Copyright (c) 1999-2002 by Secret Labs AB Copyright (c) 1999-2002 by Fredrik Lundh By obtaining, using, and/or copying this software and/or its associated documentation, you agree that you have read, understood, and will comply with the following terms and conditions: Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its associated documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appears in all copies, and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Secret Labs AB or the author not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. SECRET LABS AB AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANT- ABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL SECRET LABS AB OR THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. test_epoll ¶ The test.test_epoll module contains the following notice: Copyright (c) 2001-2006 Twisted Matrix Laboratories. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. Select kqueue ¶ The select module contains the following notice for the kqueue interface: Copyright (c) 2000 Doug White, 2006 James Knight, 2007 Christian Heimes All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. SipHash24 ¶ The file Python/pyhash.c contains Marek Majkowski’ implementation of Dan Bernstein’s SipHash24 algorithm. It contains the following note: <MIT License> Copyright (c) 2013 Marek Majkowski <marek@popcount.org> Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. </MIT License> Original location: https://github.com/majek/csiphash/ Solution inspired by code from: Samuel Neves (supercop/crypto_auth/siphash24/little) djb (supercop/crypto_auth/siphash24/little2) Jean-Philippe Aumasson (https://131002.net/siphash/siphash24.c) strtod and dtoa ¶ The file Python/dtoa.c , which supplies C functions dtoa and strtod for conversion of C doubles to and from strings, is derived from the file of the same name by David M. Gay, currently available from https://web.archive.org/web/20220517033456/http://www.netlib.org/fp/dtoa.c . The original file, as retrieved on March 16, 2009, contains the following copyright and licensing notice: /**************************************************************** * * The author of this software is David M. Gay. * * Copyright (c) 1991, 2000, 2001 by Lucent Technologies. * * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any * purpose without fee is hereby granted, provided that this entire notice * is included in all copies of any software which is or includes a copy * or modification of this software and in all copies of the supporting * documentation for such software. * * THIS SOFTWARE IS BEING PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED * WARRANTY. IN PARTICULAR, NEITHER THE AUTHOR NOR LUCENT MAKES ANY * REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE MERCHANTABILITY * OF THIS SOFTWARE OR ITS FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE. * ***************************************************************/ OpenSSL ¶ The modules hashlib , posix and ssl use the OpenSSL library for added performance if made available by the operating system. Additionally, the Windows and macOS installers for Python may include a copy of the OpenSSL libraries, so we include a copy of the OpenSSL license here. For the OpenSSL 3.0 release, and later releases derived from that, the Apache License v2 applies: Apache License Version 2.0, January 2004 https://www.apache.org/licenses/ TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION 1. Definitions. "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction, and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document. 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END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS expat ¶ The pyexpat extension is built using an included copy of the expat sources unless the build is configured --with-system-expat : Copyright (c) 1998, 1999, 2000 Thai Open Source Software Center Ltd and Clark Cooper Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. libffi ¶ The _ctypes C extension underlying the ctypes module is built using an included copy of the libffi sources unless the build is configured --with-system-libffi : Copyright (c) 1996-2008 Red Hat, Inc and others. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. zlib ¶ The zlib extension is built using an included copy of the zlib sources if the zlib version found on the system is too old to be used for the build: Copyright (C) 1995-2011 Jean-loup Gailly and Mark Adler This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages arising from the use of this software. Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose, including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it freely, subject to the following restrictions: 1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be appreciated but is not required. 2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be misrepresented as being the original software. 3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution. Jean-loup Gailly Mark Adler jloup@gzip.org madler@alumni.caltech.edu cfuhash ¶ The implementation of the hash table used by the tracemalloc is based on the cfuhash project: Copyright (c) 2005 Don Owens All rights reserved. This code is released under the BSD license: Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. * Neither the name of the author nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. libmpdec ¶ The _decimal C extension underlying the decimal module is built using an included copy of the libmpdec library unless the build is configured --with-system-libmpdec : Copyright (c) 2008-2020 Stefan Krah. All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. W3C C14N test suite ¶ The C14N 2.0 test suite in the test package ( Lib/test/xmltestdata/c14n-20/ ) was retrieved from the W3C website at https://www.w3.org/TR/xml-c14n2-testcases/ and is distributed under the 3-clause BSD license: Copyright (c) 2013 W3C(R) (MIT, ERCIM, Keio, Beihang), All Rights Reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: * Redistributions of works must retain the original copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the original copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. * Neither the name of the W3C nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this work without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. mimalloc ¶ MIT License: Copyright (c) 2018-2021 Microsoft Corporation, Daan Leijen Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. asyncio ¶ Parts of the asyncio module are incorporated from uvloop 0.16 , which is distributed under the MIT license: Copyright (c) 2015-2021 MagicStack Inc. http://magic.io Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. Global Unbounded Sequences (GUS) ¶ The file Python/qsbr.c is adapted from FreeBSD’s “Global Unbounded Sequences” safe memory reclamation scheme in subr_smr.c . The file is distributed under the 2-Clause BSD License: Copyright (c) 2019,2020 Jeffrey Roberson <jeff@FreeBSD.org> Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following con | 2026-01-13T08:48:39 |
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Du indgår disse vilkår for køb på X med den enhed, der er ansvarlig for det område, hvor du bor, som angivet nedenfor. Denne enhed leverer de betalte tjenester til dig. Ingen anden enhed er bundet af nogen forpligtelser over for dig i henhold til disse vilkår for køb. Din lokalitet Det nordamerikanske kontinent (inklusive Hawaii) eller det sydamerikanske kontinent Kontraherende enhed X Corp., med et kontor beliggende på 865 FM 1209, Building 2, Bastrop, TX 78602, USA Din lokalitet Ethvert land, der ikke er dækket af de to ovenstående lokaliteter, herunder Asien-Stillehavsområdet, Mellemøsten, Afrika eller Europa (undtagen EU-lande, EFTA-lande og Storbritannien) Kontraherende enhed X Global LLC, med registreret kontor på 701 S. Carson St., Suite 200, Carson City, NV 89701, USA Ændringer af vilkår, betalte tjenester og priser 1. Ændringer af vilkår. X kan revidere disse vilkår for køb på X fra tid til anden, herunder af forretningsmæssige, økonomiske eller juridiske årsager. Ændringerne vil ikke have tilbagevirkende kraft, og den seneste version af Vilkår for køb på X, der er tilgængelig på legal.x.com/purchaser-terms , vil regulere din brug af betalte tjenester og eventuelle tilsvarende transaktioner. Hvis vi ændrer eller reviderer disse vilkår, efter du har accepteret dem (f.eks. hvis disse vilkår ændres, efter du har købt et abonnement), giver vi dig besked på forhånd om væsentlige ændringer af disse vilkår. En sådan meddelelse kan gives elektronisk, herunder (og uden begrænsning) via en servicemeddelelse eller en e-mail til den e-mailadresse, der er tilknyttet din konto. Ved fortsat at tilgå eller bruge betalingstjenesterne, efter at disse ændringer er trådt i kraft, accepterer du at være bundet af de ændrede vilkår for køb på X. Hvis du ikke accepterer at overholde disse eller fremtidige vilkår for køb på X, må du ikke bruge eller tilgå (eller fortsætte med at bruge eller tilgå) de betalte tjenester. Vilkårene for køb på X er skrevet på engelsk, men er gjort tilgængelige på flere sprog via oversættelser. X bestræber sig på at gøre oversættelserne så nøjagtige som muligt i forhold til den originale engelske version. I tilfælde af eventuelle uoverensstemmelser eller inkonsekvens har den engelsksprogede version af vilkårene for køb på X, forrang. Du anerkender, at engelsk skal være referencesproget til fortolkning og udfærdigelse af vilkårene i Vilkår for køb på X. 2. Ændringer af betalte tjenester. Vores betalte tjenester udvikler sig konstant. Som sådan kan de betalte tjenester ændres fra tid til anden, efter vores skøn, herunder af forretningsmæssige, økonomiske eller juridiske årsager. Vi kan stoppe (permanent eller midlertidigt) med at levere de betalte tjenester eller funktioner i de betalte tjenester til dig eller til brugere generelt med eller uden varsel. X er ikke ansvarlig over for dig eller nogen tredjepart for nogen ændring, suspendering eller afbrydelse af de betalte tjenester. De specifikke vilkår og betingelser (inkluderet nedenfor) for den specifikke betalte tjeneste angiver, hvordan du kan opsige et abonnement eller, når det er relevant, søge om en refusion. 3. Ændringer i priser. Priserne for betalte tjenester, inklusive løbende abonnementsgebyrer, kan ændres fra tid til anden, herunder af forretningsmæssige, økonomiske eller juridiske årsager. X giver et rimeligt varsel om enhver væsentlig ændring i prisen for betalte tjenester. For abonnementstjenester træder prisændringer i kraft ved starten af den næste abonnementsperiode efter datoen for prisændringen. Hvis du ikke er enig i en prisændring, har du ret til at afvise ændringen ved at opsige dit abonnement på den pågældende betalte tjeneste, inden prisændringen træder i kraft. Betalingsbetingelser . X tilbyder forskellige betalingsmuligheder, der kan variere alt efter betalt tjeneste, din enhed og/eller operativsystem, din geografiske placering eller andre faktorer. I det omfang de er tilgængelige (da X kan gøre forskellige købsmetoder tilgængelige fra tid til anden), kan disse betalingsmuligheder omfatte muligheden for at bruge funktionen "betaling i app", der tilbydes af Google eller Apple, eller at foretage en webbetaling via X's tredjepartsbetalingsbehandler, Stripe ( www.stripe.com – herefter benævnt " Stripe "). Når du foretager en betaling, accepterer du udtrykkeligt: (i) at betale den angivne pris for den betalte tjeneste sammen med eventuelle yderligere beløb vedrørende gældende skatter, kreditkortgebyrer, bankgebyrer, udenlandske transaktionsgebyrer, valutagebyrer og valutaudsving; og (ii) at overholde relevante vilkår for anvendelse, privatlivspolitikker eller andre juridiske aftaler eller begrænsninger (inklusive yderligere aldersbegrænsninger) pålagt af Google, Apple eller Stripe (som X's tredjepartsbetalingsbehandler) i forbindelse med din brug af en given betalingsmetode (hvis du f.eks. vælger at foretage din betaling via Apples køb i appen-funktion, accepterer du at overholde alle relevante vilkår, krav og/eller begrænsninger, som Apple har indført). Alle private personoplysninger, som du afgiver i forbindelse med din brug af betalte tjenester, herunder, men ikke begrænset til, oplysninger afgivet i forbindelse med betaling, vil blive behandlet i overensstemmelse med X's privatlivspolitik. X kan dele dine betalingsoplysninger med betalingstjenesteudbydere for at behandle betalinger; forhindre, opdage og efterforske bedrageri eller andre forbudte aktiviteter; lette tvistbilæggelse såsom tilbageførsler eller tilbagebetalinger; og til andre formål i forbindelse med accept af kreditkort, betalingskort eller via ACH. Det er dit ansvar at sikre, at dine bank-, kreditkort-, betalingskort- og/eller andre betalingsoplysninger til enhver tid er opdaterede, fuldstændige og korrekte. Hvis du foretager en betaling for en betalt tjeneste, kan vi modtage oplysninger om din transaktion, såsom hvornår den blev foretaget, hvornår et abonnement er indstillet til at udløbe eller fornys automatisk, hvilken platform du foretog købet på og andre oplysninger. X er ikke ansvarlig for eventuelle fejl eller forsinkelser hos en betalingsbehandler, Apples App Store eller Google Play Butik, din bank, dit kreditkortselskab og/eller et betalingsnetværk. Se de enkelte vilkår og betingelser for betalt tjeneste nedenfor for betalingsbetingelser, der gælder for den pågældende betalte tjeneste, herunder hvordan abonnementsfornyelser håndteres og andre vigtige vilkår. Anvendelse af X-brugeraftale, opsigelse, ingen refundering, flere X-konti og begrænsninger 1. X-brugeraftalen gælder for dig . DU SKAL ALTID FØLGE OG OVERHOLDE X'S BRUGERAFTALE. X's brugeraftale gælder altid for din brug af X-tjenesten, inklusive de betalte tjenester og funktioner. Din manglende overholdelse af X's brugeraftale eller X's overbevisning om, at du ikke har fulgt og overholder X's brugeraftale, kan resultere i opsigelse af dine betalte tjenester. Enhver sådan opsigelse vil være et supplement til og uden begrænsning af enhver håndhævelseshandling, som X måtte tage imod dig iht. X's brugeraftale. I sådanne tilfælde kan du miste fordelene ved dine betalte tjenester, og du vil ikke være kvalificeret til refusion for de beløb, du har betalt (eller forudbetalt) for betalte tjenester. 2. Hvorfor X muligvis afslutter din adgang til betalte tjenester. X kan suspendere eller ophæve din adgang til betalte tjenester, ophøre med at give dig adgang til hele eller dele af de betalte tjenester, eller foretage evt. andre handlinger, som X finder passende, herunder f.eks. suspendere din konto (uden ansvar) til enhver tid af enhver eller ingen grund, herunder, men ikke begrænset til, enhver af følgende grunde: a. X mener, efter eget skøn, at du har overtrådt vilkårene, eller din brug af de betalte tjenester ville overtræde enhver gældende lovgivning; b. X anmodes eller instrueres herom af enhver kompetent domstol, regulerende myndighed eller retshåndhævende organ; c. X har uventede tekniske eller sikkerhedsmæssige problemer; d. X mener, efter eget skøn, at du har overtrådt X's brugeraftale; e. X mener, efter eget skøn, at du deltager i manipulation eller anden forstyrrende eller forbudt adfærd generelt eller i forbindelse med de betalte tjenester; f. Du skaber risiko eller mulig juridisk eksponering for X; g. Din konto bør fjernes pga. ulovlig adfærd; h. Din konto bør fjernes pga. længere tids inaktivitet; eller Vores levering af de betalte tjenester (helt eller delvist) til dig er ikke længere kommercielt levedygtig (efter X's eget skøn). 3. Alle transaktioner er endelige. Alle betalinger for betalte tjenester er endelige og kan ikke refunderes eller ombyttes, undtagen som krævet af gældende lovgivning. Vi giver ingen garanti med hensyn til karakteren, kvaliteten eller værdien af en betalt tjeneste eller tilgængeligheden eller leveringen heraf. Der gives ikke refusion eller kredit for ubrugte eller delvist brugte betalte tjenester (f.eks. en delvist brugt abonnementsperiode). 4. Betalte tjenester kan ikke overføres mellem X-konti. Hvert køb af en betalt tjeneste gælder for en enkelt X-konto, hvilket betyder, at dit køb udelukkende gælder for den konto, du brugte, da du købte den betalte tjeneste, og ikke gælder for andre konti, som du muligvis har adgang til eller kontrol over. Hvis du har eller kontrollerer flere konti, og du ønsker adgang til betalte tjenester på hver konto, skal du købe den betalte tjeneste på hver konto individuelt. 5. Begrænsninger og forpligtelser. a. Du må kun købe og bruge en betalt tjeneste, hvis du har lovlig tilladelse til at bruge den betalte tjeneste i dit land, og du bor i et land, der understøttes af X for den pågældende betalte tjeneste. X kan efter eget skøn begrænse muligheden for at få adgang til eller købe en betalt tjeneste i visse lande. X forbeholder sig retten til at ændre listen over understøttede lande fra tid til anden. b. Vi forbeholder os retten til at afvise transaktioner med betalte tjenester eller til at annullere eller afbryde salget eller brugen af en betalt tjeneste efter vores eget skøn. c. Du må ikke tillade andre at bruge din X-konto til at få adgang til nogen betalt tjeneste, som en sådan person ikke har bestilt. d. Du må ikke købe eller bruge en betalt tjeneste, hvis du er en person, som amerikanske borgere ikke må handle med iht. økonomiske sanktioner, herunder, uden begrænsning, sanktioner administreret af det amerikanske finansministeriums kontor for kontrol af udenlandske aktiver eller en anden relevant sanktionsmyndighed (" forbudt person "). Dette omfatter, uden begrænsning, personer, der befinder sig i eller er statsborgere i følgende lande og områder: Cuba, Iran, Krim-regionen i Ukraine, Nordkorea og Syrien. Du erklærer og garanterer, at du ikke er en forbudt person. e. DU ERKLÆRER, AT DU KUN VIL BRUGE DE BETALTE TJENESTER TIL LOVLIGE FORMÅL OG KUN I OVERENSSTEMMELSE MED VILKÅRENE. Skatter og afgifter . Du er ansvarlig for og accepterer at betale alle gældende skatter, afgifter, tariffer og gebyrer i forbindelse med køb af betalte tjenester, inklusive dem, der skal betales til enten X eller en tredjepartsbetalingsbehandler. Disse skatter kan omfatte, men er ikke begrænset til moms, kildeskat og andre gældende afgifter. Afhængigt af din lokalitet kan X være ansvarlig for at indhente og indberette oplysninger relateret til transaktionsafgifter, der opstår ved dit køb af betalte tjenester. Du giver X tilladelse til at give dine konto- og personlige oplysninger til relevante skattemyndigheder for at opfylde vores skatteopkrævnings- og indberetningsforpligtelser. Almindelige vilkår 1. Kontaktoplysninger. Hvis du har spørgsmål om de betalte tjenester eller disse vilkår, kan du tjekke X's hjælpecenter for betalte tjenester for at få flere oplysninger. Hvis du allerede har købt en betalt tjeneste, kan du også kontakte os via supportlinket, der findes i navigationsmenuen på din X-konto under betalings- eller abonnementsindstillingerne. Hvis du har yderligere spørgsmål, så kan du kontakte os her ved at bruge formularen "Hjælp til betalte funktioner". 2. ANSVARSFRASKRIVELSER. I DET MAKSIMALE OMFANG DET ER TILLADT AF GÆLDENDE LOV, ER DIN ADGANG TIL OG BRUG AF DE BETALTE TJENESTER PÅ EGEN RISIKO. DU FORSTÅR OG ACCEPTERER, AT DE BETALTE TJENESTER LEVERES TIL DIG "SOM DE ER" OG "SOM DE ER TILGÆNGELIGE". X FRASKRIVER SIG ALLE GARANTIER OG BETINGELSER, UDTRYKKELIGE ELLER UNDERFORSTÅEDE, FOR SALGBARHED, EGNETHED TIL ET BESTEMT FORMÅL ELLER IKKE-KRÆNKELSE. X GIVER INGEN GARANTI ELLER ERKLÆRING OG FRASKRIVER SIG ALT ANSVAR OG ANSVAR FOR: (I) DE BETALTE TJENESTERS FULDSTÆNDIGHED, KORREKTHED, TILGÆNGELIGHED, RETTIDIGHED, SIKKERHED ELLER PÅLIDELIGHED; OG (II) HVORVIDT DE BETALTE TJENESTER VIL OPFYLDE DINE KRAV ELLER VÆRE TILGÆNGELIGE PÅ ET UAFBRUDT, SIKKERT ELLER FEJLFRIT GRUNDLAG. DU ER ANSVARLIG FOR DIN BRUG AF X-TJENESTEN, HERUNDER DE BETALTE TJENESTER OG ETHVERT INDHOLD, DU LEVERER. 3. ANSVARSBEGRÆNSNING. I DET MAKSIMALE OMFANG, DET ER TILLADT AF GÆLDENDE LOVGIVNING, ER X-ENHEDERNE IKKE ANSVARLIGE FOR NOGEN INDIREKTE, TILFÆLDELIGE, SÆRLIGE, FØLGESKADER ELLER STRAFSKADER ELLER TAB AF FORTJENESTE ELLER INDTÆGTER, HVERKEN DIREKTE ELLER INDIREKTE, ELLER TAB AF DATA, BRUG, GOODWILL ELLER ANDRE IMMATERIELLE TAB, SOM FØLGE AF (i) DIN ADGANG TIL ELLER BRUG AF ELLER MANGLENDE MULIGHED FOR AT TILGÅ ELLER BRUGE DE BETALTE TJENESTER; (ii) ENHVER ADFÆRD ELLER ETHVERT INDHOLD FRA EN TREDJEPART, DER ER POSTET VIA DE BETALTE TJENESTER, HERUNDER UDEN BEGRÆNSNING ENHVER ÆREKRÆNKENDE, STØDENDE ELLER ULOVLIG ADFÆRD FRA ANDRE BRUGERE ELLER TREDJEPARTER; (iii) ETHVERT INDHOLD OPNÅET FRA DE BETALTE TJENESTER; ELLER (iv) UAUTORISERET ADGANG, BRUG ELLER ÆNDRING AF DINE OVERFØRSLER ELLER INDHOLD. FOR AT UNDGÅ TVIVL, ER DEFINITIONEN AF BETALTE TJENESTER BEGRÆNSET TIL DE FUNKTIONER, DER UDBYDES AF X, OG INKLUDERER IKKE NOGET INDHOLD, DU FÅR ADGANG TIL OG/ELLER INTERAGERER MED, VED BRUG AF DISSE FUNKTIONER. X-ENHEDERNES SAMLEDE ANSVAR MÅ UNDER INGEN OMSTÆNDIGHEDER OVERSTIGE ET STØRRE BELØB END ET HUNDREDE AMERIKANSKE DOLLARS (100,00 USD) ELLER DET BELØB, DU EVENTUELT HAR BETALT X I DE SENESTE SEKS MÅNEDER FOR DE BETALTE TJENESTER, DER GIVER ANLEDNING TIL KRAVET. BEGRÆNSNINGERNE I DETTE UNDERAFSNIT GÆLDER FOR ETHVERT TEORETISK ANSVAR, UANSET OM DET ER BASERET PÅ GARANTI, AFTALE, LOV, ERSTATNING (HERUNDER UAGTSOMHED) ELLER ANDET, OG UANSET OM X-ENHEDERNE ER BLEVET INFORMERET OM MULIGHEDEN FOR EN SÅDAN SKADE, OG SELV HVIS ET RETSMIDDEL, DER ER BESKREVET HERI, VISER SIG IKKE AT HAVE OPFYLDT SIT VÆSENTLIGE FORMÅL. "X-ENHEDERNE" HENVISER TIL X, DETS MODERSELSKABER, TILKNYTTEDE SELSKABER, RELATEREDE VIRKSOMHEDER, LEDERE, DIREKTØRER, MEDARBEJDERE, AGENTER, REPRÆSENTANTER, PARTNERE OG LICENSGIVERE. GÆLDENDE LOV I DIN JURISDIKTION TILLADER MULIGVIS IKKE VISSE ANSVARSBEGRÆNSNINGER. I DET OMFANG DET KRÆVES AF GÆLDENDE LOV I DIN JURISDIKTION, BEGRÆNSER OVENSTÅENDE IKKE X-ENHEDERNES ANSVAR FOR BEDRAGERI, SVIGAGTIG VILDLEDNING, DØD ELLER PERSONSKADE FORÅRSAGET AF VORES UAGTSOMHED, GROVE UAGTSOMHED OG/ELLER FORSÆTLIGE ADFÆRD. I DET OMFANG, DET ER TILLADT IHT. GÆLDENDE LOV, ER X-ENHEDERNES MAKSIMALE SAMLEDE ANSVAR FOR ALLE GARANTIER, DER IKKE KAN UDELUKKES, BEGRÆNSET TIL ET HUNDREDE AMERIKANSKE DOLLARS (100,00 USD). 4. Meddelelse vedrørende Apple. I det omfang du har købt de betalte tjenester eller bruger eller får adgang til de betalte tjenester på en iOS-enhed, anerkender og accepterer du desuden vilkårene i dette afsnit. Du anerkender, at vilkårene kun er mellem dig og os, ikke Apple, og Apple er ikke ansvarlig for de betalte tjenester og indholdet deri. Apple har ingen som helst forpligtelse til at levere vedligeholdelses- og supporttjenester med hensyn til de betalte tjenester. I tilfælde af, at de betalte tjenester ikke overholder en gældende garanti, kan du underrette Apple, og Apple vil refundere enhver gældende købspris for de betalte tjenester til dig; og i det maksimale omfang, det er tilladt iht. gældende lov, har Apple ingen anden garantiforpligtelse overhovedet med hensyn til de betalte tjenester. Apple er ikke ansvarlig for at behandle eventuelle krav fra dig eller nogen tredjepart i forbindelse med de betalte tjenester eller din besiddelse og/eller brug af de betalte tjenester, herunder, men ikke begrænset til: (i) krav om produktansvar; (ii) enhver påstand om, at de betalte tjenester ikke er i overensstemmelse med gældende lov- eller reguleringskrav; og (iii) krav, der opstår iht. forbrugerbeskyttelse eller lignende lovgivning. Apple er ikke ansvarlig for undersøgelse, forsvar, forlig og opfyldelse af krav fra en tredjepart om, at de betalte tjenester og/eller din besiddelse og brug af mobilapplikationen krænker den pågældende tredjeparts intellektuelle ejendomsrettigheder. Du accepterer at overholde eventuelle gældende tredjepartsvilkår, når du bruger de betalte tjenester. Apple og Apples datterselskaber er tredjepartsbegunstigede af vilkårene, og efter din accept af vilkårene har Apple ret (og vil blive anset for at have accepteret retten) til at håndhæve vilkårene over for dig som tredjepartsbegunstiget af vilkårene. Du erklærer og garanterer hermed, at (i) du ikke befinder dig i et land, der er underlagt en amerikansk regerings embargo, eller som er blevet udpeget af den amerikanske regering som et "terrorstøttende" land; og (ii) du ikke er opført på nogen amerikanske regerings liste over forbudte eller restriktionsramte parter. 5. Konflikt. I tilfælde af en konflikt mellem bestemmelserne i disse vilkår for køb på X og X's brugeraftale, har bestemmelserne i disse vilkår for køb på X forrang med hensyn til din brug af en betalt tjeneste. 6. AFTALE OM TVISTBILÆGGELSE OG AFKALD PÅ GRUPPESØGSMÅL a. Indledende tvistbilæggelse . De fleste tvister mellem dig og X kan løses uformelt. Du kan kontakte os ved at skrive til Betalt Support her . Når du kontakter os, bedes du give en kort beskrivelse af karakteren af og grundlaget for dine bekymringer, dine kontaktoplysninger og den specifikke afhjælpning, du søger. Parterne skal gøre deres bedste gennem denne supportproces for at afgøre tvister, krav eller kontroverser, der opstår som følge af eller i forbindelse med disse vilkår og/eller din deltagelse i programmet (individuelt en " tvist" eller mere end én " tvister "). Du og vi accepterer, at deltagelse i god tro i denne uformelle proces er påkrævet og skal gennemføres som beskrevet ovenfor, før nogen af parterne kan indlede retssager vedrørende en tvist, undtagen med hensyn til anmodninger om nødpåbud (" undtaget tvist "). Hvis vi ikke kan nå frem til en løsning med dig vedrørende en tvist (bortset fra en fritaget tvist) inden for en periode på tredive (30) dage fra det tidspunkt, hvor uformel tvistbilæggelse påbegyndes iht. bestemmelsen om indledende tvistbilæggelse ovenfor, kan enten du eller vi indlede en retssag. b. Lovvalg og valg af værneting . LÆS DETTE AFSNIT GRUNDIGT – DET KAN HAVE STOR BETYDNING FOR DINE JURIDISKE RETTIGHEDER, HERUNDER DIN RET TIL AT ANLÆGGE SAG VED EN DOMSTOL. Lovgivningen i staten Texas, med undtagelse af dens lovvalgsbestemmelser, regulerer disse vilkår og enhver tvist, der opstår mellem dig og os, uanset enhver anden aftale mellem dig og os om det modsatte. Alle tvister i forbindelse med disse vilkår, herunder eventuelle tvister, krav eller kontroverser, der opstår som følge af eller i forbindelse med disse vilkår, vil udelukkende blive anlagt ved de føderale eller statslige domstole i Tarrant County, Texas, USA, og du giver dit samtykke til personlig jurisdiktion i disse fora og giver afkald på enhver indsigelse vedrørende ubelejligt forum. Uden at det berører det foregående, accepterer du, at X efter eget skøn kan anlægge ethvert krav, søgsmål eller tvist, vi har mod dig, ved enhver kompetent domstol i det land, hvor du bor, som har jurisdiktion og værneting over kravet. Hvis du er en føderal, statslig eller lokal regeringsenhed i USA i din officielle egenskab og juridisk set ikke er i stand til at acceptere den kontrollerende lov, jurisdiktion eller værnetingsklausuler ovenfor, så gælder disse klausuler ikke for dig. For sådanne amerikanske føderale regeringsenheder vil denne aftale og enhver handling i forbindelse hermed være underlagt lovene i USA (uden henvisning til lovkonflikter) og, i mangel af føderal lov og i det omfang, det er tilladt i henhold til føderal lovgivning, lovene i staten Texas (undtagen lovvalg). c. DU HAR TO ÅR TIL AT ANLÆGGE SAG MOD X . Du skal fremsætte ethvert krav mod X, der opstår som følge af eller i forbindelse med disse vilkår inden for to (2) år efter datoen for hændelsen eller de kendsgerninger, der giver anledning til tvisten, indtræffer, medmindre gældende lovgivning bestemmer, at den normale forældelsesfrist for dette krav ikke kan forkortes ved aftale. Hvis du ikke fremsætter et krav inden for denne periode, giver du for altid afkald på retten til at forfølge ethvert krav eller søgsmål, af enhver art eller karakter, baseret på sådanne begivenheder eller fakta, og sådanne påstande eller søgsmål er permanent forbudt, og X har intet ansvar med hensyn til et sådant krav. d. Afkald på gruppesøgsmål . I det omfang loven tillader det, giver du også afkald på retten til at deltage som sagsøger eller gruppemedlem i ethvert påstået gruppesøgsmål, kollektivt søgsmål eller repræsentativt søgsmål. Vilkår for køb på X Hvis du bor i EU, EFTA-stater eller Storbritannien X giver dig adgang til visse funktioner mod betaling af et engangsgebyr eller løbende gebyr, alt efter hvad der er relevant for de pågældende funktioner (alene benævnt " betalt tjeneste " og tilsammen benævnt " betalte tjenester "). For eksempel betragtes X Premium (som defineret nedenfor) og Abonnementer hver især som en "betalt tjeneste". I det omfang du tilmelder dig og/eller bruger en betalt tjeneste, er din brug af de betalte tjenester og eventuelle tilknyttede transaktioner underlagt: (i) de vilkår og betingelser, der er angivet heri, herunder de gældende vilkår og betingelser for hver betalt tjeneste, du køber, hver som angivet nedenfor (samlet benævnt " vilkår for køb på X ") og (ii) X's relevante vilkår for anvendelse , privatlivspolitik , vores regler og politikker og alle politikker, der er indarbejdet deri (samlet benævnt " X's brugeraftale "). Vilkårene for køb på X og førnævnte X's brugeraftale omtales i dette dokument samlet som " vilkårene ". " X " henviser til den X-enhed, der leverer de betalte tjenester til dig. Læs disse vilkår for køb på X omhyggeligt for at sikre, at du forstår de gældende vilkår, betingelser og undtagelser. HVIS DU BOR I EU, EFTA-STATERNE ELLER STORBRITANNIEN, INDEHOLDER DISSE VILKÅR VIGTIGE OPLYSNINGER, DER GÆLDER FOR DIG OM LØSNING AF TVISTER, HERUNDER ET AFKALD PÅ DIN RET TIL AT FREMSÆTTE KRAV SOM GRUPPESØGSMÅL OG EN BEGRÆNSNING AF DIN RET TIL AT FREMSÆTTE KRAV MOD X MERE END 1 ÅR EFTER, AT DE RELEVANTE BEGIVENHEDER FANDT STED, SOM PÅVIRKER DINE RETTIGHEDER OG FORPLIGTELSER, HVIS DER OPSTÅR EN TVIST MED X. SE AFSNIT 6 UNDER ALMINDELIGE VILKÅR FOR AT FÅ NÆRMERE OPLYSNINGER OM DISSE BESTEMMELSER. Accept . Ved at bruge eller tilgå en eller flere betalte tjenester fra X, indsende betaling i henhold hertil og/eller klikke på en knap for at foretage et engangskøb eller løbende abonnementsbetalinger for den betalte tjeneste, der leveres af X, accepterer du at være bundet af vilkårene. Hvis du ikke forstår vilkårene eller ikke accepterer en del af dem, må du ikke bruge eller få adgang til nogen betalte tjenester. Hvis du vil købe og bruge en betalt tjeneste, skal du: (i) være mindst 18 år gammel eller myndig iht. lovgivningen i den jurisdiktion, hvor du bor, eller (ii) have udtrykkeligt samtykke fra en forælder eller værge til at købe og bruge den betalte tjeneste. Hvis du er en forælder eller værge, og du tillader dit barn (eller et barn, som du er værge for) at købe eller bruge en betalt tjeneste, accepterer du, at vilkårene gælder for dig, at du vil overholde vilkårene, og at du er ansvarlig for barnets aktivitet på de betalte tjenester og for at sikre, at barnet også overholder vilkårene. Under alle omstændigheder skal du være mindst 13 år gammel for at bruge X-tjenesten som angivet i afsnittet "Hvem må bruge tjenesterne" i X's vilkår for anvendelse. Hvis du accepterer disse vilkår for køb på X og bruger de betalte tjenester på vegne af en virksomhed, organisation, myndighed eller anden juridisk enhed, erklærer og garanterer du, at du er autoriseret til at gøre det og har bemyndigelse til at binde en sådan enhed til disse vilkår for køb på X, i hvilket tilfælde ordene "dig" og "din" som brugt i disse vilkår for køb på X skal henvise til en sådan enhed. Kontraherende X-enhed . Du indgår disse vilkår for køb på X med den enhed, der er ansvarlig for det område, hvor du bor, som angivet nedenfor. Denne enhed leverer de betalte tjenester til dig. Ingen anden enhed er bundet af nogen forpligtelser over for dig i henhold til disse vilkår for køb. Din lokalitet EU, EFTA-landene eller Storbritannien Kontraherende enhed X Internet Unlimited Company, med hjemsted på One Cumberland Place, Fenian Street, Dublin 2, D02 AX07 Ireland Ændringer af vilkår, betalte tjenester og priser 1. Ændringer af vilkår. X kan revidere disse vilkår for køb på X på et gyldigt og rimeligt grundlag fra tid til anden. Et gyldigt og rimeligt grundlag kan omfatte (i) en ændring i vores tjenester, f.eks. på grund af teknisk, sikkerhedsmæssig eller operationel udvikling, (ii) eliminering af tekniske fejl, (iii) en ændring i vores forretning, f.eks. på grund af politiske, økonomiske eller andre retningsændringer, (iv) en ændring i den juridiske situation, f.eks. på grund af en ændring i lovgivningen, en anmodning fra et officielt agentur eller en afgørelse fra en domstol, og (v) optimering af brugeroplevelsen gennem implementering af nye funktioner. Ændringerne vil ikke have tilbagevirkende kraft, og den seneste version af Vilkår for køb på X, der er tilgængelig på legal.x.com/purchaser-terms , vil regulere din brug af betalte tjenester og eventuelle tilsvarende transaktioner. Hvis vi ændrer eller reviderer disse vilkår, efter at du har accepteret dem (f.eks. hvis disse vilkår ændres, efter at du har købt et abonnement), forpligter vi os til at underrette dig op til 30 dage (afhængigt af de specifikke ændringer) forud for ikrafttrædelsen af væsentlige ændringer af disse vilkår, samtidig med at vi fastsætter en rimelig frist for brugeren med hensyn til ændringerne og underretter dig om konsekvenserne af fortsat brug efter fristens udløb. En sådan meddelelse kan gives elektronisk, herunder (og uden begrænsning) via en servicemeddelelse eller en e-mail til den e-mailadresse, der er tilknyttet din konto. Hvis du fortsætter med at bruge de betalte tjenester efter udløbet af den førnævnte frist, accepterer du at være bundet af de reviderede vilkår for køb på X. Hvis du ikke accepterer ændringerne i vilkår for køb på X, skal du stoppe med at bruge eller få adgang til (eller fortsætte med at bruge eller få adgang til) de betalte tjenester. Vilkårene for køb på X er skrevet på engelsk, men er gjort tilgængelige på flere sprog via oversættelser. X bestræber sig på at gøre oversættelserne så nøjagtige som muligt i forhold til den originale engelske version. I tilfælde af eventuelle uoverensstemmelser eller inkonsekvens har den engelsksprogede version af vilkårene for køb på X, forrang. Du anerkender, at engelsk skal være referencesproget til fortolkning og udfærdigelse af vilkårene i Vilkår for køb på X. 2. Ændringer af betalte tjenester. Vores betalte tjenester og vores produkter og tjenester udvikler sig konstant. X kan ændre de betalte tjenester på et rimeligt og gyldigt grundlag. Et sådant gyldigt og rimeligt grundlag kan omfatte (i) teknisk, sikkerhedsmæssig eller operationel udvikling, (ii) eliminering af tekniske fejl, (iii) overholdelse af en ændret retssituation, f.eks. på grund af en lovændring, en anmodning fra en officiel myndighed eller en domstolsafgørelse, (iv) optimering af brugeroplevelsen gennem implementering af nye funktioner, og (v) en ændring i vores forretning, f.eks. på grund af politik, økonomiske forhold eller andre retningsændringer. Vi underretter dig om eventuelle ændringer i de betalte tjenester senest 30 dage før de træder i kraft, f.eks. ved hjælp af en servicemeddelelse eller en e-mail sendt til den e-mailadresse, der er knyttet til din konto, med angivelse af ændringernes karakteristika og ikrafttrædelsesdato samt information om din eventuelle ret til at opsige abonnementet. Fristen kan afkortes i tilfælde af sikkerhedsmæssige ændringer. Følgende skal ikke betragtes som ændringer af de betalte tjenester i henhold til denne bestemmelse: (i) ændringer, der påvirker den grundlæggende karakter af de betalte tjenester og de væsentlige karakteristika ved den tjeneste, der skal leveres af X, og (ii) permanent ophør af tjenester. X er ikke ansvarlig over for dig for nogen ændring, suspendering eller afbrydelse af de betalte tjenester. Hvor det er lovpligtigt, gælder ovennævnte ansvarsbegrænsning ikke (i) for erstatning for forudsigelig skade i tilfælde af let uagtsom pligtforsømmelse, for så vidt deres opfyldelse er afgørende for en korrekt opfyldelse af kontrakten, og brugerne kan stole på, at de opfyldes (væsentlige kontraktlige forpligtelser) af X eller dets juridiske repræsentanter eller stedfortrædende agenter, og (ii) X's ansvar for (a) en skade som følge af skade på liv, legeme eller helbred samt for skader forårsaget af forsæt eller grov uagtsomhed fra X's side, dets juridiske repræsentanter eller stedfortrædende agenter, og (b) en skade på grund af manglende overholdelse af en garanti eller garanteret egenskab eller som følge af en svigagtigt skjult defekt. De specifikke vilkår og betingelser (inkluderet nedenfor) for den specifikke betalte tjeneste angiver, hvordan du kan opsige et abonnement eller, når det er relevant, søge om en refusion. 3. Ændringer i prisfastsættelse. Priserne for Betalte Tjenester, herunder tilbagevendende abonnementsgebyrer, kan ændres fra tid til anden på grund af ændringer i omkostningerne i forbindelse med drift, vedligeholdelse, teknisk levering, forretningsmæssige overvejelser og gebyrer, der opkræves af tredjeparter eller lovbestemte gebyrer, efter vores rimelige skøn. I tilfælde af omkostningsstigninger forbeholder X sig ret til at justere priserne for betalte tjenester. X vil underrette dig skriftligt om eventuelle prisændringer op til 30 dage før de træder i kraft, f.eks. ved hjælp af en servicemeddelelse eller en e-mail til den e-mailadresse, der er knyttet til din konto, med angivelse af dine rettigheder og konsekvenserne af ikke at udøve dem. I tilfælde af en prisændring kan du opsige abonnementet på den relevante Betalte Tjeneste eller brugeraftalen op til 24 timer før starten af din næste faktureringsperiode, forudsat at opsigelsen sker inden for 30 dage efter modtagelse af meddelelsen. I modsat fald træder prisændringen i kraft på det tidspunkt, der er angivet i meddelelsen. For abonnementstjenester træder prisændringer i kraft ved starten af den næste abonnementsperiode efter datoen for prisændringens ikrafttræden. Betalingsbetingelser . X tilbyder forskellige betalingsmuligheder, der kan variere alt efter betalt tjeneste, din enhed og/eller operativsystem, din geografiske placering eller andre faktorer. I det omfang de er tilgængelige (da X kan gøre forskellige købsmetoder tilgængelige fra tid til anden), kan disse betalingsmuligheder omfatte muligheden for at bruge funktionen "betaling i app", der tilbydes af Google eller Apple, eller at foretage en webbetaling via X's tredjepartsbetalingsbehandler, Stripe ( www.stripe.com – herefter benævnt " Stripe "). Når du foretager en betaling, accepterer du udtrykkeligt: (i) at betale den angivne pris for den betalte tjeneste sammen med eventuelle yderligere beløb vedrørende gældende skatter, kreditkortgebyrer, bankgebyrer, udenlandske transaktionsgebyrer, valutagebyrer og valutaudsving; og (ii) at overholde relevante vilkår for anvendelse, privatlivspolitikker eller andre juridiske aftaler eller begrænsninger (inklusive yderligere aldersbegrænsninger) pålagt af Google, Apple eller Stripe (som X's tredjepartsbetalingsbehandler) i forbindelse med din brug af en given betalingsmetode (hvis du f.eks. vælger at foretage din betaling via Apples køb i appen-funktion, accepterer du at overholde alle relevante vilkår, krav og/eller begrænsninger, som Apple har indført). Alle private personoplysninger, som du afgiver i forbindelse med din brug af betalte tjenester, herunder, men ikke begrænset til, oplysninger afgivet i forbindelse med betaling, vil blive behandlet i overensstemmelse med X's privatlivspolitik. X kan dele dine betalingsoplysninger med betalingstjenesteudbydere for at behandle betalinger; forhindre, opdage og efterforske bedrageri eller andre forbudte aktiviteter; lette tvistbilæggelse såsom tilbageførsler eller tilbagebetalinger; og til andre formål i forbindelse med accept af kreditkort, betalingskort eller via ACH. Det er dit ansvar at sikre, at dine bank-, kreditkort-, betalingskort- og/eller andre betalingsoplysninger til enhver tid er opdaterede, fuldstændige og korrekte. Hvis du foretager en betaling for en betalt tjeneste, kan vi modtage oplysninger om din transaktion, såsom hvornår den blev foretaget, hvornår et abonnement er indstillet til at udløbe eller fornys automatisk, hvilken platform du foretog købet på og andre oplysninger. X er ikke ansvarlig for eventuelle fejl eller forsinkelser hos en betalingsbehandler, Apples App Store eller Google Play Butik, din bank, dit kreditkortselskab og/eller et betalingsnetværk. Se de enkelte vilkår og betingelser for betalt tjeneste nedenfor for betalingsbetingelser, der gælder for den pågældende betalte tjeneste, herunder hvordan abonnementsfornyelser håndteres og andre vigtige vilkår. Anvendelse af X-brugeraftale, opsigelse, ingen refundering, flere X-konti og begrænsninger 1. X-brugeraftalen gælder for dig . DU SKAL ALTID FØLGE OG OVERHOLDE X'S BRUGERAFTALE. X's brugeraftale gælder altid for din brug af X-tjenesten, inklusive de betalte tjenester og funktioner. Din manglende overholdelse af X's brugeraftale eller X's overbevisning om, at du ikke har fulgt og overholder X's brugeraftale, kan resultere i opsigelse af dine betalte tjenester. Enhver sådan opsigelse vil være et supplement til og uden begrænsning af enhver håndhævelseshandling, som X måtte tage imod dig iht. X's brugeraftale. I sådanne tilfælde kan du miste fordelene ved dine betalte tjenester, og du vil ikke være kvalificeret til refusion for de beløb, du har betalt (eller forudbetalt) for betalte tjenester. 2. Hvorfor X muligvis afslutter din adgang til betalte tjenester. X kan suspendere eller ophæve din adgang til betalte tjenester, ophøre med at give dig adgang til hele eller dele af de betalte tjenester, eller foretage evt. andre handlinger, som X finder passende, herunder f.eks. suspendere din konto (uden ansvar) til enhver tid af enhver eller ingen grund, herunder, men ikke begrænset til, enhver af følgende rimelige grunde: a. X mener, efter eget skøn, at du har overtrådt vilkårene, eller din brug af de betalte tjenester ville overtræde enhver gældende lovgivning; b. X anmodes eller instrueres herom af enhver kompetent domstol, regulerende myndighed eller retshåndhævende organ; c. X har uventede tekniske eller sikkerhedsmæssige problemer; d.X mener, efter eget rimeligt skøn, at du har overtrådt X-brugeraftalen; e. X mener af gyldige grunde, såsom hvis du deltager i manipulation, spil eller anden forstyrrende eller forbudt adfærd i forbindelse med de betalte tjenester; f. Du skaber risiko eller mulig juridisk eksponering for X; g. Din konto bør fjernes pga. ulovlig adfærd; h. Din konto bør fjernes pga. længere tids inaktivitet; eller Vores levering af de betalte tjenester (helt eller delvist) til dig er ikke længere kommercielt levedygtig (efter X's eget skøn). 3. Alle transaktioner er endelige. Alle betalinger for betalte tjenester er endelige og kan ikke refunderes eller ombyttes, undtagen som krævet af gældende lovgivning. Vi giver ingen garanti med hensyn til karakteren, kvaliteten eller værdien af en betalt tjeneste eller tilgængeligheden eller leveringen heraf. Der gives ikke refusion eller kredit for ubrugte eller delvist brugte betalte tjenester (f.eks. en delvist brugt abonnementsperiode). 4. Betalte tjenester kan ikke overføres mellem X-konti. Hvert køb af en betalt tjeneste gælder for en enkelt X-konto, hvilket betyder, at dit køb udelukkende gælder for den konto, du brugte, da du købte den betalte tjeneste, og ikke gælder for andre konti, som du muligvis har adgang til eller kontrol over. Hvis du har eller kontrollerer flere konti, og du ønsker adgang til betalte tjenester på hver konto, skal du købe den betalte tjeneste på hver konto individuelt. 5. Begrænsninger og forpligtelser. a. Du må kun købe og bruge en betalt tjeneste, hvis du har lovlig tilladelse til at bruge den betalte tjeneste i dit land, og du bor i et land, der understøttes af X for den pågældende betalte tjeneste. X kan efter eget skøn begrænse muligheden for at få adgang til eller købe en betalt tjeneste i visse lande. X forbeholder sig retten til at ændre listen over understøttede lande fra tid til anden. b. Vi forbeholder os retten til at afvise transaktioner med betalte tjenester eller til at annullere eller afbryde salget eller brugen af en betalt tjeneste efter vores eget skøn. c. Du må ikke tillade andre at bruge din X-konto til at få adgang til nogen betalt tjeneste, som en sådan person ikke har bestilt. d. Du må ikke købe eller bruge en betalt tjeneste, hvis du er en person, som amerikanske borgere ikke må handle med iht. økonomiske sanktioner, herunder, uden begrænsning, sanktioner administreret af det amerikanske finansministeriums kontor for kontrol af udenlandske aktiver eller en anden relevant sanktionsmyndighed (" forbudt person "). Dette omfatter, uden begrænsning, personer, der befinder sig i eller er statsborgere i følgende lande og områder: Cuba, Iran, Krim-regionen i Ukraine, Nordkorea og Syrien. Du erklærer og garanterer, at du ikke er en forbudt person. e. DU ERKLÆRER, AT DU KUN VIL BRUGE DE BETALTE TJENESTER TIL LOVLIGE FORMÅL OG KUN I OVERENSSTEMMELSE MED VILKÅRENE. Skatter og afgifter . Du er ansvarlig for og accepterer at betale alle gældende skatter, afgifter, tariffer og gebyrer i forbindelse med køb af betalte tjenester, inklusive dem, der skal betales til enten X eller en tredjepartsbetalingsbehandler. Disse skatter kan omfatte, men er ikke begrænset til moms, kildeskat og andre gældende afgifter. Afhængigt af din lokalitet kan X være ansvarlig for at indhente og indberette oplysninger relateret til transaktionsafgifter, der opstår ved dit køb af betalte tjenester. Du giver X tilladelse til at give dine konto- og personlige oplysninger til relevante skattemyndigheder for at opfylde vores skatteopkrævnings- og indberetningsforpligtelser. Almindelige vilkår 1. Kontaktoplysninger. Hvis du har spørgsmål om de betalte tjenester eller disse vilkår, kan du tjekke X's hjælpecenter for betalte tjenester for at få flere oplysninger. Hvis du allerede har købt en betalt tjeneste, kan du også kontakte os via supportlinket, der findes i navigationsmenuen på din X-konto under betalings- eller abonnementsindstillingerne. Hvis du har yderligere spørgsmål, så kan du kontakte os her ved at bruge formularen "Hjælp til betalte funktioner". 2. ANSVARSFRASKRIVELSER. I DET MAKSIMALE OMFANG DET ER TILLADT AF GÆLDENDE LOV, ER DIN ADGANG TIL OG BRUG AF DE BETALTE TJENESTER PÅ EGEN RISIKO. DU FORSTÅR OG ACCEPTERER, AT DE BETALTE TJENESTER LEVERES TIL DIG "SOM DE ER" OG "SOM DE ER TILGÆNGELIGE". X FRASKRIVER SIG ALLE GARANTIER OG BETINGELSER, UDTRYKKELIGE ELLER UNDERFORSTÅEDE, FOR SALGBARHED, EGNETHED TIL ET BESTEMT FORMÅL ELLER IKKE-KRÆNKELSE. X GIVER INGEN GARANTI ELLER ERKLÆRING OG FRASKRIVER SIG ALT ANSVAR OG ANSVAR FOR: (I) DE BETALTE TJENESTERS FULDSTÆNDIGHED, KORREKTHED, TILGÆNGELIGHED, RETTIDIGHED, SIKKERHED ELLER PÅLIDELIGHED; OG (II) HVORVIDT DE BETALTE TJENESTER VIL OPFYLDE DINE KRAV ELLER VÆRE TILGÆNGELIGE PÅ ET UAFBRUDT, SIKKERT ELLER FEJLFRIT GRUNDLAG. DU ER ANSVARLIG FOR DIN BRUG AF X-TJENESTEN, HERUNDER DE BETALTE TJENESTER OG ETHVERT INDHOLD, DU LEVERER. 3. ANSVARSBEGRÆNSNING. I DET MAKSIMALE OMFANG, DET ER TILLADT AF GÆLDENDE LOVGIVNING, ER X-ENHEDERNE IKKE ANSVARLIGE FOR NOGEN INDIREKTE, TILFÆLDELIGE, SÆRLIGE, FØLGESKADER ELLER STRAFSKADER ELLER TAB AF FORTJENESTE ELLER INDTÆGTER, HVERKEN DIREKTE ELLER INDIREKTE, ELLER TAB AF DATA, BRUG, GOODWILL ELLER ANDRE IMMATERIELLE TAB, SOM FØLGE AF (i) DIN ADGANG TIL ELLER BRUG AF ELLER MANGLENDE MULIGHED FOR AT TILGÅ ELLER BRUGE DE BETALTE TJENESTER; (ii) ENHVER ADFÆRD ELLER ETHVERT INDHOLD FRA EN TREDJEPART, DER ER POSTET VIA DE BETALTE TJENESTER, HERUNDER UDEN BEGRÆNSNING ENHVER ÆREKRÆNKENDE, STØDENDE ELLER ULOVLIG ADFÆRD FRA ANDRE BRUGERE ELLER TREDJEPARTER; (iii) ETHVERT INDHOLD OPNÅET FRA DE BETALTE TJENESTER; ELLER (iv) UAUTORISERET ADGANG, BRUG ELLER ÆNDRING AF DINE OVERFØRSLER ELLER INDHOLD. FOR AT UNDGÅ TVIVL, ER DEFINITIONEN AF BETALTE TJENESTER BEGRÆNSET TIL DE FUNKTIONER, DER UDBYDES AF X, OG INKLUDERER IKKE NOGET INDHOLD, DU FÅR ADGANG TIL OG/ELLER INTERAGERER MED, VED BRUG AF DISSE FUNKTIONER. X-ENHEDERNES SAMLEDE ANSVAR MÅ UNDER INGEN OMSTÆNDIGHEDER OVERSTIGE ET STØRRE BELØB END ET HUNDREDE EURO (100,00 €) ELLER DET BELØB, DU EVENTUELT HAR BETALT X I DE SENESTE SEKS MÅNEDER FOR DE BETALTE TJENESTER, DER GIVER ANLEDNING TIL KRAVET. BEGRÆNSNINGERNE I DETTE UNDERAFSNIT GÆLDER FOR ETHVERT TEORETISK ANSVAR, UANSET OM DET ER BASERET PÅ GARANTI, AFTALE, LOV, ERSTATNING (HERUNDER UAGTSOMHED) ELLER ANDET, OG UANSET OM X-ENHEDERNE ER BLEVET INFORMERET OM MULIGHEDEN FOR EN SÅDAN SKADE, OG SELV HVIS ET RETSMIDDEL, DER ER BESKREVET HERI, VISER SIG IKKE AT HAVE OPFYLDT SIT VÆSENTLIGE FORMÅL. "X-ENHEDERNE" HENVISER TIL X, DETS MODERSELSKABER, TILKNYTTEDE SELSKABER, RELATEREDE VIRKSOMHEDER, LEDERE, DIREKTØRER, MEDARBEJDERE, AGENTER, REPRÆSENTANTER, PARTNERE OG LICENSGIVERE. GÆLDENDE LOV I DIN JURISDIKTION TILLADER MULIGVIS IKKE VISSE ANSVARSBEGRÆNSNINGER. I DET OMFANG DET KRÆVES AF GÆLDENDE LOV I DIN JURISDIKTION, BEGRÆNSER OVENSTÅENDE IKKE X-ENHEDERNES ANSVAR FOR BEDRAGERI, SVIGAGTIG VILDLEDNING, DØD ELLER PERSONSKADE FORÅRSAGET AF VORES UAGTSOMHED, GROVE UAGTSOMHED OG/ELLER FORSÆTLIGE ADFÆRD. I DET OMFANG, DET ER TILLADT IHT. GÆLDENDE LOV, ER X-ENHEDERNES MAKSIMALE SAMLEDE ANSVAR FOR ALLE GARANTIER, DER IKKE KAN UDELUKKES, BEGRÆNSET TIL ET HUNDREDE EURO (100,00 €). 4. Meddelelse vedrørende Apple. I det omfang du har købt de betalte tjenester eller bruger eller får adgang til de betalte tjenester på en iOS-enhed, anerkender og accepterer du desuden vilkårene i dette afsnit. Du anerkender, at vilkårene kun er mellem dig og os, ikke Apple, og Apple er ikke ansvarlig for de betalte tjenester og indholdet deri. Apple har ingen som helst forpligtelse til at levere vedligeholdelses- og supporttjenester med hensyn til de betalte tjenester. I tilfælde af, at de betalte tjenester ikke overholder en gældende garanti, kan du underrette Apple, og Apple vil refundere enhver gældende købspris for de betalte tjenester til dig; og i det maksimale omfang, det er tilladt iht. gældende lov, har Apple ingen anden garantiforpligtelse overhovedet med hensyn til de betalte tjenester. Apple er ikke ansvarlig for at behandle eventuelle krav fra dig eller nogen tredjepart i forbindelse med de betalte tjenester eller din besiddelse og/eller brug af de betalte tjenester, herunder, men ikke begrænset til: (i) krav om produktansvar; (ii) enhver påstand om, at de betalte tjenester ikke er i overensstemmelse med gældende lov- eller reguleringskrav; og (iii) krav, der opstår iht. forbrugerbeskyttelse eller lignende lovgivning. Apple er ikke ansvarlig for undersøgelse, forsvar, forlig og opfyldelse af krav fra en tredjepart om, at de betalte tjenester og/eller din besiddelse og brug af mobilapplikationen krænker den pågældende tredjeparts intellektuelle ejendomsrettigheder. Du accepterer at overholde eventuelle gældende | 2026-01-13T08:48:39 |
https://docs.suprsend.com/docs/integrate-node-sdk#installation | Integrate Node SDK - SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams Skip to main content SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Community Trust Center Platform Status Postman Collection Developer Resources Overview Updates and Versioning Versioning and Support Policy SDK Changelog Authentication API Keys and Secrets Service Token Best Practices for Key & Token Management MCP Overview BETA Quickstart Tool List Building with LLMs Security Security SDKs and APIs SDKs SDK Overview SuprSend Backend SDK Python SDK Node.js SDK Integrate Node SDK Manage Users Objects Send and Track Events Trigger Workflow from API Tenants Lists Broadcast Java SDK Go SDK SuprSend Client SDK Management API REST API Postman Collection Features Validate Trigger Payload Type Safety Testing Testing the Template Test Mode Monitoring and Logging Logs Data Out Contact Us Get Started SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Ask AI Contact Us Get Started Get Started Search... Navigation Node.js SDK Integrate Node SDK Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Node.js SDK Integrate Node SDK OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Install & Initialize SuprSend NodeJS SDK using your workspace credentials for sending notifications. OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Installation npm yarn Copy Ask AI npm install @suprsend/node-sdk@latest Initialization javascript Copy Ask AI const { Suprsend } = require ( "@suprsend/node-sdk" ); const supr_client = new Suprsend ( "WORKSPACE KEY" , "WORKSPACE SECRET" ); Replace WORKSPACE KEY and WORKSPACE SECRET with your workspace values. You will find them on SuprSend Dashboard Developers -> API Keys page. Was this page helpful? Yes No Suggest edits Raise issue Previous Manage Users Create, update, & manage user profiles and communication channels using NodeJS SDK methods. Next ⌘ I x github linkedin youtube Powered by On this page Installation Initialization | 2026-01-13T08:48:39 |
https://dev.to/himanshu_bhatt/html-101-5-text-formatting-quotes-code-formatting-4221 | HTML-101 #5. Text Formatting, Quotes & Code Formatting - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Himanshu Bhatt Posted on Jan 11 HTML-101 #5. Text Formatting, Quotes & Code Formatting # html # learninpublic # beginners # tutorial HTML Series (5 Part Series) 1 HTML-101 #1. What is HTML & How the Web Works 2 HTML-101 #2. Structure of HTML 3 HTML-101 #3. Comments & Naming Convention 4 HTML-101 #4. HTML Headings, Paragraphs & Line Breaks 5 HTML-101 #5. Text Formatting, Quotes & Code Formatting 👋 Short Intro (Why I’m Writing This) I’m currently learning HTML and decided to learn in public by documenting my journey. This blog is part of my HTML-101 series , where I’m learning HTML step by step from scratch. This series is not written by an expert — it’s a beginner learning out loud, sharing: what I understand, what confuses me, and what I learn along the way. The goal is to build consistency, clarity, and invite discussion. 📌 What This Blog Covers In this post, I’ll cover: Text formatting tags in HTML Semantic vs non-semantic formatting ( strong vs b , em vs i ) Underline, highlight, small text, deleted text Superscript and subscript usage Quoting content using <blockquote> and <q> Code formatting using <code> and <pre> 📂 GitHub Repository All my notes, examples, and practice code live here: 👉 GitHub Repo: https://github.com/dmz-v-x/html-101 This repo is updated as I continue learning. 📚 Learning Notes 1. HTML Text Formatting Tags <strong> : This tag show importance semantically, and visually it makes the text bold. So <strong> should be used where want to show something important rather than using <b> . Syntax: <strong>Warning</strong> When to use: Use when text is important, not just bold-looking. <em> : This tag should be used when we want to add stress or emphasis, screen readers changes tone when they come across that is wrapped around <em> tag. Visually it makes the text italics. Syntax: I <em>really</em> sorry When to use: Use when we want to show emphasis, not just italics. <b> : This tag makes our text to appear bold. It has no semantic meaning. Syntax: <b>Hi There!</b> When to use: Use when we want to make text appear bold but no importance. <i> : This tag makes our text to appear italics. It has no semantic meaning. Syntax: <i>Hi There!</i> When to use: Use when we want to make text appear italics but no importance. Comparison: strong vs b / em vs i Tag Visual Semantic meaning Screen reader strong Bold ✅ Yes Emphasized b Bold ❌ No Normal em Italic ✅ Yes Emphasized i Italic ❌ No Normal <u> : Underlines text visually. Syntax: <u>This is underlined</u> When to use: <u> should NOT be used to indicate importance. It is mainly used for annotations, misspellings, or stylistic purposes. <mark> : This tag makes text highligted with yellow background Syntax: This is a <mark>highlighted</mark> word When to use: Use to highlight relevant or matched text (e.g. search results). <small> : This tag makes text to appear small on the screen. Syntax: <small>Terms and conditions apply </small> When to use: Often used for disclaimers or legal notes. <del> : This shows strikethrough in the text. Syntax: <del>$50</del> 30 When to use: Represent removed/obsolete content, for price reductions, version changes, corrections <sup> : This raises text above line, sup means Superscript. Syntax: x<sup>2</sup> When to use: Used when we want to perform math exponets. <sub> : This lowers the text below baseline, sub means Subscript. Syntax: H<sub>2</sub>O When to use: Used in chemical formulas or Scientific expressions. <abbr> : Used for abbreviations with a full form. Syntax: <abbr title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</abbr> When to use: Helps accessibility and shows meaning on hover. 2. Quotes in HTML <blockquote> : Used for long quotes or cited section that should stand apart from the main content. This displays the content on a separate block, indented by default and starts on a new line. Syntax: <blockquote> This is a long quoted section from another source. </blockquote> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode We can use cite attribute to specify where the quote came from. <blockquote> The future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams. </blockquote> <cite>— Eleanor Roosevelt</cite> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode When to use: When you want to quote something from another source. <cite> : Used to reference the source of a quote or creative work. Syntax: <cite>— Eleanor Roosevelt</cite> When to use: Use it to attribute quotes, books, articles, or authors. q : Used for short quotes inside a sentence, q for Inline Quote. When used browser automatically adds quotation marks. Syntax: <p> He said, <q>HTML is easy to learn</q> and smiled. </p> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode When to use: Use when quote is part of a line, it should not break text flow. Key Differences: Feature <blockquote> <q> Display Block-level Inline Usage Long quotes Short quotes Line break Yes No Default styling Indented Quotation marks Semantic meaning Quoted section Quoted phrase 3. Code Formatting Tags <code> : Used to represent short snippets of code inside a sentence. It keeps the code inline with surrounding text. Syntax: <p>Use the <code>console.log()</code>function to debug.</p> When to use: Use when we want to show short commands, file names, variables etc. When we want to show the code inline with the text. <pre> : Used to display multi-line code or content exactly as written. Syntax: <pre> function greet(){ console.log("Hello World"); } </pre> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode When to use: Use when we want to show multi-line code, and wants to preserve spaces, preserve identation, preserve line break and display as is. Using <pre> & <code> together For real code blocks we should nest them as: <pre><code> function add(a, b) { return a + b; } </code></pre> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode <pre> preserve formatting, <code> gives semantic meaning. ⚠️ Challenges / Mistakes I Faced Initially, I used only used to know <strong> , <em> , <i> , <b> that's it. I didn't knew about the other tags that are there. Like <blockquote> , <q> and <code> , <pre> . So that was something new i learned while going through this topic. If you faced any issues or have any questions, do let me know in the comments 🙂 💬 Feedback & Discussion 💡 I’d love your feedback! If you notice: something incorrect, a better explanation, or have suggestions to improve my understanding, please comment below. I’m happy to learn and correct mistakes. ⭐ Support the Learning Journey If you find these notes useful: ⭐ Consider giving the GitHub repo a star — it really motivates me to keep learning and sharing publicly. 🐦 Stay Updated (Twitter / X) I share learning updates, notes, and progress regularly. 👉 Follow me on Twitter/X: https://x.com/_himanshubhatt1 🔜 What’s Next In the next post, I’ll be covering: 👉 Paths, Anchor Tag, Mail & Phone Links I’ll also continue updating the GitHub repo as I progress. 🙌 Final Thoughts Thanks for reading! If you’re also learning HTML, feel free to: follow along, share your experience, or drop questions in the comments 👋 📘 Learning in public 📂 Repo: https://github.com/dmz-v-x/html-101 🐦 Twitter/X: https://x.com/_himanshubhatt1 💬 Feedback welcome — please comment if anything feels off ⭐ Star the repo if you find it useful HTML Series (5 Part Series) 1 HTML-101 #1. What is HTML & How the Web Works 2 HTML-101 #2. Structure of HTML 3 HTML-101 #3. Comments & Naming Convention 4 HTML-101 #4. HTML Headings, Paragraphs & Line Breaks 5 HTML-101 #5. Text Formatting, Quotes & Code Formatting Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Himanshu Bhatt Follow Aspiring DevOps professional passionate about cloud technologies. Sharing my learning journey to help others and grow. Looking to connect and explore new career opportunities! Location Nainital, Uttarakhand Education Bipin Tripathi Kuamon Institute of Technology Pronouns He/Him Work Seeking opportunities in DevOps & Cloud Engineering. Building skills through projects & blogging. 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https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/controlflow.html | 4. More Control Flow Tools — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents 4. More Control Flow Tools 4.1. if Statements 4.2. for Statements 4.3. The range() Function 4.4. break and continue Statements 4.5. else Clauses on Loops 4.6. pass Statements 4.7. match Statements 4.8. Defining Functions 4.9. More on Defining Functions 4.9.1. Default Argument Values 4.9.2. Keyword Arguments 4.9.3. Special parameters 4.9.3.1. Positional-or-Keyword Arguments 4.9.3.2. Positional-Only Parameters 4.9.3.3. Keyword-Only Arguments 4.9.3.4. Function Examples 4.9.3.5. Recap 4.9.4. Arbitrary Argument Lists 4.9.5. Unpacking Argument Lists 4.9.6. Lambda Expressions 4.9.7. Documentation Strings 4.9.8. Function Annotations 4.10. Intermezzo: Coding Style Previous topic 3. An Informal Introduction to Python Next topic 5. Data Structures This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial » 4. More Control Flow Tools | Theme Auto Light Dark | 4. More Control Flow Tools ¶ As well as the while statement just introduced, Python uses a few more that we will encounter in this chapter. 4.1. if Statements ¶ Perhaps the most well-known statement type is the if statement. For example: >>> x = int ( input ( "Please enter an integer: " )) Please enter an integer: 42 >>> if x < 0 : ... x = 0 ... print ( 'Negative changed to zero' ) ... elif x == 0 : ... print ( 'Zero' ) ... elif x == 1 : ... print ( 'Single' ) ... else : ... print ( 'More' ) ... More There can be zero or more elif parts, and the else part is optional. The keyword ‘ elif ’ is short for ‘else if’, and is useful to avoid excessive indentation. An if … elif … elif … sequence is a substitute for the switch or case statements found in other languages. If you’re comparing the same value to several constants, or checking for specific types or attributes, you may also find the match statement useful. For more details see match Statements . 4.2. for Statements ¶ The for statement in Python differs a bit from what you may be used to in C or Pascal. Rather than always iterating over an arithmetic progression of numbers (like in Pascal), or giving the user the ability to define both the iteration step and halting condition (as C), Python’s for statement iterates over the items of any sequence (a list or a string), in the order that they appear in the sequence. For example (no pun intended): >>> # Measure some strings: >>> words = [ 'cat' , 'window' , 'defenestrate' ] >>> for w in words : ... print ( w , len ( w )) ... cat 3 window 6 defenestrate 12 Code that modifies a collection while iterating over that same collection can be tricky to get right. Instead, it is usually more straight-forward to loop over a copy of the collection or to create a new collection: # Create a sample collection users = { 'Hans' : 'active' , 'Éléonore' : 'inactive' , '景太郎' : 'active' } # Strategy: Iterate over a copy for user , status in users . copy () . items (): if status == 'inactive' : del users [ user ] # Strategy: Create a new collection active_users = {} for user , status in users . items (): if status == 'active' : active_users [ user ] = status 4.3. The range() Function ¶ If you do need to iterate over a sequence of numbers, the built-in function range() comes in handy. It generates arithmetic progressions: >>> for i in range ( 5 ): ... print ( i ) ... 0 1 2 3 4 The given end point is never part of the generated sequence; range(10) generates 10 values, the legal indices for items of a sequence of length 10. It is possible to let the range start at another number, or to specify a different increment (even negative; sometimes this is called the ‘step’): >>> list ( range ( 5 , 10 )) [5, 6, 7, 8, 9] >>> list ( range ( 0 , 10 , 3 )) [0, 3, 6, 9] >>> list ( range ( - 10 , - 100 , - 30 )) [-10, -40, -70] To iterate over the indices of a sequence, you can combine range() and len() as follows: >>> a = [ 'Mary' , 'had' , 'a' , 'little' , 'lamb' ] >>> for i in range ( len ( a )): ... print ( i , a [ i ]) ... 0 Mary 1 had 2 a 3 little 4 lamb In most such cases, however, it is convenient to use the enumerate() function, see Looping Techniques . A strange thing happens if you just print a range: >>> range ( 10 ) range(0, 10) In many ways the object returned by range() behaves as if it is a list, but in fact it isn’t. It is an object which returns the successive items of the desired sequence when you iterate over it, but it doesn’t really make the list, thus saving space. We say such an object is iterable , that is, suitable as a target for functions and constructs that expect something from which they can obtain successive items until the supply is exhausted. We have seen that the for statement is such a construct, while an example of a function that takes an iterable is sum() : >>> sum ( range ( 4 )) # 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 6 Later we will see more functions that return iterables and take iterables as arguments. In chapter Data Structures , we will discuss in more detail about list() . 4.4. break and continue Statements ¶ The break statement breaks out of the innermost enclosing for or while loop: >>> for n in range ( 2 , 10 ): ... for x in range ( 2 , n ): ... if n % x == 0 : ... print ( f " { n } equals { x } * { n // x } " ) ... break ... 4 equals 2 * 2 6 equals 2 * 3 8 equals 2 * 4 9 equals 3 * 3 The continue statement continues with the next iteration of the loop: >>> for num in range ( 2 , 10 ): ... if num % 2 == 0 : ... print ( f "Found an even number { num } " ) ... continue ... print ( f "Found an odd number { num } " ) ... Found an even number 2 Found an odd number 3 Found an even number 4 Found an odd number 5 Found an even number 6 Found an odd number 7 Found an even number 8 Found an odd number 9 4.5. else Clauses on Loops ¶ In a for or while loop the break statement may be paired with an else clause. If the loop finishes without executing the break , the else clause executes. In a for loop, the else clause is executed after the loop finishes its final iteration, that is, if no break occurred. In a while loop, it’s executed after the loop’s condition becomes false. In either kind of loop, the else clause is not executed if the loop was terminated by a break . Of course, other ways of ending the loop early, such as a return or a raised exception, will also skip execution of the else clause. This is exemplified in the following for loop, which searches for prime numbers: >>> for n in range ( 2 , 10 ): ... for x in range ( 2 , n ): ... if n % x == 0 : ... print ( n , 'equals' , x , '*' , n // x ) ... break ... else : ... # loop fell through without finding a factor ... print ( n , 'is a prime number' ) ... 2 is a prime number 3 is a prime number 4 equals 2 * 2 5 is a prime number 6 equals 2 * 3 7 is a prime number 8 equals 2 * 4 9 equals 3 * 3 (Yes, this is the correct code. Look closely: the else clause belongs to the for loop, not the if statement.) One way to think of the else clause is to imagine it paired with the if inside the loop. As the loop executes, it will run a sequence like if/if/if/else. The if is inside the loop, encountered a number of times. If the condition is ever true, a break will happen. If the condition is never true, the else clause outside the loop will execute. When used with a loop, the else clause has more in common with the else clause of a try statement than it does with that of if statements: a try statement’s else clause runs when no exception occurs, and a loop’s else clause runs when no break occurs. For more on the try statement and exceptions, see Handling Exceptions . 4.6. pass Statements ¶ The pass statement does nothing. It can be used when a statement is required syntactically but the program requires no action. For example: >>> while True : ... pass # Busy-wait for keyboard interrupt (Ctrl+C) ... This is commonly used for creating minimal classes: >>> class MyEmptyClass : ... pass ... Another place pass can be used is as a place-holder for a function or conditional body when you are working on new code, allowing you to keep thinking at a more abstract level. The pass is silently ignored: >>> def initlog ( * args ): ... pass # Remember to implement this! ... For this last case, many people use the ellipsis literal ... instead of pass . This use has no special meaning to Python, and is not part of the language definition (you could use any constant expression here), but ... is used conventionally as a placeholder body as well. See The Ellipsis Object . 4.7. match Statements ¶ A match statement takes an expression and compares its value to successive patterns given as one or more case blocks. This is superficially similar to a switch statement in C, Java or JavaScript (and many other languages), but it’s more similar to pattern matching in languages like Rust or Haskell. Only the first pattern that matches gets executed and it can also extract components (sequence elements or object attributes) from the value into variables. If no case matches, none of the branches is executed. The simplest form compares a subject value against one or more literals: def http_error ( status ): match status : case 400 : return "Bad request" case 404 : return "Not found" case 418 : return "I'm a teapot" case _ : return "Something's wrong with the internet" Note the last block: the “variable name” _ acts as a wildcard and never fails to match. You can combine several literals in a single pattern using | (“or”): case 401 | 403 | 404 : return "Not allowed" Patterns can look like unpacking assignments, and can be used to bind variables: # point is an (x, y) tuple match point : case ( 0 , 0 ): print ( "Origin" ) case ( 0 , y ): print ( f "Y= { y } " ) case ( x , 0 ): print ( f "X= { x } " ) case ( x , y ): print ( f "X= { x } , Y= { y } " ) case _ : raise ValueError ( "Not a point" ) Study that one carefully! The first pattern has two literals, and can be thought of as an extension of the literal pattern shown above. But the next two patterns combine a literal and a variable, and the variable binds a value from the subject ( point ). The fourth pattern captures two values, which makes it conceptually similar to the unpacking assignment (x, y) = point . If you are using classes to structure your data you can use the class name followed by an argument list resembling a constructor, but with the ability to capture attributes into variables: class Point : def __init__ ( self , x , y ): self . x = x self . y = y def where_is ( point ): match point : case Point ( x = 0 , y = 0 ): print ( "Origin" ) case Point ( x = 0 , y = y ): print ( f "Y= { y } " ) case Point ( x = x , y = 0 ): print ( f "X= { x } " ) case Point (): print ( "Somewhere else" ) case _ : print ( "Not a point" ) You can use positional parameters with some builtin classes that provide an ordering for their attributes (e.g. dataclasses). You can also define a specific position for attributes in patterns by setting the __match_args__ special attribute in your classes. If it’s set to (“x”, “y”), the following patterns are all equivalent (and all bind the y attribute to the var variable): Point ( 1 , var ) Point ( 1 , y = var ) Point ( x = 1 , y = var ) Point ( y = var , x = 1 ) A recommended way to read patterns is to look at them as an extended form of what you would put on the left of an assignment, to understand which variables would be set to what. Only the standalone names (like var above) are assigned to by a match statement. Dotted names (like foo.bar ), attribute names (the x= and y= above) or class names (recognized by the “(…)” next to them like Point above) are never assigned to. Patterns can be arbitrarily nested. For example, if we have a short list of Points, with __match_args__ added, we could match it like this: class Point : __match_args__ = ( 'x' , 'y' ) def __init__ ( self , x , y ): self . x = x self . y = y match points : case []: print ( "No points" ) case [ Point ( 0 , 0 )]: print ( "The origin" ) case [ Point ( x , y )]: print ( f "Single point { x } , { y } " ) case [ Point ( 0 , y1 ), Point ( 0 , y2 )]: print ( f "Two on the Y axis at { y1 } , { y2 } " ) case _ : print ( "Something else" ) We can add an if clause to a pattern, known as a “guard”. If the guard is false, match goes on to try the next case block. Note that value capture happens before the guard is evaluated: match point : case Point ( x , y ) if x == y : print ( f "Y=X at { x } " ) case Point ( x , y ): print ( f "Not on the diagonal" ) Several other key features of this statement: Like unpacking assignments, tuple and list patterns have exactly the same meaning and actually match arbitrary sequences. An important exception is that they don’t match iterators or strings. Sequence patterns support extended unpacking: [x, y, *rest] and (x, y, *rest) work similar to unpacking assignments. The name after * may also be _ , so (x, y, *_) matches a sequence of at least two items without binding the remaining items. Mapping patterns: {"bandwidth": b, "latency": l} captures the "bandwidth" and "latency" values from a dictionary. Unlike sequence patterns, extra keys are ignored. An unpacking like **rest is also supported. (But **_ would be redundant, so it is not allowed.) Subpatterns may be captured using the as keyword: case ( Point ( x1 , y1 ), Point ( x2 , y2 ) as p2 ): ... will capture the second element of the input as p2 (as long as the input is a sequence of two points) Most literals are compared by equality, however the singletons True , False and None are compared by identity. Patterns may use named constants. These must be dotted names to prevent them from being interpreted as capture variable: from enum import Enum class Color ( Enum ): RED = 'red' GREEN = 'green' BLUE = 'blue' color = Color ( input ( "Enter your choice of 'red', 'blue' or 'green': " )) match color : case Color . RED : print ( "I see red!" ) case Color . GREEN : print ( "Grass is green" ) case Color . BLUE : print ( "I'm feeling the blues :(" ) For a more detailed explanation and additional examples, you can look into PEP 636 which is written in a tutorial format. 4.8. Defining Functions ¶ We can create a function that writes the Fibonacci series to an arbitrary boundary: >>> def fib ( n ): # write Fibonacci series less than n ... """Print a Fibonacci series less than n.""" ... a , b = 0 , 1 ... while a < n : ... print ( a , end = ' ' ) ... a , b = b , a + b ... print () ... >>> # Now call the function we just defined: >>> fib ( 2000 ) 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 1597 The keyword def introduces a function definition . It must be followed by the function name and the parenthesized list of formal parameters. The statements that form the body of the function start at the next line, and must be indented. The first statement of the function body can optionally be a string literal; this string literal is the function’s documentation string, or docstring . (More about docstrings can be found in the section Documentation Strings .) There are tools which use docstrings to automatically produce online or printed documentation, or to let the user interactively browse through code; it’s good practice to include docstrings in code that you write, so make a habit of it. The execution of a function introduces a new symbol table used for the local variables of the function. More precisely, all variable assignments in a function store the value in the local symbol table; whereas variable references first look in the local symbol table, then in the local symbol tables of enclosing functions, then in the global symbol table, and finally in the table of built-in names. Thus, global variables and variables of enclosing functions cannot be directly assigned a value within a function (unless, for global variables, named in a global statement, or, for variables of enclosing functions, named in a nonlocal statement), although they may be referenced. The actual parameters (arguments) to a function call are introduced in the local symbol table of the called function when it is called; thus, arguments are passed using call by value (where the value is always an object reference , not the value of the object). [ 1 ] When a function calls another function, or calls itself recursively, a new local symbol table is created for that call. A function definition associates the function name with the function object in the current symbol table. The interpreter recognizes the object pointed to by that name as a user-defined function. Other names can also point to that same function object and can also be used to access the function: >>> fib <function fib at 10042ed0> >>> f = fib >>> f ( 100 ) 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 Coming from other languages, you might object that fib is not a function but a procedure since it doesn’t return a value. In fact, even functions without a return statement do return a value, albeit a rather boring one. This value is called None (it’s a built-in name). Writing the value None is normally suppressed by the interpreter if it would be the only value written. You can see it if you really want to using print() : >>> fib ( 0 ) >>> print ( fib ( 0 )) None It is simple to write a function that returns a list of the numbers of the Fibonacci series, instead of printing it: >>> def fib2 ( n ): # return Fibonacci series up to n ... """Return a list containing the Fibonacci series up to n.""" ... result = [] ... a , b = 0 , 1 ... while a < n : ... result . append ( a ) # see below ... a , b = b , a + b ... return result ... >>> f100 = fib2 ( 100 ) # call it >>> f100 # write the result [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89] This example, as usual, demonstrates some new Python features: The return statement returns with a value from a function. return without an expression argument returns None . Falling off the end of a function also returns None . The statement result.append(a) calls a method of the list object result . A method is a function that ‘belongs’ to an object and is named obj.methodname , where obj is some object (this may be an expression), and methodname is the name of a method that is defined by the object’s type. Different types define different methods. Methods of different types may have the same name without causing ambiguity. (It is possible to define your own object types and methods, using classes , see Classes ) The method append() shown in the example is defined for list objects; it adds a new element at the end of the list. In this example it is equivalent to result = result + [a] , but more efficient. 4.9. More on Defining Functions ¶ It is also possible to define functions with a variable number of arguments. There are three forms, which can be combined. 4.9.1. Default Argument Values ¶ The most useful form is to specify a default value for one or more arguments. This creates a function that can be called with fewer arguments than it is defined to allow. For example: def ask_ok ( prompt , retries = 4 , reminder = 'Please try again!' ): while True : reply = input ( prompt ) if reply in { 'y' , 'ye' , 'yes' }: return True if reply in { 'n' , 'no' , 'nop' , 'nope' }: return False retries = retries - 1 if retries < 0 : raise ValueError ( 'invalid user response' ) print ( reminder ) This function can be called in several ways: giving only the mandatory argument: ask_ok('Do you really want to quit?') giving one of the optional arguments: ask_ok('OK to overwrite the file?', 2) or even giving all arguments: ask_ok('OK to overwrite the file?', 2, 'Come on, only yes or no!') This example also introduces the in keyword. This tests whether or not a sequence contains a certain value. The default values are evaluated at the point of function definition in the defining scope, so that i = 5 def f ( arg = i ): print ( arg ) i = 6 f () will print 5 . Important warning: The default value is evaluated only once. This makes a difference when the default is a mutable object such as a list, dictionary, or instances of most classes. For example, the following function accumulates the arguments passed to it on subsequent calls: def f ( a , L = []): L . append ( a ) return L print ( f ( 1 )) print ( f ( 2 )) print ( f ( 3 )) This will print [ 1 ] [ 1 , 2 ] [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] If you don’t want the default to be shared between subsequent calls, you can write the function like this instead: def f ( a , L = None ): if L is None : L = [] L . append ( a ) return L 4.9.2. Keyword Arguments ¶ Functions can also be called using keyword arguments of the form kwarg=value . For instance, the following function: def parrot ( voltage , state = 'a stiff' , action = 'voom' , type = 'Norwegian Blue' ): print ( "-- This parrot wouldn't" , action , end = ' ' ) print ( "if you put" , voltage , "volts through it." ) print ( "-- Lovely plumage, the" , type ) print ( "-- It's" , state , "!" ) accepts one required argument ( voltage ) and three optional arguments ( state , action , and type ). This function can be called in any of the following ways: parrot ( 1000 ) # 1 positional argument parrot ( voltage = 1000 ) # 1 keyword argument parrot ( voltage = 1000000 , action = 'VOOOOOM' ) # 2 keyword arguments parrot ( action = 'VOOOOOM' , voltage = 1000000 ) # 2 keyword arguments parrot ( 'a million' , 'bereft of life' , 'jump' ) # 3 positional arguments parrot ( 'a thousand' , state = 'pushing up the daisies' ) # 1 positional, 1 keyword but all the following calls would be invalid: parrot () # required argument missing parrot ( voltage = 5.0 , 'dead' ) # non-keyword argument after a keyword argument parrot ( 110 , voltage = 220 ) # duplicate value for the same argument parrot ( actor = 'John Cleese' ) # unknown keyword argument In a function call, keyword arguments must follow positional arguments. All the keyword arguments passed must match one of the arguments accepted by the function (e.g. actor is not a valid argument for the parrot function), and their order is not important. This also includes non-optional arguments (e.g. parrot(voltage=1000) is valid too). No argument may receive a value more than once. Here’s an example that fails due to this restriction: >>> def function ( a ): ... pass ... >>> function ( 0 , a = 0 ) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : function() got multiple values for argument 'a' When a final formal parameter of the form **name is present, it receives a dictionary (see Mapping Types — dict ) containing all keyword arguments except for those corresponding to a formal parameter. This may be combined with a formal parameter of the form *name (described in the next subsection) which receives a tuple containing the positional arguments beyond the formal parameter list. ( *name must occur before **name .) For example, if we define a function like this: def cheeseshop ( kind , * arguments , ** keywords ): print ( "-- Do you have any" , kind , "?" ) print ( "-- I'm sorry, we're all out of" , kind ) for arg in arguments : print ( arg ) print ( "-" * 40 ) for kw in keywords : print ( kw , ":" , keywords [ kw ]) It could be called like this: cheeseshop ( "Limburger" , "It's very runny, sir." , "It's really very, VERY runny, sir." , shopkeeper = "Michael Palin" , client = "John Cleese" , sketch = "Cheese Shop Sketch" ) and of course it would print: -- Do you have any Limburger ? -- I'm sorry, we're all out of Limburger It's very runny, sir. It's really very, VERY runny, sir. ---------------------------------------- shopkeeper : Michael Palin client : John Cleese sketch : Cheese Shop Sketch Note that the order in which the keyword arguments are printed is guaranteed to match the order in which they were provided in the function call. 4.9.3. Special parameters ¶ By default, arguments may be passed to a Python function either by position or explicitly by keyword. For readability and performance, it makes sense to restrict the way arguments can be passed so that a developer need only look at the function definition to determine if items are passed by position, by position or keyword, or by keyword. A function definition may look like: def f(pos1, pos2, /, pos_or_kwd, *, kwd1, kwd2): ----------- ---------- ---------- | | | | Positional or keyword | | - Keyword only -- Positional only where / and * are optional. If used, these symbols indicate the kind of parameter by how the arguments may be passed to the function: positional-only, positional-or-keyword, and keyword-only. Keyword parameters are also referred to as named parameters. 4.9.3.1. Positional-or-Keyword Arguments ¶ If / and * are not present in the function definition, arguments may be passed to a function by position or by keyword. 4.9.3.2. Positional-Only Parameters ¶ Looking at this in a bit more detail, it is possible to mark certain parameters as positional-only . If positional-only , the parameters’ order matters, and the parameters cannot be passed by keyword. Positional-only parameters are placed before a / (forward-slash). The / is used to logically separate the positional-only parameters from the rest of the parameters. If there is no / in the function definition, there are no positional-only parameters. Parameters following the / may be positional-or-keyword or keyword-only . 4.9.3.3. Keyword-Only Arguments ¶ To mark parameters as keyword-only , indicating the parameters must be passed by keyword argument, place an * in the arguments list just before the first keyword-only parameter. 4.9.3.4. Function Examples ¶ Consider the following example function definitions paying close attention to the markers / and * : >>> def standard_arg ( arg ): ... print ( arg ) ... >>> def pos_only_arg ( arg , / ): ... print ( arg ) ... >>> def kwd_only_arg ( * , arg ): ... print ( arg ) ... >>> def combined_example ( pos_only , / , standard , * , kwd_only ): ... print ( pos_only , standard , kwd_only ) The first function definition, standard_arg , the most familiar form, places no restrictions on the calling convention and arguments may be passed by position or keyword: >>> standard_arg ( 2 ) 2 >>> standard_arg ( arg = 2 ) 2 The second function pos_only_arg is restricted to only use positional parameters as there is a / in the function definition: >>> pos_only_arg ( 1 ) 1 >>> pos_only_arg ( arg = 1 ) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : pos_only_arg() got some positional-only arguments passed as keyword arguments: 'arg' The third function kwd_only_arg only allows keyword arguments as indicated by a * in the function definition: >>> kwd_only_arg ( 3 ) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : kwd_only_arg() takes 0 positional arguments but 1 was given >>> kwd_only_arg ( arg = 3 ) 3 And the last uses all three calling conventions in the same function definition: >>> combined_example ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : combined_example() takes 2 positional arguments but 3 were given >>> combined_example ( 1 , 2 , kwd_only = 3 ) 1 2 3 >>> combined_example ( 1 , standard = 2 , kwd_only = 3 ) 1 2 3 >>> combined_example ( pos_only = 1 , standard = 2 , kwd_only = 3 ) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : combined_example() got some positional-only arguments passed as keyword arguments: 'pos_only' Finally, consider this function definition which has a potential collision between the positional argument name and **kwds which has name as a key: def foo ( name , ** kwds ): return 'name' in kwds There is no possible call that will make it return True as the keyword 'name' will always bind to the first parameter. For example: >>> foo ( 1 , ** { 'name' : 2 }) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : foo() got multiple values for argument 'name' >>> But using / (positional only arguments), it is possible since it allows name as a positional argument and 'name' as a key in the keyword arguments: >>> def foo ( name , / , ** kwds ): ... return 'name' in kwds ... >>> foo ( 1 , ** { 'name' : 2 }) True In other words, the names of positional-only parameters can be used in **kwds without ambiguity. 4.9.3.5. Recap ¶ The use case will determine which parameters to use in the function definition: def f ( pos1 , pos2 , / , pos_or_kwd , * , kwd1 , kwd2 ): As guidance: Use positional-only if you want the name of the parameters to not be available to the user. This is useful when parameter names have no real meaning, if you want to enforce the order of the arguments when the function is called or if you need to take some positional parameters and arbitrary keywords. Use keyword-only when names have meaning and the function definition is more understandable by being explicit with names or you want to prevent users relying on the position of the argument being passed. For an API, use positional-only to prevent breaking API changes if the parameter’s name is modified in the future. 4.9.4. Arbitrary Argument Lists ¶ Finally, the least frequently used option is to specify that a function can be called with an arbitrary number of arguments. These arguments will be wrapped up in a tuple (see Tuples and Sequences ). Before the variable number of arguments, zero or more normal arguments may occur. def write_multiple_items ( file , separator , * args ): file . write ( separator . join ( args )) Normally, these variadic arguments will be last in the list of formal parameters, because they scoop up all remaining input arguments that are passed to the function. Any formal parameters which occur after the *args parameter are ‘keyword-only’ arguments, meaning that they can only be used as keywords rather than positional arguments. >>> def concat ( * args , sep = "/" ): ... return sep . join ( args ) ... >>> concat ( "earth" , "mars" , "venus" ) 'earth/mars/venus' >>> concat ( "earth" , "mars" , "venus" , sep = "." ) 'earth.mars.venus' 4.9.5. Unpacking Argument Lists ¶ The reverse situation occurs when the arguments are already in a list or tuple but need to be unpacked for a function call requiring separate positional arguments. For instance, the built-in range() function expects separate start and stop arguments. If they are not available separately, write the function call with the * -operator to unpack the arguments out of a list or tuple: >>> list ( range ( 3 , 6 )) # normal call with separate arguments [3, 4, 5] >>> args = [ 3 , 6 ] >>> list ( range ( * args )) # call with arguments unpacked from a list [3, 4, 5] In the same fashion, dictionaries can deliver keyword arguments with the ** -operator: >>> def parrot ( voltage , state = 'a stiff' , action = 'voom' ): ... print ( "-- This parrot wouldn't" , action , end = ' ' ) ... print ( "if you put" , voltage , "volts through it." , end = ' ' ) ... print ( "E's" , state , "!" ) ... >>> d = { "voltage" : "four million" , "state" : "bleedin' demised" , "action" : "VOOM" } >>> parrot ( ** d ) -- This parrot wouldn't VOOM if you put four million volts through it. E's bleedin' demised ! 4.9.6. Lambda Expressions ¶ Small anonymous functions can be created with the lambda keyword. This function returns the sum of its two arguments: lambda a, b: a+b . Lambda functions can be used wherever function objects are required. They are syntactically restricted to a single expression. Semantically, they are just syntactic sugar for a normal function definition. Like nested function definitions, lambda functions can reference variables from the containing scope: >>> def make_incrementor ( n ): ... return lambda x : x + n ... >>> f = make_incrementor ( 42 ) >>> f ( 0 ) 42 >>> f ( 1 ) 43 The above example uses a lambda expression to return a function. Another use is to pass a small function as an argument. For instance, list.sort() takes a sorting key function key which can be a lambda function: >>> pairs = [( 1 , 'one' ), ( 2 , 'two' ), ( 3 , 'three' ), ( 4 , 'four' )] >>> pairs . sort ( key = lambda pair : pair [ 1 ]) >>> pairs [(4, 'four'), (1, 'one'), (3, 'three'), (2, 'two')] 4.9.7. Documentation Strings ¶ Here are some conventions about the content and formatting of documentation strings. The first line should always be a short, concise summary of the object’s purpose. For brevity, it should not explicitly state the object’s name or type, since these are available by other means (except if the name happens to be a verb describing a function’s operation). This line should begin with a capital letter and end with a period. If there are more lines in the documentation string, the second line should be blank, visually separating the summary from the rest of the description. The following lines should be one or more paragraphs describing the object’s calling conventions, its side effects, etc. The Python parser strips indentation from multi-line string literals when they serve as module, class, or function docstrings. Here is an example of a multi-line docstring: >>> def my_function (): ... """Do nothing, but document it. ... ... No, really, it doesn't do anything: ... ... >>> my_function() ... >>> ... """ ... pass ... >>> print ( my_function . __doc__ ) Do nothing, but document it. No, really, it doesn't do anything: >>> my_function() >>> 4.9.8. Function Annotations ¶ Function annotations are completely optional metadata information about the types used by user-defined functions (see PEP 3107 and PEP 484 for more information). Annotations are stored in the __annotations__ attribute of the function as a dictionary and have no effect on any other part of the function. Parameter annotations are defined by a colon after the parameter name, followed by an expression evaluating to the value of the annotation. Return annotations are defined by a literal -> , followed by an expression, between the parameter list and the colon denoting the end of the def statement. The following example has a required argument, an optional argument, and the return value annotated: >>> def f ( ham : str , eggs : str = 'eggs' ) -> str : ... print ( "Annotations:" , f . __annotations__ ) ... print ( "Arguments:" , ham , eggs ) ... return ham + ' and ' + eggs ... >>> f ( 'spam' ) Annotations: {'ham': <class 'str'>, 'return': <class 'str'>, 'eggs': <class 'str'>} Arguments: spam eggs 'spam and eggs' 4.10. Intermezzo: Coding Style ¶ Now that you are about to write longer, more complex pieces of Python, it is a good time to talk about coding style . Most languages can be written (or more concise, formatted ) in different styles; some are more readable than others. Making it easy for others to read your code is always a good idea, and adopting a nice coding style helps tremendously for that. For Python, PEP 8 has emerged as the style guide that most projects adhere to; it promotes a very readable and eye-pleasing coding style. Every Python developer should read it at some point; here are the most important points extracted for you: Use 4-space indentation, and no tabs. 4 spaces are a good compromise between small indentation (allows greater nesting depth) and large indentation (easier to read). Tabs introduce confusion, and are best left out. Wrap lines so that they don’t exceed 79 characters. This helps users with small displays and makes it possible to have several code files side-by-side on larger displays. Use blank lines to separate functions and classes, and larger blocks of code inside functions. When possible, put comments on a line of their own. Use docstrings. Use spaces around operators and after commas, but not directly inside bracketing constructs: a = f(1, 2) + g(3, 4) . Name your classes and functions consistently; the convention is to use UpperCamelCase for classes and lowercase_with_underscores for functions and methods. Always use self as the name for the first method argument (see A First Look at Classes for more on classes and methods). Don’t use fancy encodings if your code is meant to be used in international environments. Python’s default, UTF-8, or even plain ASCII work best in any case. Likewise, don’t use non-ASCII characters in identifiers if there is only the slightest chance people speaking a different language will read or maintain the code. Footnotes [ 1 ] Actually, call by object reference would be a better description, since if a mutable object is passed, the caller will see any changes the callee makes to it (items inserted into a list). Table of Contents 4. More Control Flow Tools 4.1. if Statements 4.2. for Statements 4.3. The range() Function 4.4. break and continue Statements 4.5. else Clauses on Loops 4.6. pass Statements 4.7. match Statements 4.8. Defining Functions 4.9. More on Defining Functions 4.9.1. Default Argument Values 4.9.2. Keyword Arguments 4.9.3. Special parameters 4.9.3.1. Positional-or-Keyword Arguments 4.9.3.2. Positional-Only Parameters 4.9.3.3. Keyword-Only Arguments 4.9.3.4. Function Examples 4.9.3.5. Recap 4.9.4. Arbitrary Argument Lists 4.9.5. Unpacking Argument Lists 4.9.6. Lambda Expressions 4.9.7. Documentation Strings 4.9.8. Function Annotations 4.10. Intermezzo: Coding Style Previous topic 3. An Informal Introduction to Python Next topic 5. Data Structures This page Report a bug Show source « Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial » 4. More Control Flow Tools | Theme Auto Light Dark | © Copyright 2001 Python Software Foundation. This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License. See History and License for more information. The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. Please donate. 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